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99,800
|
US-1903180844-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Public Domain
|
Display-tray.
PATENTED JUNE 20, 1905.
J. H. SMITH.
DISPLAY TRAY.
APPLICATION FILED N0v.1z, 1903.
2 SHEETS-SHEET 1 lPmCEi 1 y n l IJ WITNESSES:
Mbmk,
ATTORNEYS No. 792,938. PATENTBD JUNE 20, 1905. J. H. SMITH.
DISPLAY TRAY.
APPLICATION FILED NOV.12, 1903.
Z SHEETS-SHEET Z.
W/TNESSES: /NVENTH ./Zf ATTORNEYS IINTTED STATES Patented June 20, 1905.
JAMES HENRY SMITH, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.
DISPLAY-TRAY.
SPECIFICATION forming part of' Letters Patent No. 792,938, dated June20, 1905.
Application {iled November 12,1903. Serial No. 180,844.
Beit known that I, J AMES HENRY SMITH, a citizen of the United States,and a resident of the city of New York, borough of Brooklyn, in thecounty of Kings and State of New York, have invented a new and ImprovedDisplay- Tray, of which the following is a full, clear, and exactdescription.
The invention relates to store-furniture; and its object is to provide anew and improved display-tray for containing and neatly displayingunderwear, hosiery, and like'articles, and'also supporting ticketsindicating the names, prices, and other legends pertaining to the goodsdisplayed, the tickets being removably held on the tray to allow ofreplacing the tickets by others when changing the articles to bedisplayed.
The invention consists of novel features and parts and combinations ofthe same, as will be more fully described hereinafter and then pointedout in the claims.
A practical embodiment of the invention is represented in theaccompanying drawings, forming a part of this specilication, in whichsimilar characters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all theviews.
Figure 1 is a perspective view of the improvement. Fig. Q- is anenlarged cross-section of the same on the linev 2 2 of Fig. 7. Fig. 3 isa sectional plan View of the head on the line 3 3 of Fig. 2. Fig. 4 is asectional side elevation of the same on the line 4 4 of Fig. 2. Fig. 5is a similar View of the same on the line 5 5 of Fig. 2. Fig. 6 is alike view of the same on the line 6 6 of Fig. 2, and Fig. 7 is asectional side elevation of the improvement on the line 7 7 of Fig. 2.
The body of the display-tray consists of a bottom A, sides B and Bl, ahead C, and a foot D, and in order to form the body into severalcompartments I provide a longitudinal partition E, fixed to the bottomA, the head (l, and the foot D, and in the sides of the said partition Eand. on the inner faces of the sides B and B are formed vertical groovesfor the reception of the ends of transverse partitions F to divide thebody, say, into four compartments, as indicated in full and dotted linesin Fig. 1. Now by removing any one of the partitions F the correspondingside of the body forms a large compartment extending from the head tothe foot and from one side tothe fixed longitudinal partition E, so thatunderwear and like goods of larger sizes can be readily displayed in thesaid compartment, while the compartments adjacent to this largecompartment are somewhat smaller for displaying, say, hosiery or thelike. If desired, however. both partitions F may be removed to providetwo large compartments for displaying large goods, as above mentioned.
The sides B and B and the fixed partition E are provided with supports Gfor supporting false bottoms H in a manner more fully described in theLetters Patent of the United States No. 731,964, granted to me June 23,1903, so that further description of this particular construction andthe use thereof is not deemed necessary.
The head C of the body is extended a considerable distance above thesides B and B and the longitudinal partition E, as plainly illustratedin the drawings, and in the extended portion of the head and at one sidethereof are formed upper and lower chambers I and Il for containingtickets J to give the name of the goods, price thereof, theweight, orother legends pertaining to the goods displayed in the compartmentbelow, and the said chambers I are formed with entrance-slits I2,leading from the chambers to the top of the head, so that thecorresponding tickets for these chambers can be inserted through theentranceslits from the top of the head. The lowermost chambers I have asingle entrance-slit I3 on the outer side of the head C, as plainlyillustrated in Fig. 2, so that the corresponding tickets can be shovedin through the said entrance-slit one after the other, it beingunderstood, however, that for each ticketa front opening is provided,somewhatless in size than the corresponding chamber, so as to displayfrom thefront only the particular legend printed or otherwise providedfor on the.
ticket. The bottom of the entrance-slit I3 is somewhat above the bottomof the slit I to form an abutment for the outer end of the ticket toprevent the latter from sliding out of the slit accidentally. When it isdesired to remove a ticket from the lowermost chamber I', it isnecessary for the operator to lift the outer end suficiently to pass theticket over the abutment and through the slit I3 to the outside. Asillustrated in Fig. 2, the middle ticket in the lower chamber I may bedropped in through the middle upper chamber I, an entrance-slit IA1being for this purpose provided between the chamber I and the middleupper chamber I. In this case it is neccssary that the lower middleticket J be somewhat less in width than the upper middle ticket, so asto leave a bottom support for the upper middle ticket when forming theentrance-slit It. In the other side of the head C chambers I5 and I forreceiving tickets J are formed in the manner of the middle chambers Iand I', as above described---that is, the chamber I is somewhat widerthan the chamber I6 and has its entrance-slit I7 leading to the top ofthe head C, while the entrance-slit Is of the chamber I leads into thebottom of the chamber I5, so as to permit of sliding the lower ticket Jinto position in the chamber I by way of the chamber I5 and then placingthe upper. ticket J through the slit I7 into the chamber I5.
In order to make the chambers in the manner described, I prefer toconstruct the head, or rather the upper portion thereof, of threesections, as plainly indicated in Figs. 3 to 7, inclusive, the backsection C being solid, the middle section C2 forming the side walls forthe compartments, and the front section C3 having the openings leadingto the chambers, so as to display the names printed on the tickets J andJ/ to parties viewing the displaytray from the front.
From the upper end of the head C extends rearwardly ahorizontally-disposed shelf K, resting on suitable brackets K. attachedto the back of the head C. This shelf K is very convenient for thesalesman to use as a writing-desk in making out sales-slips and the likeon selling the goods fromthe display-tray.
From the foregoing it will be seen that the chambers for receiving thetickets are arranged within the head-that is, between the front and rearfaces thereof-so as to form no undesirable and unsightly pockets orprojections at the front face of the head, and, furthermore, readyaccess is had by way of the entrance-slits to the said chambers to allowof placing thetickets in position or to permit of removing the ticketsfrom the chambers whenever the goods are changed or different legendsare desired to be displayed at the head of the correspondingcompartments. x
Having thus described my invention, I claim as new and desire to secureby Letters Patent l. A display-tray provided with a head having aticket-receiving chamber arranged between the front and rear faces ofthe head, the chamber being provided in its front wall with an openingfor the display of the ticket, the chamber also having a slit leading toan edge of the head, for the insertion of the ticket, the bottom of theslit extending somewhat above the bottom of the chamber, to form aretaining-abutment for the ticket, as set forth.
2. A display-tray provided with a compartment-body having a headextended above the said body, and ticket-receiving chambers in the saidhead, one above the other and extending between the front and rear facesof the head, the chambers having front openings and the upper chamberhaving an entrance-slit leading to the top of the head, and the lowerchamber having an entrance-slit leading to the side of the head, as setforth.
3. A display-tray provided with a compartment-body having a headextended above the said body, and ticket-receiving chambers in the saidhead, between the front and rear faces thereof, the chambers havingfront openings and being located one above the other, the upper chamberhaving an entrance-slit leading to the top of the head and the lowerchamber having an entrance-slit leading to the bottom of the upperchamber, as set forth.
4E. A display-tray provided with a compartment-body having a headextended above the said body, and ticket-receiving chambers in the saidhead, between the front and rear faces thereof, the chambers havingfront openings and being located one above the other, the upper chamberhaving an entrance-slit leading to the top of the head and the lowerchamber having an entrance-slit leading to the bottom of the upperchamber, and the said entranceslit of the lower chamber being less inlength than the upper chamber, as set forth.
5. A display-tray having a head projecting above the sides of the trayand formed of a solid back section, an apertured front section, and anintermediate section spacing the back and front sections and formingtherewith ticket-receiving chambers arranged one above the other, theupper chambers having an entrance-slit leading ,from the top of the headand the lower chambers, an entrance-slit leading from the side of saidhead, as set forth.
In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses. i
JAMES HENRY SMITH.
Vitnesses:
THEO. G. Hos'rER, EVERARD B. MARSHALL.
IOO
IIO.
| 0.816857
| -0.136499
| 1,786
| 7,156
| 118
| 118
|
Mechanical fasteners
| false
|
99,801
|
2014/01992D0260-20140606/01992D0260-20140606_PL.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
CC-By
|
TEKST skonsolidowany: 31992D0260 — PL — 06.06.2014
1992D0260 — PL — 06.06.2014 — 028.001
Dokument ten służy wyłącznie do celów dokumentacyjnych i instytucje nie ponoszą żadnej odpowiedzialności za jego zawartość
►B
DECYZJA KOMISJI
z dnia 10 kwietnia 1992 r.
w sprawie wymagań dotyczących zdrowia zwierząt i świadectw weterynaryjnych dla odprawy czasowej zarejestrowanych koni
(92/260/EWG)
(Dz.U. L 130, 15.5.1992, p.67)
zmienione przez:
Dziennik Urzędowy
No
page
date
M1
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 17 maja 1993 r.
L 138
11
9.6.1993
►M2
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 29 czerwca 1994 r.
L 187
11
22.7.1994
M3
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 27 lipca 1994 r.
L 214
17
19.8.1994
M4
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 25 lipca 1995 r.
L 190
9
11.8.1995
M5
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 25 lipca 1995 r.
L 190
11
11.8.1995
►M6
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 12 stycznia 1996 r.
L 19
53
25.1.1996
M7
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 26 lutego 1996 r.
L 107
1
30.4.1996
►M8
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 12 grudnia 1996 r.
L 3
9
7.1.1997
M9
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 14 lutego 1997 r.
L 62
39
4.3.1997
M10
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 18 maja 1998 r.
L 163
44
6.6.1998
M11
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 6 października 1998 r.
L 286
53
23.10.1998
M12
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 5 marca 1999 r.
L 83
77
27.3.1999
M13
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 10 września 1999 r.
L 243
12
15.9.1999
►M14
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 24 lutego 2000 r.
L 64
22
11.3.2000
M15
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 26 stycznia 2001 r.
L 43
38
14.2.2001
M16
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 20 lipca 2001 r.
L 214
49
8.8.2001
►M17
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 25 lipca 2001 r.
L 215
55
9.8.2001
►M18
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 23 listopada 2001 r.
L 308
41
27.11.2001
►M19
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 31 lipca 2002 r.
L 206
20
3.8.2002
M20
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 17 lipca 2003 r.
L 185
41
24.7.2003
►M21
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 19 stycznia 2004 r.
L 36
20
7.2.2004
►M22
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 5 marca 2004 r.
L 74
19
12.3.2004
►M23
ROZPORZĄDZENIE KOMISJI (WE) NR 1792/2006 z dnia 23 października 2006 r.
L 362
1
20.12.2006
►M24
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 30 kwietnia 2010 r.
L 117
85
11.5.2010
►M25
DECYZJA KOMISJI z dnia 20 sierpnia 2010 r.
L 220
74
21.8.2010
►M26
ROZPORZĄDZENIE KOMISJI (UE) NR 519/2013 z dnia 21 lutego 2013 r.
L 158
74
10.6.2013
►M27
DECYZJA WYKONAWCZA KOMISJI z dnia 4 grudnia 2013 r.
L 326
49
6.12.2013
►M28
DECYZJA WYKONAWCZA KOMISJI z dnia 4 czerwca 2014 r.
L 167
52
6.6.2014
zmienione przez:
A1
C 241
21
29.8.1994
►A2
L 236
33
23.9.2003
▼B
DECYZJA KOMISJI
z dnia 10 kwietnia 1992 r.
w sprawie wymagań dotyczących zdrowia zwierząt i świadectw weterynaryjnych dla odprawy czasowej zarejestrowanych koni
(92/260/EWG)
KOMISJA WSPÓLNOT EUROPEJSKICH,
uwzględniając Traktat ustanawiający Europejską Wspólnotę Gospodarczą,
uwzględniając dyrektywę Rady (EWG) nr 90/426 z dnia 26 czerwca 1990 r. w sprawie wymagań dotyczących zdrowia zwierząt, regulujących przemieszczanie i przywóz zwierząt z rodziny koniowatych z państw trzecich (
1
), ostatnio zmienioną decyzją Komisji nr 92/130/EWG (
2
), w szczególności jej art. 15 lit. a) i art. 16,a także mając na uwadze, co następuje:decyzją Rady nr 79/542/EWG (
3
), ostatnio zmienioną decyzją Komisji nr 92/162/EWG (
4
), został ustanowiony wykaz państw trzecich, z których w szczególności Państwa Członkowskie dopuszczają przywóz zwierząt z rodziny koniowatych;
należy także wziąć pod uwagę regionalizację niektórych państw trzecich, co jest przedmiotem decyzji Komisji nr 92/160/EWG (
5
), zmienionej decyzją nr 92/161/EWG (
6
);
istnienie równoważnych sytuacji zdrowotnych między niektórymi państwami trzecimi uzasadnia ustanowienie kilku stref zdrowotnych dla przywozu zwierząt z rodziny koniowatych;
różne kategorie koni mają swoje własne cechy i ich przywóz jest zatwierdzony do różnych celów; co za tym idzie, należy ustanowić szczególne wymagania zdrowotne dla czasowej odprawy rejestrowanych koni;
biorąc pod uwagę istnienie różnych sytuacji zdrowotnych, konieczne jest ustanowienie kilku świadectw zdrowia w celu odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni;
niniejsza decyzja powinna zostać ponownie przejrzana przed 31 grudnia 1992 r.;
środki przewidziane w niniejszej decyzji są zgodne z opinią Stałego Komitetu Weterynaryjnego,
PRZYJMUJE NINIEJSZĄ DECYZJĘ:
Artykuł 1
Bez uszczerbku dla decyzji 92/160/EWG, Państwa Członkowskie zezwalają na odprawę czasową rejestrowanych koni:
— pochodzących z państw trzecich wymienionych w załączniku I,
— spełniających wymagania ustalone w jednym ze wzorów świadectw zdrowia zwierząt w załączniku II.
Artykuł 2
Niniejsza decyzja skierowana jest do Państw Członkowskich.
▼M24
ZAŁĄCZNIK I
Grupa sanitarna A (
7
)
Szwajcaria (CH), Grenlandia (GL), Islandia (IS)
Grupa sanitarna B (7)
Australia (AU), Białoruś (BY),
►M26
————— ◄ Czarnogóra (ME), Była Jugosłowiańska Republika Macedonii (
8
) (MK), Nowa Zelandia (NZ), Serbia (RS), Rosja (
9
) (RU), Ukraina (UA)
▼M28
Grupa sanitarna C (9)
Kanada (CA), Chiny (9) (CN), Hongkong (HK), Indie (9) (IN), Japonia (JP), Republika Korei (KR), Makao (MO), Malezja (półwysep) (MY), Singapur (SG), Tajlandia (TH), Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki (US);
▼M24
Grupa sanitarna D (9)
Argentyna (AR), Barbados (BB), Bermudy (BM), Boliwia (BO), Brazylia (9) (BR), Chile (CL), Kuba (CU), Jamajka (JM), Meksyk (9) (MX), Peru (9) (PE), Paragwaj (PY), Urugwaj (UY)
Grupa sanitarna E (9)
Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie (AE), Bahrajn (BH), Algieria (DZ),
►M25
————— (9) ————— ◄ Izrael (IL), Jordania (JO), Kuwejt (KW), Liban (LB), Libia (LY), Maroko (MA), Oman (OM), Katar (QA), Arabia Saudyjska (9) (SA), Syria (SY), Tunezja (TN), Turcja (9) (TR)
Grupa sanitarna F (9)
Republika Południowej Afryki (9) (ZA)
▼B
ZAŁĄCZNIK II
A.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy A.
B.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy B.
C.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy C.
D.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy D.
E.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy E.
▼M8
F.
Świadectwo zdrowia do odprawy czasowej rejestrowanych koni z państw trzecich zaliczonych do grupy F.
▼B
►(3) M2
►(3) M24
►(3) M27
►(1) M6
►(3) M23
►(3) M24
►(3) M27
►(1) M6
►(3) M14
►(3) M24
►(3) M27
►(1) M6
►(2) M28
►(2) M18
►(1) M14
►(3) M17
►(3) M24
►(3) M27
►(2) M6
►(2) M27
►(4) M19
►(4) A2
►(4) M24
►(4) M27
►(1) M19
►(1) M19
▼M21
►(1) M24
►(1) M22
(
1
) Dz.U. L 224 z 18.8.1990, str. 42.
(
2
) Dz.U. L 47 z 22.2.1992, str. 26.
(
3
) Dz.U. L 146 z 14.6.1979, str. 15.
(
4
) Dz.U. L 71 z 18.3.1992, str. 30.
(
5
) Dz.U. L 71 z 18.3.1992, str. 27.
(
6
) Dz.U. L 71 z 18.3.1992, str. 29.
(
7
) Grupa sanitarna określona w kolumnie 5 w załączniku I do decyzji 2004/211/WE. Państwa trzecie, ich terytoria lub części przypisane do tej grupy sanitarnej stosują świadectwo zdrowotne oznaczone tą samą literą w załączniku II do niniejszej decyzji.
(
8
) Kod tymczasowy, który nie wpływa na ostateczne oznaczenie państwa, jakie zostanie nadane po zakończeniu negocjacji toczących się obecnie w ONZ.
(
9
) Część państwa trzeciego lub terytorium zgodnie z art. 13 ust. 2 lit. a) dyrektywy 90/426/EWG określone w kolumnach 3 i 4 w załączniku I do decyzji 2004/211/WE.
| 0.116619
| -0.653127
| 739
| 2,887
| 51
| 51
|
World Trade Agreements
| false
|
99,802
|
github_open_source_100_2_8277
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
const postApi = require('./api').postApi;
module.exports = {
headers: async (val, type) => {
const header = {};
if (type && type.length) {
header['Content-Type'] = type;
}
if (val && val.length) {
val.forEach(head => {
header[head.key] = head.value;
});
}
return header;
},
body: async (val, type) => {
let bodyContent = {};
if (type && type === 'formData' && val && val[0] && val[0].key) {
val.forEach(bod => {
bodyContent[bod.key] = bod.value;
});
bodyContent = JSON.stringify(bodyContent);
} else if (type && type === 'text' && val && val.length) {
bodyContent = val;
}
return bodyContent;
},
ping: async function(monitorId, data) {
return await postApi(`lighthouse/ping/${monitorId}`, data);
},
};
| 0.355803
| 0.786191
| 3,691
| 14,678
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,803
|
github_open_source_100_2_8278
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2016, Groupon, Inc.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* Neither the name of GROUPON nor the names of its contributors may be
* used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
* IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
* PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
* TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
* PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
* NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package com.groupon.dse.commons
import org.scalatest.FlatSpec
import scala.collection.immutable.HashMap
/**
* Test for SchemaPrettyPrinter
*/
class SchemaPrettyPrinterTest extends FlatSpec {
"The schema printer " should "return a valid tree string for a give schema " in {
val schemaHash = HashMap("body" -> Map("method" -> "string", "eventType" -> "string", "clientPlatform" -> "string", "parameter" -> "string", "channel" -> "string", "source" -> "string", "funnelID" -> "string", "_eventfield8" -> "string",
"_eventfield9" -> "string", "responseCode" -> "integer", "_eventfield5" -> "integer"),
"timestamp" -> "string",
"sourcefile" -> "string",
"host" -> "string",
"timestamp_ms" -> "string",
"sourcetype" -> "string")
val treeStr = "root\n |-- body: struct < \n | |-- method: string \n | |-- eventType: string \n | |-- clientPlatform: string \n | |-- parameter: string \n | |-- channel: string \n | |-- source: string \n | |-- funnelID: string \n | |-- _eventfield8: string \n | " +
" |-- _eventfield9: string \n | |-- responseCode: integer \n | |-- _eventfield5: integer \n |-- > \n |-- timestamp: string \n |-- sourcefile: string \n |-- host: string \n |-- timestamp_ms: string \n |-- sourcetype: string \n"
assert(SchemaPrettyPrinter.print(schemaHash) == treeStr)
}
"The schema printer " should "return an empty string if the map is NULL" in {
assert(SchemaPrettyPrinter.print(null) == "")
}
}
| 0.541156
| 0.710446
| 3,505
| 14,050
| 264
| -1
|
Programming Tasks & Tools
| false
|
99,804
|
US-201313755005-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Public Domain
|
Airbag and vehicle passenger restraint system
ABSTRACT
An exemplary passenger airbag for a vehicle passenger restraint system may include an inflatable cushion having an upper rear portion with a convex surface and a lower rear portion with a concave surface when the airbag is deployed. The airbag may further include a longitudinal tether secured to the lower rear portion to limit longitudinal expansion of the inflatable cushion and form the concave surface in the lower rear portion.
BACKGROUND
Car manufacturers continue to investigate ways to improve theperformance of vehicle passenger restraint systems having airbags forfront seat passengers. Typical restraint systems for front seatpassengers include a powerful inflator device that deploys a somewhatlarge airbag to rapidly occupy a generally large volume of space aft ofthe windshield and the dashboard. Furthermore, the front passengerairbag can have a split lobe configuration to allocate more cushioningforce on an occupant's shoulders, as compared to the occupant's head. Tothat end, these airbags can have multiple elongated thin straps that areindividually sown to various portions of the airbag in order to providethe split lobe configuration. The somewhat large number and complicatedconfiguration of these tethers can lead to cumbersome manufacture of theairbags thereby increasing costs related to the same.
A need exists for a passenger airbag that can be quickly deployed toreduce longitudinal translation of the airbag, require a lower cost ofproduction and reallocate forces imparted by the airbag on portions ofthe occupant's body.
SUMMARY
A passenger airbag for a vehicle passenger restraint system may includean inflatable cushion, which has an upper rear portion with a convexsurface and a lower rear portion with a concave surface when the airbagis deployed. The airbag may further include a longitudinal tethersecured to the lower rear portion to limit longitudinal expansion of theinflatable cushion and form the concave surface in the lower rearportion.
A vehicle passenger restraint system may include a sensor configured togenerate a detection signal in response to detecting a collision event.The system may also have a controller configured to receive thedetection signal from the sensor and generate an actuation signal inresponse to the detection signal. In addition, the system may also havean inflator device configured to receive the actuation signal from thecontroller and produce gas in response to the actuation signal. Thesystem may further have a passenger airbag coupled to the inflatordevice to receive gas from the inflator device. This airbag may includean inflatable cushion having an upper rear portion with a convex surfaceand a lower rear portion with a concave surface when the airbag isdeployed. Moreover, the airbag may also have a longitudinal tethersecured to the lower rear portion to limit longitudinal expansion of theinflatable cushion and form the concave surface in the lower rearportion. The airbag may also have a lateral tether traversing thelongitudinal tether when the inflatable cushion is deployed, and asupplemental tether interconnecting the lateral tether and the lowerrear portion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary perspective view of a vehicle passengerrestraint system having a deployed passenger airbag.
FIG. 2 is a rear view of the airbag of FIG. 1, showing the airbag with aportion cutaway to show the airbag having a lateral tether, alongitudinal panel tether and a supplemental tether.
FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of the airbag of FIG. 1, showing theairbag having a rear portion with a concave surface.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring now to the discussion that follows and also to the drawings,illustrative approaches are shown in detail. Although the drawingsrepresent some possible approaches, the drawings are not necessarily toscale and certain features may be exaggerated, removed, or partiallysectioned to better illustrate and explain the present disclosure.Further, the descriptions set forth herein are not intended to beexhaustive or otherwise limit or restrict the claims to the preciseforms and configurations shown in the drawings and disclosed in thefollowing detailed description.
An exemplary passenger airbag for a vehicle passenger restraint systemmay include an inflatable cushion having an upper rear portion with aconvex surface and a lower rear portion with a concave surface when theairbag is deployed. The airbag may also have a longitudinal tethersecured to the lower rear portion to limit longitudinal expansion of theinflatable cushion and form the concave surface in the lower rearportion. The concave surface and the convex surface may support anoccupant's head and shoulders, while providing an initial predeterminedclearance for the occupant's chest and reduce the occupant's chestdeflection. However, the concave surface and the convex surface mayperform in combination with one or another in other suitable ways orindependently from each other to support various portions of theoccupant.
Referring to FIG. 1, a vehicle passenger restraint system 10 may includeone or more sensors 12 configured to generate a detection signal 14 inresponse to detecting a collision event. The system 10 may also have acontroller 16, which is configured to receive the detection signal 14from the sensor 12 and generate an actuation signal 18 in response tothe detection signal. Further, the system 10 may have an inflator device20, which is configured to receive the actuation signal from thecontroller 16 and produce gas in response to the actuation signal. Inaddition, the system 10 may have a passenger airbag 22 coupled to theinflator device 20 to receive gas therefrom.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, a passenger airbag 22 may include aninflatable cushion 24 having a front portion 26, a rear portion 28, atop portion 30, a bottom portion 32 and a pair of side portions 34, 36extending between the front and rear portions. As best shown in FIG. 3,the rear portion 28 may include an upper rear portion 28 a with a convexsurface 54 a configured to support, for example, a head of a vehicleoccupant when the airbag is deployed during a collision event. Theconvex surface 54 a of the upper rear portion 28 a may extend upward andrearward from a lower rear portion 28 b of the airbag. In addition, therear portion 28 may also include a lower rear portion 28 b with aconcave surface 54 b configured to support, for example, the shouldersof a vehicle occupant and provide an initial predetermined clearance forthe occupant's chest when the airbag is deployed during a collisionevent, so as to reduce a force applied to the chest thereby reducingchest deflection. In particular, the concave surface 54 b may include arecess 58 contiguously surrounded by a raised peripheral section 60 thatmay be disposed further rearward of the recess when the airbag isdeployed. This peripheral section may have a pair of opposing sides 60 aand 60 b with respect to the recess 58, such that the sides 60 a and 60b contact and support the occupant's shoulders before the recess 58receives and supports the occupant's chest. However, it is contemplatedthat the recess 58 and peripheral section 60 may have other suitableconfigurations. Furthermore, the concave surface 54 b may provide thelower rear portion 28 b with a mean surface that is disposed in asubstantially vertical plane when the airbag is deployed. In addition,the upper rear portion 28 a may have an upper height or length, and thelower rear portion may have a lower height or length that may besubstantially equal to the upper height. It is contemplated that theupper rear portion and the lower rear portion may have other suitableconfigurations for supporting various portions of the occupant's body.
The front portion 26 may be configured to contact and support theinflated airbag 22 against a windshield 38, a dashboard 40, othersuitable vehicle structures or any combinations thereof. Furthermore,the cushion may define up to one non-split lobe 42. However, it isunderstood that the cushion may define two or more split lobes. Inaddition, the front, rear, top, bottom and side portions may be integralportions of one or more pieces that wrap or extend around the perimeterof the airbag. For example, as best shown in FIG. 2, the airbag 22 inthis form may include one textile piece including the rear portion 28,the top portion 30 extending from an upper portion 44 of the rearportion, the front portion 26 extending from a forward portion 46 of thetop portion, and the bottom portion 32 extending from a lower portion 48of the front portion and terminating at an end sown or otherwiseattached to a lower portion 50 of the rear portion 28. Similarly, theside portions 34, 36 may be integral parts of this textile piece andextend from any suitable portion of the airbag. However, any one or moreof these portions may be a separate textile piece sown or otherwiseattached to the other portions.
As best shown in FIG. 2, the airbag 22 may include one or morelongitudinal tethers 52 attached to the lower rear portion 28 b, suchthat when the airbag 22 is deployed, the longitudinal tether 52 inhibitsthe lower rear portion 28 b from expanding further rearward, and thelower rear portion 28 b forms the concave surface 54 (FIG. 3) notedabove. Referring back to FIG. 2, the airbag 22 in this form may haveonly one longitudinal tether 52, and this tether may be made of a sheetor panel having one elongated edge 62 that is sown or otherwise securedto the lower rear portion 28 b contiguously along the length of theelongated edge 62. The elongated edge may have two linear segmentsdisposed at angle with respect to each other in order to evenly pull theinflatable cushion and form the concave surface without causing anytears during deployment of the airbag. However, the elongated edge 62may be more or less than two linear segments, be non-linear or have oneor more portions that are not secured to the cushion. Furthermore, theelongated edge 62 may span at least half the width of the lower rearportion. It is contemplated that the elongated edge may be longer orshorter than half the width of the lower rear portion. The longitudinaltether 52 may further include an opposite angled, linear or non-linearelongated edge 64 that is sown or otherwise attached to the bottomportion 32. Further, this tether may be a flat contiguous panel withoutany openings or apertures therein. The longitudinal tether may haveother suitable shapes or be anchored to other portions of the airbagother than the bottom portion.
Referring again to FIG. 2, the airbag 22 may further include one or morelateral tethers 66 attached to one or both of the side portions 34, 36to limit lateral inflation of the airbag thereby decreasing powerrequirements for the inflator and expediting longitudinal inflation ofthe airbag to support the front portion 26 against the windshield 38,dashboard 40 or other vehicle structures (FIGS. 1 and 3). Of course, thelateral tethers may be utilized for performing other functions asdesired. The airbag 22 in this form may have one lateral tether 66 thatperpendicularly traverses the longitudinal tether 52 when the airbag isdeployed. The lateral tether may, however, be disposed in anon-perpendicular position with respect to the longitudinal tether.Furthermore, the lateral tether 66 may be a panel or sheet having oneangled, linear or non-linear elongated edge 68 sown or otherwiseattached to one side portion 34 and span at least one-fourth of a widthof the side portion 34. The lateral tether 66 may also have an oppositeangled, linear or non-linear elongated edge 70 sown or otherwiseattached to the other side portion 36 and span at least one-fourth of awidth of the side portion 36. It is contemplated that the elongatededges may be longer or shorter than one-fourth the width of therespective side portions. In addition, this tether may be a flatcontiguous panel without any openings or apertures therein. The airbagmay, however, include a lateral tether having other suitable shapes orbe anchored to portions of the airbag other than the opposing sideportion.
The airbag 22 may also have one or more supplemental tethers 72interconnecting the lateral tether 66 and the lower rear portion 28 b soas to both limit lateral expansion of the airbag and form the concavesurface 54 in the rear portion 28. The airbag 22 in this form may haveone supplemental tether 72 made of a panel or sheet having one rearwardelongated edge 74 that is contiguously sown or otherwise attached to thelower rear portion 28 b. The rearward elongated edge 74 may have twolinear segments disposed at angle with respect to each other in order toevenly pull the inflatable cushion and form the concave surface withoutcausing any tears during deployment of the airbag. However, theelongated edge 74 may have more or less than two linear segments or benon-linear, and the edge 74 may be non-contiguously secured to thecushion. The rearward elongated edge 74 may span at least half of thewidth of the lower rear portion 28 b. It is contemplated that theelongated edge 74 may span more or less than one half the width of thelower rear portion. The supplemental tether 72 may also have a forwardlinear or non-linear elongated edge 76 that is contiguously sown orotherwise attached to the lateral tether 66 and spanning at least halfof a length of the lateral tether 66. However, the forward elongatededge may be longer or shorter than one half the length of thesupplemental tether. In addition, the supplemental tether may be a flatcontiguous panel without any openings or apertures or have othersuitable shapes. It is also contemplated that the supplemental tetherand the lateral tether may be integral portions of a one-piece panel.
Accordingly, it is to be understood that the above description isintended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments andapplications other than the examples provided would be apparent uponreading the above description. The scope should be determined, not withreference to the above description, but should instead be determinedwith reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled. It is anticipated andintended that future developments will occur in the technologiesdiscussed herein, and that the disclosed systems and methods will beincorporated into such future embodiments. In sum, it should beunderstood that the application is capable of modification andvariation.
All terms used in the claims are intended to be given their broadestreasonable constructions and their ordinary meanings as understood bythose knowledgeable in the technologies described herein unless anexplicit indication to the contrary in made herein. In particular, useof the singular articles such as “a,” “the,” “said,” etc. should be readto recite one or more of the indicated elements unless a claim recitesan explicit limitation to the contrary.
The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader toquickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It issubmitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpretor limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in theforegoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features aregrouped together in various embodiments for the purpose of streamliningthe disclosure. This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted asreflecting an intention that the claimed embodiments require morefeatures than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as thefollowing claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than allfeatures of a single disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims arehereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claimstanding on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
What is claimed is:
1. A passenger airbag for a vehicle passengerrestraint system, comprising: an inflatable cushion including an upperrear portion with a convex outer surface and a lower rear portion with aconcave outer surface when the airbag is deployed; and a longitudinaltether secured to the lower rear portion to limit longitudinal expansionof the inflatable cushion and form the concave outer surface in thelower rear portion; wherein the convex outer surface is configured tosupport a head of an occupant when the airbag is deployed, and theconcave outer surface is configured to support a pair of shoulders ofthe occupant to provide an initial predetermined clearance for a chestof the occupant when the airbag is deployed; wherein the longitudinaltether has an elongated edge spanning at least half of a width of thelower rear portion; and wherein the elongated edge is secured to thelower rear portion contiguously along a length of the elongated edge. 2.The passenger airbag of claim 1 wherein the inflatable cushion definesup to one non-split lobe when the inflatable cushion is deployed.
3. Thepassenger airbag of claim 2 wherein the concave outer surface includes apair of opposing sides and a recess disposed between the opposing sides,wherein the opposing sides are disposed rearward of the recess.
4. Thepassenger airbag of claim 1 wherein the concave surface has a meansurface disposed in a substantially vertical plane when the airbag isdeployed.
5. The passenger airbag of claim 1 wherein the upper rearportion extends upward and forward from the lower rear portion.
6. Thepassenger airbag of claim 5 wherein the upper rear portion has an upperheight and the lower rear portion has a lower height substantially equalto the upper height.
7. The passenger airbag of claim 1 furthercomprising a lateral tether traversing the longitudinal tether when theinflatable cushion is deployed.
8. The passenger airbag of claim 7wherein the lateral tether is disposed perpendicularly to thelongitudinal tether when the inflatable cushion is deployed.
9. Thepassenger airbag of claim 7 wherein the lateral tether is secured toopposing side portions of the inflatable cushion.
10. The passengerairbag of claim 7 wherein the lateral tether has an elongated edgespanning at least one-fourth of a width of a side portion of theinflatable cushion.
11. The passenger airbag of claim 7 wherein thelateral tether has a pair of ends that each have an elongated edgespanning at least one fourth of a width of the respective opposing sideportion.
12. The passenger airbag of claim 11 wherein the elongated edgeis secured to the respective side portion contiguously along a width ofthe elongated edge.
13. The passenger airbag of claim 12 wherein theinflatable cushion defines up to one non-split lobe when the inflatablecushion is deployed.
14. The passenger airbag of claim 7 furthercomprising a supplemental tether interconnecting the lateral tether andthe lower rear portion.
15. The passenger airbag of claim 14 wherein thesupplemental tether has a forward elongated edge and a rearwardelongated edge, wherein the forward elongated edge is contiguouslysecured to the lateral tether, and the rearward elongated edge iscontiguously secured to the lower rear portion.
16. The passenger airbagof claim 14 wherein the rearward elongated edge of the supplementaltether includes at least two linear segments disposed at an angle withrespect to one another to form the concave surface in the lower rearportion..
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Mechanical fasteners
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CC-By-SA
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Mèrcuris est sa die de sa chida frae su Martis e su Giòvia, dae su latinu Mercurĭi dies, die de Mercuriu.
Unu mèrcuris famadu est su Mèrcuris de sas Chijinas.
3.
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Mythology & Lore
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99,806
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lenouveausobrin00martgoog_11
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French-PD-diverse
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Public Domain
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IMPERATIF. Duerme, dors. Duerma, (j[u'il dorme. Duerman, qu'ils dorment. SUB^QîfÇTIF. PRÉSENr. jDM^muc^.que je dorme. i>urmamof ^ noua dormîoqs^ Duermas, tu dormes. Duerma, il dorme. Durmais, vous dormiez. Duêrmcm ; ils dorment. IM'PARPATT. Durmierék, dumùese, je dormirais , je dormisse. DurmieraSjdurmieses., tu dormirais, tu dormisses. Durmiera, durmi^se^Tl àoviomkf il dormît. 134 GRAMMAXmV Durmiéramos 9 durmiésemos, nous dormirions, nous démissions. Durmiérais, dumUéseis, vous dormiriez, vous domiissieEi Durmieran, dumUesen, ils dormiraient , ils dormissent* FUTUR. JDumUere , je dormirai. Durmiéremos , nous dormirons. Dumderes , tu dormiras. Dumûéreis, vous dormirez. Dumùere , il dormira. Durmieren, ils dormiront. Le verbe morir , mourir , a les mêmes irrégularités que dormir, F'E'blfi ^ demander. Ce verbe change son e radical en i dans les temps et personnes ci-dessous. INFINITIF. Gérondif. — Pidiendo, demandant. INDICATIF. PRÉSENT. Pido, je demande. Pides, tu demandes. PiWe^ il demande. i'ùiitfn, ils demandeur. PRÉTÉRIT DÉFINI. Pidiô, il demanda. Pidiéron, ils demandèrent^ IMPERATIF. Pide, demande. Pida^ qu'il demande. Pidan , qu'ils demandent. SUBJONCTIF. PflÉSENT; Pida , que je demande. Pidamos , nous demandions^ Pidas, tu demandes. Pidais, vous demandiez. Pida y il demande. Pidan, ils demandent.. ESPAGNOLE. 155 IMPARFAIT. Pidiera, pidiese, ]e demanderais, je demandasse. Pidieras, pidieses, tu demanderais, tu demandasses. Pidiera, pidiese , il demanderait , il demandât. Pidie'ramos, pidiésemos, nous demanderions, nous demandassions, Pidiérais, pidiéseis, tous demanderiez , tous demandassiez. Pidierun,pidiesen, ils demanderaient, ils demandassent. FUTUR. Pidiere, je demanderai. Pidieres , tu demanderas. Pidiere, il demandera. Pidiéremos , nous demanderons. Pidiéreis, vous demanderez. Pidieren, ils demanderont; Conjuguez comme pedî r les verbes snivans : Cenir, ceindre ; eine; cinio. Colegir, recueillir; ComeiUrse, se civiliser; eolige; comidése; coUgiô. comidiôse. Competir, rivaliser; Concebiry concevoir; compite; concibe; compitié, concibio. Consegmr, obtenir; ConstreOir, contraindre; consigne; constrine; consiguià, constHniâ. Corregir (i), corriger;. Derretir, fondre ; corrige; derrite; corrigià, derritià. Descenir, ôter la ceinture ; descine; desciniâti ^ Descomedirse , devenir incivil ; descomidese; descomidiàse. Deservir, désobliger; Desleir, délayer ; Despedir^ congédier; Destenir , déteindre ; desirve'; deslie;^ despide; destine; desirviâ. desliâ. despidià, destiniài EUgir, choisir; Emhestir, attaquer; elige; embiste; eligià. embistià. Engreirse, se parer; Envestir , investir ; engriese; enviste; engriàse. envistià. Estrenir, étreindre? 0stnne; estriHiâ. (i) Les verbes terminés en gir changent le g en y devant Va et Mo-, dans les mêmes temps et personnes que ceux terminés en ger. ( Voyez page gi), lis» g^hakumih^ Espedir, expëdicrj Freir, frire; Gem/r, gémir; Impedir,emi^èGitc', Investir, investir; Medirj mesurer; Perseguir, persécuter; Prosegtiirj poursuivre , Régir, gouverner ; Jîeir, rire; Rendir, rendre ; Renir,se disputer; Repetir, répéter ; Retenir, teindre de nouveau; Revestir, revêtir ; Seguir, suivre; Servir, servir; Sonreir, sourire; JVmr, teindre; Vestir, habiller ; Venir, venir. • ' INFINITIF. Gébondif. — F'iniendo, y enoDt. INDICATIF. PRÉSENT» Fengo , je vien/i. Vienes, tu viens. Fiene , il vient. Vienen , ils viennent PRÉTÉRIT DÉFINI. espide; frie; gime; impide; inviste;^ espidié, friâ. gimid» impidiô. invisiié. mide; midià. persigue;r prosigue; rige; persiguià, proêiguid, rigiô. rie; rio. rinde; rindiâ. ri ne; rifUà. repite; rétine; repitiô. retihiâ. reviste; revistvô. sigue; sirve; siguià. sirviô. sonrie; sonriô. tine; tinid. ; vis te; vistià^ Fine,]e vios. Viniste, tu vins (i ). f^ino, il vint. Vinimos, nouji vumies. Vin£steiSy vous vîntes. Viniéron, ils vinren,t. (i) Quelques-uns disent : veniste, venimos, et vewUieis. ESPAONOliB. 157 FUTUR. ^enrfr^, je viendrai. Vendrémo&, nous viendrons. Vendms., tu viendras. Vendrais, vous vi&drex. Vendra, d viendra. Vendran, ils vienctont. IMPERATIF. Ven, viens. Venga, qu'il vienne. Vengan, qu'ils viennent. SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSEIVT. Venga , que je vienne. Vengamos , nous venions. Vengas, tu viennes. V^ngqis, vous veniez. Venga , il vienne. Vengan , as viennent. IWPAEFAIT. Viniera, vendria, viniese, je viendrais , je vinsse. Vinieras , vendrias, viniesês, tu vieudrsÀs , tu vinsses. Viniera, vendria » viniese ,. il viendrait , il vînt. Vinié ramas, vendriainpis , vinùésemos^ nous viendrions, nous vins-' sioBS. Viniérais, vendriais , viniéseis , vous viendriez , vous vinssiez. Kinieran, vendrian, viniesen, ils viendraient , ils vinssent. FUTIÎR. Viniere, je viendrai. Viniéremos , nous viendrons. Vinieres, tu viendras. Viniéreis, vous viendrez. VinUre, il viendra. Virù^rep., ils viendront. Les verbes suivans, composés de venir ^ se conju*-* guent de même. Avenir, survenir; aviene; avino, Contravenir, contrevenir; contraviene; contravino. Convenir, CQVLVtmi", consnene; convino, Desavemr, ne point s'accorder; desaviene; desavino^ Intervenir, intervenir ; interviene ; intervino. Prévenir, prévenir; previene; previno. Provenir, proienir; proviens; provino. Mevenir,revemr; reviene; revino, S^brevenir^ survenir j sobreviene^ sobrevina. 13S I^RAMMAIRE AsiR, saisir. Ce verbe est irrégolier à la première personne du singulier du présent de Tindicatif ; à la troisième per sonne du singuli^ et du pluriel de Fimpératif ; et à toutes celles du présent du subjonctif. INDICATIF. pré.sen:t. Asgo , je saisis. IMPÉRATIF. Asga,c^*û. saisisse. Asgan, qu'ils saisissent. SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSENT. Asga , que je saisisse. Asgamos , nous saisissions. .^5^a5, tu saisisses. u^«g«i/s^ vous saisissiez. Asga , il saisisse. Asgan , ils saisissent. Ces temps et ces personaes du verbe asir sont au jourd'hui très-peu en usage. BeCIR, dire. INFINITIF. Gérondif. — jDic/e/ufo^ disant. INDICATIF. PRÉSENT. JPi^o,jedis. Dices,Xx dis. Dice , il dit. Dicen , ils disent. PRÉTÉRIT DÉFINI. Dije , je dis. JDijimos , nous dîmes.. Dijiste , tu dis. Dijùteis , tous dîtes. Dijo y il dit . Dijéron , ils dirent. Dire, je dirai. Dirds, tu diras. JHrd, il dira. Diy dis. DigUyqa'W dise. Diga, que je dise. Digas , tu dises. Digà, il dise. E8PA0rlVOi:.S* FUTUR. DirémoSy nous dirons. ' Piréis, vous direz. />{jnc6t,ib diront. IMPERATIF. Digan, qu'ils disent. SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSENT. Digamos , nous disions. Digeùs, vous disiez. Digan, ils disent. IMPARFAIT. 139 Dijera , diria , difese, je dirais , je disse. Dijeras, dirias, dijesés, tu dirais, tu disses. Dijera , diria , dijese , il dirait , il dît. Dijéramos, diriamos, dijésemos, nous dirions, nous dissions. Dijérais, diriais, dijéseis, vous diriez, vous dissiez. Dijeran, dirian, dijesen, ils diraient , ils dissent. Dijere,)eârm. Dijeres, tu diras. />(^erv^ildira. FUTUR. Dijéremos, nous dirons. Dijéreisy vous direz. Dijeren, ils diront. Le verbe predecir ,* prédire , se conjugue comme decir. Conimiecirj contredire, et desdecir, dédire^ se conjuguent de même, sauf la seconde personne du sin gulier de Timpératif , où Ton dit cantradice et desdice. BendegiR, bénir. Ce verbe , compose de decir , est régulier dans les première et seconde personnes du pluriel du présent 140 GRAimiAIRE de rindicatif ; dans toutes celles de Fimparfait et du futur du même mode ; dans la seconde personne du pluriel de Timpératif , et dans toutes celles du second imparfait du subjonctif. Dans les autres temps^ ce verbe a les mêmes, irrégularités qije decir , sauf la se conde personne du singulier de Fimpératif , où il fait hendice y etnon hendu Nous donnerons sa c^njugaisoiii en entier , à cause de ces diverses variations. INFINITIF. Gérondif. <— Bendiciendo, bénissant. INDICATIF. PRÉSENT. Bendigo,]ehéms. BsndêcmoSy-nQxxshémss^'as^ Bendices y tu bënis. Bendecis , vçus bénissez. Bendice , il bénit. Bendicen , ils bénissent. IMPil.RFAIT. Bendecia , je bé^sais. Bêndec/amûS , nous béoisstmWi Bendecias , tu bénissais. Sendecims , veus b^ssies. Bendecia, il bénissait. Bendecian, ils bénissaient. PRÉTÉRIT 9«FINI. jBe/t^//ie^ je bénis. j^eit^i/tmof, nousbéopimes. Bendijiste y tu bénis. Bendijisteis , vous bénîtes.. BendijOy il bénit. Bendijéron, ils bénirent^ FUTUR... Bendeciré, je bénirai. Bendecirémos , nous bénîrons.^ Bendecirdsy tu béniras. Bendeciréis, vous bénirez. B^ndeemi yîXhéjamu ' BendeQMm,ïsxésu^iùb, IMPERATIF. Bendice , bénis. Bendeeid y bénî^sea. BendigUy ^'il béni3se. , Bendigan ,. qu'ils bénissent. SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSENT. Bendigay que je bénisse. Bendigamos, nous bénissioxu^ ESPAGIVOLE. 141 Bendigas, tu bénisses. Bendigais, vous bénissiez. Bendiga, il bénisse, Bendigan,ïïsbétàsseni, Èendijêra, bendeciria, hêhdijêBe, je bédiraîs, {e bé&isM. Bendiferas, hendecinaa, immUJeses^ tu béntraîs, tu bénâmcf. Bendijerm,j bendeciria, bendijese, il bénirait, il bénit. Bendijéramos j bendeciriamos , béndijésembs , nous bénirions, nous bénissions. ' ' BendijéraiSy bendecirfaisj bendijéseis^ vous béniriez, tous bénissiez. Bendijeran, bendficirian , bendijesen, ils béniraient, ils bénissent. Bendijera, je bénirai. BenJijéremos , nous bénirons. Bêndijeréi,txé^v9A. Bendijéreis, vous héùktiz, ^endijere^ il bénira. Btndijereri»ih bénirc4t<. ^-Le verbe mé^Mê^r, maudire, se conjugue ccimiKié hendecir* -^ ^ Om (i) , entendre. L'îrr^ularité de ce verbe côhsiste en ce qu'il prend on jT après IV^ dans les temps et personnes ci-dessous. INDICATIF. FEÉ8ENT. Oigo ^j'entenfâs. IMPERATIF. ' m Oiga, qu'il entende. Oigan, qu'ils entendent. SUBJONCTIF. Oiga y que j'entende. . QigaiÊps , nous entendions. Oigo^^ tu ent^endes. Oigais, tous entendiez. OfgAj il entende. O/gan^ ils entendent. Entreairy entr'ouïr ,û la même irrégularité. — — -— .T^^ * HT " ' f f (i) Oir. change Vi en y devant Ve et Yo, dans les inêip^s temps et personnes que les vertes en eer. ( Voyez page qS. ) 14S GRAMMAIRE PODRIR , |M7umr. Ce verbe n^est usité qu'eau présent de rinfinitif , /lo drir j pourrir ; au participe passé , podriio y pourri ; à la seconde personne du pluriel de Fimpératif, |imfrû/, pourrissez ; et à la troisième du singulier de Timpar fait du subjonctif, jp{M/rfWa y il pourrirait. Salir, sortir. Ce verbe prend un g après son / radical , dans les mêmes personnes que le verbe oir; outre cette irré gularité , il change Tt en d dans le futur de Tindicatif et dans le second imparfait du subjonctif; et il perd son é( final dana la seconde personne du singulier de Timpératif. INDICATIF. SalgOj]e sors. Saldréy je sortirai. Saldrds, tirsortiras. Saldrd, il sortira. PRESENT. FUTUR. SaldrémoSj nous sortirons. Saldréis, vous sortirez. Seddrdn, ils sortiront. Sol, sors. Saïga j qu'il sorte. Saïga, que je sorte. Saïgas, tu sortes. Sedga ,tXsotX^, Salaria, ^e sortirais. IMPERATIF. Saigon, qu'ils sortent. SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSENT. Salgamos , nous sortions. Salgais, vous sortiez. • Salgan , ils sott^at.. IMPARFAIT. Saldriamos^ nous sortirions. Saldrias ,Xk sortirais. Saldria, il sortirait. ESPAGNOLE. Saîdriais, vous sortiriez. Saldrian, ils sortiraient. 143 Le verbe sobresalir , exceller , se conjugue comme salir, I R , aller, f Ce verbe est un des plus irréguliers de la langue e^agnole , car à peine conserve-t-il dans quelques uns de ses temps des traces de son infinitif. On trou vera ci -après sa conjugaison en entier. INFINITIF. GÉRONDir. -^ Y^ndo, allant. INDICATIF. PRÉSEltfT. Vof, je vais. Vas , tu vas. ya, il va. lifu, j'allais. Ibas^ tu allais. Iba, il allait. Fui, j'allai. i'W^/ej tu allas. Fué, il alla. Ire, jirai. Irds y tu iras. Ird, il ira. Ve, va. Vaya, qu'il aille. Vamos, nous allons. Vais, vous allez. Van, ils vont. IMPARFAIT. Ibamos, nous allions. Ibais, vous alliez. Iban, ils allaient. PRÉTÉRIT DÉFINI. Fvdmos, nous allâmes. Fuisteis, vous allâtes. Fuéron, ils allèrent. FUTUR. Irémos, nous irons. Iréis^ vous irez. /r<^/i, ils iront. IMPERATIF. Ldj allez. Vayan , qu'ils aillent. '■ I I I 144 GRAMMAIRE ' SUBJONCTIF. PRÉSENT ^A^a, que j'aille. f^o^omo^^ nous allions. ' Vayas, tu ailles. Vayais, vous alliez. Vaya, il aille. V^ayah , ils aillent. IM^ARFAlt. Fuera , iria , fuese , j'irais , j^allasse. Fnefas , ifias , fueses , i irais , tu allasses. Fuera , iria ^ fuese , il irait:, il allât. Fuéramos , iriamos , fuésemos , nous irions , nous allassions. Fuérais, iriais , fue'seis ,y<kis trtez , vous allassiez. Fueran, irian,fuesen^ ils iraient, ils allassent. FUTUR. i^u^re, j'irai. /^iferemo^^ nous irons. /''Mcr»*, tuiras. /'wercw , vous irez. Fuere, il ira. Fuei^n, ils iront. THÈME. Ou me meoez-voiis , disait un aveugle à un autr^ : )sui conducit decii* ciego seguùr Yez-moi , lui dit celui-ci , j« vdus conduis bien. Cet hôtndiè s'introduisit fiiTtireinent dans la naisifiii Les ennemis, inlroducirse ocnlfamente après un siège de quatre mois , réduisirent la place à la despues de reducir .. _ dernière extrémité , et elle se r^ditJe suis fâché que vous sentir ne veniez pas avec mdi. Quand vous viendrez à Paris , venir allez voir le Ministre , et dites-lui que je le remercie de ce ira ver d . . . j . agradecer qu'il a Ëdt pour vous. Après avoir servi six mois , on loi hacer . . < CSPA61VOLE. iJBi codfà'a le grade de lieutenant. Il prêtera la place de juge conferir grado teniente. preferir à celle de président , et il s'en repentit. Ils adhérèrent d'à arrepentirse adherir bord à notre opinion ^ et puis | ils furent d'un avis con disentir r traire. | Je doute que nous consentions à &ire ce qu'il de consentir en pe mande. Les Espagnols dorment une heure après leur dîner. dir dormir Si je dormais moins , je me porterais mieux. Turenne estar jaiourut d'un coup de canon. Je | suis ea concurrence | morir competir pour cet emploi avec mon cousin ; maïs )e doute qu'il l'ob con tienne. Les peuples gémissent toujours des malheurs de la seguir gémir guerre. Il demanda la pljaee de chef de la douane , et il ne aduana l'obtint pas. Prends garde à ce que tu dis , et mesure bien advertir arreglar tes paroles. Viendrez-vous demain avec moi chez M. Ro driguez ? Croyez-vous qu'il vienne avec vous ? Je convien conçenir drais volontiers de ce que vous dites , si vousconveniez de buena gana aussi de ce que j« dis. Ses malheurs dans le commerce pro« prO' tiennent de sa trop glande co|ç£ai^e.; Ç^ç ^u^ ép^i)^ venir demasiado s'accorderaient bien mieux , si l'un prévenait les désirs d|Ç avenirse prévenir l'autre. Que dit-on de nouveau ? Que dit votre frère des iO iM GRAMMAIHJE ëvénemens politiques? Je vous dirai que je fus hier chec ir VOUS , et que vous n^y étiez pas. Bénissons la tnaiu de Dieq hendecir Dios lorsqu'elle nous frappe , et corrigeons-nous de nos fautes. herir corregirse Le malheureux bénit toujours la main, qui lui donne , ^ les méchans maudissent même ceux qui leur | font du maldecir amptt' bien. | J'entends du bruit. Je sors de chez vous. Je sortirai rar oit* ruido salir demain à six heures du soir, et j'irai voir quelques amis. Sors dici. Sortirez-vous bientôt? Nous sortirons à midi. luego Il faut que je sorte et que j'aille lui parler. Où vas-rtu? je vais à la comédie. Où alliez-vous hier quand je vous ren contrai ? Nous allions mon frère et moi à la campagne. encontrar campo Youlez-votts que nous allions à I la chasse? | Soit, nous cazar sea asi irons demain. Va où tu voudras. U se ressent de ses mau resentir vaises habitudes. Il devient incivil. Choisis de bons amis. descomedirse elegir Ce prince gouverne avec sagesse. Tu ris , et moi je pleure. régir reir Uorar Us poursuivirent l'ennemi , mais il survint un accident qui perseguird sohrevenir novedad les empêcha de l'atteindre. J'expédie à Paris des marchan espedir género dises qu'on me demande ; mais t crains qu'on ne vetuHe pas les recevoir. Dors , si tu peux. En allant à Londres , U tomba malade. gaer ESPAGNOLE. 147 LEÇON XIX. DU PARTICIPE. Le participe est ainsi appelé , parce qùll participe de la nature du verbe et de celle de Fadjectif : de celle du verbe , en ce qu'ail en a la signification et le régime , et qu^avec avoir ou être il forme des temps du verbe : ex. he leido , j^ai lu ; estai/ enfadado , je suis fâché ; et de celle de Tadjectif , parce qull sert à qualifier les substantifs : ex. una carta bien escrita , une lettre bien écrite. On divise les participes en préseris ^passés. Les participes présens de la première conjugaison sont terminés en antej comme amanfe, aimant ; ceux de la seconde et de la troisième en ente , comme ohedientCj obéissant ; oyeTi^ , écoutant. Mais ces participes , qui ne sont en usage que dans certains verbes , sont plu tôt des adjectifs verbaux que de véritables participes , parce qu^ls n^ont pas un régime comme les verbes dont ils dérivent. Les participes passés de la première conjugaison sont terminés en aio , comme amado , aimé ; ceux de^ 9i seconde et de la troisième , en ido , comme ohede cidoy obéi; oidoy entendu. Tous ceux qui ont une autre terminaison sont irréguliers , et se trouvent <;oinpris dans la liste suivante. * INFINITIF. PARTICIPE PASSÉ. ^^Wr, ouvrir; 4ibierto , oxxyeri, jibsoher, absoudre ; absuelto , absous. 150 gkamuiaire On observera que les participes passes réguliers , compris dans la seconde colonne , s^emploient tou jours avec haher pour former les temps composés. : ex. se han hofiado de frvia , ils se sont rassasiés de fruit ; — et que les irréguliers de la troisième colonne , employés comme adjectifs verbaux et absolus, ne peuvent se joindre au verbe haher y à Texception de freso y prescrito j provisto y roto y injerio y apreso et sté^ preso. Ainsi Ton peut dire également : ha prendido y ou ha preso y il a pris, etc. Parmi ces derniers, roio est plus usité que rompido. Il y a d^autres participes qui ont la terminaisoa passive et la signification active ; tels sont : Acostumhrado > qui a coutume. Ocasiùnado ^ q.tterelleur ^difficile Agradecido , reconnaissant. à vivre. Atrevidoy hardL Osadô y ose y audacieux.. Bien cenadoy qui a bien soupe» Parado, lent y tardif. Sien comidoy qui a bien dîné. Parecido , ressewhlai^. Bien hablado, qui parle bien. ' Partido, libéral. Ca//aé/o, discret, qui sait se taire. Paustxdo , ]^osé , qui agit sans se Cansado , ennuyeux y qui fatigue presser. les autres. Poifiado^ ohsimé y opimaitre. Comedido , prudent , mesuré. Precavidoy qui a de la précaution. Desesperado , désespéré. Preciado , vain , présomptueux.. Disimulado , àissvoïvlé. Presumido, présomptueux^ Entendidoy entendu, intelligent. Recatado, avisé, prudent. Esforzado , brave , audacieux. Sabido , savant. Fingido, dissimulé , trompeur. Sacuiido , qui sait se défendre. Leidx) , instruit ,qui a beaucoup lu. Sentido , susceptible , sensible. Medido , mesuré , qui agit avec Sufrido , qui souffre beaucoup. précaution. Trascendido , qui a de la pénétra^ Mîrado , circonspect , prudent. tion. Moderadoy modéré. FalidOy qui est en faveur. Tous ces participes ont aussi une signification pas sive dans quelques acceptions ; ainsi , quand on dit : ESPAGNOLi:; ISi hambre leido y muger leida y homme ou femme qui a beaucQup lu ; libro leido , carta hida , livre lu , lettre lue ; le sens de la phrase ludique clairement que leido et leida put une signification active dans le premier exemple , et passive dans le second. Si Fou dit : Jium es hombre cansado j Jean est un homme fatigant , — le participe a la signification active ; mais danscette phra^ : Jtum esté caneado j Jeaa est fatigué , — la signification est passive». REMARQUES. « Oïl a déjà dit que le participe passé , joint au verbe habéTy sarvait à £[»rmer les temps composés , et qu^-* lors il était invariable} qu^avec les verbes eer au eê tar il fermait la voix* paa^ve , et que dans ce cas il s^accordait en genre et en nombre avec son sujet r à ces observations on ajoutera , que le participe passé fest encore invariable lorsqu^il est joint au verbe iener pris comme, auxiliaire : ex» mi prima Uene escrifo d su paire y ma cousine a écrit à son père ; "^ qu'ail de^ vient adjectif, si tener est employé conome verbe ac tif : ex., tengo escriia una earta^ j^ai écrit une lettre ^. etc.; — et qu!^enfia ils^accorde avec 1er substantif; lorsqjftHrest pris dans un sens absolu : ex. €u^bada la eena^yM despOiéron y le souper fini ^ ils ^ retirèrent^ ISa GRAMBIAIim LEÇON XX, DE ^ADVERBE. Ij'apverbé est un mot invâtiaLble qui se joint avec les serbes et avec les adjectifs , pour en exprimer les manières ou les circonstances. On divise les adverbes en simples et en composés : les simples sont ceux qui sont exprimés par un seul nDot , comme : mas , plus ; TMm.^ y moine ; It^os , loin ; c^rcA y près , etc. : les composés ^ ceux qui scmt formés de plusieurs mots , comme : adenias , en outre ; adonde^ 0Ù ; mafamenfe , méchamzuent ; et tous ceux terminée en fntnte. Il y a plusieurs sortes d'adverbes : i."" Les adverbes de Ueu^ qui indiquent une cir-» constance âe lieU , clomme : aqui^ acàj ici ; nhl^ alU^ alla j là ; eerca y près ; l^bs ^ loifi '^donde ^ ad&nde ^ où ; dentro j dans ^ dedans ; fuerà y hors , dehors ; artibà , en haut ; ahajo , en bas ; dekmfe , «bèvant ^ deitaa ^ deiv rffîre; encima dessus ; debafoy dessbuéw : ' S."" Ceux de ten^ , qui exprimenit qudque rapp<M*t de teitips ^ comme : hoj/^ aujourd'hui ; Hyerj hhsrynm^ nana j demain ; ahora y maintenant ; luego , bientôt ; tarde , tard ; temprano , de bonne heure ; presto , vite ; pronto^ promptement; siempre^ toujours; nuncajc^ mas , jamais ; ya j déjà ; miéntras , cependant. 3,® Ceux de manière , qui indiquent de quelle ma nière les choses se font , comme : hien , bien ; m^tl^ mal ; asi , ainsi ; quedo y doucement ; reeto ^ fortement ; ESPAGNOLE. 155 deépacio y lentement ; alto , haut ; bajo y bas ; huenor mente ^ bonnement ; et presque tous les adverbes ter-* minÀ en mewteé A."* Ceux de quantité ^ qui servent à marquer la quantité des objets ou leur valeur , comme : mucho y beaucoup; jpM?a, peu; mutfy très; hartoy bastante^ assez; tan y si, aussi; tanio^ autant; cuantoy autant que. a.** Ceux de comparaison y qui servent à comparer les objets entr^eux, comme : mas y plus; menas y moins ; mèjor y mieux ; peor y pire. 6.'' Ceux âiorirey qui expriment Farrangement des choses , comme : primerumente , premièrement ; té/ iimamente y en dernier lieu ; sueesivamente y successi vement ; dntes y iavant ; de^p%tes ^ ensuite. 7 ."^ Ceux û^affrmaiiim y comme : si y oui; ciertoy cisytamentSy o^teîinement ; verdaderamente y vrai-^ ment; m(£«Mfa^iM0m«»le, indiihitabkment. S."" Ceux de négation y comme : no y non , ne , ne pas ., ne point ; Ttada y nen, 9.^ Ceux de doute y comme : acasoy par hasard; gutréf y peut-être. Remarques sur Vempïoi de quelques Adverbes. * Jama» s^emplbie dcms Je làéme sens que nunca : eXi jàmas vi tai cosa > on no wtjamas tal cosa y je n'^ai jaitoais vil rien de pareil 'yjamas iopensara , ou no lo pénsarajumas y je ne l^aurais jamais ôru. Il se joint souvent à nunca y kpor siempre xmpara siempre , pour donner plus de force et d^énergie au discours : ex. ntmcajanuis lo dire y je ne dirai jamais cela ; par ou para siempre jamas me aeordaré de él y je m& souvien '1S4 GRAMMAIRE drai toujours ou a jamais de lui. On voit , par ces divers exemples , que lots^ue jamas précède le verbe ^ on supprime la négation, et qu^on la conserve lors qu'il en est précédé ; que , joint à ntmea , il exprône plus fortement le moi jamais } et qu'au contraire , il signifie éternellement y toujours ^ lorsqu'il . est joint à por ou para siempre. No , non , n'est pas toujours employé comme né gation y et alors il sert à donner plus de force à Paf firmation : ex. mejor es el trabajo que no la tw?«o— sidad , le travail vaut mieux que l'oisiveté. En sup primant no dans cette phrase , le sens sera toujours le même. On se sert souvent en espagnol de deux terme» négatifs pour donner plus de force^à la négation : ex. no quiero nadà^yè ne veux rien; no salgd ninguno j que personne ne sorte. On pourrait dire égalemtent : naàa quiero , ninguno saïga f mais cette manière serait moins expressive. 11 est bon d'observer que deux né gations ne peuvent jamais se trouver réunies , et que dans aucun cas on ne peut dire : ne nada^ quiero y no ninguno saïga , etc. Les adverbes terminés en mente se forment des adjectifs , en ajoutant mente à ceux qui n'ont qu'iine terminaison, et amente à ^ceux; qui en ont deux: ainsi , de docto — a , savant , ante , diesiro--'^ ^ adroit , oite , on fait doctamente , savamment , diestramenie y adroitement ; et de fàeil , facile , constante r constant , fàcilmentej facilement, constantemente j constami ment. Mais lorsque plusieurs adverbes de ce geare se suivent inmiédiajtement dans une. même phrase^ on supprime toujours la terminaison »i^fe auxpre^ ESPAGNOI.C; 16S miers , pour ne la conserver qu^au dernier , afin dV viter une répétition désagréable à Toreille : ex. Cice ron hahlâ sahia y elacuentemente j Cicéron parla sage ment et éloquemment ; César escrihià claruy concisa y eleffuntementeyCésair écrivit avec clarté, concision et élégance ; mais, oa ne dira pas : hablà sahiamente / escribià claramente y cancisamente j etc. Lorsqu^ôn afi&rme ou qu^on nie positivement une chQse , Tadverbe , soit de mode soit de tempS , se place en espagnol après le verbe ; et si: le verbe est com posé , après le participe , et jamais après Fau&iliaire :. ex. VéçoUer a toujours étudié sa leçon , el iiscipulo ha estudiada siempre su. leccian. Les adverbes monosyllabes qui , en français:, sont placés avant Tinfinitif des verbes , suivent le verbe en espagnol : ex. bien«parler ,. mal danser , trop man ger , hahlar bien,, hailar mal, corner demastado. LEÇON XXI. DE LA PREPOSITION. Li A préposition est un mot invariable qui sert ab marquer les rapports qiie les choses ont entre elles. Les^ prépositions les plus usitées dans la langue es pagnole sont rf , à ; ante , devant ; con , avec : contra , contre ; de^ à% ; desde , dès , depuis ; en , en , dans ;• entre , entre , parmi ; 4^ia , vers ; ha>sia , jusque '^para , piour; por, par, pour; segun, suivant, selon; stUy sans ; sobre , sur ; iras , après , derrière. Ces préposi tions ont en espagnol le même usage quVn français , 186 GRAHHAIRE sauf iMêta , para , por , sohre j tras j et quelques autres dont on parlera ci-après ; mais parmi ces da*nîères , para et por méritent une attention partieuli^e. 1.** Par se rend toujours parjror; ex. e#fe retrato fué kecho por un buen pintor^ ce portrait a ëté fait par un bon peintre ; pam por la oatte , il passe par la rue. ft."* Powr s^exprime par /wr , lorsqu'il désigne le but d^une chpise ou d^une action : ex. tmbajopor alcd^xar premio ( dans ce sens on peut se servir aus^ de para ) , je travaille pour avoir une récompense ; — le temps qu^une chose a duré ou durera : ex, sale de Paris por un afM y il quitte Paris pour un an ; — la valeur d^une chose : ex. darà la casa por diet milfrancos , il cédera la maison pour dix mille francs; — Féquivalent : ex. uno valepor mtœhosj un seul ct»npte pour plu sieurs ; — lorsquHl signifie en faveur de : ex * hahlar por alguno , parler pour ou en faveur de quelqu'un j — au lieu de ^ à la place de : ex. asistiré por élj j'*as sisterai pour lui oie à sa place ; — pour exprimer un échange ou im troc : ex. doy mi capapor la tuya^ je donne mon manteau pour le tien ; — une opi^ nion bonne ou mauvaise de quelqu'un : ex. esiar te-^ ftidopor bueno , por malo j passer pour bon , pour mé chant 9 etc. --r On se sert aussi dejM^ dans les phrases ou manières de parler suivantes : par la manana , dans la matinée ; por la tarde y dans l'après-midi ; la casa esta por barrer ^ la maison est à balayer ; Pedro va por lena , por pan y por vino , etc . Pierre va chercha du bois , du pain , du vin , etc. 5.** Pour se rend par para , lorsqu'il dénote la per sonne ou la chose sur laquelle l'action se dirige : ex. BSPAGNfOLE. 187 la hanta M Lf Victoria es para el gênerai , Thonneur de la victoir^st pour le général ; — 4e but de Factioii et Fusage des choses : ex. qutero lihros para leer^ je veux des livres pour lire; ^para qœ lo preguntas? pourquoi demandes-tu cela ? — le lieu où Ton va : ex. salgo para Eepaiki ^ para Portugal y je pars pour PËspagne , pour le Portugal ; — le temps ou une épo que déterminée à laquelle on renvoie une action : ex. lo defarémoê para manana , nous Isdsserons cela pour demain ; para Sanr Juem^pagaré , je payerai à la Sainte Jean ; — le, rapport d^une personne , d^une chose ou d^une action avec une autre : ex. para el tiempo que haee j no esta atrasado el campa , pour le temps qu'ail Élit , la campagne n^st pas retardée ; para ser tan ricoj tspooo lo qt6e gasta ^ pour être si riche , il dépense peu. •— On emploie également para , pour désigner qu^on est prêt à dire ou à faire une chose , et alors on fait {Accéder cette préposition du verbe eetar : ex. estoy para partir ^ je suis sur le point de partir ; — pour exprimer auprès de , en comparaison de j qu'ion traduit par para con .* ex. ^quien es la criatura para con el criador? qu^est-ce que la créature auprès du créa teur ? — et enfin dans les phrases suivantes : para ahora lo quiero , je le veux maintenant ; para cuando venga , quand il viendra ; para dentro de un mes , dans un mois ; para entre amigos es esctesado el cumplimiento y entre amis on ne &it pas de compUmens. 4.** Hasta^ jusques, ne prend jamais après lui la préposition à , comme en français : ex. ho^ta mmma , jusqu'^à demain ; hasta Tnm ver,^ ^usqu^au rwoiir. ».<^ Sobre , sur , sert à marquer W position : ex. lAs^ hoa esta sobre siete montes y Lisbonne est bâtie sur sept Iâ8 GRAHMAIltE montagnes ; — la supériorité d^uiie ÇJjkàèe sur une autre : ex. la cmridad es sobre todas Im vitiudes , la charité remporte sur toutes les vertus ; — à désigner le sujet dont on traite : ex. este lihro es sabre la agri^ cultura y ce livre traite de Fagriculture ; hablamos so^ bre las cosas del tiempo y nous parlons des affaires du temps , etc. — Sobre signifie aussi environ , à peu près : ex. Pedro tendra sobre cuarenta anos , Pierre a envi ron quarante ans ; Jiabrd aqui sobre doscientes hom-^ bres , il y a ici à peu près deux cents hommes ( dans ce sens il est plus élégant de mettre le verbe au futur ). — Il marque le temps : ex. Ikgar sobre tarde , arriver tard ; — une sûreté ou caution : ex. prestar sobre prendasj prêter sur gages, etc. — Sobre équivaut à outre y outre que. ... ex. sobre ser reo ^ quiere que le ab~ suelvan y outre qu^il est criminel , il veut être absous. 6.^ Tras y après , derrière , signifie aussi outre que : ex. tras ser culpado , es el que mas levanta el griioy outre qu^il est coupable , c'^est lui qui crie le plus. Indépendamment des prépositions ci-dessus , on en compte quelques autres qui prennent après elles de et à. PRÉPOSITIONS SUIVIES DE (/e. Ademas^ outre : ex. ademas del dote, outre la dot. A espaldas , derrière : ex. d espaldas del auartél , derrière le quartier. AnteSj avant : ex. dnte$ de la noche , avant la nuit. A pesar, malgré : ex. dpesar del amo, maigrie le maître. • DehajOj sous, dessous : ex. debajo de la cama, sous le lit. Delante, devant : ex. delante del rey, devant le roi. Dentw, dans : ex. dêntro de dos anos, dans deux ans. .JDespnes, après : ex. despues de ponerse elsol, après le soleil couché. JDetras, derrière : ex. detras de lapuerta, derrière la porte. ESPAGNOLE. 189 En casa de, chez : ex* en casa de mi padre, chez mon père; en casa de vm. , chez tous. Encima, sur : ex. encima de la mesa^ sur la table. Enf rente, vis-à-vis : ex. enf rente de laiglesia , vis-à-vis l'ëglise. Fueray hormis : ex.fuera del ministro, hormis le ministre. Por elmediOi à travers : ex. por el medio de ïos campas, à travers les champs. Bespecto, relativement à : ex. respecta de la que manda, relative ment à ce qu'il ordonna. IPRÉPOSITIONS SUIVIES DE à. En ôrden, en cuanta, à l'égard de , quant à : ex. en orden A, ou en cuanta i, la que le dije, à l'égard de, ou quant à ce que je lui dis. /Mit/o^ prés : ex.junta al ayunlamienta , près de l'hôtel-de-ville. Tacante , touchant : ex. tocante à este asunta , touchant cette affaire. Nota. Qaoique ce qui vient d^êtrè dit sur les pré positions pût suffire pour en bien déterminer Fusage , iious avons <;ru devoir terminer cet article par la no menclature des verbes et autres mots qui en espagnol sont accompagnés de prépositions ; nous bornant à ne présenter que ceux qui sont suivis d^une préposition autre que celle qui accompagne ces mêmes verbes et noms en français. LISTE des verbes et attires mots suivis de prépo- sitions^ Ahalanzarse i las p^ligros , se jeter dans les dangers. Ahochomarse de alga,se courroucer pour quelque chose. Abardar i una isla , aborder dans une île. Ahrirse d, con sus amigas , s'ouvrir à ses amis. Abundar de , en riquezas., abonder <en richesses. Acabar con alguno, con alguna casa, tuer quelqu'im, mettre fin à quelque chose. 160 4lllAMXAIRfi Acercarse tf , de ft/guii^, s'approcher de qnelcjfu'uii. Acerteuréi^ con la casa^ rencontrer la maison. Acogerse d sagrado, se réfugier dans un lien sacré. Acompaîiarse con los buenos, s'accompagner de personnes ver tueuses. Aconsejarse con, de hs sabios^ prendre conseil des savans. Acreditarse de discreto , acquérir la réputation de discret. Acreedor à, de la confianza, digne de la confiance. Actuarsc de , en los négocias , s'exercer dans les affaires. Aferrarse en y con su opinion y s'attacher fortement à son opinion. Aficionarse à, de alguna cosa^ s'affectionner à quelque chose. Agradeddo i los bénéficias y reeonnaissanid^^ bienfuts. Agraviarse de alguno , se croire offensé par quelqu'un. Ahorcajarse en las espaldaSy se mettre à califourchon sur les épaules. Ahorraràe razones, couper court en parlant. Airarse con alguno y se mettre en colère contre quelqu'un. Ajustarse à la razony suivre la raison. Alabarse de valiente, se vanter £^étre brave. Alargarse à la ciudady s'éloigner de la ville. Alcanzar de razones d uno , convaincre, quelqu'un par de bons argumens. AUmentarse de , con poco , se no,urrir avec peu de chose. Amancebarse con los libros , aimer extrêmement la lecture. Amenazaram suplicios , menacer de supptices. Amoroso con los suyos , tendre envàrs les siens. A ndar con el tiempOy s'accommoder au temps. ' de capUy marcher couvert ^'un manteau. Anticiparse à a^uno , prendre le devant 5iir quelqu'un^ Aparecerse en el camino, apparaître 5u|le chemin. Aparejarse para el trabajo , se préparer au travail. Apartarse à uii lado, se mettre de côté. Apasionarse à , de, por alguno, se passionner pour quelqu'un. Apechugar con alguna cosa, prenifa*e à corarqudque chcse. — por los peUgnjs, braver lea dangers. Apedrear con palabras , insulter de pareles. Apelar à otro medio , prendre Wàutrcs moyens;. Aplacar con ruegos, apaiser p^riKes prières. Aprobado de cirujmno, gradué eu cbûrf^rgie. Apropincuarse à alguno, s'approcher de quelqu'un. Âpto para Mit empUoy propret un emploi. Jtrder en amores, htûlw d^mnout, Jtrrehozarse con umê capa^ s'àilEsUer «l^'nn mmteaa. uérregostarse à alguna eo$a^ mw^rsÊnneatde^e qui fait plaisir. Arremeter al enemigo, fondre sur renn^iiû. jirnmarse a la pared, »'ap|>uyer contre le mur. jirrostrar à , con /bf peligrofi > affronter les dangers: Asesorarse con leùmdos , prendre couseil <i2e gens instruits. Asociarse à , con o^ro , s'associer at^^c un autre. Asomarse à , por /le ventaaa , mettre la tét« à la fenêtre. Ataviarse de vestidos ricos, se parer >ap«o 'de. rîebe» hebiltometis. ' Atreverse à cosof grandes ,• entrépreodreF <^ grandes* ehpses* Auforizado en ei puêblù , respecté ptirmi le peuple; ' u/f^er^nzoT^e à p^^ir, rougir iiedemander. Aviarse para partir , se préparer à partir. B Balar por dinero , aboyer oprè^ Targent. Bàrar en <ierm , tirer ( un bâtiment ) à terre. Biieno de corner, bon ^ manger. Biteno para to^ib , bon <è tout. c Calarse de agua, être percé par Feaù. Camhiar con , por. . . . changer pour. ... CaminarpsLrviFrancia, aller «/t France. Cautivar con benefuiéos, captiver ptfi/'des bienfaits. Clamar por dinero , aboyer <ipr^5 Targent. Cocerseen dolores, se consumer é/e douleuf. Combatir con alguno , combattre contre quelqu'un. Compadeceràe^âe los maies agenos, compatir aux maux d*autrui. Co/wparccer ante eljuez , comparaître datant le juge. Complacerse de, en alguna cosa, se complaire ^a/zf quelque chose. Comprobar con instrumentos , prouver pardesirlstrumens. Comprometerse en jueces drbltroSj compromettre entre les mains des arbitres. Concurrir en un dictdmen, se trouver ^'uii même avis. Condecorar con ht purpura, dëCorer de la pourpre. Condenar en /<i5 costas, condamner au^r dépens. 11^ fet GRAHHA.I&ir Condescendir con lo juste , condescendre à ce qui est juste. Condolerse de los trabajos, compatir aux peines. Conducente para algunjinj convenable à quelque fin. Confiarse de alguno^ se confier à quelqu'un. Conformarse con eltUmpOy s'accommoder au ten^s. Consentir en algo , consentir à quelque chose. Contentarse con poco , se contenter de peu. Contrapesar una cosa con otra^ contrepeser une chose fuir une autre. Cont'tf/tcer con ra20/te5, convaincre par des raisons. Convidar con dinero, offrir </e Targent. Convocar ijunta , convoquer j^our rassemblée. Coserse con /n ^i>nvi » se prosterner contre la terre. Cumplir con su ohligacion, remplir ses devoirs. Curarse en salud, se précauticmner contre la maladie. Curtido del m/, qui a la peau endurcie parle soleil. D. />ar una cosa por acahada , regajrder une chose coimne finie. Dar d une con la puerta, fermer la porte à quelqu'un. Dejraudar de la autoridad de otrOy entreprendre sur l'autorité d'autrui. Deleitarse en o/r, se délectera entendre. Deleitarse con la vista, prendre plaisir à regarder. Derramarse por los vicies , se laisser aller au vice, Derrenegarde alguna cosa y abhorrer quelque chose. Desabrirse con alguno , s'aigrir contre quelqu'un. Desabtxycharse con su amigOy ouvrir son cœur à son ami. Desacordarse de alguno, oublier quelqu'un. Desagradecido à un bénéficia ^ méconnaissant d'wn bienfait.^ Desahogarse con alguno , découvrir ses peines à quelqu'un» Descomponerse con alguno , s'emporter con£^ quelqu'un. Desconocido à los beneficioSy méconnaissant des bienfaits. Descubrirse con alguno , s'ouvrir à quelqu'un. Descuidarse de , en su obligacion , négliger sou devoir. Desdenarse de alguna cosa , dédaigner quelque chose. Desembarcar en el puerto , débarquer au port. Desenfrenarse en vicios , s'abandonner au vice. Deslustroso à alguno y déshonorant pour quelqu'un* Desojarse en censurary se tuer à censurer. Despedirse -de algïtna cosa , renoncer à quelque «hose. Desposarse con alguno , épouser quelqu'im. Desquiciar d alguno de su poder^ faire perdre à quelqu'un son pouvoir. Desvergonzarse con alguno^ parler impudemment à quelqu'un. Desvivirse por algo^ mourir d'envié de quelque chose. JOetenerse-en dificuUadeSy s'arrêter <k des diffîeultës. Diferir tdgo a, para otro tiempoy renvoyer une cliose â un 4iutre temps. Dignarse àe concéder, daigner accorder. Disgustarse con, de.,... se dégoûter de.,.. Disputar de , sobre un asunto , disputer sur un sujet. DiseïïUiràe otrodietdmen, s'opposer -au sentiment d^un autre. Distraerse de, en /a eomtersacionf être distrait dansÀSi conversation, DiverUrse d , enjugary s'amuser à jouer. />££rar por mucho tiempo, durer pendant longtemps. Duro de moUera^ qui a la tête dure. E Echiar d , en , por tierra , jeter à ou par terre. Embeherse en doctrina sana^ être imbu d'xxne saine doctrine. Emhobarse con y en, de.... s'ébahir <fe.... Emparejar con oZgUAO, joindre quelqu'un. Empenarse en alguna cosa, s'opiniâtrer fur quelque chose. Emplearse en.... s'employer a..-.. Erwaîlar ( una naye ) en are/ia, échouer ( un navire ) sur un banc de sable. Encaminarse à.; . . s'acheminer vers, ... Encaramarse en , por, sobre 2a jvare^, grimper ^ la muraille. Encararse à , con alguno , regarder fixement quelqu'un. Encasquetarse en 5u opinion ^ ne point démordre «2e son opinion. Encajarse en , por alguna parte , se fourrer quelque part. Encenderse en ira ^ s'enflammer éife colère. Encharcarse en agua , se remplir d'eva. Enconarse con alguna , avoir de Tanimosité contre quelqu'un. Engreirse con lafortuna, devenir. orgueiUeux jtiar la prospérité. Enlazar una cosa con otra, enlacer une chose dans une autre, Ensafarse é. , para alguna cosa , s'essayer à quelque chose. Sntenderde,... se connaître à.^ Sntender en 5Uf negocios , entendre ses affaires. Enterarse en aigmnnegaeio, éfreflneti instruit df'uné afîaire. Entrarse à mercader^se faire marclmild. BrUremeterse en c<7m^ dé otro^ se mêler d!^^ affaires d'autnii. Entretener con esperanzas, entretenir d'espérances. Escarmentar de , con aè^ria cosa , apprendre quelque chose à ses dépens. Escarmentar en cabeza agena , prendre exemple sur quelqu'un. Escurrirse de tm peligro , esquiver un danger. Esmerarse en.... mettre tous ses soins à,,.. Estamparenpapel, estamper sur le papier. Estar de viage, devoir faire un voyage. Estar para salir, être sur le point de sortir. Estar por deciraigo, être prêt à dire quelque chose. Estreilarse con aiguno, s'emporter contre quelqu'un. Estribaren alguna cosa, s'appuyer sur quelque chose. F Fdcil de digerir, facile à digérer. Fatigarse de, en, por alguna cosa, se fatiguer à quelque chose. Favorable à, para ai^gfifno , favorable à quelquW. Fiarse de , en alguno , se fier à quelqu'un. Fiel à , con sus amigos , fidelle à ses amis. FornuUizarse ^or unafriolera, se formaliser d'une bagatelle. Franquearse à , con alguno, s'ouvrir à quelqu'un; Fuerte de condicion, qui a un caractère dur. G Ganard uno por i^ mano, prendre les devants sur quelqu'un. Generoso de dnimo , qui a le cœur généreux. Grtiduar de , por.... qualifier de.,., Grangear elafecto de, â.... gagner l'affection de.... Guardarse de aijgfuno , prendre garde â quelqu'un ( éviter ). Quiado de alguno , guidé par quelqu'un. Gustar de algfina cosa, aimer quelque chose. H Jffdbil^diTSi un empleo, propre à un emploi. Hahifuarse à , en. . . . s'habituer à. .^ Hablar al a/r^ , parler en Pair. Habîar en griegOy parler grec. Hablarse con los'ojos, se parler «fes yeux. ffablar con.... .parler là.... Hacer de valiente, fairie le brave. HaUarse à , en lafiesta , se trmiyer à la fête. Hemumar una cosa con o^r» ^ assortir une chose à. ijwe autre. Hervir {unJugar) en gente, fourmiUer ( un Ueu ) 4^ monde. Hincarse de rodiUaSy se mettre à genottx Holgarse con, de.... se r^^ouir 4e Huir de a^uno, fuir quelqnW. Huirse i alguna parte , s'enfuîr .en qiielqufenjroit. Hurtjar en e/ precio ^ voler ^rur le prix. Idoneo para.... propre à.... Igual a , con o^no , égal à un autre. Igualaruna cosa à, con o^ra, égaler une chose à une autre. J^hnir i alguno de , en... . instruire quelqu'un de.,,, Impelido de la necesidad, poussé par le besoin. ImpUcarse en 9 con. . . . s'emgager dans., .. Imponerse en.... se mettre au fait de,»,. Importunar d iUgunp con..... importuner quelqu'un /o(e.... Impresionar d alguno de, en à^o^ prévenir r^j^p'it de quelqu'un 5117* quelque chose. Incesante en sus i4re4U, .assidu à spa ouvrç^ç. Inclinarse a tal opinion y. ;pexkcb»rpAur telle opinif^n. Incorporar una cosa a, con, en a/ra,inc;orpf>rQr u^<di4i)Se dS^iiUWie autre. Incrfiible.i ,,para .^nucil^of , incroyable à bien de& gei^s. ïndignarse con, contra.... s'indigner contre.,,, Indisponer d ^090 4:on xx^n? , indi^;M9er ^qujplqH'jtfi eofilkre #n autre. Inductivo de error^ t|UJr induit ^A^errenr. Indulgente CQaai..susiijaSyi»4i^jigf^ntp9ur ses «infans. Indultar d alguno de lapena, remettre à quelqu'un la peine. Infatigable en eltrabajo, infatigable ai£ travail. Influir en.... influer ^iir.... Informard uno de, sobre ulguna cosa, informer qneiqti'un de quelque chose. Infundir dnimo d, en alguno, inspirer du courage^ quelqu'un. Inhdbil p^LTA un empho, inhabile à un emploi. 16ft ORAHMAlkC Inhibir aljuez de, en el conocimiento..., interdire au juge la con naissance de.... Jnsinuarse cob hs poderosos , s'insinuer dans Tesprit des grands. Insistir en, sobre idguna cosa, insister sur quelque chose. Jnstruir d uno de, en, sobre alguna cosa, instruire quelqu'un de quelque chose. Inteniar unpkito à tdguno , intenter un procès à , contre quelqu'un. Intercéder con alguno , intercéder auprès de quelqu'un. Interesarse con eUguno , s'intéresser auprès de quelqu'un. Internarse en alguna cosa , approfondir quelque chose. Interponerse conalguno y s'interposer Miprès de quelqu'un. Invadido de, por los contrarias ^ envahi pur les ennemis. Injerirse en cosas de otros, se nièler iles affaires d'autrui. Ir por pan , aller chercher du pain. Jugar alguna cosa con otra, jouer une chose eonitre une autre. Ladear una cosa à tal parte, faire pencher queîque chose vers un endroit. Ladearse a otro partido, pencher pour un autre parti. Largo de manos, qui a de grandes mains. Lastimarse con, en unapiedruy être blessé par une pierre: Lastimarseàe alguno , plaindre quelqu'un. Leer ( los pensamientos) à alguno y lire dans la pensée de.... Libéral -parsL con sus amigoSy lâ>éral em^ers ses amis. Lidiar con alguno y combattre contre quelqu'un. 'Éiimitado de tedentos, qui a Fesprit borné. Llegarà alguna parte y arriver à, dans quelqu'endroit. Llevar algo a alguna parte, porter quelque diose dans quelqu'en^ droit. Lkvarse àe alguna pasion, se laisser entramer par quek[ue passîoir. Luchar con alguno, lutter avec y contre quelqu'un. Ludiruna cosa ton otra, frotter une chose contre une autre. M MaUzar con , de colores , embellir avec , par des couleurs. Médiane de cuerpo, de moyenne taille. Medrar çn lafortuna, augmenter <2e fortune. Mejorar de empleo , obtenir un meilleur emploie. Mfejorar d alguno en. . . . avantager quelqu'un de,,., Menor de edady inférieur en âge. Merecer é , con , de alguna^ mériter de quelqu'un. Meterse à gobernarj s'ingérer de gouverner. Meterse con alguna^ chercher querelle à quelqu'un. Meterse à preceptor^ devenir précepteur. Mezclarse en îos négocias y se mêler des affaires. Jfinirà, acia ttd. parte ^ regarder <2e tel côté, vers tel endroit. Mirarj^T alguno,. avoir soin ^e quelqu'un. Misericordioso para con ib^ pobreSj miséricordieux envers lespaiï vres. Moler à polos y rouer ^e coups de bâton. Moler de azotes y assommer à coups de fouet. Molestar d alguno con visitas, fatiguer quelqu'un par des visites. Morir de poca e^ioif , mourir jeune. Motejarduno de ignorante y reprocher à quelqu'un son ignorance. Motivar con buenas razones , motiver sur de bonnes raisons* Murmurar de alguno y murmurer contre quelqu'un. N. Hacer con forluna y nahre dans la fortune/ iVom^rar para un empleo, nommer à un emploi;. o Ohstinarse en. . . . s'bKstiner 8. . .. OcuUariy de alguno y cacher à quelqu'un. Ocuparse en trabajoTy s'occuper à travailler. Ofenderse con, de.... s'ofSenser <ie.... Oir de confesiony entendre en confession. Oler à alguna.cosay avoir l'odeur <ie quelque chose. Ohidarse de A> pasadoy oublier le passé. Opiiuir sobre , en.... opiner sur,.,, Optar à Ios emptêos , opter lès emplois. Ordenarse de sacerdotCy être ordonne prêtre. Orillar à toi /^ang^, prendre terre en tel endroit. Pagar con palabras y payer. 11K& paroles.. Ptdadearse con aîguna co«a, savourer quelque chose. Pdlido de sembltuUe yts^i a le visage p^. Pararse à descansar, s'arrêter peur se ^èp6sêr. Pararse en algufut èosa , 0'àpréter i quelque chose. Particularizarse con o^tino, témoigner à quelqu'un une âfîection particulière. Partir i Italia , partir ^oiir PItalie. Pasar -por entre drboies, passer ià traders les arbres. Pasarse ( alguna cosa ) de /a mtfmonûz, oublier quelque chose. Pasearse por e/ campo, se promener <i!an^la campagne. Pecar de ignorante , pëèher ^ar ignorance. Pedir dejustic.a, demander a juste titre. Pedir por alguno , demander quelqu'un. /'«//ir por 2>/o5, demander pour Tamour de Dieu. Pegnr contra, en la pared, attacher contre le mur. Pelarse por alguna cosa, rechercher avec ardeur quelque chose. Pendiente de un clavo, peudant à un clou. Pensar en alguno, en alguna cosa, penser â quelqu'un, à quelque chose. Perecerse por.... mourir d'envie de,,,, Peregrinar por el mundo, courir le monde. Permutar una cosa con, por otra, changer une chose catUre uiae autre. Perseguido de enemigos, poursuivi par les ennemis. Persuadirse si alguna cosa, se persuader de quelque chose. Persuadirse de, por las razones de oiro^ être persuadé /varies rai sons d'un autre. Pescar con red , pécher au filet. Piar por. . . . aboyer après. . .. Plantar d alguno en la calle, mettre quelquVn a la rue. Plantarse en Madrid, se rendre en diligence à Madrid. Ponderar alguna cosa de grande ^ vanter quelque chose. Ponerà qficio, mettre en métier. Poner d une por intendente , faire quelqu'un intendant. Posponer una persona i otra, estimer moins une personne qu'une autre. Postrado de la enfermedad, abattu par la maladie. Postrarse en tierra, se prostemor à terre. Precipitarse a alguna parte, se précipiter dans quelqu'endroit. Predicaren desierto, prêcher âu 'désert. Prendarse de alguno, ajffëctionner quel^un. Presidido de oiro y ipréekàé par un atatre. Presumir de sabiOyprésvtmer fy sa science. Proclamar d uno por rey^ proclamer ^eiqu'un roi. Propasane à, en algamt cosa , s'oublier en quelque chose. • PropU) para alguna cosa y propre à quelque chose. Proporèiommse para alguna cosa , se rendre propre i quelque chose. Proveer un empleo en algunOy pourvoir quelqu'un d*un emploi. Provocarduno con injurias , provoquer ^ar des injures. Prôximo a morir^ sur le point de ntourir. Quedarse de asiento , se fixer quelque part. Quedarij^T alguno^ cautionner quelqu'un, Quedar ( camifip ) ppr andar^ avoir ( du chemin ) à faire. Qucmarse por alguna cosa^ brâler (d'envie) ^'avoûr queslque chose. R Rabiar de hambre, avoir grand'faîm. Rabiar por alguna cosa^àésiter ardemment quelque chose. , RaUar ( las tripas ) a alguno, ennuyer quelqu'un. Ray or con la virtud, briller dans la vertu. Recalcarse en /o dicho, redire plusieurs fois. Recatarse de alguno , être réserva vis-à-vis de qnelqu^an. Recetar medicinas é , para aiguno , ordonner des remèdes ^ quel qu'un. Recibirse de abogado , se faire recevoir avocat, /{ecio de cuerpo, homme vigoureux. Reclinarse en , solnre a^una cosa, se reposer ittr quelque chose. Recagerse à alguna parte y se réfugier «iiiiM quelqu'endroit. Recompensar con beneficiosy récompenser p/ir des bienfaits. Reconvenir d uno coa, de,aobre.... convaincre ^quelqu'un k&.... iixeostarse en , sobre ujw «si/l&i, se reposer «rr une chaise. Refugiarse a , en sagrado , se réfugier ^/an^ un lieu sacré. Regodearse >en, eon alguna cosa, se délecter ^ quelque chose. Redegar de alguna cosa, renier quelque diose. Repartir éi, entre naa^s, partager ^i^replusieiiFS. Resguardarse de aiguno, se précautionaer euntne quelqu'un.
| 0.302111
| -0.429154
| 1,193
| 4,691
| 240
| 240
|
royalty biographies
| false
|
99,807
|
github_open_source_100_2_8279
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/* Inspired by ROI_Color_Coder.ijm
IJ BAR: https://github.com/tferr/Scripts#scripts
https://imagej.net/doku.php?id=macro:roi_color_coder
Tiago Ferreira, v.5.2 2015.08.13 - v.5.3 2016.05.1 + pjl mods 6/16-30/2016 to automate defaults and add labels to ROIs
This macro adds scaled result labels to each ROI object as well as a summary.
3/16/2017 Add labeling by ID number and additional image label locations.
v180612 set to work on only one slice.
v180723 Allows use of system fonts.
+ v200706 Changed imageDepth variable name added macro label. + bugfix v210415
+ v211022 Updated color choices f5: function updates f6: updated colors and replaced binary[-]Check with toWhiteBGBinary f7-11: updated colors
*/
macro "Add scaled value labels to each ROI object and add summary"{
macroL = "Fancy_Feature_Labeler+Summary_v211022-f11";
requires("1.47r");
saveSettings;
/* Some cleanup */
run("Select None");
/* Set options for black objects on white background as this works better for publications */
run("Options...", "iterations=1 white count=1"); /* Set the background to white */
run("Colors...", "foreground=black background=white selection=yellow"); /* Set the preferred colors for these macros */
setOption("BlackBackground", false);
run("Appearance...", " "); if(is("Inverting LUT")) run("Invert LUT"); /* do not use Inverting LUT */
/* The above should be the defaults but this makes sure (black particles on a white background)
https://imagej.net/doku.php?id=faq:technical:how_do_i_set_up_imagej_to_deal_with_white_particles_on_a_black_background_by_default */
t=getTitle();
/* Now checks to see if a Ramp legend has been selected by accident */
if (matches(t, ".*Ramp.*")==1) showMessageWithCancel("Title contains \"Ramp\"", "Do you want to label" + t + " ?");
nROIs = checkForRoiManager(); /* macro requires that the objects are in the ROI manager */
setBatchMode(true);
nRES= nResults;
/* get id of image and number of ROIs */
nMismatch = nROIs-nRES;
items = nROIs;
if (nMismatch>0) {
nMB = getBoolean("Results table \(" + nRES + "\) and ROI Manager \(" + nROIs + "\) mismatch do you want to continue with largest number?");
if(nMB){
items = maxOf(nROIs, nRES);
}
else {
nMBn = getBoolean("Do you want to continue with the smallest number?");
if(nMBn)
items = minOf(nROIs, nRES);
else restoreExit("ROI mismatch not to your liking; will exit macro");
}
}
roiManager("Show All without labels");
id = getImageID();
imageWidth = getWidth();
imageHeight = getHeight();
imageDims = imageWidth + imageHeight;
imageDepth = bitDepth();
getPixelSize(unit, pixelWidth, pixelHeight);
/* Set default label settings */
fontSize = round(imageDims/160);
paraLabFontSize = round(imageDims/50);
statsLabFontSize = round(imageDims/60);
outlineStroke = 8; /* default outline stroke: % of font size */
shadowDrop = 12; /* default outer shadow drop: % of font size */
dIShO = 5; /* default inner shadow drop: % of font size */
offsetX = round(1 + imageWidth/150); /* default offset of label from edge */
offsetY = round(1 + imageHeight/150); /* default offset of label from edge */
decPlaces = -1; /* defaults to scientific notation */
fontColor = "white";
outlineColor = "black";
headings = split(String.getResultsHeadings, "\t"); /* the tab specificity avoids problems with unusual column titles */
headingsWithRange= newArray(lengthOf(headings));
for (i=0; i<lengthOf(headings); i++) {
resultsColumn = newArray(items);
for (j=0; j<items; j++)
resultsColumn[j] = getResult(headings[i], j);
Array.getStatistics(resultsColumn, min, max, null, null);
headingsWithRange[i] = headings[i] + ": " + min + " - " + max;
}
/* Object number column has to be replaced, default column does not work for labeling */
if (headingsWithRange[0]==" : Infinity - -Infinity")
headingsWithRange[0] = "Object#" + ": 1 - " + items; /* relabels ImageJ ID column */
/*
Feature Label Formatting Dialog */
Dialog.create("Feature Label Formatting Options: " + macroL);
Dialog.addChoice("Measurement", headingsWithRange, headingsWithRange[0]);
Dialog.addString("Label:", unit+"^2", 4);
Dialog.setInsets(-40, 320, 0);
Dialog.addMessage("^2 & um etc. replaced by " + fromCharCode(178) + " & " + fromCharCode(181) + "m...\n If units are part of the parameter\n label, within \(...\) i.e. \(unit\) they will \noverride this selection:");
// Dialog.addMessage("^2 and um etc. replaced by " + fromCharCode(178) + " and " + fromCharCode(181) + "m etc.");
Dialog.addChoice("Decimal places:", newArray("Auto", "Manual", "Scientific", "0", "1", "2", "3", "4"), "Auto");
fontStyleChoice = newArray("bold", "bold antialiased", "italic", "italic antialiased", "bold italic", "bold italic antialiased", "unstyled");
Dialog.addChoice("Font style:", fontStyleChoice, fontStyleChoice[1]);
fontNameChoice = getFontChoiceList();
Dialog.addChoice("Font name:", fontNameChoice, fontNameChoice[0]);
Dialog.addNumber("Font_size:", fontSize, 0, 3, "pt \(ROI manager\)");
colorChoices = newArray("white", "black", "off-white", "off-black", "light_gray", "gray", "dark_gray");
if (imageDepth==24){
colorChoicesStd = newArray("red", "green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "yellow", "pink", "orange", "violet");
colorChoicesMod = newArray("garnet", "gold", "aqua_modern", "blue_accent_modern", "blue_dark_modern", "blue_modern", "blue_honolulu", "gray_modern", "green_dark_modern", "green_modern", "green_modern_accent", "green_spring_accent", "orange_modern", "pink_modern", "purple_modern", "red_n_modern", "red_modern", "tan_modern", "violet_modern", "yellow_modern");
colorChoicesNeon = newArray("jazzberry_jam", "radical_red", "wild_watermelon", "outrageous_orange", "supernova_orange", "atomic_tangerine", "neon_carrot", "sunglow", "laser_lemon", "electric_lime", "screamin'_green", "magic_mint", "blizzard_blue", "dodger_blue", "shocking_pink", "razzle_dazzle_rose", "hot_magenta");
colorChoices = Array.concat(colorChoices, colorChoicesStd, colorChoicesMod, colorChoicesNeon);
}
Dialog.addChoice("Object label color:", colorChoices, colorChoices[0]);
Dialog.addNumber("Font scaling % of Auto", 66);
Dialog.addNumber("Minimum Label Font Size", round(imageDims/90));
Dialog.addNumber("Maximum Label Font Size", round(imageDims/16));
Dialog.addNumber("Outline stroke:", outlineStroke,0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addChoice("Outline (background) color:", colorChoices, colorChoices[1]);
Dialog.addNumber("Shadow drop: ±", shadowDrop,0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addNumber("Shadow displacement right: ±", shadowDrop,0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addNumber("Shadow Gaussian blur:", floor(0.75 * shadowDrop),0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addNumber("Shadow darkness \(darkest = 100%\):", 60,0,3,"%");
Dialog.addChoice("Shadow color \(overrides darkness in overlay\):", colorChoices, colorChoices[4]);
Dialog.addMessage("The following \"Inner Shadow\" options do not change the Overlay scale bar");
Dialog.addNumber("Inner shadow drop: ±", dIShO,0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addNumber("Inner displacement right: ±", dIShO,0,3,"% of font size");
Dialog.addNumber("Inner shadow mean blur:",floor(dIShO/2),1,2,"pixels");
Dialog.addNumber("Inner shadow darkness \(darkest = 100%\):", 20,0,3,"%");
if (isNaN(getResult("mc_X\(px\)",0))) {
Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup("Object Labels At:_____________________ ", newArray("ROI Center", "Morphological Center"), 1, 2, "ROI Center");
Dialog.setInsets(-5, 50, 7);
Dialog.addMessage("If selected, Morphological Centers will be added to the Results table.");
}
else Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup("Object Label At:", newArray("ROI Center", "Morphological Center"), 1, 2, "Morphological Center");
Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup("Add statistical summary?", newArray("No", "Yes", "Parameter Label Only"), 1, 2, "Yes");
Dialog.show;
parameterWithLabel= Dialog.getChoice;
parameter= substring(parameterWithLabel, 0, indexOf(parameterWithLabel, ": "));
unitLabel = Dialog.getString;
dpChoice = Dialog.getChoice;
fontStyle = Dialog.getChoice;
if (fontStyle=="unstyled") fontStyle="";
fontName = Dialog.getChoice;
fontSize = Dialog.getNumber;
/* Then Dialog . . . */
fontColor = Dialog.getChoice();
fontSizeCorrection = Dialog.getNumber/100;
minLFontS = Dialog.getNumber();
maxLFontS = Dialog.getNumber();
outlineStroke = Dialog.getNumber();
outlineColor = Dialog.getChoice();
shadowDrop = Dialog.getNumber();
shadowDisp = Dialog.getNumber();
shadowBlur = Dialog.getNumber();
shadowDarkness = Dialog.getNumber();
shadowColor = Dialog.getChoice();
innerShadowDrop = Dialog.getNumber();
innerShadowDisp = Dialog.getNumber();
innerShadowBlur = Dialog.getNumber();
innerShadowDarkness = Dialog.getNumber();
ctrChoice = Dialog.getRadioButton();
summaryChoice = Dialog.getRadioButton();
if (summaryChoice=="Yes") statsChoiceLines = 7;
else statsChoiceLines = 0;
if (isNaN(getResult("mc_X\(px\)",0)) && ctrChoice=="Morphological Center"){
if (!is("binary")){
run("Duplicate...", "title=temp_binary_for_MCs");
run("8-bit");
AddMCsToResultsTable();
closeImageByTitle("temp_binary_for_MCs");
}
else AddMCsToResultsTable();
}
/*
Get values for chosen parameter */
values= newArray(items);
if (parameter=="Object#") for (i=0; i<items; i++) values[i]= i+1;
else for (i=0; i<items; i++) values[i]= getResult(parameter,i);
Array.getStatistics(values, arrayMin, arrayMax, arrayMean, arraySD);
if (isNaN(min)) min= arrayMin;
if (isNaN(max)) max= arrayMax;
coeffVar = arraySD*100/arrayMean;
sortedValues = Array.copy(values);
sortedValues = Array.sort(sortedValues);
arrayMedian = sortedValues[round(items/2)];
if ((lastIndexOf(t,"."))>0) imageNameWOExt = unCleanLabel(substring(t, 0, lastIndexOf(t,".")));
else imageNameWOExt = unCleanLabel(t);
// parse symbols in unit and draw final unitLabel below ramp
unitLabel= cleanLabel(unitLabel);
parameterLabel= cleanLabel(parameter);
parameterLabel = replace(parameterLabel, "px", "pixels"); // expand "px" used to keep Results columns narrower
if (endsWith(parameterLabel,"\)")) { // label with units from parameter string if available
unitIndexStart = lastIndexOf(parameterLabel, "\(");
unitIndexEnd = lastIndexOf(parameterLabel, "\)");
parameterUnit = substring(parameterLabel, unitIndexStart+1, unitIndexEnd);
unitCheck = matches(parameterUnit, ".*[0-9].*");
if (unitCheck==0) { //if it contains a number it probably isn't a unit
parameterLabel = substring(parameterLabel,0,unitIndexStart);
unitLabel = parameterUnit;
}
}
parameterLabel = replace(parameterLabel, "_", fromCharCode(0x2009)); // replace underlines with thin spaces
// iterate through the ROI Manager list and draw scaled label
selectImage(id);
countNaN= 0;
roiManager("Show All without labels");
// Now to add scaled object labels
selectWindow(t);
shadowDarkness = (255/100) * (abs(shadowDarkness));
innerShadowDarkness = (255/100) * (100 - (abs(innerShadowDarkness)));
decPlaces = -1; /* defaults to scientific notation */
if (dpChoice=="Manual")
decPlaces = getNumber("Choose Number of Decimal Places", decPlaces);
else if (dpChoice=="scientific")
decPlaces = -1;
else if (dpChoice!="Auto")
decPlaces = dpChoice;
if (fontStyle=="unstyled") fontStyle="";
if (summaryChoice!="No") {
if (summaryChoice=="Yes") {
Dialog.create("Summary Label Options: "+ getTitle);
paraLocChoice = newArray("Top Left", "Top Right", "Center", "Bottom Left", "Bottom Right", "Center of New Selection");
Dialog.addChoice("Location of Summary Label:", paraLocChoice, paraLocChoice[0]);
Dialog.addChoice("Parameter Label Too?", newArray("Yes", "No"), "Yes");
Dialog.addNumber("Parameter Label Font size:", paraLabFontSize);
statsChoice = newArray("None", "Dashed line: ---", "Number of objects", "Mean", "Median", "StdDev", "CoeffVar", "Minimum", "Maximum", "Min-Max", "Long dashed underline: ___","Blank line");
for (i=0; i<statsChoiceLines; i++)
Dialog.addChoice("Statistics Label Line "+(i+1)+":", statsChoice, statsChoice[i+2]);
Dialog.addNumber("Statistics Label Font size:", statsLabFontSize);
/* This redo of color arrays may not be necessary */
colorChoices = newArray("white", "black", "off-white", "off-black", "light_gray", "gray", "dark_gray");
if (imageDepth==24){
colorChoicesStd = newArray("red", "green", "blue", "cyan", "magenta", "yellow", "pink", "orange", "violet");
colorChoicesMod = newArray("garnet", "gold", "aqua_modern", "blue_accent_modern", "blue_dark_modern", "blue_modern", "blue_honolulu", "gray_modern", "green_dark_modern", "green_modern", "green_modern_accent", "green_spring_accent", "orange_modern", "pink_modern", "purple_modern", "red_n_modern", "red_modern", "tan_modern", "violet_modern", "yellow_modern");
colorChoicesNeon = newArray("jazzberry_jam", "radical_red", "wild_watermelon", "outrageous_orange", "supernova_orange", "atomic_tangerine", "neon_carrot", "sunglow", "laser_lemon", "electric_lime", "screamin'_green", "magic_mint", "blizzard_blue", "dodger_blue", "shocking_pink", "razzle_dazzle_rose", "hot_magenta");
colorChoices = Array.concat(colorChoices, colorChoicesStd, colorChoicesMod, colorChoicesNeon);
}
Dialog.addChoice("Summary and Parameter Font Color:", colorChoices, fontColor);
Dialog.addChoice("Summary and Parameter Outline Color:", colorChoices, outlineColor);
Dialog.show;
paraLabPos = Dialog.getChoice();
paraLabChoice = Dialog.getChoice();
paraLabFontSize = Dialog.getNumber();
statsLabLine = newArray(statsChoiceLines);
for (i=0; i<statsChoiceLines; i++)
statsLabLine[i] = Dialog.getChoice();
statsLabFontSize = Dialog.getNumber();
summaryFontColor = Dialog.getChoice();
summaryOutlineColor = Dialog.getChoice();
}
if (summaryChoice=="Parameter Label Only") {
paraLabChoice = "Yes";
statsLines = 0;
Dialog.create("Parameter Label Options: "+ getTitle);
paraLocChoice = newArray("Top Left", "Top Right", "Center", "Bottom Left", "Bottom Right", "Center of New Selection");
Dialog.addChoice("Location of Summary Label:", paraLocChoice, paraLocChoice[0]);
Dialog.addNumber("Parameter Label Font size:", paraLabFontSize);
Dialog.addChoice("Parameter Font Color:", colorChoices, fontColor);
Dialog.addChoice("Parameter Outline Color:", colorChoices, outlineColor);
Dialog.show;
paraLabPos = Dialog.getChoice();
paraLabFontSize = Dialog.getNumber();
statsLabLine = newArray(statsChoiceLines);
summaryFontColor = Dialog.getChoice();
summaryOutlineColor = Dialog.getChoice();
}
if (summaryChoice!="Parameter Label Only") {
/* Count lines of summary label */
if (paraLabChoice=="Yes") labLines = 1;
else labLines = 0;
statsLines = 0;
/* Reduce decimal places - but not as much as ramp labels */
if (decPlaces!=-1) decPlacesMod = 2;
else decPlacesMod = 0;
arrayMean = d2s(arrayMean,decPlaces+decPlacesMod);
coeffVar = d2s((100/arrayMean)*arraySD,decPlaces+decPlacesMod);
arraySD = d2s(arraySD,decPlaces+decPlacesMod);
arrayMin = d2s(arrayMin,decPlaces+decPlacesMod);
arrayMax = d2s(arrayMax,decPlaces+decPlacesMod);
statsLabLineText = newArray(statsChoiceLines);
setFont(fontName, statsLabFontSize, fontStyle);
longestStringWidth = 0;
for (i=0; i<statsChoiceLines; i++) {
// if (statsLabLine[i]!="None") statsLines = statsLines + 1;
if (statsLabLine[i]!="None") {
statsLines = i + 1;
if (statsLabLine[i]=="Dashed line: ---") statsLabLineText[i] = "----------";
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Number of objects") statsLabLineText[i] = "Objects = " + items;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Mean") statsLabLineText[i] = "Mean = " + arrayMean + " " + unitLabel;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Median") {
sortedValues = Array.copy(values);
sortedValues = Array.sort(sortedValues);
median = d2s((sortedValues[round(items/2)]),decPlaces+2);
statsLabLineText[i] = "Median = " + median + " " + unitLabel;
}
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="StdDev") statsLabLineText[i] = "Std.Dev. = " + arraySD + " " + unitLabel;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="CoeffVar") statsLabLineText[i] = "Coeff.Var. = " + coeffVar + "%";
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Min-Max") statsLabLineText[i] = "Range = " + arrayMin + " - " + arrayMax + " " + unitLabel;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Minimum") statsLabLineText[i] = "Minimum = " + arrayMin + " " + unitLabel;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Maximum") statsLabLineText[i] = "Maximum = " + arrayMax + " " + unitLabel;
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Long dashed underline: ___") statsLabLineText[i] = "__________";
else if (statsLabLine[i]=="Blank line") statsLabLineText[i] = " ";
lineLength = getStringWidth(statsLabLineText[i]);
if (lineLength>longestStringWidth) longestStringWidth = lineLength;
}
}
linesSpace = 1.2 * ((labLines*paraLabFontSize)+(statsLines*statsLabFontSize));
}
if (paraLabChoice=="Yes") {
/* recombine units and labels that were used in Ramp */
if (unitLabel!="") paraLabel = parameterLabel + ", " + unitLabel;
else paraLabel = parameterLabel;
if (paraLabChoice=="Yes") {
setFont(fontName,paraLabFontSize, fontStyle);
if (summaryChoice!="Parameter Label Only") {
if (getStringWidth(paraLabel)>longestStringWidth) longestStringWidth = getStringWidth(paraLabel);
}
}
if (paraLabPos == "Top Left") {
selEX = offsetX;
selEY = offsetY;
} else if (paraLabPos == "Top Right") {
selEX = imageWidth - longestStringWidth - offsetX;
selEY = offsetY;
} else if (paraLabPos == "Center") {
selEX = round((imageWidth - longestStringWidth)/2);
selEY = round((imageHeight - linesSpace)/2);
} else if (paraLabPos == "Bottom Left") {
selEX = offsetX;
selEY = imageHeight - offsetY + linesSpace;
} else if (paraLabPos == "Bottom Right") {
selEX = imageWidth - longestStringWidth - offsetX;
selEY = imageHeight - offsetY + linesSpace;
} else if (paraLabPos == "Center of New Selection"){
setBatchMode("false"); /* Does not accept interaction while batch mode is on */
setTool("rectangle");
msgtitle="Location for the summary labels...";
msg = "Draw a box in the image where you want to center the summary labels...";
waitForUser(msgtitle, msg);
getSelectionBounds(newSelEX, newSelEY, newSelEWidth, newSelEHeight);
run("Select None");
selEX = newSelEX + round((newSelEWidth - longestStringWidth)/2);
selEY = newSelEY + round((newSelEHeight - linesSpace)/2);
setBatchMode("true"); // toggle batch mode back on
} if (selEY<=1.5*paraLabFontSize)
selEY += paraLabFontSize;
if (selEX<offsetX) selEX = offsetX;
endX = selEX + longestStringWidth;
if ((endX+offsetX)>imageWidth) selEX = imageWidth - longestStringWidth - offsetX;
paraLabelX = selEX;
paraLabelY = selEY;
}
}
roiManager("show none");
run("Flatten");
flatImage = getTitle();
if (is("Batch Mode")==false) setBatchMode(true);
newImage("label_mask", "8-bit black", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
// roiManager("show none");
/* iterate through the ROI Manager list and colorize ROIs and rename ROIs and draw scaled labels */
fontArray = newArray(items);
for (i=0; i<items; i++) {
showStatus("Creating labels for object " + i + ", " + (roiManager("count")-i) + " more to go");
roiManager("Select", i);
labelValue = values[i];
if (dpChoice=="Auto")
decPlaces = autoCalculateDecPlacesFromValueOnly(labelValue);
labelString = d2s(labelValue,decPlaces); /* Reduce decimal places for labeling (move these two lines to below the labels you prefer) */
Roi.getBounds(roiX, roiY, roiWidth, roiHeight);
roiMin = roiWidth;
lFontS = fontSize; /* Initial estimate */
setFont(fontName,lFontS, fontStyle);
lFontS = fontSizeCorrection * fontSize * roiMin/(getStringWidth(labelString));
if (lFontS>maxLFontS) lFontS = maxLFontS;
if (lFontS<minLFontS) lFontS = minLFontS;
setFont(fontName,lFontS, fontStyle);
if (ctrChoice=="ROI Center")
textOffset = roiX + ((roiWidth) - getStringWidth(labelString))/2;
else textOffset = getResult("mc_X\(px\)",i) - getStringWidth(labelString)/2;
setColorFromColorName("white");
if (ctrChoice=="ROI Center")
drawString(labelString, textOffset, roiY+roiHeight/2 + lFontS/2);
else drawString(labelString, textOffset, getResult("mc_Y\(px\)",i) + lFontS/2);
fontArray[i] = lFontS; /* to generate statistics for mean shadow drop */
}
Array.getStatistics(fontArray, null, null, meanfontSize, null);
negAdj = 0.5; /* negative offsets appear exaggerated at full displacement */
if (shadowDrop<0) shadowDrop *= negAdj;
if (shadowDisp<0) shadowDisp *= negAdj;
if (shadowBlur<0) shadowBlur *= negAdj;
if (innerShadowDrop<0) innerShadowDrop *= negAdj;
if (innerShadowDisp<0) innerShadowDisp *= negAdj;
if (innerShadowBlur<0) innerShadowBlur *= negAdj;
fontPC = meanfontSize/100;
outlineStroke = round(fontPC * outlineStroke);
shadowDrop = floor(fontPC * shadowDrop);
shadowDisp = floor(fontPC * shadowDisp);
shadowBlur = floor(fontPC * shadowBlur);
innerShadowDrop = floor(fontPC * innerShadowDrop);
innerShadowDisp = floor(fontPC * innerShadowDisp);
innerShadowBlur = floor(fontPC * innerShadowBlur);
setThreshold(0, 128);
setOption("BlackBackground", false);
run("Convert to Mask");
/*
Create drop shadow if desired */
if (shadowDrop!=0 || shadowDisp!=0 || shadowBlur!=0) {
showStatus("Creating drop shadow for labels . . . ");
newImage("shadow", "8-bit black", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
getSelectionBounds(selMaskX, selMaskY, selMaskWidth, selMaskHeight);
setSelectionLocation(selMaskX+shadowDisp, selMaskY+shadowDrop);
setBackgroundColor(shadowDarkness, shadowDarkness, shadowDarkness);
run("Clear", "slice");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
expansion = abs(shadowDisp) + abs(shadowDrop) + abs(shadowBlur);
if (expansion>0) run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[expansion] pixel");
if (shadowBlur>0) run("Gaussian Blur...", "sigma=[shadowBlur]");
run("Select None");
}
/* Create inner shadow if desired */
if (innerShadowDrop!=0 || innerShadowDisp!=0 || innerShadowBlur!=0) {
showStatus("Creating inner shadow for labels . . . ");
newImage("inner_shadow", "8-bit white", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
setBackgroundColor(innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness);
run("Clear Outside");
getSelectionBounds(selMaskX, selMaskY, selMaskWidth, selMaskHeight);
setSelectionLocation(selMaskX-innerShadowDisp, selMaskY-innerShadowDrop);
setBackgroundColor(innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness);
run("Clear Outside");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
expansion = abs(innerShadowDisp) + abs(innerShadowDrop) + abs(innerShadowBlur);
if (expansion>0) run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[expansion] pixel");
if (innerShadowBlur>0) run("Mean...", "radius=[innerShadowBlur]"); /* Gaussian is too large */
if (statsLabFontSize<12) run("Unsharp Mask...", "radius=0.5 mask=0.2"); /* A tweak to sharpen effect for small font sizes */
imageCalculator("Max", "inner_shadow","label_mask");
run("Select None");
run("Invert"); /* Create an image that can be subtracted - this works better for color than Min */
}
if (isOpen("shadow"))
imageCalculator("Subtract", flatImage,"shadow");
run("Select None");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[outlineStroke] pixel");
setBackgroundFromColorName(outlineColor);
run("Clear", "slice");
run("Select None");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
setBackgroundFromColorName(fontColor);
run("Clear", "slice");
run("Select None");
if (isOpen("inner_shadow"))
imageCalculator("Subtract", flatImage,"inner_shadow");
closeImageByTitle("shadow");
closeImageByTitle("inner_shadow");
closeImageByTitle("label_mask");
/* Draw summary over top of object labels */
newImage("label_mask", "8-bit black", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
setColorFromColorName("white");
if (summaryChoice!="No") {
if (paraLabChoice=="Yes") {
setFont(fontName,paraLabFontSize, fontStyle);
drawString(paraLabel, paraLabelX, paraLabelY);
paraLabelY += round(1.2 * paraLabFontSize);
}
setFont(fontName,statsLabFontSize, fontStyle);
for (i=0; i<statsLines; i++) {
// if (statsLabLine[i]!="None") statsLines = statsLines + 1;
if (statsLabLine[i]!="None") {
drawString(statsLabLineText[i], paraLabelX, paraLabelY);
paraLabelY += round(1.2 * statsLabFontSize);
}
}
}
setThreshold(0, 128);
setOption("BlackBackground", false);
run("Convert to Mask");
/*
Create drop shadow if desired */
if (shadowDrop!=0 || shadowDisp!=0 || shadowBlur!=0) {
showStatus("Creating drop shadow for labels . . . ");
newImage("shadow", "8-bit black", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
getSelectionBounds(selMaskX, selMaskY, selMaskWidth, selMaskHeight);
setSelectionLocation(selMaskX+shadowDisp, selMaskY+shadowDrop);
setBackgroundColor(shadowDarkness, shadowDarkness, shadowDarkness);
run("Clear", "slice");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
expansion = abs(shadowDisp) + abs(shadowDrop) + abs(shadowBlur);
if (expansion>0) run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[expansion] pixel");
if (shadowBlur>0) run("Gaussian Blur...", "sigma=[shadowBlur]");
run("Select None");
}
/* Create inner shadow if desired */
if (innerShadowDrop!=0 || innerShadowDisp!=0 || innerShadowBlur!=0) {
showStatus("Creating inner shadow for labels . . . ");
newImage("inner_shadow", "8-bit white", imageWidth, imageHeight, 1);
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
setBackgroundColor(innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness);
run("Clear Outside");
getSelectionBounds(selMaskX, selMaskY, selMaskWidth, selMaskHeight);
setSelectionLocation(selMaskX-innerShadowDisp, selMaskY-innerShadowDrop);
setBackgroundColor(innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness, innerShadowDarkness);
run("Clear Outside");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
expansion = abs(innerShadowDisp) + abs(innerShadowDrop) + abs(innerShadowBlur);
if (expansion>0) run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[expansion] pixel");
if (innerShadowBlur>0) run("Mean...", "radius=[innerShadowBlur]"); /* Gaussian is too large */
if (statsLabFontSize<12) run("Unsharp Mask...", "radius=0.5 mask=0.2"); /* A tweak to sharpen effect for small font sizes */
imageCalculator("Max", "inner_shadow","label_mask");
run("Select None");
run("Invert"); /* Create an image that can be subtracted - this works better for color than Min */
}
if (isOpen("shadow"))
imageCalculator("Subtract", flatImage,"shadow");
run("Select None");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
run("Enlarge...", "enlarge=[outlineStroke] pixel");
setBackgroundFromColorName(summaryOutlineColor); // functionoutlineColor]")
run("Clear", "slice");
run("Select None");
getSelectionFromMask("label_mask");
setBackgroundFromColorName(summaryFontColor);
run("Clear", "slice");
run("Select None");
if (isOpen("inner_shadow"))
imageCalculator("Subtract", flatImage,"inner_shadow");
closeImageByTitle("shadow");
closeImageByTitle("inner_shadow");
closeImageByTitle("label_mask");
selectWindow(flatImage);
if ((lastIndexOf(flatImage,"."))>0) labeledImageNameWOExt = substring(flatImage, 0, lastIndexOf(flatImage,"."));
else labeledImageNameWOExt = flatImage;
rename(unCleanLabel(labeledImageNameWOExt + "_" + parameter));
if (countNaN!=0)
print("\n>>>> ROI Color Coder:\n"
+ "Some values from the \""+ parameter +"\" column could not be retrieved.\n"
+ countNaN +" ROI(s) were labeled with a default color.");
restoreSettings;
setBatchMode("exit & display");
showStatus("Labeling Macro Finished");
/* ( 8(|) ( 8(|) Functions ( 8(|) ( 8(|) */
function AddMCsToResultsTable() {
/* Based on "MCentroids.txt" Morphological centroids by thinning assumes white particles: G. Landini
https://imagej.net/doku.php?id=plugin:morphology:morphological_operators_for_imagej:start
http://www.mecourse.com/landinig/software/software.html
Modified to add coordinates to Results Table: Peter J. Lee NHMFL 7/20-29/2016
v180102 Fixed typos and updated functions.
v180104 Removed unnecessary changes to settings.
v180312 Add minimum and maximum morphological radii.
v180602 Add 0.5 pixels to output co-ordinates to match X,Y, XM and YM system for ImageJ results
v190802 Updated distance measurement to use more compact pow function.
v220707 Uses toWhiteBGBinary instead of binary[-]Check. Use duplicate image to retain color.
*/
workingTitle = getTitle();
if (!checkForPlugin("morphology_collection")) restoreExit("Exiting: Gabriel Landini's morphology suite is needed to run this function.");
toWhiteBGBinary(workingTitle); /* Makes sure image is binary and sets to white background, black objects */
checkForRoiManager(); /* This macro uses ROIs and a Results table that matches in count */
roiOriginalCount = roiManager("count");
addRadii = getBoolean("Do you also want to add the min and max M-Centroid radii to the Results table?");
batchMode = is("Batch Mode"); /* Store batch status mode before toggling */
if (!batchMode) setBatchMode(true); /* Toggle batch mode on if previously off */
start = getTime();
getPixelSize(unit, pixelWidth, pixelHeight);
lcf=(pixelWidth+pixelHeight)/2;
objects = roiManager("count");
mcImageWidth = getWidth();
mcImageHeight = getHeight();
showStatus("Looping through all " + roiOriginalCount + " objects for morphological centers . . .");
for (i=0 ; i<roiOriginalCount; i++) {
showProgress(-i, roiManager("count"));
selectWindow(workingTitle);
roiManager("select", i);
if(addRadii) run("Interpolate", "interval=1"); getSelectionCoordinates(xPoints, yPoints); /* place border coordinates in array for radius measurements - Wayne Rasband: http://imagej.1557.x6.nabble.com/List-all-pixel-coordinates-in-ROI-td3705127.html */
Roi.getBounds(Rx, Ry, Rwidth, Rheight);
setResult("ROIctr_X\(px\)", i, Rx + Rwidth/2);
setResult("ROIctr_Y\(px\)", i, Ry + Rheight/2);
Roi.getContainedPoints(RPx, RPy); /* This includes holes when ROIs are used, so no hole filling is needed */
newImage("Contained Points","8-bit black",Rwidth,Rheight,1); /* Give each sub-image a unique name for debugging purposes */
for (j=0; j<lengthOf(RPx); j++)
setPixel(RPx[j]-Rx, RPy[j]-Ry, 255);
selectWindow("Contained Points");
run("BinaryThin2 ", "kernel_a='0 2 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 ' kernel_b='0 0 2 0 1 1 0 2 2 ' rotations='rotate 45' iterations=-1 white");
for (j=0; j<lengthOf(RPx); j++){
if((getPixel(RPx[j]-Rx, RPy[j]-Ry))==255) {
centroidX = RPx[j]; centroidY = RPy[j];
setResult("mc_X\(px\)", i, centroidX + 0.5); /* Add 0.5 pixel to correct pixel coordinates to center of pixel */
setResult("mc_Y\(px\)", i, centroidY + 0.5);
setResult("mc_offsetX\(px\)", i, getResult("X",i)/lcf-(centroidX + 0.5));
setResult("mc_offsetY\(px\)", i, getResult("Y",i)/lcf-(centroidY + 0.5));
j = lengthOf(RPx); /* one point and done */
}
}
closeImageByTitle("Contained Points");
if(addRadii) {
/* Now measure min and max radii from M-Centroid */
rMin = Rwidth + Rheight; rMax = 0;
for (j=0 ; j<(lengthOf(xPoints)); j++) {
dist = sqrt(pow(centroidX-xPoints[j],2)+pow(centroidY-yPoints[j],2));
if (dist < rMin) { rMin = dist; rMinX = xPoints[j]; rMinY = yPoints[j];}
if (dist > rMax) { rMax = dist; rMaxX = xPoints[j]; rMaxY = yPoints[j];}
}
if (rMin == 0) rMin = 0.5; /* Correct for 1 pixel width objects and interpolate error */
setResult("mc_minRadX", i, rMinX + 0.5); /* Add 0.5 pixel to correct pixel coordinates to center of pixel */
setResult("mc_minRadY", i, rMinY + 0.5);
setResult("mc_maxRadX", i, rMaxX + 0.5);
setResult("mc_maxRadY", i, rMaxY + 0.5);
setResult("mc_minRad\(px\)", i, rMin);
setResult("mc_maxRad\(px\)", i, rMax);
setResult("mc_AR", i, rMax/rMin);
if (lcf!=1) {
setResult('mc_minRad' + "\(" + unit + "\)", i, rMin*lcf);
setResult('mc_maxRad' + "\(" + unit + "\)", i, rMax*lcf);
}
}
}
updateResults();
run("Select None");
if (!batchMode) setBatchMode(false); /* Toggle batch mode off */
showStatus("MC Function Finished: " + roiManager("count") + " objects analyzed in " + (getTime()-start)/1000 + "s.");
beep(); wait(300); beep(); wait(300); beep();
call("java.lang.System.gc");
}
function autoCalculateDecPlacesFromValueOnly(value){
valueSci = d2s(value, -1);
iExp = indexOf(valueSci, "E");
valueExp = parseInt(substring(valueSci, iExp+1));
if (valueExp>=2) decPlaces = 0;
if (valueExp<2) decPlaces = 2-valueExp;
if (valueExp<-5) decPlaces = -1; /* Scientific Notation */
if (valueExp>=4) decPlaces = -1; /* Scientific Notation */
return decPlaces;
}
function checkForPlugin(pluginName) {
/* v161102 changed to true-false
v180831 some cleanup
v210429 Expandable array version
v220510 Looks for both class and jar if no extension is given
v220818 Mystery issue fixed, no longer requires restoreExit */
pluginCheck = false;
if (getDirectory("plugins") == "") print("Failure to find any plugins!");
else {
pluginDir = getDirectory("plugins");
if (lastIndexOf(pluginName,".")==pluginName.length-1) pluginName = substring(pluginName,0,pluginName.length-1);
pExts = newArray(".jar",".class");
knownExt = false;
for (j=0; j<lengthOf(pExts); j++) if(endsWith(pluginName,pExts[j])) knownExt = true;
pluginNameO = pluginName;
for (j=0; j<lengthOf(pExts) && !pluginCheck; j++){
if (!knownExt) pluginName = pluginName + pExts[j];
if (File.exists(pluginDir + pluginName)) {
pluginCheck = true;
showStatus(pluginName + "found in: " + pluginDir);
}
else {
pluginList = getFileList(pluginDir);
subFolderList = newArray;
for (i=0,subFolderCount=0; i<lengthOf(pluginList); i++) {
if (endsWith(pluginList[i], "/")) {
subFolderList[subFolderCount] = pluginList[i];
subFolderCount++;
}
}
for (i=0; i<lengthOf(subFolderList); i++) {
if (File.exists(pluginDir + subFolderList[i] + "\\" + pluginName)) {
pluginCheck = true;
showStatus(pluginName + " found in: " + pluginDir + subFolderList[i]);
i = lengthOf(subFolderList);
}
}
}
}
}
return pluginCheck;
}
function checkForRoiManager() {
/* v161109 adds the return of the updated ROI count and also adds dialog if there are already entries just in case . .
v180104 only asks about ROIs if there is a mismatch with the results
v190628 adds option to import saved ROI set
v210428 include thresholding if necessary and color check
v211108 Uses radio-button group.
NOTE: Requires ASC restoreExit function, which assumes that saveSettings has been run at the beginning of the macro
v220706: Table friendly version
v220816: Enforces non-inverted LUT as well as white background and fixes ROI-less analyze. Adds more dialog labeling.
v230126: Does not change foreground or background colors.
v230130: Cosmetic improvements to dialog.
*/
functionL = "checkForRoiManager_v230130";
nROIs = roiManager("count");
nRes = nResults;
tSize = Table.size;
if (nRes==0 && tSize>0){
oTableTitle = Table.title;
renameTable = getBoolean("There is no Results table but " + oTableTitle + "has " +tSize+ "rows:", "Rename to Results", "No, I will take may chances");
if (renameTable) {
Table.rename(oTableTitle, "Results");
nRes = nResults;
}
}
if(nROIs==0 || nROIs!=nRes){
Dialog.create("ROI mismatch options: " + functionL);
Dialog.addMessage("This macro requires that all objects have been loaded into the ROI manager.\n \nThere are " + nRes +" results.\nThere are " + nROIs + " ROIs",12,"#782F40");
mismatchOptions = newArray();
if(nROIs==0) mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Import a saved ROI list");
else mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Replace the current ROI list with a saved ROI list");
if(nRes==0) mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Import a Results Table \(csv\) file");
else mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Clear Results Table and import saved csv");
mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Clear ROI list and Results Table and reanalyze \(overrides above selections\)");
if (!is("binary")) Dialog.addMessage("The active image is not binary, so it may require thresholding before analysis");
mismatchOptions = Array.concat(mismatchOptions,"Get me out of here, I am having second thoughts . . .");
Dialog.addRadioButtonGroup("How would you like to proceed:_____", mismatchOptions, lengthOf(mismatchOptions), 1, mismatchOptions[0]);
Dialog.show();
mOption = Dialog.getRadioButton();
if (startsWith(mOption,"Sorry")) restoreExit("Sorry this did not work out for you.");
if (startsWith(mOption,"Clear ROI list and Results Table and reanalyze")) {
if (!is("binary")){
if (is("grayscale") && bitDepth()>8){
proceed = getBoolean(functionL + ": Image is grayscale but not 8-bit, convert it to 8-bit?", "Convert for thresholding", "Get me out of here");
if (proceed) run("8-bit");
else restoreExit(functionL + ": Goodbye, perhaps analyze first?");
}
if (bitDepth()==24){
colorThreshold = getBoolean(functionL + ": Active image is RGB, so analysis requires thresholding", "Color Threshold", "Convert to 8-bit and threshold");
if (colorThreshold) run("Color Threshold...");
else run("8-bit");
}
if (!is("binary")){
/* Quick-n-dirty threshold if not previously thresholded */
getThreshold(t1,t2);
if (t1==-1) {
run("Auto Threshold", "method=Default");
run("Convert to Mask");
if (is("Inverting LUT")) run("Invert LUT");
if(getPixel(0,0)==0) run("Invert");
}
}
}
if (is("Inverting LUT")) run("Invert LUT");
/* Make sure black objects on white background for consistency */
cornerPixels = newArray(getPixel(0, 0), getPixel(0, 1), getPixel(1, 0), getPixel(1, 1));
Array.getStatistics(cornerPixels, cornerMin, cornerMax, cornerMean, cornerStdDev);
if (cornerMax!=cornerMin) restoreExit("Problem with image border: Different pixel intensities at corners");
/* Sometimes the outline procedure will leave a pixel border around the outside - this next step checks for this.
i.e. the corner 4 pixels should now be all black, if not, we have a "border issue". */
if (cornerMean==0) run("Invert");
if (isOpen("ROI Manager")) roiManager("reset");
if (isOpen("Results")) {
selectWindow("Results");
run("Close");
}
// run("Analyze Particles..."); /* Letting users select settings does not create ROIs ¯\_(?)_/¯ */
run("Analyze Particles...", "display clear include add");
nROIs = roiManager("count");
nRes = nResults;
if (nResults!=roiManager("count"))
restoreExit(functionL + ": Results \(" +nRes+ "\) and ROI Manager \(" +nROIs+ "\) counts still do not match!");
}
else {
if (startsWith(mOption,"Import a saved ROI")) {
if (isOpen("ROI Manager")) roiManager("reset");
msg = functionL + ": Import ROI set \(zip file\), click \"OK\" to continue to file chooser";
showMessage(msg);
pathROI = File.openDialog(functionL + ": Select an ROI file set to import");
roiManager("open", pathROI);
}
if (startsWith(mOption,"Import a Results")){
if (isOpen("Results")) {
selectWindow("Results");
run("Close");
}
msg = functionL + ": Import Results Table: Click \"OK\" to continue to file chooser";
showMessage(msg);
open(File.openDialog(functionL + ": Select a Results Table to import"));
Table.rename(Table.title, "Results");
}
}
}
nROIs = roiManager("count");
nRes = nResults; /* Used to check for ROIs:Results mismatch */
if(nROIs==0 || nROIs!=nRes)
restoreExit(functionL + ": Goodbye, there are " + nROIs + " ROIs and " + nRes + " results; your previous settings will be restored.");
return roiManager("count"); /* Returns the new count of entries */
}
function cleanLabel(string) {
/* ImageJ macro default file encoding (ANSI or UTF-8) varies with platform so non-ASCII characters may vary: hence the need to always use fromCharCode instead of special characters.
v180611 added "degreeC"
v200604 fromCharCode(0x207B) removed as superscript hyphen not working reliably */
string= replace(string, "\\^2", fromCharCode(178)); /* superscript 2 */
string= replace(string, "\\^3", fromCharCode(179)); /* superscript 3 UTF-16 (decimal) */
string= replace(string, "\\^-"+fromCharCode(185), "-" + fromCharCode(185)); /* superscript -1 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-"+fromCharCode(178), "-" + fromCharCode(178)); /* superscript -2 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-^1", "-" + fromCharCode(185)); /* superscript -1 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-^2", "-" + fromCharCode(178)); /* superscript -2 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-1", "-" + fromCharCode(185)); /* superscript -1 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-2", "-" + fromCharCode(178)); /* superscript -2 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-^1", "-" + fromCharCode(185)); /* superscript -1 */
string= replace(string, "\\^-^2", "-" + fromCharCode(178)); /* superscript -2 */
string= replace(string, "(?<![A-Za-z0-9])u(?=m)", fromCharCode(181)); /* micron units */
string= replace(string, "\\b[aA]ngstrom\\b", fromCharCode(197)); /* ?ngstr?m unit symbol */
string= replace(string, " ", " "); /* Replace double spaces with single spaces */
string= replace(string, "_", " "); /* Replace underlines with space as thin spaces (fromCharCode(0x2009)) not working reliably */
string= replace(string, "px", "pixels"); /* Expand pixel abbreviation */
string= replace(string, "degreeC", fromCharCode(0x00B0) + "C"); /* Degree symbol for dialog boxes */
string = replace(string, " " + fromCharCode(0x00B0), fromCharCode(0x2009) + fromCharCode(0x00B0)); /* Replace normal space before degree symbol with thin space */
string= replace(string, " ?", fromCharCode(0x2009) + fromCharCode(0x00B0)); /* Replace normal space before degree symbol with thin space */
string= replace(string, "sigma", fromCharCode(0x03C3)); /* sigma for tight spaces */
string= replace(string, "?", fromCharCode(0x00B1)); /* plus or minus */
return string;
}
function closeImageByTitle(windowTitle) { /* Cannot be used with tables */
/* v181002 reselects original image at end if open
v200925 uses "while" instead of "if" so that it can also remove duplicates
*/
oIID = getImageID();
while (isOpen(windowTitle)) {
selectWindow(windowTitle);
close();
}
if (isOpen(oIID)) selectImage(oIID);
}
/* ASC Color Functions */
function getColorArrayFromColorName(colorName) {
/* v180828 added Fluorescent Colors
v181017-8 added off-white and off-black for use in gif transparency and also added safe exit if no color match found
v191211 added Cyan
v211022 all names lower-case, all spaces to underscores v220225 Added more hash value comments as a reference v220706 restores missing magenta
REQUIRES restoreExit function. 57 Colors v230130 Added more descriptions and modified order
*/
if (colorName == "white") cA = newArray(255,255,255);
else if (colorName == "black") cA = newArray(0,0,0);
else if (colorName == "off-white") cA = newArray(245,245,245);
else if (colorName == "off-black") cA = newArray(10,10,10);
else if (colorName == "light_gray") cA = newArray(200,200,200);
else if (colorName == "gray") cA = newArray(127,127,127);
else if (colorName == "dark_gray") cA = newArray(51,51,51);
else if (colorName == "off-black") cA = newArray(10,10,10);
else if (colorName == "light_gray") cA = newArray(200,200,200);
else if (colorName == "gray") cA = newArray(127,127,127);
else if (colorName == "dark_gray") cA = newArray(51,51,51);
else if (colorName == "red") cA = newArray(255,0,0);
else if (colorName == "green") cA = newArray(0,255,0); /* #00FF00 AKA Lime green */
else if (colorName == "blue") cA = newArray(0,0,255);
else if (colorName == "cyan") cA = newArray(0, 255, 255);
else if (colorName == "yellow") cA = newArray(255,255,0);
else if (colorName == "magenta") cA = newArray(255,0,255); /* #FF00FF */
else if (colorName == "pink") cA = newArray(255, 192, 203);
else if (colorName == "violet") cA = newArray(127,0,255);
else if (colorName == "orange") cA = newArray(255, 165, 0);
else if (colorName == "garnet") cA = newArray(120,47,64); /* #782F40 */
else if (colorName == "gold") cA = newArray(206,184,136); /* #CEB888 */
else if (colorName == "aqua_modern") cA = newArray(75,172,198); /* #4bacc6 AKA "Viking" aqua */
else if (colorName == "blue_accent_modern") cA = newArray(79,129,189); /* #4f81bd */
else if (colorName == "blue_dark_modern") cA = newArray(31,73,125); /* #1F497D */
else if (colorName == "blue_honolulu") cA = newArray(0,118,182); /* Honolulu Blue #30076B6 */
else if (colorName == "blue_modern") cA = newArray(58,93,174); /* #3a5dae */
else if (colorName == "gray_modern") cA = newArray(83,86,90); /* bright gray #53565A */
else if (colorName == "green_dark_modern") cA = newArray(121,133,65); /* Wasabi #798541 */
else if (colorName == "green_modern") cA = newArray(155,187,89); /* #9bbb59 AKA "Chelsea Cucumber" */
else if (colorName == "green_modern_accent") cA = newArray(214,228,187); /* #D6E4BB AKA "Gin" */
else if (colorName == "green_spring_accent") cA = newArray(0,255,102); /* #00FF66 AKA "Spring Green" */
else if (colorName == "orange_modern") cA = newArray(247,150,70); /* #f79646 tan hide, light orange */
else if (colorName == "pink_modern") cA = newArray(255,105,180); /* hot pink #ff69b4 */
else if (colorName == "purple_modern") cA = newArray(128,100,162); /* blue-magenta, purple paradise #8064A2 */
else if (colorName == "jazzberry_jam") cA = newArray(165,11,94);
else if (colorName == "red_n_modern") cA = newArray(227,24,55);
else if (colorName == "red_modern") cA = newArray(192,80,77);
else if (colorName == "tan_modern") cA = newArray(238,236,225);
else if (colorName == "violet_modern") cA = newArray(76,65,132);
else if (colorName == "yellow_modern") cA = newArray(247,238,69);
/* Fluorescent Colors https://www.w3schools.com/colors/colors_crayola.asp */
else if (colorName == "radical_red") cA = newArray(255,53,94); /* #FF355E */
else if (colorName == "wild_watermelon") cA = newArray(253,91,120); /* #FD5B78 */
else if (colorName == "shocking_pink") cA = newArray(255,110,255); /* #FF6EFF Ultra Pink */
else if (colorName == "razzle_dazzle_rose") cA = newArray(238,52,210); /* #EE34D2 */
else if (colorName == "hot_magenta") cA = newArray(255,0,204); /* #FF00CC AKA Purple Pizzazz */
else if (colorName == "outrageous_orange") cA = newArray(255,96,55); /* #FF6037 */
else if (colorName == "supernova_orange") cA = newArray(255,191,63); /* FFBF3F Supernova Neon Orange*/
else if (colorName == "sunglow") cA = newArray(255,204,51); /* #FFCC33 */
else if (colorName == "neon_carrot") cA = newArray(255,153,51); /* #FF9933 */
else if (colorName == "atomic_tangerine") cA = newArray(255,153,102); /* #FF9966 */
else if (colorName == "laser_lemon") cA = newArray(255,255,102); /* #FFFF66 "Unmellow Yellow" */
else if (colorName == "electric_lime") cA = newArray(204,255,0); /* #CCFF00 */
else if (colorName == "screamin'_green") cA = newArray(102,255,102); /* #66FF66 */
else if (colorName == "magic_mint") cA = newArray(170,240,209); /* #AAF0D1 */
else if (colorName == "blizzard_blue") cA = newArray(80,191,230); /* #50BFE6 Malibu */
else if (colorName == "dodger_blue") cA = newArray(9,159,255); /* #099FFF Dodger Neon Blue */
else restoreExit("No color match to " + colorName);
return cA;
}
function setColorFromColorName(colorName) {
colorArray = getColorArrayFromColorName(colorName);
setColor(colorArray[0], colorArray[1], colorArray[2]);
}
function setBackgroundFromColorName(colorName) {
colorArray = getColorArrayFromColorName(colorName);
setBackgroundColor(colorArray[0], colorArray[1], colorArray[2]);
}
/* Hex conversion below adapted from T.Ferreira, 20010.01 https://imagej.net/doku.php?id=macro:rgbtohex */
function pad(n) {
/* This version by Tiago Ferreira 6/6/2022 eliminates the toString macro function */
if (lengthOf(n)==1) n= "0"+n; return n;
if (lengthOf(""+n)==1) n= "0"+n; return n;
}
function getHexColorFromRGBArray(colorNameString) {
colorArray = getColorArrayFromColorName(colorNameString);
r = toHex(colorArray[0]); g = toHex(colorArray[1]); b = toHex(colorArray[2]);
hexName= "#" + ""+pad(r) + ""+pad(g) + ""+pad(b);
return hexName;
}
function getFontChoiceList() {
/* v180723 first version
v180828 Changed order of favorites
v190108 Longer list of favorites
v230209 Minor optimization
*/
systemFonts = getFontList();
IJFonts = newArray("SansSerif", "Serif", "Monospaced");
fontNameChoice = Array.concat(IJFonts,systemFonts);
faveFontList = newArray("Your favorite fonts here", "Open Sans ExtraBold", "Fira Sans ExtraBold", "Noto Sans Black", "Arial Black", "Montserrat Black", "Lato Black", "Roboto Black", "Merriweather Black", "Alegreya Black", "Tahoma Bold", "Calibri Bold", "Helvetica", "SansSerif", "Calibri", "Roboto", "Tahoma", "Times New Roman Bold", "Times Bold", "Serif");
faveFontListCheck = newArray(faveFontList.length);
for (i=0,counter=0; i<faveFontList.length; i++) {
for (j=0; j<fontNameChoice.length; j++) {
if (faveFontList[i] == fontNameChoice[j]) {
faveFontListCheck[counter] = faveFontList[i];
j = fontNameChoice.length;
counter++;
}
}
}
faveFontListCheck = Array.trim(faveFontListCheck, counter);
fontNameChoice = Array.concat(faveFontListCheck,fontNameChoice);
return fontNameChoice;
}
function getSelectionFromMask(sel_M){
/* v220920 only inverts if full width */
batchMode = is("Batch Mode"); /* Store batch status mode before toggling */
if (!batchMode) setBatchMode(true); /* Toggle batch mode on if previously off */
tempID = getImageID();
selectWindow(sel_M);
run("Create Selection"); /* Selection inverted perhaps because the mask has an inverted LUT? */
getSelectionBounds(gSelX,gSelY,gWidth,gHeight);
if(gSelX==0 && gSelY==0 && gWidth==Image.width && gHeight==Image.height) run("Make Inverse");
run("Select None");
selectImage(tempID);
run("Restore Selection");
if (!batchMode) setBatchMode(false); /* Return to original batch mode setting */
}
function restoreExit(message){ /* Make a clean exit from a macro, restoring previous settings */
/* 9/9/2017 added Garbage clean up suggested by Luc LaLonde - LBNL
v220316 if message is blank this should still work now
NOTE: REQUIRES previous run of saveSettings */
restoreSettings(); /* Restore previous settings before exiting */
setBatchMode("exit & display"); /* Probably not necessary if exiting gracefully but otherwise harmless */
call("java.lang.System.gc");
if (message!="") exit(message);
else exit;
}
function toWhiteBGBinary(windowTitle) { /* For black objects on a white background */
/* Replaces binary[-]Check function
v220707
*/
selectWindow(windowTitle);
if (!is("binary")) run("8-bit");
/* Quick-n-dirty threshold if not previously thresholded */
getThreshold(t1,t2);
if (t1==-1) {
run("8-bit");
run("Auto Threshold", "method=Default");
setOption("BlackBackground", false);
run("Make Binary");
}
if (is("Inverting LUT")) run("Invert LUT");
/* Make sure black objects on white background for consistency */
yMax = Image.height-1; xMax = Image.width-1;
cornerPixels = newArray(getPixel(0,0),getPixel(1,1),getPixel(0,yMax),getPixel(xMax,0),getPixel(xMax,yMax),getPixel(xMax-1,yMax-1));
Array.getStatistics(cornerPixels, cornerMin, cornerMax, cornerMean, cornerStdDev);
if (cornerMax!=cornerMin) IJ.log("Warning: There may be a problem with the image border, there are different pixel intensities at the corners");
/* Sometimes the outline procedure will leave a pixel border around the outside - this next step checks for this.
i.e. the corner 4 pixels should now be all black, if not, we have a "border issue". */
if (cornerMean<1) run("Invert");
}
function unCleanLabel(string) {
/* v161104 This function replaces special characters with standard characters for file system compatible filenames.
+ 041117b to remove spaces as well.
+ v220126 added getInfo("micrometer.abbreviation").
+ v220128 add loops that allow removal of multiple duplication.
+ v220131 fixed so that suffix cleanup works even if extensions are included.
+ v220616 Minor index range fix that does not seem to have an impact if macro is working as planned. v220715 added 8-bit to unwanted dupes. v220812 minor changes to micron and Ångström handling
*/
/* Remove bad characters */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(178), "\\^2"); /* superscript 2 */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(179), "\\^3"); /* superscript 3 UTF-16 (decimal) */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(0xFE63) + fromCharCode(185), "\\^-1"); /* Small hyphen substituted for superscript minus as 0x207B does not display in table */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(0xFE63) + fromCharCode(178), "\\^-2"); /* Small hyphen substituted for superscript minus as 0x207B does not display in table */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(181)+"m", "um"); /* micron units */
string= replace(string, getInfo("micrometer.abbreviation"), "um"); /* micron units */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(197), "Angstrom"); /* Ångström unit symbol */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(0x212B), "Angstrom"); /* the other Ångström unit symbol */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(0x2009) + fromCharCode(0x00B0), "deg"); /* replace thin spaces degrees combination */
string= replace(string, fromCharCode(0x2009), "_"); /* Replace thin spaces */
string= replace(string, "%", "pc"); /* % causes issues with html listing */
string= replace(string, " ", "_"); /* Replace spaces - these can be a problem with image combination */
/* Remove duplicate strings */
unwantedDupes = newArray("8bit","8-bit","lzw");
for (i=0; i<lengthOf(unwantedDupes); i++){
iLast = lastIndexOf(string,unwantedDupes[i]);
iFirst = indexOf(string,unwantedDupes[i]);
if (iFirst!=iLast) {
string = substring(string,0,iFirst) + substring(string,iFirst + lengthOf(unwantedDupes[i]));
i=-1; /* check again */
}
}
unwantedDbls = newArray("_-","-_","__","--","\\+\\+");
for (i=0; i<lengthOf(unwantedDbls); i++){
iFirst = indexOf(string,unwantedDbls[i]);
if (iFirst>=0) {
string = substring(string,0,iFirst) + substring(string,iFirst + lengthOf(unwantedDbls[i])/2);
i=-1; /* check again */
}
}
string= replace(string, "_\\+", "\\+"); /* Clean up autofilenames */
/* cleanup suffixes */
unwantedSuffixes = newArray(" ","_","-","\\+"); /* things you don't wasn't to end a filename with */
extStart = lastIndexOf(string,".");
sL = lengthOf(string);
if (sL-extStart<=4 && extStart>0) extIncl = true;
else extIncl = false;
if (extIncl){
preString = substring(string,0,extStart);
extString = substring(string,extStart);
}
else {
preString = string;
extString = "";
}
for (i=0; i<lengthOf(unwantedSuffixes); i++){
sL = lengthOf(preString);
if (endsWith(preString,unwantedSuffixes[i])) {
preString = substring(preString,0,sL-lengthOf(unwantedSuffixes[i])); /* cleanup previous suffix */
i=-1; /* check one more time */
}
}
if (!endsWith(preString,"_lzw") && !endsWith(preString,"_lzw.")) preString = replace(preString, "_lzw", ""); /* Only want to keep this if it is at the end */
string = preString + extString;
/* End of suffix cleanup */
return string;
}
function writeLabel(labelColor){
setColorFromColorName(labelColor);
drawString(finalLabel, finalLabelX, finalLabelY);
}
function writeObjectLabelNoRamp() {
/* 3/16/2017 this version adds labeling by "ID" number */
roiManager("Select", i);
if (parameter=="ID") labelValue = i+1;
else labelValue = getResult(parameter,i);
if (dpChoice=="Auto")
decPlaces = autoCalculateDecPlacesFromValueOnly(labelValue);
labelString = d2s(labelValue,decPlaces); /* Reduce decimal places for labeling (move these two lines to below the labels you prefer) */
Roi.getBounds(roiX, roiY, roiWidth, roiHeight);
lFontSize = fontSize; /* Initial estimate */
setFont(font,lFontSize,fontStyle);
lFontSize = fontSizeCorrection * fontSize * roiWidth/(getStringWidth(labelString)); /* Adjust label font size so that the label fits within object width */
if (lFontSize>fontSizeCorrection*roiHeight) lFontSize = fontSizeCorrection*roiHeight; /* Readjust the label font size so that the label fits within the object height */
if (lFontSize>maxLFontSize) lFontSize = maxLFontSize;
if (lFontSize<minLFontSize) lFontSize = minLFontSize;
setFont(font,lFontSize,fontStyle);
if (ctrChoice=="ROI Center")
textOffset = roiX + ((roiWidth) - getStringWidth(labelString))/2;
else textOffset = getResult("mc_X\(px\)",i) - getStringWidth(labelString)/2;
setColorFromColorName("white");
if (ctrChoice=="ROI Center")
drawString(labelString, textOffset, roiY+roiHeight/2 + lFontSize/2);
else drawString(labelString, textOffset, getResult("mc_Y\(px\)",i) + lFontSize/2);
}
}
| 0.388342
| 0.495841
| 3,052
| 12,248
| 207
| -1
|
Robot Code Examples
| false
|
99,808
|
unk82054565_1
|
LoC-PD-Books
|
Public Domain
|
D5 STATE or MICHIGAN department af public Snstrurtfou LAN SI NG Language Lessons An Outline Sn^gestin^ Material and Methods for the Teaching of Lan^na^e in the Elementary Grades ^ ^BM BULLETIN NO. 30 Published by The Superintendent of Public Instruction 1919 IWonoffrapfi •t B, ^' 1920 STATE OF MICMIGAN Srpartment 9f ^ublfc inBtturtfon L.ANSING Language Lessons An. Outline Sugiestin^ Material and Methods for the Teaching of Laxi^uaie in the IClementary Grades By NELLA DIETRICH Department of Public Instruction BULLETIN NO. 30 Published by The Superintendent of Public Instruction 1919 UlEFvARY OF COMQRISS DOCUMENTS DIVISION STATE OF MICHIGAN S^jiartmrnt of l^nhlU 3ttBtrttrtliitt LANSING Probably the teaching of language taxes the teacher's versatility and resources more than any other subject. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that the matter to be taught lacks in concreteness and definiteness. The outlines in this bulletin attempt to specify definite aims and suggest material and methods to attain them. The needs of the rural school teacher have been given especial consideration. However, it is hoped the outlines will be helpful to all teachers in the elementary grades. This bulletin will be furnished to superintendents and county commis- sioners on request. The exact number wanted should always be stated in ordering. Very truly, ^^-L-iCl^^yy^AAj ^ . hm/w^-f^i/t-^^ Superintendent of Public Instruction. September 1,[1919. CONTENTS Page First Grade 9 What to Do 9 Material and Method (outline) 9 Oral Work 10 Original Composition 10 Conversation lessons 10 Observation reports 12 Poem study 14 Story reproduction 21 Picture study 28 Daily language drill 30 Written Work 32 Copying from model 32 Name and address 35 Second Grade - 36 What to Do - -^ 36 Material and Method (outline) 36 Oral work 37 Original composition 37 Conversation lessons 37 Observation reports 37 Poem study 39 Story reproduction 41 Pictuie study 44 Daily language drill 46 Written Work 48 Copying from model -__ 48 Writing original sentences 52 Third Grade 53 What to Do 53 Material and Method (outline) 53 Oral Work 54 Original Composition 54 Conversation lessons 54 Observation reports 57 Oiiginal stories 59 Description 60 Poem study 62 Story reproduction 66 Picture study 69 Daily language drill 71 Written Work 73 Copying from model 73 Dictation exercises 74 Original composition 75 Letter-wri ting 75 Ston'-writing___-_- 77 Verse-writing 78 Fourth Grade 80 What to Do _'_ 80 Material and ^Method (outline) !___ 80 Oral Work - 81 Original composition i 81 Original stories 81 Description 83 Explanation 85 Reports on current events 86 Poem study 86 Storv reproduction 88 Pic ture study. 90 Daily language drill .__ 92 Written Work 93 Copying from model 93 Dictation exercises 94 Reproducing stories in drama form 95 Original composition 96 Letter-wri ting 96 Stoi y-wri ting 97 Verse-writing_ __ 97 Fifth Grade 98 What to Do - 98 Material and Method (outline) ._ 98 Oral Work ._ 99 Original composition 99 Original stories. 99 Description 101 Explanation 104 Reports on current events 104 Poem study 104 Story reproduction. 109 Picture study 110 Dailv language drill 111 Written Work .. 112 Copying from model 112 Dictation exercises 113 Reproduction of stories in drama form 113 Original composition 113 Letter- vriting 113 Story-writing 115 Description 116 Explanation 117 Keeping a class diary or journal 117 Verse-writing. 117 Page Sixth Grade 118 What to Do 118 Material and Method (outline) 118 Oral Work : 120 Original composition 120 Oi iginal stories 120 Description 122 Explanation 124 Poem study 124 Story reproduction • 125 Picture study 126 Daily language drill 127 Written Work 128 Copying from model 128 Dictation exercises 128 Reproduction of stories in drama form 128 Original composition 130 Letter-writing 130 Story-writing. 2. Insist upon short, clean-cut sentences. To this end eliminate "and," "so," "then," and other over used connectives. 3. Establish as a habit a distinct speaking voice. 4. Conduct a five minute language drill daily. MATERIAL AND METHOD Oral Work ORIGINAL COMPOSITION CONVERSATION LESSONS Free, spontaneous thought expressed in one or two complete statements. OBSERVATION REPORTS The reports at the end of the year to consist of not less than three simple, clean-cut sentences. POEM STUDY From twenty to thirty rhymes and poems studied during the year. Not less than one poem or rhyme memorized each m.onth. STORY REPRODUCTION Four stories to be read or told by the teacher each month. Two of these to be reproduced by the children. PICTURE STUDY Five masterpieces studied during the year. DAILY LANGUAGE DRILL Instituted not later than the second week of school and observed .rigidly every day of the year. Written Work COPYING FROM MODEL Reasonable skill attained in copying sentences from the teacher's model on the board, both with letter cards and by writing. Capitals always to be used at the beginning of a sentence with a period or ques- tion mark placed at the end. NAME AND ADDRESS Written legibly, properly capitalized and punctuated. 10 Oral Work ORIGINAL COMPOSITION CONVERSATION LESSONS Material Every autumn there are hundreds of Httle people who enter the doors of the public school for the first time in their lives. They are timid little folk just from the protection and security of the home. The very word school awes them. It is the teacher's privilege to get the confidence and trust of these wee people. She can do this in no better way than by tactfully and sympathetically correlating the home and the school. Informal conversation about their pets and toys at home, about their home duties, and about their brothers and sisters, fathers and mothers will help wonder- fully to develop a feeling of ease. The place on the program for the con- versations will be the language period, but it is unnecessary^ for the children to know that it is a language lesson. This type of language work should be used exclusively the first week or two. After that one lesson each week should be sufficient. The material for these lessons must be so close to the child's life and interests that every one in the class, including the most tim.id, will want to say something. There is suggested below a few topics that undoubtedly will be of interest to all the children. Besides this, each locality presents individual material that will furnish the best of subjects for conversation lessons. The teacher should make as much use as possible of that material. a. The home: what their mothers and fathers do while they are at school; their brothers and sisters — how many they have, their names, what they do, the baby's cunning ways; their toys; their pets and their animal friends; their small services in the home — setting the table, bringing in the wood, etc. 5. Objects of interest in the schoolyard: the birds — their color, songs, and habits, etc.; the trees — the falling of the leaves in autumn and the budding of new ones in the spring ; the flowers in the flower garden and along the roadside; the weeds. c. The school : the games they like ; the field trips that the school makes ; the story that the teacher has read for morning exercises or told for previous language work; the picnic; the sociable; the entertainment. d. Special days and holidays: Hallowe'en, Thanksgiving Day, Christ- mas, St. Valentine's Day, Washington's and Lincoln's birthdays, Easter, and Memorial Day. e. Nature topics: the snow^ ice, the wind, the sun. /. The seasons and their characteristics. ' g. Simple facts in hygiene: why we should come to school with clean hands; why the teeth should be cleaned regularly; why each child should have his own cup. h. Manners: when to say Thank you. If you please, and Pardon me. Method Some first grade children are talkative but many of them are not, especi- ally the first few days. It requires considerable tact to restrain the former in such a manner that they do not feel rebuked and at the same time draw out the timid children without in any degree forcing them to talk. A wise choice of subject matter and careful questioning are the most effective 11 means of getting some response from all. Sitting informally in a circle always tends to keep down the barrier between teacher and pupils that often exists when the teacher sits apart from the children or stands before them. She should not be much concerned with the order and conciseness of w^hat is said the first few weeks, and criticism of English should be made very sparingly. Spontaneity and freedom, above all else, are to be desired in this grade. The errors in English should not be ignored by any means. Note of the most common ones should be made, and language drills and games based on them for regular daily drill. Some effort should be made to develop the "sentence sense." Unre- strained, children are inclined to attach sentence after sentence to one another by "and," "so," or "then." Work to eliminate these connectives. Short, clean-cut sentences are much stronger, much more to be desired. Model A CONVERSATION LESSON ON GEORGE WASHINGTON (The teacher's commands and questions are so stated that the children must answer in complete statements.) PupiVs part Teacher's part Yesterday was George Washing- ton's birthday. We did several things here in school to honor him. I want each of you to tell me * one (The children respond one after thing we did. the other as they think of some- thing to say.) Harry — ^We made George Wash- ington hats. Alice — You told us the story of George Washington. George — We looked at pictures of George Washington. Mamie — We made shields and hatchets. (She looks at Fern questioningly because she has not volunteered anything.) Don't you remember" that we sang songs yesterday? We said that one song was about George Washington. Can you tell us that? Fern — That's all we did. Fern — We sang a song about George Washington. George — -Because he was a soldier. Fern — He fought the Indians. Why did we make shields in honor of Washington? Harry said we made George Washington hats. How did we know what style to make, Alice? Alice — We made them look like those in the pictures. * This limits the talkative child and at the same time warns the timid and the lazy ones that they are expected to contribute their share. 12 Mamie — George Washington liked to play soldier. He was captain of the company. His mother made soldier caps for all the boys that played with him. Alice — (Glancing at the picture.) All men in those days wore long hair. George Washington tied his with a black ribbon. Harry — He wore short pants and white stockings. He had buckles on his slippers. George — ^When he was a little boy he always told the truth, and his mother knew he did and she trusted him. George — (The result after some endeavor.) When he was a little boy he always told the truth. His mother knew she could believe him. Fern — He fought a war for us. Harry — He is the Father of our Country. I would like to have each one of you tell me a short story about George Washington. Remember that a good story-teller never uses "and" very much. That is a splendid story. (Turning to George) Won't you tell us a story about George Wash- ington? That would have been a fine story if you had not used two "ands" ; they spoiled it. Let's try it again. Why do we honor his birthday in school? OBSERVATION REPORTS Material The child comes to school in an inquiring mind. "Why is this" and "How is that" are frequently on his lips. This desire to know the why and how of everything can be made use of splendidly in language work. Give him something to observe with the idea in mind that he is to tell the others in the class what he saw. Nature study is without doubt the best material for this work. Two lessons a month are sufficient when the work is first introduced. Later one a week can probably be easily handled. November : The sleeping habits of a pet. The sleeping habits of some other animal. 13 December: How do we know winter is coming? The number and location of trees in the community or on the road to school that retain their leaves all winter. (After this lesson, tell Why the Evergreen Trees keep their Leaves in Winter.) January: The eating habits of goldfish in a jar or the same habits of some pet. The blue jay or some other bird that remains north all winter — ■ where his home is in the winter and what he eats. February: In what ways does the sun help us? How do the moon and stars help us? Direction and strength of the wind. March: What does the wind do for us? The return of the robin — where and when first seen; what was he doing? What buds first appear — describe appearance. April : Appearance of first flower to be seen. Children observe teacher soak and plant seeds. Give report next day. The first appearance of the sprouting seed above the ground. Effect of light on the growing of seeds. May: Effect of heat on the growing of seeds. Effect of moisture on the growing of seeds. Markings of at least two different kinds of birds. June : A rainbow. June flowers. Method This type of lesson should not be introduced the first few weeks of school. The children should be familiar with the teacher's directions and able to respond readily in the conversation lesson before observation reports are attempted. Interest in the subject to be reported upon should be aroused in a con- versation lesson. After an object has been discussed in such a lesson, the children should be asked to observe it for a day or two. The reports (called a "story") could then be given. In many cases, no more than one sentence will be given at first. The two following were the best given in a class of seven members as their first "observation stories" the eighth week of school — "My pet hen sleeps with her head behind her wing" and "Jack's paw twitches when he sleeps," the topic being The Sleeping Habits of My Pet. Some such devices as the following may be helpful in aiding pupils to form the habit of observing : Have pupils close their eyes and tell you how many doors there are in the schoolroom, or point to them; have pupils pass to a window a moment and upon returning, tell what was seen ; have pupils close their eyes, then ask, "What is the color of my dress today?" "What is the color of Mary's?" Many devices may be invented to assist pupils to make accurate observations. Work to have short, clean-cut sentences given. Insist that "and" and "so" are used only sparingly. 14 Models a. (Teacher's assignment on Friday: Our language work for tvvo weeks has been on preparation for winter. Fall is leaving us and another season is coming. I wonder how many of you can tell us Monday two reasons why you know winter is coming. Look around at the birds, the squirrels, the sky, and the wind and you can surely give two reasons.) (1st child) Winter is coming. The winds are cold. Jack Frost bites my fingers. (2nd child) Winter is coming. The birds have left us. The leaves and flowers are all dead. b. (After observing the rainbow.) We looked at the rainbow yesterday. There are many colors in it. I liked the blue part best. (After this lesson the children will better appreciate the Bible story of the rainbow and the myth, 'Tris' Bridge.") c. (Result of observing effect of light on seeds.) We planted seeds in little boxes a long time ago. Little green leaves grew. We put them in the dark and they turned yellow. POEM STUDY Material Twenty or thirt\^ rhymes and poems are to be studied this year. Of that number at least one rhyme or poem should be memorized each month — more if those selected are short. Still others are to be read to the pupils. Poem study should begin with the Mother Goose and other nursery rhymes. Later longer poems are to be studied. Be sure the selection is always appropriate to the season. Mother Goose Rhymes Other Rhymes Little Boy Blue Bobby Shafto Jack and Jill The Man in the Moon *(1) The Old Woman Who Lived in a Mary Had a Little Lamb (9) Shoe Oats, Peas, Beans, and Barley Old Mother Hubbard ' Grow Little Miss Muffet Little Rhymes for Little Readers Hickorv^ Dickory Dock (11) Little Jack Horner If I Were a Queen (5) Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son This is the Way We Wash Our Hey Diddle Diddle Clothes Little Bo-Peep London Bridge Sing a Song of Sixpence Poems to be studied Morning Prayer (See page 1 38) The Cow* (4) (9) R. L. Stevenson Time to Rise (4) R. L. Stevenson The Swing (1) R. L. Stevenson Child's Thought of a Star (1) Jane Taylor The Stars (1) May M. Jackson * The numbers refer to Sources of Poems, page 135. 15 Jack Frost (13) Celia Thaxter Sleep Baby Sleep (3) (9) (10) (12) Unknown The Baby (9) (12) Geo. Macdonald Why Do Bells For Christmas Ring? (8) Lydia A. C. Ward Cradle Hymn (Away in a Manger) (8) (12) Martin Luther The First Christmas (13) Emilie Poulsson The Rock-A-Bye Lady (1) Eugene Field Wynken Blynken Nod (3) (6) (8) (12) Eugene Field The Three Little Kittens (12) Unknown Duty of Children (1) R. L. Stevenson Who Has Seen the Wind (1) Christina Rossetti The Rain (4) (9) (12) R. L. Stevenson Boats Sail on the River (5) (9) (12) Christina Rossetti Where Go the Boats R. L. Stevenson In the Heart of a Seed (1).--- K. L. Brown Stars and Daisies (1) . F. D. Sherman The Dew Drop (9) - F. D. Sherman Summer is Coming (1) Unknown My Shadow (1) R. L. Stevenson The Sunbeams (9) Emilie Poulsson The Robin's Nest (2) Geo. Cooper What Does Little Birdie Say (3) (8) (9) Alfred Tennyson Bed in Summer (1) R. L. Stevenson Poems to be read to the children The Story of the Creation — The Bible — Genesis I and 11:1 to 3. Psalms, 19, 1, 23 Hiawatha's Childhood (9 — 3rd vol.) Longfellow The Children's Hour (1 — 3rd gd.) Longfellow The Raggedv Man (1) :___Riley A Bear Story (7) Riley A Visit from St. Nicholas (1) Moore Who Killed Cock Robin (9) (12) Mother Goose A Thanksgiving Fable (8) (2) Oliver Herford Method "The General method of teaching a poem is the same in all the grades: 1. Preparation. 2. The Whole. 3. The Parts. 4. The New Whole. This method is the most natural. First of all the pupils' minds must be ready for a clear understanding of the poem when first presented; then, before they examine details, they must have an idea of the whole; after they examine details they need again an idea of the whole, richer now in meaning because of the analysis work. To begin with the study of parts or end with the study of parts is contrary to human nature and psycholog- ically incorrect." — Haliburton and Smith in Teaching Poetry in the Grades. The object of the Preparation as has been stated is to prepare the pupils' minds for a clear understanding of the poem. The teacher must secure the pupils' attention and get them thinking along the right line. This is best accomplished by telling a short, improvised story, or stating interest- ing facts that bear on the poem, or by asking a few pertinent questions. The second step. The Whole, Is entirely the teacher's part in the first and second grades. The poem is to be recited by her as a unit so the 16 children can get the story in the large. While this is being accomplished, incidentally two other things take place. The children derive enjoyment from the reading for they like the music of poetry and, secondly, they get training in the sound of a poem correctly given. This latter is important in that it gives the teacher opportunity to set a high standard in the recit- ing of poetry. She must devote sufficient time to the study of the poem and to practice in reading it to enable her to give it confidently, musically, and artistically. Children imitate unconsciously and their future read- ings of the poem can not be otherwise than modeled after the auditory impression made by the teacher. In studying The Parts it will be necessary to examine the poem, thought by thought or stanza by stanza. The amount of discussion and analysis that is attempted will be determined by the selection. All that will add to an understanding or appreciation of it should be given, and no more. The discussion should aim particularly to make the pictures stand out so that the children will learn to think of the poem as a series of pictures instead of a group of lines or stanzas. If there are difficult words in the selection it would be well to have them studied in the regular word study class the day before. In The New Whole, the teacher should recite the entire poem at least once more. It will have a fuller meaning for the children now, and their enjoyment should exceed that derived from previous readings. At this point they often show their appreciation by joining in with the teacher when she comes to a catchy phrase or a refrain-like repetition of the words or lines. Neither is it uncommon for a good teacher of poetry to hear this at the close of a recitation of a poem, "Say it again, Miss " Thorough study of a rhyme or poem after the plan explained above, should always precede memorization. When the teacher decides that a certain rhyme or poem is to be memorized, she may follow either of the two following plans; some poems lend themselves best to one plan, some to the other. 1. Memorizing by the Whole: a. Recite poem twice, slowly. b. Repeat it having pupils follow as well as they can. c. Recite poem again slowly. d. Repeat again with pupils following. e. Repeat the parts that give the most difficulty and give individual help to those who need it. When this plan is used the memorization will be much more thorough if the teacher devotes to it a few minutes daily for several successive days rather than trying to get it all done in two or three full recitation periods. 2. Memorizing by Parts: a. Recite first thought (or stanza). b. Have children repeat it in concert and individually. c. Work with individuals if any have difficulty with words or phrases. d. Recite second thought. e. Have children repeat it. f. Recite first and second thoughts. g. Have children repeat the two. Proceed in this way until entire poem is memorized. Do not attempt to teach too much in one day. 17 Models (In the lesson plans on the following pages, the four steps in the teaching of a poem previously mentioned have been combined under the two heads, Preparation and Presentation. One complete lesson has been planned for each of the following models. A lesson usually requires more than one recitation period. The first model will require at least two fifteen minute recitation periods ; the second, about three.) I . SING A SONG OF SIXPENCE Sing a song of sixpence, A pocket full of rye ; Four and twenty blackbirds Baked in a pie. When the pie was opened, The birds began to sing; Was not that a dainty dish To set before the king? The king was in his counting-house Counting out his money; The queen was in the parlor Eating bread and honey. The maid was in the garden, Hanging out the clothes; There came a little blackbird And snapped off her nose. — Mother Goose Preparation PupiVs part Yes. (In all probability there will be none. If it happens that there is some one the teacher should have a picture for him to look at.) He wears a crown and a long velvet robe. A castle. It was large and had many towers built on it. In the castle there was furniture of gold, and many other fine things. They ate plum puddings, fruit- tarts, rich cakes, sweets, and fruits. Teacher's part Do you boys and girls like stories about kings and queens of long ago? Is there any one of you who has not seen the picture of a king or queen? How do we know a king by his picture? What was the king's home called? How did a castle differ from our homes? Do you suppose the king and queen ate the kind of food we eat? a funny rhyme about a queen of olden days — I know king and what they ate and what they did 18 Pupil's Aim Would you like to hear me say it so that you can learn it? Presentation (Children listen to rhyme.) A pie of blackbirds. The birds began to sing. Yes. Let them out the window. He went to his counting-house. It was where he kept his money. He [had spiles and piles of gold money. Eating bread and honey. Hanging out the clothes. A blackbird snapped off her nose. (Anna does as she is bidden.) Counting out his money. In the counting-house. Eating bread and honey in the parlor. Hanging up the washing. Snap off the maid's nose. (Children play it.) (Recites the rhyme.) Do any of you know the rhyme too? (If any do, they should be allowed to say it. This repetition only makes it easier for the others to get it.) What kind of pie did this king have? What strange thing happened when it was placed on the table? Do you think the king was pleased? What do you think he did with the birds? What did the king do after he ate? (If children don't remember, repeat part of the rhyme.) What do you think a counting- house was? What was the queen doing? And the maid? What happened to the maid? Let's play the last part of this story. Anna, you may choose the people to play the different parts. What should the king be doing? (Teacher addresses the boy that Anna chose to be king.) Where should he be? And the queen? (To the girl chosen to be queen.) The maid? What is the blackbird going to do? Now we'll play it. (If the class is large enough, another group should play it, for it helps them to visualize the scenes in the rhyme thereby helping them to memorize the poem.) 19 (If the teacher wishes the children to memorize this rhyme, she proceeds as below. This is the method of procedure when memorizing by the Whole.) Now I shall say it to you once more and then we shall see how quickly you boys and girls can learn it. (Children listen.) (Recites the rhyme.) I shall say it again and I want all of you to join me. Say just as (All say it as teacher leads.) much as you can. (Children repeat it with teacher.) Let's say it once more that way. Would any of you like to try to (If some one wishes to try, the say it alone? teacher encourages him by helping him in the weaker parts.) Tomorrow we shall say it two or three times and by that time most, if not all, of you will know the whole rhyme. 2. THE ROCK-A-BY LADY The Rock-a-By Lady from Hushaby Street Comes stealing; comes creeping; And the poppies they hang from her head to her feet. And each hath a dream that is tiny and fleet- She bringeth her poppies to you, my sweet. When she findeth you sleeping! There is one little dream of a beautiful drum — "Rub-a-dub!" it goeth; There is one little dream of a big sugar-plum. And lo! thick and fast the other dreams come Of pop-guns that bang, and tin tops that hum, And a trumpet that bloweth! And dollies peep out of those wee little dreams With laughter and singing; And boats go a-floating on silvery streams. And the stars peek-a-boo with their own misty gleams. And up, up, and up, where the Mother Moon beams, The fairies go winging! Would you dream all these dreams that are tiny and fleet? They'll come to you sleeping; So shut the two eyes that are weary, my sweet. For the Rock-a-By Lady from Hushaby Street, With poppies that hang from her head to her feet. Comes stealing; comes creeping. — Eugene Field 20 Preparation I am going to tell you about a poet named Eugene Field and his family. There were five boys and girls in the Field family, and more fun-loving, rollicking children one never saw. Mr. Field liked to play, too, and although he was a busy man, he set aside an hour every night after supper to play with the children. Such happy times as they did have! Sometimes he played he was a bear, at other times he was a horse and went galloping about the room, and then again he was a doctor for the girls' dolls. Then, too, he wrote poems to amuse the children. Just think of the fun of having a daddy write real poems for you! I believe Mr. Field's children liked the time when he recited his poems to them best of the whole hour's fun. One poem they liked especially well was about the Rock-a-By Lady from Hushaby Street. In the poem he told them how a lovely lady dressed all in beautiful poppies comes to visit boys and girls at night. If she finds them sleeping she leaves a poppy in which there is a most wonderful dream, just the kind boys and girls like to dream. Pupil's Aim_ Shall I sa}^ the poem to you so you can hear about those lovely dreams? Presentation PupiVs part (Listen to the recitation of the poem.) Jack — The part about the drum that goes Rub-a-dub! Mary — The part about the fairies. (Children close their eyes.) Teacher s part (Recites the poem. It should be given musically and rather softly, particularly the first and fourth stanzas.) What part of this poem do you think Mr. Field's boys and girls liked best? Let's close our eyes and play w^e can see the Rock-A-By Lady. She is tall. There are flowers all over her dress. They are red. The Lady wears a white dress, and there are poppies in her hair. They have to go to sleep. (Children listen.) (Children name the various dreams.) (Children listen and perhaps join in on familiar phrases.) How does she look, James? What color are the poppies that you see. Jack? What else do you see, Mary? Open your eyes. What do boys and girls have to do to receive one of the Rock-A-By Lady's poppies? I will recite the second and third stanzas again, and when I have finished, I shall ask you to name all the different dreams that the Rock- A-By Lady can give boys and girls. (Recites second and third stanzas.) (Asks pupils to name the dreams.) I am going to say poem once more. the whole 21 (If the poem is to be memorized, proceed as follows. This is the method of procedure when memorizing by Parts.) I know you boys and girls would like to say this beautiful poem with- out the book just as I do, so we will begin to learn it. (Recites first thought.) 'The Rock-A-By Lady from Hush- aby Street Comes stealing ; comes creeping;" Now rU say it again and you (Children repeat it in concert, say it with me. A few slower ones may be asked to repeat it individually. Then all repeat it together again.) (Teacher recites second thought.) "And the poppies they hang from her head to her feet," Say that line. (Teacher recites first and second thoughts.) 'The Rock-A-By Lady from Hush^ aby Street Comes stealing; comes creeping; And the poppies they hang from her head to her feet," (Children repeat as they did first thought.) (Children thoughts.) repeat the two (Teacher recites third thought and proceeds to attach it to first two; then the fourth is studied in same way, and the whole stanza is memorized.) (Teacher proceeds this way with all stanzas.) STORY REPRODUCTION Material Children dearly love stories. There is nothing else except play to which they give themselves up with such complete abandon. And stories are good for them. They are cultural, moral, ethical, instructional, and enter- taining. There are no sane arguments against stories for children and there are scores for them. Do not be meager in the number you give your pupils. Acquaint the first grade children with one new story each week. Some of that number should be told (or read) merely to familiarize the children with them. Others should be told and thoroughly discussed, and still others are to be reprodnced by the children, either by retelling or drama- tization. Of the last class there should not be many — not more than two each month — for the children are to review these again and again until they know them|perfectly. 22 Students of child study know that a child's taste for stories varies with his age. This fact must be kept in mind when stories are chosen for chil- dren. The following classification of stories according to the age of the child is the one on which the story work in this bulletin is based. 1 . Rhymes From 2 to 6 years of age. 2. Nursery tales From 3 to 7 years of age. 3. Fairy (and wonder) tales From 4 to 9 years of age. 4. Fables From 6 to 10 years of age. 5. Myths From 6 to 12 years of age. 6. Folk tales and legends From 6 to 12 years of age. 7. Bible stories From 6 years of age on. 8. True stories of modern times From 6 years of age on. 9. Hero or epic tales From 10 to 14 years of age. 10. Romantic stories (novels) From 12 years of age on." Under Story Reproduction in each grade in this bulletin there is a clas- sified list of some of the best children's stories. These stories are classics and every child should be made familiar with as many of those suggested for his grade as he is capable of assimilating. If time permits and the child possesses the ability, the teacher should supplement the list with others of the same literary standard. Rhymes ■ Rhymes and jingles make instant appeal to every young child. This is due no doubt to the fact that the literature of every people had its beginning in poetry. Poetr}^ was the primitive man's natural way of expressing the music in his soul. The child, who is a later edition of primi- tive man, enjoys as did his remote ancestors the swing and rhythm of poetry. He masters it easily. Many children have an extensive reper- toire of rhymes and Verses before they enter school. This however is not generally true of the children who live in the country. The rural teacher may take it for granted that if her pupils are familiar with any rhymes at all upon entering school that they do not know a sufficient number. Roll- licking, alliterative, humorous rhymes are just the thing for the unemo- tional, serious small boys and girls in the rural schools. There are none better than the Mother Goose melodies. They are classic literature. To supplement them, see Other Rhymes under Poem Study for this grade. Nursery tales In early days man dwelt in close touch with nature and he believed that water, stones, trees, animals, etc., possessed spirits and could think and talk. The child passes through a like period of development when he is from three to seven years of age. His kinship with nature is very close then. The boy thinks of his dog as his equal and he believes sincerely that the fowls and domestic animals respond when he talks to them; while the little girl doesnotdoubt that the flowers and birds under- stand what she says to them. Naturally stories that personify nature and those in which birds, animals, and trees are made to talk and live like people appeal strongly to these children. These stories (called nursery tales because they are the first kind of prose story to appeal to children) are of two types. The Cumulative story is the simplest. It begins with one or few facts and the details are added one by one. The child listens 23 eagerly for the successive additions to the story and as the cumulative phrase gets longer and longer his pleasure in the story increases. The other kind of nursery tale is the Repetition story. This has its charm for children in the repetitive thought that is heard throughout it. Quite generally it is clothed in the same words each time it occurs, as, " 'I will, then' " said the Little Red Hen, and she did," or, "By the hair of my chinny, chin, chin, I'll huff and I'll puff. And I'll blow your house in." It is highly desirable that country boys and girls should become familiar with a number of stories that call attention to the human-like qualities of animals as do these nursery tales and also many of the folk tales and legends. Country children live in closer contact with animals than do city children, yet they often fail to have a proper amount of sympathy for them. These stories help to develop the right attitude and feeling toward their dumb friends. Cumulative stories The Old Woman and her Pig *(1) (4) (9) The House that Jack Built (4) (9) The Gingerbread Man (2) (9) (10) Chicken Little (4) (9) The Cat and the Parrot (1) Repetition stories The Three Bears (1) (4) (5) (9) The Three Billy-Goats Gruff (4) (11) (12) The Three Pigs (1) (4) (9) The Straw Ox (Reading — Literature. Free and Treadwell. First book) - Little Half-Chick (2) (9) The Little Red Hen (2) (4) The stories used in the first half of this year's work should be chosen almost entirely from the classes described above, rhymes and nursery tales. Later in the year the following classes of stories should be used. Fairy (and wonder) stories (This and the followmg classes of stories will be described in later grades.) Cinderella (4) (5) (6) (7) (14) Snow White (7) Beauty and the Beast (5) (6) (14) Puss in Boots (4) (5) (6) (14) Jack and the Bean Stalk (4) (5) (14) The Shoemaker and the Elves (2) (7) (9) (14) Boots and his Brothers (Peter Paul and Espen) (9) (11) Why the Sea is Salt (1) (6) (11) (12) The Lad Who Went to the North Wind (11) (12) The Pig Brother (1) Fables The Dog and his Image (4) (14) (16) The Fox and the Crow (9) (16) The Lion and the Mouse (4) (14) (16) * The numbers refer to Sources of Stories, page 135. 24 Myths Golden Rod and Asters (9) Proserpine (9) (13) (22) The Story of Arachne (9) (13) The Story of Clytie (4) (9) (13) Iris' Bridge (The Story of the Rainbow) (4) (13) Folk tales and legends The Little Red Hen and the Fox— Folk tale (2) (4) (9) The Bremen Town Musicians (The Traveling Musicians) (4) (7) (13) (14) Little Red Riding Hood— English folk tale (4) (5) (6) (14) Raggylug — Folk tale (1) Uncle Remus' stories — Animal lore (15) Epaminondas— Southern tale (2) The Jackal and the Alligator— Hindo folk tale (2) Adventures of Prickly Porky, Poor Mrs. Quack, Old Man Coyote, and others (24) Mother West Wind Stories (25) Tales of Benjamin Bunny, Peter Rabbit, Squirrel Nutkin, and others (26) Little Tavwots — Indian legend (1) The Legend of St. Valentine (George Primary Plan Book) How the Robin's Breast Became Red— Old legend (3) (4) (9) (13) The Woodpecker— Old legend (3) (4) (9) (13) Why Evergreen Trees Keep their Leaves all Winter (1) (4) Bible stories How the Baby Moses was Saved (Exodus, Chap .1:22 and Chap 11:1-44) (The Child in the Bulrushes) (32) *The Birth of Christ, or The First Christmas (St. Luke, Chap. 11:1-18) The First Easter (St. Luke, Chap. XXIV) The Rainbow as the Bow of Promise (Genesis, Chap. IX: 8-18) (32) (This may be told after a nature study lesson on the rainbow.) True stories of modern times The story of the first Thanksgiving The story of Washington's boyhood Stories about Lincoln (These stories may be found in an elementary United States history.) Method The story should first be told by the teacher. She should have the lower grade children, particularly, sit near her during the story-telling period for nearness to the teller seems to enchance the vividness of the story. She also should look at all her pupils during the telling of the story for every child wants to feel that it is told to him directly, and this he can not do unless the teacher includes him in her glances as she talks. * The story of the birth of Christ is well told in Jean Mitchell's School by Angelina Wray. 25 The teacher's EngHsh, her mannerisms, her vivacity or lack of it will be reproduced, to a great extent, by the children with the reproduction of the story. Hence it should be very well told. A most careful preparation will have to be made by those who have had little or no training in story- telling. Fortunately there is no one with ordinary capabilities who with earnest effort can not in a short time learn to tell a story well enough to secure and hold the attention of her pupils. The question that troubles inexperienced teachers is, "How shall I go about it?" The first step is the selection of a story. It must be one with an interesting beginning, for children do not like description or explanation. As Miss Bailey has said, "It must catch the attention of the audience as the curtain rises." This must be followed by action, continuous action, and the end must be such that the children will know definitely what happened to the chief characters. The next step is how to get .the story ready to tell. It should be read several times. It is better to allow some time to elapse between the several readings. Then attempt should be made to outline the story. The outline will prove whether or not the teller has the events of the story in their proper sequence. There is perhaps no more serious way of bungling a story than to get the order of events confused. After the teller is able to make a correct outline, she should rehearse the story to an imaginary class until she can tell it well. Living with a story until it has been thoroughly assimilated is the secret of successful story-telling. Then the pictures of the story are seen vividly, the proper emotion is felt, and the language of the author has become more or less a habit with the teller, and she is able to tell the story simply, naturally^ and forcefully. It is a grave mistake to try to memorize a story and give it verbatim. A story so given can not ring as true as one that through study has become the teller's own; beyond that, the teller is hindered by the words of another, and if he happens to forget a word or phrase, he is confused, if not lost altogether.
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L Mount Owen ie n crëp te l'Australia. L toca pra la ciadëina de crëps Ciadëina de West Coast y à na autëza de metri.
Geografia
Referënzes
Crëp te l'Australia.
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Environnement macroéconomique
L'environnement macroéconomique qui prévaut depuis un certain
temps affecte défavorablement les résultats des opérations du
Groupe et la forte dépendance du Groupe à l'environnement
économique, notamment en Allemagne, peut conduire à des
charges encore plus importantes dans le cas d'un nouveau
ralentissement économique.
Risques de contrepartie
Le Groupe est soumis à des risques de contrepartie (risques de
crédit) également en ce qui concerne des engagements individuels
importants, prêts et avances importants, et des engagements qui
sont concentrés sur des secteurs particuliers, appelés risques de
concentration, ainsi qu'en ce qui concerne des prêts consentis à des
débiteurs pouvant être particulièrement affectés par la crise de la
dette souveraine. Le financement immobilier et le financement
maritime sont exposés aux risques associés notamment à la
volatilité des prix de l'immobilier et des prix des navires, y compris le
risque de contrepartie (risque de crédit) et le risque de modifications
importantes de la valeur des actifs immobiliers et maritimes donnés
à titre de sûreté. Le Groupe a un nombre important de prêts non-
productifs dans son portefeuille, et il est possible que ces défauts ne Page 34soient pas suffisamment couverts par des sûretés en sus des
dépréciations et dotations aux provisions précédemment effectuées.
Risques de marché
Le Groupe est exposé à un risque de prix de marché lié à la
valorisation des titres de capital et des parts de fonds
d'investissement ainsi que sous la forme de risques de taux
d'intérêt, de risques de différentiel de taux, de risques de change, de
risques de volatilité et de corrélation, de risques liés au prix des
matières premières.
Risques stratégiques
Il existe un risque que le Groupe ne puisse pas mettre en œuvre ses
plans stratégiques ou qu'il ne puisse les mettre en œuvre que
partiellement ou à des coûts supérieurs à ceux envisagés. Les effets
de synergie attendus de l'intégration de Dresdner Bank dans le
Groupe pourraient être moins importants que prévus ou se produire
plus tard que prévu. De plus, l'intégration en cours entraîne des
coûts et des investissements considérables qui pourraient être
supérieurs aux limites prévues. Il est possible que des clients ne
soient pas conservés sur le long terme du fait de l'acquisition de
Dresdner Bank.
Risques liés à l'environnement concurrentiel
Les marchés dans lesquels le Groupe est actif, en particulier le
marché allemand et, tout particulièrement au sein de ce dernier, les
activités avec la clientèle de particuliers et d'entreprises ainsi que
les activités de banque d'investissement, sont caractérisés par une
forte concurrence en termes de prix et de conditions, ce qui entraîne
une pression considérable sur les marges. Les mesures prises par
les gouvernements et les banques centrales destinées à juguler la
crise financière et la crise de la dette souveraine ont un impact
significatif sur l'environnement compétitif.
Risques de liquidité
Le Groupe est dépendant d'un approvisionnement régulier de
liquidités et une pénurie de liquidités sur le marché ou relative à une
entreprise en particulier peut avoir un effet défavorable significatif
sur l'actif du Groupe, sa situation financière et ses résultats
d'exploitation. Actuellement, l'approvisionnement en liquidités des
banques et autres acteurs des marchés financiers est fortement
dépendante de mesures expansives des banques centrales.
Risques opérationnels
Le Groupe est exposé à un grand nombre de risques opérationnels
dont notamment le risque que des salariés fassent souscrire des
risques importants au Groupe ou violent les règles de conformité
dans le cadre de la conduite des activités et puissent ainsi
provoquer des dommages importants apparaissant brusquement.
Risques liés aux participations
S'agissant de participations dans des sociétés cotées et non cotées,
Commerzbank est exposée à des risques particuliers liés à la
solidité et au caractère gérable de ces participations. Il est possible Page 35que les écarts d'acquisition reportés au bilan consolidé doivent faire
l'objet d'une dépréciation totale ou partielle.
Risques liés à la réglementation bancaire
Le renforcement des exigences réglementaires relatives aux fonds
propres et à la liquidité sont susceptibles de remettre en cause le
modèle économique d'un certain nombre d'opérations du Groupe et
d'affecter défavorablement la position concurrentielle du Groupe.
D'autres réformes réglementaires proposées à la suite de la crise
financière, telles que, par exemple, les charges obligatoires comme
la taxe bancaire, une éventuelle taxe sur les transactions financières
ou des obligations d'information et d'organisation plus strictes,
peuvent influencer de façon importante le modèle d'entreprise du
Groupe et son environnement concurrentiel.
Risques juridiques
Des demandes de dommages-intérêts fondées sur des conseils en
investissement erronés ou pour défaut de transparence concernant
les commissions internes ont entraîné des charges substantielles et
peuvent à l'avenir entraîner de nouvelles charges substantielles
pour le Groupe. Commerzbank et ses filiales font l'objet de
réclamations, y compris aux termes de procédures judiciaires, aux
fins d'obtenir le paiement et la restitution de valeur de titres
participatifs et de "trust-preferred securities " émis par
Commerzbank. L'issue de ces procédures pourrait avoir un effet
négatif significatif sur le Groupe, au-delà des prétentions formulées
au titre de chaque réclamation. Les procédures introduites par les
régulateurs, les autorités de tutelle et les ministères publics peuvent
avoir des effets défavorables significatifs sur le Groupe.
D.6 Informations clés concernant les principaux risques propres aux titres
Absence de marché secondaire immédiatement avant l' exercice
finale
Le teneur de marché et/ou la bourse mettront fin à la négociation
des Bons d'Option au plus tard peu de temps avant leur exercice
prévu. Cependant, entre le dernier jour de négociation et l'exercice
prévu, le prix du Sous-Jacent et/ou le taux de change, qui sont
pertinents aux Bons d'Option, pourront encore évoluer. Ceci peut
désavantager l'investisseur.
Absence de sûreté
Les Bons d'Option constituent des obligations inconditionnelles de
l'Emetteur. Ils ne sont ni assurés par le Fonds de Protection des
Dépôts de l'Association des Banques Allemandes
(Einlagensicherungsfonds des Bundesverbandes deutscher Banken
e.V.) ni par la loi allemande sur les dépôts et l'indemnisation des
investisseurs (Einlagensicherungs- und
Anlegerentschädigungsgesetz). Cela signifie que l'investisseur
supporte le risque que l'Emetteur ne puisse pas honorer ses
engagements au titre des Bons d'Option ou ne puisse le faire en
partie seulement. Dans ces circonstances, l'investisseur pourrait
supporter une perte totale du capital investi.
Cela signifie que l'investisseur supporte le risque de la dégradation
de la situation financière de l'Emetteur – et que l'Emetteur puisse
faire l'objet d'une procédure de restructuration
(Reorganisationsverfahren) ou d'ordre de transfert Page 36(Übertragungsanordnung ) en vertu de la loi allemande sur la
restructuration bancaire ou qu'une procédure d'insolvabilité soit
engagée au titre de ses actifs – et, par voie de conséquence, que
les paiements dus au titre des Bons d'Option ne puissent être
honorés ou ne le soient qu'en partie. Dans ces circonstances,
l'investisseur pourrait supporter une perte totale du capital investi.
Les retenues liées au "Foreign Account Tax Compliance" pourraient
affecter les paiements au titre des Bons d'Option
L'Emetteur et les autres institutions financières par l'intermédiaire
desquelles des paiements sont réalisés sur les Bons d'Option
pourraient devoir procéder à des retenues à la source au taux de 30
% sur les paiement réalisés après le 31 décembre 2016 au titre de
tous Bons d'Option qui sont émis ou significativement modifiés
après le 31 décembre 2013, conformément aux Articles 1471 à 1474
du Code des Impôts américain, communément appelés "FATCA "
(Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act). Une obligation de retenue à
la source pourrait également exister – peu important la date
d'émission – si les Bons d'Option doivent être traités comme des
instruments de capital en application de la loi fiscale américaine. Les
règlementations de la FATCA mentionnées ci-dessus ne sont pas
définitive. Les Investisseurs dans les Bons d'Option doivent en
conséquence être conscients du fait que des paiements au titre
des Bons d'Option peuvent, dans certaines circonstances, être
soumis à des retenues à la source américaines, qui peuvent
diminuer le résultat économique du Bon d'Option.
Effet d'une baisse de notation
La valeur des Bons d'Option pourrait être affectée par les notes
données à l'Emetteur par les agences de notation. Toute baisse de
la notation de l'Emetteur, ne serait-ce que par l'une de ces agences
de notation, pourrait entraîner une réduction de la valeur des Bons
d'Option.
Droits d'ajustement et de résiliation
L'Emetteur sera en droit de réaliser des ajustements conformément
aux Modalités ou de résilier et rembourser les Bons d'option de
manière anticipée si certaines conditions sont remplies. Ceci peut
avoir un effet négatif sur la valeur des Bons d'Option ainsi que sur le
Montant de Remboursement. Si les Bons d'Option sont résiliés, le
montant dû aux porteurs de Bons d'Option en cas de résiliation des
Bons d'Option peut être inférieur au montant que les porteurs de
Bons d'Option auraient reçu en l'absence de cette résiliation.
Perturbation de marché
L'Emetteur peut déterminer des cas de perturbation de marché qui
pourraient retarder un calcul et/ou tout paiement au titre des Bons
d'Option et qui pourraient affecter la valeur des Bons d'Option. En
outre, dans certains cas mentionnés, l'Emetteur peut estimer
certains prix qui sont pertinents au regard des paiements devant
être réalisés ou de barrières devant être atteintes. Ces estimations
peuvent s'écarter de leur valeur réelle.
Substitution de l'Emetteur
Si les conditions prévues par les Modalités sont remplies, l'Emetteur Page 37pourra à tout moment, sans devoir obtenir l'accord des porteurs de
Bons d'Option, designer une autre société en qualité de nouvel
Emetteur aux fins d'exécuter à sa place toutes les obligations
découlant des Bons d'Option ou s'y rapportant. Dans ce cas, le
porteur des Notes assumera généralement également le risque
d'insolvabilité du nouvel Emetteur.
Facteurs de risques liés au Sous-Jacent
Les Bons d'Option dépendent de la valeur du Sous-Jacent et des
risques liés à ce Sous-Jacent. La valeur du Sous-Jacent est fonction
d'un certain nombre de facteurs qui peuvent être liés entre eux. Ces
facteurs peuvent inclure des événements de nature économique,
financière et politique échappant au contrôle de l'Emetteur. Les
performances antérieures d'un Sous-Jacent ne doivent pas être
considérées comme un indicateur de ses performances futures
pendant la durée des Bons d'Option.
Risque à l'échéance:
L'investisseur supporte le risque que le Montant de Règlement en
Espèces converti en EUR dû à la Date de Règlement soit inférieur
au prix d'achat du Bon d'Option. Plus le Prix de Référence du Sous-
Jacent à la date d'Evaluation est faible plus la perte sera importante.
Si le Prix de Référence du Sous-Jacent est égal ou inférieur au Prix
d'Exercice le Montant de Règlement en Espèces sera de zéro. Le
Porteur de Bon d'Option subira une perte qui correspondra à la
totalité du prix d'achat payé pour le Bon d'Option (perte totale).
En outre, l'investisseur supporte un risque de change dans la
mesure où les montants qui ne sont pas exprimés en EUR seront
convertis au taux de change à la Date d'Evaluation.
Risques si l'investisseur à l'intention de vendre ou doit vendre les
Bons d'Option pendant la durée:
Risque de valeur de marché:
Le prix de vente réalisable avant l'exercice final pourrait être
significativement inférieur au prix d'acquisition payé par
l'investisseur.
La valeur de marché des Bons d'Option dépend principalement de la
performance du Sous-Jacent des Bons d'Option, sans la reproduire
exactement. En particulier, les facteurs suivants peuvent avoir un
effet défavorable sur le prix de marché des Bons d'Option:
- Changements dans l'intensité attendue de la variation du
Sous-Jacent (volatilité)
- Evolution du taux d'intérêt
- Durée restante des Bons d'Option
- Evolutions défavorables des taux de change
- Evolutions des dividendes de l'Action
Chacun de ces facteurs pourrait produire en lui-même un effet ou
renforcer ou annuler les autres.
Risques de négociation:
L'Emetteur n'est ni tenu de fournir des prix d'achat et de vente des Page 38Bons d'Option sur une base continue (i) sur les bourses sur
lesquelles les Bons d'Option sont admis à la négociation ou (ii) sur
une base hors bourse (OTC) ni de racheter des Bons d'Option.
Même si l'Emetteur fournit généralement des prix d'achat et de
vente, dans le cas de conditions de marché exceptionnelles ou de
problèmes techniques, la vente ou l'achat des Bons d'Option
pourrait être temporairement limitée ou impossible. Page 39Section E – Offre
Elément Description de l'Elément
Informations à inclure
E.2b Raisons de l'offre et l'utilisation du produit de celle-
ci lorsqu'il s'agit de raison autres que la réalisation d'un bénéfice et/ou la
couverture de certains risques
- sans objet –
Réalisation d'un bénéfice
E.3 Description des modalités et des conditions de
l'offre
Commerzbank offre à compter du 19 septembre 2013 500.000 Bons
d'Option à un prix d'émission initial de EUR 1,39 par Bon d'Option.
E.4 Tout intérêt, y
compris les intérêts conflictuels, pouvant influer sensiblement sur l'émission/l'offre
Les conflits d'intérêts suivants peuvent survenir dans le cadre de
l'exercice des droits et/ou obligations de l'Emetteur conformément
aux Modalités des Bons d'Option (par exemple dans le cadre de la
détermination ou de l'adaptation des paramètres des modalités), qui
affectent les montants dus:
- réalisation d'opérations sur le Sous-Jacent
-émission de produits dérivés supplémentaires relatifs au Sous-
Jacent
- relations d'affaires avec l'Emetteur du Sous-Jacent
-détention d'informations importantes (y compris non-publiques)
sur le Sous-Jacent
- le fait d'agir en tant que Teneur de Marché
E.7 Estimation des dépenses facturées à l'investisseur par l'émetteur ou l'offreur
L'investisseur peut habituellement acheter les Bons d'Option à un
prix d'émission fixe. Ce prix d'émission fixe contient tous les coûts
supportés par l'Emetteur liés à l'émission et à la vente des Bons
d'Option (par exemple coûts de distribution, coûts de structuration et
de couverture ainsi que la marge bénéficiaire de Commerzbank).
SAMENVATTING
Samenvattingen bestaan uit informatieverplichtingen gekend als 'Onderdelen'. Deze Onderdelen zijn
genummerd in de Afdelingen A-E (A.1-E.7).
Deze samenvatting bevat alle Onderdelen die moeten worden opgenomen in een samenvatting voor
dit type van effecten en Emittent. Er kunnen lacunes zijn in de volgorde van de nummering van de
Onderdelen, in de gevallen waar de Onderdelen niet moeten worden behandeld.
Hoewel een Onderdeel moet worden opgenomen in de samenvatting omwille van het type effecten en
de Emittent, is het mogelijk dat geen relevante informatie kan worden gegeven met betrekking tot het
Onderdeel. In dat geval is een korte beschrijving van het Onderdeel opgenomen in de samenvatting
met de vermelding '-Niet van toepassing-'. Sommige bepalingen van deze samenvatting staan tussen
haken. Deze informatie zal worden aangevuld, of wanneer irrelevant, worden gewist, met betrekking
tot een bepaalde uitgifte van effecten, en de volledige samenvatting met betrekking tot deze uitgifte
dient te worden aangehecht aan de desbetreffende definitieve voorwaarden.
Afdeling A – Inleiding en waarschuwingen
Onderdeel Beschrijving van Onderdeel
Informatieverplichting
A.1 Waarschuwingen Deze samenvatting moet worden gelezen als een inleiding op het
basisprospectus (het "Basisprospectus") en de betreffende
Definitieve Voorwaarden. Elke beslissing om te investeren in de
effecten uitgegeven onder het Basisprospectus (de "Warranten")
moet gebaseerd zijn op een overweging van het Basisprospectus in
zijn geheel en de Definitieve Voorwaarden.
Wanneer een vordering met betrekking tot de informatie uit het
Basisprospectus bij een rechterlijke instantie in een lidstaat van de
Europese Economische Ruimte wordt aanhangig gemaakt, is het
mogelijk dat de belegger die de vordering instelt, krachtens de
nationale wetgeving van deze lidstaat, de kosten van de vertaling van
het Basisprospectus en van de Definitieve Voorwaarden moet dragen
voordat de vordering wordt ingesteld.
Enkel die personen die de samenvatting hebben ingediend met
inbegrip van enige vertaling hiervan kunnen burgerlijk aansprakelijk
worden gesteld en enkel als de samenvatting misleidend, onjuist of
inconsistent is wanneer het wordt samengelezen met de andere
delen van het Basisprospectus, of als het niet de kerngegevens
verschaft wanneer het wordt samengelezen met andere delen van
het Basisprospectus.
A.2 Toestemming voor het gebruik
van het
prospectusDe Emittent verleent hierbij toestemming om het Basisprospectus
en de Definitieve Voorwaarden te gebruiken voor de latere
wederverkoop of de definitieve plaatsing van de Warranten door
enige financiële tussenpersoon.
De aanbiedingsperiode waarbinnen de latere wederverkoop of
definitieve plaatsing van de Waranten door de financiële
tussenpersonen kunnen worden gedaan, is geldig zolang het
Basisprospectus en de Definitieve Voorwaarden geldig zijn in
overeenstemming met artikel 9 van de Prospectus Richtlijn zoals
geïmplementeerd in de betreffende Lidstaat.
De toestemming om het Basisprospectus en de Definitieve Page 41Voorwaarden te gebruiken wordt enkel verleend met betrekking tot
de volgende Lidstaaten: Franse Republiek en het Koninkrijk België.
De toestemming om het Basisprospectus te gebruiken met inbegrip
van enige supplementen evenals enige bijhorende Definitieve
Voorwaarden is onderworpen aan de voorwaarden dat (i) het
Basisprospectus en de onderscheiden Definitieve Voorwaarden
afgeleverd worden aan de potentiële beleggers samen met enige
supplementen gepubliceerd vóór deze levering en (ii) bij het gebruik
van het Basisprospectus en de betreffende Definitieve
Voorwaarden, elke financiële tussenpersoon zich ervan vergewist
dat zij voldoet aan alle van toepassing zijnde wet-en regelgeving die
van kracht zijn in de betreffende rechtsgebieden.
In het geval van een aanbod door een financiële
tussenpersoon, zal deze financiële tussenpersoon informatie
verschaffen aan de beleggers over de algemene voorwaarden
van het aanbod op het moment van dat aanbod.
Page 42Afdeling B – Emittent
Onderdeel Beschrijving van Onderdeel
Informatieverplichting
B.1 Juridische en commerciële naam van de Emittent
De officiële naam van de Bank is COMMERZBANK
Aktiengesellschaft (de "Emittent ", de "Bank" of
"Commerzbank", samen met haar geconsolideerde
dochterondernemingen "Commerzbank Groep" of de
"Groep") en de commerciële naam van de Bank is
Commerzbank.
B.2 Domicilie / rechtsvorm / wetgeving / land van oprichting
De Bank is gevestigd in Frankfurt am Main en haar
hoofdkantoor is gelegen te Kaiserstraße 16 (Kaiserplatz),
60311 Frankfurt am Main, Bondsrepubliek Duitsland.
Commerzbank is een kapitaalvennootschap naar Duits
recht.
B.4b Bekende trends die de Emittent en
de bedrijfstakken waarin zij actief is beïnvloedt
De wereldwijde financiële crisis en de schuldencrisis in de
eurozone in het bijzonder hebben in het verleden de netto-
activa, de financiële positie en de financiële resultaten van
Commerzbank wezenlijk onder druk gezet, en het kan
worden aangenomen dat er ook in de toekomst verdere
wezenlijke nadelige gevolgen voor Commerzbank zullen
zijn, met name in het geval van een hernieuwde escalatie
van de crisis.
B.5 Organisatorische structuur
Commerzbank is de moedermaatschappij van de
Commerzbank Groep. De Commerzbank Groep houdt
rechtstreeks en onrechtstreeks deelnemingen aan in
verschillende vennootschappen.
B.9 Winstprognose of raming
- niet van toepassing –
De Emittent maakt momenteel geen winstprognose of
raming.
B.10 Voorbehouden in het controleverslag
- niet van toepassing –
PricewaterhouseCoopers Aktiengesellschaft
Wirtschaftsprüfungs-gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main
("PwC") controleerde de jaarrekening van het boekjaar
2012 en de geconsolideerde jaarrekeningen van het
boekjaar van 2011 en 2012 en gaf in beide gevallen een
auditrapport zonder enige voorbehouden uit. Bovendien
heeft PwC de verkorte geconsolideerde tussentijdse
financiële cijfers per 30 juni 2013 aan een auditcontrole
onderworpen en heeft in dit verband een auditrapport
uitgegeven.
B.12 Geselecteerde essentiële financiële informatie
De volgende tabel geeft een samenvatting van de
financiële balans en de resultatenrekening van de
Commerzbank Groep weer dat werd geselecteerd uit hun
gecontroleerde en geconsolideerde jaarrekening opgesteld
in overeenstemming met IFRS per 31 december 2011 en
2012 alsook uit de geconsolideerde tussentijdse financiële
cijfers per 30 juni 2013 (gecontroleerd).
Balans31 december
201131 december
20111)30 juni 2013
Activa (€m)
Cash reserve 6.075 15.755 11.937
Schuldvorderingen tav banken 87.790 88.028 113.522
Schuldvorderingen tav klanten 296.586 278.546 278.069
Waardecorrectie portfolio fair value hedges 147 202 105
Postitieve rëele waarde van afgeleide
indekkingsinstrumenten 5.132 6.057 4.448
Handelsactiva 155.700 144.144 124.540
Financële beleggingen 94.523 89.142 85.455
Deelneming verbonden ondernemingen 694 744 736
Immateriële vaste activa 3.038 3.051 3.081
Vaste activa 1.399 1.372 1.700
Vastgoedbelegging 808 637 729
Niet-vlottende activa en disposal groups
held for sale 1.759 757 4.932
Huidige fiscale activa 716 790 604
Vooruitaalde fiscale activa 4.154 3.216 3.183
Overige activa 3.242 3.571 3.922
Total 661.763 636.012 636.963
Vreemd en eigen vermogen (€m)
Schuldenlast tav banken 98.481 110.242 124.386
Schuldenlast tav klanten 255.344 265.842 290.585
Zekergestelde schuldenlast 105.673 79.332 69.802
Waardecorrectie portfolio fair value hedges 938 1.467 825
Negatieve reële waarde van afgeleide
indekkingstrumenten 11.427 11.739 9.175
Handelsverplichtingen 137.847 116.111 91.362
Provisies 3.761 3.259 4.017
Huidige fiscale verplichtingen 680 324 318
Uitgestelde fiscale verplichtingen 189 90 199
Schuldenlast uit disposal groups held for
sale 592 223
Overige schuldenlast 6.568 6.523 6.542
Achtergesteld kapitaal 13.285 12.316 11.739
Hybride kapitaal 2.175 1.597 1.513
Eigen vermogen 24.803 26.327 26.477
Totaal 661.763 636.012 636.963
Resultatenrekeming (€m)31 décembre
201131 décembre
201230 juni 20121)30 juni 2013
Netto-renteopbrengst 6.724 5.539 3.478 2.985
Provisies voor leningsverlies (1.390) (1.660) (616) (804)
Netto-renteopbrengst voor provisies voor
leningsverlies5.334 3.879 2.862 2.181
Netto commissie opbrengst 3.495 3.191 1.633 1.655
Netto bedrijfsresultaat en netto trading from
hedge accounting1.986 1.121 248 308
Netto beleggingsopbrengst (3.611) 81 (199) (126)
Huidige netto opbrengst van deelneming
verbonden ondernemingen42 46 18 19
Overige netto opbrengst 1.253 (77) (22) (67)
Operationele kosten 7.992 7.025 3.522 3.423
Herstructureringskosten --- 43 43 493
Netto winst of verlies from sale of disposal of
groups--- (268) (86) ---
Winst vóór belasting 507 905 889 54
Belasting op inkomen (240) 796 211 57
Geconsolideerde winst 747 109 678 (3)
1) Herhaling van cijfers uit vorige jaren omwille van eerste toepassing van de
gewijzigde IAS 19 en andere bekendmakingswijzigingen.
Behalve als vermeld onder punt B.13, zijn er geen wezenlijke
nadelige veranderingen geweest in de vooruitzichten van
Commerzbank sinds 31 december 2012.
Page 44Behalve als vermeld onder punt B.13, is er geen wezenlijke
nadelige verandering in de financiële positie van de
Commerzbank Groep sinds 30 juni 2013.
B.13 Recente ontwikkelingen
In november 2012 heeft Commerzbank haar strategische en
financiële doelstellingen tot 2016 gepubliceerd.
Commerzbank is van plan om haar business model aan te
passen aan de veranderende randvoorwaarden in de
financiële sector in de volgende jaren. In het kader van haar
strategische agenda voor de periode tot 2016, is
Commerzbank voornemens om meer dan EUR 2,0 miljard te
investeren in de winstcapaciteit van de kernactiviteiten in de
segmenten Privépersonen (Private Customers),
Mittelstandsbank, Vennootschappen & Markten (Corporates &
Markets), en Centraal- en Oost-Europa. Bovendien, dienen de
kosten stabiel te blijven en zal het garantievermogen verder
worden geoptimaliseerd door de tenuitvoerlegging van
aanvullende doelmatigheidsmaatregelen.
Als onderdeel van de omzetting van de strategische agenda,
zullen ongeveer 5.200 voltijdse posities bij Commerzbank
verdwijnen tegen 2016.
Op 13 maart 2013 kondigde Commerzbank haar voornemen
aan om de stille participaties van Financial Market
Stabilization Fund (SoFFin) van ongeveer EUR 1.6 miljard en
Allianz van EUR 750 miljoen volledig vroegtijdig terug te
betalen. Met het oog hierop heeft Commerzbank op 22 april
2013 als een eerste stap een kapitaalsverlaging doorgevoerd
door een consolidatie van aandelen in een ratio van 10:1. In
een volgende stap, werd een kapitaalsverhoging uitgevoerd
en geregistreerd in het handelsregister van Plaatselijke Hof
van Frankfurt am Main op 28 mei 2013. Een totaal van
555.555.556 nieuwe aandelen werd uitgegeven aan een
inschrijvingsprijs van EUR 4,50 per aandeel. De stille
toepassingen van SoFFin en Allianz warden volledig
terugbetaald per 31 mei 2013.
Midden juli 2013 tekende Commerzbank een overeenkomst
betreffende de verkoop van haar commerciële
vastgoedportefeuille in het Verenigd Koninkrijk aan een
consortium. De transactie heeft betrekking tot commerciële
vastgoedleningen voor een totale waarde van EUR 5,0
miljard, met inbegrip van de daarmee verband houdende
interestvoet- en munteenheidderivaten alsook de gehele
operationele activiteiten van Hypothekenbank Frankfurt in het
Verenigd Koninkrijk.
Op het einde van juli 2013 bereikte Commerzbank een
overeenkomst met BNP Paribas aangaande de verkoop van
haar "Depotbank"-activiteit. In de loop van de transactie
worden de klantenrelaties overgebracht naar BNP Paribas.
Deze transactie staat nog steeds onder voorbehoud van de
goedkeuring door de relevante toezichthoudende autoriteiten.
De bewaarnemingactiviteiten voor klanten van Commerzbank,
die een omvangrijke bewaarnemingsdienst aan private
klanten, zakenklanten, vennootschapsklanten van de Bank
alsook aan institutionele beleggers uitmaken, en die deel
uitmaken van de kernactiviteiten van Commerzbank, worden
niet aangetast door deze overeenkomst. Page 45
B.14 Afhankelijkheid van andere
entiteiten van de groep
- niet van toepassing –
Zoals uiteengezet in punt B.5, is Commerzbank de
moedermaatschappij van de Commerzbank Groep.
B.15 Hoofdactiviteiten, hoofdmarkten van de Emittent
De focus van haar activiteiten ligt op de levering van een
brede waaier van financiële diensten aan particulieren, kleine
en middelgrote bedrijven en institutionele klanten in Duitsland,
waaronder het beheer van de rekeningen en het afhandelen
van betalingstransacties, leningen, spaaren
beleggingsproducten, beleggingsdiensten, en producten en
diensten voor kapitaalmarkten en investeringsbankieren. De
Groep is bovendien actief in gespecialiseerde sectoren, zoals
leasing. Als onderdeel van haar uitgebreide financiële
diensten strategie, biedt de Groep ook andere financiële
diensten aan in samenwerking met partners, waarvan de
belangrijkste woningkredieten, vermogensbeheer en
verzekeringen zijn. Daarnaast breidt de Groep zijn positie uit
als een van de belangrijkste Duitse export financiers. Naast
haar activiteiten in Duitsland, is de Groep ook actief in
Centraal- en Oost-Europa, onder meer via haar
dochterondernemingen, filialen en investeringen.
Op 30 september 2012 werd de Commerzbank Groep in vijf
segmenten verdeeld – de Privépersonen, het
Mittelstandsbank, het Centraal- en Oost-Europa, het
Vennootschappen & Markten en het Niet-Kernactiva (Non
Core Assets ) (NCA) alsook het Overige en Consolidatie
(Others and Consolidation) segment. Daarvan vormden de
Privépersonen, het Mittelstandsbank, het Centraal- en Oost-
Europa en het Vennootschappen en Markten segment, samen
met het Overige en Consolidatie Segment de kernbank (Core
Bank) van de Commerzbank Groep. Het NCA segment vormt
de internal reduction-unit van de Groep die, sinds 9 augustus
2012, de Commerciële Vastgoed Financiering (Commercial
Real Estate Financing ) en de Scheepsfinanciering activiteiten
bevat bovenop de activiteiten die per 30 maart 2012
geclassificeerd werden als niet-kernactiviteiten alsook de
Public Finance portefeuille. Juridisch gesproken, zal het
voormalige Eurohypo AG de Commerciële Vastgoed
Financiering portefeuille en de Public Finance portefeuille
behouden. Vanaf 31 augustus 2012, werd de naam van
Eurohypo AG gewijzigd tot “Hypothekenbank Frankfurt AG”.
De kernactiviteiten van Hypothekenbank Frankfurt met
particulieren (particuliere bouw financiering (private
construction financing)) werden geïntegreerd in het
Privépersonen segment van de kernbank. Daarenboven, werd
de Groepsdivisie Commerz Real geïntegreerd in het
Privépersonen segment in de kernbank. Bovendien werd het
Portefeuille Herstructureringseenheid (Portfolio Restucturing
Unit) (PRU ) segment per 1 juli 2012 ontbonden als
afzonderlijk segment. Aanzienlijke delen van de resterende
portefeuille werden overgedragen aan het Vennootschappen
& Markten segment van de kernbank.
Op 30 juli 2012 bereikte Commerzbank een akkoord met de
Oekraïense Smart Group over de verkoop van haar belang
van ongeveer 96% in de Oekraïense Bank Forum. De
transactie werd goedgekeurd door de regelgevende instanties Page 46eind oktober 2012.
B.16 Controlerende aandeelhouders
- niet van toepassing –
Commerzbank heeft haar management niet toegewezen aan
enige andere vennootschap of persoon, bijvoorbeeld op basis
van een gezagsovereenkomst, noch wordt het gecontroleerd
door enige andere vennootschap of enige andere persoon in
de zin van de Duitse wet op de Verwerving en Overname van
Schuldinstrumenten.
Afdeling C – Effecten
Onderdeel Beschrijving van het Onderdeel
Informatieverplichting
C.1 Type en klasse van
effecten / Internationale Effecten Identificatie-nummer
Type/Klasse van Effecten
Warrenten CALL met betrekking tot aandelen van
Amazon.com, Inc. (ISIN US0231351067) (de
"Warranten")
De Warranten zijn uitgegeven in gedematerialiseerde
vorm.
Effecten Identificatienummer(s)
ISIN DE000CZ8U5N7
Local Code 8S98Z
C.2 Munteenheid van de effecten
De Warranten zijn uitgegeven in EUR.
C.5 Beperkingen op de vrije overdraagbaarheid van de effecten
- niet van toepassing –
De Warranten zijn vrij overdraagbaar.
C.8 Rechten verbonden aan de effecten (met inbegrip van rang van
de Effecten en beperkingen aan deze
rechten)
Toepasselijk recht van de Effecten
De Warranten zullen worden beheerst door, en
geïnterpreteerd worden in overeenstemming met Duits
recht. De creatie van de Warranten kan worden beheerst
door het recht van de jurisdictie van het
Verrekeningssysteem zoals uiteengezet in de betreffende
Definitieve Voorwaarden.
Rechten verbonden aan de Effecten
Aflossing
Warranten zullen de belegger het recht geven om een
Contant Bedrag (Cash Amount) te ontvangen. Het
Contante Bedrag zal gelijk zijn aan (i) het bedrag
waarmee de Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende
Waarde Waarderingsdatum de Strikeprijs overschrijdt.
Vermenigvuldigd met (ii) de Ratio waarbij het resultaat
van deze berekening wordt geconverteerd in EUR.
Gedurende de looptijd van de Warranten zal de belegger
geen dividenduitkeringen ontvangen van de
vennootschap die de aandelen uitgeeft die de
onderliggende waarde vormen van de Warranten.
Aanpassingen en vroegtijdige beëindiging
Behoudens bijzondere omstandigheden, kan de Emittent
gerechtigd zijn om bepaalde aanpassingen uit te voeren.
Afgezien hiervan, kan de Emittent gerechtigd zijn om de Page 48Warranten vroegtijdig te beëindigen als een bepaalde
gebeurtenis zich voordoet.
Rangorde van de Effecten
De verplichtingen onder de Warranten vormen
rechtstreekse, onvoorwaardelijke en niet-zekergestelde
(nicht dinglich besichert ) verplichtingen van de Emittent
en, tenzij anders voorzien door toepasselijke wetgeving,
nemen zij tenminste een pari passu rang in met alle
andere niet-zekergestelde en niet-achtergestelde (nicht
dinglich besichert) verplichtingen van de Emittent.
C.11 Toelating tot notering en verhandeling op een gereglementeerde
markt of gelijkwaardige markt
De Emittent is van plan om een aanvraag in te dienen
voor de notering en de verhandeling van de Warranten
op (een) gereglementeerde markt(en) of Euronext Paris
S.A. en Euronext Brussels S.A./N.V. met ingang van 19
september 2013.
C.15 Invloed van de Onderliggende Waarde op de waarde
van de effecten:
De betaling van een Contant Bedrag zal in belangrijke
mate afhangen op de prestaties van de Referentieprijs
van de Onderliggende Waarde gedurende de looptijd van
de Warranten.
In detail:
Indien de Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende Waarde
op de Waarderingsdatum hoger is dan USD 330,00 (de
"Strike "), zal de belegger het Contant Bedrag ontvangen
dat gelijk zal zijn aan (i) het bedrag waarmee de
Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende Waarde op de
Waarderingsdatum de Strike overstijgt, vermenigvuldigd
met (ii) 0,05 (de "Ratio" ) waarbij het resultaat
geconverteerd wordt in EUR.
Indien de Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende Waarde
op de Waarderingsdatum gelijk is aan of hoger is dan
de Strike, zal de belegger geen Contant Bedrag
ontvangen en zullen de Warranten waardeloos komen te
vervallen.
"Betreffende Conversiekoers" betekent de prijs van
EUR 1,00 in USD, als werkelijk verhandeld op de
Internationale Interbank Spotmarkt op de
Waarderingsdatum op dat tijdstip, waarop de
Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende Waarde wordt
vastgesteld en gepubliceerd.
C.16 Waarderingsdatum
Uitoefendatum
Uitoefendatum
19 maart 2014
C.17 Beschrijving van de afwikkelingsprocedure van de effecten
De verkochte Warranten zullen worden geleverd op de
Betalingsdatum in overeenstemming met de
toepasselijke lokale marktpraktijken via het
Verrekeningssysteem.
C.18 Leveringsprocedure (verrekening op de
Vervaldatum) Alle bedragen die moeten worden betaald worden
betaald aan de houders van Warranten ten laatste op de
Afwikkelingsdatum volgend op de datum vermeld in de
algemene Voorwaarden. Deze betaling wordt gedaan bij Page 49de Betalingsagent voor overdracht aan het
Verrekeningsysteem of overeenkomstig de instructie van
het Verrekeningssysteem voor krediet aan de
betreffende rekeninghouders. Betaling aan het
Verrekeningssysteem of overeenkomstig de instructie
van het Verrekeningssysteem zal de Emittent ontheffen
van diens betalingsverplichtingen onder de Warranten
voor het bedrag van deze betaling.
"Afwikkelingsdatum" betekent de vijfde Betaling
Werkdag volgend op de Waarderingsdatum.
"Betaling Werkdag" betekent een dag waarop het Trans-
European Automated Real-Time Gross Settlement
Express Transfer System (TARGET) en het
Verrekeningssysteem betalingen afwikkelingen in
EUR.
C.19 Laatste referentieprijs van de onderliggende waarde
De prijs van de Onderliggende Waarde laatst vastgesteld
en gepubliceerd door de Beurs op de Waarderingsdatum
(officiële slotprijs).
C.20 Type van de
onderliggende waarde
en details, plaats waar informatie inzake de
onderliggende waarde
kan worden gevonden
De activa die de onderliggende waarde vormen van de
Warranten zijn aandelen van Amazon.com, Inc.
(ISIN US0231351067) (de "Onderliggende Waarde ").
Informatie inzake de Onderliggende Waarde is
beschikbaar op de website www.nasdaq.com.
Page 50
Afdeling D – Risico's
De aankoop van Warranten wordt geassocieerd met bepaalde risico's. De Emittent wijst er
uitdrukkelijk op dat de beschrijving van de risico's verbonden aan een belegging in de
Warranten enkel de voornaamste risico's beschrijft die gekend zijn door de Belegger op de
datum van het Basisprospectus.
Onderdeel
Beschrijving van onderdeel
Informatieverplichting
D.2 Voornaamste risico's eigen aan de Emittent
De Warranten brengen een risico met betrekking tot de emittent met
zich mee, ook wel aangeduid als debiteurenrisico of kredietrisico voor
potentiële beleggers. Een risico met betrekking tot de emittent is het
risico dat Commerzbank tijdelijk of voor altijd niet in staat is om haar
verplichtingen om rente en/of het aflossingsbedrag te betalen na te
komen.
Bovendien, is Commerzbank onderhevig aan verschillende risico's
binnen haar bedrijfsactiviteiten. Dergelijke risico's omvatten met name
de volgende soorten risico's:
Wereldwijde financiële crisis en staatsschuldencrisis
De wereldwijde financiële crisis en de schuldencrisis in de eurozone
in het bijzonder hebben in het verleden de netto-activa, de financiële
positie en de financiële resultaten van de Groep wezenlijk onder druk
gezet, en het kan worden aangenomen dat er ook in de toekomst
verdere wezenlijke nadelige gevolgen voor de Groep zullen zijn, met
name in het geval van een hernieuwde escalatie van de crisis. Een
verdere escalatie van de crisis binnen de Europese Monetaire Unie
kan een aanzienlijk negatieve invloed hebben met gevolgen die zelfs
een bedreiging vormen voor het bestaan van de Groep. De Groep
houdt een grote hoeveelheid staatsschuld aan.
Waardeverminderingen en waarderingen van deze staatschuld aan
lagere reële waarden hebben wezenlijke nadelige gevolgen voor de
Groep.
Macro-economisch klimaat
Het macro-economisch klimaat dat reeds enige tijd heerst heeft een
negatieve invloed op de bedrijfsresultaten van de Groep en de sterke
afhankelijkheid van de Groep van het economische klimaat, met
name in Duitsland, kan tot verdere substantiële lasten leiden in het
geval van een hernieuwde economische neergang.
Risico dat een tegenpartij in gebreke blijft (Counterparty Default Risk)
De Groep is blootgesteld aan het risico dat een tegenpartij in gebreke
blijft (kredietrisico), ook ten aanzien van omvangrijke individuele
verplichtingen, omvangrijke leningen en voorschotten, en
verplichtingen – die geconcentreerd zijn in de afzonderlijke sectoren,
de zogenaamde "cluster" verplichtingen, alsook leningen aan
debiteuren die in het bijzonder kunnen worden beïnvloed door de
staatsschuldencrisis. De vastgoedfinancieringsactiviteit van de Groep
en de activiteiten van de Groep inzake scheepsfinanciering zijn
onderworpen aan risico's die in het bijzonder betrekking hebben op
de volatiliteit van vastgoed- en scheepsprijzen, met inbegrip van het
risico dat een tegenpartij in gebreke blijft (kredietrisico), en het risico Page 51van aanzienlijke veranderingen in de waarde van het privé of
commercieel onroerend goed en de waarde van het onderpand
verstrekt met betrekking tot schepen. De Groep heeft een aanzienlijk
aantal niet of moeilijk inbare leningen (non-performing loans) in
portefeuille, en het is mogelijk dat het in gebreke blijven van de
debiteuren onvoldoende wordt gedekt door de zekerheden
gecombineerd met eerder uitgevoerde afwaarderingen en gevestigde
voorzieningen.
Markt risico's
De Groep is onderworpen aan marktrisico's met betrekking tot de
waardering van aandelen en rechten van deelneming in
beleggingsfondsen, evenals in de vorm van rentevoetrisico's,
kredietmargerisico's (credit spread risks), valutarisico's, volatiliteit- en
correlatierisico's (volatility and correlation risks), prijsrisico's
verbonden aan grondstoffen (commodity price risks).
Strategische risico's
Er is een risico dat de Groep niet in staat zou zijn om haar
strategische plannen ten uitvoer te leggen, of dat de Groep in staat
zou zijn die plannen slechts gedeeltelijk ten uitvoer te leggen of tegen
hogere kosten dan gepland. De synergie-effecten die door de
integratie van Dresdner Bank in de Groep worden verwacht, kunnen
geringer blijken dan verwacht of pas later dan verwacht tot uiting
komen. Bovendien veroorzaakt de voortdurende integratie kosten en
investeringen die hoger kunnen uitvallen dan de geplande budgetten.
Risico's wegens de concurrentieomgeving
De markten waarin de Groep opereert - in het bijzonder de Duitse
markt en binnen die markt de activiteiten met betrekking tot het retail
bankieren, activiteiten die betrekking hebben op professionele klanten
(corporate customers) en investeringsbankieren (investment banking )
- worden gekenmerkt door hevige concurrentie in termen van prijzen
en voorwaarden, hetgeen aanzienlijke druk legt op de winstmarges.
Overheidsmaatregelen en maatregelen genomen door de centrale
banken om de financiële crisis te bestrijden hebben een aanzienlijke
impact op de concurrentieomgeving.
Liquiditeitsrisico's
De Groep is afhankelijk van de regelmatige toevoer van liquiditeit en
een marktbreed of bedrijfsspecifiek liquiditeitstekort kan een
negatieve invloed hebben op de netto-activa van de Groep, de
financiële positie en de bedrijfsresultaten van de Groep. Momenteel is
het liquiditeitsaanbod van banken en andere spelers in de financiële
markten sterk afhankelijk van expansieve maatregelen van de
centrale banken.
Operationele risico's
De Groep is onderworpen aan een hele reeks operationele risico's,
waaronder het risico dat werknemers uitgebreide risico's voor de
Groep aangaan of compliance-gerelateerde voorschriften schenden
in verband met de uitvoering van de bedrijfsactiviteiten, hetgeen tot
plots optredende schade van materiële omvang zou kunnen leiden.
Risico's met betrekking tot deelnemingen ( equity participations) Page 52
Met betrekking tot deelnemingen in beursgenoteerde en niet-
beursgenoteerde ondernemingen, is Commerzbank blootgesteld aan
bepaalde risico's verbonden aan de deugdelijkheid en de
beheersbaarheid van deze deelnemingen. Het is mogelijk dat
goodwill opgenomen in de geconsolideerde balans volledig of deels
zal moeten worden afgeschreven.
Risico's met betrekking tot bankspecifieke regelgeving
Steeds strengere regelgevingsnormen van toepassing op het eigen
vermogen en de liquiditeitsstandaarden kunnen het
ondernemingsmodel zoals toegepast op een aantal activiteiten van
de Groep in gevaar brengen en een negatieve invloed hebben op de
concurrentiepositie van de Groep. Andere hervormingen van de
regelgeving voorgesteld in de nasleep van de financiële crisis,
bijvoorbeeld wettelijke kosten zoals de banktaks, of een eventuele
belasting op financiële transactie of strengere openbaarmaking- en
organisatorische verplichtingen kunnen een grote invloed hebben op
het ondernemingsmodel van de Groep en op de
concurrentieomgeving van de Groep.
Juridische risico's
Vorderingen tot schadevergoeding op grond van onjuist
beleggingsadvies en het gebrek aan transparantie van interne
commissies hebben geleid tot aanzienlijke kosten en kunnen tevens
in de toekomst tot bijkomende hoge kosten leiden voor de Groep.
Commerzbank en haar dochterondernemingen zijn onderworpen aan
vorderingen, met inbegrip van gerechtelijke procedures, voor de
betaling en het herstel van de waarde in verband met de uitgegeven
winstdelingscertificaten en trust preferred securities. De uitkomst van
deze procedure kan zeer nadelige effecten hebben, die verder reiken
dan de vordering in een specifiek geval. Regulatoire,
toezichthoudende en gerechtelijke procedures kunnen een wezenlijk
nadelig effect hebben op de Groep. De rechtsvorderingen ingesteld
door de regelgevers, de toezichthouders en de openbare aanklagers
kunnen nadelige effecten hebben op de Groep.
D.6 Essentiële informatie inzake de
voornaamste risico's die eigen zijn aan de effecten
Geen secundaire markt onmiddellijk voor de uiteindelijke uitoefening
De marktmaker en/of de beurs zal de verhandeling in de Warranten
stopzetten ten laatste kort voor hun uiteindelijke uitoefening.
Nochtans kan de prijs van de Onderliggende Waarde en/of de
wisselkoers, die beide relevant zijn voor de Warranten nog
veranderen tussen de laatste verhandelingsdag en de geplande
uitoefening en de Knock-out Barrier kan voor het eerst worden
bereikt, overschreden of op een andere manier gehaald. Dit kan in
het nadeel zijn van de belegger.
Geen onderpand
De Warranten maken onvoorwaardelijke verplichtingen van de
Emittent uit. Ze zijn noch gewaarborgd door het
Depositobeschermingsfonds van de Vereniging van Duitse Banken
(Einlagensicherungsfonds des Bundesverbandes deutscher Banken
e.V.) noch door de Duitse Depositogarantie en
Beleggersschadevergoedingswet (Einlagensicherungs- und
Anlegerentschädigungsgesetz). Dit betekent dat de belegger het
risico draagt dat de Emittent niet of slechts gedeeltelijk voldoet aan Page 53de verworvenheden onder de Warranten. Onder deze
omstandigheden zou een totaal verlies van het kapitaal van de
belegger mogelijk zijn.
Dit betekent dat de belegger het risico draagt dat de financiële
situatie van de Emittent kan verslechteren – en dat de Emittent zou
kunnen onderworpen worden aan een reorganisatie procedure
(Reorganisationverfahren) of bevel tot overdracht
(Übertragungsanordnung ) onder de Duitse wetgeving op de
herstructurering van banken of dat insolventieprocedures kunnen
ingesteld worden met betrekking tot de activa van de Emittent – en
dat daarom betalingen verschuldigd onder de Warranten niet of
slechts gedeeltelijk zouden kunnen worden uitgevoerd. Onder deze
omstandigheden, is een totaal verlies van het kapitaal van de
belegger mogelijk.
Foreign Account Tax Compliance bronbelasting kunnen een invloed
hebben op de betalingen onder de Warranten
De Emittent en andere financiële instellingen via dewelke betalingen
met betrekking tot de Warranten worden gemaakt, kunnen verplicht
worden om een percentage tot 30% op betalingen af te houden die
plaatsvinden na 31 december 2016 met betrekking tot alle Warranten
die worden uitgegeven of substantieel worden gewijzigd na 31
december 2013, overeenkomstig Secties 1471 tot 1474 van de U.S.
Internal Revenue Code , doorgaans afgekort als "FATCA" (Foreign
Account Tax Compliance Act). Een roerende voorheffing kan ook
bestaan – ongeacht de datum van uitgifte – indien de Warranten
moeten worden behandeld als equity instrumenten onder het fiscaal
recht van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. De FATCA regelgeving,
zoals hierboven uiteengezet, zijn nog niet finaal. Beleggers in de
Warranten moeten er bijgevolg over waken dat betalingen met
betrekking tot de Warranten, in bepaalde omstandigheden,
onderworpen kunnen zijn aan roerende voorheffing van de
Verenigde Staten van Amerika, die lager kan zijn dan het
economische resultaat van de Warrant.
Impact van een downgrading (verlaging) van de kredietrating
De waarde van de Warranetn kan worden beïnvloed door de ratings
gegeven aan de Emittent door de ratingbureaus. Elke downgrade van
de rating van de Emittent, zelfs door een van deze rating
agentschappen, kan leiden tot een vermindering van de waarde van
de Warranten.
Aanpassing en rechten van beëindiging
De Emittent is gerechtigd om aanpassingen te doen met betrekking
tot de Algemene Voorwaarden of de Warranten te beëindigen of de
vervroegde aflossing van de Warranten af te roepen indien aan
bepaalde voorwaarden is voldaan. Dit kan een negatief effect
hebben op de waarde van de Warranten net als op het
Aflossingsbedrag. In het geval de Warranten worden beëindigd, kan
het aan de houders van de Warranten te betalen bedrag lager zijn
dan het bedrag dat de houders van de Warranten zouden ontvangen
hebben zonder dergelijke beëindiging.
Marktverstoringsgebeurtenis ( market disruption event)
De Emittent is gerechtigd marktverstoringen of andere Page 54gebeurtenissen vast te stellen die kunnen resulteren in een uitstel van
een berekening en/of van enige betalingen en die de waarde van de
Warranten kunnen beïnvloeden. Bovendien kan de Emittent, in de
bepaalde gevallen, bepaalde prijzen die relevant zijn met betrekking
tot betalingen of het bereiken van bepaalde drempels inschatten.
Deze schattingen kunnen afwijken van hun effectieve waarde.
Vervanging van de Emittent
Als de voorwaarden uiteengezet in de Algemene Voorwaarden
voldaan zijn, is de Emittent ten allen tijde gerechtigd, zonder de
toestemming van de houders van de Warranten, een andere
vennootschap te benoemen als nieuwe Emittent met betrekking tot
alle verplichtingen die voortvloeien uit of die verband houden met de
Warranten in haar plaats. In dat geval, zal de houder van de
Warranten meestal ook het insolventierisico dragen met betrekking
tot de nieuwe Emittent.
Risicofactoren met betrekking tot de Onderliggende Waarden
De Warranten zijn afhankelijk van de waarde van de Onderliggende
Waarde en de risico's verbonden aan deze Onderliggende Waarde.
De waarde van de Onderliggende Waarden van de Warranten hangt
af van een aantal factoren die onderling verbonden kunnen zijn. Deze
kunnen onder ander bestaan uit economische, financiële en politieke
gebeurtenissen buiten de controle van de Emittent. De vroegere
prestaties van een Onderliggende Waarde mogen niet beschouwd
worden als een indicator voor zijn toekomstige prestaties tijdens de
looptijd van de Warranten.
Risico op de vervaldatum:
De investeerders dragen het risico dat het Contant Bedrag omgezet
in EUR betaalbaar op de Verrekeningsdatum lager is dan het
aankoopbedrag van de Warrant. Des te lager de Referentieprijs van
de Onderliggende Waarde op de Waarderingsdatum des te groter het
verlies.
Indien de Referentieprijs van de Onderliggende waarde gelijk is aan
of lager is dan de Strike, zal het Contant Bedrag gelijk zijn aan nul.
De Warranthouder zal een verlies oplopen dat zal
overeenstemmen met de volledige aankoopprijs betaald voor de
Warrant (totaal verlies).
Bovendien zal de belegger een wisselkoersrisico oplopen aangezien
de bedragen die niet worden uitgedrukt in EUR zullen worden
omgezet tegen het wisselkoers percentage op de Waarderingsdatum.
Risico's indien de belegger van plan is de Warranten te verkopen of
de Warranten moet verkopen gedurende de looptijd:
Marktwaarde risico :
De haalbare verkoopprijs voor de uiteindelijke uitoefening zou
aanzienlijk lager kunnen zijn dan de aankoopprijs die is betaald door
de belegger.
De marktwaarde van de Warranten is grotendeels afhankelijk van de
prestaties van de Onderliggende Waarde van de Warranten, zonder
het exact weer te geven. De volgende factoren kunnen in het Page 55bijzonder een negatieve invloed hebben op de marktprijs van de
Warranten:
- veranderingen in de verwachte intensiteit van de schommeling
van de Onderliggende Waarde (volatiliteit)
- renteontwikkeling
- resterende termijn van de Warranten
- negatieve veranderingen van de wisselkoers
- Ontwikkelingen van de dividenden van het Aandeel
Elk van deze factoren kan op zichzelf een effect hebben of mekaar
versterken of opheffen.
Handelsrisico:
De Emittent is noch verplicht om voortdurend inkoop- en
verkoopprijzen voor de Warranten te verschaffen op (i) beurzen
waarop de Warranten genoteerd kunnen zijn of (ii) een buiten beurs
(over the counter) (OTC) basis noch om enige Warranten terug te
kopen. Zelfs wanneer de Emittent in het algemeen inkoop –en
verkoopprijzen biedt, kan de verkoop of de aankoop van de
Warranten tijdelijk beperkt of onmogelijk zijn in het geval van
buitengewone marktomstandigheden of technische problemen.
Page 56Afdeling E – Aanbieding
Onderdeel Beschrijving van Onderdeel
Informatieverplichting
E.2b Redenen voor het aanbod en het
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Winst motivatie
E.3 Beschrijving van de algemene voorwaarden van
het aanbod
Commerzbank biedt van 19 september 2013 500.000
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De volgende belangenconflicten kunnen ontstaan in verband
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Waarde
- het bezit van essentiële (met inbegrip van niet-openbare)
informatie over de Onderliggende Waarde
- optreden als Market Maker
E.7 Raming van de
kosten die door
de emittent of de
aanbieder aan de belegger wordt toegerekend
De belegger kan meestal deze Warranten verwerven tegen
een vaste uitgifteprijs. Deze vaste uitgifteprijs bevat alle
kosten ten laste van de Emittent met betrekking tot de uitgifte
en de verkoop van de Warranten (bijv. distributiekosten,
kosten van structurering en hedging alsmede de winstmarge
van Commerzbank). ISIN DE000CZ8U5P2
COMMERZBANK AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT
Frankfurt am Main
Final Terms
dated 18 September 2013
relating to
Warrants
PUT
relating to the
shares of Amazon.com, Inc.
to be publicly offered in the French Republic and the Kingdom of Belgium
and to be admitted to trading on Euronext Paris S.A. and Euronext Brussels N.V./S.A.
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" Is it illusion on my part; is it a simple trick, the thought of which should be quickly dismissed from any serious mind ; or can man acquire powers of which the scientific world has, at present, no intimation?" were again the questions he asked of himself. The Prelate was fairly bewildered. He was of a very emotional nature, more so even than the average French- man, and thoughts of the mcst incoherent and discourag- ing nature coursed rapidly through his brain. He saw his scientific theories overthrown ; the basis of his life- long studies annihilated ; and that apparently by a couple of Hindoo mountebanks. "Oh, no, no," he exclaimed; "all this is illusion. I must be losing my reason." Then seeking solace in prayer, he knelt on the cushioned bench of his prayer-desk, at the foot of a small altar, on which was an image of the thorn-crowned Jesus, and thus he invoked divine aid : " O, my God, the Creator and Ruler of all things, for whom no mystery exists; thou, who knowest all, grant me thy divine aid; let a ray of thy light shine upon the troubled brain of thy servant ; let me see thy holy truth ; remove the veil from my eyes ; calm my throb- bing heart ; lead me to thy hidden ways. To thee have I vowed my whole life, devoting it to thy service. Grant me light, I pray thee, that I may the better serve thee ! " Since the parting interview with his beloved Dolora, his soul had not been so disturbed. ON THE HEIGHTS Or 1IIMALAY. 31 Though the sufferings of the Prince were intense, it was only because he was a sincere and ardent lover of truth. In his sacred office he wished to preach the truth only, and therefore desired to know it if possible ; for to him, who loved his divine Master, Truth was God, and God was Truth. His tears were not the tears of weakness or disappoint- ment ; they were the outpourings of a great soul to the Infinite ; the heart-rending cry of an agonized spirit thirsting for truth ! — an earnest longing for a higher and more positive knowledge of the occult laws of nature, of that world of higher forces and potencies, the possibility of which had just been revealed to him ! How was it that such a man, a scientist, a philosopher, a theologian, could be so affected by the disappearance of a child from under a basket and the mere sprouting (mysterious though it was) of a little plant in a flower-pot? We will venture to say, that it is just because he was a scientist, philosopher and theologian, and perhaps, above all, be- cause he was thoroughly honest, that he became so deeply affected by the phenomena just described. Like all true men, he had the courage begotten of conviction, and in honest conviction is a power tliat no man can withstand. He knew that he could trust his own power of observation, his own common-sense. He knew also that there had been no trickery in the conjurer's per- formance on the lawn, and he had the manhood to acknowledge it to himself, although the admission greatly disturbed his peace of mind. After breathing forth his prayer, the good Bishop regained his composure, and with a full belief in its efficacy retired to his chamber, and slept calmly notwith- standing the mental strain. The next day, at the appointed time, the conjurer made his appearance and was welcomed. When both 32 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LAY. were seated in the library, the Brahman at once opened the conversation, as if perfectly aware of all the mental sufferings the Prelate had undergone during the previous night. ' ' You have earnestly asked for light, and your request will be granted. Truth will be given to you, as by degrees you can receive it. For a period of fifteen years you have been preparing yourself, unconsciously perhaps, for its reception. Your pure and ascetic life, your abstinence from animal food, your meditations, your ardent desire to know the truth for truth's sake, and to give it to your fellowmen, all have fitted you for initia- tion into the higher mysteries of nature." " Yes, I wish ardently to know the truth in all mat- ters having the least bearing upon life, and upon the duties and destiny of man. But how can we arrive at an understanding of what you call occult or hidden truths ? How can science ever deal with them so as to arrive at satisfactory conclusions ? " " If material science has not discovered hitherto the laws underlying occultism, whose fault has it been ? Are we to blame if the forces employed for our mys- terious performances (as you are pleased to term them) cannot be reduced in a crucible, dissected by the scalpel, or weighed in an atomic scale ? Far other means, which will soon be at your command, are necessary for their investigation and comprehension. Furthermore, as a theologian you are aware that there are two ways of arriving at Truth, Science and Faith. Faith commences where Science, confessedly baffled, leaves off. Nearly every theology plainly states that, through Faith, the human soul can arrive at the understanding of God, and consequently of the divine laws by which the Universe is governed. But how this knowledge is to be obtained ON THE HEIGHTS OF HI MA LAY. 33 or what amount of faith is necessary as the instrument of its attainment, the theologians do not tell." "It is so ; but it is emphatically taught in our theolo- gical seminaries that the Pope of Rome has the spiritual insight of heavenly things, and hence derives his infalli- bility." " We know that in some secret corner of the Vatican library is deposited a manuscript given to one of the first Popes, by the highest and last Hierophant of Egypt. This manuscript contains a full description of spiritual exercises, rules for personal discipline and purity ; for fasting, prayer, meditation, seclusion, silence, and many other requisites for spiritual illumination, and the open- ing of the soul to the divine communion. If the Popes of Rome observe the rules laid down in the sacred manuscript, they must undoubtedly have divine illumina- tion ; but if their main endeavors lie in building up the temporal powers of the Church, they will never attain that greatest boon to man, spiritual gifts, divine intuition, and communion with* Parabrahrn, or the Infinite Spirit of the Universe." " I am sure," answered the "Bishop reverently, " that the Holy Fathers, occupying the seat of Saint Peter, consecrate their whole lives to the service of the Heavenly Father." " I hope so," answered the Brahman, with a sad smile. "When I took holy orders," continued the Bishop, and was confined in an Italian monastery for two years, subject to the strictest rules of discipline and purification, prayer, fasting, castigation, absolute silence, profound meditation upon God, I sometimes thought that a divine influx reached my soul, that truths of a higher order flowed to my understanding; and sometimes I felt, as if some spiritual visitor kept me company in my cell." "I am aware of your spiritual nature and of all its 3 34 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HI MA LA Y. possibilities, and so are the Masters of the Himalayas. They know you to be worthy, and invite you to their mountain retreat, there to become initiated in Eastern wisdom. No one, no matter how powerful or learned he may be, can enjoy this privilege, unless he be eligible on other grounds. The Masters comprehend the exact worth of the vibrations they feel in the astral light. They heard your prayer, appreciate your character and attain- ments, and they bid you come. This invitation is the grandest boon that a human being can receive in this world. You will discover there, to your great satisfac- tion perhaps, that occultism is but a higher knowledge of a series of natural laws, which materialistic science has, so far, disdained to investigate. Occultism, as you will see, disappears where understanding enters. I repeat that it is simply by means of a thorough knowledge of the higher laws of nature, by a perfect comprehension of its most subtle forces, that all these so-called miracles or magical performances can take place." " This is indeed very natural and consoling to a scien- tific mind." " Your Reverence knows very well that, as soon as we arrive at the full understanding of any of the laws of nature, we obtain perfect mastery over all substances, things, or beings controlled by those laws. When the laws of steam became known, we yoked that force, and compelled it to do a very large part of our work upon earth. When the laws of electricity were well under- stood, we imprisoned that ' genie ' also, and when we released it, commanded it to carry our messages thou- sands of miles over land and sea, and most faithfully has it served us. When the laws of optics were thoroughly established, we constructed eyes forty feet long, and directing them toward the heavens, discovered by their aid, many wondrous things concerning those brilliant ON THE HEIGHTS OF HI MALAY. 35 little orbs dotting the vast expanse above ; we saw that they were not golden tacks put there by God to hold up the blue curtain of the skies, but that they were moving bodies like our sun, encircled by and illuminating many opaque masses like our own earth. " These occult forces, when known, follow the general law of things. They become part of the domain of man, whom they must and do obey. — But," continued the Brahman in a solemn manner, "as with steam and electricity, so it is with these forces ; they say to us : ' Man, thou hast imprisoned us ; thou hast taken us from the free realm of God and nature, our primal and proper place, to be thy slaves and do thy bidding : but mark well, O man, we shall obey thee only as far as thy com- mands conform to the laws of our existence ; and if thou dost not respect those laws, we will kill thee ! " And true it has proved ; many good and worthy men have lost their lives by steam and electricity, not having conformed to the inner laws of these forces. "And," said the Brahman, in a more solemn voice, "so it is eminently with the forces of occultism. They either obey or they kill ; or what is worse perhaps, they render insane, and many are, at this moment, their victims." And now were heard the silvery tones of a number of tiny bells, apparently near the ceiling of the room. The sou-nds were of peculiar sweetness, unlike anything the Bishop had ever heard. "These chimes," said the Brahman, "are the astral bells of my Master at Thibet, indicating that he wishes 36 ON THE HEIGHTS OF H/MALA Y. to converse with me. I must go home, for he will soon visit me in his astral body. This method ot" notification seems to astonish you. Still, it is a simple one to the initiated ; it is performed by means of vibrations thrown into the Akasa. The well developed and thoroughly educated brain can throw vibrations, and make their influence felt at any distance. To give you at least a superficial understanding of this Akasa, I may say that it contains the very vital principles of everything in the Universe, as the photosphere of the sun contains the various metals in a gaseous condition. For instance, take an iron nail ; direct upon it the two poles of an elec- tric battery, composed of perhaps one hundred power- ful elements, and in a minute or so it will be dissolved and disappear. Where is it ? It has become Akasa ; and thus, as this Akasa now contains all the principles of this evaporated nail, so it contains the elements of all existing things." "This is very extraordinary," said the Bishop. Still, he felt much pleased to find that, after all, this mysterious occultism took a decidedly scientific turn. " To further illustrate to you how these so-called mys- terious forces operate, let us image that, by some means, we can abstract from the Akasa, all the principles and elements of this nail, and bring them together into this room, then this very nail would be reconstructed, become visible and palpable once more. Do you understand ? " "I do." " And thus many feats of occultism are effected." "This is a little vague. What agent could condense, as you intimate, out of your Akasa, these principles and elements of existence ? " "A certain kind of vibration transmitted through the human brain. The possibilities of the brain of man are absolutely unbounded ; also that the sphere of action and ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. 37 potentialities of astral vibrations are likewise unlimited. Your scientists commence to realize the very important role that vibrations play in light, sound, heat, electricity, magnetism ; but we positively know that each and every manifestation of this material Universe, from the decom- position of the mineral, to the formation, growth, and evolution of all plants, animals, human and celestial beings, takes place through vibrations ; that all motion of every kind and nature is originally produced by vibra- tions ; and that as all is motion, so all is vibration. To possess the secret of the production of these vibrations, to have them under our control, is to have the key to all the occult forces of the Universe. God alone has the key to all these vibrations, and through them he evolves worlds. The Masters of the Himalayas have the key to many ; hence their power of performing miracles, as the un- learned would call them." " This is very rational indeed, and perhaps science may some day prove that you are right ; the theory is well worth the consideration — it requires in fact, only the verification." " That verification was given to you yesterday, upon your lawn. The growth of the vine in the flower-pot, was caused by vibratory motion. Vibrations of different kinds were certainly put into motion, as of electricity, sunlight, Akasa, and of the elements of earth proto- plasms, but there was no miracle, I assure you, in the rapid growth of that vine." " Can you give me another illustration of the truth of your theory ? For instance, can you bring together the elements of a nail, here upon my table, in our presence ? " ' ' I will try, although I should be very sorry to see you attach too much importance to these natural phenomena. On the other hand, I know that the witnessing of a cer- 38 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIMALAY. tain number of them is indispensable to beget the neces- sary faith for serious investigation." "Just so." " You will permit me to place this sheet of blank paper upon the table. I will try to bring together, upon its white surface, the elements needed for the fashioning of a nail ; you may look at the paper, only do so in a mild or wistful manner, without staring ; for you might create counter vibrations and impede or prevent success. Now observe." The Hindoo began seemingly with a deep concentra- tion of mind : at first his breathing became heavy, with deep inspirations ; soon, his eyes assumed a vacant lock and he appeared to be in a trance. The Bishop, mean- while, tried to be as mentally passive as was possible, and simply to play the part of an observer. After some thirty minutes of close attention he saw spots of dark vapor hovering above and close to the paper ; these were soon surrounded by other vapors of a dense white ; then began to form a little yellowish cloud, followed by a few others of different colors. They all commenced to revolve and intermingle. Soon, a nucleus of a dark color could be distinguished which gradually became more defined, and at length assumed an elongated shape. The clouds or vapors seemed by degrees to condense into a solid. After ten minutes they vanished, and there, before the astonished eyes of the Bishop, lay a new and perfect nail. The Brahman recovered from his trance with a few deep inspirations, and seeing the nail on the paper, glanced at the Bishop with a sad but pleasant smile. Again at this juncture was heard the tinkling of the astral bells. The visitor arose, and in a low voice said : " To conclude then, put your pastoral affairs into the hands of your coadjutor for a month One week from ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. 39 to-day, at sunrise, mount your saddle-horse, turn toward the mountains to the west, and thus you will be guided until your destination is reached. Have faith ! " After the departure of his visitor, the Bishop again lapsed into deep meditation. He had heard, certainly, that there existed, somewhere in the deep recesses of the Himalaya mountains, Buddhist monasteries, where men were prepared by various modes of asceticism, for the priesthood. He had been informed that some of them could work the most extraordinary miracles: still the storm ; walk on the waters ; heal the sick ; speak in many languages ; travel in their astral bodies to any dis- tance, and give other evidence of occult powers. He remembered very well reading in the life of Saint Francis Xavier, how this holy man, when a missionary in India, had there acquired all the occult powers which the Buddhist high priests are reputed to possess, and that he used them for the benefit of his religion and his God. In many bungalows he had seen the portrait of that saint, whom even the natives held in great veneration and called Xavier Jack. The Bishop's manifold duties as missionary in India, as well as the scientific studies which he had zealously pursued, had hitherto prevented him from giving the Buddhist miracles more serious consideration. But now the matter was being brought home to him in such a manner that he could no longer ignore the mysterious power evidently wielded by Brahman and Buddhist. He made up his mind at once, and rising from his chair, said in a decided tone, " I will go." Soon after- ward he retired to his chamber. The week following Bishop Angelo devoted to eccle- siastical affairs, preparing a list of orders to be attended to by his coadjutor during his absence, and this finished, he said to his associate: " To-morrow morning I shall 40 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LA K leave you, perhaps for a month. I do not know whether I can communicate with you or not. If I can, I will ; but if you hear not from me, do not be anxious, for I shall appear in due time. Attend faithfully to all matters belonging to the diocese ; open all letters, and keep those of a personal nature until my return." " I shall obey your orders to the best of my knowledge and ability." " I know you will ; and now, may God bless you ! " ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIMALA Y. 4! CHAPTER II. THE next morniiig the Bishop mounted his horse, again blessed his coadjutor, who knelt before him, and set forth toward the Himalaya mountains. He had not journeyed long before his thoughts turned on the Indian thaumaturgist. A multitude of questions suggested them- selves. It was clear to his mind that the conjurer was by no means a simple street fakir, performing to gather a few pennies. He was evidently one of the wise men of the East, one who had become master of the occult sciences, perhaps through a life-time of discipline, purity, and beneficence. Bishop Angelo travelled the whole day long without feeling incommoded by heat or dust. He appeared to be guided by some unseen influence, for whenever he came to cross-roads and was in doubt which one to take, a Hindoo stepped forth mysteriously, and with many salutations directed his way. After having thus journeyed until nightfall, eating of his scant provisions and drinking from the springs along the road, the noble traveller was weary, as was his horse. The sun was about to set, when rousing himself to observation, he was pleased to see at a turn in the road, a small bungalow, with a vine-covered verandah. As he drew nearer a Hindoo approached with solemn step, and saluting respectfully, took the horse by the bridle, at the same time motioning the Bishop to dismount and accept the hospitality of his humble dwelling. He complied, and entering the modest habitation, took his seat on a bamboo chair. At once he became conscious 42 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LA Y. that some subtle influence permeated his entire frame and relieved it of all its weariness ; while the conviction stole upon him that he had entered the abode of a noble and spiritualized being. A little wooden table, the usual family altar with its religious images and vases for incense, and a few simple kitchen utensils, constituted the furniture of the bunga- low. The horse having been well cared for, the Hindoo made his appearance. Again with a respectful saluta- tion, he invited his guest to follow him, and pointing to a little water-fall where he could make his ablutions, returned to his dwelling. The Bishop, after bathing in oriental fashion, returned to the house entirely refreshed and in good spirits. Meanwhile, the Hindoo had placed on the table, rice, vegetables, honey, unleavened bread, and a pitcher of milk, and invited his guest to partake. There was something so kind, affectionate, and re- spectful in the manner and bearing of the Hindoo, that the Prelate was filled with gratitude. After the repast his thoughts reverted to the Court of France, to Dolora, to the Pope who had so kindly received him, cared for and advanced him in his ecclesiastical career. Looking around, he seemed for the first time to realize that he was alone in a wild and isolated spur of a remote and unfrequented mountain range. He reflected with grow- ing uneasiness: "If his Holiness the Pope saw me here on such an errand, what would he think of me?" At that moment his host appeared, and placing in his hand something that resembled a rosary, said in a low, soft and melodious voice, for the first time addressing his Reverence : "Let my brother pray to the Infinite Father to show ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LAY. 43 him the truth, to let the divine light shine on his weary and clouded path, and light will be given him ! " The Bishop with his host, both kneeling, prayed silently and fervently. After a few minutes, he arose, and thinking of the experience of Xavier, exclaimed : "Henceforth I will have faith." The Hindoo motioned him to a cot, made of betel- wood, on which were some blankets, for the nights were cold in these mountain regions. Angelo retired for the night, and now calm and full of hope, slept soundly until dawn. After breakfast he took an affectionate farewell of his host, and then mounted his horse, which he found al- ready saddled and bridled and in excellent condition for the journey. The Hindoo pointing with his finger, said: ' ' Up this canon, for two days, to the head of the stream; thence westward across the ridge, enter the ravine running southwest to the village with the sacred temple." Making low obeisance to his guest he exclaimed : "May our Lord Buddha accompany thee ! " And 'still with eyes fixed on the noble cavalier, until he dis- appeared from sight, might be heard his grave and musi- cal voice : "Great, good, and wise man, may the everlasting spirit grant thee abundant light and many days." Bishop Angelo although in no mood for observation, could not fail to notice that he had no longer before him the common scenery of India. The gorgeous tropical vegetation of the country had disappeared, and it seemed as if he were in the mountains of Europe covered with fir, pine, and cedar. Soon he relapsed into meditation. Analyzing his feelings, he perceived that his rencontre with the Hindoo had exercised no 44 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LA Y slight influence upon him, and that it helped to tran- quilize his mind, and give him new faith in the result of his adventurous journey. "There was a certain atmosphere, an influence in that humble bungalow," he said to himself, "that made one happy and contented. At the same time it seemed to clear the brain from earthly care, and uplift the spirit into a super-mundane realm of thought and enjoy- ment." The pure air of the Himalayas and the murmur of the mountain streams may have contributed in some degree to the Bishop's placidity; but what chiefly gave him hope and courage, was that his host and those who had before directed his course seemed as if they ex- pected his coming. As he continued his journey, he almost imagined that he was in the heart of the French Pyrenees. "These Himalayas," he inwardly remarked, "have nearly the same tree species and arbusta, the same balmy and de- lightful atmosphere." The mountain spurs were no longer deserted ; here and there were small villages with their miniature tem- ples. Toward noon of the second day, when approaching a bungalow on the mountain side, the owner stepped forth across his pathway, and with profound salutations invit- ed him to enter and rest. He willingly complied, and when rested and ready to resume his journey, his host said : "I will go with you to the next village, where a rare semi-religious ceremony, seldom witnessed by strangers, is about to be performed." The native walked beside him, their path leading up a ravine. Arrived at the top of an adjacent ridge a group of people appeared, not far away in the valley ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LAY. 45 below. On the hillside was a little village, and near by a temple, almost hidden in a cluster of trees, whence issued a confused murmur of sound, above which could be distinguished the clashing of cymbals, the beating of drums, and the noise of other sonorous instruments. Slowly approaching the village, the music became more distinct, and soon it appeared that dancing was in progress. As our travellers drew near, the master of ceremonies came forth to meet them. He was an aged man with white hair and beard, and, as it seemed, a priest. He invited them to a seat in the front rank among the spectators, and while bowing politely to the Bishop, made profound salutations to the guide, as if he were a man of mark. "I wonder," thought the Pre- late, " if my humble host of the still more humble bung- alow is another of those wise men of the East. They look very simple, very ordinary people indeed, and yet perhaps they are the custodians of much of the precious lore of the Orient. Singular country, and more singu- lar people." He looked at his companion again, but failed to dis- cover anything extraordinary in him, except perhaps a very intelligent and piercing eye, and a countenance beaming with kindness and benevolence. The Bishop, being seated, could now observe what was going on. There were about one hundred men and women sitting in a circle. In the centre was a heap of large stones, upon which a fire was burning. "That fire," said the guide, "is one of the sacred fires of the Himalayas, and consecrated to *this tribe which belongs to the noble race of the Sacerdotal Brahman. A few years ago, a wandering Brahman dis- covered a spring of asphaltum or some similar substance in this valley. He found that it oozed out of a black oil-bearing rock at certain seasons of the year, according 46 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. to the position of the moon and certain of the planets. This disposed him to believe that it might be similar to the paranapthaline found in the Mahadeo HiHs in the province of Gongwana in the Deccan. With this para- napthaline, are covered the backs of those concave panes of glass that constitute the far renowned Bhattah mirrors, so famous for their magical properties." " I have often heard of those magical mirrors," said the Bishop, " but I have never had the least belief in the powers ascribed to them." " Whatever their properties," said his companion, with a faint but significant smile, " the discoverer of the spring went on journeying to obtain some of the sacred fire of the Garoonahs, which has been burning since the earliest records of India. He succeeded with much difficulty, in obtaining and preserving through his long journey a particle of this sacred fire, and with it was lit a pile of prepared wood on the very stones where the fire is now burning. This then is a branch, an undoubted branch of the sacred fire of the Garoonahs, absolutely indispensable to the imparting of magical powers to the asphaltum, through the boiling or purifica- tion process." " So you also, my kind host, believe in magical mir- rors? I now feel curious to see one myself; but I anticipate the result. I should see nothing but a black surface, and be told ' You are not a sensitive ; your nature is not yet spiritualized enough to see, etc." This with a faintly sarcastic curl of the lip. " Perhaps an opportunity will be given you to test the power of the mirrors. If they reveal nothing to you, you will at least have the satisfaction of saying that you tested them, and that as far as your experience goes, they are worthless." At this moment the noise was so deafening that fur- ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. 47 ther conversation was impossible. The tam-tams were being struck vigorously, and the cymbals, flutes, and other instruments were made to give forth all the din of which they were capable. And now the master of ceremonies selected from the throng a girl and a boy, about eight years of age, and giving each of them a new earthen vase, told them to walk to a rock which he designated. The children marched in front, the Brahman, musicians, and all the assemblage following with measured step. At the foot of the rock lay a flat stone of triangular shape, which the priest, chanting a prayer, lifted with great solemnity. So doing he uncovered a hole in the ground, about a foot in diameter. The music was still playing, and a few voices could be heard uttering strange sounds. The children placed their vases near the hole, and with an earthen ladle, curiously fashioned, poured into them some black oily matter, with which they filled their vessels, and at the same time emptied the cavity. This was the asphaltum, discovered by the wandering Brahman. The priest then carefully replaced the triangular stone, amid renewed prayers and ceremonies. The procession re- turned to the spot where the sacred fire was burning ; the people formed in a circle, and the vases were deposited by the children on the heap of stones near the fire. Then the Brahman took a new earthen pot or kettle, suspended it over the flames from a tripod, and beck- oned to a young couple among the throng. " These two young people are fine specimens of your race," said the Bishop, looking admiringly on their well- proportioned figures. "Yes," answered his companion, "they are to be married to-night, after this ceremony. They are both quite pure and guileless; for in these isolated mountains, living under the very eaves of the holy temples of our 48 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. Lord Buddha, our young people remain in every sense undefiled. The pair now before us have been selected to give the paranapthaline some properties necessary for the magic mirror." At this moment, the music changed to a slow and solemn measure. The young couple took the vases, and poured half their contents into the earthen pot suspended on the tripod, which was now kept in motion over the fire. Smoke soon began to evolve. The music had struck into a more lively strain, and the youth and maiden commenced to move in what could, as yet, hardly be called a dance. Their motion was rather a kind of gymnastic exercise, bringing every muscle of the body into play. Soon the music grew inspiriting ; the spectators became excited, and the young pair always carrying the vases on their heads or shoulders, followed the promptings of the audience. The opening of the dance, can hardly be described. Every kind of motion was gone through, every possible pose, graceful in the extreme, at times of languor, at times of passion, of love's yearnings. Still amid all their evolutions they never forgot to stir at intervals the boiling asphaltum, nor to pour into the kettle some of the contents of the vases. The music had now become passionate in its character, and had in it something of the seductive ; its language, its purpose being to arouse the dancers to the highest pitch of excitement, that their bodies might evolve the greatest amount of jiva or vital force. There was, however, no trace of vulgarity or indecency in the display, though we must admit that no appeal was made to the higher faculties of the Hindoo gathering amid the remote fastnesses of Himalay. The Bishop felt a mysterious influence which he could not define. As if aware of his thoughts, his guide thus addressed him : ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LAY. 49 " All this seems very strange to you, does it not?" " I confess it does." ' ' Nevertheless there is a deep meaning in the cere- mony, which involves a scientific principle of great importance." " I do not understand." "This asphaltum, the result of an underground decomposition of substances, comes to the surface of the earth, in a virgin state. It is very sensitive to all ' auras ' or magnetic emanations from the human body, absorb- ing them readily. Gathered fresh by the virgin hands of two young children possessing as yet but neutral auras, it is not influenced by them in the least. The fire eliminates from the boiling liquid the last earthly qualities which it may have retained. The object of the dances and gyrations of the two young people, the only ones coming in contact with the virgin asphaltum, is to evolve from their bodies all the vital forces, all the human magnetism, all the nervous fluid possible, so as to saturate the asphaltum, and thus humanize it so to say. This nervous force emanating from them, while their minds are filled with pleasurable emotions toward each other, as is natural on the eve of marriage, impregnates the asphaltum, giving it the property of being sensitive to events concerning true and sincere love ; also of mat- ters interesting earth life, the main uses to which magic mirrors are generally put. If impure magnetisms were brought in contact with the virgin asphaltum, its revela- tions would be controlled by them, and would be unre- liable or even detrimental." The Bishop looked at his companion in great astonish- ment. "My dear guide," he said, " you are the expounder of a theory of imponderables which I have never heard 4 50 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM A LAY. before ; it would hardly be admitted in France by the Royal Academy of Sciences." "I know that learned body to be very materialistic in all its conclusions. It invariably rejects everything it does not understand." "Not reject, but postpones until it does understand and can explain. That is the only safe rule for a scien- tific body ; is it not? " " Be that as it may, it is nevertheless true, that it loses much valuable information by refusing to investi- gate matters which it does not understand, as for instance the occult forces ; it forgets that these forces are occult only as far as not understood ; they are occult to the ignorant ; but to others they are not so." This Bishop again glanced with astonishment at his companion. " The use of the photographic camera (quite simple to the novitiate) is high magic to the unlearned Hindoo, and similarly, the ceremonies now before us are but a pro- cess for the chemical preparation of a sensitive plate, destined to photograph actual events in the world. The nitrate of silver of the photographic plate remains sensi- tive by being kept from the influence of light. Just so with the paranapthaline ; it is isolated between two non-conductors ; glass on one side, and a coat of a cer- tain varnish or gum on the other ; two substances repell- ing magnetism or auras of any kind. Thus these mirrors only reflect and are not themselves affected. Is this not reasonable, and do you not see the scientific possibilities of my argument ? " " ' Scientific possibilities ' I admit readily," said the Bishop with a smile. " Your illustration of the photo- graphic camera is very clever, but your analogy fails, I think, in a most important point ; for in photography the object photographed is present and in full view, ON THE HEIGHTS OF HI MALA Y. 5 I while the pictures on your camera come from afar, from distances altogether too remote to affect your glass. ' ' " But you seem," responded the Brahman, " to leave wholly out of your estimate the subtle and far-reaching effects of concentrated thought and will-power. This is the potent factor that invalidates your conclusion, and restores to cur mirrors more than the balance of power as compared with your camera. When you look in the former with the desire to learn, for instance, the spot where any person may be, the first requisite is that you bend your thought intently on that person, thereby directing upon him a ray of astral light, and the mirror, catching this ray, shows on its surface a picture of the surroundings of the person thought of, and soon there- after a likeness of the person." At this point the conversation was interrupted by the officiating Brahman, who approaching the Bishop, and presenting him with apiece of glass of concave oval form, said : " Follow me." He led him to the fire, above which still hung the vessel, and by means of a spatula covered the back of the glass with the preparation. " Hold it over the fire, until dry," said the Brahman, " then retire to yonder clump of trees, concentrate your thoughts on some far-off friend, and look." The Bishop obeyed, and when the asphaltum was sufficiently dry and hard, seated himself under the group of trees, placed the mirror on his knee, and in a moment was lost in meditation. "Here I am," was his first thought, "a Roman Catholic Bishop, in the midst of a crowd of pagans, with a magic mirror in my hand, ready to consult it, and thus sanction an act which the Church condemns." His heart fluttered a little, but the scientist prevailed 52 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIMALAYA over the theologian, and he resolved to look into the glass. "To whom shall I direct my thoughts?" he asked himself. Instantly his cheeks reddened, and he whispered to himself, " No ! no ! that must not be, that would be to desecrate her memory ! " Nevertheless, after a moment's pause, he placed his hand in a secret pocket, and looking cautiously around, opened a golden diamond-mounted locket. One could see that the Prelate was laboring under strong emotion. Gazing affectionately at the locket, he exclaimed : " Dolora, I would give the world to know whether you are happy ! " Almost involuntarily his hand sought the mirror. " No ! no ! I must not ! " but after a few minutes of suspense, " Dolora, forgive me," he exclaimed, ' if by any means, lawful or unlawful, I seek to know of your welfare." Then he took up the mirror, gazing at its surface steadily. Meanwhile the Hindoo was watching him from a distance. After a few moments there appeared in the glass, what seemed to be folds of drapery, resembling two heavy curtains, closing in the centre. Soon they parted, bringing to view a golden back-ground, with stars con- tinually appearing and disappearing. Then came a landscape view — a large building with a huge dome, and two large aisles, in the centre of a spacious lawn with fountain and flower beds, giving the impression of a royal palace. In an instant, a part of the facade of the right aisle vanished, disclosing the interior of a large room, where three men and three handsome but depraved ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. 53 women were seated at a table laden with rich viands and choicest wines. Wine was flowing freely, and laughter, songs, and bursts of gaiety filled the banquet hall. It was a scene of debauch, and the Bishop, sick at heart, was about to turn away when he seemed to hear the voice of one of the women : " Your Majesty is the jolliest king of the continent ! " The speaker then rose, half intoxicated, holding a glass of wine in her hand : ' ' Let us all drink the health of the jolly King — Vive le Roi /" At this moment, in the left aisle of the palace, another chamber opened to view. Here a lady was kneeling on a prie-Dieu. Her hands, convulsively clasped, were raised toward a rare painting of the " Ecce Homo." Tears streamed down her eyes, and sobs appeared to check her utterances. "Oh! my Savior," she ejaculated, in deep agony; "give me strength to bear my heavy burden." " Oh ! Dolora ! " cried the Bishop. At this moment, the figure of a woman became slowly visible, seeming to emerge as from a dark -looming cloud. She was of foreign aspect and attire, dark in complexion, with coal-black hair and eyes, the latter lit with a strange but vivid light. She must have been very beautiful. Looking at the kneeling lady with intense hatred, and slowly pointing at her, she said in harsh tones : "Thou hast married the man I loved, the father of my child; thou art the cause of my hopeless exile. Queen, thou shalt die." As she spoke a stream of darkness flowed from her eyes and outstretched hands, completely enveloping Queen Dolora. The latter, putting one hand upon her heart, with the other touched a bell, and then sank 54 ON THE HEIGHTS OF HIM ALA Y. swooning into the arms of a lady, who came just in time to receive her, and whom the Bishop recognized as the Duchess de Buonaceli. At that instant the dark woman vanished, and with her the vision on the mirror. And now to the Bishop's gaze nothing was visible but the asphalt coating of the glass. The Hindoo guide had closely observed him while looking in the mirror, and reading his emotions, knew that they were not of a nature to permit inquiry. With- drawing quietly, he spoke a few words to the High Priest, who, a moment later, approached the Bishop, now pale as death, and presented him with a box of red cedar.
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The Ogden Standard: Ogden, Utah, Friday, March 10, 1906. "Out of the Drives" Afternoons and Evenings The Wood Nymphs Mother Goose Red Riding Hood Bo-Pee and Appear in "The Enchanted Forest" Headline Acts of Vaudeville 5c and 10c, 10c, and 20c Matinees Evenings More observations from the "Hard-boiled Critic." Brother Jack wrote me from New York the other day said he had just "coughed up" a ONE CASE NOTE to see Marguerite Clarke play "Out of the Drives," and advised me to see he picture at any price. Well, when I had a chance to see a vaudeville show and this picture all for 10c. I just had to "loosen" and saw the biggest dime's worth of amusement in the world. I guess. On the Vode Bill, we had "Martyn and Florence can't tell why the substituted the y for in this name unless he wanted to use the extra in his act. I guess that's what he did, for that Juggler can sure I see forty things at once. The "Musical Hunters" never need HUNT for music they're full of it and the applause they get is well earned. Clifford and Hills in the Station Agent and the Show Girl may not be as clever as "Clifford and Evelyn" in the Station Agent and the Show Girl may not be as clever as "Clifford and Evelyn" in the Station Agent. Nesblt," at the Salt Lake Orphanum this week if they were you would probably pay 75c to get a "look in." But they ARE mighty clever and that "China-town" song will make your flesh creep. I actually imagined I "had 'em" millions of them creeping all over me, while that song was coming across. H. Malone and Malone are probably traveling under assumed names, as neither one looks Irish, but they dance faster than any Irishman ever saw. How SHE can dance that way and not GET THIN, is what worries me. The girls in the "Enchanted Forest" didn't want their names on the program, but they were so pretty and sang and danced so we would KNOW THEM if I saw them in China in 1918. That fellow in the act was good and I got several mighty good laughs at his monkey business. At 8:45 I settled down into my chair for the big picture, "OUT OF THE DRIFTS." It was made in Switzerland and I saw some scenery. We saw the mountain country will have to take our hats off to Marguerite first shows with a bunch of sheep, then we loose her and get back to London where a certain rich and idle young loafer is giving as fine a delineation of a SOUSE PARTY as you ever saw after the last bottle has been drained he goes to sleep and wakes up with a lady's slipper right there beside his nose. Well, yes, and he decided to cut it out. Valet suggests the Alps no WOMEN there no BOOZE so off they go, and of course meets Marguerite, a pure, god-loving, sweet little shepherdess, and they make a hard combination to handle. Well, things begin to move pretty fast. Booze thirster AD- MIRES and COVETS the beautiful Marguerite, while a local Alpine guide LOVES HER and is ON THE SQUARE. Of course, he hates this "1915 model" that has appeared on the scene. Finally, the dude has secured Marguerite's consent to go with him to London. She thinks they are going to be MARRIED FIRST, but he KNOWS better, and so does the Alpine guide. After the GUIDE thinks he has thrown the London boy to his death. Marguerite finds him and brings him into her cabin, where she lives alone. I am sure I saw a million tons of snow slide down on that cabin after they had gone inside. It was the best avalanche I ever saw in movies for anywhere else for that matter. The Alpine guide knows about the slide and knows Marjorie is in the cabin (which has been COVERED WITH SNOW), but he DOESN'T know the Londoner is also there. In London, March 10, 1905 p.m. The British torpedo boat destroyer Coquette and torpedo boat No. 11 have been sunk by striking mines, it was officially announced this afternoon. The statement follows: "The torpedo boat destroyer Coquette, Lieutenant Vere Seymour, R.N., in command, and H.M. torpedo boat No. 11, Lieutenant John A.T. Legh, R.N., have struck mines off the east coast and sunk. The casualties: "Coquette one officer and 21 men. "The torpedo boat three officers and 20 men." The normal compliment of the Coquette was sixty men. Torpedo boat No. 11 ordinarily carried 35 men. The Coquette was built in 1897. She was 210 feet long and 19 1-2 feet beam. She displaced 355 tons. Her armament consisted of one 12 pound gun, five 6 pound guns and two torpedo tubes. Torpedo boat No. 11 was built in 1906. She was 172 feet long and displaced 253 tons. She was armed with two 3-inch guns and three torpedo tubes. Oracle Theatre "Always a Good Show." Today and Tomorrow HHH v IB fepj u u HI V I SB H A masterly Red Feather photoplay in 5 acts, by Louis Joseph Vance. A drama of love and adventure. See it for 5c and 10c Oracle Theatre FALL OF TURKISH PORT IMMINENT Troops Land on Asiatic Coast Russian Navy in Complete Control of Black Sea. U.S. EMBASS Combined Land and Sea Attack on Trebizond, Turkey's Most Important Port, Arranged. Washington, "March 10. Russian troops have landed on the Black Sea coast of Asiatic Turkey and the occupation of Trebizond is imminent, according to a dispatch received today from the American embassy at Constantinople. The state department also was advised that the American consul at Trebizond had taken over the archives of the German consulate, the German consulate having left. Turkish Campaign to Collapse. Petrograd, via London, March 9, 6:57 p. m. The final collapse of the Turkish campaign in the early spring is confidentially predicted by the Russian military critics, who base their assertions upon the remarkable progress the Russian army is making along the Black Sea coast and in Persia. The critics find increasing evidence of demoralization among the Turks and inability to continue their organized posts. The past week has brought the northern and southern Russian Caucasian armies considerably nearer their immediate objectives. The recent victories in Persia will enable the Russians to push forward over the mountain range, hitherto considered impassable, to a point within 25 miles of the Mesopotamian border, while the troops moving along the Black Sea coast, under the protection of the Russian fleet now are within a similar distance of Trebizond. The capture of Rlza leaves no important coastal defense on the way to Trebizond and a combined land and sea attack on Turks most important Black Sea ports now is being prepared. According to all reports, the Turks have done everything they could to improve the fortifications at Trebizond, but it is believed here that they have not had sufficient time to bring up the necessary reinforcements to withstand a sustained Russian assault. GREAT BALKAN FIGHT TO BEGIN Allied Armies Prepare to Open Offensive at Saloniki First Week in May or Earlier. MUNITIONS ARRIVING Unending Stream of Ships Reach Port With Supplies Soldiers in High Spirits. (Correspondence of the Associated Press). Saloniki, Feb. 5. The great Balkan offensive of the allied armies is popularly believed to be arranged for the first week in May. Should weather conditions prove exceptionally favorable, it may occur even earlier. That it will take place soon, no one in Saloniki doubts for a moment. The only thing that can stop it is for the Germans and Bulgarians to move first and there is little belief in this contingency. The increasing stores of munitions and supplies arriving in this port in an unending stream, the constant hard work of General Sarrail and his staff, the activity of the allied scouts and aeroplanes and the cheery features and high spirits of the French and British soldiers and the eagerness of the Serbs to get themselves in fighting trim again at the earliest possible moment added to the conviction that an allied offensive from Saloniki in the Spring in a certainty. H TRAINMASTER IN CHARGE AT LOCAL H. P. OFFICE A. W. McDuffie, formerly trainmaster of districts 5 and 6 of the Wyoming division of the Union Pacific, with headquarters at Laramie, Wye, took charge of the office of the 8th and 9th districts in Ogden, this morning. He replaces Trainmaster W. C. Shelvear, who was transferred to Laramie. The change in officials was made by Division Superintendent S. R. Toucey, who was in Ogden last night. Mr. McDuffie entered the employ of the Union Pacific eight years ago, moving into Wyoming from Texas, and since that time has held an executive position in all of the district terminals on the Wyoming division. In 1911, he was trainmaster at Evanston and, while located there, made a few trips to Ogden. His impressions of this city this morning were highly favorable. He missed the regular high winds of Laramie, he said, and was much pleased at the opportunity to miss them. In a further conversation, the new head of the local operating department of the Union Pacific stated that he welcomed the transfer to Ogden, having heard much of the progressive and hospitable spirit of the people of the community. He will bring his wife and family to Ogden and take up a residence here sometime within the next few weeks. Superintendent Toucey came to Ogden last night from Salt Lake City and went east on Union Pacific train No. 6 this morning, in his private car accompanied by Division Engineer G. I. Adams, General Storekeeper Fries, and Hoadmaster J. A. Ottman. CLOSE WATCH IS KEPP AT BORDER Army Patrols and Armed Civilians Keeping Vigil Others Clearing Yesterday's Battlefield at Columbus. 100 MEXICANS DEAD Bodies on American Side Burned or Buried Wounded Men Taken to Army Hospital. Columbus, N. M., March 10. Army border patrols and armed civilians early today maintained a close watch, for the reappearance of Mexican bandits along the border, a report that armed Mexicans had appeared opposite Gibson's ranch, fifteen miles west, was being investigated by military authorities. Immediately upon receipt of this report, a considerable body of armed civilians left here in automobiles. Unconfirmed reports of the appearance of Mexicans near Victoria also were received. Soldiers and citizens divided attention to the vigil along the International boundary with the work of clearing yesterday's battlefield of Mexican dead. Early today approximately 75 Mexican dead had been found on the American side and either burned or buried. This was pointed to by American officials as an evidence of the effectiveness of the fire of American troopers. Hundred Dead Mexicans. Major Frank Tompkins, who yesterday afternoon returned to Columbus with troopers that followed Villa into Mexico, estimated the Mexican dead in the battle with Villa's rear guard at fully 100. Several wounded Mexicans, who had lain out all night, were found in the brush and taken to the army hospital. Lack of field telegraph and telephone equipment, it was learned, was responsible for the delay in the arrival at Columbus of two troops of cavalry from the station at the Gibson ranch. Word of the Columbus fighting was not received there until 8 o'clock. Although Major Lindsley started immediately, it was almost two hours later before he reached Columbus with his two troops. El Paso and Southwestern train No. 8, eastbound, with most of the passengers, was delayed due to the heavy rain. Passengers and crew heavily armed, reached here at 9 o'clock. Trainmen reported quiet prevailed at Hachita and Victoria where American troops are stationed. T. M. Evans' Pocketbook Found. The pocketbook of T. M. Evans, one of the eighteen Americans massacred January 10 at Santa Ysabel, Chihuahua, was found on the body of the Mexican officer identified as Pablo Lopez, second in command to Villa. Wounded Mexicans said that it was generally stated among Villa troops that, while Lopez led in the massacre, he acted without orders from Villa. A battalion of the Twentieth Infantry, commanded by Major William R. Sample, reached Victoria at daylight. Two wounded Mexicans died at the American army hospital here during the night. One of these was a Villa general named Garcia. PARIS DENIES GERMAN REPORT Official Despatches Affirming Glorious Night Attack Said to Be Utterly False. MANY UNTRUE STORIES German Counter Attacks Fail Report of Places, Men and Guns Captured All Without Foundation Paris, March 10, 10:32 a. m. An official note has been issued categorially denying the statement made in the German official communication of March 9 that "the village and armored fort of Vaux were captured in a glorious night attack, by Posen reserve regiments, under the leadership of General von Gurotsky Cornitz." This assertion, the note says, is in every way false. The note denies other statements contained in recent German official communications. The French official notes say: "German official dispatches, of March 9, affirm that in a glorious night attack the Posen reserve regiments No. 6 and No. 19, under command of Infantry General von Gur- I L I 4 "3 AsK any man or woman who heard Elizabeth Spencer sing in comparison with Edisons in I S5:f Re-Creation of her voice I J II Over a thousand Ogden music lover witnessed this remarkable tone test on Wednesday. Not one could distinguish the living and breathing Elizabeth Spencer's voice from Eton's laboratory. Re-Creation of that self- I EDISON Diamond Disc 1 This new Edison invention accomplishes the Re-Creation (not reproduction) of all forms of music. May we prove it to you? Ask for anything. Ask for the most difficult. Ask for violin and piano Re-Creations. Let us show you on the new art now. New selections on sale. Diamond Disc the difference between weekly. FOR SALE BY 4 ll LAST & THOMAS Proudfit Sporting Goods Co. 11 etaky Cornitz, stormed the fort of Vaux with a number of adjacent fortifications. This assertion is false in every way. At the very hour when the German communication arrived, the French Staff found that the fort of Vaux had not been attacked and that the soldiers guarding it were calmly at their posts. More Untrue Acknowledgment. "The same communication asserts further, that the German troops are engaged in clearing French troops still remaining out of Corbeaux wood; (2), that the Germans stormed the village of Vaux. These assertions are both untrue. At the present moment, the enemy only occupies the eastern extremity of Corbeaux wood," the greater part of which is held by us. All German counterattacks failed to drive us from it. The village of Vaux, attacked during the night by German troops, was vigorously defended and remains in our hands. The German infantry which succeeded in getting into the village were all driven out at the point of the bayonet. "It has been remarked since the failure of the offensive against Verdun, German official communications are full of false statements. Thus, when the French troops withdrew from Fresnes, the German communication stated on March 7 that 300 French prisoners had been taken and then on March 8 that the number, amounted to over 700. The garrison of Fresnes was less than 700 altogether. Best Bargains of the Season in Small Farms Skeen Realty Company (UNDER UTAH NATIONAL BANK) We will place on the market next week only 20 ACRES CHOICEST LAND IN THE COUNTY. It will be cut in tracts two to five acres each; first-class water right; two blocks from city limits; one mile from railroad shops and new packing plant. Price $400.00 per Acre EASY TERMS. Call 913 for appointments, and automobile will call any time from 1 a.m. to 6 p.m. and show this property. Skeen Realty, Under Utah Nat. Bank and was able to withdraw from the village without great difficulty. "In the attack on Forges, Regneville and Cortbeaux wood, the Germans declared that they had taken prisoners 58 officers and 3,277 men, all unwounded. Now, the garrisons of Forges and Regneville were in all about 600 men and that is all the enemy could possibly have captured." MARGINS First Coal Dealer How much profit are you making on a ton of coal now? Second Coal Dealer Twenty-five percent. V. C. D. Why, that's a good deal more than I am making. S. C. D. But you sell to the rich in large lots I sell to the poor in pailfuls. Life. SPEAKERS SHOW AT CONFERENCE Apostle George Albert Smith and Bishop Orrin R. Miller of the presiding bishopric of the Mormon church, will be the principal speakers at the quarterly conference of the North Weber stake, to be held Sunday in the tabernacle. The sessions will begin at 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. and special music will be furnished by the tabernacle choir and soloists. All members of the stake are requested to attend. SAVE YOUR SIGHT Our optometrist makes an accurate and thorough examination of your eyes, then prescribes the contour of your face. We have the latest improved machinery and do our own grinding. That's why our prices are the lowest and our workmanship the best. Good Glasses as Low as $2.00 and $3.50. Schubach Optical Co. OPTOMETRISTS AND MFG. OPTICIANS. "D ECCLES BUILDING" WE GIVE YOU THE SAME PRICES AND SERVICES. IN OUR MAIN STORE IN SALT LAKE! SUMMER.
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</div>
<div class="user_box">
<a href="{{ url('user/set') }}">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-info.png') }}">
<p>个人信息</p>
</a>
{{-- <a href="{{ url('extension') }}">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-qrcode.png') }}">
<p>我的推广</p>
</a> --}}
<a href="{{ url('cash') }}">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-recharge.png') }}">
<p>兑换操作</p>
</a>
<a href="{{ url('user/share/qrcode') }}">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-share.png') }}">
<p>分享我们</p>
</a>
</div>
{{-- <div class="user_box">
<a href="">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-together.png') }}">
<p>加入我们</p>
</a>
<a href="">
<img src="{{ asset('images/icon-server.png') }}">
<p>联系我们</p>
</a>
</div> --}}
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div class="blank"></div>
<div style="height: 5rem"></div>
<div class="nav-bottom" style="position: fixed;">
<a class="nav-bottom-item false" ng-repeat="i in pages" href="{{ url('shop') }}">
<i class="fa fa-th-large" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="nav-bottom-text ng-binding">主 页</span>
</a>
<!-- end ngRepeat: i in pages -->
<a class="nav-bottom-item false" ng-repeat="i in pages" href="{{ url('article') }}">
<i class="fa fa-file-text" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="nav-bottom-text ng-binding">资 讯</span>
</a>
<!-- end ngRepeat: i in pages -->
<a class="nav-bottom-item false" ng-repeat="i in pages" href="{{ url('car') }}">
<i class="fa fa-shopping-cart" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="nav-bottom-text ng-binding">购物车</span>
</a>
<!-- end ngRepeat: i in pages -->
<a class="nav-bottom-item true" ng-repeat="i in pages" href="{{ url('user') }}">
<i class="fa fa-user" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="nav-bottom-text ng-binding">我 的</span>
</a>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
var userInfoBox = '';
var inputCodeBox = '';
var makeCodeBox = '';
var pageMenuBox = '';
var fn = true;
$(function () {
isInfo();
});
// 定义关闭Page的方法
function isInfo() {
// 延时执行Ajax
setTimeout(function () {
// Ajax 验证用户是否补全信息
$.post('{{ url('isUserInfo') }}', {
'_token' : '{{ csrf_token() }}',
'uuid' : '{{ session('user')->user_uuid }}'
}, function(ret) {
layer.close(loadBox);
var obj = $.parseJSON(ret);
if (obj.status == 'success') {
// 不执行任何操作,后期嵌入开门广告
}else{
// 提示补全信息
layer.open({
content: '亲爱的梦享家会员,用户检测到您还未补全手机号码!'
,btn: ['现在补全', '稍后再说']
,yes: function(index){
location.href = 'http://jaclub.shareshenghuo.com/addUserInfoPhone';
layer.close(index);
}
});
}
});
},1500);
}
function closeUserInfoBox() {
layer.close(userInfoBox);
}
// 提交短信验证码
function isSmsCode(phone) {
load();
var smsCode1 = $("input[name=smsCode1]").val();
var smsCode2 = $("input[name=smsCode2]").val();
var smsCode3 = $("input[name=smsCode3]").val();
var smsCode4 = $("input[name=smsCode4]").val();
var smsCode = smsCode1+smsCode2+smsCode3+smsCode4;
if (smsCode.length == 4) {
// 发送ajax进行验证
$.post('{{ url('isSmsCode') }}',{
"_token" : '{{ csrf_token() }}',
"smsCode" : smsCode
},function (ret) {
var obj = $.parseJSON(ret);
if (obj.status == 'success') {
// 传入后端进行补全资料
$.post('{{ url('addUserInfoPhone') }}',{
"_token" : '{{ csrf_token() }}',
"phone" : phone
},function (ret) {
var obj = $.parseJSON(ret);
layer.close(loadBox);
if (obj.status == 'success') {
layer.open({
content: '请按照格式输入验证码'
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
layer.closeAll();
}else{
layer.open({
content: obj.msg
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}
});
}else{
layer.close(loadBox);
layer.open({
content: obj.msg
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}
});
}else{
layer.open({
content: '请按照格式输入验证码'
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}
}
// 调取微信扫码
function scanQrcode() {
wx.scanQRCode({
needResult: 1, // 默认为0，扫描结果由微信处理，1则直接返回扫描结果，
scanType: ["qrCode"], // 可以指定扫二维码还是一维码，默认二者都有
success: function (res) {
var result = res.resultStr; // 当needResult 为 1 时，扫码返回的结果
alert(result);
if (result) {
load();
// 发送AJAX获取登录权限
$.post('{{ url('admin/login') }}', {
'_token' : '{{ csrf_token() }}',
'key' : result,
'uuid' : '{{ session('user')->user_uuid }}'
}, function(ret) {
var obj = $.parseJSON(ret);
layer.close(loadBox);
if (obj.status == 'success') {
layer.open({
content: obj.msg
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}else{
layer.open({
content: obj.msg
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}
});
}else{
layer.open({
content: 'Sorry,通讯失败!未获取到二维码信息'
,skin: 'msg'
,time: 2 //2秒后自动关闭
});
}
}
});
}
// 购买会籍
function payRank() {
location.href = '{{ url('member') }}';
}
wx.ready(function () {
var shareData = {
title: '<?php if (session('user')){echo session('user')->user_nickname;}?> 邀请您加入梦想家',
desc: 'JOYOUS ASPIRATION CLUB',//这里请特别注意是要去除html
link: 'http://{{ env('HTTP_HOST') }}',
imgUrl: '<?php if (session('user')){echo session('user')->user_pic;}else{echo env('HTTP_HOST')."/images/logo.png";}?>'
};
if(wx.onMenuShareAppMessage){ //微信文档中提到这两个接口即将弃用，故判断
wx.onMenuShareAppMessage(shareData);//1.0 分享到朋友
wx.onMenuShareTimeline(shareData);//1.0分享到朋友圈
}else{
wx.updateAppMessageShareData(shareData);//1.4 分享到朋友
wx.updateTimelineShareData(shareData);//1.4分享到朋友圈
}
});
</script>
@endsection
| 0.140813
| 0.857131
| 3,812
| 15,177
| 80
| 80
|
HTML & Bootstrap
| false
|
99,814
|
4077839_1
|
courtlistener
|
Public Domain
|
Order entered November 9, 2015
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-15-00653-CV
DEBORAH HUMPHREY, Appellant
V.
DAVID YANCEY AND NATIONWIDE SLATE, Appellees
On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DC-13-07257
ORDER
We GRANT appellee David Yancey’s November 4, 2015 unopposed second motion for
extension of time to file brief and ORDER the brief be filed no later than November 19, 2015.
/s/ CRAIG STODDART
JUSTICE.
| 0.297133
| -0.962079
| 105
| 339
| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,815
|
github_open_source_100_2_8281
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
[[Clause_Critical]]
== Description of critical changes
=== <short name for the change>
<details of the change>
//If no critical changes are present, use the phrase below.
There are no critical changes in this release.
| 0.393202
| 0.679829
| 3,436
| 13,785
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,816
|
github_open_source_100_2_8282
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
#!/usr/bin/env bash
bash embeddingless_scripts/train_bpe.sh en ja 17 0.3 1672
bash embeddingless_scripts/evaluate.sh bpe en ja 17 0.3 valid
bash embeddingless_scripts/score.sh bpe en ja 17 0.3 valid
| 0.395267
| 0.586086
| 3,244
| 13,017
| 285
| 285
|
Makefiles and Scripts
| false
|
99,817
|
github_open_source_100_2_8283
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package net.minecraft.item;
import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
import com.google.common.collect.LinkedHashMultiset;
import com.google.common.collect.Multiset;
import com.google.common.collect.Multisets;
import java.util.List;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;
import net.minecraft.block.BlockState;
import net.minecraft.block.Blocks;
import net.minecraft.block.material.MaterialColor;
import net.minecraft.client.util.ITooltipFlag;
import net.minecraft.entity.Entity;
import net.minecraft.entity.player.PlayerEntity;
import net.minecraft.fluid.FluidState;
import net.minecraft.nbt.CompoundNBT;
import net.minecraft.network.IPacket;
import net.minecraft.tags.BlockTags;
import net.minecraft.util.ActionResultType;
import net.minecraft.util.Direction;
import net.minecraft.util.RegistryKey;
import net.minecraft.util.math.BlockPos;
import net.minecraft.util.math.ChunkPos;
import net.minecraft.util.math.MathHelper;
import net.minecraft.util.text.ITextComponent;
import net.minecraft.util.text.TextFormatting;
import net.minecraft.util.text.TranslationTextComponent;
import net.minecraft.world.World;
import net.minecraft.world.biome.Biome;
import net.minecraft.world.chunk.Chunk;
import net.minecraft.world.gen.Heightmap;
import net.minecraft.world.server.ServerWorld;
import net.minecraft.world.storage.MapData;
import net.minecraftforge.api.distmarker.Dist;
import net.minecraftforge.api.distmarker.OnlyIn;
public class FilledMapItem extends AbstractMapItem {
public FilledMapItem(Item.Properties builder) {
super(builder);
}
public static ItemStack setupNewMap(World worldIn, int worldX, int worldZ, byte scale, boolean trackingPosition, boolean unlimitedTracking) {
ItemStack itemstack = new ItemStack(Items.FILLED_MAP);
createMapData(itemstack, worldIn, worldX, worldZ, scale, trackingPosition, unlimitedTracking, worldIn.getDimensionKey());
return itemstack;
}
@Nullable
public static MapData getData(ItemStack stack, World worldIn) {
return worldIn.getMapData(getMapName(getMapId(stack)));
}
@Nullable
public static MapData getMapData(ItemStack stack, World worldIn) {
// FORGE: Add instance method for mods to override
Item map = stack.getItem();
if (map instanceof FilledMapItem) {
return ((FilledMapItem)map).getCustomMapData(stack, worldIn);
}
return null;
}
@Nullable
protected MapData getCustomMapData(ItemStack stack, World worldIn) {
MapData mapdata = getData(stack, worldIn);
if (mapdata == null && worldIn instanceof ServerWorld) {
mapdata = createMapData(stack, worldIn, worldIn.getWorldInfo().getSpawnX(), worldIn.getWorldInfo().getSpawnZ(), 3, false, false, worldIn.getDimensionKey());
}
return mapdata;
}
public static int getMapId(ItemStack stack) {
CompoundNBT compoundnbt = stack.getTag();
return compoundnbt != null && compoundnbt.contains("map", 99) ? compoundnbt.getInt("map") : 0;
}
private static MapData createMapData(ItemStack stack, World worldIn, int x, int z, int scale, boolean trackingPosition, boolean unlimitedTracking, RegistryKey<World> dimensionTypeIn) {
int i = worldIn.getNextMapId();
MapData mapdata = new MapData(getMapName(i));
mapdata.initData(x, z, scale, trackingPosition, unlimitedTracking, dimensionTypeIn);
worldIn.registerMapData(mapdata);
stack.getOrCreateTag().putInt("map", i);
return mapdata;
}
public static String getMapName(int mapId) {
return "map_" + mapId;
}
public void updateMapData(World worldIn, Entity viewer, MapData data) {
if (worldIn.getDimensionKey() == data.dimension && viewer instanceof PlayerEntity) {
int i = 1 << data.scale;
int j = data.xCenter;
int k = data.zCenter;
int l = MathHelper.floor(viewer.getPosX() - (double)j) / i + 64;
int i1 = MathHelper.floor(viewer.getPosZ() - (double)k) / i + 64;
int j1 = 128 / i;
if (worldIn.getDimensionType().getHasCeiling()) {
j1 /= 2;
}
MapData.MapInfo mapdata$mapinfo = data.getMapInfo((PlayerEntity)viewer);
++mapdata$mapinfo.step;
boolean flag = false;
for(int k1 = l - j1 + 1; k1 < l + j1; ++k1) {
if ((k1 & 15) == (mapdata$mapinfo.step & 15) || flag) {
flag = false;
double d0 = 0.0D;
for(int l1 = i1 - j1 - 1; l1 < i1 + j1; ++l1) {
if (k1 >= 0 && l1 >= -1 && k1 < 128 && l1 < 128) {
int i2 = k1 - l;
int j2 = l1 - i1;
boolean flag1 = i2 * i2 + j2 * j2 > (j1 - 2) * (j1 - 2);
int k2 = (j / i + k1 - 64) * i;
int l2 = (k / i + l1 - 64) * i;
Multiset<MaterialColor> multiset = LinkedHashMultiset.create();
Chunk chunk = worldIn.getChunkAt(new BlockPos(k2, 0, l2));
if (!chunk.isEmpty()) {
ChunkPos chunkpos = chunk.getPos();
int i3 = k2 & 15;
int j3 = l2 & 15;
int k3 = 0;
double d1 = 0.0D;
if (worldIn.getDimensionType().getHasCeiling()) {
int l3 = k2 + l2 * 231871;
l3 = l3 * l3 * 31287121 + l3 * 11;
if ((l3 >> 20 & 1) == 0) {
multiset.add(Blocks.DIRT.getDefaultState().getMaterialColor(worldIn, BlockPos.ZERO), 10);
} else {
multiset.add(Blocks.STONE.getDefaultState().getMaterialColor(worldIn, BlockPos.ZERO), 100);
}
d1 = 100.0D;
} else {
BlockPos.Mutable blockpos$mutable1 = new BlockPos.Mutable();
BlockPos.Mutable blockpos$mutable = new BlockPos.Mutable();
for(int i4 = 0; i4 < i; ++i4) {
for(int j4 = 0; j4 < i; ++j4) {
int k4 = chunk.getTopBlockY(Heightmap.Type.WORLD_SURFACE, i4 + i3, j4 + j3) + 1;
BlockState blockstate;
if (k4 <= 1) {
blockstate = Blocks.BEDROCK.getDefaultState();
} else {
do {
--k4;
blockpos$mutable1.setPos(chunkpos.getXStart() + i4 + i3, k4, chunkpos.getZStart() + j4 + j3);
blockstate = chunk.getBlockState(blockpos$mutable1);
} while(blockstate.getMaterialColor(worldIn, blockpos$mutable1) == MaterialColor.AIR && k4 > 0);
if (k4 > 0 && !blockstate.getFluidState().isEmpty()) {
int l4 = k4 - 1;
blockpos$mutable.setPos(blockpos$mutable1);
BlockState blockstate1;
do {
blockpos$mutable.setY(l4--);
blockstate1 = chunk.getBlockState(blockpos$mutable);
++k3;
} while(l4 > 0 && !blockstate1.getFluidState().isEmpty());
blockstate = this.func_211698_a(worldIn, blockstate, blockpos$mutable1);
}
}
data.removeStaleBanners(worldIn, chunkpos.getXStart() + i4 + i3, chunkpos.getZStart() + j4 + j3);
d1 += (double)k4 / (double)(i * i);
multiset.add(blockstate.getMaterialColor(worldIn, blockpos$mutable1));
}
}
}
k3 = k3 / (i * i);
double d2 = (d1 - d0) * 4.0D / (double)(i + 4) + ((double)(k1 + l1 & 1) - 0.5D) * 0.4D;
int i5 = 1;
if (d2 > 0.6D) {
i5 = 2;
}
if (d2 < -0.6D) {
i5 = 0;
}
MaterialColor materialcolor = Iterables.getFirst(Multisets.copyHighestCountFirst(multiset), MaterialColor.AIR);
if (materialcolor == MaterialColor.WATER) {
d2 = (double)k3 * 0.1D + (double)(k1 + l1 & 1) * 0.2D;
i5 = 1;
if (d2 < 0.5D) {
i5 = 2;
}
if (d2 > 0.9D) {
i5 = 0;
}
}
d0 = d1;
if (l1 >= 0 && i2 * i2 + j2 * j2 < j1 * j1 && (!flag1 || (k1 + l1 & 1) != 0)) {
byte b0 = data.colors[k1 + l1 * 128];
byte b1 = (byte)(materialcolor.colorIndex * 4 + i5);
if (b0 != b1) {
data.colors[k1 + l1 * 128] = b1;
data.updateMapData(k1, l1);
flag = true;
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
private BlockState func_211698_a(World worldIn, BlockState state, BlockPos pos) {
FluidState fluidstate = state.getFluidState();
return !fluidstate.isEmpty() && !state.isSolidSide(worldIn, pos, Direction.UP) ? fluidstate.getBlockState() : state;
}
private static boolean func_195954_a(Biome[] biomes, int p_195954_1_, int p_195954_2_, int p_195954_3_) {
return biomes[p_195954_2_ * p_195954_1_ + p_195954_3_ * p_195954_1_ * 128 * p_195954_1_].getDepth() >= 0.0F;
}
public static void func_226642_a_(ServerWorld p_226642_0_, ItemStack p_226642_1_) {
MapData mapdata = getMapData(p_226642_1_, p_226642_0_);
if (mapdata != null) {
if (p_226642_0_.getDimensionKey() == mapdata.dimension) {
int i = 1 << mapdata.scale;
int j = mapdata.xCenter;
int k = mapdata.zCenter;
Biome[] abiome = new Biome[128 * i * 128 * i];
for(int l = 0; l < 128 * i; ++l) {
for(int i1 = 0; i1 < 128 * i; ++i1) {
abiome[l * 128 * i + i1] = p_226642_0_.getBiome(new BlockPos((j / i - 64) * i + i1, 0, (k / i - 64) * i + l));
}
}
for(int l1 = 0; l1 < 128; ++l1) {
for(int i2 = 0; i2 < 128; ++i2) {
if (l1 > 0 && i2 > 0 && l1 < 127 && i2 < 127) {
Biome biome = abiome[l1 * i + i2 * i * 128 * i];
int j1 = 8;
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 - 1, i2 - 1)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 - 1, i2 + 1)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 - 1, i2)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 + 1, i2 - 1)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 + 1, i2 + 1)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1 + 1, i2)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1, i2 - 1)) {
--j1;
}
if (func_195954_a(abiome, i, l1, i2 + 1)) {
--j1;
}
int k1 = 3;
MaterialColor materialcolor = MaterialColor.AIR;
if (biome.getDepth() < 0.0F) {
materialcolor = MaterialColor.ADOBE;
if (j1 > 7 && i2 % 2 == 0) {
k1 = (l1 + (int)(MathHelper.sin((float)i2 + 0.0F) * 7.0F)) / 8 % 5;
if (k1 == 3) {
k1 = 1;
} else if (k1 == 4) {
k1 = 0;
}
} else if (j1 > 7) {
materialcolor = MaterialColor.AIR;
} else if (j1 > 5) {
k1 = 1;
} else if (j1 > 3) {
k1 = 0;
} else if (j1 > 1) {
k1 = 0;
}
} else if (j1 > 0) {
materialcolor = MaterialColor.BROWN;
if (j1 > 3) {
k1 = 1;
} else {
k1 = 3;
}
}
if (materialcolor != MaterialColor.AIR) {
mapdata.colors[l1 + i2 * 128] = (byte)(materialcolor.colorIndex * 4 + k1);
mapdata.updateMapData(l1, i2);
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
/**
* Called each tick as long the item is on a player inventory. Uses by maps to check if is on a player hand and
* update it's contents.
*/
public void inventoryTick(ItemStack stack, World worldIn, Entity entityIn, int itemSlot, boolean isSelected) {
if (!worldIn.isRemote) {
MapData mapdata = getMapData(stack, worldIn);
if (mapdata != null) {
if (entityIn instanceof PlayerEntity) {
PlayerEntity playerentity = (PlayerEntity)entityIn;
mapdata.updateVisiblePlayers(playerentity, stack);
}
if (!mapdata.locked && (isSelected || entityIn instanceof PlayerEntity && ((PlayerEntity)entityIn).getHeldItemOffhand() == stack)) {
this.updateMapData(worldIn, entityIn, mapdata);
}
}
}
}
@Nullable
public IPacket<?> getUpdatePacket(ItemStack stack, World worldIn, PlayerEntity player) {
return getMapData(stack, worldIn).getMapPacket(stack, worldIn, player);
}
/**
* Called when item is crafted/smelted. Used only by maps so far.
*/
public void onCreated(ItemStack stack, World worldIn, PlayerEntity playerIn) {
CompoundNBT compoundnbt = stack.getTag();
if (compoundnbt != null && compoundnbt.contains("map_scale_direction", 99)) {
scaleMap(stack, worldIn, compoundnbt.getInt("map_scale_direction"));
compoundnbt.remove("map_scale_direction");
} else if (compoundnbt != null && compoundnbt.contains("map_to_lock", 1) && compoundnbt.getBoolean("map_to_lock")) {
func_219992_b(worldIn, stack);
compoundnbt.remove("map_to_lock");
}
}
protected static void scaleMap(ItemStack p_185063_0_, World p_185063_1_, int p_185063_2_) {
MapData mapdata = getMapData(p_185063_0_, p_185063_1_);
if (mapdata != null) {
createMapData(p_185063_0_, p_185063_1_, mapdata.xCenter, mapdata.zCenter, MathHelper.clamp(mapdata.scale + p_185063_2_, 0, 4), mapdata.trackingPosition, mapdata.unlimitedTracking, mapdata.dimension);
}
}
public static void func_219992_b(World worldIn, ItemStack stack) {
MapData mapdata = getMapData(stack, worldIn);
if (mapdata != null) {
MapData mapdata1 = createMapData(stack, worldIn, 0, 0, mapdata.scale, mapdata.trackingPosition, mapdata.unlimitedTracking, mapdata.dimension);
mapdata1.copyFrom(mapdata);
}
}
/**
* allows items to add custom lines of information to the mouseover description
*/
@OnlyIn(Dist.CLIENT)
public void addInformation(ItemStack stack, @Nullable World worldIn, List<ITextComponent> tooltip, ITooltipFlag flagIn) {
MapData mapdata = worldIn == null ? null : getMapData(stack, worldIn);
if (mapdata != null && mapdata.locked) {
tooltip.add((new TranslationTextComponent("filled_map.locked", getMapId(stack))).mergeStyle(TextFormatting.GRAY));
}
if (flagIn.isAdvanced()) {
if (mapdata != null) {
tooltip.add((new TranslationTextComponent("filled_map.id", getMapId(stack))).mergeStyle(TextFormatting.GRAY));
tooltip.add((new TranslationTextComponent("filled_map.scale", 1 << mapdata.scale)).mergeStyle(TextFormatting.GRAY));
tooltip.add((new TranslationTextComponent("filled_map.level", mapdata.scale, 4)).mergeStyle(TextFormatting.GRAY));
} else {
tooltip.add((new TranslationTextComponent("filled_map.unknown")).mergeStyle(TextFormatting.GRAY));
}
}
}
@OnlyIn(Dist.CLIENT)
public static int getColor(ItemStack stack) {
CompoundNBT compoundnbt = stack.getChildTag("display");
if (compoundnbt != null && compoundnbt.contains("MapColor", 99)) {
int i = compoundnbt.getInt("MapColor");
return -16777216 | i & 16777215;
} else {
return -12173266;
}
}
/**
* Called when this item is used when targetting a Block
*/
public ActionResultType onItemUse(ItemUseContext context) {
BlockState blockstate = context.getWorld().getBlockState(context.getPos());
if (blockstate.isIn(BlockTags.BANNERS)) {
if (!context.getWorld().isRemote) {
MapData mapdata = getMapData(context.getItem(), context.getWorld());
mapdata.tryAddBanner(context.getWorld(), context.getPos());
}
return ActionResultType.func_233537_a_(context.getWorld().isRemote);
} else {
return super.onItemUse(context);
}
}
}
| 0.301025
| 0.467721
| 2,985
| 11,987
| 203
| 203
|
Item Descriptions
| false
|
99,818
|
github_open_source_100_2_8284
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package com.sksamuel.kotest.properties
import io.kotest.properties.Gen
import io.kotest.properties.enum
import io.kotest.shouldBe
import io.kotest.specs.StringSpec
class EnumGenTest : StringSpec() {
init {
"enum gen should work generically" {
val gen = Gen.enum<Weather>()
gen.constants().toSet() shouldBe
setOf(Weather.Hot, Weather.Cold, Weather.Dry)
}
}
}
enum class Weather {
Hot, Cold, Dry
}
| 0.55589
| 0.710669
| 3,505
| 14,051
| 270
| 270
|
Testing Item Definitions
| false
|
99,819
|
github_open_source_100_2_8285
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import re
import numpy as np
from scipy import special
from .common import with_attributes, safe_import
with safe_import():
from scipy.special import cython_special
FUNC_ARGS = {
'airy_d': (1,),
'airy_D': (1,),
'beta_dd': (0.25, 0.75),
'erf_d': (1,),
'erf_D': (1+1j,),
'exprel_d': (1e-6,),
'gamma_d': (100,),
'gamma_D': (100+100j,),
'jv_dd': (1, 1),
'jv_dD': (1, (1+1j)),
'loggamma_D': (20,),
'logit_d': (0.5,),
'psi_d': (1,),
'psi_D': (1,),
}
class _CythonSpecialMeta(type):
"""
Add time_* benchmarks corresponding to cython_special._bench_*_cy
"""
def __new__(cls, cls_name, bases, dct):
params = [(10, 100, 1000), ('python', 'numpy', 'cython')]
param_names = ['N', 'api']
def get_time_func(name, args):
@with_attributes(params=[(name,), (args,)] + params,
param_names=['name', 'argument'] + param_names)
def func(self, name, args, N, api):
if api == 'python':
self.py_func(N, *args)
elif api == 'numpy':
self.np_func(*self.obj)
else:
self.cy_func(N, *args)
func.__name__ = 'time_' + name
return func
for name in FUNC_ARGS.keys():
func = get_time_func(name, FUNC_ARGS[name])
dct[func.__name__] = func
return type.__new__(cls, cls_name, bases, dct)
class CythonSpecial(metaclass=_CythonSpecialMeta):
def setup(self, name, args, N, api):
self.py_func = getattr(cython_special, '_bench_{}_py'.format(name))
self.cy_func = getattr(cython_special, '_bench_{}_cy'.format(name))
m = re.match('^(.*)_[dDl]+$', name)
self.np_func = getattr(special, m.group(1))
self.obj = []
for arg in args:
self.obj.append(arg*np.ones(N))
self.obj = tuple(self.obj)
| 0.487695
| 0.510892
| 3,119
| 12,383
| 225
| -1
|
Natural Language Processing
| false
|
99,820
|
bub_gb_aI8UAAAAQAAJ_1
|
German-PD
|
Public Domain
|
LIOTHEEK GENT ET _ "1 — Digitized by Google — ®,. . N. ” U * “ - ha : ‘ fi * ! “. “ k = ' i D ”, z - fi 4 “. 1 ng % f} . .. N ı — 1* A * —* 8 { ’ Kr Fi * „or "- . + * r\ aA * + * . ‘ * = re: ”..- * “>: - + [7 a 3 o. r . ul. > - A n FR " v 9- “ * * ei PR — .- * EZ e ' . a* 2 J . 2 ‘ = P} ° ” “ J J . 5 r 2 — — u. ⸗ ⸗ N ı fi . % f * .. +’ ; + ..» “ . ‘ y R ‚ r} u me . 14 * * ni. » + eg * Be. . a0 ‚ Pr „+ * ® — = .. * e u * * —R . 4— . . I * *, “ * J t . * + ae. ‘ b .. A or "“.. 3 J ’ = * \ Ya r ’ ' — 7 ... u + * [3 .. ‘ - » 7. * ——— J ’ i . ö j * = + + “. ya: . R ; — + . v J J — ..:" ‘ v* RE % “ . Pe ._ F . 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A 1 N s . \ * * ‘ D “ : * ”* r * ’ — — > E23 * * * v .*r e} » 0 J. ‘ “id “ s * 7% nd * + . & ; * *4 — * .. .. — * .—r ’ Dar 77 * PR er 7 Pr — ..- * 24* * — n 4 3”. . — J * « “ig * e ⸗ > * wen 1 * “ “ * Ir 2 * «. „r * 24 * * ee... » * 2* ri *. £% e 28 ” 4 * A — - * J ” u * . ‘ * — i * * ie ’ , * Ur. 2 > - “ “ . J J -” \ 2 ” * * ’ > | “ f} * * 5 — “TEN d + v + D Er * — * 9— * ..- e a i - * — ”.. u * 7 . J * a 5 FR * "4 *r u ’ — ** * J 1 "Er Tr nenn n Y ” s *. s\8 # * d ⸗ ⸗ -} “ . * > * —2 Digitized by Google een wen - 1. Aurfh D. Johann Georg Kruͤnitß okonomiſch-technologiſche Encyklopadie, oder allgemeines Syſtem Staats, Stadt, Haus. und Landwirthfchaft, und der Kunft:Gefchichte, in alphabetifcher Drdnung, xAIm forigefent Friedrich Jakob Floerken, este Flörke, E bes naturforichenden a EI au Jena, Göttingen und Roſtock Ehr — iede, . — — — a — I 4 —J— ER Pi ll, — —— il Bier und achtsigfter Spell, von Mantel bis Marmorwaaren. Nebſt 8 Kupfertafeln auf 25 Bogen, und 13 Bgaen Tabellen. Mit Köniel. Preugifchen und Ehurfürfil. Saͤchſiſchen Privilegien, Berlin, 1801. —* In der Buchhaudl. des Königl. Preuß. Geh. Commereien⸗ Joachim Paufti. i a” 2 — J F ——7 . 2 ⸗ % r I. \ N e I. 5. - P2 NS — — — ‘ ud + ” ‘ # 3 % u Ne * 13 .»* .. * » . ° .. “wie a “ 3 — J - . 5 + . va — eo... v ' t . ' = - P — * Br iur — ’ Ion * g.* [3 L — - u Wi . - 4 * .‘ ı = ii s ’ r ‘, «. - 5 ” . R „it [2 > — * — Pe ⸗ *— he v ’ tr * MR Ä . „s ’ . . u * [3 F. l * ee * — * 2 ; , N w'® * ⸗ J J J : ‘ \ | t - Fi * WV J F 4 - - : un. „Ah — * h ’ * * > F * j 1 v 2 * ER . m — 7 4 * 7 \ — J 4 * ß ‚ be. pP * » u; = » — *7 . 0. un" \ * nr \. . 5 J J — um al N To ‚ z . * I} ...- "ad * ER ’ — in I » -_ * ... —W ..* R i Pet, Ey DE a “ 4.5 — ”. 8 — f} ‘ J * + ' f ‘. Pr Pr ee! f R = 8 F u Mi: ( “ ⸗ — a un :* " ·N2 * + — J J un ’ . .o“ x * * * * .. a Me a u des x i „nu. ”. EZ Eure} ‚ N — ⁊d 1 — 2 . \ / a 4 — u ’ W i. “ — 7 F ’ ’ ‚ * « » I ‘ . .r Digitized by Google antel, der, bebeuter in der Schiffs fahre ein Stud Tau, welches mit⸗ "ten an einer Rah befeſtigt iſt, um bie Rah oder Segelſtange damit — — nieder iu laſſen. Fr. Itacle, itague &. 3. Mantel, der, ein feltnes Wort, — in⸗ deſſen den Begriff des: Endes, tes Letzten an ei⸗ nem Dinge: der Ausdehnung nach zu haben ‚pen Es: ift nur: bey den Tuchbereitern uͤb⸗ welche das "Ende eines Tuches, wo der ale ven Anfang’ mir Weben demacht fr, ’ den Mantel zu nennen pflegen. =. 3. Mantel, der, ein: Wort, welches: aͤberhoupt den Begriff der Bedeckung hat, wid: ein: Ding ©, technol.Rnc. LXXKIV. Thr 4 bee D I, \y [4 * J J J « m « ” ’ % * 7: 3 Mantel. bedeutet, welches ein anderes bedecket, aber. nur noch in verſchiedenen einzelen Sällen üblich. iſt. 1.) Im Bergbaue iſt das Sahlband gleich⸗ falls unter dem Nahmen des Mantels bekannt, entweder ſo fern es den Erzgang umgibt und ihn gleichfam bedecket, oder auch in ber vorigen Bedeutung, fo fern es das feßte, das aͤußerſte bes, Ganges iſt. | | _ 2) Im Forſtweſen verfieht man unter Mantel des Waldes bie äuferfien Oberbäume, die man um einen Echlag oder ein Holz fiehen laͤſſet. Sonft nennt man fie auch Prone ober aum. 3) In der Kriegsbaukunſt iſt Mantel (manteau ou enveloppe), eine jufammenhan- gende Befeftigung Yon Außenwerken. Bey die⸗ fen beyden Bedeutungen, und auch bey einis gen folgenden, laͤßt fich gleichfalls der Begriff des Letzten oder Aeußerften vielleicht eben fo gut. anwenden, als der der Bederfung. a 4) In der landwirthſchaft wirb eine Tage neues Stroh, welche uͤber ein altes Strohdach gelegt wird, ein Mantel genannt. Eben fo eine: Sage lehm, um einen. Badlofen zu beberfen: 5). In den Giefereyen ift den Mantel ' bie äußere: Form zu den, Gufwaaren, welche uͤber den Kern geformt wird, und auch die Schale heißt. | * 6) In den Kuͤchen wird der hervorragende Rand der Feuermauer über. den Herd: welcher ‚ben Rasch faſſet und ihn in den Schlund der Feuermauer leitet, fo wohl Der Mantel., gl der Schurz genannt. „Auch die Kamine: haben miehrmahl ſolche Maͤntel, und oft wird Die ganze tel genannt, vordere obere Wand eines Kamines der: Manz u 7 227 Te nd ——— 7) Daß; | 3. Mantel. 2 7) Das Behaͤltniß, worin eine Treppe in bie Höhe geht, wird an einigen Orten Man: tel, auch Treppenhaus genannt. S. Vans geltreppe unter Treppe. 8) In der Maturgefchichte werden einige Schmetterlinge und Mufcheln mit dem Kahmen Mantel belest; 3. B. bandirter Mantel ift der Papilio Cinxfa Linn.; bunter Mantel, Papilio Hypermaeſtra Linn.; glatter Dians tel (eine Kammmufcel ) Oltrea glabra L. &. 9) Am uͤblichſten iſt dieſes Wort von ets nem weiten Kleidungsſtuͤcke gemeinhin ohne Aer⸗ mel, welches über die gewoͤhnſiche Kleidung ges tragen wird, und von verfchiedener Lange ift. Im Mantel geben. Den Mantel umneb: men. Den Mantel nach dem Winde han: gen, ſich in die Zeit ſchicken, eine von den kurs zen Reiſemaͤnteln hergenommene Zigır. Auch die Saloppen des andere Geichlechts find eine Art Mäntel, wiewohl man nur dieje- nigen, weldye Perfonen geringeren Standes zu tragen pflegen, Mäntel nennt. Wenn man einen Mannsmantelzum Zufchnei- - ben zeichnen will, legt man das Tuch nicht. über ‘ tinander, fonbern in feiner ganzen "Breite aus einander, Hierauf nimmt man zwey Mirtelpunk: te, den einen auf einer Seite in der vierren Elle, den andern:auf der andern Seite in. der ſechſten Elle. Don jedem Mittelpunkte ziehet man einen halben Zirkel; dieſe beyden halben Zirkel, die im Durchſchnitt ohngefaͤhr drittehalb >. >. Elle erhaben werden, müflen ‚mitten auf dem. Zeuge zuſammen ſtoßen. Man ſchneidet um je den Mittelpunkt einen kleinen halben Zirkel, von einer, guten halben Elle im Durchſchnitt, zur Deffnung am Hatſe; diejes giebt den Kragen. 4a Man eo #4 4 —F 3. Mantel. Man theilt dieſe Maͤntel übrigens in bals be, Dreyviertel: und ganze Mäntel ein. Gan⸗ ze Mäntel find folhe, die einen ganzen Kreis bilden, mwenn man fie auf dem Boden auöbreis | tet. An den Dreyviertel:Manteln fehlt. vorn ein Ausfchnitt von 90 Graden, und die hal⸗ ben bilden, wenn fie auf dem Boden ausgebreis tet liegen, nur einen halben — Rach der verſchiedenen Form und Beſtim⸗ | mung erhalten die Mäntel noch verfchiedene Nah; men von benen hier die vorzäglichiten folgen. Auf die vielen Abänderungen det Modefüchtigen, und deren Nahmen kann man fic) nicht guf eins laſſen, da dieſe doch zu — Zeit gebraͤuchlich ſind. — | Mantel ( Dee) f. ©. 3. (bunter) f. oben, ©. 3. — (Chor:) eigentlich Kaiferlicher Chor-Man; tel oder Pluviale, ein Theil des Drnas tees eines römifchen Kaifers, f. im Art. Arönen, 3%. 533, ©. 735. und H, Fig. 3152. bafeldfl. - — (churfürftlicher oder Aurs) ein mit Hermelin — rother Mantel der — . unter Aur:Aabit, Th. 56, 668. — Beat in D. Th. 9, ©. 28. — _ (erzbifchöflicher oder pabftlicher) iſt eigentlich kein Mantel, ſondern eine Art von Binde. ©. Pallium. — (Haar) f. in 8. Th. 20, 34. — _ (Tager:) na Kamm in J. Th. 28, S. 5 — —S— P. Chormantel, hier — = Mans Mantel. Mantel der alten Griechen. 5 Manel (Könige) eine Att Rammmuſchel, Os- — F ” trea Pallium Linn. (Rur:) f. hurfürftlicher Mantel, ‚oben, Mauer) f. Suttermauer, Theil ı5, — ſ. Haarmantel, Theil 20, “ ©. 5 Cpäbiklichen) f. erzbifchöflicher Mans tel, oben, ©. 4 (Duder-) f. in P. (Regen:) der Roͤmer, Lacerna, f. im Art. leid, Ih. 40, ©. 61, und La- cerna, Th. 158, ©. 156. (Reife) ift fo viel als Mantel übers haupt, da man bey ung die Mäntel vors züglich nur auf Reiſen trägt. —— I oben, ©. 2. unter 3. Mantel, n. 6. und Schurz. (Soldaten) f. in S. (fpanifcher ) eine Art Leibesſtrafe, wel⸗ ‚ she in einem tiefen und ſchweren Zober befieht, welchen der Schuldige vermittelft eines in dem Boden befindlichen foches - auf den Achſeln trägt. Diefe Art ber Strafe ift unter andern in Schleſien, als eine der. Geſundheit ſchaͤdliche und gefährliche Strafe abgeſchafft. S. Res ſcript vom 4. Se Zn. in. der Samml. fhlef. Ord. B. 4. ©. Eine ähnliche Ar if der Cangue der Epinefer. Duͤhalde IL ©. 158. u. Allg. Reiſebeſchr. VI. S. 488. (Trauer⸗) ſ. in T. Mantel der alten Griechen, ſ. unter RKleid, 40, S. 31. | | Az: Man 6 Mantel der alter Weltweiſen. Mantelet. "Mantel der alten Weltweifen, fiehe dafelöft, ©. 33. M:niel der Pharifder bey den alten Juden, | . ——— — im Art. Jude, Theil 31, ©. 478. Mantel der beil. Runigunde, ſ. unter Kuni⸗ gunde, 55, ©. 78. und Kunſtkammer daf. S. 415. Mam ele und Mantile, f. Serviette. Das franz. Wort mantelé heißt in der Wapenkunſt mit eis nem Mantel umhangen. Mantelende, das, eben ſo viel als 2. Mantel, oben, S. 1. Den Tuͤchern, die fuͤt den Han⸗ del beſtimmt ſind, wird ein Mantelende, auch Vorſchuß, angewebet, welches dem Kaufmann, der davon die Proben für die Käufer abjchnei- det, nicht angerechnet wird. Manreler, if eine Act kleiner Mäntel, die bie Bis’ ſchoͤfe über dasChorhemde, und eine andere Art, bie vordem die Rectores auf Univerfitäten zu tragen pflegten. | Manxeler ift aber auch eine Art ber Schuß. wehr oder Bedeckungen im: Kriege. Sie find entweder einfach), und befichen aus zweyen oder - Dreyen ftarfen eichenen Bohlen, werben bis brey Fuß breit und fünf Fuß lang’ gemacht, und mit Dlech befchlagen. Wenn man auf der Bres ſche oder Eontrefcarpe Pofto faſſen mill, fo wer: ben fie von den Soldaten vor ſich her getragen, ‚und an dem Orte zwey und zwey gegen einan- ber gelehnt, daß fie gleichfam ein Dach machen, und den Arbeiter vor Granaten und Feuerwer⸗ fen bedecken. Oder fie find Doppelt, und ber fiehen aus zweyen parallel gegen einander ges fhlagenen breternen ABänden, deren Zwiſchen⸗ raum mit Erde oder anderem zähen Zeuge ftarf : — aus Mantelfohren. Mantelmewe. 7 — ausgeſtopft if. Sie werden auf Blockraͤder ges feßt, damit man fie leichter fortſchieben fonne, und. zus Beberfung bey DBerfertigung der lauf⸗ graͤben und Batterien. gebraucht. Mantelfahren, das, die Benennung einer vor⸗ mahligen ſeyn ſollenden Art der Zauberey. Maneeigeiff, ift. bey ben Tuben eine Are der hoͤch⸗ ſten Betheuerung, bie fie fefter halten: ſollen, als einen Handſchlag oder Eidſchwur. Bey ihren Contracten und Bergleichen pflegen fie einander nicht leicht bie Hände zu geben oder zu ſchwoͤ⸗ ten, 'fondern einer reichet dem andern den Zips fel feines Mantels oder langen Rocks, und auf folhen Mantelgriff werben Contracte von vielen Taufend Thalern geſchloſſen. Mantelhuhn, Tetrao togatus Linn., eine in ‚Canada einheimiſche Art Berghuͤhner, die an den Schultern längere Federn hat, welche gleichfam wie ein Mantel berabhangen. Mantelkind ‚ ein größtentheils veraltetes Wort, ein vor der priefierlichen Einſegnung gejeugtes uneheliges Kind zu bezeichnen, weil die Mutter. ſolche vordem bey der nachmahligen Trauung un: » ter ihren Mantel nehmen mußte, wenn fie‘ als aͤchte und rechtmäßige Kinder angefehen werden ten. Im Schweb. heißen fie Skötfätubarn , fo. fern fi e unter der Trauung auf dem Schoße des Vaters ‚oder der Mutter ſaßen. Mantelkirſche, eine Art — Gartenkir⸗ ſchen mit kleinen Steinen, und von angenehmen Geſchmacke, welche unter ihren Blaͤttern, wie unter Maͤnteln bedeckt hangen. Mantelkraͤhe, ſ. unter Kraͤhe, Th. 46, S. 510. Mantelmewe, Larus marinus Linn., f. unter me hear s | Wr y 4 Mans 8 Mantelſack. Mlanteltreppe, Mantelfad, ein Reifefad, befonders fo. fern er su Verwahrnng des Mantels auf der Reiſe die⸗ net... Ehedem die Garge, die Malle, der Watſack, im mittlern dat. Mantica. In der Form kommen die Mantelſaͤcke mit dem Fellei⸗ fen (ſ. Th. 12, ©. 542.) mehrentheils übers ein; die Selleifen werden aber aus Leder, und die Mantelſaͤcke aus Tuch verfertiget. Da fie in ſo fern dem Durchnaͤſſen unterworfen ſind, fo it es eine nuͤtzliche Erfindung, das Tuch wafe. ferdihe zu machen, womit fi in den leßteren Sahren mehrere Phyſiker beſchaͤfftigt haben. Un—⸗ ter andern hat auch der. franzäfifche ‚General Soulerac im Jahr 1797 diefe Erfindung auf. die Mantelfäde der Truppen angewandt, und fie auf eine leichte Art. gegen Mäffe undurchdring⸗ lich gemacht. Die Sache wird indef noch im» mer als ein Geheimniß behandelt, fo daß von ber Art, wie es gefchieht,. noch nichts: befannt geworden ift: — | | Mantelſchnur, die flarfe, Schnur, mit welcher nn der Männermantel um den Hals befeſtigt wird. Mantelſtock, ein Stod auf einem breiten Suße, auf welchen man ehebem den Mantel zu hängen - pflegte, wenn man ihn nicht trug. — Manteltragen, das, oder richtiger Mantel tra⸗ gen, iſt eine Strafe fuͤr gemeine Soldaten in einigen haͤndern, ba fie zehen, zwoͤlf und meh⸗ rere Wachmaͤntel eine oder mehrere Stunden - umnehmen mäöffen. Ä (d. Grießheim) Patriotiſche Vorſchlaͤge, ©. so, - Manteltreppe, eine Art Treppen, die fonft auch Hohltreppen heißen. S. unter Treppe. Die mehrſten Autoren ſchreiben Mandeltreppe, wel⸗ ches aber unrichtig iſt, da dieſes Wort von 3. Mantel, oben, S. 3. herkommt. — Mans Mantik, die; — — nr Alters eigent: lich die Kunft, aus dem Fluge und dem ſon⸗ ſtigen Berragen der Vögel zu weiffagen, ge: nonnt; bernach hat, man das Wort in einem weitläufigern Verſtande genommen, von einer jeden vorgeblichen Kunft, etwas Zufänftiges vor⸗ ber zu fügen. Im neueren Zeiten verfteht man Darunter diejenige Wiffenfchaft, welche die Re— geln der vernünftigen Bermuthungsfunft enthält. Mantile, f. Mantele, oben, ©. 6. Mantille, ift ein furzer Mantel von Sammer, Taffent, Flor oder Spißen, mit allerhand Flor, Taffent und Spitzen falbalirt und umkraͤuſelt, den. das Frauenzimmer vor einigen Jahren um den Hals zu fhlagen pflegte. Er bedeckt über: all den ganzen obern feib, und, hänge in zweyen breiten Theilen, die vorgefchlagen werben, born über den ganzen Rock, fat bis auf-die Schuh, oder vielmehr dem Node gleich, herunter, | Mantino, in Stalien die Ermefini, oder Futter⸗ und Manteltaffente, welche darin von jenen un⸗ terfchieden. find, daß fig-wie ber franz. Taffent zuſammen gelegt werden, wogegen die. Ermeſi ini wohl ellenbreit liegen, Mantis, f. Geſpenſtkaͤfer, Th 17, S. 719. Manto "di Punta, tar bey. den Malteſer-Rittern das Profeffionskleid, welches fie ehemahls an ge: wiffen Tagen des Jahre anziehen mußten. : In den letzteren Zeiten pflegten daffelbe alsdann nur. der. Sroßmeifter, deſſen Schagmeifter, der. Vices Kanzler und andere — zu tragen. Alantuenifhee Kreutz, |. unter Kreus / Th rent, Kinds; heigt an, den Orgeln das Cla⸗ vier, welches mit den Haͤnden geſpielt witd, zum aterſchiede des ne. ©; unter — A5 10 Manual» Chirurgie. Manufactur. > "Manual bedeutet aber auch das Buch, wel⸗ cthes ſich Kauflente und Mechnungsführer halten, die täglichen Vorfälle aufjuzeichnen, aus mel "chem die Jahresrechnung gezogen werben muß. m Fuͤr die erſte Bedeutung, haben wir "bie Woͤrter Handbuch und Handlungsbuch. Es "ft ben Kaufleuten "aber ſehr gewoͤhnlich, dafür "Memorial zu fagen. EI Manual⸗Chirurgie, die fehre von den chirutgi⸗ ſchen Handariffen,: “ Manubiae, f. Rriegsbeute, Th. 50, ©. 56. ‚Manubriüm, ſ. Handgriff, Th 21, ©. 499. Manucodiata, Manueodiatta, f. Paradiesvogel. Manuduction, heißt Anweiſung, Hanbleitung, > Anführung ꝛc. ꝛc. | De Manuf, ſ. Manouf, Th. 83, ©. 788. Manufactur, die, Aus dem Franz. Manufaeru- re, fat. Manufactura, ift 1) eine Anſtalt, in welcher gewiſſe neuere Waaren non unzünftigen Perfonen ohne Feuer und Hammer in Menge verfertigt werden; zum Unterſchiede von einer Vabrik, we man fi) gewöhnlich‘ des Feuers "nd Hammers bedient. Die Beiden:Manus factur, Zeug: Manufactur, Strumpf- Ma- nüfactur. Es ift aber im Art. Fabrik, TE. , S. 3. fhon bemerkt, daß diefer Unterſchied im gemeinen $eben felten beobachtet wird, indem "I man eben fo oft eine Rattun:, Tuch», Ca⸗ melot⸗, Sammer-Sabrite als Manufartur Page Was den Unterfchied einer Manufactur oder Fabrife von einem. Handmwerfe betrifft, fo liegt er nicht bloß darin, daß man unter Hand- werk ein folches Gefchäft verſteht, welches. ſchon Seit: Sahrhunderten eingeführt und zuͤnftig ger worden iſt; fondern vorzäglic ‚darin: 1) dag in einer Manufactur oder. Fabrike viele Seanız At i Manufacturen und Fabriken. 11 fid) einander in die Hand arbeiten, und 2) daß eine folhe Anftale auf Rechnung eines Princis pals unterhalten wird, wiewohl man eben dieſes auch von manchen fo: genanten Handwerkern bes. haupten fann. 2) Verfteht man unter Manufactnr fee häufig auch die verfertigren Waaren und Arbei- ten, fo wie | | 3) die Gefchäffte der Manufacturiften bey der Derfertigung diefer Waaren ſelbſt. Au - Man theilt die Manufacturen aber gewoͤhn⸗ lich noch mieder ein a) in Anfehung der Arbeis ter, in Aunft-Manufacruren, Handwerks⸗ Manufacturen, und Frauenzimmer⸗-Manu⸗ facturen; b) in Anjehung der Zubereitung und Behandlung der zu verfertisenden Sachen in mechanifche und chemifche, welchen noch bie Suͤlfs⸗Manufacturen beyzufügen find, zu des nen 3. B. die FSärberenen, Mühlen, als Walk⸗, Weißgaͤrber-, loh⸗, Schleif:, Polier-, Gewürz. und andere Mühlen, und die Eifenhammer ge hören; c) in Anfehung des Gebrauchs: in Aaufs manns » und KAandwerks: Manufactüren; und d) in Anfehung der Materialien in Bold:, Silber-, Seidens, LKeinen:, Wol:Manus fecturen ꝛc, ꝛc. | Die Manufacturen, welche uns alles lie fern, was zur Bekleidung der Menfchen und zu ihrer Bequemlichfeit erforderte wird; und die Tas brifen,, welche uns die Gerächfchaften der Sande wirthichaft, der Manufacturen, und aller andern Handthierungen verfchaffen, gehören nun nad) dem Getreide und den übrigen -febensmitteln, ‚zu den vornehmften und erſten Nothwendigkeiten eines Landes. Wenn diefe Waaren im fande gewonnen werben, ſo darf man in Anfebung ‚ f :2 Manufacturen und Fabriken, x. berfelden nicht von andern Nationen abhangen, und dad Geld. bleibt im Sande. Ein fand, dag Wwenig oder gar Feine Manufacturen und Fabri⸗ „fen ‚hat, und dieſe nothwendigen Waaren von — andern Voͤlkern erhandeln muß, ſiehet dagegen ſein Geld ‚oder: feine, übrigen fanbesproducte an⸗ „bern Völfern zufließen; und wenn es nicht ges nugſame fandesproducte hat, um folche gegen die - +. „bendrhigten Manufactur: und Fabrik⸗Waaren umjufeßen, oder.damit zu balanciren: ſo wird endlich alleg fein. Geld. andern Nationen zu Theil. „werden, und das fand fi in einem elenden Zuftande befinden.. Ueberdies finden durch. die Manufacturen' und Zabrifen eine große Menge Menſchen Nahrung und Unterhalt; und ein land, das diefer nuͤtzlichen Mahrungsarten beraubet iſt, kann alſo allemahl ungleich, weniger bevoͤlkert ſeyn, welches der Macht des Staats ſehr nach⸗ theilig iſt. Vielmehr ſetzet ein Volk, das dieſe noͤthigen Waaren ſeinen Nachbarn abnimmt, die⸗ ſelben dadurch in den Stand, daß fie. deſto mehr Menfchen ernähren, und. immer volfreiher und mächtiger werden koͤnnen. Gemeiniglich ſchmie⸗ ber es ſich alſo die Feſſeln ſelbſt zu feiner: Ab haͤnglichkeit. Endlich kann auch ein Sand, wel⸗ ches keine Manufacturen und Fabriken hat, ſchwerlich vortheilhaften Handel treiben, in⸗ dem es den Einkauf mit baarem Gelde beſtrei⸗ ten, muß, weil es keine eigene Manufactur⸗ und Rabeit: Waaren dagegen abgeben Fann; barattiret es aber. mit feinen rohen und. unbearbeiteten Mas - gerialien, fo. iſt folches ein dem Sande fehr ſchaͤd⸗ icher Handel, indem es. allemahl dabey verlich- set, weil es hernach Bie daraus verfertigten Waa⸗ gen wieder theuer einkaufen muß; zu geſchwei⸗ gen, daß durch dieſen Handel den allen u ie Manufacturen und Fabriken. 13 die Mittel und Gelegenheit ſich zu ernaͤhren ab⸗ geſchnitten werden. Einem Sande, das feine Ma: nufactuten und Fabriken hät, bleibe nichts uͤbrig als der fogenarnte oͤconomiſche Handel, da man die Waaren von andern Völkern abhölet, um fie wieder mit Vortheil an andere Voͤlker zu vers Faufen. Es ift zwar dieſes ein nüßlicher Hans bel, weil die Hände der Untertanen nicht“ als fein dabey in der Schifffahrt und auf andere Art nuͤtzlich beſchaͤfftiget werden, ſondern auch Anlaß gegeben wird, den’ Reichthum des Staats zu vermehren, weil der Wiederverkauf der Waaren nicht ohne Vortheil geſchiehet. Allein zu ger ſchweigen, daß dieſe Art des Handels eine beſon⸗ dere tage des landes erfotdert; o iſt es auch weit gefehlt, daß daraus ein hinlaͤnglich gegruͤn⸗ deter und dauerhafter Handel: entſtehen koͤnnte. Dieſer Handel kann nicht laͤnger beſtehen/ als die zwey Nationen, mit welchen derſelbe getrie⸗ ben wird, einfaͤltig genug ſind, ihren wahren Vortheil nicht einzuſehen. Sobald das eine Volk einſehen lernet, daß es ſeine Waaren andern Voͤlkern ſelbſt zufuͤhren kann, oder ſo bald dieſe Voͤlker begreifen, daß es ihnen vortheilhäfter ift, die Waaren, die fie nöthig haben , aus ber ers ſten Hand abzuholen; fo if es mit dieſem Dan: del gejchehen. Da nun bie Manifacturen und Fabriken ‚allen Sändern fo norhmendig und nuͤtzlich find, und im, Artifel Fabrik, Th. ı2, ©. 2. hier bon nichts gefägt, fondern bie meitere Ausführ sung nah Manufactur berwiefen ift: fo muß ich hier die Grundſaͤtze und Maßregeln im all gemeinen angeben, die man zu beobachten hat, wenn man Manufacturen und Fabriken mit Rut— ien und Vortheil anlegen, sehen, und "2. un®. * 14 Manufactuen und Fabriken. . ‚und Aufnahme bringen will. Was aber eine jer de befondere Manufacturer oder Fabrike für Grund⸗ „faße :und Maasregeln erfordert, wird bey der ‚Abhandlung einer jeden Manufactur und Sabrife in den. befonderen Artifela gezeigt. A. Die aufgeklärteften Sandesregierungen ha- | ben den Grunpfaß, jo bald die erfien und noch wendigſten Gewerbe, bie die Bafis alles Wohl: . ftandes ausmachen, nähmlich Ackerbau und Vieb- — ucht ſo weit gegruͤndet find, daß man von ih—⸗ nen eine Dauer. der. Bevoͤlkerung, Menge der ‚arbeitenden Hände, und Wohlfeilheit der tebense mittel, wovon auch zum. großen Theile das. Ar- beitslohn abhängig it, erwarten kann, alle Ar — ten der Manufacturen und Fabriken, die nad) Beſchaffenheit des Sandes und. der, Himmelsge: „gend, möglich. find, in ihrem tande anlegen zu : faffen. Alle - Manufacturen nnd Fabrifen, deren Fabrikate im Sande gebraucht werden, find dem Kande noshwendig und nuͤtzlich. Eine jede erfpa- ret den Ausfluß des Geldes aus dem Sande; eine ‚jede kann zur. auswärtigen Handlung, und mits ‚hin zur Bereicherung des tandes dienen, und ‚eine jede befchäftiget die Hände der Unterthanen mit nuͤtzlicher Arbeit, und verichaffet ihnen Nah: zung, und Unterhalt. Dieſer Grundfaß, fo riche tig er auch an ſich iſt, Fann indeflen nur in gro: „Ken, Staaten ‚ausgeüber werden, wo es weder an Geld, noch andern Unterjtägungsmitteln feh: Set, und in welchen, wenn das Clima nur eini- germaßen guͤnſtig iſt, die bendthigten rohen Dias terialien, die die Manufacturen veredeln, und ‚weiter ‚bearbeiten, ſelbſt erzeuger werden koͤnnen. Denn. wenn es hierin auch in einer Gegend fehs „ten folte, fo wird die Sache ſich ſehr mahıs. ſcheinlich doch in andern ‘Provinzen zu Stande brin⸗ — Manufotturen und Fabriken. 15 bringen ‚laften Denn je-gröfer. ein Staat iſt, deſto ‚verfchiedener werben. deſſen ‘Provinzen. feyn, und dieſe Berfchiedenheit- in der Beſchaffenheit des landes wird in einer Provinz dasjenige mög: lich machen, was in einer andern nicht wohl zu Stande gebracht werben kann, man, moͤchte denn einen Gegenſtand aus zu entfernten und abwei⸗ chenden ‚tändern einheimiſch machen wollen. Mit⸗ telmaͤßige und kleine Staaten find hingegen in # ‚Himmelsgegend als die. übrige, Beſchaffenheit bes allzuengen ' Gränzen.: eingefchloffen ; went ‚die «Sandes iſt faſt durchgehende; gleich; nicht, 5 fehlet, es auch in ſolchen Staaten gu. Gelbe, und, man findet immer, zu viel dringendere Aus⸗ gaben, ale daß man im Stande ſeyn ſollte, an: “ fehnlihe Summen auf bie. srörhigen Unterſtuͤt⸗ zungsmittel anwenden ‚zu: koͤnnen. Wer Beys - fpiele davon verlangt, braucht . folche auge. ‚Ayer bie Graͤnzen unfers teutfchen Vaterlandes zu jur chen. Mittelmaͤßige und #leine Staaten muͤſſen ſich demnach "an. den noͤthigſten Manufacturen und Sabrifen begnügen, bie .zur Kleidung und ‚andern Mothwendigfeiten des menſchlichen Lebens dienen, und- wozu die im Sande ſelbſt ‚mit. Leich— tigkeit gewonnenen Daterialien.am mehrften auf: muntern. BE L Man muß. die nothwendigſien Manu⸗ facturen und Fabriken zuerſt anlegen; Diejenigen ſind aber allemahl am nothwendigſten, fuͤr wel⸗ he das meiſte Geld außer ‚fandes geht, Fuͤr welche Arten. der, Waaren das meiſte Geld Aus dem lande geht, kann man aus den Zoll: und Acciſe⸗Regiſtern bald erfahren; und «s Fi hier ra: auf die allergenauefte Ri igkeit iu fehen, bie oßnehin nicht wohl, möglich. iſt, weil eines Theils unfer Zollweſen in Deutſchland ii Ä bie « En ie Mahufaeriren und Fabriken. bie gute Einrihrüng, Sie’ es billig Haben follte, noch nicht hat, daß naͤhmlich auch "diejenigen Waͤaren und ihre Werth in den Zollregiftern * Provinz in | Ä zer und verhandelt hat. Auch diejes ift eine nuͤtz⸗ verzeichnet werben, die bey dem Ein- uns Aus⸗ gange nichts entrichten; andern Theile aber, weil ſowohl viele Zoll; als Accife: Betrügereyen- vor⸗ gehen, und ters verfehwiegen wird. Will man die Sache der wahre Werth der Waaren oͤf⸗ mit einer genauern Richtigkeit wiſſen, fo kann "man, wie in den Koͤniglich Preußziſchen landen wiirklich geſchehen iſt, die Kaufleute, Handwer⸗ Fer und alle andere Unterthanen einige Jahre hindurch anhalten, daß ſie am Ende eines jeden Jahrs ein Vetzeichniß eingeben muͤſſen/ was fuͤr Mähren fie aus-andern laͤndern haben Fommen laſſen, wie viel ine jede an Werth beträgt, und was 'ein jeder am Staaten ausgeführt und verkauft hat. Diele. fandedwaaren in auswaͤrtige Verzeichniffe müffen von den Obrigkeiten in Tas bellen gebracht und "daraus allgemeine - Tabellen und Ertracte über eine ‘jede Provinz gemacht werben. In den Preufifchen fanden iſt man jo gar’ fo weit gegangen, daß man einen jeden — hat aufzeichnen laſſen, was er für daren aus andern Preußiſchen Provinzen har ' Fommen laffen, und wieber von ben Waaren Der | andere Preufifche Staaten 'verführ liche Verfügung. Die Regierung muß nicht ale ein die Befchaffenheit des auswärtigen Handels genau Fennen, fondern fie muß auch die Staͤrke des Handels wiffen, den eine Provinz mit der andern treiber. Alsdann tappet fie nicht im Fin⸗ fern, und ihre Maasregeln find nicht aufs ges 7% # 3 5 rathe wohl ergeiffem — Manufacturen und Fabriken, 17 III. Wenn einige Arten von Manufäcturen und Kabrifenwaaren das Geld ziemlich in glei⸗ chem Mafe aus dem Sande ziehen: fo verdient Diejenige Art den Vorzug, durch welche die meis fien Menſchen ernährer werden koͤnnen. | UIV. &ind diejenigen Arten von Manufacs turen und Sabrifen vorzüglich im Sande anzulee gen, wozu man bie Haupt» und Mebenmärerias lien felbft ‚bereits im Lande erzeugt, oder doch ohne Hinderniß und Schwierigfeit erzeugen kann. Wird die Anlegung ſolcher Manufacturen und Sabrifen unterlaffen, fo werben die Materialien, die dazu dienen koͤnnen, und die man felbfi er. jeugt, dem Sande zum Theil unnuͤtz, weil man fie zu nichts anders, als zum Verkauf gebraus chen kann. Diejes ift aber ein. fchadlicher Hans del, der nicht das. Sand bereichert, fondern es vielmehr ſchwaͤcher und ärmer macht; wir müfs fen nachher die aus unfern rohen Marerialten Herfertigten MWaaren unfern Nachbarn wieder theuer abkaufen, und berliehren Dabey den Vor⸗ theil, den Einwohnern unfers eigenen landes Nahrung und Unterhalt zu verfhaffen Auch find Manufacturen und Tabrifen, wozu wir bie Materialien felbft erzeugen, allemahl dauerhaften gegründet, als diejenigen, wozu wit die Haupts materialien von andern Sändern Faufen müflenz denn es Können ſich vielerley Umſtaͤnde ereignen, wo man ins diefe Möäterialien nicht mehr zus fommen läßt, oder doch den Preis dertelben fo hoch anſetzt, daß man nicht dabey beftehen kann, und alsdann haben unſere Manufacturen und Fabriken ein Ende.“) RE — % &) Hierbeß erinnert man ſich eines hordifchen Landes, das | en — en 0 cin freibt, aber nit bie, Dec, terhnol. inc LAXXIV. Ch, 8, 18 Manufacturen und Fabriken, V. Hat man diejenigen Arten der Manu: faeturen und Zabrifen ausgemacht, auf deren Anlegung man am erften bedacht feyn muß: fo muß man zuförderft bemuͤhet ſeyn, ſowohl folche Leute, welche eine Manufactur und Babrife, oder diefen oder jenen befondern Theil derſelben zur dirigiren willen, als. auch Setıte und Arbeiter ber: beyzuſchaffen, melde die Verfertigung folcher Manufacturen genugſam verſtehen. Ein fand, welches noch wenig oder noch gar Feine Manu- —144 Manufacturiers und Fabrikanten aus dem. Sande ee | ig locket. Leinen/ ſondern die Seiden⸗Manufaeturen bey ſich in Aufnahme zu bringen ſuchte. ch vergeblich verwens deten Summen ſah man indefſen den Jrrthum ein, gan vor dem Unternehmen ab, und ſchickte Landess inder nach Schlefien und Holland, um fich .in eins wandarbeiten zu vervollkominnen, und es läßt fich vors — daß dieſes von guͤnſtigeren Folgen fuͤr das erwaͤhnte Land ſeyn werde. \ “ J Manufacturen und Fabrife. 19 locket. Will man alfo feute erlangen, fo muß man feine Kofien fcheuen, und man muß ihnen diejenigen Vortheile und Beguͤnſtigungen, die man ihnen zugeftanden, auf das aenauefte erfül- len, auch nicht: zugeben, daß ihnen von den Ein:. gebohrnen Verdruß verurfacht werde, wenn fie nicht mieder aus dem Sande gehen ſollen. Sft man hierin zu feichtfinnig und zu eigennäßig, jo ſetzet man fi in üblen Ruf, und hernach darf man fich fo feiche Feine Hoffnung wieder machen , gefchiefte feute zu befommen. Serum: läufer giebt es genug, die fich von felbft einfin- den, wenn es befannt wird, daß man auf Ans legung von Manufacturen und Fabriken bedacht _ iſt, Allsin vor folchen Leuten muf man fich bes Fanntlich fehr in Achte nehmen, und ſich mir ih⸗ nen nicht eher: einlaffen, als bis man von ihren Eigenschaften gute Machrichten und Zeugnifje eingeholet. und erlanget hat. VI, Miffen den frenden Manufacturiften und Fabricanten fogleid im Anfınge nicht nur erwachfene fandeseinwohner zu Gehuͤlfen geges ben, fondern ihnen auch junge tehrlinge von gu⸗ ten Sähbigfeiten untergeben werben, um fie auf das baldigfte unterrichten zu laffen, damit die neuangelegten. Werke nicht eingeben, wenn bie Sremden das Heimmeh befommen, oder allzu uns billige Zorderungen machen. Beyde, menn fie aufmerkffam find, werden ſich von allen Arten ber Arbeiten unterrichten koͤnnen; und wenn Die fremden Arbeiter verfichere find, dag man fie niht durch Verdruß und Beleidigungen dahin ‚ bringen wird, in ihr Vaterland zuräd zu ges hen, fo bald man fie nicht mehr nöchıg zu has ben glaubst: fo werden A feine Urfache dabens 20 Manufacturen und Fabriken. in ihrem Unterrichte der Sandeseinwohner zuruͤck⸗ haltend zu ſeyn. A | | VI Man muß fih hüten, gleih im Ans fange große und Foftbare Manufactur-Gebäude aufzuführen. Es wird nicht allein viele Zeit hingehen, ehe man mit ſolchen großen Gebäur- nen zu Stande fommt, fondern es gehet auch ein großer Theil des Capitals aus den Händen, das zu. Anlegung folcher. neuen Anflalten beftim: met iſt; ‚und wenn hernach der Nachdruck in dem Aufwande fehlet, oder die Fabriken die auf: gewendeten großen, Koften nicht verinterefliren, fo gerärh das. ganze Werk ins Stefen. Und da man bie aufgewendeten großen Koften verin: tereffiret haben will, fo muß daraus norhmendig eine Vertheurung der Waaren entfiehen, bie ober dem Debit ver Waaten, ber von dem wohlfei⸗ len Preife derfelben. abhänger, ſehr nachtheilig iſt. Die zu den Manufacturen und Fabriken nöthis gen Gebaͤude, wenn ſie auch ſchon gleich anfangs einen großen Umfang erfordern follten, wird man vielleicht im Sande finden, fo daß fie ent- weder dem landesherrn gehören, der fie zu ans dern Zwecken nicht fo nothwendig gebraucht, oder daß man fie von Privatleuten für eine mäßige Summe faufen fann. Ä VII. Eine jede Art der Manufacturen und Habrifen muß an ſolchem Drte angeleget werben, wo die größten Bequemlichfeiten und Wortheile mit den wenigſten Koften für diefelbe zu haben finde. Man muß auf die Naͤhe der Materialien fehen, und z. €, MWollenmanufacturen werben in einer. Gegend zu errichten ſeyn, mo bie beſte Schaafzucht iſt, oder wo man diefelbe leicht bes - Kommen kann, fo wie Meralls Sabrifen an & Ä \ Manufacturen und Fabrifen 21 hen Drten anzulegen find, wo bie Metalle und DBergmwerfsproducte in der Mähe find. Hingegen wenn man mit fremden Materialien arbeitet, fo ift ein Ort zu ermählen, welcher die Bequem: lichkeit dee Schifffahrt hat. Man muß aud auf die Bequemlichkeit fehen, wo bie Arbeiter in Menge und in wohlfeilem Preis zu haben find, Zumeilen erfordert®ein Nebenumſtand viele Aufmerffamfeit,. 5. & ob das Waſſer zu der — dienlich ift, wie bey den Faͤrbereyen als erdingd erwogen werden muß. Hat ein Dre diefen, ein anderer aber jenen Vortheil, fo müfs fen diefe Vortheile gegen einander berechnet wer den. Man muß auch unterfuchen, eb diejem oder jenem Drte bie ermangelnde Bequemlichfeit durch Fleiß und Mühe nicht verfchaffer ‚werden kann. So kann 3. DB. den feinwand : und Cats tun-, wie auch ABollen-Manufacturen, Die jwar bie Moterialien in der Mähe haben, denen es aber an Spinnern fehler, geholfen werden, wenn man, wie in Sclefien und andern Preußijchen Provinzen, ingleichen in der Gegend von Wien geichehen ifk, Pie Sandleute zur Spinnerey ans gewoͤhnet. | | Ä Saft allenthalben fiehet man die Manufacs turen und Sabrifen am häufigften in der Haupt: und Mefidenzfiabt des fandes angeleget. Im Allge⸗ meinen hält man aber die Haupt: und Nefidenzs ſtaͤdte nicht für fchickliche Orte für Manufactu⸗ sen und Kabrifen, und. das. aus folgenden Gruͤn⸗ den. 1) Weil es in der Reſidenzſtadt gemöhrs lich theurer ift, als in kleinen landſtaͤdten, und das fo wohl in Hinficht der Wohnungen als fe bensmittel ꝛe. ꝛc. / factur- und Fabrikenwaaren ungleich. theurer, als wenn fie in andern Staͤdten des lLandes ers richtet wären. Diefe DVertheuerung der Waa— ren ift aber nicht allein dem gemeinen Weſen nachtheilig; fondern Kindert auch den ausmwartis gen Debit der fandeswaaren, da diefer bloß dars auf anfommt, daf man Waaren von eben der Güte und Schönheit wohlfeilern Preiſes geben fann. 2) Beruhet der MWohlftand des Volkes und der Zufammenhang des Nahrungsſtandes ſehr darauf, daß die Nahrung und der Umlauf bes Geldes in allen Gegenden des landes gleich ftarf und lebhaft if. Die Hauptſtadt aber ziehe durch den Aufenthalt des Be der landes⸗Col⸗ legien, der Sremden, und burch viele andere Umftände, das Geld ſchon allzufehr an fich. Wenn nun volends auch die Manufacturen und: Sabris Fen dafelbft etabliret find: fo werden die andern Gegenden des Sandes in allzugroßen Geldmangel und nahrungslofen Zuſtand, und folglich in eine Unthätigfeit gefeßet, melche. der gefammten Wohl: ‚fahre des Staats gar nicht gemäß if. — Man darf gleichwohl aber auch die Urfachen nicht überfehen, die die Manufacturen und Tabrifen gewöhnlich nach der Hauptftadt hinziehen, fo daß. man in vielen Sällen faſt gezwungen ift, fie_das felbft anzulegen. 1) Die Sremden , welche man zu Anlegung und Verwaltung diefer Werke in das Sand fommen läft, wohnen lieber in der Hauptftadt als in abgelegenen Gegenden. 2) Die Bedienten des Staats, welche die Direc- tion und Dberaufficht daben führen, wollen fie gern in der Mähe haben; 3) in der Haupt⸗ ſtadt finden ſich allemahl eher vermögende Leute, welche dergleichen Werke unternehmen, die na- türlicher XBeife gern dabey gegenwärtig fe F wol⸗ Manufacturer und Fabriken. 23 wollen, ohne daf fie $uft haben, aus der Haupt: ſtadt wegzuziehen; 4) die Reſidenzſtadt hat für die meiften Menfchen fehr viele Reitzungen, fo daß der Drang - immer nach der Hauptſtadt if. — Aleın,- fo wichtig diefe Urfachen aud) ſeyn mögen, fo wäre es für das Ganze doch immer beffer, wenn man die Manufacturer mehr vertheilen koͤnnte. Man würde mwohlfeilere Waa⸗ ren liefern, und der Kunftfleiß ſich mehr. über die ganze Volksmaſſe verbreiten, als es gewoͤhn⸗ lich geſchieht. Es ſtellen fih zwar öfters große Schwierigfeiten entgegen, wenn man die Ma: nufacturen und Fabriken in Sandftädten einrich: ten will, z. E. daf nicht genug Arbeiter dazu zu finden,. oder die MBochenmärfte fo fchlecht beichaffen find, daß man zumeilen nicht einmahl genug Victualien zum Unterhalt der Fabrifenar-: beiter befommen fann. nahme. von der Megel, und koͤnnen yon dem fie | gen: Marufacturen und Fabriken. 25 genten felbft mit. Mugen und Vortheil auf feine Rechnung angeleget werden. Das find Feine Ge- werbe und Mahrungsarten zu nennen, denn der Regent ift hier felbft Hausvater, und es fann einem Hausvater nicht berbacdht merden, wenn et feine Nothwendigkeiten felbft verfertigen läßt. Die gute Wirthfchaft und die Wermeidung des Unterfchleifs der Kriegesbefehlshaber und ber Bevortheilung ber Sieferanten rathen ihm folches vielmehr an. Was der Megent bier durd) eine gute Wirthſchaft erfparer, ift fo gut, als wenn es feinen Unterthanen wäre erfparet werden, weil diefe defto mehr Abgaben entrichten müffen, je mehr die Unterhaltung der Armee Aufwand ver urſachet. Hierbey gewinnen alle feine Untertha- nen, anſtatt daß aladann, wenn ber Regent die Morhmendigfeiten für jein Kriegesheer einfaufr, nur einige feiner Unterthanen Nahrung und Ge: winnft daben ‚haben. Es erfordern dergleichen Manufacturen und Fabrifen indefien treue und redliche Directeurs, die feinen eigenen unerlaub⸗ ten DVortheil dabey fuchen. Nebſt einer großen Auffihe ift ed nach der Meinung mehrere Came—⸗ raliften am beften, daß der Regent zwar über: haupt die Anftalt „nterhäft und die Materialien anfchafft,. daß er aber die Arbeit der Waaren dem Stuͤck oder ber Elle nach admodiationsweiſe an den menigft forbernden durch ordentliche fict- tation berdinget, z. E. daß er für die Verfer⸗ tigung eines Flintenrohrs, für eine GSäbelflinge, für eine zmwölfpfündige Kanone zu gießen und. zu bohren, für eine Elle Tuch zu machen und zu färben, u. f. w. fa und fo. viel bezahle, alk man mit ihm übereingefommen ift. Diele An: falten, Fönnen alsdann viel genauer überfehen 33 und .r 26 Manufacturen und Fabriken, | und die Machlaffigfeit und der Unterfchleif ver- mieden werden. Xcr. Der in verfchiedenen laͤndern ermwählte Meg, die Manufacturen und Fabriken dur) einzelne Entreprenneuts, die man. ven Seiten ‚ber. Regierung unterftüßer, anlegen zu laflen, ift, wenn dee Entreprenneur die erforderliche: Kenneniß und Faͤhigkeit hat, wenn er Flug, flei- fig und Hausnäfterifch ift, zwar der Fürzefte Weg, bald und fchleunig etwas anfehnliches von Mas nufacturen und Sabrifen zu Stande zu bringen; allein es koͤnnen hier fehr leicht Umſtaͤnde vor: fommen, welche diefen Weg fehr unficher ma— hen. Wenn man fih in dem Vertrauen auf bie ©efchicklichfeit des Entreprenneurs geirret bat, wenn der Entreprenneur bey aller feiner Gefchicklichfeie Feine gute oͤconomiſche Einrich— tung des Werks verfieher; wenn er fein fleißi⸗ ger und ehätiger Mann iſt; wenn er durd) den guten Fortgang des Werks hochmuͤthig mird, große Titel Haben und fich fehen laffen will, und ‘ Dadurch in Verſchwendung fällt; wenn ihn der Tod wegnimmt, und feine Kinder und ‘Erben entiweder eine andere $ebensart ergreifen, oder nicht die. Gefchicklichkeie ihres Waters und Erb: laſſers haben: fo Fönnen durch dergleichen Zus fälle die auf diefe Arc errichteten Manufacturen und Sabrifen leichte in Gefahr gejeßt werden, daß fie ihren Untergang finden, da dann der. Vorſchuß der Megierung zugleich verlehren gehet. Man muß deswegen, wenn man bdiefen Weg einſchlagen will, nicht allein in der Wahl des Entreprenneurs alle mögliche VBorficht gebrauchen, fondern auch auf feine Wirthſchaft heftändig ger naue Aufficht haben. Man muß fi) von ihm, ehe er das Werk übernimmt, einen — en 1 Manufacturen und Fabriken, 27 hen Plan, wie er daffelbe einzurichten gebenfer, vorlegen laffen; und wenn diefer Plan von ae: fhicften feuien genau unterfucher wird, fo wird fih daraus bald erfehen laffen, ob er dem Werke gewachſen ſey oder nicht. Die Ertheilung der Zitel hänget Tediglich von dem Megenten ab, der ihm folche, nad) vorfommenden Lmftänden geben oder abichlagen Fann. Iſt der Entreprenneur ein einlaͤndiſcher Kaufmann, oder fonft ein an: gefehener und befannter Mann, fo tit fein bie: heriges Betragen, Gefchieflichfeit und Erfahrung bereits befannt; ift es aber ein Ausländer, fo muß man fich nach deſſen Eigenfchaften, und wie er feine Sachen in feinem Vaterlande getrieben, auf das genaueſte und zuverläffigfte erfundigen. Siehet man, daß. der Entreprenneur ein ſchwaͤch⸗ licher und kraͤnklicher Mann wird, oder daß feine Rinder und Erben eine andere febendart ergreifen, oder nicht die erforderlicye Geſchick—⸗ lichkeit befißen: fo muß man den Entreprenneur ben Zeitenanbalten, entweder einentüchtigen Com» pagnon anzunehmen, oder mit Genehmigung des Regenten zur Fortfeßung der Manufacturen und Fabriken dienlihe Anordnungen und Einrichtun: gen zu machen. Außerdem muß man fidy hüten, daß man einem Entreprenneur feine Monopolia auf: lange Zeit oder andere Freyheiten ertheiler, - welche der Anfegung anderer Schbrifen dieſer Art im Wege ftehen, und mithin den blühenden Zuftend dieſer Mahrungsgefchäfte verhindern, Auch wird eine genaue Auffiche erfordert, damit ein folcher Entreprenneur den Meiftern und Ar— beitern den Sohn nicht zu knapp zufchneider, und fie dadurch bedruͤcket. Denn dergleichen Betra: gen verhindert, daß weder geſchickte — in em 28 Manufacturen und Fabrifen, » dem Sande fi etabliren, noch fich die Sanbesein- gebohrnen dieſen Mahrungsgefchäften ergeben. XL Dan wird allemapl ficher gehen, wenn man es dahin bringen Fann, daß fid) 3. 6. bis höchftens 8. vermögende feute in eine Öefellfchafe mit einander vereinigen, um eine wichtige Bas brife. anzulegen. Auf Biefe Art Fann eher ein anfehnliches Capital zufammen gebracht werden. Wenn hier ein Mitglied zu runde geber, fo ſchadet diefes ber Fabrike nicht, indem beflen Stelle leicht wieder erfeßt wird, Kine foldhe Geſellſchaft flirbe. niemahls aus. Diele Augen Fonnen allemahl mehr als zwey Augen fehen. Wenn ein Mitglied, welches die Sache genug:. ſam verfteher, die Hauptdirection führer, fo wer⸗ den die andern ihres eigenen Vortheils wegen bie Bücher und die Haushaltung fleißig nachſe⸗ ben. Doc find diefe Geſellſchaften nur bey den Fabriken im eigentlichen Verſtande, oder bey allen folhen Werfen, wo eine einzige greße gas brife zureichend ift, fo-wohl das fand zu verſor⸗ gen, als auch auswärtige Handlung damit zu.
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ANAXLMÈNE, de Milet, fils d'Eurystrate , florissait vers la cinquante-huitième olympiade ( 556 avant J.-C. ). II était disciple, et même l'ami , selon Simplicius , d'Anaxi mandre. Parménide fut aussi son maître. Anaxagore et Diogène d'Apollonie furent disciples d'Anaximène. Il en seigna la science de la nature, et se servit avec beaucoup de simplicité du dialecte ionien ; on trouve dans Diogène deux Digitized by Google 536 lettres d'Anaximène a Pytltagore. D'après Pline» 0 inventa le gnomon, que d'antres attribuent à son maître. Voici quelques-unes des opinions qu'on lui prête : L'air est le principe des choses , principe divin , iniini , sans cesse en mouvement. Il est invisible , et se manifeste par le froid et le chaud, l'humidité et le mouvement; il se condense et se dilate ; le feu, les nuages, la terre, l'eau, ne sont que l'air a des degrés de condensation différents; la dilatation peut le faire repasser par ces divers états et retourner à l'état na turel; le froid et le chaud sont les agents de ces transfor mations. Le cercle extérieur du ciel 6e compose de terre; la terre est plate comme nu disque, et soutenue par l'air. Anaxi mène assigne au soleil , à la lune , aux étoiles , une forme analogue; le cours du soleil produit les saisons. Quand une sécheresse prolongée ou des pluies opiniâtres viennent à fendre la terre ou à la ramollir, des parties considérables de son écorce s'effondrent et s'engouffrent dans ses cavités; ce sont les tremblements de terre. On retrouve dans Stobée quelques maximes morales de ce philosophe, disséminées çà et là. ANAXIMÈXE, de Lampsaque, fils d'Aristoclès , fut disciple de Diogène et précepteur d'Alexandre le Grand , auprès de qui il intervint en faveur de ses compatriotes, dont celui-ci avait résolu la perte , pour les punir de lui avoir fait une résistance longue et opiniâtre dans le siège de leur ville, qu'il aYait entrepris en personne à la téte de son armée. En le voyant venir â lui , le vainqueur, irrité , de vinant quel était l'objet de sa mission , jura de ne point lui accorder ta grâce qu'il lui demanderait , ce qu'entendant Anaximène, il eut l'heureuse idée de retourner sur-le-champ sa proposition et de le prier de lui accorder la destruction de Lampsaque , et d'en réduire les habitants en esclavage , et par cette feinte préserva cette ville de sa perte, et ses compa triotes du carnage dont ils étaient menacés. Anaximène avait écrit la vie de Philippe et d'Alexandre, avec une histoire de la Grèce en 12 volumes ; mais ces ouvrages ont été perdus. ANAXYRIDES, nom donné aux pantalons larges , longs et plissés qu'on voit sur les monuments grecs et ro mains, aux Phrygiens, aux Perses et autres peuples de l'O rient. Ils descendent jusqu'à la cheville, et souvent ils sont fixés autour de la jambe par des cordons. Il y a des anaxyrides tout d'une pièce avec le vêtement intérieur, qui forme une espèce de gilet. Des figures phrygiennes en por tent qui ont dans tonte la longueur des cuisses et des jam bes des ouvertures sur le devant, garnies de petites agrafes ou de boutons. Les prêtres des Hébreux portaient des anaxy rides en toile de lin rouge, piquée avec soin. ANCELOT ( jACODIS-AaSÈICE-POLYCARPZ-FRANÇOtS), membre de l'Académie Française , fut un des jeunes au teurs de la restauration qui se distinguèrent le plus par leurs 'succès dramatiques. Né le 9 février 1794, au Havre, sa fa mille le destinait h la carrière de l'administration de la ma rine; mais dès son enfance on entrevoyait en lui des symp tômes de vocation littéraire. Il commença ses études au collège de sa ville natale, et les termina à celui de Rouen. Son père , greffier du tribunal de commerce du Havre , était passionné pour Racine , dont les enivres se reprodui saient dans sa bibliothèque sous tous les formats; c'est dans Racine que le jeune Arsène avait donc appris à lire; et dès l'âge de neuf ans il le savait par cœur, pouvant, sans hé siter, donner toujours la réplique à son père. Il fut d'abord attaché au service de la marine au Havre, puis employé de troisième classe, sous la direction de son oncle, préfet mari time à Rochefort en 1813, et, enfin, commis au ministère de la marine à Paris en janvier 1815. Cependant , dès l'âge de dix-sept ans son goût pour la poésie s'était révélé par plusieurs essais, tels qu'une comédie en trois actes et en vers, ayant pour titre l'Eau bénite de Cour ; mais, dans une traversée qu'il faisait à cette époque, celte première amvre dramatique tomba littéralement dans ANAXIMÈNE — ANCELOT l'eau. Écrite de nouveau, elle fut jetée au feu par un onde de l'auteur. Deux ans après , il composa une tragédie en cinq actes et en vers, intitulée Warbeck; et pour que cette nouvelle production ne finit pas comme la précédente, par une noyade ou un auto-da-fé , il la composa toute de mé moire; pas un vers ne fut confié au papier. Warbeck fut récité le 19 mars 1816 par l'auteur au comité du Théâtrt Français, qui l'accueillit avec faveur; mais bientôt M. A* celot, qui travaillait avec ardeur à sa tragédie de Louis IX, devint plus sévère pour son premier ouvrage, et le jaeea indigne de la représentation. Le pauvre Warbeck Ait oubué le jour de la réception de Louis IX. Cest à l'âge de vingt-cinq ans, le S novembre 1BI9, qu'il fit représenter ce dernier ouv rage à 1 a Coméd ie-Française. C'était le premier auquel il attachait son nom. Il obtint un brillant succès. On y trouve une versification facile, beau coup de traits heureux, une étude sérieuse de l'ë|K>que qu'3 avait à peindre. C'est encore ce que l'auteur a fait de mieni. Le caractère du renégat Raymond, mis en regard de celui du saint roi , en qni la piété n'altère jamais le courage , oiïre une opposition dramatique habilement saisie. La pièce (ut quarante représentation;! consécutives; elle a été reprise deux fois, et est restée au répertoire. Louis XVin accord» une pension de deux mille francs sur sa cassette particulière au jeune commis de marine qui venait de débuter avec tut d'éclat dans la carrière littéraire. C'était l'époque ou an autre enfant du Havre, Casimir Delavigne, préludait à de nombreux triomphes par un succès plus brillant encore, en faisant représenter sa tragédie des Vêpres siciliennes an théâtre de l'Odéon. On vit à cette occasion les partis poli tiques faire invasion dans la littérature. L'opinion libérale ayant adopté l'auteur des Messénienncs , l'opinion royaliste s'empara de M. Ancelot, et l'on chercha de part et d'autre à amoindrir le mérite des deux rivaux. La seconde tragédie de M. Ancelot, le Maire du Palais, représentée le 15 avril 1823, n'obtint pas, tant s'en faut, un succès égal à celui de Louis IX. Aussi l'auteur la retirâ t-il après sept représentations assez agitées , et Louis XVin s'cmprcssa-t-il de lui adresser la décoration de la Lépon d'Honneur comme fiche de consolation. Mais l'année sui vante, le 5 novembre 1824 , dans sa tragédie de Fiesq*e, empruntée à Schiller, il prit sa revanche, et déploya du ressources nouvelles qu'on ne lui soupçonnait pu encore. Une action vive, des caractères bien tracés, des détails in génieux, assurèrent à cet ouvrage quarante représentais consécutives à l'Odéon. Transporté au Tliéâtre-Franeau, il n'y réussit pas moins; et ce succès n'a fait que se confirmé à toutes les reprises. Outre les œuvres que nous venons de citer, M. Ancelot avait fourni plusieurs articles signés de lui aux Annales di la Littérature et des Arts, qui parurent de 1820 à il s'était, de plus, associé, en 1822 et 1823 , à la rédactio" de la Foudre, journal politique fondé en 1820 par MM. Cy* prien Bérard et Armand Dartois. Lui-même enfin a rédigé le Réveil, feuille qui, avec les mêmes intentions, eut mou* de vigueur tt de durée que la précédente. On regrrtv sincèrement qu'un homme du talent de M. Ancelot ait son appui à des journaux aussi violents. En 1826 il accompagna en Russie l'ambassadeur extraor dinaire de France, M. le maréchal duc de Ragnse , charte d'aller assister au couronnement de l'empereur Nicolas, et chanta cette solennité dans une ode, fort médiocre, imprima à Moscou. A son retour, il publia la relation de son tonne. lettres en prose et en vers adressées à son ami Samiiw sous le titre de Six mois en Russie. Des observation' fines des détails de mœurs agréablement reproduits ont M »« ce volume avec plaisir. On y a surtout renurqw ™,v chants dithyrambiques intitulés : La Montagne des neaux et le Champ de Bataille de Lut zen. Il esl rable pour M. Ancelot d'avoir fait entendre dans uw Digitized by Google ANCE des accents consacré* à la gloire de cette belle irrorë française dont les drapeaux victorieux flottèrent sur les bords de la Moskowa et sur le palais des cars. Un RatK, M. deTolstoy, a publié contre cet ouvrage une critique mordante, ayant pour titre : Sir mois suffisent-ils pour amnaUre un pays ? M. Ancelot avait lait paraître dans l'intervalle un poème a six chants : Marie de Brabant , dans lequel , par une innovation que le succès a justifiée, il a marié les formes de la tragédie à celles de l'épopée. 11 voulut bientôt s'exercer en prose dans un roman de mœurs, qu'il intitula : l'Homme du Monde. S'il y a dans l'intrigue une partie romanesque qui «mble chargée , le récit, tout parsemé de traits satiriques, s'en annonce pas moins une grande connaissance du coeur humain, et l'on y reconnaît encore les portraits piquants de quelques originaux qui posaient alors daus les salons de Paris. M. A ocelot céda ensuite à la tentation de mettre son roman en drame avec la collaboration de son ami Sainline , et l'ouvrage obtint à l'Odéon un brillant succès, que justifient, du reste, la hardiesse des situations et l'intérêt puissant qui règne dans la pièce. Mais bientôt il revint à la tragédie, et donna successive ment Olga, ou V Orpheline Moscovite, le 15 septembre 1828, ri Elisabeth d'Angleterre, le 4 décembre 1829. Le public accueillit ces ouvrages avec un peu de cette faveur sym pathique qu'il prodiguait jadis à pleines mains à leurs aines. Depuis dix ans qu'il s'était lancé dans la carrière littéraire, M. Ancetot avait encore produit deux vaudevilles en un acte : les Brigands des Alpes et le Roi de Village , l'un avec M. Saintine, l'autre avec M. Caraouclie ; trois opéras : la Grille du Parc, avec M. Saintine; les Pontons de Cadix, avec M. Paul Duport, et Pharamond , pour le sacre de Charles X , avec MM. Guiraud et Soumet; un drame avec M. Mazères, F Espion ; un autre à lui seul , le Mariage d'A mour, et enfin une comédie en trois actes, t Important. Ces travaux variés avaient valu à M. Ancelot une re nommée littéraire justement acquise, une place de con servateur honoraire de la bibliothèque de l'Arsenal en 1825, et plus tard celle, plus lucrative, de bibliothécaire du roi Charles X. Mais survint la révolution de juillet , qui lui fit perdre presque tous les avantages de fortune dont il était redevable à la restauration, sa pension de 2,000 fr., sa place au ministère de la marine, sa bibliothèque. Alors il lui fallut, comme il le disait gaiement lui-même, tra vailler pro famé , après avoir travaillé profama. 11 prit courageusement son parti, devint un des pourvoyeurs fé conds des théâtres secondaires , fit plus de cinquante vau devilles, souvent seul, quelquefois avec MM. Paul Duport, de Comberousse, Saintine, Paul Fouchcr, Anicet Bourgeois, Hipp. Auger, Jacques et Étienne Arago et beaucoup d'autres, mx drames et une comédie eu deux actes, et dépensa là en core une facilité de travail, un fonds de saillies spirituelles, une ingénieuse activité qu'on regrettait de ne pas voir ap pliqués à des ouvres plus durables. Nous n'essayerons point d'énumérer ici toutes ces pièces, de genres si divers, qu'il a semées partout durant vingt années, et qui ont été plus productives pour sa fortune que pour sa gloire. On y re trouve cependant toujours l'homme d'esprit et de tact, lors niAme qu'il abuse beaucoup trop de la scandaleuse chro nique du dix-huitième siècle. Qu'il nous suffise de citer Uontine, qui a eu quatre-vingts représentations, la Féte de ma Femme, qui en a eu cent, et puis la Jeunesse de Ri chelieu, Dieu vous bénisse, le Favori, la Cour de Ca therine II, le Régent, Père et Parrain, le Fils de Ni non, etc., etc. Toutefois , on lui reprochait d'user dans des genres in férieurs un talent qui naguère avait brillé sur de plus hautes scènes. On lui alléguait comme preuve de son im puissance à remonter à son point de départ son Roi fai néant, tragédie en cinq actes cl en vers , tombée pour ne LOT 537 se plus relever, dès sa première représentation , le 26 nont 1830, au tbéAtre de l'Odéon. A ces critiques M. Ancelot opposa une réponse péreroptolre, en faisant jouer au Théâtre-Français, le 29 octobre 1838', sa tragédie de Maria Padilla, dont la vigueur, l'invention, le style ferme et correct et les beaux vers rappellent, à dix-neuf ans de distance, le Ixntis IX du jeune poète. Depuis longtemps M. Ancelot briguait un fauteuil à l'Académie Française. Il s'était présenté une première fois , en 1828 , en concurrence avec M. Lebrun , pour le fau teuil de Lally-Tollendal, et il avait obtenu treize voix; sa seconde candidature eut lieu en mai 1830, en concurrence avec M. de Pongerville, et il en réunit seize. Enfin, il se présenta une troisième fois , en lévrier 1841 , pour succéder à M. de Bonald , et il fut élu par vingt suffrages. L'année suivante, il publiait ses Épttres familières. Il y avait une sorte de coquetterie à avertir ainsi le public que le fauteuil académique n'était pas pour tout le monde un lit de repos. Devenu directeur du Vaudeville, M. Ancelot, jusque la souvent si heureux, pour ses propres ouvrages, sur cette scène et sur d'autres encore , quand leur administration ne le touchait en rien , a vu , malgré sa lutte prolongée contre la mauvaise fortune , malgré les efforts inouïs , mais trop systématiquement solitaires, d'une muse gracieuse qui le touche de près , sa barque s'abtmcr , un soir, sous les inno centes épigrammes d'Arnal , dans les flots de l'indifférence pu blique. Cest une passion malheureuse, en général, que celle qui pousse les littérateurs de mérite aux directions théâtrales. ANCELOT (MAacurarre [dite VmcimB ] CHARDON , madame ), épouse du précédent, peintre et auteur drama tique, née à Dijon, le 15 mars 1792. Nous empruntons ce préambule 4 M. Quérard , qui prétend avoir eu sous les yeux un acte de l'état civil concernant cette dame. M. Phi iarète Chasles , plus galant, l'a fait naître vers tannée 1809 seulement , d'une ancienne famille parlementaire, et l'unit dès sa première jeunesse avec M. Ancelot , dont les succès précoces coïncidèrent , dit-il, avec leur alliance. Laissons parler maintenant madame Ancelot elle-même : « Élevée à Dijon , on je suis née , et où ma famille est ancienne et considérée , ma mère m'amena , à douze ans, achever mon éducation à Paris. J'ai étudié la peinture , parce que mon goût m'y portait. A l'âge de quinze ans, je pei gnais quelquefois sept ou huit heures par jour, composant de petits tableaux de genre , sachant de Part tout ce qui ne s'apprend pas, mais ignorant beaucoup de ce que les maîtres enseignent. Depuis , j'ai écrit, de même, par goot, par passion, mais toujours sans projet, sans calcul, aimant les lettres et les arts , comme j'aime mes amis, pour eux mêmes... Aussi je n'ai jamais éprouvé de mécomptes, ni jamais ressenti d'envie contre personne. Ce que j'ai fart en peinture et en littérature m'a rendue plus indulgente pour les ouvrages des autres , plus enthousiaste de leurs talents, plus sympathique a leurs succès. « Je ne sais vraiment pas comment, avec le caractère ti mide que le ciel m'a donné, il m'est arrivé que j'aie pu (aire, dans ma vie, des choses qui sont très-téméraires. J'ai mis des tableaux à l'exposition de peinture , j'ai fait jouer des comédies au Théâtre-Français, tout cela avec mon nom. La bienveillance m'a toujours accueillie, il est vrai, et j'ai eu du bonheur partout ; mais je l'attribue plus à l'indul gence des autres , qu'à mon mérite , à moi. « Quand M. Ancelot se mit à faire des ouvrages pour des théâtres secondaires , je commençai à m'amuser à arranger avec lui quelques petites pièces : je travaillai bientôt à des pièces plus importantes, et j'en fis quelques-unes moi seule... Je n'ai eu qu'à me louer de la bonté qui a protégé un nom de femme; la presse ne m'a pas été hostile, et des d'un grand talent m'ont été favorables... » A cela M. Quérard répond : « Nous souhaitons que cette explication Digitized by Google 538 ANCELOT assez grand nombre d'incrédules, qui, tout ei beaucoup d'esprit à madame Ancelot, n'en considèrent pas moins les productions dramatiques jouées et imprimées sous son nom comme étant de son mari. Comment se fait-il que les mêmes contradicteurs ne disent poiut que M. An celot ait mis la main aux charmants tableaux de madame qu'on a admirés aux expositions de peinture? » Parmi ces tableaux , M. Philarèta Chasles en cite un qui fut remarqué au salon de 1828, et qui représentait Une facture de M. Ancelot. Il y avait dans cette page, si Ton en croit le critique, une pureté et une grâce exquises. En 1832 fut représentée au Vaudeville , qui trônait alors rue de Chartres, une comédie en un acte, mêlée de chants, intitulée : Reine, Cardinal et Page. La pièce fut jonée et imprimée sous le nom de M. Ancelot ; mais des indiscrets de coulisses trahirent le secret de la comédie, et c'est à partir de cette époque que madame Ancelot , surmontant sa frayeur, consentit à laisser paraître son nom sur l'affiche. Depuis, les applaudissements du public ont dû dissiper en tièrement les craintes du trop timide auteur. Le premier pas étant (ait, madame Ancelot donna succes sivement au Théâtre-Français trois comédies en prose : Un Mariage raisonnable, en un acte, le 4 novembre 183b; Marie, ou les trois Epoques, en trois actes, le il octobre 1836, et le Château de ma Nièce, en un acte, le 8 août 1837. Made moiselle Mars jouait dans ces trois pièces : le succès fut com plet, et la province ne manqua pas d'admirer après Paris. Isabelle, ou Deux Jours d'Expérience, en trois actes, jouée le 14 mars 1838, ne réussit pas aussi bien; le principal rôle était confié à mademoiselle Plessis. Plus tard, sur des théâtres secondaires, madame Ancelot a fait jouer Juana, ou le projet de vengeance; Pierre le Millionnaire; Un Jour de Liberté, sujet emprunté au Der nier oblat de madame Charles Raybaud ; La rue Quincam poix ; Cécile Lebrun, Les Femmes de Paris, et beaucoup d'autres pièces qui ont pourvu presque exclusivement aux besoins du Vaudeville tant que M. Ancelot en a été directeur ; peut-être même n'ont-elles pas été entièrement étrangères à la chute de ce théâtre. Un seul talent ne peut pas pré tendre à défrayer exclusivement une scène de ce genre, dont la diversité est l'élément, quand surtout ce talent, fin, spiri tuel, gracieux, manque tout à (ait d'entrain et cesse rare ment d'être froid et maniéré. M. I'hilarète Chastes attribue encore a madame Ancelot deux ou trois romans, dont il ne donne pas les titres, mais qui se recommandent, selon lui, par un style tout féminin, plein de souplesse, d'abandon, de grâce, digne enfin des Grafligny et des Tencin. Nous déplorons d'autant plus cette omission du savant critique, que M. Quérard, d'ordinaire si exact, si complet, dans la nomenclature des œuvres de nos auteurs, passe entièrement sous silence ces romans, que nous regrettons de ne pas connaître. ANCENIS, ville de France (Loire-Inférieure), à qua rante kilomètres nord-est de Nantes, sur la rive droite de la Loire, peuplée de 3,800 habitants, a donné son nom à un combat historique qui eut lieu en 1703 entre l'armée royale de la Vendée et l'armée républicaine. La première, battue par la seconde, a Laval et au Mans, manœuvrait dans le but de repasser la Loire et de se réunir sur un point donné. Vivement poursuivie, elle fut atteinte par Westermann en avant d'Ancenis, le 15 décembre. Après un combat de plusieurs heures et quelques tentatives désespérées , les gé néraux La Rochejaquelein et Stotflet ordonnèrent la retraite, qui s'effectua en désordre dans la direction de Niort. Pressée de toutes parU, cette armée, naguère si fière de ses succès, abandonna une partie de son artillerie, ses radeaux et quelques Jiagages. ANCÊTRE^ Voyez Aïbux. AIVCHE (du grec frftrc*, je serre). On emploie ce mot pour désigner une ou deux petites lames de roseau fort E ou de métal qui, placées à l'endroit en un tube «Tira, trument à vent reçoit l'air qui doit le faire résonner, Inrm^t un obstacle à son iwissaR? et empêchent la colonne de s't ». traduire tout entière : la résistance opposée par l'anche v> duit en celle-ci des vibrations qui modifient le son a« n» ment où il entre dans le tube. Ces modifications ont d'une part en raison de la force et de la qualité de la natiex qui entre dans la composition de l'anche, et de. Pj^ en raison de la pression plus ou moins forte exercée surit par les lèvres de l'exécutant ou par tout autre moyen ^ qualité de la matière détermine le timbre ou son, 1»}*» sion décide du degré qu'il occupe sur l'échelle. L'asdw n être fixe ou libre. Dans le premier cas l'extrémité long to nale opposée à celle oh s'introduit l'air et les extrémité s» térales portent soit sur le corps même du tube crtosé H i<. posé en conséquence, comme dans la clarinette et m tains tuyaux d'orgue, sort sur une anche jumd< » laquelle elle est fixée, comme pour le haut boi« « t basson. Dans le second cas, Tanche n'est fixée qwj» son extrémité longitudinale, et, s'adaptant à la carte •» tube , sans que ses bords la dépassent , eue résous» «i» toute la partie libre de sa surface. C'est ce sytfen* anches libres qui a produit tous les instruments nota» reposant sur la même base et auxquels on s don* le noms d'accordéon, philharmonica, méloditun,*. L'orgue admet les anches fixées et les anches libres, H th un excellent parti des unes comme des autres pour le> jn de hautbois, de cromorne, de clairon , de trompette, k bombarde, de voix humaine, etc., qui dans ce vaste intoi ment forment la série des jeux d'anches, par opposition os jeux à bouches. Ici chaque anche n'ayant d'influent* js pour un ton unique, leur volume fait lediapuoitai tuyaux. Pour donner à l'accord toute sa perfertioo , m t de métal, appelé rosette, porte sur l'anche du côte «A est fixée : en l'avançant plus ou moins, on diminue on Ftf augmente le nombre des vibrations et par coiWq*at4 degré d'aiguïté ou de gravité du son que l'on met aiH ft ; rapport exact avec la longueur du tube sonore. La coma* sance de l'effet des anches remonte à la plus haiV quité, et l'on en trouve les premiers rudiments dan< laçai* fente pratiquée sur un tube de paille au-dessous dftrn rtlf la partie détachée du tube , et qui par sa partie super*» lui reste adhérente, est une anche véritable. Les instruit & vent les plus usités chez les anciens étaient a a**' L'anche libre, employée dans nos instruments sfirieroerê *>J puis une trentaine d'années, était connue chez les Chiot*1 *| l'époque de leurs premiers empereurs. Adr. ne L»f»a ANCHkTOPS (du grec dtYy.t, proche de; iri.nV petite tumeur située vers le grand angle de Poil , oo ixsti ou à côte du sac lacrymal. On distingue Yanchilnps i»/* matoire, petit phlegmon ronge, douloureux, dont h atftM aiguë se termine presque toujours par une suppurai»*; i Vanchilops enkysté, tumeur arrondie, dure, ordiw* ment indolente , sans changement de couleur i I» qui se développe d'une manière insensible et k d'autre incommodité que de gêner le mournoa paupières. Quelquefois, h la longue, celte tumeur flamme, s'ouvre, et donne lfcu ainsi à un petit ulcère. Jvr.ii.ofs. AA'CniSE, prince troyen , fils de Capys et de Vm fille d'ilus, par laquelle il descendait de Tros, (amble**, Troie. Vénus, ravie de sa beauté, lui apparut sur les* Ida, ou, selon d'antres, sur les bords duShn<w>, forme d'une bergère phrygienne , se livra à ses emhn* ments, et lui donna Énoe. Celui-ci sauva le vieillard dei*" cendie de Troie, en le portant sur ses épaules josq»* vaisseaux. 11 mourut pendant son voyage en Sicile, <** fds, aidé d'Aceste, roi de cette contrée , lui crif» aa t* beau sur le mont Éryx , et institua en son ^Ma"v'^. jeux annuels. D'autres disent qu'il fut frappé & » *•* Digitized by GooqIc ANCHISE — ANCIENS ET MODERNES 639 par Joprter, parce qu'étant ivre il avait divulgué le aecret de ses intimités avec V énus. ANCHOIS 9 petit poisson de 10 à tl centiinètres, type <Tnn genre de la famille des clupéoïdes, caractérisé par la nilb'ede son ethn>oide. 11 en existe des espèces nombreuses, idt sur les cotes d'Amérique , soit sur celtes du Malabar et de Coromaodei. Les pèches que l'on en fait dans ces parages wot abondantes et productives pour le commerce d'expor tation. Sa tête est asseï grosse ; son museau , prolongé par le développement de l'ethmoïdc , est saillant , et dépasse de brtneoup la mâchoire inférieure ; la gueule et les ouïes sont trèsJendues , le dos arrondi , le ventre comprimé , et un peu tranchant ; quand le poisson est vivant, sa couleur est ver ditre-clair sur le dos, et argentée sur le ventre; mais aussi* VA «près m mort, le vert du dos devient bleu, et cette teinte fonce de plus en plus jusqu'à noircir presque entiè rement. a préparation de l'anchois est d'un usage fort recul** *, die était connue des Grecs et des Romains. On en prend chaque année, pendant le printemps et une partie de l'été , des quantités innombrables sur les cotés de la (Mande, et surtout dans tout le littoral de la Méditer ranée. La pèche se fait ordinairement pendant les nuits les plu obscures, avec quatre bateaux dont un porte la rissole, immense filet de 40 brasses de longueur au moins , sur 8 A p mètre* de hauteur, à mailles très-serrées , et les autres, nommés /as lier s, portent des réchauds i feu. Les barques toot à deux lieues au large environ ; les fastiers allument alors des feux alimentés par des petites branches bien Kches de pin , afin de produire la plus vive clarté possible pour attirer le poisson ; à un signe convenu , le bateau qui porte le filet s'approche et le jette à l'eau , en le faisant traîner de manière à envelopper tout le poisson qui suit les barque» illuminées. Le feu est subitement éteint, et les bandes effarouchées vont se prendre dans Ifs mailles qui les njtourent a leur insu. L'anchois frais se mange frit, mais il est peu estimé, et on «1? la presque totalité de la pèche. D'abord on leur coupe U tète, on enlève les viscères ainsi que la vésicule du flei , qui est d'une amertume insupportable. Le poisson ainsi vidé, *t lavé à l'eau de mer à plusieurs reprises, puis alité, c'e4-a-dire placé dans de petits tonneaux, dans une dis |wit*on telle qu'il y ait alternativement un Ut d'anchois et un lit de sel ; le sel est écrasé en pondre très-fine et rougi •»«• une argile particulière. Ainsi préparés, ces poissons, «pri* trois saumures successives et indispensables , se trou erai connu»; leur chair, devenue piquante, est un assaison nement recherché pour la cuisine provençale, et figure comme horvd œuvre sur nos tables les mieux servies. AXCICO. l'oVM AS7.ICO. ANCIENNETÉ. Voyez Awncfmf.nt. _ ANCIENS (Conseil des). Voyes CcrrsEn. du Aucuns. ANCIENS ET MODERNES. Les anciens sont-ils supérieurs aux modernes, ou les modernes sont-ils supé rieurs anx anciens? Cette question a divisé bien des fois les 'trirains, et a donné lieu à des querelles de plume d'une vi sité extrême; et pourtant rien de plus vrai, si l'on en fait l'application aux anciens et aux modernes, que cette remarque de Platon, traduite par le poète Théophile : • Ni les uns ni 1* autres ne sont ni tout à fait géants ni tout à fait nains. » H y avait entre eux un milieu à tenir; il fallait savoir mar cher entre le mépris et l'admiration, entre le blasphème et l'idolâtrie. Du reste, cette querelle n'est pas nouvelle; elle à Rome sous Auguste : les Latins se disputèrent pour •« Grecs comme nous devions nous disputer nous-mêmes, plu* tard, pour les uns et pour les autres. Mine le jeune ^ défend d'être idolâtre de tout ce qid n'est ni de son *to'le ni de sa patrie. Phèdre tourne en ridicule certains »Hkles, certains écrivains, qui, pour tromper le public, notent en tète de leurs œuvres des noms grecs fort connus. Elle était grande en France sous le règne de Louis XIV, l'adoration des anciens, et d'autant plus grande, d autant plus difficile à détruire, qu'elle est fondée en partie; il y avait même danger a entreprendre de l'affaiblir. Un tel projet demandait beaucoup de circonspection ; il ne fallait pas renverser les autels des anciennes divinités; il suffisait de déterminer les hommages qu'on leur doit et d'en éla guer les abus. C'était a des hommes de talent, de génie, à entreprendre celte croisade contre de vieilles idées. Il arriva malheureusement le contraire. L'élite des écrivains do siècle de Louis le Grand fut pour les anciens; les modernes n'eu rent en général pour eux que des auteurs décriés ou du moins médiocres. Le premier qui osa entrer en lice fut l'abbé Boisrobert, célèbre par sa faveur auprès du cardinal de Richelieu, à qui il servait de jouet. De ses dix -huit pièces de théâtre il n'en est pas une qu'on lise aujourd'hui. U attribua ses mauvais succès A la grande admiration qu'on avait pour les anciens, et leur déclara la guerre. C'étaient suivant lui des hommes inspirés quelquefois par le génie , mais constamment privés de goût et de grâce. Homère lui même ne lui apparaissait dans le lointain que comme un chanteur de carrefour débitant ses vers à la canaille. Cette idée fut saisie par un autre protégé de Richelieu, DesmaretsdeSaint-Sorlin, un des principaux collabo rateurs de Mirante, la célèbre tragédie du cardinal-ministre. C'était une des plus extravagantes imaginations de son temps. Il jugeait ses deux épopées de Clovis et de la Madelaine su périeures A Ylliade et à l'Odyssée, et ne se croyait guère flatté quand on feignait de lui donner la préférence sur le poète grec Un troisième écrivain, de plus de mérite, Charles Perrault, gardait encore le silence. Mais les sollicita tions intéressées de Saint-Sorlin le déterminèrent à se laisser mettre à la tête du nouveau parti. Comment résister à une épttre dans laquelle Saint-Sorlin lui représentait la France éplorée implorant à genoux son appui? Viens défendre, Perrault, U France qui t'appelle! Certes Perrault n'était pas le plus ferme soutien, le pre mier génie de la nation ; mais à défaut de talents supérieurs il avait l'amour et souvent l'instinct du beau, et il fut A son époque plus utile aux lettres et aux arts que beaucoup d'auteurs en renom. Ne connaissant d'ailleurs, ni la haine ni la jalousie, il se recommandait par un zèle A toute épreuve pour ses amis et par une franchise qui ne se démentit jamais. Ce fut en 1687 qu'il lut pour la première fois, à l'Aca démie Française, des fragments d'un poème sur le .Siècle de /jouis le Grand, dans lequel il proclamait, sans balancer, les modernes supérieurs aux anciens, mettait au-dessus du grand poète grec non-seulement nos premiers écrivains, mais lesScudéri,lesChapelain,lesCassagne, et ju geait les poèmes dMf<rHc,de la Pvcelle, du Moïse sauvé, des chefs-d'œuvre en comparaison des rapsodie* d'Homère. Boileau se crut personnellement offensé dans ce fac tvnt; toutefois, il prit sur lui de ne pas éclater d'abord, il commençait à être dégoûté de la satire ; mais le savant prince de Conti le menaça d'aller écrire sur son fauteuil académique ces trois mots : Tu dors, Bru tus ! Pour le coup c'en était trop; Despréaux n'y tint plus, il se leva indigné, et dit que c'était une honte , une infamie d'attaquer de la sorte les grands hommes de l'antiquité. Racine félicita l'auteur de la manière dont il avait soutenu son paradoxe. Perrault, blessé de ce mot, et ne voulant laisser aucun doute sur sa pensée intime, publia, de I6B8 A 1696, 4 volumes in-l 2 intitulés Parallèle des anciens et des modernes. C'est un livre médiocre, dont ter, idées saines sont délayées dans des attaques irréfléchies, décousues, noyées an fond de so porifiques dialogues entre un président qui défend les an ciens, un abbé et un chevalier qui soutiennent les modernes. Cet ouvrage, fort peu lu, n'en produisit pas moins un grand scandale. Le procès littéraire en suspens fut porté au tribu Digitized by Google i-10 ANCIENS ET MODERNES nal du public. Tons les écrivains de l'Europe s'érigèrent en juges i eut son chef de parti : en Italie , Paul Boni se prononçait pour les modernes , no voyant rien de comparable à Guichardin, à Dante, à Ariostc, h Tasse. Les Anglais taisaient le môme honneur à leurs écrivains ; et notre spirituel Sain t-Évremon d, retiré alors à Londres, y plaidait, de son mieux, la cause des nôtres et des leurs. Ainsi Perrault , pour l'encourager, comptait au moins quelques suffrages ; mai» son triomphe était surtout hors de sa patrie; il n'avait encore pour le soutenir en France d'autre écrivain de renom que Fontenelle. Cependant, Il faut le dire , Racine , Boileau , tous ceux qui le combattaient s'abusaient étrangement; ils n'ouvraient les yeux que sur tes beautés de détails des anciens et les fermaient sur l'en semble. Les défenseurs de Perrault faisaient de leur côté tout le contraire, et n'avaient pas plus raison ; ils se préva laient des vices qu'on remarque dans l'ensemble, pour ne pas rendre justice aux détails. Ainsi , de part et d'autre le problème était mal posé Toutefois, les auteurs de la querelle commençaient à éprouver le besoin d'y mettre un terme après douze ans de combats ; Us étaient las de prêter à rire au public : des amis communs s'interposèrent, et la paix fut conclue. Boileau la célébra en ces termes : Tout le trouble portique A Paris l'en Ta cesser ; Perrault , l'anti-pindarique , Et Despréanx , l'homérique , Consentent à s'embrasser. lies chefs de parti réconciliés, le feu de la querelle faillit se ranimer entre la célèbre madame DacieretLa Mothe, qui s'était permis les vers suivants : Croil-oo la nature bitarre Pour noot anjourd'hui pins avare Que pour le* Grec» et les Romains ? be nos aines mère idolâtre, JN'cst-rlIe plus que la marâtre Du reste grossier dos humains ! La docte dame manqua i toutes les convenances en déren dant sa traduction de V Iliade, qu'elle croyait excellente parce qu'elle était peut-être moins mauvaise que celle de son antagoniste, qui ne savait pas un mot de grec. Ce qu'il y a de positif» c'est que ni Tune ni l'autre n'est supportable. L'ar deur de la dispute lui inspira un faclum intitulé de la Cor ruption du goût , écrit en langage des halles et dont chaque ligne distille la haine et le fiel. La Mothe pour représailles sion modérée, fine, délicate. Tous les gens de lettres furent encore partagés. Ceux qui avaient déjà écrit pour les anciens écrivirent de nouveau pour Homère. Fénelon, ami de La Mothe, n'osa pas l'approuver complètement. Fontenelle lui-même n'embrasna pas ouvertement son parti. Ses récents démêlés avec Racine et Boileau l'avaient dégoûté de la po lémique. Il se contenta d'effleurer la question agitée, de dire des choses obligeantes aux deux combattants et de les désigner sous le nom de Y esprit et du savoir. Mais La Mothe eut pour lui la marquise de Lambert et les abbés Terrasson, de Pons et Cartaud de la Vilate. • Le grec, dit ce dernier, avait produit de singuliers effets dans la tête de cette dame ; il y avait dans sa personne un grotesque assemblage des faiblesses de son sexe et de la férocité des enfants du Nord. Il sied aussi mal aux femmes de se hérisser d'une certaine érudition que de porter moustaches. Madame Dacier est peu propre à faire naître une passion. Son extérieur a l'air poudreux d'une vieille bibliothèque » D'autres écrivains prodiguèrent encore des louanges à La Mothe, et attisèrent le feu de la discorde. La querelle se généralisa bientôt, au point qu'on en joua les auteurs sur plusieurs théâtres de Paris. On vit se disputer dans une tragi-comédie madame Dacier, mère de Ylliade, lit Bon Goût amant de Ylliade, et Y Mode, amante do Bon (hit, dW part, et Chapelain, père de la Pucelle, la PuceiU, LnuiV de La Mothe, La Mothe, amant de la Pucelle et Fonlenellr, confident de La Mothe, de l'autre. On donna an théâtre dé la Foire Arlequin défenseur d'Homère. Dans cette farte Arlequin tirait respectueusement Ylliade d'une cbisse, et, prenant successivement par le menton les acteurs et aetroa, il la leur donnait à baiser en réparation de tous les outrans faits à Homère. On fit aussi une caricature représentant m âne qui broutait Ylliade, avec ce vers au bas, contre la tra duction de La Mothe, qui avait réduit ce poème a doua chants : fique , de concilier les esprits. Il s'était trop prononcé pm Homère et contre La Mothe pour réussir. Valincoor, lesap Valincour, l'ami des artistes et de la paix, mit un teraw a toutes ces plaisanteries. Il vit ceux qui en étaient l'objet, leur parla , les rapprocha. La paix fut signée et l'acte rendu solennel dans un repas qu'il leur donna et auquel asùslan madame de Staal : « J'y représentais , dit-eDe, la neotnblr. On but à la santé d'Homère; et tout se passa bien. » Quoique dans le cours de cette dispute, madame Dacier se fût fort à son aise et eût pu exhaler tout son ressentiment a sa guise , elle en conserva un fonds de chagrin qui abrégea se jours. Cette querelle , amortie pour la seconde fois après de ksays combats de plume et des flots d'encre verses de part et d'autre , se réveilla, pour la troisième fois, un siècle pta tard, non moins irritante, et il ne fallut rien mois* que l'intervention puissante de Voltaire pour rétablir der>fJ»' la paix entre les parties belligérantes. La lutte des rmn tiques et des classiques sous la restauration, lutte à Isqwfc la question des anciens et des modernes était lois <fMn étrangère , ne fut que le contre-coup lointain de ces habi lités, la quatrième phase de cette guerre qui sera étemik et ne s'assoupira jamais que pour se réveiller à une époq* plus ou moins prochaine. Longtemps le romantique a J* miné dans notre littérature et dans nos arts, le vest, de puis la Lucrèce de M. Ponsard et la Ciçuè de M. Auper, a sauté inopinément du côté d'un néo-classique qu'on <w à peine définir. Cette réaction subite durera-t-elleî In esprits sérieux n'y comptent pas : entre les etravàp>r> des uns et le replacage des autres il y a peut-être un cbeœio à suivre avec succès : In medio stat virtus. Nous m A propos de cette dispute des anciens et des moderne. M. P.-F. Tissot, de l'Académie Française, après avoir mis sous les yeux des lecteurs moins les circonstances du procès que quelques opinions que son bon sens et son espene»« lui dictent sur le fond do la querelle, termine ainsi h» cm* ciencieux travail : « Héritiers des richesses intellectuelle^' nos pères, placés avec le fanal de leur génie sur la route de lumières et dans des temps de liberté pour la peu*1 » grands littérateurs, nos grands poètes, nos grands aruf sont et doivent être par la nature même des chose< suuii au-dessus de leurs immortels prédécesseurs que la civilisa tion actuelle est au-dessus de la civilisation d'autrefois. Ea nullement les renommées anciennes : nous ne faisan 1* signaler une conséquence de la marche progressive de H> v inanité. Les esprits supérieurs que nous lionorons aujour d'hui, sans oublier le culte de ceux des autres marché avec elle ou l'ont devancée, voilà le secret de »" supériorité : si le monde était resté slationnaire du»* *• ignorance, il n'aurait pu ni les entendre ni les suivre, et «J génie se serait arrêté lui-même , découragé par jf certI de ne pas trouver d'écho au milieu d'une société immoM ANCIEN TESTAMENT. Vogei Bmr., Auuwt,e* Digitized by Google ANGLES AiNCKARSW^ERD 441 ANCILES, boucliers sacrés, conservés, aa nombre de dooif , dans le temple de Mars, à Rome, et dont s'ar maient tes Saliens, prêtres de ce dieu. Voyez Salie*!?. ANCILLON » famille distingué' de Metz, qui, par suite de la révocation de Pédit de Nantes, vint s'établir en Prusse, où plusieurs de ses membres ont acquis une grande et juste considération. — David Ascuxoa, né en loi 7, à Metz, où *on père était jurisconsulte, fut élevé chez les jésuites, qui 6rent tout pour le déterminer à quitter l'Église réformée pour l'Église catholique. Il étudia la théologie à Genève, et U professa ensuite à Charenton, à Meaux et enfin dans sa rie natale. Après la révocation de Pédit de Nantes, U se rendit d'abord à Francfort, et plus tard devint pasteur de la atonie française de Hanau, d'où , en 1686 , il fut appelé en La nrfiue cpialité à Berlin. 11 mourut dans cette ville, en 1692. Son fila , Charles Ancillon, né à Metz, le 28 juillet 1650, mort à Berlin, le 5 juillet 1715, exerçait la profession d'a locat dans sa ville natale au moment de la révocation de Pédit de Nantes; et il y jouissait d'une considération telle qu'il fut du nombre des députés envoyés à cette occasion à la cour. Le seul résultat de cette démarche fut de faire accorder aux huguenots de Metz quelques facilités de plus qu'à ceux des autres parties du royaume. 11 se retira à Ber lin, où l'électeur ne tarda pas i le nommer juge et directeur de la colonie française fondée par les réfugiés. Chargé plus lard d'une mission diplomatique en Suisse , il entra en 1695 au service du margrave de Bade-Durlaeh. Mais au bout de quatre ans il revint à Berlin , où le roi le nomma son histo riographe et lui confia en outre la direction de la police.
| 0.307319
| -0.431919
| 1,193
| 4,691
| 240
| 240
|
royalty biographies
| false
|
99,822
|
github_open_source_100_2_8286
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<Global.Microsoft.VisualBasic.CompilerServices.DesignerGenerated()> _
Partial Class Dashy
Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form
'Form overrides dispose to clean up the component list.
<System.Diagnostics.DebuggerNonUserCode()> _
Protected Overrides Sub Dispose(ByVal disposing As Boolean)
Try
If disposing AndAlso components IsNot Nothing Then
components.Dispose()
End If
Finally
MyBase.Dispose(disposing)
End Try
End Sub
'Required by the Windows Form Designer
Private components As System.ComponentModel.IContainer
'NOTE: The following procedure is required by the Windows Form Designer
'It can be modified using the Windows Form Designer.
'Do not modify it using the code editor.
<System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> _
Private Sub InitializeComponent()
Me.components = New System.ComponentModel.Container()
Dim resources As System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager = New System.ComponentModel.ComponentResourceManager(GetType(Dashy))
Me.FileSystemPanel = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel()
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl = New System.Windows.Forms.TabControl()
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS = New System.Windows.Forms.TabPage()
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox()
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN = New System.Windows.Forms.TabPage()
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox()
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemSysDir = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemHomePath = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemLbl = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FileSystemImg = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox()
Me.PerformancePanel = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel()
Me.PerformanceClockLocal = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceClockGMT = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceClockTick = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceClipboard = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformancePagefile = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceUptime = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.PerformanceImg = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox()
Me.PerformanceLbl = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HelpToolStripMenuItem = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem()
Me.DocumentationToolStripMenuItem = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem()
Me.CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem()
Me.AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem = New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem()
Me.HardwarePanel = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel()
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareScreenName = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareScreenBounds = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareMouseWheel = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareProcessorCount = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.HardwareImg = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox()
Me.HardwareLbl = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemOSArch = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemPanel = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel()
Me.SystemWorkingArea = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemScrollLines = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemDashyArch = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemShutdownStarted = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemInteractiveMode = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemDomain = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemNameComputer = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemNameEN = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemOSPlatform = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemLoggedInUser = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemOS = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SystemImg = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox()
Me.SystemLbl = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.NetworkPanel = New System.Windows.Forms.Panel()
Me.NetworkSplitContainer = New System.Windows.Forms.SplitContainer()
Me.NetworkImg = New System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox()
Me.NetworkInternetConnection = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.NetworkLbl = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.NetworkIsConnected = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames = New System.Windows.Forms.ListBox()
Me.FastTimer = New System.Windows.Forms.Timer(Me.components)
Me.SlowTimer = New System.Windows.Forms.Timer(Me.components)
Me.btnRefresh = New System.Windows.Forms.Button()
Me.btnExit = New System.Windows.Forms.Button()
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit = New System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox()
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit = New System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox()
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown()
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue = New System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown()
Me.EnvVarsLBL = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.EnvVars = New System.Windows.Forms.Label()
Me.btnExpand = New System.Windows.Forms.Button()
Me.btnStartTimers = New System.Windows.Forms.Button()
Me.chkAllowVars = New System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox()
Me.FileSystemPanel.SuspendLayout
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.SuspendLayout
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.SuspendLayout
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.FileSystemImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.PerformancePanel.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.PerformanceImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.HardwarePanel.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.HardwareImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.SystemPanel.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.SystemImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.NetworkPanel.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.NetworkSplitContainer,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.SuspendLayout
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2.SuspendLayout
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.SuspendLayout
CType(Me.NetworkImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
CType(Me.FastTimerRefreshValue,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
CType(Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).BeginInit
Me.SuspendLayout
'
'FileSystemPanel
'
Me.FileSystemPanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight
Me.FileSystemPanel.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemSysDir)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemHomePath)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemLbl)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemImg)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 12)
Me.FileSystemPanel.Name = "FileSystemPanel"
Me.FileSystemPanel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(252, 397)
Me.FileSystemPanel.TabIndex = 4
'
'FileSystemDrivesTabControl
'
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Anchor = CType((((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom) _
Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) _
Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right),System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 289)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Name = "FileSystemDrivesTabControl"
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.SelectedIndex = 0
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(244, 103)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.TabIndex = 22
'
'FileSystemDrivesTabFS
'
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDriveListFS)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(4, 25)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Name = "FileSystemDrivesTabFS"
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Padding = New System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(236, 74)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.TabIndex = 0
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.Text = "FileSystem.Drives"
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
'
'FileSystemDriveListFS
'
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.ColumnWidth = 40
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.FormattingEnabled = true
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.IntegralHeight = false
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.ItemHeight = 16
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Checking..."})
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.MultiColumn = true
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Name = "FileSystemDriveListFS"
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.SelectionMode = System.Windows.Forms.SelectionMode.None
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(230, 68)
Me.FileSystemDriveListFS.TabIndex = 15
'
'FileSystemDrivesTabEN
'
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemDriveListEN)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(4, 25)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Name = "FileSystemDrivesTabEN"
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Padding = New System.Windows.Forms.Padding(3)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(236, 74)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.TabIndex = 1
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.Text = "Environment.Drives"
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
'
'FileSystemDriveListEN
'
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.ColumnWidth = 40
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.FormattingEnabled = true
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.IntegralHeight = false
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.ItemHeight = 16
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Checking..."})
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.MultiColumn = true
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Name = "FileSystemDriveListEN"
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.SelectionMode = System.Windows.Forms.SelectionMode.None
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(230, 68)
Me.FileSystemDriveListEN.TabIndex = 16
'
'FileSystemFsCurrentDir
'
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 196)
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.Name = "FileSystemFsCurrentDir"
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.TabIndex = 21
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDir.Text = "Checking..."
'
'FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL
'
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 178)
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.Name = "FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL"
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(133, 18)
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.TabIndex = 20
Me.FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL.Text = "FS.Current Directory:"
'
'FileSystemSysDir
'
Me.FileSystemSysDir.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemSysDir.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemSysDir.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 232)
Me.FileSystemSysDir.Name = "FileSystemSysDir"
Me.FileSystemSysDir.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.FileSystemSysDir.TabIndex = 19
Me.FileSystemSysDir.Text = "Checking..."
'
'FileSystemSysDirLBL
'
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 214)
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.Name = "FileSystemSysDirLBL"
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(112, 18)
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.TabIndex = 18
Me.FileSystemSysDirLBL.Text = "System Directory:"
'
'FileSystemEnCurrentDir
'
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 160)
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.Name = "FileSystemEnCurrentDir"
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.TabIndex = 17
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDir.Text = "Checking..."
'
'FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL
'
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 142)
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.Name = "FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL"
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(141, 18)
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.TabIndex = 16
Me.FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL.Text = "ENV.Current Directory:"
'
'FileSystemHomePath
'
Me.FileSystemHomePath.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemHomePath.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemHomePath.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 124)
Me.FileSystemHomePath.Name = "FileSystemHomePath"
Me.FileSystemHomePath.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.FileSystemHomePath.TabIndex = 14
Me.FileSystemHomePath.Text = "Checking..."
'
'FileSystemHomePathLBL
'
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 106)
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.Name = "FileSystemHomePathLBL"
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(77, 18)
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.TabIndex = 13
Me.FileSystemHomePathLBL.Text = "Home path:"
'
'FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory
'
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 88)
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.Name = "FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory"
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.TabIndex = 12
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory.Text = "Checking..."
'
'FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL
'
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 70)
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.Name = "FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL"
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(149, 18)
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.TabIndex = 11
Me.FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL.Text = "Program Files directory:"
'
'FileSystemNumberOfDrives
'
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 250)
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.Name = "FileSystemNumberOfDrives"
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(161, 18)
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.TabIndex = 10
Me.FileSystemNumberOfDrives.Text = "No. of drives: Checking..."
'
'FileSystemDriveListLBL
'
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 268)
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.Name = "FileSystemDriveListLBL"
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(91, 18)
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.TabIndex = 8
Me.FileSystemDriveListLBL.Text = "List of drives:"
'
'FileSystemLbl
'
Me.FileSystemLbl.AutoSize = true
Me.FileSystemLbl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.FileSystemLbl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(70, 18)
Me.FileSystemLbl.Name = "FileSystemLbl"
Me.FileSystemLbl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(110, 27)
Me.FileSystemLbl.TabIndex = 8
Me.FileSystemLbl.Text = "FileSystem"
'
'FileSystemImg
'
Me.FileSystemImg.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("FileSystemImg.Image"),System.Drawing.Image)
Me.FileSystemImg.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.FileSystemImg.Name = "FileSystemImg"
Me.FileSystemImg.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 64)
Me.FileSystemImg.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.Zoom
Me.FileSystemImg.TabIndex = 2
Me.FileSystemImg.TabStop = false
'
'PerformancePanel
'
Me.PerformancePanel.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.PerformancePanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight
Me.PerformancePanel.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClockLocal)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClockGMT)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClockTick)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceClipboard)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformancePagefile)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceUptime)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceImg)
Me.PerformancePanel.Controls.Add(Me.PerformanceLbl)
Me.PerformancePanel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(270, 12)
Me.PerformancePanel.Name = "PerformancePanel"
Me.PerformancePanel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(252, 397)
Me.PerformancePanel.TabIndex = 5
'
'PerformanceClockLocal
'
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 241)
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.Name = "PerformanceClockLocal"
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.TabIndex = 20
Me.PerformanceClockLocal.Text = "Checking..."
'
'PerformanceClockLocalLBL
'
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 223)
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.Name = "PerformanceClockLocalLBL"
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(112, 18)
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.TabIndex = 19
Me.PerformanceClockLocalLBL.Text = "Clock Local Time:"
'
'PerformanceClockGMT
'
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Italic, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 205)
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.Name = "PerformanceClockGMT"
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.TabIndex = 18
Me.PerformanceClockGMT.Text = "Checking..."
'
'PerformanceClockGMTLBL
'
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 187)
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.Name = "PerformanceClockGMTLBL"
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(109, 18)
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.TabIndex = 17
Me.PerformanceClockGMTLBL.Text = "Clock GMT Time:"
'
'PerformanceClockTick
'
Me.PerformanceClockTick.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClockTick.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClockTick.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 259)
Me.PerformanceClockTick.Name = "PerformanceClockTick"
Me.PerformanceClockTick.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(185, 18)
Me.PerformanceClockTick.TabIndex = 13
Me.PerformanceClockTick.Text = "Millisecond count: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceClipboard
'
Me.PerformanceClipboard.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceClipboard.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceClipboard.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 286)
Me.PerformanceClipboard.Name = "PerformanceClipboard"
Me.PerformanceClipboard.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(196, 18)
Me.PerformanceClipboard.TabIndex = 10
Me.PerformanceClipboard.Text = "Clipboard Contents: Checking..."
'
'PerformancePagefile
'
Me.PerformancePagefile.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformancePagefile.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformancePagefile.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 124)
Me.PerformancePagefile.Name = "PerformancePagefile"
Me.PerformancePagefile.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(160, 18)
Me.PerformancePagefile.TabIndex = 9
Me.PerformancePagefile.Text = "Pagefile Size: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceUptime
'
Me.PerformanceUptime.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceUptime.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceUptime.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 142)
Me.PerformanceUptime.Name = "PerformanceUptime"
Me.PerformanceUptime.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(132, 18)
Me.PerformanceUptime.TabIndex = 8
Me.PerformanceUptime.Text = "Up-time: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy
'
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 160)
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.Name = "PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy"
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(268, 18)
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.TabIndex = 7
Me.PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy.Text = "Physical memory used by Dashy: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceTotalVirtualMem
'
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 70)
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.Name = "PerformanceTotalVirtualMem"
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(208, 18)
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.TabIndex = 6
Me.PerformanceTotalVirtualMem.Text = "Total virtual memory: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem
'
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 88)
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.Name = "PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem"
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(239, 18)
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.TabIndex = 5
Me.PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem.Text = "Available physical memory: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceAvailVirtualMem
'
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 106)
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.Name = "PerformanceAvailVirtualMem"
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(231, 18)
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.TabIndex = 4
Me.PerformanceAvailVirtualMem.Text = "Available virtual memory: Checking..."
'
'PerformanceImg
'
Me.PerformanceImg.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("PerformanceImg.Image"),System.Drawing.Image)
Me.PerformanceImg.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.PerformanceImg.Name = "PerformanceImg"
Me.PerformanceImg.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 64)
Me.PerformanceImg.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.Zoom
Me.PerformanceImg.TabIndex = 2
Me.PerformanceImg.TabStop = false
'
'PerformanceLbl
'
Me.PerformanceLbl.AutoSize = true
Me.PerformanceLbl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.PerformanceLbl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(70, 18)
Me.PerformanceLbl.Name = "PerformanceLbl"
Me.PerformanceLbl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(131, 27)
Me.PerformanceLbl.TabIndex = 3
Me.PerformanceLbl.Text = "Performance"
'
'HardwareTotalPhysicalMem
'
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 88)
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.Name = "HardwareTotalPhysicalMem"
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(216, 18)
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.TabIndex = 7
Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem.Text = "Total physical memory: Checking..."
'
'HelpToolStripMenuItem
'
Me.HelpToolStripMenuItem.DropDownItems.AddRange(New System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripItem() {Me.DocumentationToolStripMenuItem, Me.CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem, Me.AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem})
Me.HelpToolStripMenuItem.Name = "HelpToolStripMenuItem"
Me.HelpToolStripMenuItem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(32, 19)
Me.HelpToolStripMenuItem.Text = "&Help"
'
'DocumentationToolStripMenuItem
'
Me.DocumentationToolStripMenuItem.Name = "DocumentationToolStripMenuItem"
Me.DocumentationToolStripMenuItem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(179, 22)
Me.DocumentationToolStripMenuItem.Text = "&Documentation"
'
'CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem
'
Me.CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem.Name = "CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem"
Me.CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(179, 22)
Me.CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem.Text = "&Check for updates"
'
'AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem
'
Me.AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem.Name = "AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem"
Me.AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(179, 22)
Me.AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem.Text = "&About Dashy"
'
'HardwarePanel
'
Me.HardwarePanel.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.HardwarePanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight
Me.HardwarePanel.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareScreenPrimary)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareScreenName)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareScreenBounds)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareMouseWheel)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareTotalPhysicalMem)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareProcessorCount)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareImg)
Me.HardwarePanel.Controls.Add(Me.HardwareLbl)
Me.HardwarePanel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 12)
Me.HardwarePanel.Name = "HardwarePanel"
Me.HardwarePanel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(252, 290)
Me.HardwarePanel.TabIndex = 6
'
'HardwareScreenPrimary
'
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 142)
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.Name = "HardwareScreenPrimary"
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(172, 18)
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.TabIndex = 11
Me.HardwareScreenPrimary.Text = "Primary screen: Checking..."
'
'HardwareScreenName
'
Me.HardwareScreenName.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareScreenName.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareScreenName.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 124)
Me.HardwareScreenName.Name = "HardwareScreenName"
Me.HardwareScreenName.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(204, 18)
Me.HardwareScreenName.TabIndex = 10
Me.HardwareScreenName.Text = "Screen Device Name: Checking..."
'
'HardwareScreenBounds
'
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 160)
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.Name = "HardwareScreenBounds"
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(169, 18)
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.TabIndex = 9
Me.HardwareScreenBounds.Text = "Screen Bounds: Checking..."
'
'HardwareMouseWheel
'
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 106)
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.Name = "HardwareMouseWheel"
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(162, 18)
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.TabIndex = 8
Me.HardwareMouseWheel.Text = "Mouse Wheel: Checking..."
'
'HardwareProcessorCount
'
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 70)
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.Name = "HardwareProcessorCount"
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(147, 18)
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.TabIndex = 5
Me.HardwareProcessorCount.Text = "Processors: Checking..."
'
'HardwareImg
'
Me.HardwareImg.Image = CType(resources.GetObject("HardwareImg.Image"),System.Drawing.Image)
Me.HardwareImg.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.HardwareImg.Name = "HardwareImg"
Me.HardwareImg.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 64)
Me.HardwareImg.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.Zoom
Me.HardwareImg.TabIndex = 2
Me.HardwareImg.TabStop = false
'
'HardwareLbl
'
Me.HardwareLbl.AutoSize = true
Me.HardwareLbl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.HardwareLbl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(70, 18)
Me.HardwareLbl.Name = "HardwareLbl"
Me.HardwareLbl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(105, 27)
Me.HardwareLbl.TabIndex = 3
Me.HardwareLbl.Text = "Hardware"
'
'SystemOSArch
'
Me.SystemOSArch.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemOSArch.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemOSArch.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 151)
Me.SystemOSArch.Name = "SystemOSArch"
Me.SystemOSArch.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(131, 18)
Me.SystemOSArch.TabIndex = 4
Me.SystemOSArch.Text = "OS Arch: Checking..."
'
'SystemPanel
'
Me.SystemPanel.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.SystemPanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight
Me.SystemPanel.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemWorkingArea)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemScrollLines)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemDashyArch)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemShutdownStarted)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemInteractiveMode)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemDomain)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemNameComputer)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemNameEN)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemOSPlatform)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemLoggedInUser)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemOSArch)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemOSInfoVersion)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemOS)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemImg)
Me.SystemPanel.Controls.Add(Me.SystemLbl)
Me.SystemPanel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(786, 12)
Me.SystemPanel.Name = "SystemPanel"
Me.SystemPanel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(252, 397)
Me.SystemPanel.TabIndex = 7
'
'SystemWorkingArea
'
Me.SystemWorkingArea.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemWorkingArea.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemWorkingArea.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 350)
Me.SystemWorkingArea.Name = "SystemWorkingArea"
Me.SystemWorkingArea.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(204, 18)
Me.SystemWorkingArea.TabIndex = 17
Me.SystemWorkingArea.Text = "Screen working area: Checking..."
'
'SystemScreenBitsPerPixel
'
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 332)
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.Name = "SystemScreenBitsPerPixel"
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(205, 18)
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.TabIndex = 16
Me.SystemScreenBitsPerPixel.Text = "Screen Bits per pixel: Checking..."
'
'SystemScrollLines
'
Me.SystemScrollLines.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemScrollLines.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemScrollLines.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 314)
Me.SystemScrollLines.Name = "SystemScrollLines"
Me.SystemScrollLines.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(266, 18)
Me.SystemScrollLines.TabIndex = 15
Me.SystemScrollLines.Text = "Lines to scroll with scroll wheel: Checking..."
'
'SystemDashyArch
'
Me.SystemDashyArch.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemDashyArch.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemDashyArch.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 286)
Me.SystemDashyArch.Name = "SystemDashyArch"
Me.SystemDashyArch.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(197, 18)
Me.SystemDashyArch.TabIndex = 14
Me.SystemDashyArch.Text = "Dashy Process Arch: Checking..."
'
'SystemShutdownStarted
'
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 268)
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.Name = "SystemShutdownStarted"
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(187, 18)
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.TabIndex = 13
Me.SystemShutdownStarted.Text = "Shutdown started: Checking..."
'
'SystemInteractiveMode
'
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 250)
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.Name = "SystemInteractiveMode"
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(251, 18)
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.TabIndex = 12
Me.SystemInteractiveMode.Text = "Running in interactive mode: Checking..."
'
'SystemDomain
'
Me.SystemDomain.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemDomain.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemDomain.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 214)
Me.SystemDomain.Name = "SystemDomain"
Me.SystemDomain.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(129, 18)
Me.SystemDomain.TabIndex = 11
Me.SystemDomain.Text = "Domain: Checking..."
'
'SystemNameComputer
'
Me.SystemNameComputer.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemNameComputer.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemNameComputer.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 196)
Me.SystemNameComputer.Name = "SystemNameComputer"
Me.SystemNameComputer.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(180, 18)
Me.SystemNameComputer.TabIndex = 10
Me.SystemNameComputer.Text = "Computer.Name: Checking..."
'
'SystemNameEN
'
Me.SystemNameEN.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemNameEN.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemNameEN.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 178)
Me.SystemNameEN.Name = "SystemNameEN"
Me.SystemNameEN.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(193, 18)
Me.SystemNameEN.TabIndex = 9
Me.SystemNameEN.Text = "ENV.MachineName: Checking..."
'
'SystemOSPlatform
'
Me.SystemOSPlatform.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemOSPlatform.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemOSPlatform.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 133)
Me.SystemOSPlatform.Name = "SystemOSPlatform"
Me.SystemOSPlatform.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(155, 18)
Me.SystemOSPlatform.TabIndex = 8
Me.SystemOSPlatform.Text = "OS Platform: Checking..."
'
'SystemOSEnvironVersion
'
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 115)
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.Name = "SystemOSEnvironVersion"
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(162, 18)
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.TabIndex = 7
Me.SystemOSEnvironVersion.Text = "Full OS Name: Checking..."
'
'SystemLoggedInUser
'
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 232)
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.Name = "SystemLoggedInUser"
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(171, 18)
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.TabIndex = 6
Me.SystemLoggedInUser.Text = "Logged in user: Checking..."
'
'SystemOSInfoVersion
'
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 97)
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.Name = "SystemOSInfoVersion"
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(148, 18)
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.TabIndex = 5
Me.SystemOSInfoVersion.Text = "OS Version: Checking..."
'
'SystemOS
'
Me.SystemOS.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemOS.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemOS.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 79)
Me.SystemOS.Name = "SystemOS"
Me.SystemOS.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(101, 18)
Me.SystemOS.TabIndex = 4
Me.SystemOS.Text = "OS: Checking..."
'
'SystemImg
'
'Me.SystemImg.Image = Global.Dashy.My.Resources.Resources._1404236744_kservices
Me.SystemImg.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.SystemImg.Name = "SystemImg"
Me.SystemImg.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 64)
Me.SystemImg.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.Zoom
Me.SystemImg.TabIndex = 2
Me.SystemImg.TabStop = false
'
'SystemLbl
'
Me.SystemLbl.AutoSize = true
Me.SystemLbl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.SystemLbl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(70, 18)
Me.SystemLbl.Name = "SystemLbl"
Me.SystemLbl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 27)
Me.SystemLbl.TabIndex = 3
Me.SystemLbl.Text = "System"
'
'NetworkPanel
'
Me.NetworkPanel.Anchor = CType((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right),System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)
Me.NetworkPanel.BackColor = System.Drawing.SystemColors.ControlLight
Me.NetworkPanel.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.NetworkPanel.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkSplitContainer)
Me.NetworkPanel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(1044, 12)
Me.NetworkPanel.Name = "NetworkPanel"
Me.NetworkPanel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(252, 397)
Me.NetworkPanel.TabIndex = 8
'
'NetworkSplitContainer
'
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.BorderStyle = System.Windows.Forms.BorderStyle.FixedSingle
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Dock = System.Windows.Forms.DockStyle.Fill
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(0, 0)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Name = "NetworkSplitContainer"
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Orientation = System.Windows.Forms.Orientation.Horizontal
'
'NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1
'
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkImg)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkInternetConnection)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkLbl)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkIsConnected)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1MinSize = 121
'
'NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2
'
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkSerialPortNames)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2MinSize = 50
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(250, 395)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.SplitterDistance = 159
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.TabIndex = 18
'
'NetworkImg
'
'Me.NetworkImg.Image = Global.Dashy.My.Resources.Resources._1404314626_Globe
Me.NetworkImg.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 3)
Me.NetworkImg.Name = "NetworkImg"
Me.NetworkImg.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(64, 64)
Me.NetworkImg.SizeMode = System.Windows.Forms.PictureBoxSizeMode.Zoom
Me.NetworkImg.TabIndex = 2
Me.NetworkImg.TabStop = false
'
'NetworkInternetConnection
'
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.AutoSize = true
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 97)
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.Name = "NetworkInternetConnection"
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(154, 18)
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.TabIndex = 5
Me.NetworkInternetConnection.Text = "Internet connection: N/A"
'
'NetworkLbl
'
Me.NetworkLbl.AutoSize = true
Me.NetworkLbl.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 15.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkLbl.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(70, 18)
Me.NetworkLbl.Name = "NetworkLbl"
Me.NetworkLbl.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(91, 27)
Me.NetworkLbl.TabIndex = 3
Me.NetworkLbl.Text = "Network"
'
'NetworkIsConnected
'
Me.NetworkIsConnected.AutoSize = true
Me.NetworkIsConnected.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkIsConnected.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 79)
Me.NetworkIsConnected.Name = "NetworkIsConnected"
Me.NetworkIsConnected.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(213, 18)
Me.NetworkIsConnected.TabIndex = 4
Me.NetworkIsConnected.Text = "Connected to network: Checking..."
'
'NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL
'
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(2, 3)
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Name = "NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL"
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(117, 18)
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.TabIndex = 17
Me.NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL.Text = "Serial Port Names:"
'
'NetworkSerialPortNames
'
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Anchor = CType((((System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Bottom) _
Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Left) _
Or System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Right),System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles)
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 8.25!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.FormattingEnabled = true
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.IntegralHeight = false
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.ItemHeight = 16
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Checking..."})
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(3, 24)
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Name = "NetworkSerialPortNames"
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.SelectionMode = System.Windows.Forms.SelectionMode.None
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(242, 202)
Me.NetworkSerialPortNames.TabIndex = 16
'
'FastTimer
'
Me.FastTimer.Interval = 2000
'
'SlowTimer
'
Me.SlowTimer.Interval = 30000
'
'btnRefresh
'
Me.btnRefresh.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.btnRefresh.AutoSize = true
Me.btnRefresh.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 386)
Me.btnRefresh.Name = "btnRefresh"
Me.btnRefresh.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(159, 23)
Me.btnRefresh.TabIndex = 9
Me.btnRefresh.Text = "Refresh SlowTimer Now"
Me.btnRefresh.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
'
'btnExit
'
Me.btnExit.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.btnExit.DialogResult = System.Windows.Forms.DialogResult.Cancel
Me.btnExit.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(693, 386)
Me.btnExit.Name = "btnExit"
Me.btnExit.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 23)
Me.btnExit.TabIndex = 10
Me.btnExit.Text = "Exit Dashy"
Me.btnExit.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
'
'SlowTimerRefreshLabel
'
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.AutoSize = true
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 344)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.Name = "SlowTimerRefreshLabel"
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(128, 13)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.TabIndex = 11
Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel.Text = "Refresh SlowTimer every:"
'
'SlowTimerRefreshUnit
'
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.DropDownStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.FormattingEnabled = true
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Millisecond(s)", "Centisecond(s)", "Second(s)", "Minute(s)", "Hour(s)"})
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(580, 359)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.Name = "SlowTimerRefreshUnit"
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 21)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit.TabIndex = 13
'
'FastTimerRefreshUnit
'
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.DropDownStyle = System.Windows.Forms.ComboBoxStyle.DropDownList
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.FormattingEnabled = true
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.Items.AddRange(New Object() {"Millisecond(s)", "Centisecond(s)", "Second(s)", "Minute(s)", "Hour(s)"})
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(580, 320)
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.Name = "FastTimerRefreshUnit"
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(87, 21)
Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit.TabIndex = 16
'
'FastTimerRefreshLabel
'
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.AutoSize = true
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 305)
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.Name = "FastTimerRefreshLabel"
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(122, 13)
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.TabIndex = 14
Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel.Text = "Refrest FastTimer every:"
'
'FastTimerRefreshValue
'
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 321)
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Maximum = New Decimal(New Integer() {999, 0, 0, 0})
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Name = "FastTimerRefreshValue"
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(46, 20)
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.TabIndex = 17
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.TextAlign = System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Right
Me.FastTimerRefreshValue.Value = New Decimal(New Integer() {2, 0, 0, 0})
'
'SlowTimerRefreshValue
'
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(528, 360)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Maximum = New Decimal(New Integer() {999, 0, 0, 0})
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Name = "SlowTimerRefreshValue"
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(46, 20)
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.TabIndex = 18
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.TextAlign = System.Windows.Forms.HorizontalAlignment.Right
Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue.Value = New Decimal(New Integer() {30, 0, 0, 0})
'
'EnvVarsLBL
'
Me.EnvVarsLBL.AutoSize = true
Me.EnvVarsLBL.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.EnvVarsLBL.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 407)
Me.EnvVarsLBL.Name = "EnvVarsLBL"
Me.EnvVarsLBL.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(144, 18)
Me.EnvVarsLBL.TabIndex = 23
Me.EnvVarsLBL.Text = "Environment Variables:"
'
'EnvVars
'
Me.EnvVars.AutoSize = true
Me.EnvVars.Font = New System.Drawing.Font("Trebuchet MS", 9.75!, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, CType(0,Byte))
Me.EnvVars.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(12, 425)
Me.EnvVars.Name = "EnvVars"
Me.EnvVars.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(76, 18)
Me.EnvVars.TabIndex = 24
Me.EnvVars.Text = "Checking..."
'
'btnExpand
'
Me.btnExpand.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(158, 404)
Me.btnExpand.Name = "btnExpand"
Me.btnExpand.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(75, 23)
Me.btnExpand.TabIndex = 25
Me.btnExpand.Text = "Expand"
Me.btnExpand.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
'
'btnStartTimers
'
Me.btnStartTimers.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.btnStartTimers.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(673, 308)
Me.btnStartTimers.Name = "btnStartTimers"
Me.btnStartTimers.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(107, 23)
Me.btnStartTimers.TabIndex = 26
Me.btnStartTimers.Text = "Start Timers"
Me.btnStartTimers.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
Me.btnStartTimers.Visible = false
'
'chkAllowVars
'
Me.chkAllowVars.Anchor = System.Windows.Forms.AnchorStyles.Top
Me.chkAllowVars.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(673, 337)
Me.chkAllowVars.Name = "chkAllowVars"
Me.chkAllowVars.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(107, 43)
Me.chkAllowVars.TabIndex = 27
Me.chkAllowVars.Text = "Allow getting environment variables"
Me.chkAllowVars.UseVisualStyleBackColor = true
Me.chkAllowVars.Visible = false
'
'Dashy
'
Me.AcceptButton = Me.btnRefresh
Me.AutoScaleDimensions = New System.Drawing.SizeF(6!, 13!)
Me.AutoScaleMode = System.Windows.Forms.AutoScaleMode.Font
Me.CancelButton = Me.btnExit
Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(1310, 421)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnStartTimers)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.FastTimerRefreshValue)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.FastTimerRefreshUnit)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.FastTimerRefreshLabel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.SlowTimerRefreshUnit)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnExit)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnRefresh)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.NetworkPanel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.SystemPanel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.HardwarePanel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.PerformancePanel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.FileSystemPanel)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.EnvVars)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.EnvVarsLBL)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.btnExpand)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.chkAllowVars)
Me.Controls.Add(Me.SlowTimerRefreshLabel)
Me.Name = "Dashy"
Me.StartPosition = System.Windows.Forms.FormStartPosition.CenterScreen
Me.Text = "Dashy (GUI Revamped)"
Me.FileSystemPanel.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.FileSystemPanel.PerformLayout
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabControl.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabFS.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.FileSystemDrivesTabEN.ResumeLayout(false)
CType(Me.FileSystemImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.PerformancePanel.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.PerformancePanel.PerformLayout
CType(Me.PerformanceImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.HardwarePanel.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.HardwarePanel.PerformLayout
CType(Me.HardwareImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.SystemPanel.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.SystemPanel.PerformLayout
CType(Me.SystemImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.NetworkPanel.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel1.PerformLayout
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.Panel2.PerformLayout
CType(Me.NetworkSplitContainer,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.NetworkSplitContainer.ResumeLayout(false)
CType(Me.NetworkImg,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
CType(Me.FastTimerRefreshValue,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
CType(Me.SlowTimerRefreshValue,System.ComponentModel.ISupportInitialize).EndInit
Me.ResumeLayout(false)
Me.PerformLayout
End Sub
Friend WithEvents chkAllowVars As System.Windows.Forms.CheckBox
Friend WithEvents btnStartTimers As System.Windows.Forms.Button
Friend WithEvents SlowTimer As System.Windows.Forms.Timer
Friend WithEvents FastTimer As System.Windows.Forms.Timer
Friend WithEvents FileSystemImg As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox
Friend WithEvents FileSystemPanel As System.Windows.Forms.Panel
Friend WithEvents PerformancePanel As System.Windows.Forms.Panel
Friend WithEvents HardwareTotalPhysicalMem As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceTotalVirtualMem As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceAvailPhysicalMem As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceAvailVirtualMem As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceImg As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox
Friend WithEvents PerformanceLbl As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HelpToolStripMenuItem As System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem
Friend WithEvents DocumentationToolStripMenuItem As System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem
Friend WithEvents CheckForUpdatesToolStripMenuItem As System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem
Friend WithEvents AboutDashyToolStripMenuItem As System.Windows.Forms.ToolStripMenuItem
Friend WithEvents HardwarePanel As System.Windows.Forms.Panel
Friend WithEvents SystemOSArch As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HardwareImg As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox
Friend WithEvents HardwareLbl As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemLbl As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDriveListLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemNumberOfDrives As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemPanel As System.Windows.Forms.Panel
Friend WithEvents SystemOS As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemImg As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox
Friend WithEvents SystemLbl As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemOSInfoVersion As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemProgramFilesDirectory As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemProgramFilesDirectoryLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HardwareProcessorCount As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemLoggedInUser As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents NetworkPanel As System.Windows.Forms.Panel
Friend WithEvents NetworkInternetConnection As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents NetworkIsConnected As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents NetworkImg As System.Windows.Forms.PictureBox
Friend WithEvents NetworkLbl As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemHomePath As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemHomePathLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDriveListFS As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox
Friend WithEvents HardwareScreenPrimary As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HardwareScreenName As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HardwareScreenBounds As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents HardwareMouseWheel As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemFsCurrentDir As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemFsCurrentDirLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemSysDir As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemSysDirLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemEnCurrentDir As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemEnCurrentDirLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDrivesTabControl As System.Windows.Forms.TabControl
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDrivesTabFS As System.Windows.Forms.TabPage
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDrivesTabEN As System.Windows.Forms.TabPage
Friend WithEvents FileSystemDriveListEN As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox
Friend WithEvents PerformancePagefile As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceUptime As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceMemoryUsedByDashy As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemOSPlatform As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemOSEnvironVersion As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemDashyArch As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemShutdownStarted As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemInteractiveMode As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemDomain As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemNameComputer As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemNameEN As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemWorkingArea As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemScreenBitsPerPixel As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SystemScrollLines As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents NetworkSerialPortNames As System.Windows.Forms.ListBox
Friend WithEvents NetworkSplitContainer As System.Windows.Forms.SplitContainer
Friend WithEvents NetworkSerialPortNamesLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClockTick As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClipboard As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClockLocal As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClockLocalLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClockGMT As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents PerformanceClockGMTLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents btnRefresh As System.Windows.Forms.Button
Friend WithEvents btnExit As System.Windows.Forms.Button
Friend WithEvents SlowTimerRefreshLabel As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents SlowTimerRefreshUnit As System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox
Friend WithEvents FastTimerRefreshUnit As System.Windows.Forms.ComboBox
Friend WithEvents FastTimerRefreshLabel As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents FastTimerRefreshValue As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown
Friend WithEvents SlowTimerRefreshValue As System.Windows.Forms.NumericUpDown
Friend WithEvents EnvVars As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents EnvVarsLBL As System.Windows.Forms.Label
Friend WithEvents btnExpand As System.Windows.Forms.Button
End Class
| 0.28514
| 0.573632
| 3,241
| 12,882
| 183
| 183
|
WPF Controls & Applications
| false
|
99,823
|
sn83030213_1856-03-01_1_6_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
.k their t ^Ths- wbol- system of dextnee by which Slavery seeks r psvaaeaeioa of the Territories ol the United 8t*t*-?, either by a-es-rrng tL- sovereignty of their iahabit ant-, or by dttying tk? power of Ceinrre*9 to exclude and prehibit Slav ry from them, j novel and ah'en to the principles and the s^iin^njatratfoo of ou.- troveni aaenl. I *nr*s- h*# alwaye asserted and eiej, ?*d the rifh: of probtb Hm . It wM tJe-. ,td .t^, vt-u ef the ti-yt Coitareea, in 17?, reamming. the ordintxne.* of the ok* Cotfvderacy by which 8avery ww prohibit . d from th. umtorj n?wth-we?t of the tfmo River. It was exercised in 1*M, in the Brohihrt.?>u if >lnv ry fr< m the U??i*n? territory north of 0? de?. M ram. It wix intieiwl in 1*?*, when Snvery wan .rrohibited from the Trntory of OregoB. .... Nor is it in the least degree impaired by Mm ment that tb.*. T? rntoriea, when tb?y be. ? and are admitted into the Union, ran JWM 1*? bibit Siaverv. in their a-lllHll 'Ib.ir MM a* States do not begin nn'il their obligations t* Impo? rtes end. The Constitotion know* nothing of in? choate States," Congress him power to make " all needful rule* aud p gidatioo*" for tbem a* t errit.^n.-a until tbey are t 'mitt, d into the Union as member* of^ ithr common e? afecVraay. rTt.MrMI. TOM PK 1 O? WO?*!. I.n I-t.tTION or Tiir. ."?I iibct of trrtmr. In n,.iv?- arts, in the adniisefon of Mis? souri and of Arkansas, in the annexation of Text* and th. jn v^.on tor Admitting- four new State? frota -i?-r territory, in the war with Meiico aud tbe OtaBJtBBta of her provinr. I. in Ike repeal of the Miseoun ( ompm n>ie.. and in laacraal war now waged against th.- p-o. pie of Kan-as for the ext.nsion of Slavery into that territorv. we tra?c tb. f.s.tetep:. of a pow. rfu! mt'Tv-t. aim .ng "at absolute political power and striding;onward t? a ? omplete a**?udarwy ov. r the General Govern? ment. It find* powerful allies and an ope-u del i in the political anna for the pn-eee-utioo of its purpose-*. A.travs uctn g M a compact unit, it rinds its oppo? nents" divided by a vnri.tyof inter.et.*. Paruzan alliances and personal ambitions Lave hitherto nre v> nted any union against ita aggressions, and cot reel? ing ?<r fearing the displeasure- of their constituents, PS? I n *> atattrt - 'rota the Free States have been in <lue. d to aid bl the proue>tion of it* di sign*' All other bit rant! have tuen comp? Ued to rive way before it. The representative* of fre??dora on the floor* ot Congress have been treated with aaa> tun . l\, if th> y n -l-tor ?iio-atnat the ngbt of.aupre-raat y I,', m. r av.'i.ii.:i;,g < la*-. I'ho lale.r and the cotn u.. I.. af*???? t mn ? where Slavery d?*-* not exist, obtain tariiv anJ inam-iuate i. e..gi.itwn from the Ii. ne-nJ OwTl mm? i t, which is swayed by its tudm-ncc and tor tha act ?anphahflM nt of ita ?*nd*. The Kxe-cutiv.- of the nation is the willing ?? rvant of its U-h.et*.and ?aenrie e-* to .1? fav<ir the right* and the ml. rc*?? of tiic other *e-e t . :.- of the i outitry. Tha purse and the sword of the cat . n an at it* .ninmand. A hundr? d milimua of dol? lars wert ?ipetided in tb?- annexation of Texas, and the war with Mexiro, which wa* part of it* price. Two bt-ndr- '1 :i . liOBI have ban BBWwd for Cubi. and war with all Klimpe is threate-m-i, n necessary, to prevent ti e i man. ipation of itsslav.*. Thu? is tha bmmbm of great i|U> etion* of public policy, touching vast inten at* ai.d vnal rights, qaaattaBB area of peace and af war, ii ado to turn, not upon the rei|uin tnentsof iust, e and of bmior, but up?in it* relation to th> sahjaet at Slav.tv ?upon th<- effect it will have bbbbj the interest of the ?laveholdibir class. Th* people of tbe Free State? have cherished the hope that the ?fforts made to extend Slavery which Lave falT? n linder tin ir BwthM were accidental, and in? dicative of weakness, rather than ambition. They have trusted that the sagacions statesmen of the slaveholdit g State* would gradually perceive and acknowledge the- inconvenience ano tue danger of slavery, and would take such measure* a* they might deem wisemmmaafj for it* ultimate removal. Taey have feared the . rT? < t of agitaiiou U|hiii thl* subie *t, 'reli' .l tipoa tbe good faith aud bOOB* of the slavehoid ii g Statt ?, ami I? Ii. ,cd that time, the tatural growth of population, and the r? cognized laws of political an 1 ncial 11 oi.oii.y. would gradually and peacefully work out the i xtiai'tion of a system so repugnant to i Bathos aid the national character and welfare. It has Seemen to th? in llll ladlhlli that in this late age, when Christianity hai far nearly two tJsooaaad years been filing the world with ita fight, and when almost every nation on earth but our own has abolished Cbatnl Slavery, the oflM should be ma?le, or the wish cherish d, by any portion of our people, to make ti e int. n -t of Slavi ly predominant, ar..l,to con? vert this K> pub.ic, the only govcnunint which piof. sees to be founded u]m>n human rights, into the OiigLlic*t slave empire the world ha- avBf teas. Bat it le faapcasfble to deceiveotxTseltrae loajg r, The ? rente of the past two yean have diaeioaedtbe designs of Um dare power and tbe desperate Baeaas it i* prepared to boo for their accomplishment. \V. cannot shut our eye* longer to tha fact th.it the slave holding interest is detensfaiedto counteract the ten drncieaof tiBM uud civilization, by its owuinergy, bv its Inild appropriation of all the powers and agen tw of the tl' Vei mm nt, aud by ho \ lolatsOB, if need be, i f th- most stirred compact.* and compromise*. I is rc-olvcd that Slavery shall be BB?hw tue prataetion of theBOtaTBil lag?that it shall no longer be tin ereatare Of local law, but that it shall stand clothed with all the taaotioBB and sustained by all tlw power of thie great Repahlic. It i- datermined that th? I'n -id. nt -hull do iir bidding, aud that Congress -h ill Icgi-bite according to its decree-, if i? r.iv. d BBOQ tbe di tbr? in im nt of the priti. ipl. s of Ki publicanlsiii, and the estabUshnacsi in thoii ataad ofaaOLioABCHr, bound fogetbar by a coinmou int? rest in the owm r ship of slav es. Nor have we any reasoa to lielieve that Slavery will be content with this absolute supremacy over the Fed? eral (lovemiiient, which it has already so w?dl nigh achieved. On the contrary, the tlatk shallow of it. s> epter falls upou tie -ov cre'ignty of the several S' its. ana tin nat? s tic in with dire disast? r. South Carolina, lllOaaVialog her onee-eherished doctrine of Statu It ig his. asserts the (federal iBpswasaa] oret lawsmaelo by States, excliirively for tho protection ot their citi tens. The State of Virginia is emit, -ting, in courts of law, th. right of the State of New-York to fbrbiitho existence of Slaveiy within h? r limit*. A Federal eoatt ia Pennsyrraaia bus denied the right of that Stat?- to decree fro dom to slaves bniught by their masti re vvithin bar bordaia. and ha? prtwhraaad that Slav? ry < \ -ts by the law of nations. The division of California and the organization of a Slave State with? in her limit ? have been pmposed. A Senator on the rloeir of Congress ba- denaBaded the laotoratioB of the African slave trad?, ,ind the demand is repeated by Southern journals and by leading public men in the Southern Stutes. When the*e- great obj?-< ts shall have bees accom? plished?when the States, as well as the (ieneral Gov? ernment, shad have l??>c?itiie subject to the law of slavery, and when UO-OM slav?h?ddcrs shall hold u. spefe rule over the millions of this Republic, Slavery cauntit fail, from the in-ce-sity of it* natun-, to attempt outrage* which will awaken storms that will sweep it in earnag?- from the face of the earth. The longer tyranny is practiced unresistcd, the fiercer and the more ilreadful is the resistance which in the end it pro vok? s. History is full of instances to prove that noth ini i* ?o BBBgeroaa as a wrong long unredremt-d; that e\ its which at the outs? t it would have been easy to remove, by sutferai.i? become futal to those through whose indifference and toleration they have bMroaeew. The t?-nd? ncyof the measure* udopti d hjr the slave* hold.ng inte-n st to sicun- its own extension, through the action of the Federal (iovernm? nt, is to give to Congress jurisdie'tion of the geueral subi>-<-t; and its r? pr< sentative* mu>t b?- sagacions enough to perceive that if tbey establish the principle that Congress may interfere with Slavery f r its protection, it may inter? fere with it also fur it* destruction. If, therefore, they -u. i ? ed in sui-h an enlarg? m?-nt of tbe power of Con grt... having already di*carde?l the principle of com iPrOBHOafaafll legislation, they must foresee that the natural ette.-t of their encroachments uj>on the right* and liberties of the noc-slaveholding population of the country, will be to arouse them to the direct exercise of the power thus placed in their bumis. Wh? ?n r :t is safe or wine for that inter? st to invite such a contest, we need not here consider. The time draws nigb, fellow-countrymen, when you will be call? d on to decide upon tbe policy and the ; .;;?>-. t the General Itovernnseai. Your roBM at tbe appr'*cting IYe*id? ntial election will determine w bt ther Slavery shall continue to be the paramount and controlling influence ;n the FisiYral Aiiministra tion, or whether other rights and other interests shall r??umc the detjree of consideration to which they are entitkd. The issue i? upon us by no act of ours, and ? 1 ? ev vied. Under a profonud conviction of impending dangers, the grounds whereof we have Ol w -r' forth, we mil upon you to deliver the Consti? tution and the Union from the subjugation which threat eis both. Holding, with the late Mr.Calboun, that "tbe " oriligation to repel aggv-eaion is not much 1? ** seaemn " than that of abstaining from making aggretaion, and "that the party which submits to it w!.?n it can be " r? sisted is not much less guilty and responsible for ''eoBseqnences than that which makes it, we invoke a surrender of all party pr. judi.. ? and all personal feelings, and a cordial and earnest union for the vindi? cation of rigbta and liberties which we cannot surren? der withont degradation and shame. We snmmoa you to send Dei. gar. *. in number* three time* as large as yonr representa' n in Congress, to meet m Con vet: or, at Philaoelp ;on the 17tb day of June next, to nominate cacdi.ii * for the Presidency and Vice Preeideucy of th?- I t. ed States. Let them come pre? pared to surrender all pe rsonal preference*! and all sectional or local view*?resolved only to make suck nominations, and to take such action, as shall advance the principles we held and the purposes, we aeek to Bromete. Iiiaclaiming any intention to ietcrfer*> with. la very in the Statea where it exists, o' to invalidate those porti? ne of the Coaetitutiou by which it n re? moved from the national control, let as prevent the in? crease of its political power, preserve the General Gov? ernment fr<m its ascendancy, bring back its admini* trauou to the principle* ana the practice of it* wine aad illustrioas founders, and thus vindicate the Consti? tution and the Union, and *e-eure the blessings of LisiHTt to oursejyeaj^ndjour pc.*?er*ty Asotiur Fl?bIba Was,?Twe hundred aad fifty Ur. T IV Vit ft ?/ Th* MmmrmH PwinK Kiomv M..r>.Uy. Feb. IU, I****. Sin: OnTraradey evening lost I twit a letter n 70a "i?ju:.'that eome fighting wan expected at r>wttc ?nd that two companies had W-ft L**T**ac? O'y for tbat place, to assist their friend* to defending tbem ?elv.-a from tbe Kickapoo Ranger*. The *<*mr>-_ni..i "Bed and reported that they ha 1 bed Dofighuni* < i:ring their absence. 11 ? Kickapoo Rangers were reported to be eelleet irtg in the vicinity of Feat 11 making preparations to 1 ? txrr.enee an attack upon the Kr. * State mra, by > -gar-cut seventy from their claim*. They sent, I tla following kttcr to Mr. Spark*, advising him to r leave; "to irana waaaat "Tbe un.frraign.d, asyou an- aware, are ertizt-oo Of* tbia t>ainb(?ioo4. Many of a* have e<-m* here wi'k oer fen.ilier. intending to tnakr Kaaaaa oar per? manent tou >. It in our .iiUr-*?t* and deaire tbat peeee sxd rood will prevail among us, and whatever ? ay conduce to this desirable end will meet oar hearty approval. ?? The local ev;fcmenfw that haae oeram-d ia this ? v Urr 1?- n prir.cif ally attnbuted to yota; aad, a- we believe, justly. Too have figured a the** eou r, aid hithe affair at K*--too more repreaea eibiv than ever. " IMievirg. therefore, that your further r*?nder?o?j an i of n* ia incompatible with tbr peace and wslfari* ot thai community, we advise you to lea re ae eoon aa ton ran BOevrni? titly do *e. ' .-Uaed. Joseph TW->?*. Abeer fester. In f r"airej, Gee. W. I' a . W aaa MeLal ? ?r\ui Now?-ll, Aaaaatlae Wklta, Kai a. leyeetea, lean Weila Tho?u?* Ife-k-eaa, .,, V-, lieorfe W Browi., Ktuui <-iII.Jub-* I'ieter Sin-en B. raneaka, C II. * ? -,. R I*. H-.??.. W.L. TbcaipaM I B. ailaa tliraaa Wrajae, K iw?a MrLaia.C, 1 ... 1:1- aW SSI ' Miwre, Jaaaah ??, I - aaal Ba-*eee. John C. tirott, John Bar ,e - b L M-. John Mw" M K. Kf b*-1t, VSea^r I avl lean Reward V K?t ne-iy, AairsB J. Bavta, Jaka W. 1. mam J im?? Newell, Joseph (Ire*. I have copied the above from the original letter sent ti, tl i- - tv by M-. Spark*, who -ay* he know*aereral <-t thoee whose namea appear affix, -i to the tetter. Too It-ttei :? writtm in a plain. legible band, und neither of /natures ror-.-spond with it, showing that tke ? ???to* prepared with care, and by one nat on Ol d to I ?- boom to it at the time it wan ?? nt. Mr. Spark*, you doubtless* rew-mH waa taken pn-oricr at the ? I? ct;.-n at Kaetin on the 17th of Jan* nary last by the Rangers, and afterward* reeeoed be Hii-'wti with fifteen BBoatt Hrown, f--r thie orTenae, wae >ul-equently ki-lcapp?d.and m-id baibamualy hacked o .1. atii byti.se name Kickapoo Rangers, who, . a, huteud to tiutcher Spark* and other promi Beat ftt d'hote men in that neighborhood in tbe same way, w ben once in their power. , 'ul - rt ii le from one of our new*paper? which ha* creat? -1 a feeling of uneaaiueaa. Cito yu :i:t--i 111 us what the meaning of it all is, and arc wo never to hove paonr thai blewing t?i atau?in thie land which na'nri ? sj :- . : u' n .1. beauty and fer? tility fcf the building up of a great Commonwealth f " ?Mir is 1? ihk wisn I " The /*</.?;? 1 set Ihtpeitek states that the militia of the border oounl - ia itiaaoari are to iMdeavoaiat Fi rt Beott, ;u this Territory, ou tbe v.'9tb of February. \\ t ut bos pees boa the military force* of Misaouri 111 Kai 11I and why do th? y concentrate their strength Ht Foci BcoM at that partu-ularjuncture I It is a fae't, that alOltarjf - rf^aiaathaai have been forming every abero along the border iu Missouri, consisting gener? ally of mounted riflemen. We have observed theee demonstrations for some time, and now comes it notice to invade the Terr.lory ou the '.MJth iust. " I>avy Atehiaoa. la his speech at Platte City a few ?lavs ago, told his meads t-> hold thsins. hrea in raaaV neos a.-iiust the Ith of March; that their service*. BTOoldtheob< demaededi that th- v woul-1 beeallea Bpoe to inarch into the Territory. Is it probald. their mkl ou ia a profcabla one I Ii so, they have aamuch 1 It i.i re a* any citizen. If tiny are coining for tke pa poee of -ie-ir-K t;on, and to drive out the Free* vat. settlers, as their Press have enunciated frooj wet h to wei k for more than a year, then they are li'lil-riet. 1 *?." Tin: FUGITIVE SLAVE CASE. THE F?OIVIVE8 BEhUKDEO. BACK TO BLAH BET. Yrvm th* Cmcinnati OSSWOJS, Ytb. 71. At ti o'clock yesterday often.1 ComoxiosioMI Pt n- dry opened his Court in the United States Court rot ma, [Judge Lea rial giving way,) and gave bis de* i ision. II- con im need by sayn,g: l*n vious to the oispositiou of the cases now before in, w( shall pa.-.- upon the motion ?" That wedia* " charge Margaret (turner, Sunou (larner, senior, 8i* ?? maa Cann r, junior, and Mary (lann i , froui the cu** "todjaftbo United BtohM Marshal, and deliver them 44 into the (lo-session of said Sheriff " This motion is 1 I d upon an indictment found by the ({rand Jury of Hamilton C? iiuly, Ohio, charging them with the crime Ot BiaifloHa the tirrt ?tt irree, aud a oopias iaaued Bpoav said indictment for their anest. We rind uo law to warrant u- in making such order, und tberefoie overrule the'motion. lie theu proceeded to consider the claim of Marshall to Simon (!unier,'.icuior; Simon tJarner, junior, and .Mury (Sanier. (In the BBth "f January, 1090. Archibald K. flat*SB, a ci'izen ot DoOBti Couaty, utid Sta" - of Kentucky. Bade an affidavit, etc., that one negro man uiuned Sin.on (turner, senior, aged about M years; one negro ? aa named Mmon (Jarner.jr., aged about-.-years; and one ncpro woman named Mary flanier, aged about 50 yi ins, wl.o owe labor and service to .lame* Marshal/ for life, Buder the laws of K-ntueky, escaped from tha Btate ot K> ntucky. The testimony for the claimant shows that these per si BS arc held by the snid .lame* Marshall as slaves for hit under the laws of Kentucky, that rue above named p. reons are the identical ones ?)--. libod in the elaim ant's affidavit, and that they escaped oa the night of tu--.st h day '-.January last, from saitl County and State into the Southern District of Ohio, where the Ui >'ed State* Murhhall made the anest. The testimony for tlie defense is, in substance, that Nir on Cart er," junior, ami Maty (.?.rner, have both 11- en in I Ibio pr. \ imis to their escape, with the claim? ant - con.-ent. but no proof of that kind is offered as to Bhaaa (lamer, senior. These are the pnncipal fact* i lie.ti d in the iavesti gution of this case. Tbe only qmstion which we propooe to discuss iu this ca-e is, '? dm - the fas t of toe temporary visit to "Ohio ot Msoa (iauier. junior, and Maiy Garner, "with Iba ooaoeal of their master, prior to their es "ca|?e, affect tie right* of their claimant f " Or, in Other word.*, James Marshall having permitted these persons to come into Ohio, and they having votua t.uiJy returned into bis service, is their relation as master and "lave changed ' Upoa what pnnciple, then, are we to find yonng Simon and 3lnry Gai ner to be tree, when in Onio by :l c - - t.-ent of thci master 1 I* it in the clause of o Mat-- Constitution, which declares there shall be do s.avery in this State, nor involuntary servitude, except for the puuishmeat of crime I Article lot, Section rtb. T 1. most recent bearing upon thi* point is that of .?trader et al. v*. C.ntham, ."> B. Munroe, IT3. The im ta in thi*, bm wen-: Stroller 6l Gorman were tae owners of the rtcnuiboat Pike, and bad pitimitted thrie slaves of (Irabnm to come on their boot from IX/UisviUe to Cincinnati, whence they escaped into Caaeda. The defense made l-y Str?der 8c Gonnaa Bra* that tbeee negroes were music.ans, and allowed to travel about by tbe complainant as free negroes; that the c-mpluinant gave them written consent to tome to Ohio, and tbat they remained here tor a long lime, then returned into the State of Kentucky, bite tie service of their master, and rbereforti that the/ w. r. free. Judge Marshall, in delivering the opiaiea of the Court, held: F<r$t: That u master residing in Kentucky, and taking bis slavi with him to Ohio, for a temporal* purpose, i- not to be understood as renouncing hi right to hi* slave, ?ml ,.n the return of the slars te Kentucky be cannot, on that ground, assert a ri|W w reedoiu. Th- i v. m r - f a slave who resides in B**-" tucky, who permit* his slave to go to Ohio in clierge of an agent for a temporary purpose, does not lonRe bis right of property iu such slave. - rase was afterward removed to the 8i. Court of the United States by a writ of errors Chief Justice Taney delivered tie opinion oftbeC*J*--? as reported iu 10 Howard's Supreme Court ?-?P**^ n. lit says: " Much of the argument on tbe part? " the plaintiff in error haa been offered for the 00^"" "ofetowiLg that the judgment of the State Cm** " was erroneous in deciding that theee iiegroes-rate " sluves, and it is insisted that their previous eu-pkw " me?t in Ohio had made them free when tbey*-* u turned into KeBtuoky.". Although theChieWustice decided that this waaa? tie qutstioB before him, he states: "That ths **" " d it ion of the negroes a* to Freedom or SUreist***^ " their return depended altofetber upon the**"" " Kentucky, and could not be infl-ienced by tk*-'*". " of Ohio; that it was exclusively in th? pow?* * "Kentucky to determine for itself whether the**" " plojmenf in an t her State should or should ?**?*_? ' them free on their return, and that theCoert*? "Appeals having decided that, by the laws of th** M ite, they continued to be slaves, that deCisioB?-*? " In his opinion, conclusive." ^ This same doctrine ia also fully maintained D7i~* Supreme Court of tbe United States es. Tha Ship roue, U Peter*, Report*, 73. The fact* of W? ? ? ? that Mrs. Smith, a widow Lady of Lou??s*aAm vis.ted France, and had taken with her the slars cilia. Afterward she was brought bach by th* so**** law of Mrs. Smith, aad lived in Louisiana as his < l ief Jn-nice Tauay, in dehv?nng tbe opuuon sO*" Ccurt, bekl: That even aatruioia?,' by the Frsnc? -?w.
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import {
Injectable,
NestInterceptor,
ExecutionContext,
CallHandler,
} from '@nestjs/common';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs';
import { tap } from 'rxjs/operators';
import { Logger } from '../index';
@Injectable()
export class LoggingInterceptor implements NestInterceptor {
intercept(context: ExecutionContext, next: CallHandler): Observable<any> {
const ctx = context.switchToHttp();
const req = ctx.getRequest();
const method = req.method;
const url = req.url;
Logger.debug(
`Controller: ${context.getClass().name} Method: ${method} Url: ${url}`,
);
return next.handle().pipe(tap());
}
}
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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' TEST_MODE : COMPILE_ONLY_FAIL
'' Class UDT
type UDT
i as integer
declare constructor( )
end type
constructor UDT( )
end constructor
'' UDT.i is a field, not a member var
dim UDT.i as integer
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Code Project Testing
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99,826
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1409970_2013_1
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SEC
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Public Domain
|
Item 1. Business
ABOUT LENDING CLUB
General Corporate Overview
Lending Club is an online marketplace that facilitates loans to consumers and businesses and offers investors an opportunity to fund the loans. Our goal is to transform the banking industry to make it more cost efficient, transparent and consumer friendly. We replace traditional bank operations with an online marketplace that uses technology and a more efficient funding process to lower operational costs and deliver a better experience to both borrowers and investors.
Lending Club is headquartered in San Francisco, California, was incorporated in 2006 and began operations in 2007.
At December 31, 2013, our marketplace had facilitated 240,322 Loans totaling approximately $3.2 billion since our inception.
At December 31, 2013, LC had 426 full-time employees and contractors.
Business and Growth Strategy
Our marketplace connects borrowers and investors and provides a variety of services including screening borrowers for loan eligibility and facilitating payments to investors. Our model has significantly lower operating costs than traditional bank lending and consumer finance institutions because there are no physical branches and related infrastructure, no deposit-taking activities, an automated loan underwriting and servicing process and other technology-enhanced processes. We believe that the interest rates offered to borrowers through our platform are generally better, on average, than the rates those borrowers could pay on outstanding credit card balances or unsecured installment loans from a traditional bank.
We also believe that our marketplace enables investors to earn attractive returns and enjoy a more direct, low cost access to consumer credit as an investment asset class. Investors include both individuals and institutions. We believe that diversity of our investor base allows us to rely on more predictable funding sources with a wide range of investment strategies and risk appetite, which helps us facilitate a wide range of loans.
Our platform offers consumer loans, which are unsecured obligations of individual borrowers that are issued in amounts ranging from $1,000 up to $35,000, depending on the applicable policy, with fixed interest rates, and three-year or five-year original maturities (“Consumer Loans”). Consumer Loans that have a FICO score of at least 660 and meet other strict credit criteria are classified as Public Policy Loans and are issued under WebBank’s Public Credit Policy and can be invested in through member payment dependent notes (“Notes”) pursuant to our shelf registration statement (“Note Shelf”). We and WebBank, a FDIC-insured, state chartered industrial bank organized under the laws of Utah, are also partnering with other sophisticated institutional investors to tailor credit and underwriting specifications to meet specific credit and investment criteria of these investors (“Custom Credit Policy”) that are outside of the Public Credit Policy and therefore are not publicly available (“Custom Policy Loans”). In addition, in March 2014, we launched a pilot program focused on loans to small businesses (“SB Loans”) with loan amounts between $15,000 to $100,000, fixed interest rates and maturities between one and five years. SB Loans and Consumer Loans are referred to as Loans in this Report. Investors can invest through the following products, Notes, Certificates or partnerships interests or buy Loans directly.
Competitive Environment and Market Dynamics
The markets for lending and investing are competitive and rapidly evolving.
For borrowers, we believe the following are the principal competitive factors in the lending market:
•
Competitive interest rates versus other alternatives;
•
A fast and convenient process;
•
Positive customer experience.
For investors, we believe the following are the principal competitive factors:
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Attractive risk adjusted returns;
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Diversification from other asset classes;
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Positive customer experience.
For borrowers, we compete with banking institutions, credit unions, credit card issuers and other consumer finance companies. However, we believe that by leveraging technology to acquire, facilitate and service Loans, we are able to operate at a lower expense structure relative to other competitors, giving us more flexibility to offer competitive rates along with a great borrower experience.
For investors, we compete with other investment vehicles and asset classes such as equities, bonds, and certificates of deposit. We believe that our diverse and customizable investment options and lower expense structure give us the flexibility to offer attractive risk adjusted returns that are uncorrelated with traditional asset classes.
We may also face future competition from new market entrants, which may include large, established companies. These companies may have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their lending platforms. We believe, however, that our acquisition channels and underwriting experience, which have been developed over several years, will be difficult to duplicate in the short-run. Investor confidence is earned over time and throughout credit cycles.
Business Overview
Consumer Loans
Consumer Loans are fully amortizing, unsecured obligations of individuals of $1,000 up to $35,000, dependent upon the applicable credit policy, with fixed interest rates, and three-year or five-year original maturities.
All Consumer Loans are funded and issued by WebBank. As part of operating our platform, we verify the identity of borrowers, obtain borrowers’ credit characteristics from consumer reporting agencies such as TransUnion, Experian or Equifax and screen borrowers for eligibility. We service issued Consumer Loans on an ongoing basis.
Our agreement with WebBank enables us to make Consumer Loans available to borrowers on a uniform basis nationwide. We currently do not offer Consumer Loans in Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Nebraska and North Dakota. We pay WebBank a monthly fee based on the amount of Consumer Loans issued by WebBank, subject to a minimum monthly fee.
Public Policy Loans
Borrower applications for Public Policy Loans are posted on our website pursuant to a program agreement with WebBank. We use a proprietary algorithm to assign one of 35 loan grades (A1 to G5), which is used to establish the borrower’s interest rate and origination fee.
Custom Policy Loans
Borrower applications that do not qualify as Public Policy Loans may qualify as a Custom Policy Loan under a Custom Credit Policy that focuses on potentially higher risk borrowers than those under the Public Credit Policy. An alternative proprietary algorithm is used to assign an interest rate and origination fee. Custom Policy Loans are also funded and issued pursuant to our program agreement with WebBank.
Small Business Loans
SB Loans are fully amortizing, unsecured obligations of small businesses in amounts that currently range from $15,000 to $100,000, with fixed interest rates, and maturities ranging from one to five years. We use a small business specific, proprietary algorithm to assign an interest rate and origination fee. While in the pilot phase, SB Loans are being invested in only by institutional investors.
While our agreement with WebBank enables us to make SB Loans available to borrowers on a uniform basis nationwide, we are limiting the availability of SB Loans during its pilot phase. We pay WebBank a monthly fee based on the amount of SB Loans issued by WebBank. We service SB Loans on an ongoing basis.
Investing in Loans
Loans are invested in through three channels - (1) the public offering of Notes pursuant to our Note Shelf, (2) private placements to accredited investors and qualified purchasers of Certificates and limited partnership interests in funds managed by LCA (“Funds”), or (3) Loan sales to unrelated third party institutions, each described below:
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Public Offering of Notes Available to Investors: Pursuant to a prospectus, investors have the opportunity to purchase, directly on our website, Notes issued by us, with each Note corresponding to an individual Loan facilitated through our platform. The Notes are unsecured and the payment of principal and interest on the Notes is dependent on the receipt of principal and interest on the related Public Policy Loan.
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Private Placements of Certificates and Funds: LC offers private placements of funds to accredited investors and qualified purchasers. To facilitate these private placement offerings, LC established the Trust in February 2011 to acquire and hold Loans for the sole benefit of investors who purchase Certificates in private transactions. Accredited investors and the Funds each purchase a Certificate from the Trust and the Trust uses these proceeds to acquire and hold Loans for the sole benefit of the Certificate holders. Like the Notes, payment of principal and interest on the Certificates are dependent on the receipt of principal and interest on the corresponding Loan. The Certificates can only be settled with cash flows from the underlying Loan and the Certificate holder does not have recourse to the general credit or other assets of the Trust, LC, borrowers or other investors.
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Whole Loan Sales to Third Party Institutions: In December 2012, LC began selling Consumer Loans to unrelated third party institutions through our platform. In all these sales transactions, we retained the servicing rights on the Consumer Loans sold.
Sources of Revenues
We have three primary sources of revenues. We earn origination fees charged to borrowers for facilitating the funding of Loans by WebBank. We earn servicing fees from investors for processing principal and interest payments and passing such payments on to investors. Additionally, LCA earns management fees as the general partner for the Funds and SMAs. We expect that the volume of Loans facilitated through our platform will continue to increase, and that we will generate increased revenue from these sources.
Interest income on the Loans and the associated interest expense on related Notes and Certificates are reported on our Statement of Operations on a gross basis. Virtually all of the interest income is earned by and passed through to investors and Certificate holders resulting in no material net effect on our earnings.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing efforts are designed to build awareness of Lending Club as a brand and company as a responsible alternative to credit cards and other higher interest credit options for consumers and small businesses. We define marketing as owning the total customer experience. We use a diverse array of marketing channels to distribute our message and are constantly improving and optimizing our experience both on- and offline to deliver efficiency and a high level of customer satisfaction.
Origination and Servicing
We have developed proprietary technology that is efficient and highly scalable. Our platform enables us to take in a variety of data sources in a highly automated way and to decision Loans efficiently. Our models use the information we take in to dynamically condition Loans for underwriting treatment and pass them through to underwriters in real time for action. Our platform incorporates a variety of models that determine approvals, pricing and verification procedures.
Technology and Engineering
Our customer acquisition process, registration, underwriting, servicing and payment systems are highly automated and we use internally developed software. We have developed our own cash management software to process electronic cash movements, record book entries and calculate cash balances in our borrower and investors’ funding accounts. For the most part, we require the use of Automated Clearing House (ACH) payments as the preferred means to disburse Loan proceeds, receive payments on outstanding Loans, receive funds from investors and disburse payments to investors. We have no physical branches for Loan application or payment-taking activities.
Our system hardware for the platform is co-located in a data center hosting facility in Las Vegas, Nevada. We also maintain a “near” real time disaster recovery data center co-located in a hosting facility in Northern California. We own all of the hardware deployed in support of our platform and we continuously monitor the performance and availability of our platform.
Key aspects of our technology include:
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Scalability: We strive to establish a scalable infrastructure that utilizes standard techniques such as virtualization, load-balancing and high-availability platforms. Our application and database tiers are designed to be scaled horizontally by adding servers as needed.
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Data Integrity and Security: We are making every effort to ensure that all data received from end users or from our business counterparties are transported in a secure manner. We have received a secure socket layer (“SSL”) certification from VeriSign and we require a dedicated, fully authenticated connection, in addition to the SSL encryption of the data. Our most sensitive information is stored using one-way encryption, which makes it impossible to read in the clear, and for other data, a set of access control rules have been created to limit the visibility of the data and to protect the privacy of each user. We utilize network firewall technology for perimeter level threat protection.
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Fraud Detection: We employ a combination of proprietary technologies and commercially available licensed technologies and solutions to prevent and detect fraud. We employ techniques such as knowledge based authentication, out-of-band authentication and notification, behavioral analytics and digital fingerprinting to prevent identity fraud. We use services from third-party vendors for user identification, credit checks and OFAC compliance. In addition, we use specialized third-party software to augment our fraud detection systems. In addition to our identity fraud detection system, we also have a dedicated team that conducts additional investigations of cases flagged for high fraud risk by verifying the income and employment data reported by borrowers. See “Item 1. Business-About the Platform-How the LC Platform Operates-Verification of Borrower Information.”
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Back up Servicing Arrangement: We have a backup and successor servicing agreement with Portfolio Financial Servicing Company (“PFSC”). Pursuant to this agreement, PFSC will prepare and then stand ready to service Loans. Upon PFSC becoming the servicer of the Loan, we will pay PFSC a one-time declaration fee and PFSC will be entitled to retain a servicing fee on the amounts it collects as servicer. Our agreement with PFSC was renewed as of September 2011 for a three year term with automatic annual renewals thereafter unless advance notice of non-renewal is provided by either party. If our agreement with PFSC were to be terminated, we would seek to replace PFSC with another backup servicer.
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, trademark, and other rights, as well as confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. Although the protection afforded by copyright, trade secret, trademark and patent law, written agreements and common law may provide some advantages, we believe that the following factors help us to maintain a competitive advantage:
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technological skills of our software and website development personnel;
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frequent enhancements to our platform; and
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high levels of borrower and investor satisfaction.
Our competitors may develop products that are similar to our technology. We enter into agreements with our employees, consultants and partners and through these agreements; we attempt to control access to and distribution of our software, documentation and other proprietary technology and information. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may, in an authorized or unauthorized manner, attempt to use, copy or otherwise obtain and market or distribute our intellectual property rights or technology or otherwise develop a product with the same functionality as our solution. Policing all unauthorized use of our intellectual property rights is nearly impossible. Therefore, we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken or will take in the future will prevent misappropriations of our technology or intellectual property rights.
“LendingClub” is a registered trademark in the United States.
Employees and Contractors
As of December 31, 2013, we had 380 employees and 46 contractors. The following table shows a breakdown by functions:
None of our employees are represented by labor unions. We have not experienced any work stoppages and believe that our relations with our employees are good.
Regulation
The lending and securities industries are highly regulated. We, and the Loans made through our platform, are subject to extensive and complex rules and regulations, licensing and examination by various federal, state and local government authorities. These authorities impose obligations and restrictions on our activities and the Loans made through our platform. In particular, these rules limit the fees that may be assessed on the Loans, require extensive disclosure to, and consents from, our participants, prohibit discrimination and may impose multiple qualification and licensing obligations on platform activities. Failure to comply with any of these requirements may result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses or registration, loss of approved status, voiding of the Loan contracts, class action lawsuits, administrative enforcement actions and civil and criminal liability. While compliance with such requirements is at times complicated by our novel business model, we believe we are in substantial compliance with these rules and regulations. These rules and regulations are subject to continuous change, however, and a material change could have an adverse effect on our compliance efforts and ability to operate.
Licensing
State Licensing Requirements
We hold licenses in a number of states and are otherwise authorized to conduct activities on a uniform basis in all other states and the District of Columbia, with the exceptions of Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Nebraska and North Dakota. State licensing statutes impose a variety of requirements and restrictions, including:
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recordkeeping requirements;
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restrictions on loan origination and servicing practices, including limits on finance charges and fees;
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disclosure requirements;
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examination requirements;
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surety bond and minimum net worth requirements;
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financial reporting requirements;
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notification requirements for changes in principal officers, stock ownership or corporate control;
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restrictions on advertising; and
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review requirements for loan forms.
The statutes also subject us to the supervisory and examination authority of state regulators in certain cases.
Consumer Protection Laws
State Usury Limitations
Section 521 of the Depository Institution Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 (12 U.S.C. § 1831d) and Section 85 of the National Bank Act (NBA) (12 U.S.C. § 85), federal case law interpreting the NBA such as Tiffany v. National Bank of Missouri and Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First Omaha Service Corporation and FDIC advisory opinion 92-47 permit FDIC-insured depository institutions, such as WebBank, to “export” the interest rate permitted under the laws of the state where the bank is located, regardless of the usury limitations imposed by the state law of the borrower’s residence unless the state has chosen to opt out of the exportation regime. WebBank is located in Utah, and Title 70C of the Utah Code does not limit the amount of fees or interest that may be charged by WebBank on loans of the type offered through our platform. Only Iowa and Puerto Rico have opted out of the exportation regime under Section 525 of DIDA and we do not operate in either jurisdiction. However, we believe that if a state in which we did operate opted out of rate exportation that judicial interpretations support the view that such opt outs only apply to loans “made” in those states. As the loan document states that “
the [Promissory] Note will be entered into in the state of Utah,” we believe that the “opt-out” of any state would not affect the ability of our platform to benefit from the exportation of rates. If a Loan made through our platform was deemed to be subject to the usury laws of a state that has opted-out of the exportation regime, we could become subject to fines, penalties, possible forfeiture of amounts charged to borrowers and we may decide not to originate Loans in that applicable jurisdiction, which may adversely impact our growth.
State Disclosure Requirements and Other Substantive Lending Regulations
We are subject to state laws and regulations that impose requirements related to loan disclosures and terms, credit discrimination, credit reporting, debt collection and unfair or deceptive business practices. Our ongoing compliance program seeks to comply with these requirements.
Truth in Lending Act
The Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), and Regulation Z, which implements it, require lenders to provide consumers with uniform, understandable information concerning certain terms and conditions of their loan and credit transactions. These rules apply to WebBank as the creditor for Loans facilitated through our platform, but because the transactions are carried out on our hosted website, we facilitate compliance. For closed-end credit transactions of the type provided through our platform, these disclosures include providing the annual percentage rate, the finance charge, the amount financed, the number of payments and the amount of the monthly payment. The creditor must provide the disclosures before the Loan is closed. TILA also regulates the advertising of credit and gives borrowers, among other things, certain rights regarding updated disclosures and the treatment of credit balances. Our platform provides borrowers with a TILA disclosure at the time a borrower posts a loan request on the platform. If the borrower’s request is not fully funded and the borrower chooses to accept a lesser amount offered, we provide an updated TILA disclosure. We also seek to comply with TILA’s disclosure requirements related to credit advertising.
Equal Credit Opportunity Act
The federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”) prohibits creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, age, religion, national origin, marital status, or the fact that all or part of the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program or the fact that the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the federal Consumer Credit Protection Act or any applicable state law. Regulation B, which implements ECOA, restricts creditors from requesting certain types of information from loan applicants and from making statements that would discourage on a prohibited basis a reasonable person from making or pursuing an application. These requirements apply both to a lender such as WebBank as well as to a party such as ourselves that regularly participates in a credit decision. Investors may also be subject to the ECOA in their capacity as purchasers of Notes, if they are deemed to regularly participate in credit decisions. In the underwriting of Loans on the platform, both WebBank and us seek to comply with ECOA’s provisions prohibiting discouragement and discrimination. ECOA also requires creditors to provide consumers with timely notices of adverse action taken on credit applications. WebBank and us provide prospective borrowers who apply for a Loan through the platform but are denied credit with an adverse action notice in compliance with applicable requirements (see also below regarding “Fair Credit Reporting Act”).
Fair Credit Reporting Act
The Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”), administered by the Federal Trade Commission, promotes the accuracy, fairness and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies. FCRA requires a permissible purpose to obtain a consumer credit report, and requires persons to report loan payment information to credit bureaus accurately. FCRA also imposes disclosure requirements on creditors who take adverse action on credit applications based on information contained in a credit report. WebBank and ourselves have a permissible purpose for obtaining credit reports on potential borrowers and also obtain explicit consent from borrowers to obtain such reports. As the servicer for the Loan, we accurately report Loan payment and delinquency information to appropriate reporting agencies. We provide an adverse action notice to a rejected borrower on WebBank’s behalf at the time the borrower is rejected that includes all the required disclosures. We have implemented an identity theft prevention program.
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
The Federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) provides guidelines and limitations on the conduct of third-party debt collectors in connection with the collection of consumer debts. The FDCPA limits certain communications with third parties, imposes notice and debt validation requirements, and prohibits threatening, harassing or abusive conduct in the course of debt collection. While the FDCPA applies to third-party debt collectors, debt collection laws of certain states impose similar requirements on creditors who collect their own debts. Our agreement with its investors prohibits investors from attempting to directly collect on the Loan. Actual collection efforts in violation of this agreement are unlikely given that investors do not learn the identity of borrowers. We use our internal collection team and a professional third-party debt collection agent to collect delinquent accounts. They are required to comply with the FDCPA and all other applicable laws in collecting delinquent accounts of our borrowers.
Privacy and Data Security Laws
The federal Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (“GLBA”) limits the disclosure of nonpublic personal information about a consumer to nonaffiliated third parties and requires financial institutions to disclose certain privacy policies and practices with respect to information sharing with affiliated and nonaffiliated entities as well as to safeguard personal customer information. A number of states have similarly enacted privacy and data security laws requiring safeguards to protect the privacy and security of consumers’
personally identifiable information and to require notification to affected customers in the event of a breach. We have a detailed privacy policy, which complies with GLBA and is accessible from every page of our website. We maintain participants’ personal information securely, and we do not sell, rent or share such information with third parties for marketing purposes unless previously agreed to by the participant. In addition, we take a number of measures to safeguard the personal information of our borrowers and investors and protect against unauthorized access.
Servicemembers Civil Relief Act
The federal Servicemembers Civil Relief Act (“SCRA”) allows military members to suspend or postpone certain civil obligations so that the military member can devote his or her full attention to military duties. The SCRA requires we adjust the interest rate of borrowers who qualify for and request relief. If a borrower with an outstanding Loan qualifies for SCRA protection, we will reduce the interest rate on the Loan to 6% for the duration of the borrower’s active duty. During this period, the investors who have invested in such Loan will not receive the difference between 6% and the Loan’s original interest rate. For a borrower to obtain an interest rate reduction on a Loan due to military service, we require the borrower to send us a written request and a copy of the borrower’s mobilization orders. We do not take military service into account in assigning Loan grades to borrower loan requests and we do not disclose the military status of borrowers to investors.
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
In July 2010 the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) was signed into law. The Dodd-Frank Act is extensive and significant legislation that, among other things:
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created a liquidation framework under which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) may be appointed as receiver following a “systemic risk determination” by the Secretary of Treasury (in consultation with the President) for the resolution of certain nonbank financial companies and other entities, defined as “covered financial companies,” and commonly referred to as “systemically important entities,” in the event such a company is in default or in danger of default and the resolution of such a company under other applicable law would have serious adverse effects on financial stability in the United States, and also for the resolution of certain of their subsidiaries;
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created a new framework for the regulation of over-the-counter derivatives activities;
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strengthened the regulatory oversight of securities and capital markets activities by the SEC;
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created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”), a new agency responsible for administering and enforcing the laws and regulations for consumer financial products and services; and
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increased regulation of the securitization markets through, among other things, a mandated risk retention requirement for securitizers and a direction to the SEC to regulate credit rating agencies and adopt regulations governing these organizations and their activities.
With respect to the new liquidation framework for systemically important entities, no assurances can be given that such framework would not apply to us. Guidance from the FDIC indicates that such new framework will largely be exercised in a manner consistent with the existing bankruptcy laws, which is the insolvency regime which would otherwise apply to us. The SEC has proposed significant changes to the rules applicable to issuers and sponsors of asset-backed securities under the Securities Act and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. With the proposed changes we could potentially see an adverse impact in our access to the asset-backed securities capital markets and lessened effectiveness of our financing programs. We believe we will at some point become subject to the oversight of the CFPB in addition to its current authority over various lending regulations, such as Regulation Z, TILA and Regulation B.
Other Regulations
Electronic Fund Transfer Act and NACHA Rules
The federal Electronic Fund Transfer Act (“EFTA”), and Regulation E, which implements it, provides guidelines and restrictions on the electronic transfer of funds from consumers’ bank accounts. In addition transfers performed by ACH electronic transfers are subject to detailed timing and notification rules and guidelines administered by the National Automated Clearinghouse Association (“NACHA”). Most transfers of funds in connection with the origination and repayment of the Loan are performed by ACH. We obtain necessary electronic authorization from borrowers and investors for such transfers in compliance with such rules. Transfers of funds through the platform are executed by Wells Fargo and conform to the EFTA, its regulations and NACHA guidelines.
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act/Uniform Electronic Transactions Act
The federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (“ESIGN”) and similar state laws, particularly the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (“UETA”), authorize the creation of legally binding and enforceable agreements utilizing electronic records and signatures. ESIGN and UETA require businesses that want to use electronic records or signatures in consumer transactions to obtain the consumer’s consent to receive information electronically. When a borrower or investor registers on the platform, we obtain his or her consent to transact business electronically and maintain electronic records in compliance with ESIGN and UETA requirements.
Bank Secrecy Act
In cooperation with WebBank, we have implemented various anti-money laundering policy and procedures to comply with applicable federal law. With respect to new borrowers, we apply the customer identification and verification program rules and screen names against the list of Specially Designated Nationals maintained by the U.S. Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Asset Control’s (“OFAC”) pursuant to the USA PATRIOT Act amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act (“BSA”) and its implementing regulation.
New Laws and Regulations
From time to time, various types of federal and state legislation are proposed and new regulations are introduced that could result in additional regulation of, and restrictions on, the business of consumer lending. We cannot predict whether any such legislation or regulations will be adopted or how this would affect our business or our important relationships with third parties. In addition, the interpretation of existing legislation may change or may prove different than anticipated when applied to our novel business model. Compliance with such requirements could involve additional costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. As a consequence of the extensive regulation of commercial lending in the United States, our business is particularly susceptible to being affected by federal and state legislation and regulations that may increase the cost of doing business.
In addition, see “Risk Factors - Financial regulatory reform could result in restrictions, oversight and costs that have an adverse effect on our business” regarding the risks of government financial regulatory reform plans.
Foreign Laws and Regulations
We do not permit non-U.S. based individuals to register as borrowers on the platform and the lending platform does not operate outside the United States. It is, therefore, not subject to foreign laws or regulations for borrowers.
ABOUT THE PLATFORM
How Our Platform Operates
Borrower and Investor Registration
New borrowers and investors must agree to the terms and conditions of our website, including agreeing to conduct transactions and receive disclosures and other communications electronically. We verify the identity of all members by comparing supplied names, social security numbers, addresses and telephone numbers against the names, social security numbers, addresses and telephone numbers in the records of a consumer reporting agency, as well as other databases.
Borrowers on the platform:
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must be U.S. citizens, permanent residents or be in the United States on valid long term visas;
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must be at least 18 years old;
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must have valid email accounts;
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must meet the requirements of either the Public Credit Policy or a Custom Credit Policy;
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must have U.S. social security numbers; and
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must have an account at a U.S. financial institution with a routing transit number.
WebBank serves as the true creditor for all Loans facilitated through our platform. Borrowers enter into a credit profile authorization and a loan agreement with WebBank. The borrower also grants us a limited power of attorney to complete on the borrower’s behalf, a promissory note in the amount and on the terms made to the borrower by WebBank. These agreements set forth the terms and conditions of the Loan and allow a borrower to withdraw a loan request at any time before the Loan is funded. In the credit profile authorization, the borrower authorizes us and WebBank to obtain and use a consumer report on the borrower. The loan agreement addresses the application process and the role of investors’ commitments to invest in the underlying borrower Loan. For applicants whose credit has been pre-screened, full loan funding is guaranteed. If a Loan is extended to the borrower, the borrower agrees to be bound by the terms of a promissory note, the form of which is attached as an exhibit to the loan agreement. The borrower authorizes LC to debit the borrower’s designated account by ACH transfer for each Loan payment due under the promissory note, although a borrower can pay by check if he or she chooses. The loan agreement also describes the parties’ rights in regard to arbitration. The borrower agrees that WebBank may assign its right, title and interest in the loan agreement and the borrower’s promissory notes to others, including LC, without notice, and that LC may do the same without notice.
During investor registration, potential Note investors have their identity verified and agree to a tax withholding statement and bank account verification. Additionally, potential investors must enter into an investor and other agreements with us, which will govern all purchases of Notes the investor makes. Investors must be residents of certain states and meet minimum financial suitability requirements. The investor agreement and additional information about eligible states of residency and financial suitability requirements are available on our website (www.lendingclub.com).
Consumer Loan Requests
Borrowers submit loan requests online through our website. Loan requests must be between $1,000 and $35,000. Each loan request is an application made to WebBank. WebBank lends to qualified borrowers and allows our platform to be available to borrowers on a uniform basis throughout the United States, excluding those states in which we have no agreements to conduct business (Idaho, Iowa, Maine, Nebraska and North Dakota). We allow borrowers to have up to two Consumer Loans or three Loans outstanding at any one time, if the borrower continues to meet the applicable credit criterias. In addition, to apply for a second Consumer Loan, the borrower must have already made consecutive, timely payments for a specified period. Borrowers are limited to two concurrent Consumer Loans with a maximum combined initial loan amount of $50,000.
Borrowers supply a variety of unverified information that is included in the borrower loan listings on our website and in the posting reports and sales reports we file with the SEC for Public Policy Loans. Requested information also includes a borrower’s income or employment, which may be unverified. Procedures are in place to determine if verification is necessary. If we verify the borrower’s income, we will display an icon in the loan listing indicating that we have done so. Investors have no ability to verify borrower information and we do not verify a borrower’s income or employment solely at the request of an investor. See “Item 1. Business - About the Platform - How the LC Platform Operates - Public Policy Loan Postings and Borrower Information Available on our website.”
Public Credit Policy: Credit Criteria and Underwriting
Public Policy Loan grading is determined using an internally developed credit model and proprietary algorithm that was created in conjunction with WebBank, which we refer to as the Public Credit Policy. This algorithm is based primarily upon the historical loan performance of actual prior borrowers that met the requirements of the algorithm, the assumed performance of applicants that would have been approved under the current algorithm but were declined by prior methodologies, and the exclusion of borrowers that were approved under prior methodologies but would have been declined under the new algorithm, in addition to other factors and assumptions. For qualified borrowers, our proprietary algorithm assigns one of 35 loan grades (A1 to G5), which establishes the loan interest rate and origination fee
The Public Credit Policy may not be changed without the consent of WebBank.
Under the current Public Credit Policy, borrower requirements include the following:
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minimum FICO score of 660 (as reported by a consumer reporting agency);
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debt-to-income ratio (excluding mortgage) below 35%;
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acceptable debt-to-income ratio (including mortgage and the requested Public Policy Loan amount); and
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credit report (as reported by a consumer reporting agency) reflecting:
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at least two revolving accounts currently open;
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6 or fewer inquiries (or recently opened accounts) in the last 6 months; and
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a minimum credit history of 36 months.
A FICO score is a numeric rating that ranges between 300 and 850 that rates a person’s credit risk based on past credit history and current credit situation. FICO scoring was developed by Fair Isaac Corporation. FICO scores reflect a mathematical formula that is based on information in a consumer’s credit report, compared to information on other consumers. Consumers with higher scores typically represent a lower risk of defaulting on their loans. There are three different FICO scores, each with a separate name, which correspond to each of the three main U.S. consumer reporting agencies. Equifax uses the “BEACON score”; Experian uses the “Experian/Fair Isaac Risk Model”; and TransUnion uses the “EMPIRICA score.” The score from each consumer reporting agency considers only the credit data available to that agency. Fair Isaac Corporation develops all three FICO scores and makes the scores as consistent as possible across the three consumer reporting agencies. Nevertheless, the three agencies sometimes have different information about a particular borrower, and that means the three FICO scores for that borrower will vary by agency. We obtain consumer credit information from several consumer reporting agencies.
The FICO scoring model takes into account only five categories of data: historical timeliness of bill payments; total outstanding debt and the total amount of credit the consumer has available; length of credit history; mix of credit; and new credit applications within the last year. Information such as: age; race; sex; job or length of employment; income; whether the consumer has been turned down for credit or information not contained in the consumer’s credit report are not taken into account in calculating a FICO score.
During the loan application process, we also automatically screen borrowers using the OFAC lists, as well as our fraud detection systems. See “Item 1. Business-About LendingClub-Technology and Engineering-Fraud Detection.”
After submission of the application, we inform potential borrowers whether they qualify to list a Public Policy Loan request on our platform.
Verification of Borrower Information
Approximately 79% of the listed applicants during the year ended December 31, 2013 had their employment or income verified. To verify income, we will request documents such as recent paystubs, tax returns or bank statements. To verify employment, we may contact the employer or use other databases.
We may perform income and/or employment verification in situations such as:
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if we believe there may be uncertainty about the borrower’s employment or future income;
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if we detect conflicting or unusual information in the loan request;
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if the loan amount is high;
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if the borrower is highly leveraged;
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if we suspect the borrower may have obligations not included in the borrower’s pre-loan or post loan debt level, such as wage garnishment collection accounts; or
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if we suspect a fraudulent loan request.
From time to time, we may also randomly select listings to verify information for the purpose of testing our policies and procedures for statistical analysis.
If the borrower fails to provide satisfactory information in response to an income or employment verification inquiry, we will remove the borrower’s loan listing or request additional information from the borrower.
We conduct income or employment verification based on proprietary verification models and our policies and procedures. Investors should not rely on a borrower’s stated employment or income, except when such income has been verified as indicated on the Loan details page, or on our ability to perform income and employment verifications. We cannot assure investors that we will continue performing income or employment verifications. See “Item 1A.
Item 1A. Risk Factors
RISKS RELATED TO LC AND THE LC PLATFORM
We have a limited operating history. As an online company in the early stages of development, we face increased risks, uncertainties, expenses and difficulties.
To be successful, the number of borrowers and investors and the volume of loans facilitated through our platform will need to increase, which will require us to increase our facilities, personnel and infrastructure to accommodate the greater servicing obligations and demands on our platform. Our platform is dependent upon our website to maintain current listings and transactions in the loans and Notes. We must constantly add new hardware and update our software and website, expand our customer support services and retain an appropriate number of employees to maintain the operations of our platform, as well as to satisfy our servicing obligations on the Loans and make payments on the Notes. If we are unable to increase the capacity of our platform and maintain the necessary infrastructure, you may experience delays in receipt of payments on the Notes and periodic downtime of our systems.
If we are unable to sustain our positive growth and become insolvent or bankrupt, you may lose your investment.
| 0.058729
| -0.513211
| 993
| 4,035
| 29
| 29
|
Financials & Corporate Structure
| false
|
99,827
|
github_open_source_100_2_8289
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
flat in int gs_discard;
in vec3 gs_color;
out vec4 frag_color;
void main() {
if (gs_discard == 1)
discard;
frag_color = vec4(gs_color, 1);
}
| 0.389776
| 0.413835
| 2,924
| 11,608
| 202
| 202
|
Computer Graphics Examples
| false
|
99,828
|
github_open_source_100_2_8290
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package com.sksamuel.kotest
import io.kotest.assertions.withClue
import io.kotest.core.config.configuration
import io.kotest.core.extensions.ProjectExtension
import io.kotest.core.spec.Isolate
import io.kotest.core.spec.style.FunSpec
import io.kotest.engine.KotestEngineLauncher
import io.kotest.engine.listener.TestEngineListener
import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldBeEmpty
import io.kotest.matchers.collections.shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder
import io.kotest.matchers.shouldBe
@Isolate
class ProjectExtensionExceptionTest : FunSpec({
val listExtensionEvents = mutableListOf<String>()
val extensions = listOf(
object : ProjectExtension {
val name = "hello q"
override suspend fun aroundProject(callback: suspend () -> Throwable?): Throwable? {
listExtensionEvents.add(name)
return callback()
}
},
object : ProjectExtension {
val name = "mon capitaine!"
override suspend fun aroundProject(callback: suspend () -> Throwable?): Throwable {
callback(); return ProjectExtensionThrowable(name)
}
},
)
beforeSpec {
configuration.registerExtensions(extensions)
}
afterSpec {
configuration.deregisterExtensions(extensions)
}
test("the test engine should execute project extensions") {
val errors = mutableListOf<Throwable>()
val listener = object : TestEngineListener {
override suspend fun engineFinished(t: List<Throwable>) {
errors.addAll(t)
}
}
withClue("The state tracking whether the throwing or regular project extensions runs should be reset") {
listExtensionEvents.clear()
listExtensionEvents.shouldBeEmpty()
errors.shouldBeEmpty()
}
KotestEngineLauncher().withListener(listener).withSpec(PassingProjectTest::class).launch()
withClue("""the test engine should report errors from project extension interceptors
and the order the interceptors are executed is not guaranteed
""".trimIndent()) {
listExtensionEvents + errors.map { it.message } shouldContainExactlyInAnyOrder listOf("hello q", "mon capitaine!")
}
}
})
private class ProjectExtensionThrowable(override val message: String) : Throwable()
private class PassingProjectTest : FunSpec({ test("this is a passing test") { 1 shouldBe 1 } })
| 0.564315
| 0.714016
| 3,506
| 14,052
| 270
| 270
|
Testing Item Definitions
| false
|
99,829
|
github_open_source_100_2_8291
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from django.db import models
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from decimal import Decimal, InvalidOperation
from django.utils.translation import ugettext as _
from django.utils.encoding import python_2_unicode_compatible, force_text
CURRENCIES = {
"AED": {"code": 'AED', "name": _('UAE Dirham'), "abbr": ""},
"AFN": {"code": 'AFN', "name": _('Afghani'), "abbr": ""},
"ALL": {"code": 'ALL', "name": _('Lek'), "abbr": ""},
"AMD": {"code": 'AMD', "name": _('Armenian Dram'), "abbr": ""},
"ANG": {"code": 'ANG', "name": _('Netherlands Antillian Guilder'), "abbr": ""},
"AOA": {"code": 'AOA', "name": _('Kwanza'), "abbr": ""},
"ARS": {"code": 'ARS', "name": _('Argentine Peso'), "abbr": ""},
"AUD": {"code": 'AUD', "name": _('Australian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"AWG": {"code": 'AWG', "name": _('Aruban Guilder'), "abbr": ""},
"AZN": {"code": 'AZN', "name": _('Azerbaijanian Manat'), "abbr": ""},
"BAM": {"code": 'BAM', "name": _('Convertible Marks'), "abbr": ""},
"BBD": {"code": 'BBD', "name": _('Barbados Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"BDT": {"code": 'BDT', "name": _('Taka'), "abbr": ""},
"BGN": {"code": 'BGN', "name": _('Bulgarian Lev'), "abbr": ""},
"BHD": {"code": 'BHD', "name": _('Bahraini Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"BIF": {"code": 'BIF', "name": _('Burundi Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"BMD": {"code": 'BMD', "name": _('Bermudian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"BND": {"code": 'BND', "name": _('Brunei Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"BOB": {"code": 'BOB', "name": _('Boliviano'), "abbr": ""},
"BRL": {"code": 'BRL', "name": _('Brazilian Real'), "abbr": ""},
"BSD": {"code": 'BSD', "name": _('Bahamian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"BTN": {"code": 'BTN', "name": _('Bhutanese ngultrum'), "abbr": ""},
"BWP": {"code": 'BWP', "name": _('Pula'), "abbr": ""},
"BYR": {"code": 'BYR', "name": _('Belarussian Ruble'), "abbr": ""},
"BZD": {"code": 'BZD', "name": _('Belize Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"CAD": {"code": 'CAD', "name": _('Canadian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"CDF": {"code": 'CDF', "name": _('Congolese franc'), "abbr": ""},
"CHF": {"code": 'CHF', "name": _('Swiss Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"CLP": {"code": 'CLP', "name": _('Chilean peso'), "abbr": ""},
"CNY": {"code": 'CNY', "name": _('Yuan Renminbi'), "abbr": ""},
"COP": {"code": 'COP', "name": _('Colombian peso'), "abbr": ""},
"CRC": {"code": 'CRC', "name": _('Costa Rican Colon'), "abbr": ""},
"CUC": {"code": 'CUC', "name": _('Cuban convertible peso'), "abbr": ""},
"CUP": {"code": 'CUP', "name": _('Cuban Peso'), "abbr": ""},
"CVE": {"code": 'CVE', "name": _('Cape Verde Escudo'), "abbr": ""},
"CZK": {"code": 'CZK', "name": _('Czech Koruna'), "abbr": ""},
"DJF": {"code": 'DJF', "name": _('Djibouti Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"DKK": {"code": 'DKK', "name": _('Danish Krone'), "abbr": ""},
"DOP": {"code": 'DOP', "name": _('Dominican Peso'), "abbr": ""},
"DZD": {"code": 'DZD', "name": _('Algerian Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"EGP": {"code": 'EGP', "name": _('Egyptian Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"ERN": {"code": 'ERN', "name": _('Nakfa'), "abbr": ""},
"ETB": {"code": 'ETB', "name": _('Ethiopian Birr'), "abbr": ""},
"EUR": {"code": 'EUR', "name": _('Euro'), "abbr": "€"},
"FJD": {"code": 'FJD', "name": _('Fiji Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"FKP": {"code": 'FKP', "name": _('Falkland Islands Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"GBP": {"code": 'GBP', "name": _('Pound Sterling'), "abbr": ""},
"GEL": {"code": 'GEL', "name": _('Lari'), "abbr": ""},
"GHS": {"code": 'GHS', "name": _('Ghana Cedi'), "abbr": ""},
"GIP": {"code": 'GIP', "name": _('Gibraltar Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"GMD": {"code": 'GMD', "name": _('Dalasi'), "abbr": ""},
"GNF": {"code": 'GNF', "name": _('Guinea Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"GTQ": {"code": 'GTQ', "name": _('Quetzal'), "abbr": ""},
"GYD": {"code": 'GYD', "name": _('Guyana Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"HKD": {"code": 'HKD', "name": _('Hong Kong Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"HNL": {"code": 'HNL', "name": _('Lempira'), "abbr": ""},
"HRK": {"code": 'HRK', "name": _('Croatian Kuna'), "abbr": ""},
"HTG": {"code": 'HTG', "name": _('Haitian gourde'), "abbr": ""},
"HUF": {"code": 'HUF', "name": _('Forint'), "abbr": ""},
"IDR": {"code": 'IDR', "name": _('Rupiah'), "abbr": ""},
"ILS": {"code": 'ILS', "name": _('New Israeli Sheqel'), "abbr": ""},
"IMP": {"code": 'IMP', "name": _('Isle of Man pount'), "abbr": ""},
"INR": {"code": 'INR', "name": _('Indian Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"IQD": {"code": 'IQD', "name": _('Iraqi Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"IRR": {"code": 'IRR', "name": _('Iranian Rial'), "abbr": ""},
"ISK": {"code": 'ISK', "name": _('Iceland Krona'), "abbr": ""},
"JMD": {"code": 'JMD', "name": _('Jamaican Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"JOD": {"code": 'JOD', "name": _('Jordanian Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"JPY": {"code": 'JPY', "name": _('Yen'), "abbr": ""},
"KES": {"code": 'KES', "name": _('Kenyan Shilling'), "abbr": ""},
"KGS": {"code": 'KGS', "name": _('Som'), "abbr": ""},
"KHR": {"code": 'KHR', "name": _('Riel'), "abbr": ""},
"KMF": {"code": 'KMF', "name": _('Comoro Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"KPW": {"code": 'KPW', "name": _('North Korean Won'), "abbr": ""},
"KRW": {"code": 'KRW', "name": _('Won'), "abbr": ""},
"KWD": {"code": 'KWD', "name": _('Kuwaiti Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"KYD": {"code": 'KYD', "name": _('Cayman Islands Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"KZT": {"code": 'KZT', "name": _('Tenge'), "abbr": ""},
"LAK": {"code": 'LAK', "name": _('Kip'), "abbr": ""},
"LBP": {"code": 'LBP', "name": _('Lebanese Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"LKR": {"code": 'LKR', "name": _('Sri Lanka Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"LRD": {"code": 'LRD', "name": _('Liberian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"LSL": {"code": 'LSL', "name": _('Lesotho loti'), "abbr": ""},
"LTL": {"code": 'LTL', "name": _('Lithuanian Litas'), "abbr": ""},
"LVL": {"code": 'LVL', "name": _('Latvian Lats'), "abbr": ""},
"LYD": {"code": 'LYD', "name": _('Libyan Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"MAD": {"code": 'MAD', "name": _('Moroccan Dirham'), "abbr": ""},
"MDL": {"code": 'MDL', "name": _('Moldovan Leu'), "abbr": ""},
"MGA": {"code": 'MGA', "name": _('Malagasy Ariary'), "abbr": ""},
"MKD": {"code": 'MKD', "name": _('Denar'), "abbr": ""},
"MMK": {"code": 'MMK', "name": _('Kyat'), "abbr": ""},
"MNT": {"code": 'MNT', "name": _('Tugrik'), "abbr": ""},
"MOP": {"code": 'MOP', "name": _('Pataca'), "abbr": ""},
"MRO": {"code": 'MRO', "name": _('Ouguiya'), "abbr": ""},
"MUR": {"code": 'MUR', "name": _('Mauritius Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"MVR": {"code": 'MVR', "name": _('Rufiyaa'), "abbr": ""},
"MWK": {"code": 'MWK', "name": _('Kwacha'), "abbr": ""},
"MXN": {"code": 'MXN', "name": _('Mexixan peso'), "abbr": ""},
"MYR": {"code": 'MYR', "name": _('Malaysian Ringgit'), "abbr": ""},
"MZN": {"code": 'MZN', "name": _('Metical'), "abbr": ""},
"NAD": {"code": 'NAD', "name": _('Namibian Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"NGN": {"code": 'NGN', "name": _('Naira'), "abbr": ""},
"NIO": {"code": 'NIO', "name": _('Cordoba Oro'), "abbr": ""},
"NOK": {"code": 'NOK', "name": _('Norwegian Krone'), "abbr": ""},
"NPR": {"code": 'NPR', "name": _('Nepalese Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"NZD": {"code": 'NZD', "name": _('New Zealand Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"OMR": {"code": 'OMR', "name": _('Rial Omani'), "abbr": ""},
"PAB": {"code": 'PAB', "name": _('Panamanian Balboa'), "abbr": ""},
"PEN": {"code": 'PEN', "name": _('Nuevo Sol'), "abbr": ""},
"PGK": {"code": 'PGK', "name": _('Kina'), "abbr": ""},
"PHP": {"code": 'PHP', "name": _('Philippine Peso'), "abbr": ""},
"PKR": {"code": 'PKR', "name": _('Pakistan Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"PLN": {"code": 'PLN', "name": _('Zloty'), "abbr": ""},
"PYG": {"code": 'PYG', "name": _('Guarani'), "abbr": ""},
"QAR": {"code": 'QAR', "name": _('Qatari Rial'), "abbr": ""},
"RON": {"code": 'RON', "name": _('New Leu'), "abbr": ""},
"RSD": {"code": 'RSD', "name": _('Serbian Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"RUB": {"code": 'RUB', "name": _('Russian Ruble'), "abbr": ""},
"RWF": {"code": 'RWF', "name": _('Rwanda Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"SAR": {"code": 'SAR', "name": _('Saudi Riyal'), "abbr": ""},
"SBD": {"code": 'SBD', "name": _('Solomon Islands Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"SCR": {"code": 'SCR', "name": _('Seychelles Rupee'), "abbr": ""},
"SDG": {"code": 'SDG', "name": _('Sudanese Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"SEK": {"code": 'SEK', "name": _('Swedish Krona'), "abbr": "kr"},
"SGD": {"code": 'SGD', "name": _('Singapore Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"SHP": {"code": 'SHP', "name": _('Saint Helena Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"SKK": {"code": 'SKK', "name": _('Slovak Koruna'), "abbr": ""},
"SLL": {"code": 'SLL', "name": _('Leone'), "abbr": ""},
"SOS": {"code": 'SOS', "name": _('Somali Shilling'), "abbr": ""},
"SRD": {"code": 'SRD', "name": _('Surinam Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"STD": {"code": 'STD', "name": _('Dobra'), "abbr": ""},
"SVC": {"code": 'SVC', "name": _('Salvadoran Colon'), "abbr": ""},
"SYP": {"code": 'SYP', "name": _('Syrian Pound'), "abbr": ""},
"SZL": {"code": 'SZL', "name": _('Lilangeni'), "abbr": ""},
"THB": {"code": 'THB', "name": _('Baht'), "abbr": ""},
"TJS": {"code": 'TJS', "name": _('Somoni'), "abbr": ""},
"TMM": {"code": 'TMM', "name": _('Manat'), "abbr": ""},
"TND": {"code": 'TND', "name": _('Tunisian Dinar'), "abbr": ""},
"TOP": {"code": 'TOP', "name": _('Paanga'), "abbr": ""},
"TRY": {"code": 'TRY', "name": _('New Turkish Lira'), "abbr": ""},
"TTD": {"code": 'TTD', "name": _('Trinidad and Tobago Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"TVD": {"code": 'TVD', "name": _('Tuvalu dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"TWD": {"code": 'TWD', "name": _('New Taiwan Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"TZS": {"code": 'TZS', "name": _('Tanzanian Shilling'), "abbr": ""},
"UAH": {"code": 'UAH', "name": _('Hryvnia'), "abbr": ""},
"UGX": {"code": 'UGX', "name": _('Uganda Shilling'), "abbr": ""},
"USD": {"code": 'USD', "name": _('US Dollar'), "abbr": "$"},
"UYU": {"code": 'UYU', "name": _('Uruguayan peso'), "abbr": ""},
"UZS": {"code": 'UZS', "name": _('Uzbekistan Sum'), "abbr": ""},
"VEB": {"code": 'VEB', "name": _('Venezuelan bolivar'), "abbr": ""},
"VEF": {"code": 'VEF', "name": _('Bolivar Fuerte'), "abbr": ""},
"VND": {"code": 'VND', "name": _('Dong'), "abbr": ""},
"VUV": {"code": 'VUV', "name": _('Vatu'), "abbr": ""},
"WST": {"code": 'WST', "name": _('Tala'), "abbr": ""},
"XAF": {"code": 'XAF', "name": _('CFA franc BEAC'), "abbr": ""},
"XAG": {"code": 'XAG', "name": _('Silver'), "abbr": ""},
"XAU": {"code": 'XAU', "name": _('Gold'), "abbr": ""},
"XBA": {"code": 'XBA', "name": _('Bond Markets Units European Composite Unit (EURCO)'), "abbr": ""},
"XBB": {"code": 'XBB', "name": _('European Monetary Unit (E.M.U.-6)'), "abbr": ""},
"XBC": {"code": 'XBC', "name": _('European Unit of Account 9(E.U.A.-9)'), "abbr": ""},
"XBD": {"code": 'XBD', "name": _('European Unit of Account 17(E.U.A.-17)'), "abbr": ""},
"XCD": {"code": 'XCD', "name": _('East Caribbean Dollar'), "abbr": ""},
"XDR": {"code": 'XDR', "name": _('SDR'), "abbr": ""},
"XFO": {"code": 'XFO', "name": _('Gold-Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"XFU": {"code": 'XFU', "name": _('UIC-Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"XOF": {"code": 'XOF', "name": _('CFA Franc BCEAO'), "abbr": ""},
"XPD": {"code": 'XPD', "name": _('Palladium'), "abbr": ""},
"XPF": {"code": 'XPF', "name": _('CFP Franc'), "abbr": ""},
"XPT": {"code": 'XPT', "name": _('Platinum'), "abbr": ""},
"XTS": {"code": 'XTS', "name": _('Codes specifically reserved for testing purposes'), "abbr": ""},
"YER": {"code": 'YER', "name": _('Yemeni Rial'), "abbr": ""},
"ZAR": {"code": 'ZAR', "name": _('Rand'), "abbr": ""},
"ZMK": {"code": 'ZMK', "name": _('Kwacha'), "abbr": ""},
"ZWD": {"code": 'ZWD', "name": _('Zimbabwe Dollar A/06'), "abbr": ""},
"ZWL": {"code": 'ZWL', "name": _('Zimbabwe dollar A/09'), "abbr": ""},
"ZWN": {"code": 'ZWN', "name": _('Zimbabwe dollar A/08'), "abbr": ""},
}
from django.conf import settings
if not hasattr(settings, 'SHOP_CURRENCY'):
DEFAULT_CURRENCY = CURRENCIES["USD"]
DEFAULT_CURRENCY = settings.SHOP_CURRENCY
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Currency(object):
"""Currency: ISO code, name and abbreviation"""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.code = None
if len(args) == 1:
try:
_c = str(args[0]).upper()
self.code = CURRENCIES[_c]["code"]
self.name = CURRENCIES[self.code]["name"]
self.abbr = CURRENCIES[self.code]["abbr"] or self.code
except:
raise ValueError("Currency %s not defined." % args[0])
elif len(args) > 1:
raise ValueError("Cannot figure out how to convert %s to currency." % args)
else: # len(args) == 0
if kwargs:
if "code" in kwargs:
_c = kwargs["code"].upper()
if _c in CURRENCIES:
self.code = CURRENCIES[_c]["code"]
self.name = CURRENCIES[self.code]["name"]
self.abbr = CURRENCIES[self.code]["abbr"] or self.code
else:
raise ValueError("Currency %s not defined." % kwargs["code"])
else:
self.code = DEFAULT_CURRENCY
self.name = CURRENCIES[self.code]["name"]
self.abbr = CURRENCIES[self.code]["abbr"] or self.code
if not self.code:
raise ValueError("Could not figure out what currency this is supposed to be: %s %s" % (args, kwargs))
def __repr__(self):
return force_text(self.code)
def __str__(self):
return force_text(self.code)
def __eq__(self, other):
return (isinstance(other, Currency) and
self.code == other.code)
def __ne__(self, other):
result = self.__eq__(other)
return not result
@python_2_unicode_compatible
class Money(object):
"""Money: Amount and currency.
Some inspiration and code taken from python-money,
https://bitbucket.org/acoobe/python-money/"""
# def old__init__(self, amount=Decimal('0.0'), currency=None):
# if not isinstance(amount, Decimal):
# amount = Decimal(str(amount))
# self.amount = amount
# if currency is None:
# self.currency = Currency()
# elif not isinstance(currency, Currency):
# self.currency = Currency(code=currency.upper())
# else:
# self.currency = currency
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
self.amount = None
self.currency = None
if len(args) == 1:
if isinstance(args[0], Money):
self.amount = args[0].amount
self.currency = args[0].currency
return
else:
try: # to convert to Decimal amount
self.amount = Decimal(args[0])
except InvalidOperation:
if len(args[0] == 2):
args = (args[0][0], args[0][1])
else:
try:
_new = ("", "")
_new[0], _new[1] = args[0].split()
args = _new
except ValueError:
raise ValueError("Cannot figure out how to convert %s to Money." % args[0])
if len(args) == 2:
try:
self.amount = Decimal(args[0])
self.currency = Currency(args[1])
return
except InvalidOperation, ValueError:
try: # the other way round
self.amount = Decimal(args[1])
self.currency = Currency(args[0])
return
except InvalidOperation, ValueError:
raise ValueError("Cannot figure out how to convert %s to Money." % args)
if len(args) > 2:
raise ValueError("Cannot figure out how to convert %s to Money." % args)
if "amount" in kwargs:
self.amount = Decimal(kwargs["amount"])
if "currency" in kwargs:
self.currency = Currency(kwargs["currency"])
elif "code" in kwargs:
self.currency = Currency(kwargs["code"])
if not isinstance(self.amount, Decimal):
self.amount = Decimal("0.0")
if not isinstance(self.currency, Currency):
self.currency = Currency()
def __repr__(self):
return force_text("Money(%s %s)" % (self.currency, self.amount))
def __str__(self):
return force_text("%s %s" % (self.currency, self.amount))
def __eq__(self, other):
# Allow comparison to 0
if (other == 0) and (self.amount == 0):
return True
return (isinstance(other, Money) and
self.amount == other.amount and
self.currency == other.currency)
def __ne__(self, other):
result = self.__eq__(other)
return not result
def __pos__(self):
return Money(amount=self.amount, currency=self.currency)
def __neg__(self):
return Money(amount=-self.amount, currency=self.currency)
def __add__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, Money):
raise TypeError('Cannot add or subtract a ' +
'Money (%s) and non-Money (type(%s) == %s) instance.' % (self, other, type(other)))
if self.currency == other.currency:
return Money(
amount=self.amount + other.amount,
currency=self.currency)
raise TypeError('Cannot add or subtract two Money ' +
'instances with different currencies.')
def __sub__(self, other):
return self.__add__(-other)
def __mul__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Money):
raise TypeError('Cannot multiply two Money instances.')
return Money(amount=self.amount * Decimal(other), currency=self.currency)
def __div__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Money):
raise TypeError('Cannot divide two Money instances.')
return Money(amount=self.amount / Decimal(other), currency=self.currency)
def __rmod__(self, other):
"""
Calculate percentage of an amount. The left-hand side of the
operator must be a numeric value.
Example:
>>> money = Money(200, 'USD')
>>> 5 % money
USD 10.00
"""
if isinstance(other, Money):
raise TypeError('Invalid __rmod__ operation')
else:
return Money(amount=Decimal(str(other)) * self.amount / 100,
currency=self.currency)
def __float__(self):
return float(self.amount)
def __len__(self):
# This is needed for CharField validation to pass.
# Pretty meaningless otherwise...
return len(self.__str__())
__radd__ = __add__
__rsub__ = __sub__
__rmul__ = __mul__
__rdiv__ = __div__
def __lt__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Money):
if (self.currency == other.currency):
return (self.amount < other.amount)
else:
raise TypeError('Cannot compare Money with different currencies.')
else:
return (self.amount < Decimal(str(other)))
def __gt__(self, other):
if isinstance(other, Money):
if (self.currency == other.currency):
return (self.amount > other.amount)
else:
raise TypeError('Cannot compare Money with different currencies.')
else:
return (self.amount > Decimal(str(other)))
def __le__(self, other):
return self < other or self == other
def __ge__(self, other):
return self > other or self == other
def __hash__(self):
return self.__repr__
class MoneyField(models.CharField):
"""Money stored in Django database"""
empty_strings_allowed = False
default_error_messages = {
'invalid_format': _("'%s' value has an invalid format. It must be "
"in XXXX.XX YYY format, with max 17 significant figures X "
"and a valid currency code YYY."),
'invalid_amount': _("'%s' value has the correct format "
"but it has an invalid amount."),
'invalid_currency': _("'%s' value has the correct format "
"but it has an invalid currency code."),
}
description = "Money: Amount and currency"
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['max_length'] = 21 # up to 999999999999.99 XXX
super(MoneyField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def to_python(self, value):
if isinstance(value, Money):
return value
try:
c, a = value.split(" ")
except ValueError:
msg = self.error_messages['invalid_format'] % value
raise ValidationError(msg)
except AttributeError: # NoneType cannot be split
return None
try:
amount = Decimal(a)
except InvalidOperation:
msg = self.error_messages['invalid_amount'] % value
raise ValidationError(msg)
if amount > Decimal("999999999999999.99"):
msg = self.error_messages['invalid_amount'] % value
raise ValidationError(msg)
try:
currency = CURRENCIES[c.upper()]['code']
except:
msg = self.error_messages['invalid_currency'] % value
raise ValidationError(msg)
return Money(amount=Decimal(amount), currency=Currency(currency))
def value_to_string(self, obj):
val = self._get_val_from_obj(obj)
return self.get_prep_value(val)
from south.modelsinspector import add_introspection_rules
add_introspection_rules([], ["^jimi\.price\.fields\.MoneyField"])
| 0.299811
| 0.926303
| 3,945
| 15,827
| 248
| 248
|
User Authentication & Control
| false
|
99,830
|
137095_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Camponaraya (Camponaraia em galego) é um município da Espanha na província de León, comunidade autónoma de Castela e Leão, de área 26,41 km² com população de 138,9 habitantes (2007) e densidade populacional de 138,9 hab./km².
Demografia
Camponaraya
Municípios da Espanha por nome
Localidades da Espanha
Localidades de Castela e Leão
Localidades de Leão (província).
| 0.348073
| -0.282401
| 1,451
| 5,846
| 219
| -1
|
German Cities and Towns
| false
|
99,831
|
github_open_source_100_2_8292
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<div id="related-posts">
<h4>Related Posts</h4>
<ul>
<?php foreach(get_the_category() as $category){ $cat = $category->cat_ID; } query_posts('cat=' . $cat . '&orderby=rand&showposts=3'); ?>
<?php while (have_posts()) : the_post();
$thumbnail = wp_get_attachment_image_src(get_post_thumbnail_id(), 'large'); ?>
<li>
<?php if ( has_post_thumbnail() ) { ?>
<a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="<?php the_title(); ?>"><?php the_post_thumbnail('related-image'); ?></a>
<?php } ?>
<h3><a href="<?php the_permalink(); ?>" title="<?php the_title(); ?>"><?php the_title(); ?></a></h3>
<?php the_news_excerpt('15','','','plain','no'); ?>
<div class="clear"></div>
</li>
<?php endwhile; wp_reset_query(); ?>
</ul>
</div><!-- /related-posts -->
| 0.164248
| 0.851672
| 3,813
| 15,178
| 80
| 80
|
HTML & Bootstrap
| false
|
99,832
|
github_open_source_100_2_8293
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
// LNP/BP Core Library implementing LNPBP specifications & standards
// Written in 2020 by
// Dr. Maxim Orlovsky <[email protected]>
//
// To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all
// copyright and related and neighboring rights to this software to
// the public domain worldwide. This software is distributed without
// any warranty.
//
// You should have received a copy of the MIT License
// along with this software.
// If not, see <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>.
//! BOLT-1. Manages state of the remote peer and handles direct communications
//! with it. Relies on transport layer (BOLT-8-based) protocol.
use amplify::Bipolar;
use crate::lnp::application::Messages;
use crate::lnp::presentation::{Encode, Error, Unmarshall};
use crate::lnp::session::{
self, Accept, Connect, LocalNode, PlainTranscoder, Session, Split,
ToNodeAddr,
};
use crate::lnp::transport::{ftcp, zmqsocket};
use crate::lnp::{LIGHTNING_P2P_DEFAULT_PORT, LNPWP_UNMARSHALLER};
pub trait RecvMessage {
fn recv_message(&mut self) -> Result<Messages, Error>;
}
pub trait SendMessage {
fn send_message(&mut self, message: Messages) -> Result<usize, Error>;
}
pub struct PeerConnection {
session: Box<dyn Session>,
}
pub struct PeerReceiver {
//#[cfg(not(feature = "async"))]
receiver: Box<dyn session::Input + Send>,
/* #[cfg(feature = "async")]
* receiver: Box<dyn AsyncRecvFrame>, */
}
pub struct PeerSender {
//#[cfg(not(feature = "async"))]
sender: Box<dyn session::Output + Send>,
/* #[cfg(feature = "async")]
* sender: Box<dyn AsyncSendFrame>, */
}
impl PeerConnection {
pub fn with(session: impl Session + 'static) -> Self {
Self {
session: Box::new(session),
}
}
pub fn connect(
remote: impl ToNodeAddr,
local: &LocalNode,
) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let endpoint = remote
.to_node_addr(LIGHTNING_P2P_DEFAULT_PORT)
.ok_or(Error::InvalidEndpoint)?;
let session = endpoint.connect(local)?;
Ok(Self { session })
}
pub fn accept(
remote: impl ToNodeAddr,
local: &LocalNode,
) -> Result<Self, Error> {
let endpoint = remote
.to_node_addr(LIGHTNING_P2P_DEFAULT_PORT)
.ok_or(Error::InvalidEndpoint)?;
let session = endpoint.accept(local)?;
Ok(Self { session })
}
}
impl RecvMessage for PeerConnection {
fn recv_message(&mut self) -> Result<Messages, Error> {
let payload = self.session.recv_raw_message()?;
Ok((&*LNPWP_UNMARSHALLER.unmarshall(&payload)?).clone())
}
}
impl SendMessage for PeerConnection {
fn send_message(&mut self, message: Messages) -> Result<usize, Error> {
Ok(self.session.send_raw_message(&message.encode()?)?)
}
}
impl RecvMessage for PeerReceiver {
fn recv_message(&mut self) -> Result<Messages, Error> {
let payload = self.receiver.recv_raw_message()?;
Ok((&*LNPWP_UNMARSHALLER.unmarshall(&payload)?).clone())
}
}
impl SendMessage for PeerSender {
fn send_message(&mut self, message: Messages) -> Result<usize, Error> {
Ok(self.sender.send_raw_message(&message.encode()?)?)
}
}
impl Bipolar for PeerConnection {
type Left = PeerReceiver;
type Right = PeerSender;
fn join(left: Self::Left, right: Self::Right) -> Self {
unimplemented!()
}
fn split(self) -> (Self::Left, Self::Right) {
let session = self.session.into_any();
let (input, output) = if let Some(_) = session
.downcast_ref::<session::Raw<PlainTranscoder, ftcp::Connection>>()
{
let session = session
.downcast::<session::Raw<PlainTranscoder, ftcp::Connection>>()
.expect(
"Must not fail; we just ensured that with downcast_ref",
);
(*session).split()
} else if let Some(_) = session
.downcast_ref::<session::Raw<PlainTranscoder, zmqsocket::Connection>>()
{
let session = session
.downcast::<session::Raw<PlainTranscoder, ftcp::Connection>>()
.expect(
"Must not fail; we just ensured that with downcast_ref",
);
(*session).split()
} else {
panic!("Impossible to split this type of Session")
};
(
PeerReceiver { receiver: input },
PeerSender { sender: output },
)
}
}
| 0.434597
| 0.680938
| 3,437
| 13,787
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,833
|
github_open_source_100_2_8294
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package com.emc.mongoose.base.env;
import java.nio.file.Path;
/** Installable is a thing that accepts the destination path to install some resources into it */
public interface Installable {
void install(final Path dstPath);
}
| 0.34467
| 0.826827
| 3,755
| 14,934
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,834
|
bpt6k5274823d_3
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
I Les sires de Jouers ont eu tour u»™ de splendeur, puisque les tours de leurj château, comme leur chûieau, lui-même, dominant toute la contrée étaient pai leur antiquité et l’exagération de 1 épais-leur de leurs murs comme les témoins Indiscutables d’une féodalité hors pair. 1 Aussi faisaient-ils l’orgueil de tout ce gFjresAs-ssLKn; Château de Jupiter, de Jou, de Jovis, de Orî^nos voisins, les Sarrasins d’ËspÀ* une qui, au fond, avaient du sang de STates dans les veine» et n’ignora ent ©as les revenus du setgneur sire; allaient 5»n moment des moissons à récolter, offrir lesecours de leurs bras pleins d’adres L, A la vérité, les populations des cnm-ptl^ftVfti-nt trop souvent à redlM sur la loyauté de» conventions. La défiance ÎSi Sarrasin était générale et malheur au sïrrîîln qui! dans tsl CM OU tel autre montrait l’échine... Malheur à la « Tète de Twc U » elle devait s’attendre à re-revoir l’outrage de tous les horions. Sens I. je mot de « patac >*, c’étaient de vérita-ï blés volées de coups : « pelacs aü moure, i e^patacs aü moure ! » par lesquel» Je» II Voisins assouvissaient leurs représailles. K 1 lia n'en mouraient pas tous... I 1 Las J s'écriait le «iro do Jouers, ver-l rom>nous toujours cette race vermineuse t ; ronO*iw“ flvrep Banb encombres à ses | SfJJf‘déprédations, au vol organisé dos I SCSte» JL* nos serfs, au mépris cynique I Sïmlft dèfe^sw «t de mes ordres formels! K iltiTtous ces maléfices, j’on fais le ser-ment ’devaiü'le siro ül«u, MTOnt vengé, I I) *>5*$?»™ “(î“®,,&£Un || team : Vous pouvez venir, » écria i u 11-^Vou^attendez donc quelque «and II d”°ïAE.5»r! Truüc»lue. gu 5 j'accus» les Sarrasins des ablgéot» (2) multiples dont sont victimes nos serfs. Cela doit être châtié Incontinent. » Rien de plus Juste, Seigneur, et sb de votre volonté l'ai le libre gouverne* ment, je me fais fort de vous présenter dès l'angélus les moins soumises de cent ; Arabes. 1 — Oui. s’ils ont l'cspolr de commettre ! toutes déprédations impunies à leur désir et gré... « f« » — — — f X. AAMIM M ÜIIUCo ICU Vüiiw w* J défendent les créneaux et meur * trières de votre château et vous verrez j qu'ils vous serviront une bonne capilotade J — Tois-toi, Traücalue, voudrais-tu | pas qu’il soit dit que le sire de Jouers, , en se munissant d’une armée de gens , d’armes,' a convié des Sarrasins sans armes ni javelots à venir faner dans son ] vaste domaine où, traîtreusemnt, ils ont été massacrés du premier au dernier î Sur quel récit, une forte troupe musulmane se porterait sur le dit château, lequel serait cerné et le seigneur chrétien mib A mort sans merci. Serviteurs et défenseurs suivraient ce môme sort. Non, non, Traücalue, tu manques de prudence et de souvenir. On dirait que tu ne connais mie ta tour-chauve. — Si bien ! Celle qui anciennement se nommait la taurobolo. — Tu y es. Eh bien, ce n>st pas cent Arabes qu’il me faut, ô Traücalue, mais beaucoup moins et beaucoup plus. Connais-tu les deux yataganés qui vinrent il j y a deux ans à Jouers par un soir des plus noirs ? Qu’en advint-il ? C’est que deux laitières, le» plus belles de mon troupeau, avaient disparu comme par enchantement, par dol et sortilège. L’abi-géat était consommé à tout Jamais, car vaines furent les recherches. Traba et Mirrah doivent rire aux dépens du noble Seigneur de Jouers. — An i mme coups ae rericie i (coups de tonnerre) s’écria Traücalue exaspéré, Traba et iMlrrah entendront parler de Traücalue, bien qu’il ne porte pas de yatagan. Que diriez-vous si demain Je vous amenais mes deux larrons et vous fournissais une solide corde ? — Non. Pas de cordet Inutile, ta corde. Te charges-tu de mener tes deux Sarrasins du côté de la Tour-chauve et là de les dépêcher proprement au roz-de-la-chaussée où l’aurai l’heur de les aller saluer, s’ils daignent comprendre que je ne puis faire plu» pour eux ni par escalier, ni par échelles, ni par cordes, ni par aucun moyen qui soit ? Le lendemain, Jour de Jovls, lu nuit étant noire comme uno vieille maugra-bine, on aurait pu croire que l’immense troupeau du Seigneur sire de Jouers i avait reçu licence pour une broute de nuit, tant les tintinnabulé» sonnaient au col des baques et baquettea. : j Mais Traücalue était la souci du sire do Céans. Me l'auraient-il» occis, se de-■ mandait-il, par ce noir pareil à nul autre... pauvre Traücalue J Nous donnè-i rons au chapelain de dire pour son âme un « te igitur » par Jour après le « Pater i agas », et ce. pendant un mois compté, t*Comme il achevait d’énumérer ce testa-i mentum ,unè voix forte se fit entendre $ qui glaça de terreur le sire de Jouers lui-. irnème. Mais c’est la voix du mort qui .1 parle, articula-t-il, « Adhue loquitur !... ■« 11 — Mais non, mon bon maître, fit Traü-» caluc en se montrant l’air allègre, sou r priant et conquérant quelque peu. B Cette gaieté de Traücalue était d'e# B sence communicative, aueël dcvint-elli t contagieuse. r| — Eh ! quoi, Seigneur Maître, voui h voyez que vos serviteurs pour êtro dé s funts ,ne s’&n portent pas plus mal. Il r-. prennent quelquefois la peau du diable tsl — Je regrette nue pouvant faire mieux ir i tu n'aies pas fait moins, Traücalue. t | f i ? i! — Oui ! nus tu n’fties pas réussi i ;s m'amener mes deux fidèle» suppôts d r,, Mahomet. , 4. tr ! — Oui donc ça ? Mirrah et Trabah ?. it Ils sont couchés. — Voilà ! et tu leur as souhaité 1 anne nuit, homme naïf ? — Par Satanus I S'il» se trouvant bip ans la Tour-chauve au fond do laquell » les al précipités brutalement... — Seigneur Dieu, c’est le malemo our leur vaurienne de vie, mais attei Ion» à demain. J’irai voir si mes hôti >nt bien nassé cette nuit au fond de ! lhauve. I* sire de Jouers aussi matinal que ever du jour était déjà occupé à servit es profondeurs de sa tour à ciel ouvei )» lemns en temps il laissait tomber ui «erolo nui s’entendait rez-terre : Eh ?outlouTqu» bon wntit» M matin là fil •afflp* florale de Espafta l Mais maUqu * d« bussaruî mf (Iwèijl :es gorgones ? ôn les Joynjftit rafràîçr usqu'à mi-menton seulement. Voyor Bourthoumiou, fais lo nécessaire... Bourthoumiou no se faisait .jamais J péter un ordre. Il se mit donc en mesu le vider «es hussards avec l’aide Gailoc et de BentePlagnot ; aussi l'ec su milieu des cris et des pleurs des si rasins atteignit-elle bientôt les rondet du menton. , Les deux prisonniers se virent perd s'ils persistaient à garder l'équilibre fi leurs pieds. Alors ce fut le tour des ent chats burlesques qui se succédaient ]j qu’au fou rire du noble sire et de te ses serfs conviés à ces réjouissances ] res. Quand le lendemain, le Seigneur dirigea vers la Taurobûle ou Tour-chai les prisonniers n'avaient plus de l’c que jusqu'à la ceinture, mais quel hâve et délabré ne présentaient-ils pa On leur jota une pomme de copendu i fut lé signal d’une dispute. C’était vraie pomme de discorde. Dix fois deux affamés eurent tantôt l’un, tan l’outre, la possession de la pomme t putôe et chaque fois une agression rival, un croc-en-jambe, remettait tout question. Allons,, disait le Selgpeur Jouers en tournant le dos, nous verri demain. Ah I Je Jour qui se leva n’écla .que dou xspectres et quand Tr^üca leur Jeta une nouvelle pomma rou Mlrrha s’en saisit. Trabah ne brom pas. Leurs forces étaient à bout. On laissa. On ne devait pas espérer les trouver vivants. Quand le noble ge: sire vint voire ce qu’il se passait dani , Tour-chauve : Ce n'est pas la peine, il 4e lee. asperger d'eau benoîte, 'lr ' i ' calue va couvrir leurs corps de bonne terre. Au printemps suivant, le sol arrosé jusqu’à la satiété, à l'abri des piétinements, se couvrit d'un magnifique gazon. Enfin, peu d'années après, le vigilant Bourthoumiou annonça à Traücalue que les musulmans n’étaient pas aussi morts qu’on le disait, vu qu’ils poussaient un pommier qui avait la vie et qu’un pommier ne vient pas de rien. CHAMPOL. (1) Ce nom est synonyme de Troue la luné (2) Abigéat i délit qui consiste à s'approprier frauduleusement les troupeaux d’autrui. •IIIIMIIIINB ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ UNE NOUVELLE VICTOIRE DE L'UNION SACRÉE Le Jeudi, 29 juin, au Sénat avant le vote aes douzième» provisoires, M. Aristide Briand, président du Conseil, a fait une déclaration que le « Journal Officiel» a enregistrée' en ces termes : « M. Aristide Briand, président du Conseil, ministre des Affaires Etrangères —■ Messieurs, mon intervention à une heure »i tardive trouvera son ‘ excuse auprès de vous dans la brièveté de la déclaration que Je vous apporte » Il est arrivé souvent, à propos des douzièmes provisoires, que des discussions assez étendues sur la situation politique du pays se sont institéues entre les Chambres et le Gouvernement. » Je suppose — je suis sûr même — que le» circonstances présentes, dont je peux bien dire qu'elle» sont les plus graves qu'aift traversées notr eexlstence nationale (Très bien ! très bien I), font naître en vous le désir bien légitime d’être éclairés sur la situation. (Très bien ! très bien H D Qe qui a certainement retenu un Srand nombre d’entre voua d’intervenir ans ce débat pour demander des explications au Gouvernement, c’est l'objet môme de la discussion, les difficultés au milieu desquelles elle se serait instituée i et l’impossibilité, il faut bien le dire, de traiter publiquement certaines questions (Très bien I très bien !) » Je viens vous dire, corne je l’avais ' foit devant l’autre Chambre où s’est éta, bli un débat qui lui a fait honneur, au cour» duquel nous avons pu échanger les explications les plus étendues sur t. utes les questions qui pr)oc<:it|x'r.t le Parlement, je viens vous dire à vous, Messieurs, que le Gouvernement est) à votre entière disposition pour ouurir devant le Sénat, dans le» conditions mêmes de procédure qui ont été adoptas par la Chambre, un débat à l’occasion duquel je m’engage à vous fournir les Indications les plu» complètes, les plus détaillées, sur la situation générale (Très bien ! très bien I), soit qu’il s’agisse ao la conduite, de la direction des opérations militaire» soit qu'il s'agisse — et je suis certain que vous en êtes préoccupés particulièrement à l'heur» actuelle — de la polltlquo extérieure de la France. (Très bien I très bien I et applaudissements.) A la suite de cette déclaration dont la haute portée politique fut comprise par tous, M. Bepmale, «jênateur de la Haut»Garonne, déposa une demande d’inter-polation « sur la direction imprimée à la i défense nationale et sur la politique gé-i riérnlo », et le Sénat décida de se réunir le mardi 4 juillet, pour la discuter. Dès le début de cette séance, la Hau te-Assemblée se constitua en comité seevob Nous L ne connaissons de lq discuwuon qui s'est. ns « 11 n'y a en ce moment qu’une seul ra et unique politique, commune à tou» U ue républicains, commune à top» les Frai M. çqj», c’est celle de l'Union «acrée, d Ka curait, il y a quelque temps, lehrés le» dent de l'union républicaine du Séna reM. IiOui» Boudenot, qui est, en mêir itil temps l'un des vicee-présidents de 1 la Conunission sénatoriale de l’armée : lit« Cette politique, ajoutait-il. il faut 1 iü( suivre et la. maintenir Jüsqu à la fin ( la guerre, c’est-à-dire jusqu'à la victoire * complète et définitive, qu’elle contribuera d’ailleurs â rendre et plus sûrs et plus ^w^our la pratiquer, nous n’avons qu’à étendre à tous les Français, aux partis et aux hommes qui les représentent, le bénéfice de l’eejprit de transaction, des sentiments conciliants et fraternels que, traditionnellement dans notre groupe, nous avons accoutumé de témoigner à tous le» républicains. » Souvenons-nous qu’en nous déclarant une guerre injuste et sauvage, nos ennemi» escomptaient no» luttes et nos discordes «politique» dans l'espoir qu’elles affaibliraient et compromettraient notre oeuvre de défense nationale. Déçue dans ses prévisions par le magnifique spectacle que, depuis tantôt deux, ans, ont donné à l’univers la France et Bes représentants, l’Allemagne n’a pas cependant renoncé à la secrète espérance de voir se briser notre union et renaître des divisions qui diminueraient à relever le »i*n' . , » l> tou» les partis et sur tous les points au territoire —■ nous l’avons constaté à l'occasion de la session récente de» Conseils généraux — se sont élevées des voix autorisées, pour rappeler à tous que l'exemple donné dans les tranchées et sur le» champs de bataille par nos admirable» et héroïques soldats, qui versent leur sang pour la Patrie sans distinction de croyance et d’opinion, commande aux Français de l’intérieur de subordonner leurs compétitions et leurs rivalités, leurs préférences personnelles et leurs vue» particulières à l’intérêt suprême de la défense nationale, au salut du Pays. » Voila la vraie doctrine républicaine et française ! M. Henrv Chéron l’a résumée dans cet ordre du Jour adopté à l'unanimité par le même groupe de l’Union républicaine, à la veille de la réunion du Comité secret. « Le ~roupe affirmant que l’union étrol te et confiante des pouvoirs, basée sur une volonté commune de contrôle et d’action, est plus que jamais nécessaire en face de l’ennemi, pour hâter la libération et la victoire de la Patrie à l’ordre du jour. » L’union des pouvoirs publics, leur confiance mutuelle, l’action gouvernemen-taie énergique et Inlassable, le contrôle I parlementaire, attentif et impartial, i pour seconder l’action militaire et pour ( donner à la Patrie la victoire qu’elle ; attend, c’est ce que les citoyens de ce ; puva sont unaf imee à réclamer, ce qu'ils exigent. « Qu'importent les fautes qui ont pu être commises par le gouvernement , et par le commandement, m’écrit un parle-pour les dévoiler et les étaler. Ne pen-mentaire des plu» qualifiés. Ce n’est pas l'heure de se désunir et de s’entredévorer sons qu'à battre l'ennemi : après nous verrons. Napoléon disait : « Dans une guerre, la victoire est à qui commet le moins dç fautes. » « C’était reconnaître qu’il est impossible de n’en pas commetrre. Il ajoutait •: « L’essentiel est de les réparer à temps.)) Or, nous avons réparé en partie le» nôtres, nous continuons à les réparer chaque jour. Ce n'est pas, en tout cas, un bon moyen de les réparer, que de revenir aux intrigues de couloirs, aux compétitions aux rivalitâs, aux rancunes de politiciens. » I*i parlementaire, qui tient ce langage et qui peut le tenir avec autorité, puisque, de même que ses collègues, il sait tout maintenant, a cent fois raison. Ré-Ïiétons-le Ré-Ïiétons-le cesse : pour le salut de la France, désintéressement et abnégation !de tous, politique d’union sacrée, fraternité quand même et jusqu’au bout. C. PALLU DE LA BARRIÈRE» « U——— j A LOUER non meublé. Appartement 6 pièces à neuf. — Eau, Gaz, Électricité. t, Place Mulot (Baase-Plante). A VENDRE cause 4e Décès et double emploi, épicerie fine. —• Adressa bureau du tournai A LOUER rue Serviez, 8, daasja août, deux looaux très clairs peu FttsHgsi phie, Dépôt cm Industrie. EMPLOYA de MtgtMn, pour Ateliers de constructions mécaniques, ancien quincaillier de préférence, est demandé pex les Etablissements F. Ouillerme, à Bayonne. Place très etabls. ■— Appointements Intéressants. ; SIROP «t VIN STËVAHO “T I I C VIII ftTtUillA est 1# meilleur des Tomiqu** N LC lin dlCvAIIU et dee Reoonelltaente. J. A tous il donne Porte et lanté. Rigoureusement dosé, agréable au goût, reconstituant par excellence, 11 ■ contient tout lee prtaiolpee de l'huile de foie de morue et peut la remplacer dans tous le» cas, et surtout l'été, très avantageusement t i ; ■ ' —1 1 1 ■ I ... II. . III.II... — up I Très facilement assimilable et d’une digestion parfaite, il produit des effets K merveilleux dans toutes les maladies ayant pour cause la Faiblisse génédite || et l’Anémie, Déviation ds la Colonne vertébrale, Maladies de Poitrine, Engorgements ganglionnaires, Rhumatisme», vies» et Aorttés du oang, Asthme, Catarrhe, Grippe, Bronchite» chroniques, Phtisie, Tuberculose, Aoné, Leuoehorée ou Flueurt Blanches, Goitre, etc, etc. Aux vieillards débiles, aux jeunes mères, aux nourrices, aux jeunes filles fatiguées par la croissante, aux convalescents, à tous ceux qui ont la poitrine délicate st qûi toussent ; Pour stimuler l'appétit chez les tuberculeux, chez les enfants délicats «t malingres qui ont des glandes et dee engorgements ganglionnaires ; A tous les malades atteints do faiblesse géhérade et qui ont besoin d’un Reconstituant énergique et sûr : Donnez à chaque repas un verre ds VIN OTEVANO, Pripiri par CAMILLE ÉTÉ VE ±4, MVL» du 3Crv 14, F-A-TT Si vous toussez : Prenez du SIROP 8TÉVAN0 En quelque» heures, Il oalmo. En quelques Jours, Il guérit Rhumes, BitteFj ehltes, lnfluonza, Grippe, Asthme et en général toutes les affections de la Ftoi| trino. Souverain surtout oontrs fa Ooquoluehs. mmsiisssmi 1 ~ r i i m MMMHaagBaEgA< 4% 4 n é Û rmnmubTimtiiinn Ecole Centrale Ouverture prochaine covn^rn PLAOmaHT GRATUIT VUirviM it tutu iv fin. • Trmu itf Cifiis. I| rue Nouvelle-Halle.«Téléphone G-89 ON DEMANDE des Ouvriers serruriers et Ouvriers forgeront. S'adresser Usine HAENSLER, Bois Louis, Pau. A LOUER Appartement 6 pièces, rue Louis-Lacaxe. — S’adresser Etude de Me Monguilan, Notaire. A VENDRE Propriété située Route de Morlàas. S'adresser Etude de Me Monguilan, Notaire. TERRAIN industriel attenant à la Gare d'Oloron-Stè-Marie, à Vendre. — S'adresser à Me Louetau, not. àOloron. A VENDRE ou à Louer Villas avec parcs. — S’adresser Etude de Mo Monguilan, Notaire. OHAMBRl meublé» avec balcon b louer. 24, rue du 14 Juillet. JEUNE HOMME réformé sachant conduire est demandé pour faire livraison à la compagne. — Adresse au Journal. A LOUER Maison avec jardin, 9 pièce* cave, remise et écurie, 600 ér. *— B’adree ser au journal. SCULPTOBE.HJUIBREÏtlE, 'DECORATIONS Paul CAPDEVILLE «1, rue Bayard. — (M h Mtta.) Construction de Cnvtaux * CHAPELLES BIIIIIU mm. m». imiimm B L'OBUS D'OR 7B~ I kniMWiliniiviMB(llpiliPÿji) j -4U0IH0 tt-eidriiKiiiiii (WiD-l Al fllICD MEUBLEES trois piêees LUUCn dont une petltet cuisine et Chambre indépendante avec, Alcôve et Cabinet de Toilette. — Eau, (7ac„ Electricité. — Grande Galerie. — Exposition au Midi et au centre de la ViiU>. ; Adresse au journal. < A OBDER Fonds d'HAtsf, dans bon quartier, avec droit ou bail. — S adresser i à M* Loustalet, notaire É Pais. A VENDOME bien dressée. Jsiins Jument landaise. — Adresse au fouiMaL ORTHOPEDIE ■ INSTRUMENTS DE CHIRURGIE * PROTHESE A. COUDERC "^ORTHOPKDMtt I Bx oontfie-meltre des Maisons DUBOIS st COLfJN, ds Paris. Invsvisur du nouveau pgan métalllqus à soullas ds réfusxlon, modèls extra léger (f-é/E grammes), est mparsN qui s'appliqua d'uns fpfon parfaits quel qpj» •oit 1% Ouvré ds l'ampütBMonk énorme avantage sur Iss qr.odeiee existant défé, permit au mutin uns manne faoll» avec le minlnMmi^ii fatigue. Erse, Jambes, plsds mttoulée supérieure aux movotes d» prothèse ordl-naïves. Nouvelle lambs artlfleiélls rlgoureucsment ptvihéllque, sa légèreté, •sa mouvemsnts automatiques tn tant un appareil de prothèse somplet, Irrépisehabl». | ATELIER A BUREAU i », RUE 8BIIVIEZ • PAU HFRNIF^ VARICB8 ^ I J y ^X' IlLllIlILW CEINTURESQ ^ g MAISON DAIGNAS lÈf J JS FouroiMBur de i^Opital civil et militaire de Pau ; dea Sociétés de W%AEAE O Secoure aux Bleeaés Militaires ; Fournisseur titulaire du Bureau de wl C *U1 Bienfaisance ; de r Asile St-Luc, et de la Oie du chemin de fer du Midi. H (î| I : s MAISON DE FABRICATION : 14, rat Taylor, PAU ■■ . Médaille d’Or» Bxpoaltftqn latoraatlonalo de Parla* 9 ' Z i BANDAGE S BIS I VARICE IH m. i; n irjEsasai 11 o Vr 0M|fl dssBi»Blse lee plus pub. * H rw j t o (L 99 unuBiui mioH e fm » R» IIMH» JÊ ^ Ç. W Itlt Coraete Orthopédiques. *jrW1* M ^ B Bras et Jambes Burtlflolela. i a Téléphone f.4F 14, ruë Tuylor, 14. —PAU T éléphoné 1.4 F J te UM^ IA Am Onvriers Réunis 1 D 15SS3Sr=^“!rriB I AEBS«âa35èH Magsaaaaee ««1 WR—t w i n»*==ss=--t=.
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VIE-WRWKS/JAMP2 WrWKS – Enterprise Application Development Abschluss von Rahmenvereinbarungen in sieben Losen betreffend Leistungen des Enterprise Application Development (Softwareentwicklung und damit verbundene Leistungen) services 72200000 72210000 72000000 LOT-5673 ef-stand sui-act tp-abil other not-allowed no-eu-funds par-requ false not-allowed false 132556/177368/70 non-restricted-document https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 false no false allowed not-allowed true poi-exa 25 quality Einarbeitungskonzept poi-exa 35 quality Hearing (Fachfragen) Schlüsselpersonal poi-exa 20 price Höhe Tagsatz poi-exa 20 price Einarbeitungskosten https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 5 Siehe Wiener Vergaberechtsschutzgesetz 2020 ORG-8350 ORG-7575 DEU true true false required true 2024-05-24+02:00 2024-04-24+02:00 15:00:00+02:00 2024-04-15+02:00 17:00:00+02:00 false 2 Laufzeit erforderlich für eine kontinuierliche Leistungserbringung buyer-categories Siehe Teilnahmebestimmungen fa-mix none 1 Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb einer Datawarehouse Applikation mit zwei Partnern Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb einer Datawarehouse Applikation mit zwei Partnern services true 72200000 AT130 AUT 2 Zweimalige optionale Verlängerungsmöglichkeit für die Auftraggeberin um jeweils ein weiteres Jahr LOT-6000 ef-stand sui-act tp-abil other not-allowed no-eu-funds par-requ false not-allowed false 132556/177368/70 non-restricted-document https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 false no false allowed not-allowed true poi-exa 25 quality Einarbeitungskonzept poi-exa 35 quality Hearing (Fachfragen) Schlüsselpersonal poi-exa 20 price Höhe Tagsatz poi-exa 20 price Einarbeitungskosten https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 5 Siehe Wiener Vergaberechtsschutzgesetz 2020 ORG-8350 ORG-7575 DEU true true false required true 2024-05-24+02:00 2024-04-24+02:00 15:00:00+02:00 2024-04-15+02:00 17:00:00+02:00 false 4 Laufzeit erforderlich für eine kontinuierliche Leistungserbringung buyer-categories Siehe Teilnahmebestimmungen fa-mix none 2 Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb von Individualsoftware (Java/Kotlin, React, Postgres, Kafka) mit vier Partnern Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb von Individualsoftware (Java/Kotlin, React, Postgres, Kafka) mit vier Partnern services true 72200000 AT130 AUT 2 Zweimalige optionale Verlängerungsmöglichkeit für die Auftraggeberin um jeweils ein weiteres Jahr LOT-8228 ef-stand sui-act tp-abil other not-allowed no-eu-funds par-requ false not-allowed false 132556/177368/70 non-restricted-document https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 false no false allowed not-allowed true poi-exa 25 quality Einarbeitungskonzept poi-exa 35 quality Hearing (Fachfragen) Schlüsselpersonal poi-exa 20 price Höhe Tagsatz poi-exa 20 price Einarbeitungskosten https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 5 Siehe Wiener Vergaberechtsschutzgesetz 2020 ORG-8350 ORG-7575 DEU true true false required true 2024-05-24+02:00 2024-04-24+02:00 15:00:00+02:00 2024-04-15+02:00 17:00:00+02:00 false 2 Laufzeit erforderlich für eine kontinuierliche Leistungserbringung buyer-categories Siehe Teilnahmebestimmungen fa-mix none 3 Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb von Individualsoftware (PHP) mit zwei Partnern Softwareentwicklung und technischer Betrieb von Individualsoftware (PHP) mit zwei Partnern services true 72200000 AT130 AUT 2 Zweimalige optionale Verlängerungsmöglichkeit für die Auftraggeberin um jeweils ein weiteres Jahr LOT-0567 ef-stand sui-act tp-abil other not-allowed no-eu-funds par-requ false not-allowed false 132556/177368/70 non-restricted-document https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 false no false allowed not-allowed true poi-exa 20 quality Einarbeitungskonzept poi-exa 40 quality Hearing (Fachfragen) Schlüsselpersonal poi-exa 25 price Höhe Tagsatz poi-exa 15 price Einarbeitungskosten https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 5 Siehe Wiener Vergaberechtsschutzgesetz 2020 ORG-8350 ORG-7575 DEU true true false required true 2024-05-24+02:00 2024-04-24+02:00 15:00:00+02:00 2024-04-15+02:00 17:00:00+02:00 false 2 Laufzeit erforderlich für eine kontinuierliche Leistungserbringung buyer-categories Siehe Teilnahmebestimmungen fa-mix none 4 User Experience Design im Zusammenhang mit Softwareentwicklung mit zwei Partnern User Experience Design im Zusammenhang mit Softwareentwicklung mit zwei Partnern services true 72200000 AT130 AUT 2 Zweimalige optionale Verlängerungsmöglichkeit für die Auftraggeberin um jeweils ein weiteres Jahr LOT-6404 ef-stand sui-act tp-abil other not-allowed no-eu-funds par-requ false not-allowed false 132556/177368/70 non-restricted-document https://wolftheiss.vergabeportal.at/Detail/177368 false no false allowed not-allowed true poi-exa 35 quality Beratungskonzept poi-exa 35 quality Hearing (Fachfragen) poi-exa 30 price Bewertungsrelevanter Gesamtpreis (exkl. DOT-MOB-03
Mobilier didactic pentru „Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu” in cadrul proiectului „ Cresterea calitatii infrastructurii de invatamant prin dotarea cu echipamente digitale, mobilier si materiale didactice a unitatilor de invatamant din municipiul Targu Jiu
Obiectul contractului il constituie dotarea cu mobilier didactic a Gradinitei cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”in cadrul proiectului „ Cresterea calitatii infrastructurii de invatamant prin dotarea cu echipamente digitale, mobilier si materiale didactice a unitatilor de invatamant din municipiul Targu Jiu „
Lotul I – Sali de clasa
1. Scăunel plastic 162
2. Masă dreptunghiulară, 4 copii, reglabilă, plastic 62
3. Rafturi oblice/biblioteca 6
4. Catedră cu sertar si usa 7
5. Corp cu 15 cutii 6
6. Birou verde 2
7. Birou albastru 2
8. Set pernute rotunde colorate 15
9. Scaun de birou 4
10. Dulap cu 9 usi 6
11. Scaun stivuibil 86
12. Scaun Mammut 10
13. Masa Mammut 6
14. Set mobila Padurea 4
15. Set mobilă 3
16. Dulap depozitare cu 4 polițe 4
17. Dulap depozitare 1 compartiment si 4 usi 2
18. Dulap depozitare cu 2 polite și 2 usi 2
19. Dulap depozitare cu o polită 8
20. Set 4 cutii de plastic pentru depozitare, cu capac de diferite dimensiuni 2
21. Masă luminoasă 10
Lotul II - Laborator Multidisciplinar
1. Scaun birou 15
2. Masa modulara 1
Lotul III- Cabinet de Consiliere Psihopedagogica
1. Dulap securizat din lemn 1
2. Etajera 1
3. Masă individuală (dreptunghiulară) 1
4. Scaun 4
5. Cuier birou 1
6. Panouri de plută pentru afișaj 2
7. Birou cu ușă securizată 1
8. Scaun ergonomic birou 1
9. Fotoliu cu suprafața ușor de igienizat 2
10. Fotoliu minge / gonflabil piele eco umplut cu perle polistiren 1
11. Masă pentru imprimantă multifuncțională 1
12. Set 4 cutii de plastic pentru depozitare, cu capac de diferite dimensiuni 1
Numarul de zile pana la care se pot solicita clarificari sau informatii suplimentare , in legatura cu documentatia de atribuire, inainte de data limita de depunere a ofertelor 19 zile.Solicitarea de clarificari sau informatii se va transmite prin intermediul S.E.A.P. prin accesarea Sectiunii dedicate ”SOLICITARE DE CLARIFICARI/INTREBARI/COMUNICARI. In cazul in care,din motive tehnice,nu este posibila transmiterea anumitor documente in format electronic prin intermediul SEAP,documentele se transmit autoritatii contractante la e-mail [email protected] Operatorul economic se poate limita la completarea respectivului punct din partea IV fara sa trebuiasca sa completeze nicio alta sectiune din partea IV,sectiunile A,B,C sau D.
În cazul în care prin aplicarea criteriului de atribuire, vor rezulta doua sau mai multe oferte pe locul 1, cu punctaje egale, departajarea se va face având în vedere punctajul obţinut la factorii de evaluare în ordinea descrescătoare a ponderilor acestora. În situaţia în care egalitatea se menţine, autoritatea contractantă are dreptul să solicite noi propuneri financiare, şi oferta câştigătoare va fi desemnată cea cu propunerea financiară cea mai mică prin depunerea unei noi oferte in sectiunea ”SOLICITARE DE CLARIFICARI/INTREBARI/COMUNICARI”.
135269.75
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LOT-0001
sui-act
III.1.1.a) Situatia personala a candidatului sau ofertantului
1.Oferantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.164 si art.167 din Legea 98/2016.
Operatorul economic (lider, asociat,) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. Autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea cazierului judiciar al operatorului economic si al membrilor organului de administrare,de conducere sau de supraveghere al respectivului operator economic,sau a celor ce au putere de reprezentare, de decizie sau control in cadrul acestuia ,asa cum rezulta din certificatul constatator emis de ONRC/ACTUL CONSTITUTIV sau documente echivalente in cazul persoanelor juridice straine. Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
2.Ofertantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.165 din Legea 98/2016.Operatorul economic ( lider, asociat, ) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. In vederea demonstrarii neincadrarii in prevederile art.165 din Legea 98/2016 autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea certificatelor constatatoare privind lipsa datoriilor cu privire la plata impozitelor, taxelor sau a contributiilor la bugetul general consolidat (buget local, buget de stat, etc.)actualizate la momentul prezentarii pentru sediul principal,iar pentru sediile secundare/punctele de lucru,o declaratie pe propria raspundere privind indeplinirea obligatiilor de plata a impozitelor,taxelor sau cotributiilor la bugetul general consolidat datorate.
Operatorii economici nerezidenti au dreptul de a prezenta orice documente edificatoare pentru demonstrarea faptului ca si-au indeplinit obligatiile de plata a impozitelor, taxelor si contributiilor catre bugetul consolidat de stat si bugetul local, in conformitate cu legislatia din tara de rezidenta, eliberate de autoritatile competente ale tarii de origine(cum ar fi certificate,caziere fiscale sau alte documente echivalente).
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
3. Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
Ofertantii, vor completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire.Autoritatea contractanta va tine cont si de documentele prin care se demonstreaza faptul ca operatorul economic poate beneficia de derogarile prevazute la art 166 alin.(1) si alin.(2), art. 167 alin.(2) și art.171 din Legea 98/2016 privind achizitiile publice.
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III.1.1.b) Capacitatea de exercitare a activitatii profesionale
Operatorii economici ce depun oferta trebuie sa dovedeasca forma de inregistrare si dupa caz, atestare ori apartenenta, din punct de vedere profesional in conformitatea cu cerintele legale din tara in care este stabilit operatorul economic, sa reiasa ca acestia sunt legal constituiti, ca nu se afla in niciuna din situatiile de anulare a constituirii precum si faptul ca au capacitatea profesionala de a realiza activitatile care fac obiectul contractului.
Ofertantii vor completa Partea IV din DUAE selectand DA sau NU,fiind activata optiunea”a”-Indicatia globala pentru toate criteriile de selectie,urmand ca documentele justificative( certificatul ONRC in cazul persoanelor romane sau document echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine) sa fie prezentate la solicitarea autoritatii contractante doar de ofertantul clasat pe primul loc dupa aplicarea criteriului de atribuire.
Din Certificatul Constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine)trebuie sa rezulte obiectul de activitate al operatorului economic. Obiectul contractului trebuie sa aiba corespondent in codul CAEN din certificatul constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine). Informatiile din acest document trebuie sa fie reale/actuale la momentul prezentarii.
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana
Ofertanții ai căror acționari sunt personae fizice sau persoane juridice înregistrate pe teritoriul României vor prezenta odata cu DUAE un extras ONRC ce va contine datele privind beneficiarii reali.
Ofertantul/ofertanții declarat /declarați câștigători care are/au în structura acționariatului entități juridice străine,la solicitarea autoritatii contractante,vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
Ofertanții străini, înregistrați în afara României,vor depune odata cu DUAE documente justificative, certificate sau alte înscrisuri eliberate de autoritatea responsabilă de datele beneficiarului real din țara ofertantului, însoțite de traducerea în limba română, certificata de traducători autorizați, în condițiile legii.
Ofertanții de tipul asociațiilor și fundațiilor,vor depune odata cu DUAE un extras de la Ministerul Justiției (Registrul Național ONG) privind beneficiarii reali ai asociației/fundației.In cazul în care asociația/fundația este o entitate străină sau are beneficiari reali persoane străine,ofertantii vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal/președinte, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
used
false
ef-stand
n-used
tp-abil
n-used
not-allowed
eu-funds
not-requ
true
Documentatia de achizitie
non-restricted-document
https://e-licitatie.ro/pub/notices/c-notice/v2/view/100178632
true
Asociere conform art. 53. din Legea privind achizitiile publice nr 98/2016
prep-confl
Operatorul economic sau o Intreprindere care are legaturi cu acesta a oferit consultanta autoritatii contractante sau entitatii contractante sau a participat In orice alt mod la pregatirea procedurii de achizitii publice?
cred-arran
Operatorul economic este In concordat preventiv?
insolvency
Operatorul economic este In situatie de insolventa sau de lichidare?
misinterpr
Operatorul economic s-a aflat într-una dintre situațiile următoare: a) Nu s-a făcut grav vinovat de declarații false la furnizarea informațiilor necesare pentru verificarea absenței motivelor de excludere sau a îndeplinirii criteriilor de selecție, b) a ascuns astfel de informații, c) nu a fost în măsură să furnizeze, fără întârziere, documentele justificative solicitate de autoritatea contractantă sau de entitatea contractantă, și d) a încercat să influențeze în mod nepermis procesul decizional al autorității contractante sau entității contractante, să obțină informații confidențiale care i-ar putea conferi avantaje necuvenite în cadrul procedurii de achiziții publice sau că a furnizat din neglijență informații false care pot avea o influență semnificativă asupra deciziilor privind excluderea, selecția și atribuirea?
labour-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei muncii? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
susp-act
Activitatile economice ale operatorului economic sunt suspendate?
partic-confl
Operatorul economic are cunostinta de vreun conflict de interese, astfel cum se precizeaza In legislatia nationala, anuntul relevant sau documentele achizitiei, care decurge din participarea sa la procedura de achizitii publice?Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
socsec-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei sociale? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
bankruptcy
Operatorul economic este In stare de faliment?
bankr-nat
Operatorul economic se afla Intr-o situatie similara, cum ar fi falimentul, care rezulta dintr-o procedura similara din legislatiile sau reglementarile nationale?
prof-misconduct
Operatorul economic se face vinovat de o abatere profesionala grava? Daca este cazul, a se vedea definitiile din legislatia nationala, din anuntul relevant sau din documentele achizitiei
liq-admin
Activele operatorului economic sunt administrate de un lichidator sau de o instanta?
sanction
Operatorul economic s-a aflat Intr-o situatie In care un contract de achizitii publice anterior, un contract anterior Incheiat cu o entitate contractanta sau un contract de concesiune anterior a fost reziliat anticipat sau au fost impuse daune-interese sau alte sanctiuni comparabile In legatura cu respectivul contract anterior?
envir-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei mediului? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
none
no
not-allowed
required
per-exa
90
price
Pretul ofertei
Punctajul se acorda astfel: a) Pentru cel mai scazut dintre preturi se acorda punctajul maxim alocat; b) Pentru celelalte preturi ofertate punctajul P(n) se calculeaza proportional, astfel: P(n) = (Pret minim ofertat / Pret n) x punctaj maxim alocat.
per-exa
10
quality
Termen de livrare
Conform caietului de sarcini, perioada maxima de livrare a produselor este de 90 de zile de la data semnarii contractului.
Punctajul se acordă astfel:
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 60-69 zile - se acordă 10 puncte;
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 70-79 zile - se acordă 5 puncte.
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 80-89 zile - se acordă 2puncte.
Mențiuni:
Ofertele care acordă termen de livrare sub intervalul de 60 zile nu vor fi punctate în plus, vor primi punctajul maxim de 10 puncte.
Ofertele care indeplinesc cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini nu vor primi punctaj, iar ofertele care nu respecta cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini vor fi declarate neconforme.
ORG-0004
https://www.e-licitatie.ro
ORG-0004
ORG-0004
5
Orice persoana care se considera ca a fost vatamata de o eroare sau de o neregula printr-un act al A C,care incalca legile privind achizitiile publice,poate depune o plangere in termen de 10 zile incepand cu ziua urmatoare luarii la cunostiinta despre actul AC considerat nelegal:-fie pe cale administrativ-jurisdictionala la CNSC;fie pe cale juridica la instanta de judecata.Indiferent de procedura aleasa, contestatia va fi transmisa in acelasi timp si autoritatii contractante(AC).
ORG-0002
RON
false
false
required
false
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
comisia de evaluare
In SEAP
false
none
none
1
SALI DE CLASA
Mobilier didactic pentru „Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”” in cadrul proiectului „ Cresterea calitatii infrastructurii de invatamant prin dotarea cu echipamente digitale, mobilier si materiale didactice a unitatilor de invatamant din municipiul Targu Jiu „Scăunel plastic 162
Masă dreptunghiulară, 4 copii, reglabilă, plastic 62
Rafturi oblice/biblioteca 6
Catedră cu sertar si usa 7
Corp cu 15 cutii 6
Birou verde 2
Birou albastru 2
Set pernute rotunde colorate 15
Scaun de birou 4
Dulap cu 9 usi 6
Scaun stivuibil 86
Scaun Mammut 10
Masa Mammut 6
Set mobila Padurea 4
Set mobilă 3
Dulap depozitare cu 4 polițe 4
Dulap depozitare 1 compartiment si 4 usi 2
Dulap depozitare cu 2 polite și 2 usi 2
Dulap depozitare cu o polită 8
Set 4 cutii de plastic pentru depozitare, cu capac de diferite dimensiuni 2
Masă luminoasă 10
supplies
COD PROIECT F-PNNR-DOTARI-2023-5859.
39161000
39151000
Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”
RO412
ROU
90
0
LOT-0002
sui-act
III.1.1.a) Situatia personala a candidatului sau ofertantului
1.Oferantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.164 si art.167 din Legea 98/2016.
Operatorul economic (lider, asociat,) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. Autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea cazierului judiciar al operatorului economic si al membrilor organului de administrare,de conducere sau de supraveghere al respectivului operator economic,sau a celor ce au putere de reprezentare, de decizie sau control in cadrul acestuia ,asa cum rezulta din certificatul constatator emis de ONRC/ACTUL CONSTITUTIV sau documente echivalente in cazul persoanelor juridice straine. Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
2.Ofertantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.165 din Legea 98/2016.Operatorul economic ( lider, asociat, ) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. In vederea demonstrarii neincadrarii in prevederile art.165 din Legea 98/2016 autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea certificatelor constatatoare privind lipsa datoriilor cu privire la plata impozitelor, taxelor sau a contributiilor la bugetul general consolidat (buget local, buget de stat, etc.)actualizate la momentul prezentarii pentru sediul principal,iar pentru sediile secundare/punctele de lucru,o declaratie pe propria raspundere privind indeplinirea obligatiilor de plata a impozitelor,taxelor sau cotributiilor la bugetul general consolidat datorate.
Operatorii economici nerezidenti au dreptul de a prezenta orice documente edificatoare pentru demonstrarea faptului ca si-au indeplinit obligatiile de plata a impozitelor, taxelor si contributiilor catre bugetul consolidat de stat si bugetul local, in conformitate cu legislatia din tara de rezidenta, eliberate de autoritatile competente ale tarii de origine(cum ar fi certificate,caziere fiscale sau alte documente echivalente).
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
3. Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
Ofertantii, vor completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire.Autoritatea contractanta va tine cont si de documentele prin care se demonstreaza faptul ca operatorul economic poate beneficia de derogarile prevazute la art 166 alin.(1) si alin.(2), art. 167 alin.(2) și art.171 din Legea 98/2016 privind achizitiile publice.
used
false
sui-act
III.1.1.b) Capacitatea de exercitare a activitatii profesionale
Operatorii economici ce depun oferta trebuie sa dovedeasca forma de inregistrare si dupa caz, atestare ori apartenenta, din punct de vedere profesional in conformitatea cu cerintele legale din tara in care este stabilit operatorul economic, sa reiasa ca acestia sunt legal constituiti, ca nu se afla in niciuna din situatiile de anulare a constituirii precum si faptul ca au capacitatea profesionala de a realiza activitatile care fac obiectul contractului.
Ofertantii vor completa Partea IV din DUAE selectand DA sau NU,fiind activata optiunea”a”-Indicatia globala pentru toate criteriile de selectie,urmand ca documentele justificative( certificatul ONRC in cazul persoanelor romane sau document echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine) sa fie prezentate la solicitarea autoritatii contractante doar de ofertantul clasat pe primul loc dupa aplicarea criteriului de atribuire.
Din Certificatul Constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine)trebuie sa rezulte obiectul de activitate al operatorului economic. Obiectul contractului trebuie sa aiba corespondent in codul CAEN din certificatul constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine). Informatiile din acest document trebuie sa fie reale/actuale la momentul prezentarii.
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana
Ofertanții ai căror acționari sunt personae fizice sau persoane juridice înregistrate pe teritoriul României vor prezenta odata cu DUAE un extras ONRC ce va contine datele privind beneficiarii reali.
Ofertantul/ofertanții declarat /declarați câștigători care are/au în structura acționariatului entități juridice străine,la solicitarea autoritatii contractante,vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
Ofertanții străini, înregistrați în afara României,vor depune odata cu DUAE documente justificative, certificate sau alte înscrisuri eliberate de autoritatea responsabilă de datele beneficiarului real din țara ofertantului, însoțite de traducerea în limba română, certificata de traducători autorizați, în condițiile legii.
Ofertanții de tipul asociațiilor și fundațiilor,vor depune odata cu DUAE un extras de la Ministerul Justiției (Registrul Național ONG) privind beneficiarii reali ai asociației/fundației.In cazul în care asociația/fundația este o entitate străină sau are beneficiari reali persoane străine,ofertantii vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal/președinte, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
used
false
ef-stand
n-used
tp-abil
n-used
not-allowed
eu-funds
not-requ
true
Documentatia de achizitie
non-restricted-document
https://e-licitatie.ro/pub/notices/c-notice/v2/view/100178632
true
Asociere conform art. 53. din Legea privind achizitiile publice nr 98/2016
prep-confl
Operatorul economic sau o Intreprindere care are legaturi cu acesta a oferit consultanta autoritatii contractante sau entitatii contractante sau a participat In orice alt mod la pregatirea procedurii de achizitii publice?
cred-arran
Operatorul economic este In concordat preventiv?
insolvency
Operatorul economic este In situatie de insolventa sau de lichidare?
misinterpr
Operatorul economic s-a aflat într-una dintre situațiile următoare: a) Nu s-a făcut grav vinovat de declarații false la furnizarea informațiilor necesare pentru verificarea absenței motivelor de excludere sau a îndeplinirii criteriilor de selecție, b) a ascuns astfel de informații, c) nu a fost în măsură să furnizeze, fără întârziere, documentele justificative solicitate de autoritatea contractantă sau de entitatea contractantă, și d) a încercat să influențeze în mod nepermis procesul decizional al autorității contractante sau entității contractante, să obțină informații confidențiale care i-ar putea conferi avantaje necuvenite în cadrul procedurii de achiziții publice sau că a furnizat din neglijență informații false care pot avea o influență semnificativă asupra deciziilor privind excluderea, selecția și atribuirea?
labour-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei muncii? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
susp-act
Activitatile economice ale operatorului economic sunt suspendate?
partic-confl
Operatorul economic are cunostinta de vreun conflict de interese, astfel cum se precizeaza In legislatia nationala, anuntul relevant sau documentele achizitiei, care decurge din participarea sa la procedura de achizitii publice?Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
socsec-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei sociale? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
bankruptcy
Operatorul economic este In stare de faliment?
bankr-nat
Operatorul economic se afla Intr-o situatie similara, cum ar fi falimentul, care rezulta dintr-o procedura similara din legislatiile sau reglementarile nationale?
prof-misconduct
Operatorul economic se face vinovat de o abatere profesionala grava? Daca este cazul, a se vedea definitiile din legislatia nationala, din anuntul relevant sau din documentele achizitiei
liq-admin
Activele operatorului economic sunt administrate de un lichidator sau de o instanta?
sanction
Operatorul economic s-a aflat Intr-o situatie In care un contract de achizitii publice anterior, un contract anterior Incheiat cu o entitate contractanta sau un contract de concesiune anterior a fost reziliat anticipat sau au fost impuse daune-interese sau alte sanctiuni comparabile In legatura cu respectivul contract anterior?
envir-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei mediului? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
none
no
not-allowed
required
per-exa
90
price
Pretul ofertei
Punctajul se acorda astfel: a) Pentru cel mai scazut dintre preturi se acorda punctajul maxim alocat; b) Pentru celelalte preturi ofertate punctajul P(n) se calculeaza proportional, astfel: P(n) = (Pret minim ofertat / Pret n) x punctaj maxim alocat.
per-exa
10
quality
Termen de livrare
Algoritm de calcul:
Conform caietului de sarcini, perioada maxima de livrare a produselor este de 90 de zile de la data semnarii contractului.
Punctajul se acordă astfel:
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 60-69 zile - se acordă 10 puncte;
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 70-79 zile - se acordă 5 puncte.
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 80-89 zile - se acordă 2puncte.
Mențiuni:
Ofertele care acordă termen de livrare sub intervalul de 60 zile nu vor fi punctate în plus, vor primi punctajul maxim de 10 puncte.
Ofertele care indeplinesc cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini nu vor primi punctaj, iar ofertele care nu respecta cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini vor fi declarate neconforme.
ORG-0004
https://www.e-licitatie.ro
ORG-0004
ORG-0004
5
Orice persoana care se considera ca a fost vatamata de o eroare sau de o neregula printr-un act al A C,care incalca legile privind achizitiile publice,poate depune o plangere in termen de 10 zile incepand cu ziua urmatoare luarii la cunostiinta despre actul AC considerat nelegal:-fie pe cale administrativ-jurisdictionala la CNSC;fie pe cale juridica la instanta de judecata.Indiferent de procedura aleasa, contestatia va fi transmisa in acelasi timp si autoritatii contractante(AC).
ORG-0002
RON
false
false
required
false
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
comisia de evaluare
In SEAP
false
none
none
2
cabinet scolar
Mobilier didactic pentru „Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”” in cadrul proiectului „ Cresterea calitatii infrastructurii de invatamant prin dotarea cu echipamente digitale, mobilier si materiale didactice a unitatilor de invatamant din municipiul Targu Jiu „Scaun birou 15
Masa modulara 1
supplies
COD PROIECT F-PNNR-DOTARI-2023-5859.
39151000
Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”
RO412
ROU
90
0
LOT-0003
sui-act
III.1.1.a) Situatia personala a candidatului sau ofertantului
1.Oferantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.164 si art.167 din Legea 98/2016.
Operatorul economic (lider, asociat,) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. Autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea cazierului judiciar al operatorului economic si al membrilor organului de administrare,de conducere sau de supraveghere al respectivului operator economic,sau a celor ce au putere de reprezentare, de decizie sau control in cadrul acestuia ,asa cum rezulta din certificatul constatator emis de ONRC/ACTUL CONSTITUTIV sau documente echivalente in cazul persoanelor juridice straine. Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
2.Ofertantii, nu trebuie sa se regaseasca in situatiile prevazute la art.165 din Legea 98/2016.Operatorul economic ( lider, asociat, ) va completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire. In vederea demonstrarii neincadrarii in prevederile art.165 din Legea 98/2016 autoritatea contractanta solicita ofertantului clasat pe primul loc in clasament,intocmit la finalizarea evaluarii ofertelor, prezentarea certificatelor constatatoare privind lipsa datoriilor cu privire la plata impozitelor, taxelor sau a contributiilor la bugetul general consolidat (buget local, buget de stat, etc.)actualizate la momentul prezentarii pentru sediul principal,iar pentru sediile secundare/punctele de lucru,o declaratie pe propria raspundere privind indeplinirea obligatiilor de plata a impozitelor,taxelor sau cotributiilor la bugetul general consolidat datorate.
Operatorii economici nerezidenti au dreptul de a prezenta orice documente edificatoare pentru demonstrarea faptului ca si-au indeplinit obligatiile de plata a impozitelor, taxelor si contributiilor catre bugetul consolidat de stat si bugetul local, in conformitate cu legislatia din tara de rezidenta, eliberate de autoritatile competente ale tarii de origine(cum ar fi certificate,caziere fiscale sau alte documente echivalente).
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana.
3. Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
Ofertantii, vor completa cerinta corespunzatoare in formularul DUAE din documentatia de atribuire.Autoritatea contractanta va tine cont si de documentele prin care se demonstreaza faptul ca operatorul economic poate beneficia de derogarile prevazute la art 166 alin.(1) si alin.(2), art. 167 alin.(2) și art.171 din Legea 98/2016 privind achizitiile publice.
used
false
sui-act
III.1.1.b) Capacitatea de exercitare a activitatii profesionale
Operatorii economici ce depun oferta trebuie sa dovedeasca forma de inregistrare si dupa caz, atestare ori apartenenta, din punct de vedere profesional in conformitatea cu cerintele legale din tara in care este stabilit operatorul economic, sa reiasa ca acestia sunt legal constituiti, ca nu se afla in niciuna din situatiile de anulare a constituirii precum si faptul ca au capacitatea profesionala de a realiza activitatile care fac obiectul contractului.
Ofertantii vor completa Partea IV din DUAE selectand DA sau NU,fiind activata optiunea”a”-Indicatia globala pentru toate criteriile de selectie,urmand ca documentele justificative( certificatul ONRC in cazul persoanelor romane sau document echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine) sa fie prezentate la solicitarea autoritatii contractante doar de ofertantul clasat pe primul loc dupa aplicarea criteriului de atribuire.
Din Certificatul Constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine)trebuie sa rezulte obiectul de activitate al operatorului economic. Obiectul contractului trebuie sa aiba corespondent in codul CAEN din certificatul constatator( sau documentul echivalent in cazul persoanelor straine). Informatiile din acest document trebuie sa fie reale/actuale la momentul prezentarii.
Documentele vor fi transmise prin intermediul SEAP si vor fi semnate cu semnatura electronica extinsa conform prevederilor legale. In cazul persoanelor juridice straine documentele vor fi insotite de traducere autorizata in limba romana
Ofertanții ai căror acționari sunt personae fizice sau persoane juridice înregistrate pe teritoriul României vor prezenta odata cu DUAE un extras ONRC ce va contine datele privind beneficiarii reali.
Ofertantul/ofertanții declarat /declarați câștigători care are/au în structura acționariatului entități juridice străine,la solicitarea autoritatii contractante,vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
Ofertanții străini, înregistrați în afara României,vor depune odata cu DUAE documente justificative, certificate sau alte înscrisuri eliberate de autoritatea responsabilă de datele beneficiarului real din țara ofertantului, însoțite de traducerea în limba română, certificata de traducători autorizați, în condițiile legii.
Ofertanții de tipul asociațiilor și fundațiilor,vor depune odata cu DUAE un extras de la Ministerul Justiției (Registrul Național ONG) privind beneficiarii reali ai asociației/fundației.In cazul în care asociația/fundația este o entitate străină sau are beneficiari reali persoane străine,ofertantii vor prezenta o declarație pe proprie răspundere dată de către reprezentantul legal/președinte, conform prevederilor art. 326 din Codul Penal privind falsul în declarații, ce va conține datele despre beneficiarii reali (cel puțin nume, prenume și data nașterii), în conformitate cu prevederile Legii nr. 129/2019.
used
false
ef-stand
n-used
tp-abil
n-used
not-allowed
eu-funds
not-requ
true
Documentatia de achizitie
non-restricted-document
https://e-licitatie.ro/pub/notices/c-notice/v2/view/100178632
true
Asociere conform art. 53. din Legea privind achizitiile publice nr 98/2016
prep-confl
Operatorul economic sau o Intreprindere care are legaturi cu acesta a oferit consultanta autoritatii contractante sau entitatii contractante sau a participat In orice alt mod la pregatirea procedurii de achizitii publice?
cred-arran
Operatorul economic este In concordat preventiv?
insolvency
Operatorul economic este In situatie de insolventa sau de lichidare?
misinterpr
Operatorul economic s-a aflat într-una dintre situațiile următoare: a) Nu s-a făcut grav vinovat de declarații false la furnizarea informațiilor necesare pentru verificarea absenței motivelor de excludere sau a îndeplinirii criteriilor de selecție, b) a ascuns astfel de informații, c) nu a fost în măsură să furnizeze, fără întârziere, documentele justificative solicitate de autoritatea contractantă sau de entitatea contractantă, și d) a încercat să influențeze în mod nepermis procesul decizional al autorității contractante sau entității contractante, să obțină informații confidențiale care i-ar putea conferi avantaje necuvenite în cadrul procedurii de achiziții publice sau că a furnizat din neglijență informații false care pot avea o influență semnificativă asupra deciziilor privind excluderea, selecția și atribuirea?
labour-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei muncii? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
susp-act
Activitatile economice ale operatorului economic sunt suspendate?
partic-confl
Operatorul economic are cunostinta de vreun conflict de interese, astfel cum se precizeaza In legislatia nationala, anuntul relevant sau documentele achizitiei, care decurge din participarea sa la procedura de achizitii publice?Persoanele cu funcție de decizie, din cadrul autoritatii contractante sunt:
Primar - Marcel-Laurențiu Romanescu,
Viceprimar - Ion-Bogdan Bejinaru, Gabriel-Constantin Coica,
Administrator public - Grigore Jianu,
Secretar General - Natalia Popescu,
Directori executivi: Emilia Nicoleta Krupenschi ,Constantin Răduțoiu,Narcisa-Virginia Cristea, Elina-Manuela Galbenu, Maria-Camelia Grecu, Marius-Valentin Ionescu, Raul Chiriac, Mihai Mincă, Diana Vasilica Fometescu, , Laurențiu Dan, Alina Diana Alice Trusca, Rotaru Marian
Director Executiv adjunct: Ion - Florin Băluță, Ionuț Jilăveanu, Florentina Elena Popescu, Constantin Razvan Armand, Cîrstea Ștefania Adriana,
Șef Serviciu - Luminița-Iuliana Ciuncanu,Gheorghe Sulea, Alina-Elena Pițu, Gheorghe Bogdan Miloșescu, Constantina Irina Sandu, Mădălina Petria, Cornelia Gămulescu, Maria Stan, Maria Cîrțînă, Corina Șuță, Costinel Alexandru Grindeanu, Carmen-Cornelia Popescu, Viorel Popescu, Adrian Surupăceanu, George-Petrișor Paliu-Murgan, Florin Daniel Munteanu, Cristian Popa, , Maria Stamate, Lilica Zamfir, Anca Nicoleta Petreus, Pruna Alina Elena, Gabriel Dorin Tudor, Gruescu Ana Maria, Dumitru Netedu,
Șef Complex - Camelia Elena Rusta
socsec-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei sociale? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
bankruptcy
Operatorul economic este In stare de faliment?
bankr-nat
Operatorul economic se afla Intr-o situatie similara, cum ar fi falimentul, care rezulta dintr-o procedura similara din legislatiile sau reglementarile nationale?
prof-misconduct
Operatorul economic se face vinovat de o abatere profesionala grava? Daca este cazul, a se vedea definitiile din legislatia nationala, din anuntul relevant sau din documentele achizitiei
liq-admin
Activele operatorului economic sunt administrate de un lichidator sau de o instanta?
sanction
Operatorul economic s-a aflat Intr-o situatie In care un contract de achizitii publice anterior, un contract anterior Incheiat cu o entitate contractanta sau un contract de concesiune anterior a fost reziliat anticipat sau au fost impuse daune-interese sau alte sanctiuni comparabile In legatura cu respectivul contract anterior?
envir-law
In masura cunostintelor sale, operatorul economic si-a Incalcat obligatiile In domeniul legislatiei mediului? Astfel cum sunt mentionate In scopul acestei achizitii publice In legislatia nationala, In anuntul relevant sau In documentele achizitiei ori la articolul 18 alineatul (2) din Directiva 2014/24/UE.
none
no
not-allowed
required
per-exa
90
price
Pretul ofertei
Punctajul se acorda astfel: a) Pentru cel mai scazut dintre preturi se acorda punctajul maxim alocat; b) Pentru celelalte preturi ofertate punctajul P(n) se calculeaza proportional, astfel: P(n) = (Pret minim ofertat / Pret n) x punctaj maxim alocat.
per-exa
10
quality
Termen de livrare
Algoritm de calcul:
Conform caietului de sarcini, perioada maxima de livrare a produselor este de 90 de zile de la data semnarii contractului.
Punctajul se acordă astfel:
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 60-69 zile - se acordă 10 puncte;
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 70-79 zile - se acordă 5 puncte.
pentru oferta admisibilă care acordă termen de livrare 80-89 zile - se acordă 2puncte.
Mențiuni:
Ofertele care acordă termen de livrare sub intervalul de 60 zile nu vor fi punctate în plus, vor primi punctajul maxim de 10 puncte.
Ofertele care indeplinesc cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini nu vor primi punctaj, iar ofertele care nu respecta cerintele minime ale caietului de sarcini vor fi declarate neconforme.
ORG-0004
https://www.e-licitatie.ro
ORG-0004
ORG-0004
5
Orice persoana care se considera ca a fost vatamata de o eroare sau de o neregula printr-un act al A C,care incalca legile privind achizitiile publice,poate depune o plangere in termen de 10 zile incepand cu ziua urmatoare luarii la cunostiinta despre actul AC considerat nelegal:-fie pe cale administrativ-jurisdictionala la CNSC;fie pe cale juridica la instanta de judecata.Indiferent de procedura aleasa, contestatia va fi transmisa in acelasi timp si autoritatii contractante(AC).
ORG-0002
RON
false
false
required
false
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
2024-05-27+03:00
15:00:00.0000000+03:00
comisia de evaluare
In SEAP
false
none
none
3
Cabinet de Consiliere Psihopedagogica
Mobilier didactic pentru „Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”” in cadrul proiectului „ Cresterea calitatii infrastructurii de invatamant prin dotarea cu echipamente digitale, mobilier si materiale didactice a unitatilor de invatamant din municipiul Targu Jiu „
Dulap securizat din lemn 1
Etajera 1
Masă individuală (dreptunghiulară) 1
Scaun 4
Cuier birou 1
Panouri de plută pentru afișaj 2
Birou cu ușă securizată 1
Scaun ergonomic birou 1
Fotoliu cu suprafața ușor de igienizat 2
Fotoliu minge / gonflabil piele eco umplut cu perle polistiren 1
Masă pentru imprimantă multifuncțională 1
Set 4 cutii de plastic pentru depozitare, cu capac de diferite dimensiuni 1
supplies
COD PROIECT F-PNNR-DOTARI-2023-5859.
39151000
Gradinita cu Program Prelungit „ Vis de Copil” Targu Jiu”
RO412
ROU
90
0.
2023060
Lieferung von OP-Abdeck-Sets (Los 1) und Zubehör-Sets (Los 2)
Lieferung von 28 verschiedenen OP-Abdeck-Sets (Los 1) und 23 unterschiedlichen Zubehör-Sets (Los 2) als steriles Einweg-Material. Die 3 günstigsten Bieter werden jeweils zur Abgabe unsteriler Testmuster aufgefordert, die nach unterschiedlichen Kriterien bewertet werden. In der Einführungsphase der sterilen Sets sind Änderungen möglich, bevor die Konfektionierung der freigegebenen Produkte beginnt. Die Laufzeit des Vertrages ist für 24 Monate vorgesehen und eine zweimalige optionale Verlängerung durch den Auftraggeber um jeweils ein Jahr.
supplies
1500000.00
33140000
Frankfurt am Main
60596
DE712
DEU
LOT-0001
sui-act
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
ef-stand
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
tp-abil
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
allowed
c0eb6d69-da91-4146-ad03-65307a88987c
non-restricted-document
DEU
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/deeplink/subproject/c0eb6d69-da91-4146-ad03-65307a88987c
late-all
Gemäß § 56 Abs. 2 VgV, § 51 Abs. 2 SektVO, § 16a Abs. 1 VOB/A-EU. Mögliche Hinweise des Auftraggebers in den Vergabeunterlagen sind zu beachten.
no
required
not-allowed
false
per-exa
50
price
Preis
per-exa
50
quality
Leistungsbewertung gemäß Kriterienkatalog
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/awardcriteria
ORG-0003
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/deeplink/subproject/c0eb6d69-da91-4146-ad03-65307a88987c
66
Ein Nachprüfungsantrag ist gemäß § 160 Abs. 3 des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB)
unzulässig, soweit: 1) Der Antragsteller den geltend gemachten Verstoß gegen Vergabevorschriften vor Einreichen des Nachprüfungsantrags erkannt und gegenüber dem Auftraggeber nicht innerhalb einer Frist von 10 Kalendertagen gerügt hat; der Ablauf der Frist nach § 134 Absatz 2 GWB bleibt unberührt; 2) Verstöße gegen Vergabevorschriften, die aufgrund der Bekanntmachung erkennbar sind, nicht spätestens bis zum Ablauf der in der Bekanntmachung benannten Frist zur Bewerbung oder zur Angebotsabgabe gegenüber dem Auftraggeber gerügt werden; 3) Verstöße gegen Vergabevorschriften, die erst in den Vergabeunterlagen erkennbar sind, nicht spätestens bis zum Ablauf der Frist zur Bewerbung oder zur
Angebotsabgabe gegenüber dem Auftraggeber gerügt werden, 4) mehr als 15 Kalendertage nach Eingang der Mitteilung des Auftraggebers, einer Rüge nicht abhelfen zu wollen, vergangen sind. Satz 1 gilt nicht bei einem Antrag auf Feststellung der Unwirksamkeit des Vertrags nach § 135 Absatz 1 Nummer 2.
ORG-0002
DEU
true
true
required
true
2024-04-09+02:00
13:00:00+02:00
2024-04-02+02:00
12:00:00+02:00
false
fa-wo-rc
none
d161a8ab-7f80-477a-a171-b011bc227ab4
OP-Abdeck-Sets
Lieferung von sterilen Einmal-Operations-Abdecksets für Patienten-, Mobiliar und Sonstiges.
supplies
false
none
33140000
2024-07-01+02:00
2026-06-30+02:00
LOT-0002
sui-act
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
ef-stand
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
tp-abil
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/subproject/1db2ff71-4467-400a-b209-063c0d14c07d/suitabilitycriteria
used
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
allowed
c0eb6d69-da91-4146-ad03-65307a88987c
non-restricted-document
DEU
https://bieterzugang.deutsche-evergabe.de/evergabe.bieter/api/external/deeplink/subproject/c0eb6d69-da91-4146-ad03-65307a88987c
late-all
Gemäß § 56 Abs. 2 VgV, § 51 Abs. 2 SektVO, § 16a Abs. 1 VOB/A-EU. Mögliche Hinweise des Auftraggebers in den Vergabeunterlagen sind zu beachten.
| 0.113156
| -0.566759
| 867
| 3,527
| 41
| 41
|
Public Works Contracts
| false
|
99,836
|
49958_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Castelnuovo Bormida es un communa que se trova in le provincia de Alessandria, in le region del Pedemonte, in Italia. Illo ha un population de habitantes.
Communas del provincia de Alessandria.
| 0.334706
| -0.29362
| 1,450
| 5,845
| 222
| 222
|
People Profiles
| false
|
99,837
|
github_open_source_100_2_8295
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<?php
/**
* Created by PhpStorm.
* User: TALHA
* Date: 9/30/2019
* Time: 3:31 PM
*/
declare(strict_types=1);
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;
use \library_system\types\NonEmptyString;
class NonEmptyStringTest extends TestCase
{
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
}
public function test_should_not_accept_empty_string()
{
$string = "";
$this->expectExceptionCode(001);
$this->expectExceptionMessage("Text should not be empty!");
new NonEmptyString($string);
}
public function test_should_accept_non_empty_string()
{
$string = "store";
$name = new NonEmptyString($string);
$this->assertInstanceOf('NonEmptyString', $name);
$this->assertEquals('NonEmptyString', get_class($name));
$this->assertEquals('store', $string, 'Both must get the same value');
}
public function tearDown(): void
{
}
}
| 0.57761
| 0.68558
| 3,442
| 13,796
| 270
| 270
|
Testing Item Definitions
| false
|
99,838
|
bpt6k28058901_3
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Situé dans le Bassigny (Hte-Marne) proche route nationale, communications et approvisionnements faciles. Placement très avantageux. Écrire « CENTRAL » Agence, rue Thiers, 110, Troyes (Aube). À VENDRE FLOTTE CHALLENGER excellent état S’adresser M. GOLAY, Établissements Brelet, 143, Faubourg Croncels Troyes. COMMUNE DE DOLANCOURT ADJUDICATION Le Dimanche 3 Avril 1938, en la salle de la Mairie ; à 14 heures, location de la chasse dans les bois communaux. À 14 h. 30 location du gravier communal. À 15 heures, vente sur soumissions cachetées de 44 beaux peupliers. Pour tous renseignements, s’adresser à la Mairie. Mairie de Villeneuve-au-Chemin. La location du droit de chasse dans les bois communaux aura lieu à la mairie, le 3 Avril prochain, à 14 heures. Le Maire : Henri Clérin. Écorce de Chêne. Les Établissements P. CRONIER QUERELLE, matières tanniques à Sens, tél. 2.33. Sont acheteurs de toutes quantités. Préciser qualité et prix. Rétractation M. Albert KAMMERRER, à Dosches, regrette d’avoir traité M. René Laurent de ladite commune, de repris de Justice et rétracte ces paroles comme mensongères. Étude de M. René SIMON, docteur en droit, avoué à Troyes, 14 rue des Quatre-Vingts (successeur de M. TURMINE). DIVORCE ASSISTANCE JUDICIAIRE (Décision du 25 Juillet 1936) D’un Jugement rendu par le Tribunal Civil de Troyes, le 1er janvier 1938, enregistré contradictoirement entre M. Marcel SOHNEBELEN, mécanicien, demeurant à TROYES, 8 rue Pasteur. Ayant M. René SIMON pour avoué. IX Mme Lucie JEANNY, épouse de M. Marcel SOHNEBELEN, avec lequel elle est domiciliée de droit mais résidant de fait séparément d’avec lui à TROYES, 32 rue Voltaire. Il appert : Que le divorce d’entre les époux SOHNEBELEN-JEANNY a été prononcé à la requête et au profit du mari. Pour extrait certifié conforme par l’avoué soussigné, à TROYES, le 24 mars 1938. Signé : R. SIMON. OCCASION VOITURE 125 km. à l’heure, freins Westinghouse, bon état mécanique, bas prix. RENAULT 8 CV. I., 4 places, bon état mécanique 2.000 francs 36, rue Voltaire, Troyes. ON DEMANDE À ACHETER MAISON BOURGEOISE à Sainte-Savine de 5 pièces et cuisine, jardin, garage et dépendances. Confort moderne. Écrire au journal ; M. L. 24. À LOUER Beau Vergers sur rue, avec CABANE à Fouchy, superficie 2.400 m., 250 arbres en parfait état, entièrement clôturés. S'adresser à M. SCHWED, notaire à Troyes, 19, rue de la Cité. Étude de M. BOUCHOT Notaire à Andelot (Hte-Marne) très bon. Matériel de Culture À VENDRE AUX ENCHERES PUBLIQUES le Dimanche 27 Mai 1938, à 13 h. 30 à Rimaucourt dans la cour du Château à la requête de M. Ulmo Pour la désignation consulter les affiches et s’adresser à M' BOUCHOT, Notaire. MATERIAUX DE DEMOLITION À VENDRE Portes, fenêtres, placards, solives, chevrons, planches, briques, tuiles plates et mécaniques, cheminées marbre, bols de charpentes, etc... Hangar 12 m. x 6 ; grange 12 m. x 12 et charpente de 12 m. x 15. S’ad. M. BARRIER. 8 bis, r. Jules Salleron, prendre r. des Marots, première rue à droite avant b. Blanque (à Troyes). BOURSE DE PARIS DU 23 MARS 1938 VALEURS Cours du Jour VALEURS Cours précédent du Jour VALEURS Cours précédent Compte du change Crédit National 1912 Crédit National 1920, Bons 6 % Juillet 1923 Bons 6 % Janvier 1933 Bons 6 % Juin 1923 Oblig. 6 % Janvier 1924 Oblig. 5 % 1934 Oblig. 5 % 1935 Afrique Equatoriale 4 % 1931 Afrique Occidentale 4 % 1931 Maroc 4 % 1931 Banque de France Crédit Foncier Crédit Lyonnais Société Générale Comptoir d’escompte B. N. C. Banque d’Algérie Suez action capital Suez part civile Est P. L. M. Midi Nord Orléans Métropolitain Royaume-Dutch Penaroya Kall Sti-Thérèse Lyonnaise des Eaux Parisienne de district. Energie du Littoral Thomson Kuhlmann Pechstein Saint-Gobain Air Liquide Courtières Lena Rio Tinto Citroën Say 690 771 700 930 997 980 943 924 109 78 462 450 503 468 482 490 877 861 589 589 571 575 2164 1370674 712 563 4490 22.360 0175 595 833 594 760 748 860 61 200 286 1052 1149 572 467 108 590 1965 1892 1127 205 50 239 2439 410 557 VILLE DE PARIS 3 % 1912 6 % 1938 4 1/3 % 1926 4 % 1930 4 % 1934 à lots 2 % 1611 229 645 614 687 687 572 .. 566 ..67 30757 689 772 697 930 996 988 944 927 110 461 450 105 470 480 437 872 819 590 589 571 680 2138 1340 674 730 562 4460 21.905 0140599 833 590 755 753 840 59.550 280 1035 1159554 466 105 589 1943 1874 1117 204 952 2370 404 545233 646 614 684 578 6646 1/2 % 1934 764 .769 5 % 1934 640 ..643 5 % 1925 737 ..730 CREDIT FONCIER Commun. 1879 2.60 % 620 .635 Foncières 1879 3 % .593 ..581 Communales. 1880 3 % 640 ..621 Foncières 1883 3 % ..207 50209 Foncières 1885 2.60 % 246 .245 Communales 1891 3 % 232 ..233 Commun. 1892 2.60 % 282 .282 Foncières 1895 2.80 % 271 .270 Commun. 1899 2,60 % 240 .240 Foncières 1903 3 % ..255 .253 Foncières 1909 3 % ..130 .130 Communales 1912 3 % 18 ..18 Foncières 1913 3 1/2 % 265 ..261 Foncières 1913 4 % ..492 .452 Fonc. et Commun. 26 7 % 524 ..522 Communales 1927 7 % 460 .460 Fonc. et Mar 29 5 % 728 .725 Communales 1930 4 % 581 ..584 Foncières 1930 4 1/2 % 581 581 Communales 1931 4 % 610 ..610 Corn 31-32 4 % à lots 59 ..>3 Com. 32 4 1/2 % à lots 62 "> ..623 Emprunt 5 % 1933 ..651 ..654 Emprunt 5 1/2 % 1934 819 .822 VILLE DE TROYES CHEMINS DE FER EST 3 % ancien 311300 4 % 1921 468 ..470 8 % 1921 525 523 6 % 370 .372 P. L M. 3 % ancien ..279 ..278 4 % 301301 5 % 1921 ....535 ..528 6 % 380389 NORD 3 % ancien ..335 ..336 4 % 1921 466 ..464 5 % 1921 539 .534 6 % MIDI 3 % ancien ....280 ..282 4 % 1921 ....465 ..467 5 % 1921 ....540 .536 6 % 340 ..339 ORLEANS 3 % ancien 313 .313 4 % 1921 ..474 .474 5 % 1919 ..328 .326 6 % 1921 .526 ..525 6 % 364 .364 ETAT 3 % 1921 218 ..213 4 % 1921 169 .466 5 % 1921 536 ..530 Le CHANGES Livre Sterling 25 f. 20163 68162 Dollar dt 5 f. 16 33 2032100 Belges valent ....556 00551100 fr Suisses valent. 756 50 10 00 Pesetas 1 1. al.. 1 00 Lires a 1 f. valent 1 73 80172 Allemagne ..11.328 1.2.0 La Tribune de l'Aube et de l'Haut, semaine. C’EST UNE SPECIALITE LEVER tres voyant que sa robe était blanche.... jusqu'au jour où l’Oncle Pierre séchait les larmes d’Yvette avec un mouchoir lavé au Persil Malgré toute votre expérience du lavage vous pouvez, vous aussi, vous tromper et vous imaginer, à tort, que votre linge est parfaitement blanc. Mais, comparez-le à du linge lavé avec Persil : vous serez stupéfaite de la différence. La blancheur éclatante que donne Persil fait paraître absolument gris le linge lavé selon les autres méthodes ; et c’est facile à comprendre. La solution Persil activée par l’oxygène pénètre, en effet, à l’intérieur même du tissu et en expulse toutes les impuretés cachées, ce qu’un lavage ordinaire est incapable de faire. Le linge étant ainsi rigoureusement propre, devient, nécessairement, parfaitement blanc. Pour votre prochaine lessive employez donc Persil, et vous abandonnerez, définitivement, les méthodes ordinaires de lavage. Écoutez chaque Dimanche LE KIOSQUE A MUSIQUE PERSIL à 21 h. ; Radio Toulouse à 20 h. ; Radio Méditerranée à 20 h. ; Ile de France à 20 h. ; Bordeaux S.O. Agen; Étude de M. Etienne FAUPIN Avoué à Reims (Marne) 57, rue Libergier VENTE SUR LICITATION D’UNE GRANDE PROPRIÉTÉ à usage Industriel sise à Pont-Faverger (Marne) comprenant : Usine à usage de bonneterie, chute d’eau, Maisons ouvrières, Pavillons, Cité-Jardin, Raccordement à la Compagnie des Chemins de fer de l’Est, etc... Mise à prix 800.000 frs L’adjudication aura lieu le Mardi 5 Avril 1938, à 13 h. 30 à l’audience des criées du Tribunal Civil de Reims, au Palais de Justice de ladite ville. N. B. — Ministère d’avoué obligatoire pour porter enchères. S’adresser pour les renseignements à 1° M. Etienne FAUPIN, avoué poursuivant demeurant à Reims, 57, rue Libergier — 2° M. THIENOT, notaire à Reims, 8, rue Hincmar — 3° Étude de Feu M. LACROIX, notaire à Reims, 39. rue de Châlons — 4° Au greffe du Tribunal Civil de Reims où est déposé le cahier des charges. Et pour visiter à M. FAUPIN, avoué susnommé qui délivrera les permis de visiter. DES PIECES DE TENTE Le Samedi 26 Mars 1938, à 14 heures à Troyes, rue Voltaire, 38 Par M. Maurice MARLIAT VENTE MOBILIÈRE Belle Salle à manger Henri II, noyer (buffet, panetière, table, glace et 8 chaises) ; autres salles à manger ; chambres à coucher ; buffets vitrés ; armoires à glace ; grande bibliothèque noyer (haut, 3 mètres, large 2,50) ; Armoire ancienne, chêne ; commodes ; bureau acajou ; secrétaire ; beau porte manteaux chêne sculpté ; buffet étagère acajou ; lits bols et fer ; carillon ; pianos ; machines à coudre, Singer ; bonne literie ; fauteuils ; chaises ; tableaux ; carpettes ; cireuse électrique ; tondeuse à gazon, etc.... Auto RENAULT Conduite Intérieure, 8 C.V., visible le matin de la vente sera mise en vente à 14 heures précises. AUTO-VENTE 7 bis, rue Ch.-Gros, Troyes, tél. 43-86 20 VOITURES, prêtes à prendre la route ; gond. int. Citroën, Peugeot, depuis 3.800 fr. ; camionnette de 300 à 1.500 kg. ravissées garanties. Quelques motos 2 CV. depuis 200 fr. bon état — Ou, vert tous les jours jusqu'à 7 heures. Étude de M. Jean SCHWED, notaire à Troyes — 19, rue de la Cité. Jeudi 24 Mars 1938 Ne traînez pas un rhume Vous pouvez faire disparaître rapidement un rhume, même rebelle, avec le goudron de Norvège extrait des pins. En vous guérissant vous fortifiez vos bronches et vous êtes en état de lutter avec succès contre les microbes et leurs ravages. Le Goudron Guyot est le spécifique des voies respiratoires. C'est le remède par excellence des rhumes, toux, bronchites, catarrhes, maladies de la gorge et des poumons, affections chroniques ou récentes. Exigez le véritable Goudron Guyot avec son enveloppe jaune et son étiquette en trois couleurs. Maison FRÈRE, 19, rue Jacob, PARIS. PROPRÉTÉS, à Vendre à l’Amiable : Région Aix-en-Provence (Aube) Près village, près forêt, Maison, étage, 7 p., cave, jardin, boutique. Eau potable, 19.000 fr. Près bourg superbe Propriété bourgeoise, 9 p. spacieuses, caves, paratonnerre, parc 5.000 m., clos de bons murs. Garage, verger. Le tout en parfait état. 90.000 fr. Sens à 3 km., rivière à 100 m. Maison 5 p., eau, 5.500 m. 35.000 fr. Région de Laignes (Côte-d’Or) Maison, étage, 10 p., vestibule, cave, cour, garage, jardin. 35.000 fr. « MAISON DU RETRAITE », place Dilo, à SAINT-FLORENTIN (Yonne) Région Sormoyer (Yonne) Face à la forêt, Propriété parfait état, 2 p., entrée, garage, cave, bel état. Beau site. 14.000 fr. Propriété 2 p., 3e à aménager. Eau, jardin, arbres fruitiers. Dans village. 11.000 fr. Région Vulaines-sur-Vanne Sur hauteur dominant vallée, Maison, 3 p., cave, garage, terrain 1 ha. arbres fruitiers, 18.000 fr. Gare et rivière à 50 mètres, dans village route Sens à Troyes, Propriété b. état 5 p., s. de bains, fard. 1.900 m. et 1 ha, 48.000 fr. «»îtSdit TANTE ANNIEnBaume Tue-Nerf IMrtga,EB MAUX de DENTSradicale de 4. Seul produit efficace. 13 50 €* pharmacie*, franco c. 13 50 adresser à P. GIRAUD. Ph. Lr Datai. LON OLIVA VENDRE À L’AMIABLE MAISON à 20 kilomètres de Compiègne ligne autocars Paris-Compiègne 4 pièces, cave, grenier, remise, grange cour et jardin, bon état, libre à la vente. S’adresser à M* SCHWED, notaire à Troyes, 19, rue de la Cité. Et René PERNOT et LEJAY LAGOUTE réunis demandent pour Varie de Nogent-sur-Seine, répertes, bien introduits, Cafés, Bars, Restaurants: Écrire avec rf. à A. GONINET, agent général, 89, rue E.-Zola, à Troyes. Au printemps, la nature refleurit. Au printemps, notre sang subit aussi des transferts analogues à celles des plantes ces êtres vivants. À vous de savoir si vous voulez être une plante fragile ou une plante robuste trouvant à chaque saison une nouvelle floraison. Écoutez mon conseil : Au printemps faites une cure de JOUVENCE DE L’ABBÉ SOURY, vous éviterez les "mille maux" de cette saison si dangereuse pour les femmes. Tous les troubles printaniers : vertiges, faiblesse, maux de tête, irrégularités, éruptions, idées noires, etc. viennent du sang. Soignez votre sang pour conserver santé, jeunesse et beauté. Sy à toutes les saisons de l’année comme à tous les âges de la vie, le flocon (liquide ou pilule) à toutes Pharmacies. Exigez bien, dans l’intérêt de votre santé, le portrait de L’ABBÉ SOURY et, en rouge, la signature Mgr. DUMONTIER. JOUVANCE DE L’ABBÉ SOURY AUCUN AUTRE PRODUIT NE PEUT LA REMPLACER VENDRE Bon Tri-Porteur tôle bon état S’adresser 28, rue Thiers, St-André les-Vergers (Aube). POUR ACHAT RECHERCHE ON propriétés Agrément ou Rapport Agence Lagrange 34, rue Pasquier, PARIS 8e. Fondée en 1876, à vendre à l'amiable, grande propriété superficie 710 m2 dont 470 couverts par de vastes magasins, avec quai de débarquement, située 10, rue Aux Moines, Troyes. Pour traiter et visiter, s'adresser à M. SURNOM, 11, rue Voltaire, à Sainte-Savinien. Très belle affaire de bonneterie comportant : usine neuve et matériel cotton tout récent en excellent état à reprendre. Modalités avantageuses à étudier. S'adresser à l'étude de M. SCHWED, notaire à Troyes, 19, rue de la Cité. Impuissance, faiblesse, frigidité, suite d'erreurs de jeunesse, enfin guéris par l'Homéopathie, la merveilleuse nouvelle médication. Sur simple demande vous recevrez GRATIS « Comment guérir », un livre bourré de renseignements précieux sur l'Homéopathie et sur les nombreuses guérisons obtenues par elle de maladies même chroniques ou considérées comme inguérissables jusqu'ici. Laboratoire des produits homéopathiques du Docteur Madaus, 131, rue Léon-Simon, Metz (Moselle). À vendre par adjudication en 3 lots le lundi 28 mars 1938, à 16 heures à Troyes, 19, rue de la Cité, en l'étude de M. SCHWED, notaire 1° — Fonds de commerce comprenant uniquement la clientèle (pas de bail) mise à prix : 100 francs 2° — Marque de fabrique « Le Rêve ». mise à prix : 500 francs 3° — Marchandises pour la fabrication du porte-copie « Le Rêve ». mise à prix : 50 francs. Le tout dépendant de la liquidation de la Société « Le Bureau Moderne ». S'adresser pour tous renseignements à M. ISTEBOT, liquidateur, rue Jaillant-Deschainets, 31 et à M. SCHWED notaire à Troyes, 19, rue de la Cité. Études de M. Maurice MARTIN, notaire à Troyes, 4 rue du Palais-de-Justice, et de M. Maurice MARLIAT, commissaire-priseur, 38 rue Voltaire à Troyes. Adjudication le jeudi 31 mars 1938 à 14 heures à Troyes en l'étude de M. MARTIN, notaire d'un fonds de commerce de café-restaurant exploité à Troyes, rue Ambroise-Cottet, n° 18, dénommé « Le Coq Hardi », dépendant de la faillite du sieur Daniel FRY. Mise à prix : 13.000 francs. Pour tous renseignements s'adresser : à M. COUCHE, syndic de faillite, 24 bis Boulevard Victor-Hugo, à Troyes, à M. MARLIAT, commissaire-priseur, 38 rue Voltaire à Troyes, et à M. MARTIN, notaire, rédacteur du cahier des charges. 4 CHOCOLAT "CREANCIERS ET DÉBITEURS" Sous ce titre, la Concorde Commerciale, Association (sans but lucratif, loi du 1er juillet 1901) pour favoriser le règlement équitable des dettes commerciales, publie une Revue mensuelle que tous les commerçants liront avec intérêt. Elle l’adresse gratuitement à ses adhérents, répond gratuitement à leurs questions au sujet de règlements amiables ou de procédure de paiements, enfin vérifie gratuitement en vue de la restitution des frais de justice non conformes aux tarifs légaux les dossiers de poursuites communiqués par ses adhérents demandeurs ou défendeurs. Pour renseignements complémentaires et envoi des statuts, s’adresser au siège 106, rue Cadet, Paris (17e) ou écrire en veulement joindre timbres pour réponse. Le Bon Poste Français + Agent Officiel Jean MALHERBE, 23, Rue Cold Dart, TROYES (Aube) Téléph 36 20. TENTE. DÉPANNAGE. TOUTES INSTRUMENTS. C’est que c’était vraiment une voix splendide que celle d’Elise, une de ces voix dont les gens les plus ignorants en musique sentent le charme et la puissance — bref, une de ces voix qui s’imposent d’emblave par leur ampleur et leur beauté, comme s’imposa, la première fois qu’on l’entendit vibrer, le merveilleux organe de celle qui créa le rôle de Charlotte à l'Opéra-Comique : l’Admirable cantatrice Marie Delna. Aussi bien, le spectacle qui suivit présenta-t-il cette physionomie extraordinairement animée : qui est la caractéristique des spectacles où le public a conscience d'assister à la révélation d’un talent exceptionnel. Dans le grand hall illuminé richement, où il fut rejoint par Serge, dont un flot de spectateurs enthousiastes l’avait un instant séparé, le Comte Stefan ne cacha pas son admiration pour l’interprète du rôle de Charlotte. — Elle est tout simplement prodigieuse, cette artiste-là ! dit-il. Comment se fait-il qu’elle ne soit pas plus connue ? J’avais vu... J'avais vu... Non, je n’ai jamais lu ce nom sur aucune affiche, dans un journal. Mais, à la grande surprise du comte Stefan, le prince ne lui parut pas être de l’unisson de son « emballement » artistique. Serge s'était buvant distrait, loin, « absorbé dans une rêverie. Le comte remarqua aussi qu’il était écran-né par la discussion. Il répondit avec effort aux commentaires admiratifs de son compagnon par des banalités proférées du bout des lèvres, ce qui n’était pas dans sa manière. Ce fut au point que le comte Stefan demanda au prince s’il ne se sentait pas fatigué ou souffrant — auquel cas le ministre lui aurait offert, quel que fût son regret de renoncer au spectacle de l’accompagner à l’hôtel. Mais Serge déclina cette offre. — Non, cher ami, dit-il, je ne suis nullement fatigué... Je suis intrigué, ce n'est pas la même chose... Venez donc avec moi... Et le prince entraîna le premier ministre loin de la foule, jusque dans une région relativement peu fréquentée des jardins du Casino ; là, assuré que ses paroles ne pourraient être surprises par des oreilles indiscrètes, il dit :— N'avez-vous pas fait une observation particulière concernant cette cantatrice dont vous venez de me parler en termes si enthousiastes ?— Elle possède, Je vous l’ai dit, une voix prodigieusement belle...— Oui, cette voix est superbe, fit Serpe avec une nuance d’impatience. Mais il y a dans cette voix quelque chose qui m'a frappé plus que sa beauté... Et dans la physionomie de l’artiste, vous n’avez rien observé non plus de très spécial...— Je vous avoue, prince, que Je ne sais pas exactement le sens de votre question, déclara Stefancs, qui ne voyait vraiment pas à quoi tendaient les préludes de son interlocuteur. — Si rien de ce que je vous signale n’a attiré votre attention, c’est donc que vous auriez été dupe de vagues analogies accentuées par l’imagination... Le prince fit un geste qui trahissait une manière de découragement.— Pourtant, reprit-il, une intuition obscure, une intuition qui ne doit pas m’égarer, persiste en moi...— C’est à mon tour, prince, dit le comte Stefancs, d’être singulièrement intrigué, un peu inquiet même... Vous êtes tout pâle... Vous semblez éprouver une émotion que les circonstances n’excluront pas...— Oh ! s’écria le prince, si je ne m’étais pas tenu, ce serait un bienfait de la Providence... Écoutez, Stefanos... Dès que cette artiste inconnue qui chante le rôle de Charlotte, Mlle Javilie — comme l’appelle l’affiche — a paru en scène, j’ai éprouvé, prenante Jusqu’à l’angoisse, la sensation de la connaître. Et à peine eut-elle chanté ses premières répliques que ma sensation se précisa... Je suis confondu. Par Gabriel BERNARD en voyant que vous n’avez rien perçu de pareil... Stefanos, cette personne est une des jeunes filles Françaises. C’est celle que les compagnes nommaient Elise... Le comte Stefanos eut un léger sursaut.— Je reconnais, dit-il, que pas un seul instant, durant le premier acte, je n’ai pensé que Mlle Javilie put avoir un rapport quelconque avec une des jeunes filles en question. Mais, comme vous savez, prince, je n’en ai vraiment bien regardé que deux ; celles qui sont venues de votre part, alors que vous étiez immobilisé dans les bois de la Croix-du-Sud... Il n’y a donc rien d’étonnant à ce que les analogies qui se sont imposées à votre esprit n’aient pas frappé le mien... — Il y a donc beaucoup de chances, s’écria Serge, presque impatiemment, pour que je ne me soit pas trompé... Je veux d’ailleurs m’en assurer le plus rapidement possible... — Que comptez-vous faire ? — C’est bien simple... Au prochain entr’acte, je irai sur le théâtre et je ferai demander à Mlle Javillie de m’accorder quelques instants d'entretien... Le comte Stefanos hocha la tête en disant :— Tel n’est pas mon avis, prince... D’abord, il n’est pas certain que vous soyez reçu. Serge eut un haut-le-corps. — La question, reprit le ministre, ne se poserait pas pour le prince de Transalbanie... Mais il en va autrement pour le marquis de Saint-Laurier, que Mlle Javillie ne connaît pas plus qu’il ne la connaît lui-même... De deux choses l'une... Supposez qu'une ressemblance vous abuse... C'est possible, malgré tout... Vous ignorez tout de cette cantatrice... Elle, peut-être, ne peut n’être pas libre de recevoir un inconnu...— Evidemment... — Et, poursuivit le comte Stefanos, si cette personne est vraiment celle que vous croyez, n’est-il pas opportun à tous égards, de préparer avec quelque soin une rencontre qui, étant donné la résolution que vous avez prise, prince, peut avoir sur votre vie une grande influence ?...— Vous avez raison, cher ami... Votre conseil s’inspire de la sagesse même... Je dois mettre un frein à mon impatience de savoir... Dans ces conditions, comment, à votre sens, sied-t-il de procéder ? Le comte Stefanos réfléchit un instant, puis :— Le plus raisonnable serait, dit-il, de faire faire une enquête discrète sur cette jeune personne...— Encore cela, interrompit le prince, demandera du temps... Or, si je veux bien renoncer à tenter de la voir, ce soir, j’entends entrer en rapports avec elle dès demain...— Eh bien ! prince, je vous promets que demain, avant midi, j’aurai moi-même recueilli tous les renseignements utiles, de telle sorte que, même sous le nom de Saint-Laurier, le souverain de Transalbanie ne soit pas exposé à faire une démarche inconsidérée... Cette conversation dans les Jardins du Casino s’était prolongée au-delà de la fin de l'entr'acte. Les deux interlocuteurs s’aperçurent que le public était rentré dans la salle du théâtre et ils s’empressèrent de regagner leur loge.
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class Solution {
public:
vector<int> findDuplicates(vector<int>& arr) {
vector<int> ans;
for (const auto &ele : arr) {
if (arr[abs(ele) - 1] < 0) {
ans.push_back(abs(ele));
} else {
arr[abs(ele) - 1] *= -1;
}
}
return ans;
}
};
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Programming Examples
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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local hum = script.Parent.Humanoid while true do hum.Jump = true wait() end
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Game Development
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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"use strict";
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Object.defineProperty(o, k2, { enumerable: true, get: function() { return m[k]; } });
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if (k2 === undefined) k2 = k;
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var __setModuleDefault = (this && this.__setModuleDefault) || (Object.create ? (function(o, v) {
Object.defineProperty(o, "default", { enumerable: true, value: v });
}) : function(o, v) {
o["default"] = v;
});
var __importStar = (this && this.__importStar) || function (mod) {
if (mod && mod.__esModule) return mod;
var result = {};
if (mod != null) for (var k in mod) if (k !== "default" && Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(mod, k)) __createBinding(result, mod, k);
__setModuleDefault(result, mod);
return result;
};
var __importDefault = (this && this.__importDefault) || function (mod) {
return (mod && mod.__esModule) ? mod : { "default": mod };
};
Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true });
exports.getExtraOptions = exports.getCodeQLForTesting = exports.getCachedCodeQL = exports.setCodeQL = exports.getCodeQL = exports.convertToSemVer = exports.getCodeQLURLVersion = exports.setupCodeQL = exports.getCodeQLActionRepository = exports.CODEQL_VERSION_NEW_TRACING = exports.CODEQL_VERSION_ML_POWERED_QUERIES = exports.CODEQL_VERSION_COUNTS_LINES = exports.CommandInvocationError = void 0;
const fs = __importStar(require("fs"));
const path = __importStar(require("path"));
const toolrunner = __importStar(require("@actions/exec/lib/toolrunner"));
const fast_deep_equal_1 = __importDefault(require("fast-deep-equal"));
const query_string_1 = __importDefault(require("query-string"));
const semver = __importStar(require("semver"));
const actions_util_1 = require("./actions-util");
const api = __importStar(require("./api-client"));
const defaults = __importStar(require("./defaults.json")); // Referenced from codeql-action-sync-tool!
const error_matcher_1 = require("./error-matcher");
const languages_1 = require("./languages");
const toolcache = __importStar(require("./toolcache"));
const toolrunner_error_catcher_1 = require("./toolrunner-error-catcher");
const util = __importStar(require("./util"));
const util_1 = require("./util");
class CommandInvocationError extends Error {
constructor(cmd, args, exitCode, error) {
super(`Failure invoking ${cmd} with arguments ${args}.\n
Exit code ${exitCode} and error was:\n
${error}`);
}
}
exports.CommandInvocationError = CommandInvocationError;
/**
* Stores the CodeQL object, and is populated by `setupCodeQL` or `getCodeQL`.
* Can be overridden in tests using `setCodeQL`.
*/
let cachedCodeQL = undefined;
const CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION = defaults.bundleVersion;
const CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY = "github/codeql-action";
/**
* The oldest version of CodeQL that the Action will run with. This should be
* at least three minor versions behind the current version. The version flags
* below can be used to conditionally enable certain features on versions newer
* than this. Please record the reason we cannot support an older version.
*
* Reason: First version containing fix for the "We still have not reached
* idleness" deadlock.
*/
const CODEQL_MINIMUM_VERSION = "2.4.5";
/**
* Versions of CodeQL that version-flag certain functionality in the Action.
* For convenience, please keep these in descending order. Once a version
* flag is older than the oldest supported version above, it may be removed.
*/
const CODEQL_VERSION_RAM_FINALIZE = "2.5.8";
const CODEQL_VERSION_DIAGNOSTICS = "2.5.6";
const CODEQL_VERSION_METRICS = "2.5.5";
const CODEQL_VERSION_GROUP_RULES = "2.5.5";
const CODEQL_VERSION_SARIF_GROUP = "2.5.3";
exports.CODEQL_VERSION_COUNTS_LINES = "2.6.2";
const CODEQL_VERSION_CUSTOM_QUERY_HELP = "2.7.1";
exports.CODEQL_VERSION_ML_POWERED_QUERIES = "2.7.5";
/**
* This variable controls using the new style of tracing from the CodeQL
* CLI. In particular, with versions above this we will use both indirect
* tracing, and multi-language tracing together with database clusters.
*
* Note that there were bugs in both of these features that were fixed in
* release 2.7.0 of the CodeQL CLI, therefore this flag is only enabled for
* versions above that.
*/
exports.CODEQL_VERSION_NEW_TRACING = "2.7.0";
function getCodeQLBundleName() {
let platform;
if (process.platform === "win32") {
platform = "win64";
}
else if (process.platform === "linux") {
platform = "linux64";
}
else if (process.platform === "darwin") {
platform = "osx64";
}
else {
return "codeql-bundle.tar.gz";
}
return `codeql-bundle-${platform}.tar.gz`;
}
function getCodeQLActionRepository(logger) {
if (!util.isActions()) {
return CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY;
}
else {
return getActionsCodeQLActionRepository(logger);
}
}
exports.getCodeQLActionRepository = getCodeQLActionRepository;
function getActionsCodeQLActionRepository(logger) {
if (process.env["GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY"] !== undefined) {
return process.env["GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY"];
}
// The Actions Runner used with GitHub Enterprise Server 2.22 did not set the GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY variable.
// This fallback logic can be removed after the end-of-support for 2.22 on 2021-09-23.
if ((0, actions_util_1.isRunningLocalAction)()) {
// This handles the case where the Action does not come from an Action repository,
// e.g. our integration tests which use the Action code from the current checkout.
logger.info("The CodeQL Action is checked out locally. Using the default CodeQL Action repository.");
return CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY;
}
logger.info("GITHUB_ACTION_REPOSITORY environment variable was not set. Falling back to legacy method of finding the GitHub Action.");
const relativeScriptPathParts = (0, actions_util_1.getRelativeScriptPath)().split(path.sep);
return `${relativeScriptPathParts[0]}/${relativeScriptPathParts[1]}`;
}
async function getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(apiDetails, variant, logger) {
const codeQLActionRepository = getCodeQLActionRepository(logger);
const potentialDownloadSources = [
// This GitHub instance, and this Action.
[apiDetails.url, codeQLActionRepository],
// This GitHub instance, and the canonical Action.
[apiDetails.url, CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY],
// GitHub.com, and the canonical Action.
[util.GITHUB_DOTCOM_URL, CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY],
];
// We now filter out any duplicates.
// Duplicates will happen either because the GitHub instance is GitHub.com, or because the Action is not a fork.
const uniqueDownloadSources = potentialDownloadSources.filter((source, index, self) => {
return !self.slice(0, index).some((other) => (0, fast_deep_equal_1.default)(source, other));
});
const codeQLBundleName = getCodeQLBundleName();
if (variant === util.GitHubVariant.GHAE) {
try {
const release = await api
.getApiClient(apiDetails)
.request("GET /enterprise/code-scanning/codeql-bundle/find/{tag}", {
tag: CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION,
});
const assetID = release.data.assets[codeQLBundleName];
if (assetID !== undefined) {
const download = await api
.getApiClient(apiDetails)
.request("GET /enterprise/code-scanning/codeql-bundle/download/{asset_id}", { asset_id: assetID });
const downloadURL = download.data.url;
logger.info(`Found CodeQL bundle at GitHub AE endpoint with URL ${downloadURL}.`);
return downloadURL;
}
else {
logger.info(`Attempted to fetch bundle from GitHub AE endpoint but the bundle ${codeQLBundleName} was not found in the assets ${JSON.stringify(release.data.assets)}.`);
}
}
catch (e) {
logger.info(`Attempted to fetch bundle from GitHub AE endpoint but got error ${e}.`);
}
}
for (const downloadSource of uniqueDownloadSources) {
const [apiURL, repository] = downloadSource;
// If we've reached the final case, short-circuit the API check since we know the bundle exists and is public.
if (apiURL === util.GITHUB_DOTCOM_URL &&
repository === CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY) {
break;
}
const [repositoryOwner, repositoryName] = repository.split("/");
try {
const release = await api.getApiClient(apiDetails).repos.getReleaseByTag({
owner: repositoryOwner,
repo: repositoryName,
tag: CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION,
});
for (const asset of release.data.assets) {
if (asset.name === codeQLBundleName) {
logger.info(`Found CodeQL bundle in ${downloadSource[1]} on ${downloadSource[0]} with URL ${asset.url}.`);
return asset.url;
}
}
}
catch (e) {
logger.info(`Looked for CodeQL bundle in ${downloadSource[1]} on ${downloadSource[0]} but got error ${e}.`);
}
}
return `https://github.com/${CODEQL_DEFAULT_ACTION_REPOSITORY}/releases/download/${CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION}/${codeQLBundleName}`;
}
/**
* Set up CodeQL CLI access.
*
* @param codeqlURL
* @param apiDetails
* @param tempDir
* @param toolCacheDir
* @param variant
* @param logger
* @param checkVersion Whether to check that CodeQL CLI meets the minimum
* version requirement. Must be set to true outside tests.
* @returns
*/
async function setupCodeQL(codeqlURL, apiDetails, tempDir, toolCacheDir, variant, logger, checkVersion) {
try {
// We use the special value of 'latest' to prioritize the version in the
// defaults over any pinned cached version.
const forceLatest = codeqlURL === "latest";
if (forceLatest) {
codeqlURL = undefined;
}
let codeqlFolder;
let codeqlURLVersion;
if (codeqlURL && !codeqlURL.startsWith("http")) {
codeqlFolder = await toolcache.extractTar(codeqlURL, tempDir, logger);
codeqlURLVersion = "local";
}
else {
codeqlURLVersion = getCodeQLURLVersion(codeqlURL || `/${CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION}/`);
const codeqlURLSemVer = convertToSemVer(codeqlURLVersion, logger);
// If we find the specified version, we always use that.
codeqlFolder = toolcache.find("CodeQL", codeqlURLSemVer, toolCacheDir, logger);
// If we don't find the requested version, in some cases we may allow a
// different version to save download time if the version hasn't been
// specified explicitly (in which case we always honor it).
if (!codeqlFolder && !codeqlURL && !forceLatest) {
const codeqlVersions = toolcache.findAllVersions("CodeQL", toolCacheDir, logger);
if (codeqlVersions.length === 1 && (0, util_1.isGoodVersion)(codeqlVersions[0])) {
const tmpCodeqlFolder = toolcache.find("CodeQL", codeqlVersions[0], toolCacheDir, logger);
if (fs.existsSync(path.join(tmpCodeqlFolder, "pinned-version"))) {
logger.debug(`CodeQL in cache overriding the default ${CODEQL_BUNDLE_VERSION}`);
codeqlFolder = tmpCodeqlFolder;
}
}
}
if (codeqlFolder) {
logger.debug(`CodeQL found in cache ${codeqlFolder}`);
}
else {
if (!codeqlURL) {
codeqlURL = await getCodeQLBundleDownloadURL(apiDetails, variant, logger);
}
const parsedCodeQLURL = new URL(codeqlURL);
const parsedQueryString = query_string_1.default.parse(parsedCodeQLURL.search);
const headers = { accept: "application/octet-stream" };
// We only want to provide an authorization header if we are downloading
// from the same GitHub instance the Action is running on.
// This avoids leaking Enterprise tokens to dotcom.
// We also don't want to send an authorization header if there's already a token provided in the URL.
if (codeqlURL.startsWith(`${apiDetails.url}/`) &&
parsedQueryString["token"] === undefined) {
logger.debug("Downloading CodeQL bundle with token.");
headers.authorization = `token ${apiDetails.auth}`;
}
else {
logger.debug("Downloading CodeQL bundle without token.");
}
logger.info(`Downloading CodeQL tools from ${codeqlURL}. This may take a while.`);
const codeqlPath = await toolcache.downloadTool(codeqlURL, tempDir, headers);
logger.debug(`CodeQL bundle download to ${codeqlPath} complete.`);
const codeqlExtracted = await toolcache.extractTar(codeqlPath, tempDir, logger);
codeqlFolder = await toolcache.cacheDir(codeqlExtracted, "CodeQL", codeqlURLSemVer, toolCacheDir, logger);
}
}
let codeqlCmd = path.join(codeqlFolder, "codeql", "codeql");
if (process.platform === "win32") {
codeqlCmd += ".exe";
}
else if (process.platform !== "linux" && process.platform !== "darwin") {
throw new Error(`Unsupported platform: ${process.platform}`);
}
cachedCodeQL = await getCodeQLForCmd(codeqlCmd, checkVersion);
return { codeql: cachedCodeQL, toolsVersion: codeqlURLVersion };
}
catch (e) {
logger.error(e instanceof Error ? e : new Error(String(e)));
throw new Error("Unable to download and extract CodeQL CLI");
}
}
exports.setupCodeQL = setupCodeQL;
function getCodeQLURLVersion(url) {
const match = url.match(/\/codeql-bundle-(.*)\//);
if (match === null || match.length < 2) {
throw new Error(`Malformed tools url: ${url}. Version could not be inferred`);
}
return match[1];
}
exports.getCodeQLURLVersion = getCodeQLURLVersion;
function convertToSemVer(version, logger) {
if (!semver.valid(version)) {
logger.debug(`Bundle version ${version} is not in SemVer format. Will treat it as pre-release 0.0.0-${version}.`);
version = `0.0.0-${version}`;
}
const s = semver.clean(version);
if (!s) {
throw new Error(`Bundle version ${version} is not in SemVer format.`);
}
return s;
}
exports.convertToSemVer = convertToSemVer;
/**
* Use the CodeQL executable located at the given path.
*/
async function getCodeQL(cmd) {
if (cachedCodeQL === undefined) {
cachedCodeQL = await getCodeQLForCmd(cmd, true);
}
return cachedCodeQL;
}
exports.getCodeQL = getCodeQL;
function resolveFunction(partialCodeql, methodName, defaultImplementation) {
if (typeof partialCodeql[methodName] !== "function") {
if (defaultImplementation !== undefined) {
return defaultImplementation;
}
const dummyMethod = () => {
throw new Error(`CodeQL ${methodName} method not correctly defined`);
};
return dummyMethod;
}
return partialCodeql[methodName];
}
/**
* Set the functionality for CodeQL methods. Only for use in tests.
*
* Accepts a partial object and any undefined methods will be implemented
* to immediately throw an exception indicating which method is missing.
*/
function setCodeQL(partialCodeql) {
cachedCodeQL = {
getPath: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "getPath", () => "/tmp/dummy-path"),
getVersion: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "getVersion", () => new Promise((resolve) => resolve("1.0.0"))),
printVersion: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "printVersion"),
getTracerEnv: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "getTracerEnv"),
databaseInit: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseInit"),
databaseInitCluster: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseInitCluster"),
runAutobuild: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "runAutobuild"),
extractScannedLanguage: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "extractScannedLanguage"),
finalizeDatabase: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "finalizeDatabase"),
resolveLanguages: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "resolveLanguages"),
resolveQueries: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "resolveQueries"),
packDownload: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "packDownload"),
databaseCleanup: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseCleanup"),
databaseBundle: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseBundle"),
databaseRunQueries: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseRunQueries"),
databaseInterpretResults: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databaseInterpretResults"),
databasePrintBaseline: resolveFunction(partialCodeql, "databasePrintBaseline"),
};
return cachedCodeQL;
}
exports.setCodeQL = setCodeQL;
/**
* Get the cached CodeQL object. Should only be used from tests.
*
* TODO: Work out a good way for tests to get this from the test context
* instead of having to have this method.
*/
function getCachedCodeQL() {
if (cachedCodeQL === undefined) {
// Should never happen as setCodeQL is called by testing-utils.setupTests
throw new Error("cachedCodeQL undefined");
}
return cachedCodeQL;
}
exports.getCachedCodeQL = getCachedCodeQL;
/**
* Get a real, newly created CodeQL instance for testing. The instance refers to
* a non-existent placeholder codeql command, so tests that use this function
* should also stub the toolrunner.ToolRunner constructor.
*/
async function getCodeQLForTesting() {
return getCodeQLForCmd("codeql-for-testing", false);
}
exports.getCodeQLForTesting = getCodeQLForTesting;
/**
* Return a CodeQL object for CodeQL CLI access.
*
* @param cmd Path to CodeQL CLI
* @param checkVersion Whether to check that CodeQL CLI meets the minimum
* version requirement. Must be set to true outside tests.
* @returns A new CodeQL object
*/
async function getCodeQLForCmd(cmd, checkVersion) {
const codeql = {
getPath() {
return cmd;
},
async getVersion() {
let result = util.getCachedCodeQlVersion();
if (result === undefined) {
result = (await runTool(cmd, ["version", "--format=terse"])).trim();
util.cacheCodeQlVersion(result);
}
return result;
},
async printVersion() {
await runTool(cmd, ["version", "--format=json"]);
},
async getTracerEnv(databasePath) {
// Write tracer-env.js to a temp location.
// BEWARE: The name and location of this file is recognized by `codeql database
// trace-command` in order to enable special support for concatenable tracer
// configurations. Consequently the name must not be changed.
// (This warning can be removed once a different way to recognize the
// action/runner has been implemented in `codeql database trace-command`
// _and_ is present in the latest supported CLI release.)
const tracerEnvJs = path.resolve(databasePath, "working", "tracer-env.js");
fs.mkdirSync(path.dirname(tracerEnvJs), { recursive: true });
fs.writeFileSync(tracerEnvJs, `
const fs = require('fs');
const env = {};
for (let entry of Object.entries(process.env)) {
const key = entry[0];
const value = entry[1];
if (typeof value !== 'undefined' && key !== '_' && !key.startsWith('JAVA_MAIN_CLASS_')) {
env[key] = value;
}
}
process.stdout.write(process.argv[2]);
fs.writeFileSync(process.argv[2], JSON.stringify(env), 'utf-8');`);
// BEWARE: The name and location of this file is recognized by `codeql database
// trace-command` in order to enable special support for concatenable tracer
// configurations. Consequently the name must not be changed.
// (This warning can be removed once a different way to recognize the
// action/runner has been implemented in `codeql database trace-command`
// _and_ is present in the latest supported CLI release.)
const envFile = path.resolve(databasePath, "working", "env.tmp");
await runTool(cmd, [
"database",
"trace-command",
databasePath,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "trace-command"]),
process.execPath,
tracerEnvJs,
envFile,
]);
return JSON.parse(fs.readFileSync(envFile, "utf-8"));
},
async databaseInit(databasePath, language, sourceRoot) {
await runTool(cmd, [
"database",
"init",
databasePath,
`--language=${language}`,
`--source-root=${sourceRoot}`,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "init"]),
]);
},
async databaseInitCluster(config, sourceRoot, processName, processLevel) {
const extraArgs = config.languages.map((language) => `--language=${language}`);
if (config.languages.filter(languages_1.isTracedLanguage).length > 0) {
extraArgs.push("--begin-tracing");
if (processName !== undefined) {
extraArgs.push(`--trace-process-name=${processName}`);
}
else {
// We default to 3 if no other arguments are provided since this was the default
// behaviour of the Runner. Note this path never happens in the CodeQL Action
// because that always passes in a process name.
extraArgs.push(`--trace-process-level=${processLevel || 3}`);
}
}
await runTool(cmd, [
"database",
"init",
"--db-cluster",
config.dbLocation,
`--source-root=${sourceRoot}`,
...extraArgs,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "init"]),
]);
},
async runAutobuild(language) {
const cmdName = process.platform === "win32" ? "autobuild.cmd" : "autobuild.sh";
const autobuildCmd = path.join(path.dirname(cmd), language, "tools", cmdName);
// Update JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS to contain '-Dhttp.keepAlive=false'
// This is because of an issue with Azure pipelines timing out connections after 4 minutes
// and Maven not properly handling closed connections
// Otherwise long build processes will timeout when pulling down Java packages
// https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/292284/maven-hosted-agent-connection-timeout.html
const javaToolOptions = process.env["JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS"] || "";
process.env["JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS"] = [
...javaToolOptions.split(/\s+/),
"-Dhttp.keepAlive=false",
"-Dmaven.wagon.http.pool=false",
].join(" ");
await runTool(autobuildCmd);
},
async extractScannedLanguage(databasePath, language) {
// Get extractor location
let extractorPath = "";
await new toolrunner.ToolRunner(cmd, [
"resolve",
"extractor",
"--format=json",
`--language=${language}`,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["resolve", "extractor"]),
], {
silent: true,
listeners: {
stdout: (data) => {
extractorPath += data.toString();
},
stderr: (data) => {
process.stderr.write(data);
},
},
}).exec();
// Set trace command
const ext = process.platform === "win32" ? ".cmd" : ".sh";
const traceCommand = path.resolve(JSON.parse(extractorPath), "tools", `autobuild${ext}`);
// Run trace command
await (0, toolrunner_error_catcher_1.toolrunnerErrorCatcher)(cmd, [
"database",
"trace-command",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "trace-command"]),
databasePath,
"--",
traceCommand,
], error_matcher_1.errorMatchers);
},
async finalizeDatabase(databasePath, threadsFlag, memoryFlag) {
const args = [
"database",
"finalize",
"--finalize-dataset",
threadsFlag,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "finalize"]),
databasePath,
];
if (await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_RAM_FINALIZE))
args.push(memoryFlag);
await (0, toolrunner_error_catcher_1.toolrunnerErrorCatcher)(cmd, args, error_matcher_1.errorMatchers);
},
async resolveLanguages() {
const codeqlArgs = [
"resolve",
"languages",
"--format=json",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["resolve", "languages"]),
];
const output = await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
try {
return JSON.parse(output);
}
catch (e) {
throw new Error(`Unexpected output from codeql resolve languages: ${e}`);
}
},
async resolveQueries(queries, extraSearchPath) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"resolve",
"queries",
...queries,
"--format=bylanguage",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["resolve", "queries"]),
];
if (extraSearchPath !== undefined) {
codeqlArgs.push("--additional-packs", extraSearchPath);
}
const output = await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
try {
return JSON.parse(output);
}
catch (e) {
throw new Error(`Unexpected output from codeql resolve queries: ${e}`);
}
},
async databaseRunQueries(databasePath, extraSearchPath, querySuitePath, memoryFlag, threadsFlag) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"database",
"run-queries",
memoryFlag,
threadsFlag,
databasePath,
"--min-disk-free=1024",
"-v",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "run-queries"]),
];
if (extraSearchPath !== undefined) {
codeqlArgs.push("--additional-packs", extraSearchPath);
}
codeqlArgs.push(querySuitePath);
await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
},
async databaseInterpretResults(databasePath, querySuitePaths, sarifFile, addSnippetsFlag, threadsFlag, automationDetailsId) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"database",
"interpret-results",
threadsFlag,
"--format=sarif-latest",
"-v",
`--output=${sarifFile}`,
addSnippetsFlag,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "interpret-results"]),
];
if (await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_DIAGNOSTICS))
codeqlArgs.push("--print-diagnostics-summary");
if (await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_METRICS))
codeqlArgs.push("--print-metrics-summary");
if (await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_GROUP_RULES))
codeqlArgs.push("--sarif-group-rules-by-pack");
if (await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_CUSTOM_QUERY_HELP))
codeqlArgs.push("--sarif-add-query-help");
if (automationDetailsId !== undefined &&
(await util.codeQlVersionAbove(this, CODEQL_VERSION_SARIF_GROUP))) {
codeqlArgs.push("--sarif-category", automationDetailsId);
}
codeqlArgs.push(databasePath);
codeqlArgs.push(...querySuitePaths);
// capture stdout, which contains analysis summaries
return await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
},
async databasePrintBaseline(databasePath) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"database",
"print-baseline",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "print-baseline"]),
databasePath,
];
return await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
},
/**
* Download specified packs into the package cache. If the specified
* package and version already exists (e.g., from a previous analysis run),
* then it is not downloaded again (unless the extra option `--force` is
* specified).
*
* If no version is specified, then the latest version is
* downloaded. The check to determine what the latest version is is done
* each time this package is requested.
*/
async packDownload(packs) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"pack",
"download",
"--format=json",
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["pack", "download"]),
...packs.map(packWithVersionToString),
];
const output = await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
try {
const parsedOutput = JSON.parse(output);
if (Array.isArray(parsedOutput.packs) &&
// TODO PackDownloadOutput will not include the version if it is not specified
// in the input. The version is always the latest version available.
// It should be added to the output, but this requires a CLI change
parsedOutput.packs.every((p) => p.name /* && p.version */)) {
return parsedOutput;
}
else {
throw new Error("Unexpected output from pack download");
}
}
catch (e) {
throw new Error(`Attempted to download specified packs but got an error:\n${output}\n${e}`);
}
},
async databaseCleanup(databasePath, cleanupLevel) {
const codeqlArgs = [
"database",
"cleanup",
databasePath,
`--mode=${cleanupLevel}`,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "cleanup"]),
];
await runTool(cmd, codeqlArgs);
},
async databaseBundle(databasePath, outputFilePath, databaseName) {
const args = [
"database",
"bundle",
databasePath,
`--output=${outputFilePath}`,
`--name=${databaseName}`,
...getExtraOptionsFromEnv(["database", "bundle"]),
];
await new toolrunner.ToolRunner(cmd, args).exec();
},
};
// To ensure that status reports include the CodeQL CLI version whereever
// possbile, we want to call getVersion(), which populates the version value
// used by status reporting, at the earliest opportunity. But invoking
// getVersion() directly here breaks tests that only pretend to create a
// CodeQL object. So instead we rely on the assumption that all non-test
// callers would set checkVersion to true, and util.codeQlVersionAbove()
// would call getVersion(), so the CLI version would be cached as soon as the
// CodeQL object is created.
if (checkVersion &&
!(await util.codeQlVersionAbove(codeql, CODEQL_MINIMUM_VERSION))) {
throw new Error(`Expected a CodeQL CLI with version at least ${CODEQL_MINIMUM_VERSION} but got version ${await codeql.getVersion()}`);
}
return codeql;
}
function packWithVersionToString(pack) {
return pack.version ? `${pack.packName}@${pack.version}` : pack.packName;
}
/**
* Gets the options for `path` of `options` as an array of extra option strings.
*/
function getExtraOptionsFromEnv(paths) {
const options = util.getExtraOptionsEnvParam();
return getExtraOptions(options, paths, []);
}
/**
* Gets `options` as an array of extra option strings.
*
* - throws an exception mentioning `pathInfo` if this conversion is impossible.
*/
function asExtraOptions(options, pathInfo) {
if (options === undefined) {
return [];
}
if (!Array.isArray(options)) {
const msg = `The extra options for '${pathInfo.join(".")}' ('${JSON.stringify(options)}') are not in an array.`;
throw new Error(msg);
}
return options.map((o) => {
const t = typeof o;
if (t !== "string" && t !== "number" && t !== "boolean") {
const msg = `The extra option for '${pathInfo.join(".")}' ('${JSON.stringify(o)}') is not a primitive value.`;
throw new Error(msg);
}
return `${o}`;
});
}
/**
* Gets the options for `path` of `options` as an array of extra option strings.
*
* - the special terminal step name '*' in `options` matches all path steps
* - throws an exception if this conversion is impossible.
*
* Exported for testing.
*/
function getExtraOptions(options, paths, pathInfo) {
const all = asExtraOptions(options === null || options === void 0 ? void 0 : options["*"], pathInfo.concat("*"));
const specific = paths.length === 0
? asExtraOptions(options, pathInfo)
: getExtraOptions(options === null || options === void 0 ? void 0 : options[paths[0]], paths === null || paths === void 0 ? void 0 : paths.slice(1), pathInfo.concat(paths[0]));
return all.concat(specific);
}
exports.getExtraOptions = getExtraOptions;
/*
* A constant defining the maximum number of characters we will keep from
* the programs stderr for logging. This serves two purposes:
* (1) It avoids an OOM if a program fails in a way that results it
* printing many log lines.
* (2) It avoids us hitting the limit of how much data we can send in our
* status reports on GitHub.com.
*/
const maxErrorSize = 20000;
async function runTool(cmd, args = []) {
let output = "";
let error = "";
const exitCode = await new toolrunner.ToolRunner(cmd, args, {
listeners: {
stdout: (data) => {
output += data.toString();
},
stderr: (data) => {
const toRead = Math.min(maxErrorSize - error.length, data.length);
error += data.toString("utf8", 0, toRead);
},
},
ignoreReturnCode: true,
}).exec();
if (exitCode !== 0)
throw new CommandInvocationError(cmd, args, exitCode, error);
return output;
}
//# sourceMappingURL=codeql.js.map
| 0.340908
| 0.707835
| 3,498
| 14,037
| 275
| 275
|
JavaScript Module
| false
|
99,842
|
github_open_source_100_2_8299
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<?php
namespace Payabbhi;
Class Client
{
private static $accessID = null;
private static $secretKey = null;
// @var array The application's information (name, version, URL)
public static $appInfo = null;
// @var string The base URL for the Payabbhi API.
public static $apiBase = "https://payabbhi.com";
const VERSION = '1.0.2';
/**
* @return string The base URL of Payabbhi API.
*/
public static function baseUrl()
{
return self::$apiBase;
}
/**
* @param string $accessID
* @param string $secretKey
*/
public function __construct($accessID, $secretKey)
{
self::$accessID = $accessID;
self::$secretKey = $secretKey;
}
/**
* @param string $appName The merchant application's name
* @param string $appVersion The merchant application's version
* @param string $appUrl The merchant application's URL
*/
public function setAppInfo($appName, $appVersion = null, $appUrl = null)
{
if (self::$appInfo === null) {
self::$appInfo = array();
}
self::$appInfo['name'] = $appName;
self::$appInfo['version'] = $appVersion;
self::$appInfo['url'] = $appUrl;
}
/**
* @return array | null The application's information
*/
public static function getAppInfo()
{
return self::$appInfo;
}
/**
* @param string $name
* @return mixed
*/
public function __get($name)
{
$className = __NAMESPACE__.'\\'.ucwords($name);
$object = new $className();
return $object;
}
/**
* @return string The API Secret Key used for requests.
*/
public static function getSecretKey()
{
return self::$secretKey;
}
/**
* @return string The API Access ID used for requests.
*/
public static function getAccessID()
{
return self::$accessID;
}
}
| 0.412388
| 0.846331
| 3,821
| 15,194
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,843
|
2013/92013E005067/92013E005067_DE.txt_1
|
Eurlex
|
CC-By
|
Amtsblatt C 80E/2014
ISSN 1977-088X
doi:10.3000/1977088X.CE2014.080.ger
Amtsblatt
der Europäischen Union
C 80E
Ausgabe in deutscher Sprache
Mitteilungen und Bekanntmachungen
57. Jahrgang19. März 2014
Informationsnummer
Inhalt
Seite
IV Informationen
INFORMATIONEN DER ORGANE, EINRICHTUNGEN UND SONSTIGEN STELLEN DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION
Europäisches Parlament
ANFRAGEN ZUR SCHRIFTLICHEN BEANTWORTUNG MIT ANTWORT
2014/C 080E/01
Anfragen der Mitglieder des Europäischen Parlaments zur schriftlichen Beantwortung und die entsprechenden Antworten eines Organs der Europäischen Union
1
Hinweis für den Leser
Diese Veröffentlichung enthält Anfragen der Mitglieder des Europäischen Parlaments zur schriftlichen Beantwortung und die entsprechenden Antworten eines Organs der Europäischen Union
Jede Anfrage und ihre Antwort werden zunächst in der Originalsprache und anschließend in den eventuellen Übersetzungen angegeben.
In einigen Fällen kann es vorkommen, dass die Antwort in einer anderen Sprache verfasst ist als die Anfrage. Dies hängt von der Arbeitssprache des Gremiums ab, das mit der Beantwortung beauftragt wurde.
Die vorliegenden Anfragen und Antworten werden gemäß den Artikeln 117 und 118 der Geschäftsordnung des Europäischen Parlaments veröffentlicht.
Alle Anfragen und Antworten sind auf der Internetseite des Europäischen Parlaments (Europarl) unter der Rubrik parlamentarische Anfragen verfügbar: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/plenary/de/parliamentary-questions.html ABKÜRZUNGEN DER FRAKTIONEN PPE Fraktion der Europäischen Volkspartei (Christdemokraten) S&D Fraktion der Progressiven Allianz der Sozialisten und Demokraten im Europäischen Parlament ALDE Fraktion der Allianz der Liberalen und Demokraten für Europa Verts/ALE Fraktion der Grünen/Freie Europäische Allianz ECR Europäische Konservative und Reformisten GUE/NGL Konföderale Fraktion der Vereinigten Europäischen Linken/Nordische Grüne Linke EFD Fraktion „Europa der Freiheit und der Demokratie“ NI Fraktionslos DE IV Informationen INFORMATIONEN DER ORGANE, EINRICHTUNGEN UND SONSTIGEN STELLEN DER EUROPÄISCHEN UNION Europäisches Parlament ANFRAGEN ZUR SCHRIFTLICHEN BEANTWORTUNG MIT ANTWORT 19.3.2014 DE Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union CE 80/1 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/QP-WEB ANFRAGEN ZUR SCHRIFTLICHEN BEANTWORTUNG MIT ANTWORT Anfragen der Mitglieder des Europäischen Parlaments zur schriftlichen Beantwortung und die entsprechenden Antworten eines Organs der Europäischen Union (2014/C 80 E/01) Inhalt E-004630/13 by Hubert Pirker, Othmar Karas, Josef Weidenholzer, Birgit Sippel and Eva Lichtenberger to the Commission Subject: Enforcement of European data protection standards in the Member States Deutsche Fassung English version E-004631/13 by Konstantinos Poupakis to the Commission Subject: Food insecurity in Europe Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004632/13 by Konstantinos Poupakis to the Commission Subject: Absorption of Community funds in the Member States Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004633/13 by David Martin to the Commission Subject: Effect of welfare cuts on individuals' ability to gain access to social housing English version E-004634/13 by Gaston Franco to the Commission Subject: Marine and maritime cooperation in the Mediterranean Version française English version E-004635/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Abduction of Syrian bishops and the wider issue of Christians and kidnapping English version E-004636/13 by Derek Vaughan to the Commission Subject: Fracking English version E-004637/13 by Derek Vaughan to the Commission Subject: Human rights in Burma English version E-004638/13 by Mario Borghezio to the Commission Subject: EU monitoring of corruption in Croatia Versione italiana English version E-004639/13 by Matteo Salvini to the Commission Subject: Protection of products with an application for protected geographical indication (PGI) or denomination of controlled and guaranteed origin (DOCG) status pending approval Versione italiana English version E-004858/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: Partial ban on certain pesticides (neonicotinoids) — risks to bees and birds Deutsche Fassung English version E-004859/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: Storage of passenger name records (PNR) Deutsche Fassung English version E-004860/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: The fight against cyberbullying Deutsche Fassung English version E-004861/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: Waste/loss of food Deutsche Fassung English version E-004862/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: Central firearms register and illegal privately owned firearms Deutsche Fassung English version E-004866/13 by Patrick Le Hyaric to the Commission Subject: Pesticides harmful to health in France Version française English version E-004867/13 by Mara Bizzotto to the Commission Subject: Incompatibility of the fiscal compact with the Treaty of Lisbon Versione italiana English version E-004868/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Labelling of food products in the EU Wersja polska English version P-004869/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Antequera railway test circuit Versión española English version P-004870/13 by Magdi Cristiano Allam to the Commission Subject: Production of PDO buffalo-milk mozzarella in Campania Versione italiana English version E-004872/13 by Nadja Hirsch to the Commission Subject: Data retention Deutsche Fassung English version E-004873/13 by Nikolaos Chountis to the Commission Subject: Investigations regarding new uncontrolled waste disposal sites in Greece Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004874/13 by Nikolaos Chountis to the Commission Subject: Compulsory retirement of Greek civil servants Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004875/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Cohesion policy funding reprogrammed for the 2007-2013 period in Greece Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004876/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Financial instruments in support of SMEs Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004877/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Educational infrastructure projects receiving support from cohesion policy funds in Greece Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004878/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Institutional capacity-building programme in Greece supported by the ESF Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004879/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: ERDF/Cohesion Fund gross jobs created in the period 2007-2013 Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004880/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Water supply and waste water projects funded by Cohesion Policy Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004881/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Project selection trends in the 2007-2013 cohesion policy programming period Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004882/13 by Antigoni Papadopoulou to the Commission Subject: Mother forces daughter to become surrogate Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004884/13 by Andrea Zanoni to the Commission Subject: Infringement of Directive 2001/42/EC on the grounds of failure to carry out a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) on the quarry plan for the Province of Bergamo Versione italiana English version E-004887/13 by Konrad Szymański to the Commission Subject: Anti-dumping duties on the import of flat glass in Ukraine Wersja polska English version E-004888/13 by Silvia-Adriana Ţicău to the Commission Subject: National programmes for increasing the number of nearly zero-energy buildings Versiunea în limba română English version E-004889/13 by Søren Bo Søndergaard to the Commission Subject: Inadequate internal height of means of transport for animals Dansk udgave English version E-004890/13 by Roberta Angelilli to the Commission Subject: Possible funding to enhance the archaeological heritage of the town of Anagni Versione italiana English version P-004891/13 by Derek Roland Clark to the Commission Subject: Premature disclosure of inside information on the Cyprus bailout English version P-004892/13 by Lorenzo Fontana to the Commission Subject: Restrictions to the free movement of EU citizens in Switzerland Versione italiana English version P-004893/13 by Eva Ortiz Vilella to the Commission Subject: Intervention by the EU Solidarity Fund in the Autonomous Community of Valencia Versión española English version E-004894/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: Right-wing violence and lack of police control in Greece Deutsche Fassung English version E-004895/13 by Angelika Werthmann to the Commission Subject: Negotiations for a treaty on books for blind and visually impaired persons Deutsche Fassung English version E-004896/13 by Christel Schaldemose to the Commission Subject: Plastic microparticles in cosmetics Dansk udgave English version E-004897/13 by Mara Bizzotto to the Commission Subject: Crisis at ACC Compressors Spa in Mel (province of Belluno): 600 jobs at risk Versione italiana English version P-004898/13 by Andreas Schwab to the Commission Subject: Simplifications for authorised economic operators (AEO) under the EU Customs Code Deutsche Fassung English version P-004899/13 by Younous Omarjee to the Commission Subject: Regional cooperation involving the outermost regions and the need to develop synergies between European funds Version française English version P-004900/13 by Francesco Enrico Speroni to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Desirability of a statement by the VP/HR on the application by Switzerland of the safeguard clause on freedom of movement Versione italiana English version P-004901/13 by Silvia-Adriana Ţicău to the Commission Subject: Impact of the issuing of driver attestations for persons who are neither nationals nor long-term residents of the Member States Versiunea în limba română English version E-004902/13 by Ramon Tremosa i Balcells to the Commission Subject: Offsetting of gambling losses against income tax Versión española English version E-004903/13 by Georgios Stavrakakis to the Commission Subject: Level of payments as of 30 April 2013 Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004904/13 by Paul Murphy to the Commission Subject: GSP+ regulation and Pakistan English version E-004905/13 by Ismail Ertug to the Commission Subject: Surveys of vegetarians and vegetarian products Deutsche Fassung English version E-004906/13 by Nikolaos Chountis to the Commission Subject: Increase in uninsured work in Greece Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-004908/13 by Gay Mitchell to the Commission Subject: Nutrition and immunisations English version E-004910/13 by Andrea Zanoni to the Commission Subject: Right to information of Italian, Slovenian and Croatian citizens with regard to the content of a classified study on seismic activity at the Krško nuclear site in the Republic of Slovenia Versione italiana English version E-004911/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Safety at the time of the 2006 metro crash in Valencia Versión española English version E-004912/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — EEAS — Organograms for public information purposes Deutsche Fassung English version E-004913/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: Telematics in motor vehicles — ‘pay-as-you-drive’ (PAYD)/usage-based insurance (UBI) Deutsche Fassung English version E-004914/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Public executions in Iran: how to get to grips with this heinous and inhumane reality Versione italiana English version E-004915/13 by Nessa Childers to the Commission Subject: Commission expert groups English version E-004917/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Draft interministerial decree (Act No 452) in breach of Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste Versione italiana English version E-004918/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Italian tanneries and protectionist policies regarding raw material: EU measures Versione italiana English version E-004920/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Providing better services for premature babies Versione italiana English version E-004921/13 by Claudio Morganti to the Commission Subject: Situation of minors at ‘Il Forteto’ Versione italiana English version E-004923/13 by Michael Cramer to the Commission Subject: Protection of animals during transport — Number of inspectors at FVO Deutsche Fassung English version E-004924/13 by Nessa Childers to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Persecution of Iranian Christians English version E-004925/13 by Esther de Lange to the Commission Subject: Shortages of European baby milk powder due to huge rise in demand in China Nederlandse versie English version E-004926/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Renovation of Barcelona's Port Vell Versión española English version E-004927/13 by Jim Higgins to the Commission Subject: Bus competition and access to publicly funded bus stations and transport infrastructure in the Republic of Ireland English version E-004928/13 by Jim Higgins to the Commission Subject: Tobacco Products Directive English version E-004929/13 by Linda McAvan, David Martin and Michael Cashman to the Commission Subject: Everything But Arms agreement with Cambodia and human rights English version E-004930/13 by Ian Hudghton to the Commission Subject: UK ‘bedroom tax’ English version E-004931/13 by Chris Davies to the Commission Subject: ‘Capture-ready’ status of new power plants English version E-004932/13 by Roberta Angelilli to the Council Subject: Arms Trade Treaty Versione italiana English version E-004933/13 by Roberta Angelilli to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Arms Trade Treaty Versione italiana English version E-004934/13 by Aldo Patriciello to the Commission Subject: State aid for rolling stock and freight train operators Versione italiana English version E-004935/13 by Cristiana Muscardini to the Commission Subject: Budget for research and innovation Versione italiana English version E-004936/13 by Mara Bizzotto to the Commission Subject: Berco Spa crisis — employees likely to be made redundant Versione italiana English version E-004937/13 by Rachida Dati to the Commission Subject: New impetus for ‘blue growth’ in the Mediterranean Version française English version E-004938/13 by Mark Demesmaeker to the Commission Subject: Registration, identification and uncontrolled sales of pets Nederlandse versie English version E-004939/13 by Mark Demesmaeker to the Commission Subject: State aid to Belfius Nederlandse versie English version E-004940/13 by Mark Demesmaeker to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Curbing the use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas Nederlandse versie English version E-004941/13 by Mark Demesmaeker to the Commission Subject: Compatibility of the Belgian decree of 24 November 1830 with European law Nederlandse versie English version P-004942/13 by Francesca Barracciu to the Commission Subject: Territorial continuity and application of the maximum concessionary fare to EU citizens born in Sardinia who have emigrated from that region Versione italiana English version E-004943/13 by Jörg Leichtfried to the Commission Subject: Animal transport — necessary funds to increase the number of inspections Deutsche Fassung English version E-004944/13 by Patrick Le Hyaric to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Construction of a separation wall in the Cremisan Valley near Bethlehem (Palestine) Version française English version E-004945/13 by Patrick Le Hyaric to the Commission Subject: Seasonal closures of French power stations Version française English version E-004946/13 by Patrick Le Hyaric to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Israeli air strikes in the Gaza Strip Version française English version E-004947/13 by Nuno Melo to the Commission Subject: IMF forecast errors Versão portuguesa English version E-004949/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Danish boycott of Polish food Wersja polska English version E-004950/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Increase in VAT on medical products and devices Wersja polska English version E-004951/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Harassment of the Russian opposition activist Alexei Navalny Wersja polska English version E-004952/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Problems faced by the Polish minority in Lithuania Wersja polska English version E-004955/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Limiting imports of drug precursors into the EU Wersja polska English version E-004957/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Cancer treatment in the different EU Member States Wersja polska English version E-004958/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Mobile phone charges Wersja polska English version E-004959/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: Maximum noise limits in the EU Wersja polska English version E-004964/13 by Fiorello Provera to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Turkish and Qatari support for Islamist groups Versione italiana English version E-004965/13 by Fiorello Provera to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Hamas provides students with military training Versione italiana English version E-004966/13 by Vasilica Viorica Dăncilă to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Situation in Bangladesh Versiunea în limba română English version E-004968/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — New Israeli attack on Syria Versión española English version E-004969/13 by Lidia Joanna Geringer de Oedenberg to the Commission Subject: Legal basis for the legislative procedure to be followed when amending Directive 87/2003/EC Wersja polska English version E-004972/13 by Mitro Repo to the Commission Subject: Taking account of special circumstances in northern regions in the rail sector Suomenkielinen versio English version E-004973/13 by James Nicholson to the Commission Subject: European Disability Strategy 2010-2020: assessing national efforts English version E-004974/13 by Amelia Andersdotter to the Commission Subject: IPRED's contribution to the harmonisation of the internal market Svensk version English version E-004975/13 by Giovanni La Via to the Commission Subject: Permissible limits for citrus pulp in animal feed Versione italiana English version E-004977/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: Financial assistance facility for ‘non-euro area’ Member States Deutsche Fassung English version E-004978/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: Sharp rise in applications for asylum from Serbia and Macedonia Deutsche Fassung English version P-004979/13 by Marietje Schaake to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Fulfilling full Unifil mandate in Lebanon and EU assistance to Lebanese Armed Forces Nederlandse versie English version E-004980/13 by Mariya Gabriel to the Commission Subject: Funding for the implementation of the European Union Strategy for the Danube Region българска версия English version E-004981/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Working conditions in Bangladesh Version française English version E-004982/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Tetrazepam Version française English version E-004983/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Illegal wood imports Version française English version E-004984/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Exploitation of hydrocarbons in Alaska Version française English version E-004986/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Road safety strategy Version française English version E-004987/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Strategic guidelines for EU aquaculture Version française English version E-004988/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: EU aid for cinema Version française English version E-004990/13 by Marc Tarabella to the Commission Subject: Prices of e-books Version française English version E-004991/13 by Nuno Melo to the Commission Subject: EU accused of aggression Versão portuguesa English version E-004992/13 by Nuno Melo to the Commission Subject: Letter bomb found in Germany Versão portuguesa English version E-004993/13 by Nuno Melo to the Commission Subject: Civilian casualties in Afghanistan Versão portuguesa English version E-004994/13 by Zbigniew Ziobro to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Imprisonment of Russian opposition activist Konstantin Lebedev Wersja polska English version E-004996/13 by Adam Bielan to the Commission Subject: Proposed changes to school nutrition schemes Wersja polska English version E-004997/13 by Adam Bielan to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Situation in Syria in connection with the suspected use of chemical weapons Wersja polska English version E-004998/13 by Adam Bielan to the Council Subject: Likelihood that an association agreement will be signed with Ukraine Wersja polska English version E-004999/13 by Adam Bielan to the Commission Subject: Negotiations on the EU-US trade agreement Wersja polska English version E-005001/13 by Fiorello Provera and Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Iranian harassment of European satellite providers Versione italiana English version E-005002/13 by Fiorello Provera and Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Gaddafi-era officials barred from holding public office in Libya Versione italiana English version E-005003/13 by Fiorello Provera and Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Tragic case of an Afghan woman killed by her own father Versione italiana English version P-005004/13 by Janusz Władysław Zemke to the Commission Subject: Financial clearance of project No 2003/PL/16/P/PE/037 entitled ‘Grudziądz wastewater treatment’ Wersja polska English version E-005005/13 by Sir Graham Watson to the Commission Subject: Polyisobutene (PIB) and a MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) ban English version E-005006/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Small-scale fishing in the reform of the common fisheries policy (CFP) Versión española English version E-005007/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Facebook: Ban on videos showing decapitations Versão portuguesa English version E-005008/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Famine in Somalia Versão portuguesa English version E-005009/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Disappearance of an Italian journalist in Syria Versão portuguesa English version E-005010/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Uncertified artificial joints in France Versão portuguesa English version E-005011/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Israel's willingness to negotiate Versão portuguesa English version E-005012/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Death of Indian citizen convicted for spying in Pakistan Versão portuguesa English version E-005013/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: New virus in Saudi Arabia Versão portuguesa English version E-005014/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Syria: chemical weapons Versão portuguesa English version E-005015/13 by Raül Romeva i Rueda, Ana Miranda, Willy Meyer, Dolores García-Hierro Caraballo, Andrés Perelló Rodríguez, Raimon Obiols, Maria Badia i Cutchet, Vicente Miguel Garcés Ramón, Ricardo Cortés Lastra and Ramon Tremosa i Balcells to the Commission Subject: Fracking in Spain and the Water Framework Directive Versión española English version E-005016/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Reform of European legislation on seeds Versión española English version E-005017/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: Use of the AROPE rate Versión española English version E-005018/13 by Raül Romeva i Rueda to the Council Subject: Data protection Versión española English version E-005019/13 by Raül Romeva i Rueda to the Commission Subject: EU-US Free Trade Agreement Versión española English version E-005020/13 by Andreas Mölzer to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — South Korean ultimatum Deutsche Fassung English version E-005021/13 by Nicole Sinclaire to the Commission Subject: Impact assessment on the beneficial use of e-cigarettes English version E-005022/13 by Andreas Mölzer to the Commission Subject: Redundancies among civil servants — a Greek sham Deutsche Fassung English version E-005023/13 by Andreas Mölzer to the Commission Subject: European Court of Human Rights Deutsche Fassung English version E-005024/13 by Fiona Hall to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Corruption in Indonesia's judicial system English version E-005025/13 by Sidonia Elżbieta Jędrzejewska to the Commission Subject: Long-distance transport of unbroken horses Wersja polska English version E-005026/13 by Fiorello Provera to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — UNDP sponsors tournament in honour of terrorist Abu Jihad Versione italiana English version E-005028/13 by Agnès Le Brun to the Commission Subject: Seed shallots and traditional shallots Version française English version E-005029/13 by Barbara Matera to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Yulia Tymoshenko case Versione italiana English version E-005030/13 by Sebastian Valentin Bodu to the Commission Subject: Excessive transposition by Romania of Directive 2000/43/EC on discrimination Versiunea în limba română English version E-005031/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Capture of a French Islamist in Mali Versão portuguesa English version E-005033/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Doping networks in cycling Versão portuguesa English version E-005034/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Smoking — increased risk of bowel cancer in women Versão portuguesa English version E-005035/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: New malaria-causing parasite in Cambodia Versão portuguesa English version E-005036/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Expulsion of USAID from Bolivia Versão portuguesa English version E-005037/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Fresh outbreak of anti-Muslim violence in Myanmar/Burma Versão portuguesa English version E-005038/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Australia — vaccine against malaria Versão portuguesa English version E-005039/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: High-intensity physical training — possible health risks Versão portuguesa English version E-005040/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Weather radar in the Azores Versão portuguesa English version E-005041/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Serious dengue epidemic in Paraguay Versão portuguesa English version E-005042/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Obesity in young people: new studies Versão portuguesa English version E-005043/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: New rise in unemployment Versão portuguesa English version E-005044/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: New rise in unemployment Versão portuguesa English version E-005045/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Conflict minerals Versão portuguesa English version E-005046/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: EU tribute to Margaret Thatcher Versão portuguesa English version E-005047/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: EU tribute to Margaret Thatcher Versão portuguesa English version E-005048/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: The needs of the Malian army Versão portuguesa English version E-005049/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — The needs of the Malian army Versão portuguesa English version E-005050/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Illegal organ trafficking in Kosovo Versão portuguesa English version E-005051/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Ketamine — drug Versão portuguesa English version E-005052/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Guinea-Bissau: elections and the end of the transition period Versão portuguesa English version E-005053/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Legal action against the pharmaceutical company Novartis in the United States Versão portuguesa English version E-005054/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Mediterranean diet — reducing the risk of developing memory problems Versão portuguesa English version E-005055/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: John Dalli case — Giovanni Kessler's statement Versão portuguesa English version E-005056/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Germany — Commission's call for higher wages Versão portuguesa English version E-005057/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: Germany — security risk Versão portuguesa English version E-005058/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Germany — security risk Versão portuguesa English version E-005059/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Euro: effects of a German exit on the EU Versão portuguesa English version E-005060/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Mongolia: official visit Versão portuguesa English version E-005061/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — China: official visit Versão portuguesa English version E-005062/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Bosnia-Herzegovina: lack of progress Versão portuguesa English version E-005063/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Myanmar: lifting of sanctions Versão portuguesa English version E-005064/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Protocol between European and African Courts of Auditors Versão portuguesa English version E-005065/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: H7N9 bird flu Versão portuguesa English version E-005066/13 by Sven Giegold to the Commission Subject: Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) (I) Deutsche Fassung English version E-005067/13 by Sven Giegold to the Commission Subject: Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) (II) Deutsche Fassung English version E-005068/13 by Sven Giegold to the Commission Subject: Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) (III) Deutsche Fassung English version E-005069/13 by Barbara Matera to the Commission Subject: Situation of women in Turkey Versione italiana English version E-005070/13 by Roberta Angelilli to the Commission Subject: Possible EU funding for the construction of the Maria Regina della Pace parish church (Rome) Versione italiana English version P-005071/13 by Claudio Morganti to the Commission Subject: Serious shortage of raw materials for the European tanning industry Versione italiana English version E-005072/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: Germany — Commission's call for higher wages Versão portuguesa English version E-005074/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Colombia: resumption of peace talks Versão portuguesa English version E-005075/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — West Africa: fight against drugs Versão portuguesa English version E-005076/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Cuba: Ángel Santiesteban-Prats imprisoned two months ago Versão portuguesa English version E-005078/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Brazilian beef — E. coli bacteria Versão portuguesa English version E-005079/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Caffeine: helping to prevent breast cancer recurrence Versão portuguesa English version E-005080/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Cape Verde: illegal shark fishing by European vessels Versão portuguesa English version E-005084/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Aftermath of the Boston bombings — issue of video surveillance Versão portuguesa English version E-005086/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Boston bombings — European solidarity with the victims and the United States Versão portuguesa English version E-005087/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Angola — combating malaria Versão portuguesa English version E-005091/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: Switzerland — restrictions to the free movement of EU citizens Versão portuguesa English version E-005092/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Switzerland: restrictions to the free movement of EU citizens Versão portuguesa English version E-005094/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Drought in southern Europe — impact assessment Versão portuguesa English version E-005095/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Outermost regions — reinforcing territorial cooperation Versão portuguesa English version E-005096/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — State of play of the Cocaine Route Programme Versão portuguesa English version E-005098/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Public-private partnerships — passivity of the European authorities Versão portuguesa English version E-005099/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Situation of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Russia Versão portuguesa English version E-005100/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: New EUR 5 notes — risk of scams and fraud Versão portuguesa English version E-005101/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Organ trafficking in Mozambique Versão portuguesa English version E-005102/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Libyan ministries siege Versão portuguesa English version E-005103/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — North Korea — Kenneth Bae Versão portuguesa English version E-005106/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Tension between political and judicial authorities in Egypt Versão portuguesa English version E-005108/13 by Diogo Feio to the Council Subject: Low turnout at the polls in Croatia Versão portuguesa English version E-005114/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Restrictions on entry to Canada for temporary foreign workers Versão portuguesa English version E-005115/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Increasing food prices — social consequences Versão portuguesa English version E-005116/13 by Edite Estrela to the Commission Subject: Effectiveness of measures to reduce health inequalities in the EU Versão portuguesa English version E-005117/13 by Giommaria Uggias to the Commission Subject: Free movement of European citizens within the Union Versione italiana English version E-005118/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: Legal status of the Fiscal Compact Treaty English version E-005119/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: Level of support for canal-building and maintenance within the Trans-European Networks (TENs) English version E-005121/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: Decision to allow fish farmers to feed their stocks with products from slaughtered chickens and pigs English version E-005122/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: Protection of Islamic manuscripts in Mali English version E-005123/13 by Josef Weidenholzer to the Commission Subject: Online gambling Deutsche Fassung English version E-005124/13 by Mario Borghezio to the Commission Subject: Antibiotic use in birds Versione italiana English version E-005125/13 by Mario Borghezio to the Commission Subject: Request for EU action to safeguard public Versione italiana English version E-005126/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Further attacks on Christians in Pakistan, and alleged government inaction English version E-005127/13 by Amelia Andersdotter to the Commission Subject: Review of the Payment Services Directive Svensk version English version E-005128/13 by Amelia Andersdotter to the Commission Subject: Standardisation of particular use cases in HTML5 Svensk version English version P-005129/13 by Cristiana Muscardini to the Commission Subject: Dumping duty evasion Versione italiana English version P-005130/13 by Maria do Céu Patrão Neves to the Commission Subject: 50% increase in the scheme to compensate for the additional costs incurred in the marketing of certain fishery products from the outermost regions Versão portuguesa English version P-005131/13 by Werner Langen to the Commission Subject: Areas under vine and wine production in the EU Member States and changes since 2000 Deutsche Fassung English version P-005132/13 by Charles Tannock to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — EU election observers and voter registration in Pakistan English version E-005134/13 by Raimon Obiols to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Judicial proceedings against Victoire Ingabire Versión española English version E-005135/13 by Willy Meyer to the Commission Subject: European funding for the opening and running of museums Versión española English version E-005136/13 by Franz Obermayr to the Commission Subject: Living conditions of Roma and Sinti — the problem of ‘poverty migration’ Deutsche Fassung English version E-005137/13 by Daciana Octavia Sârbu and Cătălin Sorin Ivan to the Commission Subject: Data gaps for diabetes Versiunea în limba română English version E-005138/13 by Claudio Morganti to the Commission Subject: Chinese shadow banking Versione italiana English version E-005139/13 by Kriton Arsenis to the Commission Subject: Citizens' access to environmental information regarding the ‘ITANOS GAIA’ investment Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-005140/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Assistance for building a farmers' market in Poceirão (in the municipality of Palmela) Versão portuguesa English version E-005141/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Support for burning grapes in the Setúbal region (2010 and 2011) Versão portuguesa English version E-005142/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: New tax rules for small-scale farmers in Portugal Versão portuguesa English version E-005143/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Rice prices charged by supermarkets in Portugal Versão portuguesa English version E-005144/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Proposal for a regulation on the marketing of plant propagating material Versão portuguesa English version E-005145/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Virus affecting oyster production Versão portuguesa English version E-005146/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Deterioration in healthcare services in Portugal — situation of haemophiliacs Versão portuguesa English version E-005147/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Project bonds pilot phase Versão portuguesa English version E-005148/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: European Investment Bank (EIB) funding for cooperatives Versão portuguesa English version E-005149/13 by João Ferreira to the Commission Subject: Producers organisations in the rice and maize sectors Versão portuguesa English version E-005150/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Openness and democracy in the EU Versão portuguesa English version E-005151/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Acidification of the waters of the Arctic Ocean Versão portuguesa English version E-005152/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: New Spanish rent law: ban on renting to tourists Versão portuguesa English version E-005153/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: European Heart Failure Awareness Day Versão portuguesa English version E-005154/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Seas of Guinea-Bissau put under the protection of the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas) Versão portuguesa English version E-005155/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Timor Sea: espionage by Australia Versão portuguesa English version E-005156/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Euro crisis: statements by Oskar Lafontaine Versão portuguesa English version E-005157/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Online sale of medicines Versão portuguesa English version E-005158/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: São Tomé and Príncipe: possible postponement of elections Versão portuguesa English version E-005159/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Syria: Carla del Ponte on the use of chemical weapons Versão portuguesa English version E-005160/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Wolfgang Schäuble: youth unemployment Versão portuguesa English version E-005163/13 by Santiago Fisas Ayxela to the Commission Subject: Follow-up on the Vitorino mediation report Versión española English version E-005164/13 by Edite Estrela, Vital Moreira, Luis Manuel Capoulas Santos, Elisa Ferreira, António Fernando Correia de Campos, Luís Paulo Alves and Ana Gomes to the Commission Subject: The Estaleiros Navais de Viana do Castelo, S.A. shipyard Versão portuguesa English version E-005165/13 by Francesca Barracciu to the Commission Subject: Management and programming of EU funds in Sardinia for the periods 2000-2006 and 2007-2013 and for the new programming period 2014-2020 Versione italiana English version E-005166/13 by Amelia Andersdotter to the Commission Subject: Evidence-based policy-making Svensk version English version E-005168/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: Bosnia and Herzegovina discriminates against Jewish minority Wersja polska English version E-005169/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Conflict in Mali could spread into Western Sahara Wersja polska English version E-005170/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: Counterfeit products from China Wersja polska English version E-005171/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: ‘Designer drugs’ prevention in Poland Wersja polska English version E-005172/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Ethnic cleansing of the Muslim population in Burma/Myanmar Wersja polska English version E-005173/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — UN running out of funds to help people of Syria Wersja polska English version E-005174/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Swiss Government extends labour market restrictions Wersja polska English version E-005175/13 by Michał Tomasz Kamiński to the Commission Subject: Investigation into Russian gas producer and supplier Gazprom Wersja polska English version E-005178/13 by Bart Staes to the Commission Subject: Horse meat: DNA and phenylbutazone test results Nederlandse versie English version E-005179/13 by James Nicholson to the Commission Subject: Sharing CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) best practice English version E-005180/13 by James Nicholson to the Commission Subject: Further research into declining bee numbers English version E-005181/13 by James Nicholson to the Commission Subject: Analysis of research relating to extreme weather patterns English version E-005182/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Plant-based biodegradable chewing gum: a sustainable and environmentally-friendly solution Versione italiana English version E-005183/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Glucose meters and insulin pumps — obtaining better guarantees before and after placing on the market in European countries Versione italiana English version E-005184/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Assimilated Italian higher education institutions — guaranteeing a more decent future Versione italiana English version E-005185/13 by Oreste Rossi to the Commission Subject: Possible new measures for social housing programmes: providing accommodation to more vulnerable families and equal treatment Versione italiana English version E-005186/13 by Oreste Rossi and Giancarlo Scottà to the Commission Subject: Vaccine against measles and autism — existence of an actual causal link and legal protection in Europe Versione italiana English version P-005187/13 by Diogo Feio to the Commission Subject: Statements by Jörg Asmussen: end of the troika model Versão portuguesa English version E-005188/13 by Antigoni Papadopoulou to the Commission Subject: Request from the Municipal Council of the occupied town of Kythrea Ελληνική έκδοση English version E-005190/13 by Gay Mitchell, Filip Kaczmarek, Liam Aylward, Barbara Matera, Sari Essayah, Diane Dodds, Charles Tannock, Anna Záborská, Vytautas Landsbergis, Nirj Deva, Miroslav Mikolášik and Konrad Szymański to the Commission Subject: VP/HR — Alleged forced sterilisations in India Versione italiana Tekstas lietuvių kalba Wersja polska Slovenské znenie Suomenkielinen versio English version E-005191/13 by Dimitar Stoyanov to the Commission Subject: Energy subsidies for agricultural producers in the EU's developing countries българска версия English version E-005192/13 by Roberta Angelilli to the Commission Subject: Children involved in criminal, administrative and civil legal proceedings Versione italiana English version E-005194/13 by Marina Yannakoudakis to the Commission Subject: Regional funds to help Cyprus deal with the current socioeconomic crisis English version E-005195/13 by Amelia Andersdotter to the Commission Subject: TPMs for broadcasters' rights in HTML5 compared with Premier League case Svensk version English version E-005197/13 by Cornelis de Jong to the Commission Subject: EU legislation on the marketing of seed and plant propagating material (SPPM) Nederlandse versie English version E-005198/13 by Cornelis de Jong to the Commission Subject: Tobacco lobbying and implementation of WHO rules Nederlandse versie English version E-005199/13 by João Ferreira and Inês Cristina Zuber to the Commission Subject: Closure of GE Power Controls Portugal in Vila Nova de Gaia Versão portuguesa English version E-005200/13 by João Ferreira and Inês Cristina Zuber to the Commission Subject: Relocation threats by the multinational Dacia (Renault Group) Versão portuguesa English version E-005201/13 by João Ferreira and Inês Cristina Zuber to the Commission Subject: Evolution of labour costs in Portugal (Eurostat data) Versão portuguesa English version E-005202/13 by João Ferreira and Inês Cristina Zuber to the Council Subject: PCE/PEC — President of the European Council's remarks regarding the situation in Portugal Versão portuguesa English version (Deutsche Fassung) Anfrage zur schriftlichen Beantwortung E-004630/13 an die Kommission Hubert Pirker (PPE), Othmar Karas (PPE), Josef Weidenholzer (S&D), Birgit Sippel (S&D) und Eva Lichtenberger (Verts/ALE) (25. Aufgrund der starken Konzentration von IT-Unternehmen in der Republik Irland kommt vor allem der dortigen Aufsichtsbehörde für Datenschutz eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Es ist bedauerlich, wenn gerade dort Kritik über das Vorgehen der Behörde laut wird.
So sollen laut der Initiative „Europe-versus-Facebook“ mehr als tausend formelle Beschwerden gegen Facebook von der irischen Behörde lediglich mit standardisierten E-Mails beantwortet worden sein. Eine große Zahl von Beschwerden sind diesbezüglich bei der Kommission unter dem einheitlichen Aktenzeichen CHAP (2012) 01144 eingegangen. Die Gruppe „europe-v-facebook.org“ beklagt in einem Verfahren gegen Facebook außerdem, keine Einsicht in Akten und Beweismittel zu erhalten.
Die Kommission wird daher um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen ersucht:
Wie viele Beschwerden unter dem Aktenzeichen CHAP (2012) 01144 sind bei der Kommission eingegangen? Wie wurden diese Beschwerden in der Kommission weiter verfolgt und bearbeitet?
Wie überwacht die Kommission die gleichmäßige Durchsetzung der datenschutzrechtlichen Bestimmungen der RL 95/46/EG in der Republik Irland und in den anderen Mitgliedstaaten?
Ist die Kommission der Ansicht, dass die oben genannten datenschutzrechtlichen Bestimmungen in den Mitgliedstaaten gleichmäßig durchgesetzt werden?
Welche Auswirkungen hat das vorgeschlagene Datenschutzpaket auf die Arbeit und die Ausstattung der Datenschutzbehörden?
Antwort von Frau Reding im Namen der Kommission
(2. Juli 2013)
Zwischen April 2012 und Februar 2013 sind bei der Kommission 180 Beschwerden unter dem Aktenzeichen CHAP (2012)1144 eingegangen. Sie werden derzeit geprüft.
Im Mittelpunkt der Beschwerden steht die Behauptung, dass der irische Datenschutzbeauftragte (DPC) keine angemessenen Maßnahmen ergriffen habe, um das Auskunftsrecht betroffener Personen hinsichtlich ihrer personenbezogenen Daten (1) gegenüber Facebook Ireland (FB) durchzusetzen, und somit den Anforderungen an nationale Datenschutzbehörden gemäß den Artikeln 24 und 28 der Richtlinie 95/46/EG (2) nicht entsprochen habe. Den der Kommission vorliegenden Informationen zufolge hat der DPC zur Bewertung der Vereinbarkeit von FB mit den geltenden Datenschutzbestimmungen zwei Prüfungen durchgeführt, deren Ergebnis in zwei Berichten (Dezember 2011 und September 2012) veröffentlicht wurde. In dem zweiten Prüfbericht kommt der DPC zu dem Schluss, dass FB die Empfehlungen aus dem ersten Bericht umgesetzt hat. Die Kommission berücksichtigt bei ihrer Analyse alle verfügbaren Informationen.
Die vorgeschlagene Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (3) spezifiziert die Bedingungen für die Unabhängigkeit der Datenschutzbehörde unter Berücksichtigung der Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs der Europäischen Union (4). Nach Artikel 47 hat jeder Mitgliedstaat sicherzustellen, dass die Aufsichtsbehörde mit angemessenen personellen, technischen und finanziellen Ressourcen, Räumlichkeiten und mit der erforderlichen Infrastruktur ausgestattet wird, um ihre Aufgaben und Befugnisse effektiv wahrnehmen zu können. Gemäß Artikel 79 können Verstöße gegen das Recht auf Datenauskunft eine Geldbuße bis in Höhe von 1 % des weltweiten Jahresumsatzes eines Unternehmens nach sich ziehen.
Das in Artikel 58 vorgeschlagene Kohärenzverfahren wird eine stärkere Koordinierung und engere Zusammenarbeit der Datenschutzbehörden gewährleisten, wenn sich die Verarbeitung auf in mehreren Mitgliedstaaten erbrachte Leistungen bezieht.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004630/13
to the Commission
Hubert Pirker (PPE), Othmar Karas (PPE), Josef Weidenholzer (S&D), Birgit Sippel (S&D) and Eva Lichtenberger (Verts/ALE)
(25 April 2013)
Subject: Enforcement of European data protection standards in the Member States
In order to ensure compliance with the data protection provisions under European law to the benefit of EU citizens, uniform legislation, transposition at national level and enforcement are vital.
Because of the heavy concentration of IT businesses in the Republic of Ireland, the local data protection supervisory authority plays a key role here. It is regrettable when criticisms are raised in relation to the procedures followed by this very authority.
For example, according to the ‘Europe-versus-Facebook’ initiative, more than a thousand formal complaints against Facebook were simply answered by the Irish authorities with standardised e-mails. The Commission has received a large number of complaints in this regard under the single file number CHAP (2012) 01144. In a case taken against Facebook, the ‘europe-v-facebook.org’ group also complains that it has been refused access to files and evidence.
Can the Commission therefore answer the following questions:
How many complaints has the Commission received under file number CHAP (2012) 01144? How have these complaints been followed up and dealt with in the Commission?
How does the Commission monitor the uniform transposition of the data protection provisions under Directive 95/46/EC in the Republic of Ireland and in the other Member States?
Does the Commission take the view that the aforementioned data protection provisions are transposed to the same extent in the various Member States?
What are the consequences of the proposed data protection package for the work and budget of the data protection authorities?
Answer given by Mrs Reding on behalf of the Commission
(2 July 2013)
The Commission received 180 complaints registered under CHAP No (2012)1144 between April 2012 and February 2013. They are currently under examination.
The complaints focus on the allegation that the Irish Data Protection Commissioner (DPC) failed to take appropriate action to enforce the data subjects' right of access to personal data (5) against Facebook Ireland (FB) and thereby did not meet the requirements for national DPAs under Articles 24 and 28 of Directive 95/46/EC (6). The information available to the Commission shows that the DPC has carried out two audits assessing the compliance of FB with the applicable data protection rules. The outcome of the audits was published in two reports, of December 2011 and of September 2012. In the second audit report, the DPC concludes that FB has implemented the recommendations addressed to it in the first report. The Commission will take into account all the available information for its analysis.
The proposed General Data Protection Regulation (7) clarifies the conditions for the independence of data protection supervisory authorities, taking into account the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (8). Art. 47 requires each Member State to ensure that the supervisory authority is provided with the adequate human, technical and financial resources, premises and infrastructure necessary for the effective performance of its duties and powers. Art. 79 also ensures that violations of the right to provide access to data can result in a fine of up to 1% of a company's worldwide turnover.
The consistency mechanism proposed in Art. 58 will ensure greater coordination and cooperation between supervisory authorities where the processing operation relates to services provided in several Member States.
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης E-004631/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Konstantinos Poupakis (PPE)
(25 Απριλίου 2013)
Θέμα: Η επισιτιστική ανασφάλεια στην Ευρώπη
Η μετεξέλιξη της χρηματοπιστωτικής κρίσης σε κοινωνική και ανθρωπιστική κρίση συνοδεύεται από την εμφάνιση ή τη ραγδαία αύξηση φαινομένων ένδειας, ακραίας φτώχειας, ακόμα και σοβαρής υλικής υστέρησης. Κατ' αυτόν τον τρόπο, η αδυναμία ενός μεγάλου μέρους του ευρωπαϊκού πληθυσμού να εξασφαλίσει τα «απαραίτητα» διαμορφώνει, μεταξύ άλλων, συνθήκες επιδείνωσης κρίσιμων κοινωνικών δεικτών, όπως είναι ο δείκτης της «επισιτιστικής ανασφάλειας».
Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο ερωτάται η Επιτροπή;
Διαθέτει στατιστικά στοιχεία για τα ποσοστά επισιτιστικής ανασφάλειας στα κράτη μέλη τόσο στο γενικό πληθυσμό, όσο και στα παιδιά;
Δεδομένου ότι ήδη είναι υπό εξέταση η πρόταση για τη σύσταση ταμείου για τους απόρους, στη θέση του προγράμματος επισιτιστικής βοήθειας, πώς σκοπεύει να διασφαλίσει ότι οι εν λόγω πόροι θα φτάσουν σε αυτούς που πραγματικά έχουν ανάγκη και πώς πρόκειται να αξιολογηθεί η αποτελεσματικότητά του;
Υπάρχουν περαιτέρω διαθέσιμα κονδύλια από τα ευρωπαϊκά διαρθρωτικά ταμεία που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν από τα κράτη μέλη επικουρικά, με σκοπό τον δραστικό περιορισμό της επισιτιστικής ανασφάλειας;
Απάντηση του κ. Andor εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(19 Ιουνίου 2013)
Ναι, η Επιτροπή διαθέτει στατιστικά στοιχεία (9) που δηλώνουν το μερίδιο του πληθυσμού της Ένωσης το οποίο δεν είναι σε θέση να πληρώσει για ένα γεύμα με κρέας, κοτόπουλο ή ψάρι (ή αντίστοιχο γεύμα χορτοφάγου) κάθε δεύτερη ημέρα, κάτι που ορίζεται ως βασική ανάγκη από την Παγκόσμια Οργάνωση Υγείας.
Επιπλέον, το 2009 υπολογίστηκε ενότητα ad hoc για την υλική στέρηση στο πλαίσιο των στατιστικών για το εισόδημα και τις συνθήκες διαβίωσης (EU-SILC), η οποία παρείχε αριθμητικά σχετικά με την παιδική φτώχεια συμπεριλαμβανομένης της στέρηση τροφής. Η εν λόγω ενότητα θα υπολογιστεί πάλι το 2014.
Το προτεινόμενο Ταμείο Ευρωπαϊκής Βοήθειας στους Απόρους (ΤΕΒΑ) θα λειτουργήσει στο πλαίσιο επιμερισμένης διαχείρισης. Αυτό σημαίνει ότι τα κράτη μέλη θα επιλέγουν τους οργανισμούς εταίρους που είναι δημόσιοι φορείς ή μη κυβερνητικές οργανώσεις υπεύθυνες για διανομή τροφίμων και/ή υλική υποστήριξη. Επιπλέον, η αναγνώριση των απόρων επαφίεται στα κράτη μέλη, δεδομένου ότι είναι τα πλέον κατάλληλα να εκτιμήσουν τις πραγματικές ανάγκες. Για την αξιολόγηση της αποτελεσματικότητας του Ταμείου, έχουν καθιερωθεί ετήσιες εκθέσεις υλοποίησης και σύστημα κοινών δεικτών.
Το είδος της βοήθειας που θα υποστηρίξει το ΤΕΒΑ δεν θα καλύπτεται από τα διαρθρωτικά ταμεία.
Επιπλέον, πιλοτικά έργα επί του παρόντος εξετάζουν προσεγγίσεις για την προώθηση υγιεινού διαιτολογίου και την αύξηση της κατανάλωσης νωπών φρούτων και λαχανικών σε ευπαθείς ομάδες του πληθυσμού, όπως π.χ. τα παιδιά, οι ηλικιωμένοι και οι έγκυες με χαμηλό εισόδημα (10).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004631/13
to the Commission
Konstantinos Poupakis (PPE)
(25 April 2013)
Subject: Food insecurity in Europe
The transformation of the financial crisis into a social and humanitarian crisis has been accompanied by the emergence and sharp increase in poverty, extreme poverty and even serious material shortages. Thus, the inability of a large part of the EU population to ensure their basic needs is, inter alia, creating conditions of worsening critical social indicators such as food insecurity indicators.
In this context, will the Commission answer the following:
Does it have statistics on food insecurity in the Member States for the general population and for children?
Given that the proposal for setting up a fund for the most deprived persons to replace the food aid programme is already under examination, how does it intend to ensure that the resources in question will reach those who really need them and how does it intend to assess the fund’s effectiveness?
Are there any additional funds available from the European Structural Funds that could be used by Member States to supplement existing funds, with a view to significantly limiting food insecurity?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(19 June 2013)
Yes, the Commission has statistics (11) indicating the share of the Union population unable to afford a meal with meat, chicken or fish (or vegetarian equivalent) every second day — something which is defined as a basic need by the World Health Organisation.
In addition, an ad hoc module on material deprivation was run in 2009 in the framework of the statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). It provided figures relating to children poverty, including food deprivation. This module will be repeated in 2014.
The proposed Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) will be implemented under shared management. That means that Member States will select the partner organisations which are public bodies or non-governmental organisations responsible for the distribution of food and/or material assistance. In addition, the identification of the most deprived persons is left to the Member States as they are the best placed to assess the actual needs. In order to assess the Fund's effectiveness annual implementation reports and a system of common indicators are put in place.
The type of assistance that would be supported by the FEAD would not be eligible under any of the Structural Funds.
In addition, pilot projects are currently testing approaches to promote healthy diets and to increase fresh fruits and vegetable consumption in vulnerable population groups including children, the elderly and pregnant women with low income (12).
(Ελληνική έκδοση)
Ερώτηση με αίτημα γραπτής απάντησης E-004632/13
προς την Επιτροπή
Konstantinos Poupakis (PPE)
(25 Απριλίου 2013)
Θέμα: Απορροφητικότητα κοινοτικών κονδυλίων στα κράτη μέλη
Τα κοινοτικά κονδύλια αποτελούν σπουδαίο εργαλείο για την ενίσχυση των εθνικών οικονομιών και την ενδυνάμωση της κοινωνικής συνοχής των κρατών μελών, την υλοποίηση κρίσιμων αναπτυξιακών έργων και τη σταδιακή άμβλυνση των περιφερειακών ανισοτήτων. Η δυνατότητα, λοιπόν, απορρόφησης και ορθής χρήσης των ευρωπαϊκών πόρων αναδεικνύεται σε πρωταρχική και μείζονα πρόκληση, τόσο για τα κράτη μέλη, όσο και για την ΕΕ συνολικά. Ωστόσο, σύμφωνα με πρόσφατα δημοσιοποιημένη μελέτη του Ινστιτούτου Bruegel (Euobserver), οι φτωχότερες περιοχές της ΕΕ δέχονται τα λιγότερα κονδύλια λόγω ανεπαρκειών της διοίκησης, με συνέπεια να μην επιτυγχάνονται σε μεγάλο βαθμό οι στόχοι τους οποίους καλούνται να υπηρετήσουν.
Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο ερωτάται η Επιτροπή:
Έχει λάβει γνώση της παραπάνω μελέτης; Αν ναι, πώς σχολιάζει τους ισχυρισμούς και τις διαπιστώσεις της;
Διαθέτει στοιχεία για τα κονδύλια από ευρωπαϊκά διαρθρωτικά ταμεία που παραμένουν σε εκκρεμότητα για τα κράτη μέλη; Πώς μεταφράζεται το σύνολο των αδιάθετων κονδυλίων ως ποσοστό του ΑΕΠ των χωρών αυτών;
Προτίθεται να αναλάβει συγκεκριμένες πρωτοβουλίες, ώστε, αφενός, να επιταχυνθεί η διαδικασία απορρόφησης ευρωπαϊκών πόρων και, αφετέρου, να ενισχυθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα αξιοποίησής τους από τα κράτη μέλη;
Ποιοι είναι οι σημαντικότεροι λόγοι για τη χαμηλή απορροφητικότητα κοινοτικών κονδυλίων από τα κράτη μέλη;
Απάντηση του κ. Hahn εξ ονόματος της Επιτροπής
(20 Ιουνίου 2013)
1.
Η Επιτροπή γνωρίζει τη μελέτη που εκπονήθηκε από το ίδρυμα
Bruegel και συμμερίζεται πολλές από τις παρατηρήσεις του. Εντούτοις, θα πρέπει να σημειωθεί ότι οι φτωχότερες περιφέρειες επωφελούνται γενικά από το υψηλότερο επίπεδο υποστήριξης της ΕΕ σε κατά κεφαλήν βάση. Επιπλέον, δεν υπάρχει άμεση σχέση μεταξύ του επιπέδου ευημερίας και της ικανότητας απορρόφησης των κονδυλίων της ΕΕ. Ορισμένα από τα φτωχότερα κράτη μέλη έχουν ποσοστό απορρόφησης πολύ υψηλότερο από τον μέσο όρο της ΕΕ.
2.
Σε αυτό το στάδιο της περιόδου πολιτικής συνοχής 2007-2013 (δηλαδή περίπου στα 2/3 της περιόδου), η Επιτροπή έχει καταβάλει 180 δισεκατομμύρια ευρώ δεσμευμένων ποσών στα 27 κράτη μέλη, αφήνοντας 167 δισεκατομμύρια ευρώ που δεν έχουν ακόμη καταβληθεί. Με βάση την επιλεξιμότητα της προθεσμίας δαπανών της 31ης Δεκεμβρίου 2015, ο ετήσιος μέσος όρος που δεν έχει ακόμη καταβληθεί αντιπροσωπεύει περίπου το 0,47% του ΑΕΠ του 2013 στην ΕΕ των 27.
3.
Έχουν ληφθεί μέτρα για τη διευκόλυνση της απορρόφησης των κονδυλίων της ΕΕ. Σε ορισμένα κράτη μέλη, πραγματοποιήθηκε αναπρογραμματισμός των κονδυλίων για να τους δώσει τη δυνατότητα να διοχετεύσουν τη χρηματοδότηση της ΕΕ σε τομείς όπου μπορεί να συντελεστεί ταχεία απορρόφηση των επενδύσεων, όπως βασικοί τομείς ανάπτυξης και υποστήριξης εργασίας. Σε άλλες χώρες, το ποσοστό συγχρηματοδότησης αναπροσαρμόζεται προκειμένου να επιταχυνθεί η αφομοίωση.
4.
Οι κύριοι λόγοι για τη χαμηλή απορρόφηση είναι η έλλειψη διοικητικής ικανότητας διαχείρισης των κονδυλίων της ΕΕ, τα προβλήματα κατά τη μετατροπή της νομοθεσίας της ΕΕ σε εθνική νομοθεσία και η έλλειψη επαρκώς ώριμων έργα που πρέπει να υποβληθούν για συγχρηματοδότηση από την ΕΕ.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004632/13
to the Commission
Konstantinos Poupakis (PPE)
(25 April 2013)
Subject: Absorption of Community funds in the Member States
Community funds are a useful tool for boosting national economies and strengthening social cohesion in the Member States, implementing essential development projects and addressing regional imbalances. Therefore, the ability to absorb and make correct use of EU resources is becoming of primary importance, both for the Member States and the EU as a whole. However, according to a recent study published by the Bruegel Institute (EUobserver), due to administrative failures the poorest regions in the EU are receiving the least funds, with the result that they are unable to achieve many of the targets they have been set.
With regard to this, will the Commission answer the following:
Has it been made aware of the aforementioned study? If so, what is its opinion on the study’s claims and observations?
Does it have information on funds from the European Structural Funds which are still pending for the Member States? What percentage of these countries’ GDP do these uncommitted funds represent?
Does it intend to implement specific initiatives in order to a) accelerate the absorption of EU funds and b) enhance their effective use by the Member States?
What are the most common reasons for the low absorption of Community funds by Member States?
Answer given by Mr Hahn on behalf of the Commission
(20 June 2013)
1.
The Commission is aware of the study by the Bruegel Institute and shares many of its observations. However, it must be noted that the poorest regions benefit in general from the highest level of EU support on a per capita basis. In addition, there is no direct link between the level of prosperity and the capacity to absorb EU funding. Some of the poorest Member States have an absorption rate well above the EU average.
2.
At this stage of the 2007-2013 cohesion policy period (i.e. about 2/3 of the way through the period), the Commission has paid EUR 180 billion of the committed amounts to the 27 Member States, leaving EUR 167 billion still to be paid. Based on the eligibility of expenditure deadline of 31 December 2015, the yearly average not yet paid represents around 0.47% of the EU-27 GDP of 2013.
3.
A number of measures have been launched to facilitate the absorption of EU funding. In some Member States, a re-programming of funds has taken place to enable them to inject EU funding into sectors where a rapid absorption of investments in key growth and jobs supporting areas can take place. In other countries, the rate of co-financing is being adjusted to accelerate uptake.
4.
The main reasons for low absorption are a lack of administrative capacity to manage EU funds, problems in converting EU legislation into national legislation and the lack of sufficiently mature projects to be submitted for EU co-financing.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004633/13
to the Commission
David Martin (S&D)
(25 April 2013)
Subject: Effect of welfare cuts on individuals' ability to gain access to social housing
Is the Commission aware of the drastic nature of some government restrictions on welfare systems across the EU? In particular, is the Commission aware of the UK Government’s recent ‘Bedroom Tax’, which is adding further pressure on the ability of social housing tenants to pay their rent?
Does the Commission consider that any of the current cuts to welfare systems contravene any EU fundamental rights or treaties, specifically Article 34 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which stipulates that ‘in order to combat social exclusion and poverty, the Union recognises and respects the right to social and housing assistance so as to ensure a decent existence for all those who lack sufficient resources’?
Answer given by Mr Rehn on behalf of the Commission
(17 June 2013)
The Commission addresses housing problems linked to poverty and social exclusion and monitors the implementation of relevant actions in response to country-specific challenges within its social inclusion strategy embedded in the Europe 2020 strategy. The recently adopted Social Investment Package also contains policy guidance for Member States to better ensure the access to housing for homeless and at-risk-of-homeless people. The Package provides a comprehensive guidance on how best to target social investment and mobilise EU funds to this end.
As far as the UK is concerned, the Commission has published on 29 May 2013 its assessment of the state of implementation of the six country-specific recommendations (CSRs) for economic and structural reform policies, which had been issued to the United Kingdom in July 2012 in the framework of Europe 2020. These include a CSR on welfare reform, poverty and childcare. On the basis of this assessment, updated joint Commission and Council CSRs will be issued in July 2013.
Regarding more particularly the fundamental rights issues raised by the Honourable Member, the Commission recalls that, according to Article 51 (1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, the provisions of the Charter are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law. In the matter referred to by the Honourable Member it is thus for the Member State to ensure that its obligations regarding fundamental rights — as resulting from international agreements and from their internal legislation — are respected.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-004634/13
à la Commission
Gaston Franco (PPE)
(25 avril 2013)
Objet: Coopération marine et maritime en Méditerranée
L'approfondissement de la coopération marine et maritime entre les pays du pourtour méditerranéen participe du développement d'une économie bleue durable en Méditerranée.
À l'occasion de la 12e conférence de la FEMIP (Facilité euro-méditerranéenne d'investissement et de partenariat) qui a eu lieu les 18 et 19 avril à Athènes, Mme Maria Damanaki, membre de la Commission européenne chargée des affaires maritimes et de la pêche, a appelé de ses vœux la constitution d'un réseau d'établissements de formation maritime visant à faire émerger des pôles européens d'excellence pour l'éducation maritime, dans un contexte transfrontalier et transsectoriel.
1.
La Commission pourrait-elle détailler les étapes de création de ce réseau et proposer un calendrier indicatif?
2.
Comment ce réseau sera-t-il financé et comment seront sélectionnés les établissements de formation maritime qui le composeront?
3.
Ce réseau aura-t-il une véritable dimension euro-méditerranéenne et sera-t-il labellisé comme un projet de l'Union pour la Méditerranée?
4.
Quels seront les sujets prioritaires traités par ce réseau? La problématique des autoroutes de la mer en fera-t-elle partie?
Réponse donnée par Mme Damanaki au nom de la Commission
(27 juin 2013)
Comme le rappelle l'Honorable Parlementaire, la Commission encourage la création d'un réseau d'établissements de formation maritime dans la région méditerranéenne et la question a été débattue à l'occasion de la 12e conférence de la FEMIP en avril 2013.
La réussite d'un tel réseau repose sur un processus d'engagement ascendant, dans le cadre duquel un ou plusieurs établissements de formation dans la région se charge(nt) de sa mise sur pied. La Commission proposera une plateforme pour la mise en réseaux et les échanges entre les établissements et instituts de formation sous la forme d'un futur centre virtuel de connaissances pour la Méditerranée. Le projet IMP-MED (programme régional «Sud» de l'IEVP) (13) examine actuellement le contenu éventuel et la configuration future en consultation avec les pays concernés.
Aucun financement spécifique pour le réseau n'a été affecté à ce titre. Le réseau doit présenter un caractère inclusif et ouvert et doit être géré par les établissements de formation eux-mêmes. Les parties intéressées sont encouragées à évaluer les possibilités de financement dans le cadre des futurs programmes européens de coopération territoriale ou des programmes de coopération transfrontalière pour la période 2014-2020.
On ne saurait préjuger d'aucune future «labellisation» du projet à ce stade. Parmi les sujets prioritaires qui pourraient être traités par le réseau, on peut citer des activités d'échanges de meilleures pratiques en matière de formation dans le domaine de la croissance «bleue» et la mobilité entre les secteurs liés au domaine maritime. Les autoroutes de la mer bénéficient déjà d'un soutien dans le cadre du programme de formation et de la plate-forme Logismed (Logismed-AF), qui traitent des besoins de formation dans le secteur de la logistique.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-004634/13
to the Commission
Gaston Franco (PPE)
(25 April 2013)
Subject: Marine and maritime cooperation in the Mediterranean
Enhancing marine and maritime cooperation between the countries around the Mediterranean plays a part in the development of a sustainable Mediterranean blue economy.
At the 12th Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP) conference, which was held on 18 and 19 April 2013 in Athens, Maria Damanaki, European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, called for a network of maritime training institutes to be set up with the aim of developing European centres of excellence for maritime education, across borders and across sectors.
1.
Could the Commission give details of the stages in which this network will be set up and propose a provisional timetable?
2.
How will this network be funded and how will the participating maritime training institutes be selected?
3.
Will this network be truly Euro-Mediterranean and will it be branded as an EU project for the Mediterranean?
4.
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EU Commission Questions
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99,844
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github_open_source_100_2_8300
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import React from 'react';
import ReactDOM from 'react-dom';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import { withStyles } from '@material-ui/core/styles';
import Input from '@material-ui/core/Input';
import OutlinedInput from '@material-ui/core/OutlinedInput';
import FilledInput from '@material-ui/core/FilledInput';
import InputLabel from '@material-ui/core/InputLabel';
import MenuItem from '@material-ui/core/MenuItem';
import FormHelperText from '@material-ui/core/FormHelperText';
import FormControl from '@material-ui/core/FormControl';
import Select from '@material-ui/core/Select';
const styles = theme => ({
root: {
display: 'flex',
flexWrap: 'wrap',
},
formControl: {
margin: theme.spacing.unit,
minWidth: 120,
},
selectEmpty: {
marginTop: theme.spacing.unit * 2,
},
});
export class IoEngineSelector extends React.Component {
static displayName = IoEngineSelector.name;
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {selected: null}
this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
}
handleChange = event => {
this.setState({ selected: event.target.value });
};
render() {
const classes = styles;
return (
<FormControl className={classes.formControl}>
<InputLabel htmlFor="age-helper">Age</InputLabel>
<Select
value={this.state.age}
onChange={this.handleChange}
input={<Input name="age" id="age-helper" />}
>
<MenuItem value="">
<em>None</em>
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem value={10}>Ten</MenuItem>
<MenuItem value={20}>Twenty</MenuItem>
<MenuItem value={30}>Thirty</MenuItem>
</Select>
<FormHelperText>Some important helper text</FormHelperText>
</FormControl>
);
}
}
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Various open source
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package orderssvc
import (
model "github.com/Ruscigno/ticker-heart/internal/transaction/orders"
)
// OrdersService is a CRUD to the database
type OrdersService interface {
Insert(ac *model.Order) error
GetByID(accountID, ticket int64) (*model.Order, error)
Update(ac *model.Order) error
Delete(accountID, ticket int64) error
}
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AWS EC2 & Route53
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Various open data
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MERIGLIER
Jean-Pierre
RCS non inscrit
3
rue
du 8 Mai 1945
69510
Soucieu-en-Jarrest
Extrait de jugement
Jugement de plan de redressement
2017-01-10
Jugement arrêtant le plan de redressement judiciaire par continuation ; fixe sa durée à sept ans ; commissaire à l'exécution du plan : SELARL MJ SYNERGIE, représentée par Maître WALCZAK, 136, Cours Lafayette, 69441 Lyon Cedex 03 ; N° RG : 15/00099.
| 0.987445
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JUDICIAL REDRESSMINT RECOVERY
| false
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99,847
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5605289_1
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courtlistener
|
Public Domain
|
Hill, C. J.
1. The amendment to the answer, although filed after the time for answering had expired, was properly verified as required by section 5640 of the Civil Code (1910), and there was no error in allowing it. Besides, the amendment set up no defense that was not substantially made by the original answer.
2. Under the plea of non est factum to a suit on a note, the defendant may deny either the execution of the note by him altogether, or its exeeu*99tion by him in its present shape; ancl proof of either allegation would sustain the plea, provided, in ease of alteration, the change was material. Civil Code (1910), § 4295; Joyce on Defenses to Commercial Paper, § 135.
Decided November 20, 1911.
Complaint; from city court of,Cartersville — Judge Foute.
December 2, 1910.
John F. Norris, for plaintiff. Neel & Neel, for defendant.
3. Where the signature to a note sued on is attacked on the ground that it is a forgery, an admittedly genuine signature of the person purporting to have signed the note is admissible for the purpose of comparison, and to aid in the determination of the issue as to the genuineness of the signature in dispute, and the jury can make a physical inspection of both the genuine signature and the one in dispute. Joyce on Defenses to Commercial Paper, §§ 96, 97, and cases in notes.
4. In support of his plea of non est factum, it was not error to permit the defendant to introduce in evidence a blank copy of a note, which he testified was an exact copy of the one he executed, for the purpose of showing dissimilarity between that and the note sued on and alleged to be a forgery.
5. When a plea of non est factum is filed under oath to a suit on a note, the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove the execution of the note sued on. Paulk v. Creech, 8 Ga. App. 738 (2), (70 S. E. 145). It was not error for the trial judge, during the course of. his charge, to instruct the jury repeatedly to the foregoing effect. One time would have been sufficient, but needless repetition in a charge of a correct principle of law, applicable to the pleadings and evidence, would not be error.
6. Where a plea of non est factum is filed to a suit on a note, the plaintiff must prove the execution of the note sued on, before the presumption of law would arise that he was a bona fide holder for value; and, after charging sections 4286 and 4288 of the Civil Code1 (1910), the court did not err in also charging the above qualification.
7. The alteration of the name of the payee in a note, without the knowledge of the maker, is a material alteration, and would constitute a good defense to- an action against the maker of the note. Joyce on Defenses to Commercial Paper, § 158, and cases cited; 3 Randolph on Commercial Paper, §§ 1749, 1777.
S. This court has repeatedly ruled that in the absence of legal error, it has no jurisdiction to interfere with a verdict supported by some evidence, although the verdict was against the preponderance of the evidence. The decisions cited to the contrary, applicable to the Supreme Court, were rendered prior to the constitutional amendment restricting the jurisdiction of that court and this court to the decision of errors of law and equity, and are not now in point.
9. Other grounds of alleged error contained in the motion for a new trial, not specifically covered by the foregoing notes, are without substantial merit.
10. There was evidence in support of the plea of non est factum, an'd the verdict for the defendant was authorized, and there was no error in refusing a new trial. Judgment affirmed.
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github_open_source_100_2_8302
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Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
Imports Bwl.Framework
Public Class Recorder
Private _recordFile As IO.TextWriter
Private _recordFileRaw As IO.TextWriter
Private _recordStartTime As DateTime
Private _lastData As New GpsData
Private _datafolder As String
Private _logger As Logger
Public Sub New(datafolder As String, logger As Logger)
_datafolder = datafolder
_logger = logger
End Sub
Public Sub RecordStart(prefix As String)
Dim filename As String = Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd hh-mm-ss") + " " + prefix + ".gps.csv"
Dim filenameRaw As String = Now.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd hh-mm-ss") + " " + prefix + ".gps.txt"
_recordStartTime = _lastData.DateTimeUtc
SyncLock Me
_recordFile = IO.File.CreateText(IO.Path.Combine(_datafolder, filename))
_recordFileRaw = IO.File.CreateText(IO.Path.Combine(_datafolder, filenameRaw))
End SyncLock
_max = 0
_avg = 0
_avgCnt = 0
_logger.AddMessage("Record start: " + filename)
End Sub
Private _max As Single
Private _avg As Single
Private _avgCnt As Integer
Public Sub RecordStop()
SyncLock Me
_recordFile.Close()
_recordFileRaw.Close()
_recordFile = Nothing
_recordFileRaw = Nothing
End SyncLock
_logger.AddMessage("Record stop, max " + _max.ToString("0.0") + " avg " + (_avg / _avgCnt).ToString("0.0"))
End Sub
Public ReadOnly Property Recording As Boolean
Get
Return _recordFile IsNot Nothing
End Get
End Property
Public Sub Write(data As GpsData, raw As String)
_lastData = data
SyncLock Me
If _recordFile IsNot Nothing Then
Try
Dim str = data.DateTimeUtc.ToString + ";" +
(data.DateTimeUtc - _recordStartTime).TotalSeconds.ToString("0.0") + ";" +
data.Speed.ToString("0.0") + ";" +
data.Location.ToString()
_recordFile.WriteLine(str)
_recordFileRaw.WriteLine(raw)
Catch ex As Exception
End Try
End If
If data.Speed > _max Then _max = data.Speed
_avg += data.Speed
_avgCnt += 1
End SyncLock
End Sub
End Class
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github_open_source_100_2_8303
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Various open source
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BVGLOSS: l^ECEFTION, La Bruyere has said, that ^^ if women were to be naturally what they make themselves by artifidal means; if they were to lose in a moment all the freshness of their complexion ; if their faces always wore that heightened and loaded colour which rouge and paint give, they would be inconsolable/' This truth cannot be disputed; and yet, from the north to the south, from the east to the west, among savages, and amongst polished nations^ the passion for paint is universal. The wish to please misleads equally the daughter of the desert> and the civilized beauty ; for the highest degree of civiliza^ tion is that which' brings us back to nature, and to 84 i^ETTEHS the good taste inseparable from it. This flower is used as the emblem of deception, because its root serves for the composition of several sorts of paint That composition, of which it is the chief ingriddient, is the oldest and least dangerous of all ; it unites even several advantages; it lasts several days without being effaced ; water revives it, as if it were the natural coipplexion, and it does not destroy the skin, which it is intended to adorn. But would we please for long, would we please for ever, let us dismiss deception from our hearts, from our lips, and from our faces; and say with the poet, >^ nothing is beautiful but truth, truth alone is lovely." honeysuckle: LINKS OF AFFECTION. Weakness pleases strength, and often gives it charms. I have sometimes seen a young honey- suckle attach its delicate tendrils round the knotted trunk of an old oak; we might fancy that this feeble plant, throwing itself on the air, aimed at surpassing in height the king of the forest, but soon, as if feeling the futility of its efforts," we see it gracefully fall back, and ^icirde the head of its friend with perfumed garlands. from brussels. 85 lucerne: existence. * ' Lucerne long occupies the same ground, but \^«n it forsakes it, it is for ever. It thus offe/r an emblem of life. Nothing is more lovely tiiaB* a field of lucerne in full bloom, it spreads before our eyes like a carpet of green and violet ; beloved by the husbandman, it lavishes on him an abun- dant harvest, without requiring any labour; it is cut down, it grows again ; a native of our climes, it is a gift direct from heaven. We possess it without eflfort, we enjoy it without thought, without gratitude. We often prefer to it a flower, whose only merit is a transient brightness. So in life, we too often quit a certain happiness, to run after useless pleasures, which ever elude our grasp. LILY OF the valley: return of happiness. The lily of the valley loves the most sheltered spot ; the shade of the oak, or the brink of the stream ; in the beginning of May its flowers open, and shed their perfume on the air. At this signal. 8§ LEDXERS the nightingale leaves oar hedges and our groves, and seeks in the bosom of the forest a retreat, a oompanion, and an echo which will answer its voice. Led by the perfume of the lily of the yaUey». this endianting bird soon* chooses its asyluMy and eelebsalesv with melodums. warblings, solitude^ lave, and that flower ^uddch yearly announces the return of happiness. privet: prohibition. Why, said a young mother to the venerable pastor of her village, did you not plant a strong fence of thorns, intead of that hedge of flowery privet, which encloses your garden ? The pastor answer- ed, when you forbid your child a dangerous amusement, the prohibition is softened by a tender smile, by a caressing look; and if he rebel, your maternal hands offer him some plaything to comfort him; so the pastor's hedge should keep off the imprudent, without causing any injury, and should offer flowers even to those it repulses. FROM BRUSSELS. 87 COMMON briar: SOLITUDE. The meadows will be covered with flowers^ the plains* with harvest^ the hills with green vines, and the mountains with dark forests. Happy peasants, you may dance itt the meadow, crown yourselves with tiie wreaths of Ceres, rejoice in the gifts of Bacchus, and repose in the shade of the forest. You may, — for all is joy to the happy; whilst I, guided by melancholy, will wander to those desert places where the humble briar, lover of solitude, disputes with man the occupation of the ground. N arci s sus : SELF-LOVE. The naxcissus. of the poets has a sweet scent; it bears a golden crown, in the centre of a large flower white as ivory, and slightly curved; it appears natural to our climates ; it loves the shade, and the coolness of the stream. The aacients beheld in this flower, the metamorphosis of a young shepherd, whom love punished for his indifference, by a fatal illusion. A thousand nymphs loved the 88 LETTERS beautiful Narcissus; but in vain. Echo, plaintive Eicho, was scorned by him ; she was then beautiful, bdt grief and shame efiaced her beauty ; the gods took pity on her, they changed her emaciated limbs into stone, but they could not cure her soul, which still mourns in those solitary spots, where she hopelessly followed her beloved. Fatigued with hunting, and with the heat which parched the ground. Narcissus reposed on the brink of a stream, whose limpid waters had never been disturbed. The shepherd leant over the pure crystal to quench his thirst, and was so struck with the beauty of his countenance, that, his eyes fixed on this shadow, he remained immoveable. Love, to re- venge himself on a rebellious heart, embellished this image with all the fires he could inspire ; then laughed at the folly, abandoning his victim to the delirium which consumed him. Echo alone, a witoess of his grief, his tears, his sighs, the mad vow^ which he* addresRsed to himself, feelingly aiisweved his complaint, and gave back his last adieu^ though not addressed to her. In his dying moments, he still sought the shadow whidi fakd enchanted him, and demanded it again from the FROM BRUSSELS. 89 (lark waters of the Styx. The Naiads, his sifters, deplored his loss^ £^d covering his body with their Iqq^. tresses, entreated the Dryads to raise a funeral jnl^ Echo followed these nymphs, and gave back their. lamentations; ^^ ^^^ sounds of despair the pile la^as raised, but the body it was to consume, no Ipnger existed. In its place, was found a pale and melancholy flower, bending over the stream, like Narcjussus oyer the waters of the Styx. From this day the fairies wear a wreath. of these flowers, which they hare consecrated to self-love, of all passions the most sad and fatal. LINDEN tree: CONJUGAL AFFECTION. Baucis was changed into a linden tree. The linden, tree is an emblem of conjugal, affection. ^^ ca^. never be weary of admiring the justice with which the qualities of those plants, eonsecrated b^.H^hen Mythology, are adapted to the persoa th^y, 4^i^< intended to represent Beauty, grace, sixaplicify, es^treme mildness, innocent gaiety, such should alwaya be th^ attributes of a tender wife. 9(k> uzrrERs AH .these qualitiea will be foimd in the lindea tree^ which clotbes itself each springs with so lovely- a green; whieh wreathes such sweet odours; which lavishes^ on the yonng bees, the honey of its fiowei% and givesi its flexible brandies for the manu&cture of so many pretty works ; all is useful in thiS) tree.; we drink the infusion of its flowers^ and! weave, its bark into doth, ropes, and hats« The haughty chestnut, the light acada, have tried to take its place in avenues and puUic walks; but nothing shall b^uiish it from us* Let it ever be the ornament of the gardens of the rich, and the bene^^ factor of the poor, to whom it gives clothing, furniture, shoes, shade in summer, and warmth in winter. STRAWBERRIES : PERFECT GOODNESS. This humble plant delights in our woodsy and covers their Ixnrders with its deliciousr fruits^, which belong to those who will giM;her them« A charming giftj.. whieh nsiture ha» saved from tbf^ gras|)r.of exdusive apprc^riation^ and loves; to FROM BRUSSELS. 91 bestow alike on all her children. The flowers of the strawberry make pretty bouquets ; but what cruel hand by plucking them, would rob the future of it» fruifs^? AoHmg the glaciers of the Alps, when the trarreller parched with the sun, overcome with fatigue, surrounded by rocks as old as the world itself, fmd by forests half uprooted by the ava^ kmche ; seeks in vain for. the shelter of a cottage, for the refreshment of a stream, he unexpectedly sees-, troops of young girls approaching him with baskets of strawberries ; they appear on all the eminences^ mid at the bottom of every precipice. Each ro(^, each tree, seems guarded by one of those nymphi^ whom Tasso has placed at the entrance of the garden of Armida. As fascinating, but less dangerous^ the young Swiss peasants, by offering their baskets to the traveller, far from retarding his steps, give him strength to proceed. The learned Linnseus was cured of frequent attacks of the gout by^ tiie use of strawberries', which have often restored health to the sick, when medicine has been of no avail. 9S LETTERS THYME : ACTIVITY. Flies of every form, beetles of every colour, industrious bees, and volatile butterflies unceas- ingly surround the flowering tufts of thyme. Per- haps this lowly plant appears to these winged inhabitants of the air (whose short existence is one spring) like an immense tree, as old as the earth ; covered with eternal verdure, and whose flowers shine like superb vases filled with honey for their use. The Greeks regarded thyme as the symbol of activity; perhaps they had observed, that its scent, which strengthens the brain, will also restore to old age, energy, activity, and vigour. Activity is a warlike virtue, always associated with true courage, wherefore, the beauties of former days presented to their knight, a scarf, on which was embroidered, a bee fluttering round a sprig of thyme. This double symbol would also denote, that he who had adopted it, should blend mildness with every action. FROM BRUSSELS. 98 RED valerian: FACILITY. Valerian with its red flowers has lately descended from the Alps into our gardens ; its dress is brilliant, but always a little disordered. This daughter of the mountains, preserves a rustic gait amongst our more civilized flowers ; however, it owes its rise to its merit, its root is excellent in many diseases, its infusion strengthens the sight, revives the spirits, and disperses melancholy ; its flowers last almost all the year; cultivation heightens their beauty, but they never dbdain their lowly origin, and often quit our borders, to deck the side of a barren hill, or the top of a ruined wall. 94 LBTTER8 XL SUMMER. THE B06£. WHAt poet has not sung the rose? — its beauty cannot be exaggerated, or its praise perfected: it has been called with justice, daughter of the sky, ornament of the earth, and glory of the spring. Behold it rising from its elegant foliage surrounded by numerous buds ; we might fancy, that the queen of flowers was sporting with the breeze, decking herself with the drops of dew, and smiling on the rays of the sun; nature having lavished on her, freshness, beauty of form, perfume, splendour, and grace. The rose adorns the whole earth, it is the most common of flowers, it dies as soon as it has readied perfection, but each spring restores it to us FROM BRUSSELS. 95 besh and lorely. An emblem of erery iig«, an initerpreter of every feeHng, tbe rwe k blended with our joys .and grieft. Innocent mirdi is erowned with it, the modest blush borrows its Ime, beauty is compared to it, it is the image t)f yoalh, innocence and pleasure ; it belongs to Venus ; and a rival of beauty]^itself, the rose, like her, possessoi igraceistm more fiMcinatiaa^ iJian beauty. A ROSE leaf: I NEVER IMPORTUNE. There was at Amadan, an academy, whose statutes were couched in these terms, ^^the Academicians shall l^ink much, write little, and speak less." Dr. Zebb, celebrated throughout the East, under- standing that there was a vacancy in this academy, hastened to obtain it ; but unfortunately arrived too late. The academy was in despair; it had just granted to power, what belonged only to merit. The president not knowing how to express a re- fusal, which reflected so much on the assembly /took a cup, and filled it so full with water, that one drop more wo«dd have made it overflow. The learned 96 LETTERS candidate understood by this emblem, that there was no place for him, and was sorrowfully retiring, when he perceived a rose-leaf at his feet. At this sight he took courage, he picked up the rose-leaf, and placed it so gently on the water that not a single drop escaped. At this ingenious trait every one clapped their hands, and the Doctor was received with applause, among the number of silent Academicians. A CROWN OF roses: A REWARD OF VIRTUE. Saint M^dard, Bishop of Noyou, born at Salency, of an illustrious fiimily, instituted in his birth place the most touching prize that piety has ever offered to virtue. This prize is a simple crown of roses, but to obtain it you must be acknowledged by all your rivals, by all the girls of the village, as the most submissive, the most modest, and the best informed. The sister of Saint M^dard in 532, was the first to receive this crown from the hands of the founder. FROM BRUSSELS. 97 and she bequeathed it, with the examples of her virtues, to the companions of her childhood. Time, which has overthrown so many empires, which has broken the sceptre of so many kings, has respected the crown of Salency. MOSS rose: LOVE. Looking at the moss rose, with its thorns, its points, and its cup, surrounded by a green and soft verdure, we might say that luxury had contested with love for this beautiful flower, Madame de Genlis assures us, that at her return from England, all Paris came to her house, to admire the first rose of this kind. Madame de .Getil|s was already celebrated, and the rose tree was undoubtedly only an excuse for the crowd which surrounded her, her modesty alone left her in ignorance ; for this rose, a native of Provence, has been kAOwn for several centuries. ^8 UBTTERS A BOUQUET OF FULL-BLOWN ROSES. These flowers invite the rich to do good ; grati- tude is sweeter than their perfume^ and the reign of power is often more transient than their beauty. A WHITE AND A RED ROSE. The poet Bonnefous sent the object of his affec- tion two roses; one white, and the other of liie most brilliant carnation ; the white to represent the pdeness of his countenance, and the carnation the warmth of his heart. A ROSE TREE IN THE MIDST OF A TUFT OF GRASS. Every thing is to be gained from good company. " One day,'* says the poet Sadi, " I saw a rose tree surrounded by a tuft of grass: What ! I exclaimed, has this plant done, that we find it the companion of roses ? and I was going to uproot the turf, when it humbly said, ^ Spare me; I am no rose, it is true, but by my scent you may know at least, I have lived with roses.' " FROM BRUSSELS. 99 ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF ROSES. To embellish the lessons of wisdom, the Muses have often borrowed a rose from love. These lovely flowers, emblems of pleasure, mark also its short duration. The search after happiness, is to it, what the rose bud is to the rose. Modesty should defend beauty, as the thorn defends the rose. The old man who talks of lowh to a young girl, is like the autumn wind, which withers the rose before it blooms. A young woman without her mother's protection in the world, is like a faded rose. WHITE jessamine: AMIABILITY. There are some persons gifted with so happy a disposition, that they appear thrown on the world to be the links of society : they have so much ease and grace of manner, that they support every situation ; accommodate themselves to every taste and make every thing appear in its most pleasing light; they are so obliging, that they take an interest in all you say, forget themselves to serve you, and are silent to listen to you; they do not 100 LETTERS flatter, they do not pretend, and they never give offence ; their merit is a gift of heaven, like that of a pretty face ; in short they please, because nature has made them amiable. The jessamine appears created on purpose to be the happy symbol of amiability. When in 1560 it was brought from India by the Spanish navi- gators, we admired the lightness of its branches, and the delicate lustre of its starry flowers, and we thought that to preserve so elegant a plant it must be put in a hot-house : this appeared to suit it ; it was tried in an orangery, it succeeded there wonder- fully well ; it was hazarded in the open air, where, without requiring any care, it now braves our severest winters. The amiable jessamine bends its flexible branches at our pleasure, lavishes on us its harvest of flowers, which embalm, refresh, and purify Uie air of our groves ; Uiese delicate flowers offer the light butterfly, cups worthy of him, and the industrious bees, an exquisite, abundant, and perfumed honey. The shepherd unites the jessa- mine with the rose, to adorn the bosom of his shepherdess; and often this simple bouquet, wreathed in garlands, crowns the brow of the princess. FROM BRUSSELS. 101 We are told that before its arrival in France^ the jessamine sojourned in Italy : a Duke of Tus- cany was its first possessor : tormented by envy, this Duke wished to enjoy alone, so charming a possession, and forbade his gardener to give away a single stalk, a single flower. The gardener would have been faithful, had he never known love; but he prepared a bouquet, for the birth-day of his mistress, and to make it still more precious, added a branch of jessamine. The young girl, to preserve the freshness of this foreign flower, put it in the ground; the branch remained green all the year, and the following spring was covered with flowers ; she profited by the instructions of her lover, and cultivated her jessamine, which multiplied itself under her tender care. She was poor, her lover was not rich, a prudent mother refused to unite their poverty; but love had worked a miracle for them, and the girl profited by it; she sold her jessamines, and sold them so well, that she amassed a little treiasure, with which she enriched her lover. The girls of Tuscany, to preserve the remembrance of this adventure, always wear a bouquet of jessamine on l02 LETTERS tbeir marriage day ; and they hare a saying, that a girl, worthy to wear Uiis bouquet, is rich enough to make the fortune of her husband. THE pink: PURE AFFECTION. The primitiye pink is single, red and perfumed; cultivation has doubled its petals and varied its colours. These beautiful flowers are painted with a thousand shades, from a pale rose to a perfect white, and from a deep red, to a brilliant scarlet ; we also see on the same flower, two of these colours, which strive together, oppose each other, and are mingled. The pure white is tipped with crimson, and the rose colour becomes a brilliant red. We also see these flowers, mottled, striped, and some- times abruptly bisected, so Uiat the deceived eye might imagine the same calyx held a purple flower and a white one. Almost as varied in form, as in colour, it still preserves its delicious perfume, and tries unceasingly to exchange its foreigpn garb for its native simple clothing. The hand of the gardener may double^ treble, stripe, and vary its dress, but FROM BRUSSELS. 103 cannot render it constant. Thus has nature placed in our hearts^ Uie seed of the most delightful senti* ment Art, and society, by unfolding and culti- vating this seed, embellish it, weaken it, or exalt it. A hundred causes may render its effects incon- stant, and variable; but in spite of the caprices, the errors, and the incomprehensible windings of the human heart, nature always bringt back affec- tion to its pristine simplicity. verbena: enchantment. If our botanists would affix a moral idea to each plant they describe, an universal dictionary might thus be compiled, understood by every nation, and durable as the world itself, renewed by eadi return- ing spring, and never altering its characters. The altars of Jupiter are overthrown ; the forests^ silent witnesses of the mysteries of the Druids, exist no more ; the pyramids of Egypt will be losl^ like the sphynx, in the sand of the desert; but the lotus and the acanthus will ever flourish on the banks of the Nile, the misletoe will grow on the oak, and vervain on the barren hills. 104 LSTTBR6 Vervain was used by the ancients in many kinds of divinations^ a thousand properties were attributed to it ; amongst others, that of reconciling enemies, and nrfien the Romans sent heralds to offer a nation peace, or war, one of them was the bearer of a branch of vervain. The Druids had the greatest veneration for this plant, and before gathering it, offered a sacrifice on the ground. The worshippers of the sun held in their hands branches of vervain. Victorious Venus wore a myrtle crown entwined with vervain; and the Germans even now, give a chaplet of vervain to a bride, thus commending her to the care of this gockiess. In our northern provinces, the shepherds gather this sacred plant, with mysterious words and cere- monies ; they extract the juice by moonlight, and by turns perform cures, and make themselves feared; for if they know how to calm trouble, they can also cast a spell over their flocks and the hearts of their young companions. We are assured that vervain gives this latter power, if they are young and hand- some : thus we see that vervain is with us, as it was with the ancients^ the herb of enchantment* from brussels. 105, tares: VICE. The tare is the emblem of vice ; its stalk resembles that of wheat ; it grows with the finest harvest. The dexterous hand of the husbandman carefully weeds out this bad herb, that he may not confound it with the good seed. Thus a prudent instructor should employ patience, to root out the bad inclinations which arise in a young heart ; but let him not stifle the seeds of virtue, whilst he believes he is only checking vice. The mother of Dugueselin com- plained that her son returned each day to the chateau, covered with dust and scratches; one morning, she was preparing to punish him, but a nun who was present, after attentively observing him, said to her, ^^ Beware of punishing the child, for the time will come, when these faults, of which you now complain, will prove the glory of his family, and the safeguard of his country." For one mother who is thus deceived, how many others foster the tares in the hearts of their chil- dren, and only at the time of harvest perceive they have taken root f3 106 LETTERS THE MALLOVT. BENEVOLENCE. Emblem of benevolence, the mallow is the friend of the poor. It grows' freely by the side of the brook which allays his thirst, and around the cottage which he inhabits. It has neither bitter- ness nor roughness; its aspect is agreeable and mild ; its rose-coloured flowers harmonise with the leaves and stalks, which are covered with a silvery and a silky down. By its softness, it pleases equally the sight and the touch; its flowers, its stalks, its leaves, and its root, are all good. Syrups, pastiles, and lozenges, grateful to the taste, and beneficial to the health, are prepared from its juices. The weary traveller has sometimes found in its root a wholesome and substantial food; he need only look at his feet, to discover proofs of the love and foresi^t of nature; but this tender mother often conceals among plants, as well as men, the highest virtues under the most modest appearance. FROM BRUSSELS. 107 ACACIA. PLATONIC AFFECTION. The savages of America have consecrated the acacia to the genius of chaste love ; their bows are made of the incorruptible wood of this tree; their arrows are pointed with one of its thorns. These proud children of the desert, hitherto unsubdued, possess a sentiment full of delicacy; they cannot perhaps give language to it, but express it by a branch of flowering acacia. The young savage, as well as the town coquette, understands this language, and blushingly receives the homage of respectfpl love. It is scarcely a century since the forests of Canada have given us this beautiful tree; its light and graceful foliage, its perfumed flowers, and its fresh verdure appear to prdlong Spring*. The nightingale confides her nest to this new inhabitant of our climes, and as if reassured by its long thorns, which protect her family, descends to the lower branches of the tree, to indulge us with her ex-* qoisite notes. 108 LETTEM th:e lily: MAJESTY. .From the midst of a tuft of long leaves, folding bade over each other, as if to form a circular throne of verdure, the lily, gently bending, demands and obtains the homage of all nature^ but notwith- standing its charms, it requires a court to give its beauty full effect. Alone, it looks cold and desolate; surrounded by other flowers, it eclipses them all; it is a king, its grace is majesty. The lily came from Syria, and formerly adorned the altars of the God of Israel, and crowned the forehead of Solo- mon. Charlemagne made it share with the rose the glory of perfuming his garden; and if we are to believe the tradition of our ancestors, the valiant Glovis received a heavenly lily on the day when victory and the Christian &ith were bestowed upon him. Louis VII. beheld in the flowers of the lily the triple symbol of his beauty, his name, and his power: he placed them on his shield, on his seal, and on the coin. Philip Augustus emblazoned them on his standard. St. Louis wore a ring re- presenting in relief on enamel, a garland of lilies FROM BRUSSELS. 109 and asters; on the interior of the ring was engraved a crucifix with these words; ^'besides this ring, what is there to love!" because this ring offered to this pious monarch the emblem of all he held dear, — ^religion, France, and his queen. It was a religious idea which induced Charles V. to limit the number of his fleur-de-lis to three; since his reign this number has not varied; but if, since the time of Clovis, the celestial lily has shone on the mantle and the escutcheon of our kings, it also gave its colour to the standard of our warriors. The plume of Henry IV. who always led die French to victory, was as white as a lily; it was the emblem of a pure soul and an unspotted glory. GILLIFLOWER : DURABLE BEAUTY. The gilliflower, less graceful than the rose, less proud than the lily, has a more lasting beauty; constant in its benefits, it offers us all the year its red and pyramidal flowers, wafting a scent which charms the senses. The finest gilliflowers are red, and have given their name to their own colour^ 110 LETTERS wkiidi rirak the Tyrian purple in brilliancy* White, violet, and variegated gilliflowers have also their diarms : but since America, Asia, and Afirica have sent us their splendid tributes^ we have neglected this daughter of our climate so dear to our fore- fiUhers. Towards sunset, a balsamic odour exhales from its flowers, which, £Eir from overpowering the t^ses, will refresh and strengthen them. This flower then, grows in our parterres like a lively and fresh beauty, blooming with health; health, the greatest of blessings, without whieh^ there is neither happiness nor durable beauty. wheat: RICHE3. This plant appears to have been given by Provi- dence to mankind, together with fire, to secure to him the sceptre of the world. With wheat and fire, we may do without all other goods ; we may acquire them all. Man, wiUi wheat alone, can feed all those domestic animals which support his exist- ence, and share his labour : the pig, the fowl, the duck, the pigeon, the sheep, the goat» the horse. FROM BRUSSELS. Ill the coWf the cat, and the dog; which by a wonder- ful metamorphosis, gire him back in return, eggs, milk, bacon, wool, service, affection, and gratitude. Wheat is the first link of society, because its culture and preparation require hard labotur and mutual service ; for this reason, the ancients termed Ceres a lawgiver. An Arab lost in the desert, had been two days without food, and was near perishing with hunger. Passing by a well where the caravans stopped, he perceived on the sand a little leathern bag; he picked it up, ^^ God be praised," said he, << I think it is some flour;" he hastily opened the bag, but at the sight of what it contained, he ex- claimed, ^^ Wretch that I am, it is only gold dust!" marigold: GRIEF. Every one knows this golden flower, which is an emblem of the sorrows of the mind; it possesses some remarkable properties. It flowers the whole year, wherefore the Romans called it '^ Flower of the calendar," that is to say, of all the months. Its flowers are only open from nine in the morning 1 12 LEITERS oBtil three in the afternoon, yet they still turn towards the sun, and follow his course from east to west. During the months of July and August, these flowers display small luminous sparks in the night. The sorrowful signification of the marigold may be varied in a hundred different ways: joined with roses, it signifies the pains of love ; alone, it expresses ennui ; wreathed with different flowers, it represents the uncertain chain of life, always a mixture of good and evil. In the east, marigolds and poppies, signify, "I will soothe your sorrows." Margaret of Orleans, the maternal grandmother of Henry IV., chose for a device, a marigold turning towards the sun; and for a motto, ^^I will follow him alone;'* this virtuous princess meant that all her thoughts, her whole affection, turned towards heaven, like the marigold towards the sun. mignionette: your qualities surpass your charms. Mignionette came from Egypt. Linnaeus com- pared its perfume to that of ambrosia. This per- fume is sweeter and more penetratii^ at sunrise FROM BRUSSELS. 113 and sunset than during Uie rest of the day. Mig- nionette flowers from the beginning of spring to the end of autumn; we may also enjoy it in winter by keeping it in a hot-house; it then becomes bushy, lives several years, and with a little care, forms a shrub of the prettiest effect. The arms of an illustrious Saxon family^ are supported by a branch of mignionette. The fol- lowing is the occasion on which this modest flower was blended with the laurel. Amelia Nordbourgh was eighteen; the brilliancy of her complexion, her wit, and her manners were perfect ; to look at her was to love her ; the sound of her voice alone would have inspired this feeling. A mother, still young, had cultivated in retirement this lovely flower. When she again came forward in the world to introduce her daughter, every one acknow- ledged that they lent each other mutual charms ; those of the daughter, declared how beautiful the mother had been ; those of Uie mother, promised a similar durability of such loveliness. A crowd of admirers surrounded Uiis girl, who fascinated alike by her grace, her riches, and her modesty. Count Walstein was the £sivoured lover^ 114 LETTERS Waktein loved for the first time in liis life ; a su- perb figure, a lively and intellectual mind, and an immense fortune, bad attracted many a tender look without its affecting him» But, by the side of Amelia, they appeared made for each other ; jealous envy itself was compelled to admire in these two, beauty, wit, and youth, surrounded by the illusions of a first affection. But alas ! on this earth there is DO light wiUiout its shade. Amelia had one little fault; her heart was given to her lover, but whilst she loved only him, she wkhed to please all. Walstein had a weakness, he was jealous ; delicacy concealed this feeling, but Amelia discovered it, and instead of being care*^ fully guarded, she liked to excite it, and laugh at it The companion of Amelia was a young girl, united to her by friendship and relationship. Char^ lotte was not pretty, if we can ever say this of a good heart She was poor ; an accident had de- prived her of her beauty; misfortunes had deprived her of her wealth ; but she was benevolent, and when doing good, or thinking of it, or speaking of it, she became lovely; her mind was exalted, and her eyes shone with a gentle brilliancy. FROM BRUSSELS. 115 When she saw that her cousin was going to be happy, satisfaction spread over her features, and she appeared charming, eren by thj| side of Amelia, in the eyes of Waktein. Often had he seen her secretly entering the cottages ; she came out loaded with blessings; the young girls shewed each other the clothing she had given them; the old men, whom she had comforted, blessed her ; the mothers loved to see her caress their children. She is an angel, said they ; if she were rich, we should all be happy. Often had these praises reached the heart of Waktein. One evening in the country, a w^ was proposed. Charlotte was not ready, and Amelia diewed impatience. A gallant colonel, more cele- l»ated in the drawing-room than the field, arrived, and Amelia's ill temper disappeared. The walk was given up. Charlotte came at last ; no one re- proached her, because no one appeared to perceive her. Walstein alone observing a mild emotion on her countenance, said to himself, she has been doing a good action. Amongst other amusements, it was proposed that each lady should choose a flower, to which Walstein ] 16 LETTERS. should attach a signification. Amelia took a rose, and placed it in her bosom; Charlotte chose a sprig of mignionette. Whilst Walstein was composing some verses on the different selections, the games still went on, and he was on a sudden sentenced to salute each lady. He at first willingly acquitted himself of this not unpleasing punishment; but when it came to Amelia's turn, he was confused, hesitated, turned pale, and without even pretending to salute her, respectfully retired. The colonel smiled, and being himself shortly after subjected to the same penance, he approached Amelia, cast- ing a significant glance at Walstein, and said, ^^ I also will be discreet, a kiss would indeed fade the bloom of those cheeks, but as every good soldier must obey his orders, I shall give the kiss to the flower which was selected.'^ Amelia laughingly defended her bouquet ; but the lips of the presump- tuous colonel sullied the flower, and at the same time insulted the modesty of Amelia. Walstein saw it and trembled, and looking accidentally at Charlotte, perceived by her countenance that she shared his astonishment and his pain. They now wanted to see what Walstein had written on the FROM BRUSSELS. ) 17 flowers. He tore up his first essay, and traced these words under the rose, " It lives but for a day, it pleases but for a moment." And under the mig- nionette, he wrote ^^Its qualities surpass its charms." Amelia, after having read, cast a disdainful look on Walstein, and on her cousin, and continued to co- quet with the colonel, and as Walstein no longer appeared to observe her, she committed a thousand follies to attract his notice. The colonel took such advantage of this, that before the end of the even- ing he drew from her a half confession of affection: this confession, it is true, was uttered loud enough for Walstein to hear ; but far from taking umbrage at it, he complimented the colonel on his rapid tri- umph, and then begged Charlotte to take pity on him. Charlotte in despair, tried by supplicating looks to recall her cousin to her senses, but anger and pride, united to throw her into the arms of a cox- comb, who made the misery of her life. Poor Charlotte thus became, in spite of herself, the wife of the virtuous Walstein. She wept for her cou- sin, but the Count enjoyed so much happiness with her, that he consecrated for ever, the moment of 118 LETTERS hh escape, by joining to his anns a branch of mig- Bionette. DATURA : FALSE CHARMS. Often yielding to effeminacy, an indolent beauty languishes for the whole day, and conceals herself from the light of the sun. But in the evening, brilliant with coquetry, she shews herself to her admirers. The uncertain light aiding her artifice, gives her a false splendour; she fascinates, she enchants. But her heart can love no more; she demands slaves, victims. Fly, young man, from the advances of this enchantress ; to love and to please, nature suffices, art is useless; whoever employs it, is per- fidious and dangerous. The flowers of the Datura, Uke these nocturnal beauties, languish in their deep foliage whilst the sun shines, but at the approach of night they re- vive, display their charms, and unfold those purple and ivory bells, which breathe an intoxicating per- fume, but so dangerous, that it overcomes even in the opken lar, those who inhale it FROM BRUSSELS. 119 VIRGINIAN JESSAMINE. SEPARATION. What enchanting harmony is perceived in the connexion between plants and animals. The butterfly flutters on the rose; the nightingale lends its song to our groves; the bee extracts a sweet treasure from flowers. Thus in nature, each insect enjoys its peculiar flower, each bird its tree, each quadruped its plant. Man alone enjoys all, and he alone can tear asunder these links of the universe. His grasping hand, whilst bringing an animal from the climate which gave it birth, only thinking of his own pleasure, often forgets the plant, which would have soothed its exile. If he brings the plant, he neglects the insect which enlivens it, the bird which adorns it, and the quadruped which feeds on its leaves and rests under its shade. Behold the jessamine of Virginia, with its beautiful verdure and purple flowers; it is still a stranger in our land ; we still prefer to it our own honeysuckle, with its sweets gathered by the bee, its foliage browsed on by the goat, and its berries picked by the birds. 120 XETTERS Undoubtedly, the rich Virginian jessamine would possess equal attractions, did we see it animated by the bumming«bird of Florida, which prefers its foliage to that of any oliier tree. It makes its nest in one of those leaves^ which it rolls around it; and finds its subsbtence in the flowers ; and buries its little body so far in them, that it is sometimes caught This little being is the soul, the life, the existence of the planet it loves ; separated from its aerial inhabitant, thb beautiful creeper becomes a desolate widow, who has lost all her charms. THE dandelion: ORACLE. Bend your steps towards the plain, the bill side, or the mountain-top, and at your feet you will perceive tufts of green, covered with golden flowers, or light and transparent down. You recognize the friend of your childhood, the oracle of the fields, which may be every where consulted. Dandelions, like men, are spread all over the earth ; they are found in the four quarters of the globe ; at the Poles, and at the Equator ; FROM BRUSSELS. 131 by the rivers, and on the rocks. Their flowers, which open and close at certain hours, mark time for the solitary shepherd, and foretell calm or tempest. But its light down, serves for more endearing purposes. Are we away from the objects of our affection, we carefully take one of these little transparent spheres ; load it with tender thoughts ; then turning towards the spot inhabited by the loved-ones, we forward with our breath .these little faithful messengers, bearing our homage to their feet. Do we wish to know if these dear beings are thinking of us? — we breathe again, and if one single tuft remains, it is a proof we are not for- gotten; but this second trial must be made with care: we must gently breathe; for in every age, even in that most glowing with affection, we must not disperse too rudely, the pleasing illusions of life. G itst: iMPi^ms XIL AUTUMN. r O R G £ T-M £-N O T* REMEMBER ME. This plant loves the bank of a river, exposed to the mid^day sun ; its blue flowers take the colour of. the -sky, and lean over the crystal waters, as if they, loved to. admire themselves* It is said to have been among the andents, the subject of an affecting metamorphosis. It is related in Germany, in the olden times, two young lovers on the eve of their marriage, were walking on the banks of the Danube ; a flower of an azure blue floated on the waves, which each instant appeared ready to engulph it; the young girl admired its loveliness, and pitied its &te. Her lover immedi- FROM BRUSSELS. 123 ately threw himself into the stream, grasped the blossoming stalk, .and 8unk;en tombed in the. waves*. With.a last effort he cast the flower on the bank^ and at the moment that he disappeiffed for ever» exglaimed, <Move me, forget mettnot!" china-aster: VARIETY. The first flower introduced of this kind was single, both in form and colour; btit afterwards, cultiva- tion doubled, quadrupled, and infinitely varied the pointed leaves which crown its disc: It was wrongly supposed^ that the Chin«se were only .aoquaioted' with ;th« single floweiFisent to us; but they possess* all the varieties we admirey and withthese. varieties form decorations, to "ndiich no words can do justice. To . accomplish; this ieffec^ ihey cultivate; these flowers 'in pets, ^ separating the colours and shades with such extreme care," that they present masses of blossom, without the slightest confusion. The effect is often increased, by arranging, this stage of flowers on the edge of a piece of water^ Emblem of variety, the china-^aster owes its charms to cidti-^ ISA LETTERS ration; it is the skilful hand of the gardener which has* > surrounded its gold^i discs with aU th<^ Mh)urs' of the rainbow. Thus will cultivation irnoeasingly vary the graces of natural intellect.
| 0.39702
| -0.453546
| 1,132
| 4,441
| 186
| -1
|
Film Names & Biographies
| false
|
99,851
|
github_open_source_100_2_8304
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# Copyright 2021 Graviti. Licensed under MIT License.
#
"""Method check_basic.
:meth:`check_basic` checks whether :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.Dataset`
or :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset`
is empty and whether the :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.segment.Segment`
or :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset` in the object is empty.
"""
from typing import Iterator, Union
from tensorbay.dataset import Dataset, FusionDataset
from tensorbay.healthcheck.report import Error
class BasicError(Error):
"""The base class of the basic error.
Arguments:
name: The dataset or segment name which has error.
"""
def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
self._name = name
class EmptyDatasetError(BasicError):
"""The health check function for empty dataset.
This error is raised to indicate that :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.Dataset`
or :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset` is empty.
"""
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"Dataset '{self._name}' is empty"
class EmptySegmentError(BasicError):
"""The health check function for empty segment.
This error is raised to indicate that :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.segment.Segment`
or :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset` is empty.
"""
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"Segment '{self._name}' is empty"
def check_basic(dataset: Union[Dataset, FusionDataset]) -> Iterator[BasicError]:
"""The health check function for basic error.
Arguments:
dataset: The :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.Dataset` or
:class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset` needs to be checked.
Yields:
BasicError indicating that :class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.Dataset`,
:class:`~tensorbay.dataset.dataset.FusionDataset`,
:class:`~tensorbay.dataset.segment.Segment` or
:class:`~tensorbay.dataset.segment.FusionSegment` is empty.
"""
if not dataset:
yield EmptyDatasetError(dataset.name)
return
for segment in dataset:
if not segment:
yield EmptySegmentError(segment.name)
| 0.506653
| 0.457577
| 2,992
| 12,000
| 196
| -1
|
Machine Learning Examples
| false
|
99,852
|
github_open_source_100_2_8305
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
using ICU4N.Text;
using J2N;
using J2N.Collections;
using J2N.IO;
using J2N.Numerics;
using System;
using System.IO;
namespace ICU4N.Impl
{
/// <summary>
/// Builder class to manipulate and generate a trie.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// This is useful for ICU data in primitive types.
/// Provides a compact way to store information that is indexed by Unicode
/// values, such as character properties, types, keyboard values, etc. This is
/// very useful when you have a block of Unicode data that contains significant
/// values while the rest of the Unicode data is unused in the application or
/// when you have a lot of redundance, such as where all 21,000 Han ideographs
/// have the same value. However, lookup is much faster than a hash table.
/// A trie of any primitive data type serves two purposes:
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item><description>Fast access of the indexed values.</description></item>
/// <item><description>Smaller memory footprint.</description></item>
/// </list>
/// This is a direct port from the ICU4C version
/// </remarks>
/// <author>Syn Wee Quek</author>
public class Int32TrieBuilder : TrieBuilder
{
// public constructor ----------------------------------------------
/// <summary>
/// Copy constructor.
/// </summary>
public Int32TrieBuilder(Int32TrieBuilder table)
: base(table)
{
m_data_ = new int[m_dataCapacity_];
System.Array.Copy(table.m_data_, 0, m_data_, 0, m_dataLength_);
m_initialValue_ = table.m_initialValue_;
m_leadUnitValue_ = table.m_leadUnitValue_;
}
/// <summary>
/// Constructs a build table.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="aliasdata">Data to be filled into table.</param>
/// <param name="maxdatalength">Maximum data length allowed in table.</param>
/// <param name="initialvalue">Inital data value.</param>
/// <param name="leadunitvalue"></param>
/// <param name="latin1linear">Is latin 1 to be linear.</param>
public Int32TrieBuilder(int[] aliasdata, int maxdatalength,
int initialvalue, int leadunitvalue,
bool latin1linear)
: base()
{
if (maxdatalength < DataBlockLength || (latin1linear
&& maxdatalength < 1024))
{
throw new ArgumentException(
"Argument maxdatalength is too small");
}
if (aliasdata != null)
{
m_data_ = aliasdata;
}
else
{
m_data_ = new int[maxdatalength];
}
// preallocate and reset the first data block (block index 0)
int j = DataBlockLength;
if (latin1linear)
{
// preallocate and reset the first block (number 0) and Latin-1
// (U+0000..U+00ff) after that made sure above that
// maxDataLength >= 1024
// set indexes to point to consecutive data blocks
int i = 0;
do
{
// do this at least for trie->index[0] even if that block is
// only partly used for Latin-1
m_index_[i++] = j;
j += DataBlockLength;
} while (i < (256 >> Shift));
}
m_dataLength_ = j;
// reset the initially allocated blocks to the initial value
m_data_.Fill(0, m_dataLength_ - 0, initialvalue); // ICU4N: Corrected length
m_initialValue_ = initialvalue;
m_leadUnitValue_ = leadunitvalue;
m_dataCapacity_ = maxdatalength;
m_isLatin1Linear_ = latin1linear;
m_isCompacted_ = false;
}
// public methods -------------------------------------------------------
/*public final void print()
{
int i = 0;
int oldvalue = m_index_[i];
int count = 0;
System.out.println("index length " + m_indexLength_
+ " --------------------------");
while (i < m_indexLength_) {
if (m_index_[i] != oldvalue) {
System.out.println("index has " + count + " counts of "
+ Integer.toHexString(oldvalue));
count = 0;
oldvalue = m_index_[i];
}
count ++;
i ++;
}
System.out.println("index has " + count + " counts of "
+ Integer.toHexString(oldvalue));
i = 0;
oldvalue = m_data_[i];
count = 0;
System.out.println("data length " + m_dataLength_
+ " --------------------------");
while (i < m_dataLength_) {
if (m_data_[i] != oldvalue) {
if ((oldvalue & 0xf1000000) == 0xf1000000) {
int temp = oldvalue & 0xffffff;
temp += 0x320;
oldvalue = 0xf1000000 | temp;
}
if ((oldvalue & 0xf2000000) == 0xf2000000) {
int temp = oldvalue & 0xffffff;
temp += 0x14a;
oldvalue = 0xf2000000 | temp;
}
System.out.println("data has " + count + " counts of "
+ Integer.toHexString(oldvalue));
count = 0;
oldvalue = m_data_[i];
}
count ++;
i ++;
}
if ((oldvalue & 0xf1000000) == 0xf1000000) {
int temp = oldvalue & 0xffffff;
temp += 0x320;
oldvalue = 0xf1000000 | temp;
}
if ((oldvalue & 0xf2000000) == 0xf2000000) {
int temp = oldvalue & 0xffffff;
temp += 0x14a;
oldvalue = 0xf2000000 | temp;
}
System.out.println("data has " + count + " counts of "
+ Integer.toHexString(oldvalue));
}
*/
/// <summary>
/// Gets a 32 bit data from the table data.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ch">Codepoint which data is to be retrieved.</param>
/// <returns>The 32 bit data.</returns>
public virtual int GetValue(int ch)
{
// valid, uncompacted trie and valid c?
if (m_isCompacted_ || ch > UChar.MaxValue || ch < 0)
{
return 0;
}
int block = m_index_[ch >> Shift];
return m_data_[Math.Abs(block) + (ch & Mask)];
}
/// <summary>
/// Get a 32 bit data from the table data.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ch">Code point for which data is to be retrieved.</param>
/// <param name="inBlockZero">Output parameter, inBlockZero[0] returns true if the
/// char maps into block zero, otherwise false.</param>
/// <returns>The 32 bit data value.</returns>
public virtual int GetValue(int ch, bool[] inBlockZero)
{
// valid, uncompacted trie and valid c?
if (m_isCompacted_ || ch > UChar.MaxValue || ch < 0)
{
if (inBlockZero != null)
{
inBlockZero[0] = true;
}
return 0;
}
int block = m_index_[ch >> Shift];
if (inBlockZero != null)
{
inBlockZero[0] = (block == 0);
}
return m_data_[Math.Abs(block) + (ch & Mask)];
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets a 32 bit data in the table data.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ch">Codepoint which data is to be set.</param>
/// <param name="value">Value to set.</param>
/// <returns>true if the set is successful, otherwise
/// if the table has been compacted return false</returns>
public virtual bool SetValue(int ch, int value)
{
// valid, uncompacted trie and valid c?
if (m_isCompacted_ || ch > UChar.MaxValue || ch < 0)
{
return false;
}
int block = GetDataBlock(ch);
if (block < 0)
{
return false;
}
m_data_[block + (ch & Mask)] = value;
return true;
}
/// <summary>
/// Serializes the build table with 32 bit data.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="datamanipulate">Builder raw fold method implementation.</param>
/// <param name="triedatamanipulate">Result trie fold method.</param>
/// <returns>A new trie.</returns>
public virtual Int32Trie Serialize(ITrieBuilderDataManipulate datamanipulate,
ITrieDataManipulate triedatamanipulate)
{
if (datamanipulate == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Parameters can not be null");
}
// fold and compact if necessary, also checks that indexLength is
// within limits
if (!m_isCompacted_)
{
// compact once without overlap to improve folding
Compact(false);
// fold the supplementary part of the index array
Fold(datamanipulate);
// compact again with overlap for minimum data array length
Compact(true);
m_isCompacted_ = true;
}
// is dataLength within limits?
if (m_dataLength_ >= MaxDataLength)
{
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Data length too small");
}
char[] index = new char[m_indexLength_];
int[] data = new int[m_dataLength_];
// write the index (stage 1) array and the 32-bit data (stage 2) array
// write 16-bit index values shifted right by INDEX_SHIFT_
for (int i = 0; i < m_indexLength_; i++)
{
index[i] = (char)(m_index_[i].TripleShift(IndexShift));
}
// write 32-bit data values
System.Array.Copy(m_data_, 0, data, 0, m_dataLength_);
int options = Shift | (IndexShift << OptionsIndexShift);
options |= OptionsDataIs32Bit;
if (m_isLatin1Linear_)
{
options |= OptionsLatin1IsLinear;
}
return new Int32Trie(index, data, m_initialValue_, options,
triedatamanipulate);
}
/// <summary>
/// Serializes the build table to an output stream.
/// <para/>
/// Compacts the build-time trie after all values are set, and then
/// writes the serialized form onto an output stream.
/// <para/>
/// After this, this build-time Trie can only be serialized again and/or closed;
/// no further values can be added.
/// <para/>
/// This function is the rough equivalent of utrie_seriaize() in ICU4C.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="os">The output stream to which the seriaized trie will be written.
/// If nul, the function still returns the size of the serialized Trie.</param>
/// <param name="reduceTo16Bits">If true, reduce the data size to 16 bits. The resulting
/// serialized form can then be used to create a <see cref="CharTrie"/>.</param>
/// <param name="datamanipulate">Builder raw fold method implementation.</param>
/// <returns>The number of bytes written to the output stream.</returns>
public virtual int Serialize(Stream os, bool reduceTo16Bits,
ITrieBuilderDataManipulate datamanipulate)
{
if (datamanipulate == null)
{
throw new ArgumentException("Parameters can not be null");
}
// fold and compact if necessary, also checks that indexLength is
// within limits
if (!m_isCompacted_)
{
// compact once without overlap to improve folding
Compact(false);
// fold the supplementary part of the index array
Fold(datamanipulate);
// compact again with overlap for minimum data array length
Compact(true);
m_isCompacted_ = true;
}
// is dataLength within limits?
int length;
if (reduceTo16Bits)
{
length = m_dataLength_ + m_indexLength_;
}
else
{
length = m_dataLength_;
}
if (length >= MaxDataLength)
{
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Data length too small");
}
// struct UTrieHeader {
// int32_t signature;
// int32_t options (a bit field)
// int32_t indexLength
// int32_t dataLength
length = Trie.HeaderLength + 2 * m_indexLength_;
if (reduceTo16Bits)
{
length += 2 * m_dataLength_;
}
else
{
length += 4 * m_dataLength_;
}
if (os == null)
{
// No output stream. Just return the length of the serialized Trie, in bytes.
return length;
}
DataOutputStream dos = new DataOutputStream(os);
dos.WriteInt32(Trie.HeaderSignature);
int options = Trie.IndexStage1Shift | (Trie.IndexStage2Shift << Trie.HeaderOptionsIndexShift);
if (!reduceTo16Bits)
{
options |= Trie.HeaderOptionsDataIs32Bit;
}
if (m_isLatin1Linear_)
{
options |= Trie.HeaderOptionsLatin1IsLinearMask;
}
dos.WriteInt32(options);
dos.WriteInt32(m_indexLength_);
dos.WriteInt32(m_dataLength_);
/* write the index (stage 1) array and the 16/32-bit data (stage 2) array */
if (reduceTo16Bits)
{
/* write 16-bit index values shifted right by UTRIE_INDEX_SHIFT, after adding indexLength */
for (int i = 0; i < m_indexLength_; i++)
{
int v = (m_index_[i] + m_indexLength_).TripleShift(Trie.IndexStage2Shift);
dos.WriteChar(v);
}
/* write 16-bit data values */
for (int i = 0; i < m_dataLength_; i++)
{
int v = m_data_[i] & 0x0000ffff;
dos.WriteChar(v);
}
}
else
{
/* write 16-bit index values shifted right by UTRIE_INDEX_SHIFT */
for (int i = 0; i < m_indexLength_; i++)
{
int v = (m_index_[i]).TripleShift(Trie.IndexStage2Shift);
dos.WriteChar(v);
}
/* write 32-bit data values */
for (int i = 0; i < m_dataLength_; i++)
{
dos.WriteInt32(m_data_[i]);
}
}
return length;
}
/// <summary>
/// Set a value in a range of code points [start..limit].
/// All code points c with start <= c < limit will get the value if
/// overwrite is true or if the old value is 0.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="start">The first code point to get the value.</param>
/// <param name="limit">One past the last code point to get the value.</param>
/// <param name="value">The value.</param>
/// <param name="overwrite">Flag for whether old non-initial values are to be overwritten.</param>
/// <returns>false if a failure occurred (illegal argument or data array overrun).</returns>
public virtual bool SetRange(int start, int limit, int value,
bool overwrite)
{
// repeat value in [start..limit[
// mark index values for repeat-data blocks by setting bit 31 of the
// index values fill around existing values if any, if(overwrite)
// valid, uncompacted trie and valid indexes?
if (m_isCompacted_ || start < UChar.MinValue
|| start > UChar.MaxValue || limit < UChar.MinValue
|| limit > (UChar.MaxValue + 1) || start > limit)
{
return false;
}
if (start == limit)
{
return true; // nothing to do
}
if ((start & Mask) != 0)
{
// set partial block at [start..following block boundary[
int block = GetDataBlock(start);
if (block < 0)
{
return false;
}
int nextStart = (start + DataBlockLength) & ~Mask;
if (nextStart <= limit)
{
FillBlock(block, start & Mask, DataBlockLength,
value, overwrite);
start = nextStart;
}
else
{
FillBlock(block, start & Mask, limit & Mask,
value, overwrite);
return true;
}
}
// number of positions in the last, partial block
int rest = limit & Mask;
// round down limit to a block boundary
limit &= ~Mask;
// iterate over all-value blocks
int repeatBlock = 0;
if (value == m_initialValue_)
{
// repeatBlock = 0; assigned above
}
else
{
repeatBlock = -1;
}
while (start < limit)
{
// get index value
int block = m_index_[start >> Shift];
if (block > 0)
{
// already allocated, fill in value
FillBlock(block, 0, DataBlockLength, value, overwrite);
}
else if (m_data_[-block] != value && (block == 0 || overwrite))
{
// set the repeatBlock instead of the current block 0 or range
// block
if (repeatBlock >= 0)
{
m_index_[start >> Shift] = -repeatBlock;
}
else
{
// create and set and fill the repeatBlock
repeatBlock = GetDataBlock(start);
if (repeatBlock < 0)
{
return false;
}
// set the negative block number to indicate that it is a
// repeat block
m_index_[start >> Shift] = -repeatBlock;
FillBlock(repeatBlock, 0, DataBlockLength, value, true);
}
}
start += DataBlockLength;
}
if (rest > 0)
{
// set partial block at [last block boundary..limit[
int block = GetDataBlock(start);
if (block < 0)
{
return false;
}
FillBlock(block, 0, rest, value, overwrite);
}
return true;
}
// protected data member ------------------------------------------------
protected int[] m_data_;
protected int m_initialValue_;
// private data member ------------------------------------------------
private int m_leadUnitValue_;
// private methods ------------------------------------------------------
private int AllocDataBlock()
{
int newBlock = m_dataLength_;
int newTop = newBlock + DataBlockLength;
if (newTop > m_dataCapacity_)
{
// out of memory in the data array
return -1;
}
m_dataLength_ = newTop;
return newBlock;
}
/// <summary>
/// No error checking for illegal arguments.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="ch">codepoint to look for</param>
/// <returns>-1 if no new data block available (out of memory in data array).</returns>
private int GetDataBlock(int ch)
{
ch >>= Shift;
int indexValue = m_index_[ch];
if (indexValue > 0)
{
return indexValue;
}
// allocate a new data block
int newBlock = AllocDataBlock();
if (newBlock < 0)
{
// out of memory in the data array
return -1;
}
m_index_[ch] = newBlock;
// copy-on-write for a block from a setRange()
System.Array.Copy(m_data_, Math.Abs(indexValue), m_data_, newBlock,
DataBlockLength << 2);
return newBlock;
}
/// <summary>
/// Compact a folded build-time trie.
/// The compaction
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item><description>removes blocks that are identical with earlier ones</description></item>
/// <item><description>overlaps adjacent blocks as much as possible (if overlap == true)</description></item>
/// <item><description>moves blocks in steps of the data granularity</description></item>
/// <item><description>moves and overlaps blocks that overlap with multiple values in the overlap region</description></item>
/// </list>
/// It does not
/// <list type="bullet">
/// <item><description>try to move and overlap blocks that are not already adjacent</description></item>
/// </list>
/// </summary>
/// <param name="overlap">flag</param>
private void Compact(bool overlap)
{
if (m_isCompacted_)
{
return; // nothing left to do
}
// compaction
// initialize the index map with "block is used/unused" flags
FindUnusedBlocks();
// if Latin-1 is preallocated and linear, then do not compact Latin-1
// data
int overlapStart = DataBlockLength;
if (m_isLatin1Linear_ && Shift <= 8)
{
overlapStart += 256;
}
int newStart = DataBlockLength;
int i;
for (int start = newStart; start < m_dataLength_;)
{
// start: index of first entry of current block
// newStart: index where the current block is to be moved
// (right after current end of already-compacted data)
// skip blocks that are not used
if (m_map_[start.TripleShift(Shift)] < 0)
{
// advance start to the next block
start += DataBlockLength;
// leave newStart with the previous block!
continue;
}
// search for an identical block
if (start >= overlapStart)
{
i = FindSameDataBlock(m_data_, newStart, start,
overlap ? DataGranularity : DataBlockLength);
if (i >= 0)
{
// found an identical block, set the other block's index
// value for the current block
m_map_[start.TripleShift(Shift)] = i;
// advance start to the next block
start += DataBlockLength;
// leave newStart with the previous block!
continue;
}
}
// see if the beginning of this block can be overlapped with the
// end of the previous block
if (overlap && start >= overlapStart)
{
/* look for maximum overlap (modulo granularity) with the previous, adjacent block */
for (i = DataBlockLength - DataGranularity;
i > 0 && !EqualInt32(m_data_, newStart - i, start, i);
i -= DataGranularity) { }
}
else
{
i = 0;
}
if (i > 0)
{
// some overlap
m_map_[start.TripleShift(Shift)] = newStart - i;
// move the non-overlapping indexes to their new positions
start += i;
for (i = DataBlockLength - i; i > 0; --i)
{
m_data_[newStart++] = m_data_[start++];
}
}
else if (newStart < start)
{
// no overlap, just move the indexes to their new positions
m_map_[start.TripleShift(Shift)] = newStart;
for (i = DataBlockLength; i > 0; --i)
{
m_data_[newStart++] = m_data_[start++];
}
}
else
{ // no overlap && newStart==start
m_map_[start.TripleShift(Shift)] = start;
newStart += DataBlockLength;
start = newStart;
}
}
// now adjust the index (stage 1) table
for (i = 0; i < m_indexLength_; ++i)
{
m_index_[i] = m_map_[Math.Abs(m_index_[i]).TripleShift(Shift)];
}
m_dataLength_ = newStart;
}
/// <summary>
/// Find the same data block.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data">array</param>
/// <param name="dataLength"></param>
/// <param name="otherBlock"></param>
/// <param name="step"></param>
private static int FindSameDataBlock(int[] data, int dataLength,
int otherBlock, int step)
{
// ensure that we do not even partially get past dataLength
dataLength -= DataBlockLength;
for (int block = 0; block <= dataLength; block += step)
{
if (EqualInt32(data, block, otherBlock, DataBlockLength))
{
return block;
}
}
return -1;
}
/// <summary>
/// Fold the normalization data for supplementary code points into
/// a compact area on top of the BMP-part of the trie index,
/// with the lead surrogates indexing this compact area.
/// <para/>
/// Duplicate the index values for lead surrogates:
/// From inside the BMP area, where some may be overridden with folded values,
/// to just after the BMP area, where they can be retrieved for
/// code point lookups.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="manipulate">Fold implementation.</param>
private void Fold(ITrieBuilderDataManipulate manipulate)
{
int[] leadIndexes = new int[SurrogateBlockCount];
int[] index = m_index_;
// copy the lead surrogate indexes into a temporary array
System.Array.Copy(index, 0xd800 >> Shift, leadIndexes, 0,
SurrogateBlockCount);
// set all values for lead surrogate code *units* to leadUnitValue
// so that by default runtime lookups will find no data for associated
// supplementary code points, unless there is data for such code points
// which will result in a non-zero folding value below that is set for
// the respective lead units
// the above saved the indexes for surrogate code *points*
// fill the indexes with simplified code from utrie_setRange32()
int block = 0;
if (m_leadUnitValue_ == m_initialValue_)
{
// leadUnitValue == initialValue, use all-initial-value block
// block = 0; if block here left empty
}
else
{
// create and fill the repeatBlock
block = AllocDataBlock();
if (block < 0)
{
// data table overflow
throw new InvalidOperationException("Internal error: Out of memory space");
}
FillBlock(block, 0, DataBlockLength, m_leadUnitValue_, true);
// negative block number to indicate that it is a repeat block
block = -block;
}
for (int c = (0xd800 >> Shift); c < (0xdc00 >> Shift); ++c)
{
m_index_[c] = block;
}
// Fold significant index values into the area just after the BMP
// indexes.
// In case the first lead surrogate has significant data,
// its index block must be used first (in which case the folding is a
// no-op).
// Later all folded index blocks are moved up one to insert the copied
// lead surrogate indexes.
int indexLength = BMPIndexLength;
// search for any index (stage 1) entries for supplementary code points
for (int c = 0x10000; c < 0x110000;)
{
if (index[c >> Shift] != 0)
{
// there is data, treat the full block for a lead surrogate
c &= ~0x3ff;
// is there an identical index block?
block = FindSameIndexBlock(index, indexLength, c >> Shift);
// get a folded value for [c..c+0x400[ and,
// if different from the value for the lead surrogate code
// point, set it for the lead surrogate code unit
int value = manipulate.GetFoldedValue(c,
block + SurrogateBlockCount);
if (value != GetValue(UTF16.GetLeadSurrogate(c)))
{
if (!SetValue(UTF16.GetLeadSurrogate(c), value))
{
// data table overflow
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException(
"Data table overflow");
}
// if we did not find an identical index block...
if (block == indexLength)
{
// move the actual index (stage 1) entries from the
// supplementary position to the new one
System.Array.Copy(index, c >> Shift, index, indexLength,
SurrogateBlockCount);
indexLength += SurrogateBlockCount;
}
}
c += 0x400;
}
else
{
c += DataBlockLength;
}
}
// index array overflow?
// This is to guarantee that a folding offset is of the form
// UTRIE_BMP_INDEX_LENGTH+n*UTRIE_SURROGATE_BLOCK_COUNT with n=0..1023.
// If the index is too large, then n>=1024 and more than 10 bits are
// necessary.
// In fact, it can only ever become n==1024 with completely unfoldable
// data and the additional block of duplicated values for lead
// surrogates.
if (indexLength >= MaxIndexLength)
{
throw new IndexOutOfRangeException("Index table overflow");
}
// make space for the lead surrogate index block and insert it between
// the BMP indexes and the folded ones
System.Array.Copy(index, BMPIndexLength, index,
BMPIndexLength + SurrogateBlockCount,
indexLength - BMPIndexLength);
System.Array.Copy(leadIndexes, 0, index, BMPIndexLength,
SurrogateBlockCount);
indexLength += SurrogateBlockCount;
m_indexLength_ = indexLength;
}
private void FillBlock(int block, int start, int limit, int value,
bool overwrite)
{
limit += block;
block += start;
if (overwrite)
{
while (block < limit)
{
m_data_[block++] = value;
}
}
else
{
while (block < limit)
{
if (m_data_[block] == m_initialValue_)
{
m_data_[block] = value;
}
++block;
}
}
}
}
}
| 0.479899
| 0.712285
| 3,503
| 14,046
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,853
|
princesselizabet00will_2
|
US-PD-Books
|
Public Domain
|
Aha ! bethink me now how goes the rest : (Jle sings.) Drink, brothers of Tyne ; There 's life in the >yine, Tra la la, tra la la ; Its flavor as olden, Its sparkle as golden, And beaded as fine As the sun ; tra la la. Now, by Saint Patrick's robe! 'tis no bad berth, This being quartered on a willing foe To do a spy's work. Yet I hate the badge Of service to my lady, — nobly born. But bred to baseness by this heretic crew. His Grace of Norfolk kept a different house And different people in it. Ah how prone To deeds of kindness was my lady Jane ! I could be honest then, — swear when I would. And tell ray beads off in the light, not forced To hide devotion in the cellar, lest 64 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. I be held contumacious to the King. Well, well, those days have passed. The Bishop holds Sterner authority, and bends his life To duty all unlighted by a joy. I shall do him all service as I find Occasion for the doing, and mayhap That chance may not be far. I am a fool, Not worthy secret mission from a clown. If this puffed Earl, who strides, all giant-wise, From decks of ships to privy councils, fall Not, some day, in the nets his hands have spread. But if he be entangled, that itself Can work nor good nor pleasure to our side, Falling alone. Oh no, my Bishop, no, I know your wise instructions better far, And they fit neater to my humor, too, Than if they were not complex, meant to fold Duplex entanglements, and ruin told In double numbers. Ah me ! one more cup, {He drinks again.') Then to my prayers, and afterward to work ; So runs the world, all pleasure, penance, pain. {He takes out a missal., and seating himself behind one of the casks., begins reading some devotional exercises.) Scene IV.] THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. 65 (^Enter^from the rear, a Butler and a country Clown, the farmer hearing a kmtern.) BUTLER. f Hither ! and make less stomping with thy clogs An thou wouldst be not tried for witchcraft. Those Who stay above-stairs will be like to swear To goblins in the cellar, shod with spikes, And dancing to the devil's castanets. CLOWN. Ay, master. I be use n't to the steps And alleys of fine housen. Be her Grace Tender o' nerve ? BUTLER. Odds, man ! speak not so loud ; Thy bellow is above thy clogs. CLOWN. For that I praise the Powers ! An it had been below, I needs had walken on my head. YVART (aside). No fool. BUTLER. I warrant thou hadst found thy paunch atween ; Thy memory serves thee well there. 6* 66 THE PBIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. CLOWN. Well enow ; It 's whispering like a thimble-rigger now. BUTLER. Well, work then, sirrah. Dost thou think I 'm here To feed a lout that 's hungry, with strong hands Stirless beside him ? Work an thou wouldst eat. Thou cam'st here asking for an alms to eke Another day of life out, but when I, Moved to a pity, offer chance to earn The wherewithal to stay thy hunger's bite, Thou hast reluctant manner in thy gait, And movest snail-like. CLOWN. Master, nay, but show What I be bound to do. BUTLER. That row of casks Must go on t'other side. Run the line so. To make us room here. We lack space to place Two butts of wine that needs must find a home Close to yon wall. ( The Clown begins to move the casks.) Bend thy back, sirrah. cloavn. Ay. Scene IV.] THE FRIXCESS ELIZABETH. 67 YYART {aside). Now if the fellow thinks to roll away My covert's sides, I 'm in an awkward plight. Curse this regime, which makes religion crime, And forces churchmen to bewail their sins Beneath the ground. CLOWN. Master, be this the wine Her Grace's Royal Highness drinks betimes ? BUTLER. What 's that to thee ? Her Plighness may not drink Save in the small proportion that her age Prescribes unto her sex. CLOWN. And be 't the Earl Who drinks it i' the gross? BUTLEK. Odds, man ! what earl ? What may'st thou know of earls ? — a lout not half The stature of a yeoman's man o' field. What earl, thou wag-tongue ? CLOWN. He the Princess holds So high i' thought. (i/e continues worhing at the casl:s.) 68 THE FRIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. YVART (aside). Ah, meat for head-Avork here! So ; even to this boor's low level comes The bruit that shall make our fortunes yet. 'Tis well befall'n I 'm hid here. BUTLER. Who is he ? Thou meanest the lord Seymour ? CLOWN. Ay ; his Grace, The maister o' the ships. BUTLER. Hold thy loose tongue, And speak of that thou understandest, knave. Straighten that barrel back flush with the rest. CLOWN. Ay, master. But I speaken without hurt ; Lord Seymour is a very noble lord ; I 've hearn much talk about him. Barlowe says, — And Barlowe be a justice o' the peace — He be a greater than great Somerset, Who wears King Edward's signet. BUTLER. If he be, How shouldst thou know wherein? Keep closer watch And hamper on thy clown's speech, else too soon Scene IV.] THE FBIXCESS ELIZABETH. 69 Thou slialt find decent exit from the world At the King's cost. Bring hither now the light ; Follow me to the buttery, and fill Thyself witli meat and ale to cure thy back O' straining o'er the casks. CLOWN. Ay, master, fast As the King's post-boy in a stormy day. BUTLER. Yes ; I '11 be sworn to that. This way, and see Thou stumble not across thine own clogs. CLOAVN. Ay. [Exeunt Butler and Clown. YVART {coming out from hehind the cask). I go as well, and have a new scent now Sliall lead me to the quarry, or I 'm fallen Into a dulness not ere this my wont. Her Highness' likings raise their eager heads, And overtop the usages whicli hedge Around her sex and rank. This fellow sniffs The smell of scandal trenchant i' the air, And speaks the vulgar knowledge. 70 THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. By my soul, The Bishop's dreams were realler than the day, If we should yoke her Highness and the Earl, Tangling the feet of both in the same net And killing hawk and eaglet with the sweep Of the sling swung but once. Aha ! I feel New life and impulse, stirring to quick thought. As quick to execution. But I lose Time golden-pinioned, dallying o'er a dream And leaded w'ith reflection. Let me act : I know the part I have to play, and so Shall play it to the end. Let those who win Make merry when the curtain marks the close. [^Exit through side door. Scene V.] THE FRIXCESS ELIZABETH. 71 SCENE Y.— A Pkiyate Room. John Heywood enters, hcarincj a shaded lamp and a hunch of keys. Elizabeth /o//or/;s, her head and shoulders enveloped in the folds of a veil. HEYWOOD. The end of patience is reward of toil. Princess, behold the goal ! 'tis reached at last, As quoth the scaffold to the murderer. Pray you sit here. ELIZABETH. Ay, give me space for breath ; The stair we climbed in that dark gallery Seemed steep and hard as penitential pangs Forced on a wayward soul. HEYWOOD. The sole way. See How keen my wits lope off, and dash aback Rare scintillations of philosophy To sparkle 'gainst the background of dull prose. Am I not witty ? ELIZABETH. Ay, John, of a truth : But shall you hear me when I need to go ? 72 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. HEY WOOD. Breathe once upon the gold-tipped whistle, hung There at your girdle ; 'tis a triton's horn Will summon me directly. I '11 away Through this door which we entered. ELIZABETH. And throujrh that? Will come the Earl. HEYWOOD. ELIZABETH. Thanks, Heywood, you are good. Great Heaven ! if you should ever prove me false, Remember you can smirch the royal house Of royal England if you turn a knave ; Remember also it will prove your death. HEYWOOD. Princess, you sure forget I am a poet, And death to poets holds promise of a theme Their lives are spent in seeking. Threats are vain, Rather temptations, when they take such form. Harry the Eighth knew better, and with all His practised threats, yet threatened not his fool. I was too good a fool to turn a knave. Scene v.] THE PRIXGESS ELIZABETH. 73 And am too good a poet to blench at death ; Scan all my actions, Princess, and then ask Forgiveness for your thought. ELIZABETH. Forgive me, John. You are all i' the right. There is so strange A flutter at my heart, I hardly know What words I utter. I do trust you ; go ; And pray you be not far. HEYWOOD. Too far to hear That which mine ears should hear not, and too near To fail of hearing all mine ears should hear. Princess, be wise, be cautious, and farewell. \^Exit Heywood. ELIZABETH. This is so strange. Why should I be here ? AYhy Stoop to this meeting, and, so stooping, bring Humiliation to a soul as proud As that whose glory loomed o'er Bosworth Field ? Oh ! how my blood stings at my finger tips. Nay, I will go. {^She raises to her lips a small ivkistle ivhich hangs at her waist^ but pauses with it in her hand.) 7 74 THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. Yet I am far above All reaches of suspicion of a wrong ; This man is insolent, and should be taught, By means whose sternness he may not forget, To rein his aspirations. And withal, He hath been husband to my father's queen. Yes, I will stay, but keep him to his sphere. I can do that, I think I can do that ; It cannot be I love him with such love As drowns the sense of calculation, yet His manner bears a strange, resistless force That weaves about me like an iron gyve. And checks the word I most would wish to speak Ere it can find a fashion on my lips. Heaven ! how soft his breath is when he stoops To whisper that whose subtle essence runs Too deep for the inflexions of a voice ! In truth, I know not what this thing should be ; 'Tis very new, — and sweet. Within my heart There is a strange commotion, and my throat Seems stung with sudden dryness and a sense Of smothering expectance which forbids The functions of the tongue. Alas, I fear Mine own resolves. But let me not forget The name I bear. Kind Heaven, help me now To be in action what I once may be In very deed — a queen. Ah, how that name Scene V.] THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. 75 Pours in my soul a vigor, till I seem Strong as a builded bastion. (^A knock is heard.) Who is there ? A VOICE, ivithoiit. One who has waited many weary days To hear that question asked by that sweet voice. ELIZABETH. Which, when translated, means the noble lord Whose words are honeyed as home-speeding bees. You may come in. {Enter Seymour.) SEYMOUR. One glimpse of paradise Yet lingers in a world as gray as dawn. My sweet Elizabeth, the hours have hung Like leaded pennons, dragging and forlorn. {He advances towards Elizabeth.) ELIZABETH {drawing hack). The lord High Admiral of England bears Upon his breast the badge of his King's faith. Yet surely hath forgotten that he stands AVithin a presence scarcely used to jest. My lord, you have sought private words of us ; We grant your prayer ; speak an you will be brief. 76 THE rRIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. SEYMOUR. Nay, this is badinage, meant but to pique A disposition needing no such spur ; 'Tis well done, but — ELIZABETH. 'Tis meant. I pray you note I came here moved by grace. Take from your mind The sweet emollient of a gentler thought, And let your business find an early voice, If it so please you. SEYMOUR. Ah, your Highness draws Most largely on the service of a knight ; But wliat should be done I have power to do. And now that I bethink me, I am called By matters personal to my estate To leave your Highness for a little space, — Perchance a month, — and so shall ask your leave To say farewell, first begging that your Grace May grant me pardon to have baldly placed Such matter in the light of thing so great As to demand your thought. If there is aught My liege would fjiin command, I still await To know its import, but, if not, I ask The right to say farewell. Scene v.] THE PMIXG ESS ELIZABETH. 77 ELIZABETH. Nay, pause. Perchance There may be something I have yet forgot ; 'Tis naught that you be gone, save that I find Leisure to then remember what should now Be said to save annoyance. — But you spake Nothing before of this your sudden call To go from Cheston, when you scarce have come. When must you go ? SEYMOUR. To-night. ELIZABETH. Nay, not to-night, You shall not go to-night. I wish for time To fashion my commands. SEYMOUR. Surely most grave Must be commands which fly so quick the mind. 'Tis meet I go in season. ELIZABETH. Hence, not now. This is no season to go travel-mad ; 'Tis meet you stay, my lord. 78 THE PBIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. SEYMOUR. Your Highness sees How loath I am to quit a princely smile ; Yet nathless I must go. And if it be Your Highness still shall choose to make a home Here where the greensward dozes in the sun, I shall crave leave, at my recoming hither. To bend a loyal knee, and touch your hand. Farewell, my lady. ELIZABETH. Nay, I shall go mad ! 'Fore Heaven I swear you shall not leave me so, With polished phrasing of court dialects Trilled in a measured cadence from your tongue ; Leave off the titles, or I go stark mad ! Am I some village wench, to sweeten sack Or stand at guard over an oaken till, To be chucked under chin and told, mayhap, How red my cheeks are ? 'Tis a worthy game To play at battledore Avith frenzied dreams. And watch the quickened pulses of a girl. Hear then, the truth, for it shall ease my soul To tell it you. SEYMOUR. Your Highness would best pause ; The truth will keep ; there is no canker there To sour its essence. Have I leave to so ? Scene v.] THE PEINCESS ELIZABETH. 79 ELIZABETH. Nay, by my mother's spirit ! you shall stay. If there be blood within me which so gives A title to these courtesies of speech, The same blood holds command by right as good Inherent and untainted. Ah, my lord, Why do you dally, and so tent my heart. That fain would do all justice, ay, and more, To your each action ? Why so quickly tling Back to my teeth the echoes of a pride As falsely worded as 'tis basely born, To make me humble, where all sense demands Humility should wait discretion's beck ? Is it well done, my lord, to try me so ? Or brave to break enfeebled barriers down, By mad assault, where gaunt starvation leers, As sure to w^in if slower ? SEYMOUR. Princess mine, You speak once more less like your father's child. More like your mother's daughter. Speak but so When near me, and the world shall have the rest, And know you Queen. ELIZABETH. Ah, if I be but Queen. Methinks there were . .. 80 THE miXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. SEYMOUR. No if can find a place In sentences made up of nought but verbs. Do, Dare, Possess ; you have no need to hang A timorous zy upon a chain of words More timorous yet. Still, I would fain keep here One silent chamber, sacred to myself. Within your heart ; one space unpoached upon, Where the unfinished chord that holds my life Should be resolved into a harmony. ELIZABETH. My lord, how like a very poet you shape The angled words into those beauteous curves Wherein perfection sits. Such dulcet tones Linger like honey in a maiden's ear, And drown her senses in a flood as dense As vapors of red wine. I know not what Within you, or about you, holds in thrall Those forces of my nature which, till now, Have patient waited for mine own commands To slip the leash and let the hounds have tongue. In'faith I w^ell could wish it were not so, And blame myself for wishing what, withal, I fain would have quite other than my wish. I tell you, Seymour, there be thoughts that drift, Cloudlike and formless, dark'ning my desire To wield a golden sceptre, with the pale. Scene V.] THE PBINCESS ELIZABETH. 81 Delirious hue of an unnamed delight. AVhat may it mean, my lord? Out of your grace I pray you give me guidance, for I lack Even the years of young discretion. What Ought I to do to feed my hungry soul, Commission of whose deed shall work no wrong To me or mine own honor ? How so frame The code of action for each day, that I, At eventide, shall find all duty done. And yet my heart's long famine satisfied ? Why should you be so silent at my call? I pray you speak, my lord. SEYMOUR. I may not speak. Wherefore ? ELIZABETH. SEYMOUR. Because I should not utter truth. ELIZABETH. Lord Seymour was not wont to tell a lie. SEYMOUR. Lord Seymour was not wont to let his soul Fall under the dominion and the snare Of red-gold hair, rippled and ilecked with sun, 82 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. And soft as dreams in shadow of the throat. Questions in ethics lie without the pale Of him whose tpT^ide is war. ELIZABETH. My lord, my lord, Indeed, I would I had not met you here ; I know not how some poison in my blood Stings into madness all this rift of life, "Which, since but yesterday, has lighted up The dead seclusion ! How or why I live Forever plucking some dull juiceless fruit To parch my lips like ashes ! See you not How keenly I do liate you as you are ? How you assume obedience, and so goad Into a frenzy all my woman's soul ? How you refuse your counsel and your help When my hurt heart hath asked them at your hands ? It were not well done. SEYMOUR. Ay, if done at all. Woman without that subtle touch of hate Which, leopard-like, springs slantly from her eyes. Is woman still, but woman without charm. You stickle for command ; I give it you ; Quick you relent, and sweet as Niobe, Weeping away her life to soulless stone, Charm me with tears. Scene V.] TEE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 83 ELIZABETH. Now, by God's death, you lie ! Hear the words, Earl of Sudley, doubly lie, You, the High Admiral of England, lie, Deep in your throat ! I shed no tears ; 'tis false ! And in conception base as . .. SEYMOUR. Princess, hold ! Hard words on soft lips jar the startled air, And like incongruous colors, move the mind To ill-concealed derision. Said you not, But a short space agone, 'twas not my wont To utter falsehood ? ELIZABETH. Ay, and thought so, too ; But you have taught me better, since you dare To tell me, Princess of the royal blood. That you have brought me to your feet in tears. SEYMOUR. Nay, Princess, I spoke nothing of my feet ; 'Twas of your head — that wealth of banded hair, Which had so mazed my spirit in its mesh. That I could not be sponsor for my speech. 84 THE PRIN-CESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. ELIZABETH. Cease banter, Earl, or leave me if you will ; I brook no fencing with an idle word. Made to make sense absurd. You shall anon Find little in my manner to so turn Your brains to prettiness. seym6ur. Nay, if you will. Assume such dignity as shall seem meet To your own judgment ; but, before all else, You must withdraw the word so hotly barbed ; I sjjoke no falsehood, and require of you Require of me ELIZABETH. SEYMOUR. Ay, lady, w^ho more fit? Require of you to cancel the deep wrong By w^ord as deep of reparation. Then, After, no cloud shall come between us twain ; And, in so far as love for you may go . .. ELIZABETH. Who speaks of love ? Who dares prate love to me ? Such matter holds no commerce with my thoughts. Your lordship is most prone to random steps Down the steep passage of forgetfulness. Scene V.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 85 SEYIMOUR. Perhaps it is the " poison in my blood." ELIZABETH. My lord !• SEYMOUR. Or "hue of an unnamed delight." ELIZABETH. My lord of Sudley — ! SEYMOUIl. That " so holds in thrall These forces of my nature." ELIZABETH. Seymour, hear ! If pity find a lodgment in your soul, Spare me the word which trembles on your lips. Oh God ! how bitter is this gall of love. Forgive the word I spake. Ah, I am swirled AdoAvn a flood of doubts, and joys, and fears, That rend the blush of maidenhood in twain, To show the facts of feature. See, I hold Nought back, that so held, had enhanced my worth, By making steeper the fresh path of love Which leads into my heart. Nought do I strive 8 86 THE PBINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act I. To gain of vantage ground, 'twixt yon and me, Save what may lie between lips scarcely closed With telling all the truth. SEYMOUR. Closed not at all To me. So reach we now the golden goal That long hath glimmered, distant as some star, Fretting the soul with beauty unattained, And deep unfathomed joy. Elizabetli ! Elizabeth ! {He is about to enfold Iter in his arms, when Hey- AVOOD springs through the door and comes hetiveen them.) HEY WOOD. Not yet, my lord, not yet. SEYMOUR. Back, man, and leave us, if you be not mad. Back, ere I dim the polish on my blade With blood unworthy of it. Were it not I know you for so well intentioned, now I swear you had breathed out your life ere this ; Had you not done such service that, perforce, I am compelled to hold you in esteem, I had been rid of an intrusion born Of base eaves-dropping, when you should have held Your guard upon the furthest outer stair. vStand back ! Scene V.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 87 HEY WOOD. Nay, that I will not though you strike ; The fool hath words of wisdom ; pray you hear • The wusdom of the fool. You 're watched, my lord. The air is silent with a coming storm. Leave the room quickly, ere it be too late ; Quickly, I beg, my lord; her Highness' weal Depends upon your manhood. SEYMOUR. Heywood, hear. If you be honest, as you seem, no gift Within the Earl of Sudley's power to give Shall be beyond your power to command. Princess, what say you ? ELIZABETH. Oh, my lord, begone. For my sake, if you love me, pause not. HEYWOOD. Come, My lady ; quickly ; by this door ; the way We entered is the safest. SEYMOUR. Then farewell, But for one fleetins; hour. 88 THE FEIN CESS ELIZABETH. [Act T. HEYWOOD. The rest anon. Delay not longer, Earl, upon your life. [_Exit Seymour. Step softly. Princess. Lean upon my arm ; Here, take your veil and wind it thus to shield Half of your features from the light, that creeps Between the chinks like water. Soft, I pray ; Breathe not so hard ; mind the one sudden step ; So. . .. \_Exeunt Elizabeth and Heywood. ACT II. SCENE I.— London. A Room in the Tower. Bishop Gardiner. Yyart. YVART. Yes, my lord, I think the despots grow Stricter with longer holding of their power ; Cross questions, doubly put to scent a will Counter to language, fringed me 'round like spears To prick me an I flinched. Held I not sure My passport, writ in characters whose tinct Forbade suspicion, I had scarce made good My promise to your Grace to bring you plans Of the foe's camp, and cunning schemes of war To uplift Baal in the holy place. Methinks the grave lieutenant yet hath qualms Lest I be crammed with treason to the eyes And freighted with sedition. GARDINER. Ay, 'tis like. Hast thou obeyed my mandates to the shade Of every letter ? 8* 90 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. Full well knows your Grace The letter is my law. My head the stake If I fail in the execution. All Your lordship's orders have been carried out And . .. GARDINER. The results ? YVART {^producing papers). Are here. At pains to note The movement of each wisp that tells a tale On the too-secret wind, nought hath escaped Its due inscription ; and the import drawn From things collateral to show whence it comes And whither tends withal. Here you may mark I underscore such words as seem to hold More meaning than a listener not before Privy to all the facts had wot of. {^Drawing forth another paper.) This Details the fragments of such talk as passed Between the lady Norwich and her near Friend and companion Percy-o'-the-Glade Once when they had a tryst beneath an oak And dreamed themselves unwatched. Scene I.] THE PB INC ESS ELIZABETH. 91 I, getting scent Of some intended meeting from a page AVlio carried certain rose-leaved missives, held My movements open for a sudden change, And so worked out the falling of events As to be near, ensconced within the shade Of a befriending hawthorn. Well I knew The moment would beget an interchange Of thoughts held secret from the vulgar eye. And taking chances that such thoughts might bear Upon your Grace's projects, waited there, And learned what, here set down, may show perhaps How right my surmise. GARDINER (^Scanning the papers). Ah, thy scent was keen ; This child of wrath carries a high head. So ! {He reads.) " For Somerset may die, and Sudley live To hold the reins full worthy of a" Ah, Yvart thou hast done well here ; keep we this Full carefully ; its matter is most apt, And well shall serve us. YVART {producing more papers). Here, my lord, you '11 find A ground-plan, showing how the garden lies; You see this alley, coming from without, Gives easy access to the privacy 92 THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. Of the young Princess, and the wall is low Even for courtly climbers. GARDINER (^starti7ig). Ah ! the proof ! Give me the proof, brave Yvart, and thy life Is crowned w'ith fortune. Lies suspicion so ? YVART (presenting memoranda). I yet know nothing, but herein your Grace Perchance may scan a reading 'twixt the lines To serve as illustration to the text. This is a true Transcript of certain dialogues which passed Between my lady and the late King's fool, John Heywood. GARDINER. Ay, a very son and heir Of Tartarus. I mind the knave full well, And he shall suffer ere our work be done ; He hath wrought greater hurt to Henry's soul By lightly jesting, and so turning all My teaching to a mockery and worse, Than years of penance shall undo. Well, how Tended this conversation? Scene I.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 93 YVART. Read, my lord. (Gardiner reads the memoranda, appearing not to hear Yvart, who continues :) Your Grace may see how plain to watching eyes The path becomes when matters of the heart Have grown so bold to plead a cause outright And scarce conceal their seeming. Further yet, Gossip hath crept below-stairs. I have caught Its echo on the dull tongue of a clown, And marked how the infection seems to spread And poison the attendants. There is faith, However, yet at Cheston. Marked your Grace The words I wrote concerning one true soul, — The lady Dacres ? GARDINER. Ay, I've sent for her; She will be here anon, and if thy wits Have not misled thee into overpraise, We may build much upon her. Art thou sure Her loyalty to holy church is firm And equal to a strain ? YVART. As sure as life. 94 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. GARDINER. 'Tis well. Hast thou aught else ? YVART. Nay, nothing now ; But I am busy with a tangled skein Which promises rare interest and much light When 'tis unravelled. GARDINER. In the mean while keep An active brain, — a silent tongue. Farewell. (YvART hows low, and goes towards the door as the scene closes.) Scene II.] THE FBINCESS ELIZABETH. 95 SCENE II.— The Tap-room of a London Inn. Soldiers scattered in groups^ some playing at dice, others at tables, drinking. A Sergeant of the King's Guard. A Woman, at the tap, is engaged in an altercation with a Soldier. Boisterous laughter is heard as the scejie progresses. SOLDIER. Be 't that I look like some tricked foister now, Who'd seek to pass a leaden shilling on ye, That ye howl on your lustiest, and outbrawl Your own she-stag-hounds ? woman. * Stay, and keep a tongue Less limber, or I '11 book you half a pint O' hot flip down your back ; that 's used to fire ; I warrant no foeman e'er saw else of you. You bragging, sprawling — SOLDIER. Hold ye, hold ye, now ! I want no more your venom, but your ale ; Ye see I 've lost my groats of many a day At yonder dice-box, and I 'm courting luck To win 'em back; but luck comes never a time To dusty throats. Lock up your speech a space Till ye can answer if ye '11 wait the turn. 96 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. And mulct me double when the tide has changed. What say ye, yea or nay ? WOMAN. Xay, then ; nay, nay ! Pay me your score, or go yet thirsty still ; I 've heard your mighty talk o' luck before ; A murrain on such braggarts ; nought it brings Of market pence to me. D' ye think I keep A public house to feed the yeomen free ; Or run a licensed tap so that, forsooth. The guard be ahvay drunken ? SOLDIER. Then, egad, I '11 find the Avench who kept the till last night, And get two mugs for every one I ask. With pretty looks beside. WOMAN. Yes, now ye lie ; The lass is honest as she 's comely, SOLDIER. Ay, And more of either than her mother be ; You murdering, haggling huckster ! ScEXE II.] THE PRIN'GESS ELIZABETH. 97 Or, by my soul WOMAN. Keep your peace, SERGEANT. Peace, mother, give him drink ; Ye sure can score him for another mug ; Being so deep ab-eady. WOMAN. No, not I. SOLDIER. Oh, no ! But sure 'twill be a bit before The old 'un sees the score grow shallower. ANOTHER SOLDIER. Oh, mother, cease your ranting ! Give him ale. The lad wants heart to play and find his pence Where they be lost. WOMAN. Nay, and there others be Who'll get no more, an I hear not the chink O' their pence, too. SEVERAL VOICES. Oh! Oh! WOMAN. Ay, yelp your spleen ; I budge not for ye. 98 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. SERGEANT. Hear ye, lads, I know A way to mellow the old woman. See, This key unlocks the spiggot. (^He puts a coin into the Woman's hand.) Bumpers all, And pledge the lass I love best. {The Woman ^//s the mugs, and all d?njik, crying :) Health and joy Attend the lass he loves best ! A SOLDIER. Barry, now, I think me of the maid that used to fill The burden o' the ditty which you sang Last winter i' the barracks. Mind ye that ? ANOTHER SOLDIER. Ay, and how merry did the welkin ring When the squad roar'd the chorus. SOLDIERS. Ay, ay, ay. We '11 have it now. OTHER VOICES. We '11 have it now, lads ; now. Scene II.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 99 SOLDIER. Then steady, and be ready for the sign To take the tune right smartly off my tongue. (^He sings:) Fill the tankard, we '11 be merry While the time is ours, lass ; For your red lips shame the cherry, And the jealous flowers, lass. Hang their heads when you go by them, Lest your laughing eyes espy them Waiting for the showers, lass. {Refrain, sung hy all :) Mire of field and din of battle, Clank of shield or lance's rattle ; No dismay, nor fear, nor sorrow Mars to-day, whose near to-morrow Brings you to my arms, lass. {He sings :) Now good-bye, love ; men are tramping On the outer stairs, lass. In the courtyard, horses champing ; Loud the trumpet blares, lass. Sure you '11 be no more refusing Kisses, which to keep were losing. To the man that dares, lass. {Refrain, sung as before.) ( While the song is progressing, two Officers of the Guard enter, immediately followed hy Yvart in the guise of a country clown and feigning intoxi- Gation.) 100 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. FIRST OFFICER. The lads seem full of joyance to the eyes ; I doubt me they '11 find other stuff to whet The keen edge of their spirits, ere 't be long. SECOND OFFICER. Yes, an we fail not. FIRST OFFICER. When the devil failed To tempt Saint Barnabas, he whispered "Fail!" And lo ! the Saint turned villain. Speak no word "Which gives a failure breath of life ; 'tis fraught With half its own fruition. SECOND OFFICER. By the rood. You 're in the right, I think. Henceforward nought But an assured success can find a place Even within my thoughts. Have you yet learned How the w^ind blows at Bristol? FIRST OFFICER. Ay, indeed, 'Tis westerly ; the weather bodes most fair. My lord hath promised Sharington such gifts As make him all compliance. We shall bear No burden on our backs marked Poverty, Be sure of that. Scene II.] THE FBINCESS ELIZABETH. 101 YVART {coming up drunkenly). Ay, honors that be me ; For poverty, you know, be poverty, — A most insensate, blister-visaged rogue Is pov — pov — poverty. Ha, ha, I know The way to lay the ghost a score o' times, An he waylay ye. Ho, there ! bring us here Some sack. You'll drink, sirs, — yirrup, — drink with — SECOND OFFICER. Nay, Thou hast enough already, sirrah ; go And snore thy last potations off. YYART. Now, now, I meant to speak ye civil. FIRST OFFICER. Ay, ay ; more Of this civility we '11 take anon. The fellow must have tippled from the bung, And spent a week of earnings in a night. (YvART throws himself across a table, and lies appa- rently sleeping.) Nay, as I said, we shall have current means To make each promise good. Our chiefest bar Lies now with Paget, who hath shown a front 102 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. Too friendly to the whims of Somerset ; He spoke his mind most boklly to the Earl, And dared remonstrance. SECOND OFFICER. 'Twill be found to be A venture somewhat costly at the end, Eh, Fawcett?- FIRST OFFICER. Ay. (YvART snores loudly.') The swine is sunk in fumes Of his besotted breath. Did you inquire How^ stood the yeomen for a sudden call, Should we be forced, unripely, to assume A positive front ? SECOND OFFICER. Yes, and the answers all "Were most auspicious. In the Southern wing We may sure count on one-third of the men, And of the leaders half. Northumberland Shows most responsive leaning, and the fire Which smoulders, ever ready to lick forth The flames to light a change, whate'er it be. Burns bright in Essex ; while beyond . .. Scene II.] THE FEINCESS ELIZABETH. 103 FIRST OFFICER. Hist ! here Comes a subaltern, who hath charge, mayhap, Of these o'er-boisterous fellows. SERGEANT {saliitlng the officer's). Sirs, I ask Your gentle judgment for this noisy crew. These nights of freedom are the first they've known For twenty weeks. SECOND OFFICER. Ay, we have nought to say In reprobation. Let them crowd the hours With what they may ; the daylight comes anon, And with it brings stern duty. FIRST OFFICER. Bid tlie tap Flow at my cost for bumpers to our lord, The noble Admiral, fair England's pride. SOLMERS. Huzza ! the Admiral ! the Admiral ! (^Mugs are filled, and all drink.) SECOND OFFICER (to SeRGEANT). I warrant an honest batch of roisterers. The stuflt' is good that bears its texture thus Uncovered to the sun. Give me the men 104 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. Who '11 drink, and swagger, and tip maids a-cliin. Occasion offering, when I've work to do Calling for courage and stern doughty hearts. You would not fear to put them to the touch, Should quick events fall wide of what were held In expectation ? SERGEANT. Nay. Lead them but well, They '11 follow to the death, and face despair. SECOND OFFICER. Though leaders led them in a cause adverse To all they erst had fought for ? SERGEANT. Little they Reck of the cause, so that they have a name To deck their cheers with. SECOND OFFICER. Ah, good fellows they. FIRST OFFICER {aside to Second Officer). Hush ! no word further now. This clown, who seems So heavy in his cups, may breed us harm. I saw but now his head uplifted thus, And his ear strained to gather in your talk. He 's not so deep in ale as in intent, Or I 'm befogged. Scene II.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 105 SECOND OFFICER. Ha, is it so ? (to Sergeant.) I pray You keep your men in spirit for their work ; Their King looks to their manhood. Fare you well. SERGEANT. Good morrow to your honors. \_Exeunt First and Second officers, scanning YvART closely; he feigning to he sleeping heavily. SOLDIERS. Once more, lads, Clieers for the noble Earl who knows no fear, Cheers for the Admiral of England. TYART (aside). So; Be not too lusty, ye shall need your breath For other matter, if I find the way To put to use the truths mine ears have gleaned. 'Tis meet I follow too. [_Exit Yyart, as the men are cheering. Scene closes. 106 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. SCENE III. — Night. A Room ix the Tower. A lamp suspended from the ceiling above a tahle^ at which Bishop Gardiner is seated^ intently examining some vapers. GARDINER. Miscarry now? Nay, for I see no avenue unwatched, No point uncovered, and no room for chance To fall adversely, marring holy schemes This side fruition. By my soul, I think This bastard-tainted Boleyn girl outcrops With early shoots of the same brazen weed Whose roots found shelter and luxurious soil Deep in her mother's being. So God shapes His ends, through means which, taken by themselves, Seem evil, and unhallowed by the light Of aught that might redeem. It suits me well, And fits most friendly to my purpose thus That she hath furnished pretext, doubly barbed, To do a double service to the church By but a single turning of fate's wheel ; I scarce had hoped for such conjunction rare Of circumstances ready to my hand And only waiting for the torch's touch To set them into blaze, that so quick fire May wither into ashes heretic hopes Scene III.] THE PRIXCESS ELIZABETH. 107 On heretic altars. Yet dispatch were well ; The King's life hangs upon the slender thread Of a weak body, sickly to the core, And at his going there must be no space For doubt which breeds confusion. Mary's claim Is valid, and her soul is set aright To cast down Satan from the lofty seat He hath befouled ; yet must there be no fear, Hanging white-lipped upon a possible chance, Of evil yet beyond. Elizabeth Ere that must be outside the sphere of hope Or even comment. She the first, and next The Admiral, whose insatiate lust of power Hath handicapped him sadly at the start, And bears him down already with the pomp Of boasted pedigrees of great Saint Maurs And French pretensions. Now, in truth, methinks I may find faithful action in this girl. For Yvart rarely misses at a guess ; Yet how long shall mad persecution hold The force to keep me here, with weighted wing Forbidding flight, save where my brain may find A potency to impart to other arms Sweeping to glorious action in my stead? How long ? Oh sweet release — revenge ! Peace, peace, I shall grow w^eak growing angered. Let me wait ; The issue is not far. 108 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. This Sudley wears Danger writ warlike on his brow, and well The Council scans how, traitor-like and stitl, Close beneath smiling surface of events, Lies the sharp r«ef, more pitiless than steel, To rend the nation. A suspicion there. Carefully cast, shall w^eave a flawless chain, Even w^ere fate less helpful. But the girl? Will she act here — here, where beyond all else She can do most of service? If perchance She loves him, and I deem it likest, for He hath a serpent manner and low voice To grace the person of Apollo's self, There may be difficulty. Nay, I hold The charm shall charm me mine own wishes quick As 'tis applied. She dare not disobey The church's mandate, nor tear from her soul Its own best hope of heaven. If she balk, Diplomacy may aid to hide a snare Hid under cover of another's fall. Elizabeth's entanglement must grow Till it be knotted past unravelling By any friendly fingers. Then, the blow Which sweeps the one to ruin, bears along The other in its wake. {Enter a Guard.) GUARD. My lord, one waits. With proper passport duly signed to give ScEXE III.] THE rRINCESS ELIZABETH. 109 Admission to yon, asking for the right To be brought hither, but the right is yours Still to refuse her. GARDINER. 'Tis a lady then. GUARD. Ay. GARDINER. I will see her, an you be content That I may be unvvatched. Methinks I know Who this may be, and knowing, safely guess Before I see her that she comes to me To make confession, for to me alone For years she hath confessed. I pray you beg This boon of the lieutenant. GUARD. Ay, my lord. [^Exit. GARDINER. The girl comes e'en ahead of her fixed hour, Eager to earn salvation by quick deeds. I worded well my missive. Now let care Be twice itself, to ascertain how lies The land of her best hopes, — most near desires 10 1 1 0 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. And keenest fenrs. Then afterwards, my plans, Backed by command and promise. {Enter Guard, followed by Beatrice, veiled, whom he motions toivards a low chair.) Is granted. GUARD {to Gardiner). Your request GARDINER {rising). My thanks in return. \_Exit Guard. (^0 Beatrice.) You are ? BEATRICE {throwing hack her veil), Beatrice Dacres, father, hither come. Fast as I may, to learn the Church's wish Concerning me. GARDINER {placing his hand on her head). Bless thee, my child. BEATRICE. I fled All my surroundings, leaving duties half. Or less than half, fulfilled, full well aware How certain w^as my duty waiting here. GARDINER. We have an urgent work for thee, my child, Which 'tis thy privilege to best perform. Scene III.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. \ \ 1 BEATRICE. Your Grace hath chosen an instrument too poor, And all unworthy of an urgent work. GARDINER. I chose thee not ; it was the holy Church, Speaking through me, that called thee hither. Thou Art blessed most highly, being selected thus By special calling of Our Lady. BEATRICE {crossing herself). Hail! To her most august name. Her handmaid waits Meekly her mandates. GARDINER. Well bespoken, child ; The gentle Mother of our Lord is pleased To choose weak instruments for stalwart ends ; So calls thee to strike hard for holy Church, Relying on thy loyalty. of soul To shrink no step from danger, or the stings Which life's desires, and longings born of earth May lift, like serpents' fangs, to bar the way. BEATRICE. Oh, father, tell me what I have to do. I shall not falter, though the path be steep. 112 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. And, as my bleeding feet spurn o'er the stones Of Satan's placing, I shall still exnlt In knowledge of the glory which beyond I am full sure of. GARDINER. That I promise thee, An thou shall do the bidding of the Church To every letter. BEATRICE. 'Tis beforehand pledged. ^ What must I do ? GARDINER. Listen, and ponder well How mighty are the issues which thus hang Upon thy soul. Thou knowest how Henry broke His best defence in breaking with the faith, And, when he died, left loose the jagged ends Of theologic disputation, wrought To very frenzy in a wordy w^ar. Religion, still aloof and smiling sad. Waits mournfully the doom that follows crime Committed in her seeming, doubly sure How bitter is the end. Meanwhile, unfledged, The boy-King falters, and falls off apace, Misled by heretic teachers. Scene III. ] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 113 'Tis not loii! o To peer ahead, to prophesy his death, For even now he bends a weakly frame Before life's buffets. He must surely die Ere our beloved Mother, Holy Church, Shall reassert her footing and domain Upon the island ; and, so dying, what May anxious eyes see forward? Still the chance Of struggle fierce against supremacy Of those whom God hath set to hold the rule. The Princess Mary, left alone, will find Her path made easy, and I know how sure That path leads on to Zion ; but can we Hope she will be so left to guide her sway By her own inspirations ? Nay ; full well I see fell danger, loomino- like a cloud And counselling precaution. Thou must know Elizabeth hath partisans. BEATRICE. Ay, many. GARDINER. And she is strong in will though young in years. BEATRICE. She may be led ; not driven. 10* 114 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. GARDINER. Know'st tliou not How deep a lie lies hidden in that phrase ? It is a setting of harmonious sounds, Tickling the conscience, and, translated, means She spurns authority, and, spurning, grows Most easy to seduce. Black danger threats Our wishes from the Princess. Thou hast said Her partisans are many ; it were well Their numbers shrink apace. BEATRICE. Perchance your Grace Forgets that I am in her service. GARDINER. Nay ; Knowledge of that but stamps thee doubly fit. In that same service must thou stay, to learn Tlie unguarded outposts of the foeman's camp. Thine opportunities — BEATRICE. My lord, my lord, I cannot welcome treachery to trust. Nor hug a falsehood to an honest heart To help a heart's desire. Scene III . ] THE PBINCESS EL IZABETH. 115 GARDINER. The word is void Of meaning in such cases ; to whose faith Shouldst thou be treacherous ?j Ask it of thy soul, Hadst thou lived when dark Judas strode abroad To seek his Master, and, wdth damned lips, Compass the death of Deity with a kiss ; — Hadst thou been privy to the fell intent. And failed to do what, being done, were sure To sear the lips and quench the murderous kiss Ere it could find a being, wouldst thou then Have paused to prate of treachery, and so Let slip the opportunity for good Because thy conscience quibbled at a straw. And feared a gnat's sting ? Bah ! BEATRICE. Your Grace . .. GARDINER. Hold, hold. Let me make note of how a favored child Of holy Church can basely blench and start At the first shadow flung by Satan down To daunt a puny spirit. BEATRICE. Ah, my lord. Give me but time for thought ; 'tis very hard 116 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [Act II. To stoop to even little wrong, that so A mighty right may follow. May I not V GARDINER. Peace, I can brook no dalliance with thy qualms ; The case is clear defined, beyond the room For any cavil. Here, a dread command From source the highest, whose fulfilment brings Rewards beyond all human estimate ; There, weak indulgence in a whim, the way The tempter maketh easy. BEATRICE. Nay ; I '11 strive To do my duty, though I fain would save Mine honor of myself. GARDINER. Thou honorest much Thyself, in honoring her who honors thee. Thou wilt not shrink? BEATRICE. Nay, father. GARDINER. Good. Thy work Will not be long, though haply bitter. Know That this same princess whom thou servest, bears Within her heart the germ of her own fall. Scene III.] THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. 117 The Church asks not her life, but only bids Us, her true servants, that oblivion hide Elizabeth beyond all future hope Of queenly honors, or of England's throne. The germ "will do its work, if we but nurse Its principle of life, until it grow And burst to bud and blossom and full fruit. 'Tis thou must nourish it and keep it warm. Encouraging its outspread, hour by hour. And thou wilt do this ? BEATRICE. Ay. GARDINER (^rising). Upon thine oath ? BEATRICE (^rising). Upon mine oath. GARDINER (Jioldiiig forth his hand, xi/pon one of the fingers ofiuhich is his signet ring). Swear here. BEATRICE (laying her hand upon the ring). Upon mine oath ! GARDINER. Our Lady smiles upon thee, Beatrice. 118 THE PRINCESS ELIZABETH. [ A ct II. BEATRICE. Ah, father, her sweet smile is always sad. GARDINER. No holy thing were ever else than sad, Being here imprisoned ; in the great Beyond, Her smile will flash a joy beyond compare ; Thy duty done, 'tis thine to know its light. BEATRICE.
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Sixième année. — N° 5183 LE NUMÉRO : CINQ CENTIMES Mardi 27 Mai 1902 SOUIMÉAL RÉPUBLICAIN ORGANE RÉGIONAL DE LA BRETAGNE BUREAUX : 29, RUE DE LA RAMPE, BREST Champ-de-Bataille ABONNEMENTS Finistère et limité. 1 an, 20 fr.; 6 m., 11 fr.; 3 m., 6 fr. 28 15 8 ..... 32 17 9 France, Colonies Les Abonnements partent des 1er et 16 et sont payables d'avance. INFORMATIONS TÉLÉGRAPHIQUES ET TÉLÉPHONIQUES Par fil spécial BUREAUX : 29, RUE DE LA RAMPE, BREST Champ-de-Bataille Adresse télégraphique : DÉPÊCHE BREST INSERTIONS Annonces 0 fr. 30 la ligne Reclames Faits Divers Rédacteur en chef : OCTAVE DUCHESNE. Tarif décroissant pour les annonces plusieurs fois répétées. Dunkerque, 26 mai. Je ne sais plus où j'ai entendu dire que les populations du nord de la France étaient des populations froides, incapables de se montrer enthousiastes et ne livrant jamais qu'une petite partie d'elles-mêmes aux manifestations extérieures. Cette légende, car c'en est une, doit être reléguée parmi les accessoires vieillis des guides à l'usage des touristes anglais. La vérité est que les Flamands ont d'incroyables affinités avec les Provençaux les plus emballés, quand il s'agit de déployer toute grande la joie populaire. D'un patriotisme ardent et plein d'espoir, les gens du nord semblent comme électrisés quand il leur est donné de fêter quelque événement heureux pour la patrie. Aussi les Dunkerquois n'ont-ils pas manqué, aujourd'hui, de faire leur ville aussi belle, aussi parée que possible, afin de célébrer magnifiquement le retour du petit groupe de Français qui reviennent du pays ami, les yeux encore tout éblouis par les splendeurs des antiques et somptueuses cités impériales, le coeur encore chaud des émotions vécues durant les quatre journées franco-russes. Au mois de septembre dernier, quand l'empereur Nicolas II vint ici, j'avais déjà signalé cet enthousiasme éclatant, sonore, des populations flamandes ; il débordait de toutes parts, remplissait les rues, secouait jusqu'au fond de leur âme les plus sceptiques. Il en est absolument de même aujourd'hui. Jamais le président de la République n'aura reçu un accueil plus chaleureux que celui qui lui est préparé par ces habitants d'une région pourtant si réputée indifférente aux effusions, rétive aux expansions. A moins de modifications, en réévaluant tant de l'état de la mer, dans le programme officiellement arrêté, le président ne doit rester ici que quelques heures. Peu importe ! Les trains innombrables de la compagnie du Nord jettent à chaque quart d'heure sur les quais de la gare transformée en fourmilière des foules sans cesse plus compactes. On voit des quantités de voyageurs arrivés de la veille avec la certitude de passer la nuit à la belle étoile, mais résolus à tout supporter, à tout endurer, pour avoir le plaisir patriotique d'acclamer demain matin le président Loubet, l'amiral Roustan et les braves marins de la division de la Baltique. Les Dunkerquois, s'ils sont d'enthousiastes patriotes, ne laissent pas d'être aussi des commerçants très pratiques. Ils se rendent parfaitement compte de l'importance considérable de l'alliance franco-russe au point de vue du développement de notre commerce extérieur et de l'avenir de notre marine marchande. Leur port est appelé, ils le savent, à prendre la première place dans le nord de la France maritime, et déjà de grandes compagnies de navigation, installées au Havre depuis de longues années, émigrent pour venir planter leurs tentes sur les quais immenses qui s'étendent ici, autour du palais de la Chambre de Commerce. À l'heure actuelle, l'ancien petit port de pêche donne l'impression d'un port de commerce des mieux outillés et des plus actifs. On sent partout la vie commerciale dans toute son intensité, dans toute sa fièvre. Les Dunkerquois sont pénétrés de cet axiome économique moderne que l'avenir des nations est sur l'eau, et ils travaillent en conséquence avec une ardeur jamais lassée. Tout à l'heure, je causais avec l'un des notables de la cité, un armateur des plus connus, et comme je lui disais quelle avait été la joie des Bretons quand ils reçurent la visite du président de la République au moment du départ : — Ah ! oui, me répondit l'armateur dunkerquois... Si nous avions seulement ici la rade de Brest ! Et, il ajouta aussitôt : — En partant de Brest d'abord, en débarquant à Dunkerque ensuite, M. Loubet a marqué les deux points où le commerce maritime affluera dans la suite des âges. Loin, COUDURIER. SOUSCRIPTION POUR LES Total précédent 4.568f. 90 Anonyme Une petite fille M. Burle neveu M. Victor Le Roux Ecole de Daoulas (M. Louis-souart, Louis-souart, Produit du concert populaire organisé par M. et Mme Rousseau, le 25 mai, à la salle de Venise M. Castillon Mlle Henri Castillon L'équipage du Complaisant, de Camaret, patron Le Fur. La famille Chabal Carrive Mme veuve Girard, 10, rue Armorique... rue Armorique... me-veuve Charuel M. et Mme Rousseau Mme veuve Laverant, 117, rue de Siam Mme Bellec Mlle Jestin Mlle Bureller Mme J. B. Le Do R. C... et G... 14 Un groupe d'amis Mme S. Mallet Mme Grandmontagne, libraire Augustin Léon, Marie et Marthe Furet (de leur bourse).. B 1 50 0 10 20 »» 25 »» 15 »» 12 »» 3 »» 1 »» 5 »» 30 »» 5 »» 10 10 »» 5 »» 0 50 0 50 0 50 25 »» 5 »» 5 »» 50 »» 5 B» 3 »» 5 »» Total 4.8111.»» Un deuxième versement de 2,368 fr. 90 a été effectué par l'administration de la Dépêche de Brest à la caisse de la Trésorerie générale. PAR SPÉCIAL Paris, le 26 Mai, 8 h. 1/2 soir. H. Paul Beschanel à La Loupe M. Paul Deschanel, président de la Chambre des députés, a passé la journée d'hier à La Loupe, dont il est conseiller général. Il y a présidé les opérations du comice agricole de l'arrondissement de Nogent-le-Rotrou et le concours musical. Feuilleton de la Dépêche (15) Un banc se trouva sur sa route, vis-à-vis du fleuve. Elle s'y assit, pour réfléchir plus librement, sans cette imperceptible gêne que la marche imprime aux idées. Accoudée au dossier, le visage à demi caché dans sa main droite, elle reprit un à un tous ses raisonnements, toutes ses impressions, et tenta d'en mesurer la valeur. — Était-ce bien son droit d'aller librement à l'amour ? Quand elle se fut posé cette question, il lui sembla que la réponse — un oui formidable, instinctif, invincible—jaillissait à la fois de toutes les sources de son être. Oui, certes, c'était son droit. La nature l'avait mis en elle en y créant le besoin d'aimer. Or, la nature est la Première et la Dernière, l'Alpha et l'Oméga de toute loi et de tout devoir. Partout où se fait entendre un commandement contradictoire, c'est elle tout d'abord qui doit être obéie. Mais une voix railleuse, déjà sûre du succès, murmura des paroles inattendues. — Obéis donc jusque au bout. Ce que veut la nature, ce n'est point l'amour pour lui-même, c'est l'amour en vue des êtres futurs. Tu es libre. Aime et crée. Alors elle se redressa, abominablement meurtrie, sentant bien cette fois qu'il n'y avait plus de faux-fuyants possibles, plus de devoir à invoquer, supérieur et divin. Dès l'instant que n'aimait point pour créer, elle ne pouvait plus parler, sans un mensonge, de son droit à l'amour. Ses yeux, éblouis, clignaient à la lumière. L'excès de la douleur interne crispait ses doigts. Maintenant elle ne doutait plus, elle savait. Certes, la race humaine, en lui déniant le droit d'aimer, avait tort contre la race divine, plus ancienne et plus haute. Et pourtant c'est à celle-là qu'il faudrait obéir, à elle qu'il faudrait sacrifier sa jeunesse, sa beauté, toutes ses aspirations violentes et stériles. Elle ouvrit tout à fait les yeux. Un yacht de plaisance, amarré devant elle, se balançait doucement. Des marins, bras nus, l'astiquaient. Il était neuf, élégant, très propre. Elle lut sur la coque le nom, inscrit en lettres d'or: Fatime. Elle envia ceux qui peuvent partir à leur guise, aller où bon leur semble, promener sur les flots souples leur humeur vagabonde. Un désir lui vint de s'enfuir, elle aussi, de quitter la terre douloureuse, d'assoupir son désespoir au bercement monotone des fleuves et des mers. Elle se leva. Un calme factice, une sorte de torpeur l'envahit. Il semblait que toutes ses énergies, au choc brusque d'une idée, se fussent déprimées tout à coup. Elle sentait que la révolte devenait inutile, qu'il lui faudrait subir, inerte ou résignée, le joug séculaire. Elle continuait son chemin, l'étroite et claire allée où le printemps, par endroits, mettait sur le sable son empreinte dorée. Elle se remémorait les arguments déjà pensés, déjà redits en elle-même, et jusqu'alors rejétés avec un dédain violent. Une pensée surtout la troubla profondément. Jusqu'alors elle avait porté en elle, avec une consciente fierté, le sentiment très net de sa double beauté physique et morale. Cette impression dominait tous ses actes, lui procurait, à chaque minute de l'existence, une joie esthétique. Or, ce qui lui plaisait surtout en elle-même, sa qualité transcendante et caractéristique, c'était la droiture. Sans doute, elle jouissait des forces actives toujours jaillissantes en elle, de sa paix intérieure, de sa ferme volonté. Mais elle s'aimait par-dessus tout de ne pas savoir mentir. Et, voilà que l'amour, — comment n'y avait-elle pas réfléchi plus tôt ? — ne lui apportait que le mensonge, la dissimulation, une honteuse hypocrisie. Elle se redressa brusquement, la tête. Le soir, M. Paul Deschanel a présidé, à l'hôtel de ville de La Loupe, un banquet de 150 couverts. M. Paul Deschanel a fait l'éloge de la mutualité et déclaré que la prochaine législature devra étendre les syndicats agricoles, fonder des chambres d'agriculture, développer les habitations à bon marché préconisées par M. Siegfried et pratiquer la réforme fiscale en faisant des économies. En terminant, M. Paul Deschanel a bu à l'agriculture, base de la République. Le vaisseau Le départ des ministres pour Dunkerque Tous les ministres, sauf celui des colonies, partent ce soir pour Dunkerque, où ils vont chercher le président de la République, qui doit arriver dans ce port entre huit heures et neuf heures du soir. M. Decrais, ministre des colonies, reste à Paris en raison des événements de la Martinique pour recevoir les communications qui sont échangées constamment avec cette colonie et prendre les mesures que commande la situation. À DUNKERQUE Dunkerque, 26 mai. Le commandant Fraysse, attaché militaire de l’Élysée, est arrivé à midi 45. En même temps que lui est arrivée la mission dédiée par le roi des Belges pour saluer le président de la République. Elle a été reçue par les autorités locales. Deux torpilleurs assureront le service d'ordre sur la rade de Dunkerque et empêcheront les navires d'approcher du Montcalm, de l’aviso-torpilleur Sainte-Barbe et du torpilleur Archer. Notre ministre à Bruxelles Bruxelles, 26 mai. M. Gérard, ministre de France, vient de partir pour Dunkerque, où il présentera à M. Loubet les délégués des 14 sociétés françaises de Belgique officiellement reconnues, qui participeront à la manifestation patriotique organisée à l’occasion du retour du président de la République. La division de la Baltique Le ministre de la marine a reçu la dépêche suivante : « Skagerrak, 26 mai, 7 h. du soir. « Amirauté, Paris, « Le Montcalm, escorté par quatre vaisseaux de guerre, a passé à l’ouest, à cinq heures, ce matin. « Sémaphore Skagerrak. » Skagerrak est situé tout à l’est de la pointe du Jutland. L’escadre de la Baltique franchissait donc, ce matin, à cinq heures, le Kriegerrat, pour entrer dans le Skagerrak. M. Loubet sauvé d'un grave danger La Liberté reçoit le télégramme suivant : « Saint-Pétersbourg, 26 mai. » « On raconte ici que M. Loubet, en débarquant du Montcalm, a failli être victime d'un accident. « Par suite d'une fausse manœuvre du vaisseau de guerre français, le canot dans lequel avait pris place le président a failli être coupé en deux. « L'ordre donné en hâte de faire machine à l'arrière évita peut-être une catastrophe. » Un toast de M. Loubet Copenhague, 26 mai. A bord du Cassini, juste avant le départ de l'escadre, M. Loubet a tenu à peu près ce discours : « Je lève mon verre en l'honneur de Votre Majesté et je la remercie de son accueil si cordial. « Le souvenir en restera profondément gravé dans mon cœur. « Je bois à la famille royale tout entière, dont les membres nombreux et honorés remplissent si dignement dans toute l'Europe les fonctions auxquelles il a plu à la Providence ou au choix des peuples de les appeler. « Je bois au Danemark, qui nous sommes unis par les liens d'une sympathie profonde et ancienne ; au Danemark, petit par l'étendue et le chiffre de sa population, grand par son histoire et sa vaillance, par l'éclat avec lequel il marche dans les voies hautes, une flamme d'orgueil au fond des yeux. Sans y prendre garde, elle avait quitté l'étroit chemin creusé sous les peupliers, le long du fleuve. Et elle se trouvait devant une plaine sèche, fleurie de soleil, inondée et débordante de l'argent clair du ciel. Elle reconnut le paysage. C'est là, quelques semaines auparavant, qu'il lui avait semblé entrer dans une lumière nouvelle. Un trouble profond l'envahit, la domina, la posséda tout entière. N'est-ce point par l'amour qu'elle avait connu pleinement la beauté du monde ? Ne lui avait-il point révélé, avec sa propre nature, l'essence même de Dieu ? Elle demeurait immobile, droite et ferme dans sa robe noire, le visage crispé de détresse. Certes, il n'était plus pour elle, sans amour de joie possible. C'est en vain que le soleil, chaque matin, jaillirait du sol, que les nuages à son approche déploieraient dans le ciel leurs voiles clairs ; en vain que les saisons, une à une, jetteraient sur l'univers, à pleines mains, leurs semences, leurs fleurs et leurs fruits. D'autres, plus heureux, en jouiraient encore. Quant à elle, en renonçant à aimer, elle renouvelait le geste d'Oedipe : elle s'arrachait les yeux de ses propres mains. Accablée, elle demeurait immobile, debout, à la même place. Ses regards erraient des contours du bois aux contours des nuages. Ici même, devant ce même horizon, en une matinée semblable, d'ineffables paroles avaient été proférées; un silence plus ineffable encore avait versé à flots dans son âme l'essence indicible des choses. Alors, à la pensée que tout cela était fini pour toujours, elle eut envie de s'étendre là, sous le soleil divin, et de mourir. JOURNAL DE GENEVIÈVE LEVASSEUR 22 avril. — Qu'ai-je fait ? Par quel odieux courage me suis-je ainsi torturée moi-même ? Hier, je lui ai écrit. Mes souhaits de progrès, au premier rang des peuples civilisés. "Je bois à Sa Majesté et au vaillant peuple danois !" Conseil supérieur de l'instruction publique a tenu cette matinée la seconde séance de sa session ordinaire, sous la présidence de M. Gaston Boissier, membre de l'Institut. Elle a été entièrement consacrée à l'examen du premier des projets concernant la réforme de l'enseignement secondaire élaborée par M. Leygues, d'accord avec la commission de renseignement à la Chambre. Ce projet a été adopté avec quelques modifications de détail. Cet après-midi, le conseil supérieur de l'instruction publique a continué l'examen des questions relatives à la réforme de l'enseignement secondaire. La séance était présidée par M. Leygues, rentré dans la matinée de Lot-et-Garonne. Congrès des architectes Le congrès des architectes français se tiendra, du 2 au 7 juin, à l'école des beaux-arts. LA GRÈVE DES TABACS Les grévistes de la manufacture de tabacs de Reuilly ont décidé de continuer la lutte jusqu'à ce qu'ils aient obtenu satisfaction. Sortie de l'île Henry Gréville Nous apprenons la mort de Mme Henry Gréville, le romancier bien connu. Le général Giraud Privas, 26 mai. On annonce, de Bourg Saint-Andéol, la mort du général de brigade en retraite Giraud, décédé hier matin, à l'âge de 88 ans. Le défunt était en retraite depuis 1875. Il était commandeur de la Légion d'honneur. M. Auguste Cordier M. Auguste Cordier, directeur du Nouvelliste de Bordeaux, a succombé à Cadillac (Gironde), aux suites d'une longue et douloureuse maladie. Le lieutenant-colonel Cousin Cahors, 26 mai. Ce matin, à huit heures, le lieutenant-colonel Cousin, du 7e de ligne, se promenait à cheval sur la route de Saint-Henri, près de Cahors, quand le cheval prit peur, se dressa et s'emballa. Le colonel Cousin, désarçonné, tomba, mais son pied était resté engagé dans l'étrier. Le malheureux officier fut traîné sur un parcours de plusieurs mètres. Les témoins de l'accident accoururent au secours du colonel, mais tous les soins furent inutiles. Il expira au bout de dix minutes, sans avoir repris connaissance. les drames du revolver Une femme tuée. — Fuite de l’assassin Lourdais, demeurant à Colombes, a tiré ce matin trois coups de revolver sur une jeune femme, Mme Bourgeois, née Marguerite Beaucordier, demeurant villa Hoche, à Courbevoie. Mme Bourgeois a succombé à ses blessures. On ignore jusqu’ici les mobiles du drame. Le meurtrier est en fuite. Un cocher qui tire sur sa maîtresse. — Suicide du meurtrier A Levallois, un cocher, Ernest Desquincy, a tiré des coups de revolver sur une bonne, Marie Legoult, son ancienne maîtresse, et s’est ensuite brûlé la cervelle. Marie Legoult n’a reçu qu’une blessure insignifiante. Un avoué tué dans l'express Paris-Lille Lille, 26 mai. Le rapide qui part de la gare du Nord, larmes ruisselaient sur les pages définitives où ma plume si lourdement écrasait mon bonheur. Je n'ai pas voulu le revoir. Qui sait? Devant lui, peut-être aurais-je faibli. Je lui ai dit toute la vérité, mes remords, mon impuissance à me diminuer volontairement. Je lui ai parlé de lui-même et de l'Autre. Je lui ai conseillé un retour vers elle, sincère et total. Peut-être m'écoutera-t-il, m'obéira-t-il. Quelle torture de le penser... Et maintenant, qu'est-ce que je souhaite ? qu'est-ce que j'attends ? qu'est-ce que j'espère?... Rien... Du moins, voudrais-je le croire, mais il faut bien, puisque je vis toujours, que j'attende encore quelque chose... Quoi? Je ne sais. L'impossible. J'attends un mot, une rencontre fortuite. Ah ! bénie serait la force occulte et invincible qui m'arracherait à mon propre vouloir et me jetterait dans ses bras ! 24 avril. — Chose horrible ! La vie autour de moi, toujours vivante... Le printemps est là, tout proche. Aujourd'hui, il secouait sa tunique sur Paris. J'avais laissé ma fenêtre ouverte. Il est entré dans ma chambre. Il a soulevé les rideaux, feuilleté mes livres, fait le tour de la pièce avec des battements d'ailes. Puis, très vite, il est reparti. Il s'ennuyait près de moi. Que m'eût-il donné d'ailleurs ? Quelle consolation ? Quelle joie ? Il semble que sa main, en frôlant mon épaule, m'ait traîtreusement poussé, m'ait fait descendre quelques marches de plus vers le vide. C'est une souffrance sans secousse et sans pensées. C'est le poids du monde sur une seule poitrine, capable de la soutenir sans en être écrasée. Souffrance qui ne laisse point de répit. La nuit, pendant mon sommeil lourd, elle est à mon côté qui veille. Le matin, c'est d'elle que je prends tout d'abord conscience. Les yeux fermés, encore, les membres engourdis, j'ai l'impression confuse de sa présence, et ce n'est point la lucidité de l'esprit que je conquête chaque matin au réveil, c'est la perception plus nette et plus douloureusement précise de mon mal. De Paris, pour arriver à Lille à 11 h. 7, roulait entre les gares de Corbie et d'Albert, quand un individu tira sur un voyageur de 2e classe, M. Fournier, avoué à Béthune, trois coups de revolver qui le tuèrent net. Attirés par le bruit des détonations, plusieurs voyageurs accoururent, désarmèrent le meurtrier, le ligottèrent, puis firent arrêter le train à Albert, où l'assassin et sa victime furent descendus. Détail navrant : M. Fournier se trouvait en compagnie de sa femme, qui a assisté impuissante au drame. Arras, 26 mai. L'identité de l'assassin de M. Fournier, avoué à Béthune, n'est pas encore établie. Dans ses vêtements, on a trouvé des papiers, au nom de M. Hélie, ingénieur civil, 91, rue de Bondy, à Paris, un billet de seconde classe de Paris à Chantilly, une somme importante et deux revolvers. Le corps de M. Fournier a été transporté à l'hôpital d'Arras, où l'autopsie a été pratiquée cette après-midi. Le corps a été ensuite ramené à Béthune. Le désastre Facilités d'émigration Le ministère des colonies nous communique la note suivante : « Le ministre des colonies a, ces jours-ci, télégraphié au gouverneur intérimaire de la Martinique, pour l'inviter à faciliter, par tous les moyens dont il dispose, l'émigration de ceux des habitants de la Martinique désirant quitter l'île et à les diriger de préférence vers la Guadeloupe, la Guyane ou la métropole. « A cet effet, il a autorisé M. Lhuéré à accorder, sur les fonds de secours, des passages pour la France ou les colonies françaises à toutes les personnes ayant des parents ou justifiant de ressources dans les pays de destination. « D'autre part, le comité officiel de secours a décidé de mettre une somme de 50,000 francs à la disposition du gouverneur de la Guadeloupe et une autre somme de 10,000 francs à celle du gouverneur de la Guyane, pour faire face aux premiers frais d'assistance et de secours utiles à ceux des sinistrés réfugiés dans ces colonies. » Un télégramme daté de Basse-Terre, 25 mai, fait connaître à M. Decrais qu'en exécution des instructions précédentes, deux convois de réfugiés de la Martinique, s'élevant à 967 personnes viennent d'arriver à la Guadeloupe. L'administration locale a pris immédiatement les dispositions nécessaires pour leur assurer asile et assistance, tant à Pointe-à-Pitre qu'à Basse-Terre. M. Merlin ajoute que la situation de la Guadeloupe continue à être excellente. La Compagnie générale transatlantique vient d'informer le ministre des colonies que, suivant un télégramme reçu de son agent général à Fort-de-France, le paquebot annexe de réserve, actuellement dans cette localité, était disponible et pouvait être, le cas échéant, utilisé au transport des réfugiés de la Martinique. Une lettre du directeur du Jardin botanique M. Nollé, directeur du jardin botanique de Saint-Pierre, qui a péri avec toute sa famille dans la catastrophe de Saint-Pierre, écrivait, à la date du mardi 6 mai, à un de ses parents de Marseille : « Le volcan fume et gronde toujours. « Quel sera le résultat ? Nul ne peut le prévoir, la lave s'écoule toujours dans la rivière Blanche et menace la rivière Sèche. Toute cette partie a été évacuée jusqu'à la rivière des Pères, car on craint qu'elle ne soit également recouverte de boue. « Il est vrai que cela peut se produire très vite. « Nous craignons de grands dangers. Toutefois, je ne veux pas abandonner mon poste. « J'ai supplié ma femme de partir, ainsi que les enfants, mais elle m'a répondu : « Je ne veux pas te laisser seul, et si nous mourons, nous mourrons ensemble. » « Il n'y a pas de lumière en ville. Les édifices publics sont sinistres. Les maisons, surtout les maisons des habitants pauvres, sont hantées de tristesse et de terreur. Nous craignons de grands dangers. Toutefois, je ne veux pas abandonner mon poste. « Le 26 avril. Que nous connaissons mal notre pauvre âme immense. Elle est la mer, un infini, un élément... C'est vrai, jusqu'à présent je ne savais pas. Non, pas même dans la joie de l'amour, je n'avais pressenti. Maintenant je suis perdue dans l'infini de moi-même. Je ne vois point les rivages de ma douleur. Et depuis ce matin j'écoute, prise d'une anxiété nouvelle, car dans l'abîme quelque chose s'agite confusément. C'est comme un remous intérieur de vagues houleuses, le prélude menaçant et proche de l'orage. Un flux et reflux de sentiments contradictoires qui s'attirent, se cherchent, se heurtent, se confondent ou se fuient; et, submergeant tout, m'enveloppant de replis magnétiques, une détresse surhumaine qui est comme l'essence même et comme la voix profonde du reste. 27 avril. — Bienheureux les simples d'esprit. Heureux ceux-là qui descendent d'une race unique, et dont la vie entière obéit à une seule impulsion ! Quoi qu'ils fassent, ils font le bien. Car le bien est l'acte unique, capable de produire en nous la plus grande somme de bonheur. Mais que deviendront les êtres en qui vit une double nature contradictoire ? Quoi qu'ils fassent, ceux-là, ils font le mal et ils assument sur leur tête l'expiation fatale. La douleur est leur partage, puisqu'en obéissant à une loi de leur essence, ils désobéissent à l'autre. Ainsi résigne-toi, mon âme, résigne-toi à souffrir. Bois ta douleur, sans consolation et sans joie, comme un breuvage amer. Il n'est plus de paix pour toi, parce qu'il n'est pas en toi de simplicité. 28 avril. — Toujours attendre. User mes jours dans un espoir secret dissimulé au fond de mon cœur comme si j'en avais honte. Pourquoi ne m'a-t-il pas répondu ? Pourquoi n'a-t-il rien tenté ? Il ne m'aimait donc pas ? Nouvelle effroyable torture. Hypocrisie et mensonge ! Voilà peut-être les compagnons néfastes qu'avait rencontrés mon rêve, tandis qu'il allait chantant d'un cœur joyeux la chanson éternelle. "Machines ne donnent plus d'électricité, attendons les événements." Un des fils de cette femme héroïque, Maurice Didier, est actuellement soldat d'infanterie coloniale à Madagascar. Une lettre de Fort-de-France Marseille, 26 mai. On nous communique la lettre suivante : Fort-de-France, jeudi 8 mai, après-midi Un nouvel malheur pour notre pauvre pays ! Nous avons été empêchés de partir pour la campagne, parce qu'une grande quantité de cendres se trouve sur les routes. Cette cendre tombe sur toute la Martinique. Ce matin, la panique a été générale à Fort-de-France, quand on a vu des petites pierres se mêler à la cendre. À Fort-de France, la mer s'est retirée trois dents mais est revenue sans causer d'accident. Deux bateaux chargés de troupes pour Saint-Pierre ont dû revenir à Fort-de-France sans pouvoir atterrir. Les journaux sont enlevés; il est difficile de s'en procurer. Tous les animaux meurent. Vendredi 9, matin. Aucune nouvelle ne nous arrive. Le gouvernement seul en reçoit, mais ne les communique pour ne pas effrayer la population. 2 heures de l'après-midi. La ville est dans une tristesse inénarrable. On transporte beaucoup de blessés du Carbet et du Prêcheur. Nous sommes pétrifiés et sans énergie. Que de misère à prévoir ! À Saint-Pierre, on croyait qu'il n'y aurait pas plus de péril qu'à Fort-de-France. C'est pourquoi la population resta sur place. La lettre se termine par quelques paroles de courage et de tendresse. Autre lettre de Fort-de France Marseille, 26 mai. Une lettre provenant de Fort-de-France apporte les renseignements qui suivent : Vendredi 9 mai, 1 heure de l'après-midi. C'est à peine si j'ai la force de tenir la plume pour vous apprendre la terrible catastrophe qui vient de fondre sur la Martinique : Saint-Pierre n'existe plus. La ville a été complètement détruite, hier, par l'éruption du Mont Pelé. Je ne puis écrire ; les larmes me tombent des yeux. Tout le monde est mort. Est-ce vrai ? Je ne puis le croire. Hier, à huit heures du soir, le bateau le Sachet et deux bateaux sont arrivés avec les blessés. Les fourgons d'artillerie les transportent à l'hospice et à l'hôpital. Plusieurs sont morts en route. Tout le monde s'enfuit de la campagne. On craint, à Fort-de-France, des tremblements de terre. La désolation est générale ; tous les magasins sont fermés depuis lundi. Vers sept heures du matin, le soleil était entouré d'un large cercle noir, présage de malheur. Depuis un mois, le volcan était en éruption, mais on ne croyait pas au danger. Je tremble pour nous maintenant. Il vient d'arriver un autre bateau avec des blessés. Il y a des ambulances partout. Samedi, 10 mai. Il arrive du monde de tous les côtés. Les vivres manquent ; la détresse s'accroît. S'il faut mourir, nous mourrons : À la volonté de Dieu ! À vous de tout cœur. Les plantations Saint-James sont sauvées D'après un télégramme reçu de Fort-de-France, l'ensemble des plantations Saint-James est sauvé. Les rhumeries et sucreries de Trou-Vaillant et de Guerre sont indemnes. Seules, les plantations situées sur les hauteurs dominant la partie sud de Saint-Pierre, ainsi que le village indien, ont été détruits. Un grand nombre de travailleurs ont péri. Craintes de nouveaux malheurs, Fort-de-France, 26 mai. Les conclusions de la mission scientifique américaine sont pessimistes. La mission trouve dans l'éruption de la Montagne Pelée une analogie avec l'éruption du Krakatoa et avec celle du Japon. Elle a admis la possibilité de la destruction du nord de la Martinique. La colonie française attend avec impatience la mission scientifique française, qu'elle espérait voir arriver par le d'Assas. Fort-de-France est indemne Londres, 26 mai. Une dépêche de Sainte-Lucie au Morning Post dit que Fort-de-France est indemne ; mais les habitants craignent que la foudre n'atteinte une centaine de tonnes d'explosifs emmagasinés dans les forts de la ville et dans les environs. Hypocrisie et mensonge. Ils sont toujours à l'affût sur les routes de l'amour. Quoique tu fasses, tu ne les éviteras point, toi qui marches d'un cœur sincère vers l'idéal. Tu es une proie trop facile, ignorante et naïve, et si tentante à la fois avec la candeur de tes croyances. Et pourtant ! Étaient-ce vraiment cette infâme comédie et rien de plus? Le jeu des hommes oisifs en quête de maîtresses ? Étaient-ce la honteuse hypocrisie des chercheurs de virginité ? Ou était-ce simplement l'illusion d'un naïf et d'un passionné ? Comme je souhaiterais le croire encore ! Qu'il me serait doux de sentir intacte ma confiance ! Mais le doute m'enfonce à la gorge ses ongles de fer. Et quand j'ai lutté avec lui corps à corps, lorsque, victorieuse enfin je l'ai terrassé, je porte, douloureuse et sanglante, la marque de ses griffes. 29 avril. — Égoïsme profond, essentiel de l'amour. Nous aimons pour nous, pour notre joie, et seulement pour cela. Que l'aimé soit heureux, cela ne saurait nous suffire. Il faut qu'il soit heureux par nous. Et lorsqu'il s'y refuse, l'amour change de masque et devient la haine. Identiques tous deux, quant au fond, comme la vie et la mort. Nous haïssons avec la même violence que nous avons mise à aimer, et notre haine n'est plus que la souffrance de notre amour. Et cela seul, plus que toutes les déclamations philosophiques, me fait comprendre l'incurable petitesse des amours humaines. 30 avril. — Je ne peux plus vivre ainsi, je ne peux plus ! Oh ! le revoir au moins quelques minutes, lui dire encore une fois combien je l'ai aimé ! Savoir de lui que mon amour aussi ne fut point un mensonge ! Et après ? Un autre désir, aussi véhément que l'amour, envahit ma chair. C'est la revanche qui se prépare sans doute, la revanche de Dieu, vaincu par l'homme et toujours tout-puissant... Jacques TRÉBUCH. (A suivre.) L'ADÊPECH Situation rassurante du Mont Pelé Fort-de-France, 25 mai. Le Mont Pelé a été assez calme hier, quoiqu'il projetât des cendres qui ont recouvert la partie septentrionale de l'île. Le nouveau cratère est en activité. Interviews des passagers de la « France » Nous avons signalé l'arrivée à Saint-Nazaire du paquebot la France, le premier navire arrivant de Saint-Pierre depuis la catastrophe. Un rédacteur du Populaire a interviewé les passagers. C'est d'abord M. Deslandes, professeur au lycée de Saint-Pierre. Si la catastrophe n'était pas prévue, dit M. Deslandes, tout au moins le réveil du volcan était-il certain depuis deux mois au moins : des fumerolles s'élevaient, des fissures se produisaient dans l'étang sec; on s'attendait à quelque chose. Cependant, on ne s'alarmait pas autrement, car l'on croyait à une manifestation insignifiante comme celle qui se produisit en 1851. Cependant, à partir du vendredi 2 mai, la situation devint inquiétante, la fumée sortant plus épaisse du cratère — une fumée d'un gris sale — et des grondements souterrains se faisant entendre, semblables à des sourds roulements de tonnerre. Le samedi, une pluie de cendres très fines et très chaudes tomba sur la ville. De nombreuses personnes prirent peur et, dans la journée, les petits bateaux de la compagnie Girard transportèrent à Fort-de-France plus de 3.000 personnes. Le lycée étant évacué, j'emmenai moi-même ma femme et mes enfants. Le lundi 5, je retournais à Saint-Pierre et j'y arrivais pour voir les usines Guérin détruites par la première éruption que vous connaissez. Mais, demandons-nous à M. Deslandes, voulez-vous nous renseigner sur ce point spécial ? Toutes les lettres reçues de Saint-Pierre et datées des premiers jours de mai indiquent des craintes très vives d'une catastrophe prochaine, ce sont pour ainsi dire des lettres d'adieu. Comment ces habitants, qui prévoyaient leur mort horrible, sont-ils donc restés dans la ville ? M. Deslandes nous renseigne. M. Moultet, gouverneur général, avait, comme vous avez dû l'apprendre, réuni une commission comprenant deux officiers, dont le colonel Gerbault, deux professeurs du lycée, un pharmacien, et avait chargé cette commission d'étudier le phénomène pour en prédire, si possible, les conséquences. — C'était beaucoup demander. — Et cependant ils répondirent. Ils répondirent que l'éruption ne présentait aucun danger. Leur délibération fut affichée au câble le 7 mai ; elle se terminait par cette phrase typique : « Saint-Pierre est actuellement aussi sûr que Naples au pied de la Montagne Pelée. » C'est alors, et pour indiquer la confiance qu'on devait avoir dans cette affirmation, que M. Monttet vint avec sa femme la lendemain à Saint-Pierre. — Pour y trouver la mort ? Oui, et bien d'autres avec lui. — Et de Fort-de-France où vous étiez, qu'avez-vous vu le matin du 8 mai ? C'est à 7 h. 50 exactement que s'est produite l'éruption. L'horloge de la chambre de commerce s'est arrêtée à cette heure-là. Ce fut d'abord un bruit épouvantable, puis en même temps sur toute la villa une pluie de cendre et de pierres grosses comme des noisettes. Ces pierres, en tombant sur la toiture en tôle du marché de Fort-de France, faisaient un bruit tel que toutes les marchandes de légumes qui se trouvaient là, prises de panique, s'enfuirent aussitôt par les rues en courant : "Jésus, Marie, qu'avons-nous fait !", et la plupart se précipitaient vers l'église, où le brave prêtre qui officiait vit un instant son autel véritablement assiégé de fidèles lui demandant la communion. La panique ne dura pas longtemps. On ne savait pas, malheureusement, quel affreux malheur venait de se produire. La disparition de Saint-Pierre, connue dans la journée, causa une émotion énorme ; on sut tout de suite l'étendue du désastre et ce fut une véritable consternation. — Avez-vous vu, demandons-nous à M. Deslandes, quelques personnes de Saint-Pierre échappées par miracle au cataclysme ? On a parlé, par exemple, d'un nègre emprisonné dans un caveau pour avoir commis une tentative d'assassinat et qui avait pu prendre la fuite, ayant été délivré par hasard cinq jours après l'éruption. — C'est une fable. Une seule personne a été ramenée vivante de Saint-Pierre, c'est une malheureuse bonne, dont le corps était couvert d'affreuses brûlures et qui est morte en arrivant à Fort de France. Je l'ai vue, c'était horrible. Vous avez dit qu'au moment de la calamité, la mer avait reculé de cent mètres au moins ? Il y avait une lutte terrible entre les deux éléments. M. Deslandes nous a dit à peu près tout ce qu'il nous pouvait dire. Il nous donne cependant encore le renseignement suivant : — Un de nos amis, chimiste distingué, a fait l'analyse de la cendre recueillie à Saint-Pierre. Il y a trouvé du fer et du cuivre, mais aucune trace d'argent, ce qui est la caractéristique, paraît-il, des éruptions de volcans sous-marins. — La France est passée à quelque distance de Saint-Pierre, le 12 mai ? — A un kilomètre environ, et nous avons pu voir ce qu'il restait de la ville. Ce n'est plus que comme une plaine qu'au milieu remuée un soc immense de charrue, c'est un chaos dans lequel on ne distingue plus rien. La montagne fumait encore, lançant en l'air des spirales de feu. La cendre couvrait le terrain sur un espace ayant bien, du pied de la Montagne Pelée, trois kilomètres de rayon, et, comme la pluie de matières volcaniques était très lourde, la limite en est marquée par une ligne très nette. Au moment où M. Deslandes nous termine son récit, la France arrive à quai ; on installe la passerelle. Il se hâte de monter à bord, où l'attend Mme Deslandes, qui n'a pas voulu débarquer par l'Atlantique. Nous le suivons. L'animation n'était pas moins grande sur le pont ; mais, dans un groupe, nous trouvons encore à glaner quelques lambeaux d'interviews. Interview de MM. Castellin et Rémy C'est d'abord un commerçant de Saint-Pierre, M. Th. Castellin, qui nous parle. — J'ai vu l'éruption aussi bien qu'on la pouvait voir sans être dans la zone de destruction, nous dit-il. J'étais, en effet, au village du Carbet, à cinq kilomètres de Saint-Pierre, sur la côte. Cela dura au plus une demi-minute. Ce qui sortait du volcan au milieu d'une fumée d'un gris sale prenait la forme, comment vous dirai-je pour faire image? la forme d'un chou-fleur, par exemple. La pluie de feu s'arrêta au Carbet, la ligne de dévastation s'étendit du Carbet au Prêcheur. Je n'oublierai jamais cette vision et celle qui suivit surtout : Saint-Pierre en feu et en ruines, les vaisseaux brûlant, coulant comme des jouets d'enfants qu'une main brutale aurait brisés. À M. Célestin, nous renouvelons notre question : — Mais pourquoi les habitants n'avaient-ils pas quitté la ville? — Ils étaient rassurés par le rapport de la commission spéciale et par le souvenir aussi de ce qu'avait été le phénomène de 1851, dont la ville n'avait pas souffert. On est malgré tout attaché à son sol et à sa maison, que voulez-vous ! M. Célestin a auprès de lui un ami, M. le docteur Rémy Néris. Le docteur a bien failli être une des victimes. Il n'a quitté Saint-Pierre, en effet, que le 7 mai au soir, et il devait y revenir le lendemain. — Quelle est, d'après TOUS, leur demande-nous, la cause la plus générale de la mort des victimes ? — Cela est assez difficile à dire, mais de ce que j'ai pu voir, il résulte qu'il y a des morts par traumatisme, par asphyxie surtout, et par brûlures. La ville de Saint-Pierre était bâtie, comme vous le savez, en amphithéâtre, d'une rue on voyait au-dessus de soi une rue parallèle ; les premières maisons, en s'écroulant, ont dû ensevelir bien des habitants enfermés chez eux. Quand je songe, nous dit M. Remy, que la Diamant, qui m'avait amené à Fort de France, est revenu le lendemain à Saint-Pierre juste pour être anéanti ! L' « Opinion » Parmi les passagers qui sont groupés autour de nous pendant la conversation, l'un d'eux veut bien nous communiquer l'Opinion, ou mal de la Martinique, daté du 10 mai. C'est le numéro qui relate l'épouvantable drame. Il est encadré de noir et l'article de tête, très digne, très beau, est un appel adressé à tous les Martiniquais pour leur donner du courage et leur dire de ne pas se laisser abattre par ce coup d'humanité. C'est ensuite un récit fort émouvant que nous ne pouvons qu'analyser ici. — Le 8 mai, dit le narrateur, entre 6 h. 1/2 et sept heures, d'épaisses colonnes de fumée blanche et floconneuse s'élèvent d'un nouveau cratère ouvert dans le flanc de la Montagne Pelée, à 200 mètres environ du sommet déjà fortement échancré. Brusquement sur la mer le ciel s'obscurcit. Les habitants massés sur la plage ne s'étonnèrent pas d'abord du phénomène, croyant à une éclipse de soleil annoncée pour ce jour par l'almanach Bristol. C'était l'éruption et la pluie de cendre qui commençaient. A ce moment, arrivait le Diamant, venant de Fort-de-France, qui alla s'amarrer à une bouée. A 7 h. 10, arrivait M. Moust, gouverneur, accompagné de sa femme et de plusieurs personnes, à bord de la yole Gabrielle. A 7 h. 55, un grondement formidable tout à coup fit trembler le sol ; du cratère s'éleva une masse informe, gigantesque, qui d'un seul coup retomba sur Saint-Pierre, détruisant tout de Sainte-Philomène à la petite anse du Carbet. M. Georges-Marie Sainte, qui se trouvait à bord de la Gabrielle, a tout vu. Projeté à l'eau il ne sait comment, il se trouva dans une eau à une température si élevée, qu'il eut le corps complètement échaudi, dit l'opinion. Sur la mer tombait la pluie de lave; Quatre autres passagers de la yole avaient pu se sauver en même temps que lui, ils nageaient vers les épaves des navires qu'ils avaient vu se briser, comme des décors de théâtre. Les naufragés voulaient se diriger vers le rivage; ils durent y renoncer. Ce n'est qu'après sept ou huit heures après qu'ils furent rencontrés par un bateau, exténués, n'en pouvant plus, à demi-morts de fatigue et d'émotion... L'Opinion, après ce récit, enregistre une première liste des victimes dont les noms ont déjà été donnés, et malgré la tristesse de l'heure présente, malgré l'angesse qui devait serrer tous les cœurs à ce moment-là, la politique n'est pas abandonnée. Trois colonnes sont consacrées encore à la polémique électorale. C'est inouï ! Interview de M. Ernoult M. Ernoult, premier adjoint au maire de Saint Pierre, avait dans la grande ville coloniale un important commerce de rhum. M. Ernoult est le petit-fils d'un Nantais, il avait à Nantes de nombreuses relations et il doit venir demain dans notre ville, chez son correspondant, M. Poulain. — Il y avait trois mois, nous dit-il, que nous sentions, à Saint-Pierre, une odeur de soufre très caractéristique. J'avais constaté moi-même depuis longtemps sur l'étang sec de grandes traînées noires, brûlées, comme celle que laisse un foyer de bois. Il n'était pas bien difficile de prévoir l'éruption. Le 2 mai, du cratère commencèrent à s'élever des colonnes de fumée inquiétante; le samedi 3, on entendit des grondements pareils à de sourds roulements de tonnerre. Dans la nuit du dimanche au lundi, de deux heures à cinq heures, ce fut plus effrayant encore, ce n'étaient plus des grondements espacés, mais comme un mugissement formidable et ininterrompu, ressemblant à une plainte. Vous savez que le lundi matin se produisit le premier malheur, la destruction de l'usine Guérin. Cinquante personnes y trouvèrent la mort. À partir de ce moment, les habitants, effrayés, commencèrent à quitter la ville et c'est alors qu'intervint malheureusement, à mon avis, le gouverneur. Vous savez comment il nomma une commission qui proclama et fit afficher qu'il n'y avait aucun danger. Ce que vous ne savez pas, c'est qu'il menaça de destitution, à partir de ce jour, ceux des fonctionnaires qui quitteraient la ville, et qu'il censura les dépêches envoyées à l'extérieur et dans lesquelles les habitants disaient leurs craintes. Mieux encore, le mardi il demanda au maire, M. Fouché, de faire annoncer par le tambour de ville que tout danger avait disparu. Je m'y opposai, mais l'annonce fut faite le lendemain, alors que j'étais parti à Fort-de-France pour y conduire ma femme et mes enfants. M. Mouttet a trouvé la mort dans la catastrophe ; paix à ses cendres, mais il avait tout de même encouru une bien grande responsabilité. J'avais tellement peu de confiance dans tout ce qu'on nous disait, poursuit M. Ernoult, que ma première pensée fut de mettre les miens à l'abri. Le mercredi 7 mai, en entendit à la Martinique un bruit colossal, quelque chose comme une canonnade entre deux escadres. C'était l'éruption de Saint-Vincent ; plusieurs personnes affirment même qu'on vit, on mer, s'élever de grandes colonnes d'eau, comme des geysers. Le jeudi, jour de la catastrophe, du « Topaze », parti de Fort-de-France pour Saint-Pierre et qui dut rebrousser chemin, on vit, vers huit heures, l'éruption sous la forme d'un nuage noir violemment projeté dans fait et qui retomba en pluie épaisse sur Saint-Pierre. C'était la fin de notre pauvre ville. L'effet a été si terrible, monsieur, que le marché tout en fer de Saint-Pierre a été complètement détruit, et l'église il ne reste rien. Vous pouvez juger par ce que sont devenues les autres maisons. — Et personne n'a été sauvé ? — Personne. Pourtant, deux soldats d'infanterie de marine qui, le lendemain, étaient allés jusqu'à Saint-Pierre, trouvèrent dans la rue du Petit-Versailles tous les membres de la famille Alfred encore vivants, mais atrocement brûlés. En hâte, ils vinrent chercher du secours à Fort-de-France ; quand on arriva, tous étaient morts, sauf cependant la bonne, Mlle Fillot. La malheureuse fut transportée à Fort-de-France ; je la vis, elle me reconnut, voulut dire quelque chose, mais ne put articuler un son, et elle mourut devant moi dans des souffrances horribles. M. Ernoult passe sa main sur son front comme pour chasser un cauchemar. — Et nous avons perdu, ma femme et moi, dit-il, quarante au moins de nos parents. Tout ce que je possédais à la Martinique est détruit. Je reviens en France, où j'ai par bonheur quelque argent chez mes correspondants. Que de malheurs plus grands encore que le mien ! Les victimes nantais Parmi les personnes originaires de la métropole victimes du cataclysme de Saint-Pierre, se trouve une famille Gaugain, de Nantes. Le père, âgé de 71 ans, est un ancien employé de la Banque de France. Il habite toujours Nantes, dans la rue Saint-Yves. M. Gaugain père avait trois fils : l’aîné est employé à la Banque de France, à Paris ; le cadet, âgé de 36 ans, a trouvé la mort dans le cataclysme, et le jeune est pharmacien à Derval. M. Charles Gaugain — la victime — quitta Nantes il y a dix ans, pour aller créer une maison de rhum à la Martinique. Il avait deux établissements : l’un à Saint-Pierre et l'autre à Fort de France. Avant son émigration aux Antilles, M. Gaugain avait tenu un magasin de teinturerie à Nantes, dans la rue Racine. Il était veuf depuis quelque temps, et avait cinq enfants. Deux de ses garçons étaient au lycée de Saint-Pierre. Tous ont péri. L'Adélaïde et le Plessis Des dépêches viennent d’arriver à Nantes, disant que le vapeur Adélaïde se trouve sain et sauf au Vauclin, et que le trois-mâts le Plessis est en sûreté à Fort de France. Les vols de la fonderie de Ruelle Rochefort, 26 mai. Cet après-midi a eu lieu le réquisitoire du commissaire du gouvernement. Il a parlé pendant cinq heures et son argumentation a été très serrée. Dans sa péroraison, il a dit qu’il espérait avoir convaincu le tribunal. Le commissaire du gouvernement abandonne toutes accusations contre Dazat, mais, par contre, il flétrit les calomnies d’une certaine presse qui a traité le commissaire du gouvernement, le greffier du conseil de guerre et le surveillant général du port de mercenaires, etc. Les avocats plaideront demain. On estime que le verdict sera rendu mercredi matin. L'assassinat de M. Schotsmans redevient d’actualité Lille, 26 mai. Le parquet de Lille a fait mettre en état d’arrestation un sieur Delacherie, qui était l’agent des Humbert dans le Nord, une sorte de rabatteur pour amener les prêteurs aux Humbert. Dans le département du Nord seulement, les sommes empruntées par la femme Humbert s'élèvent à près de vingt millions. Cette arrestation de M. Delacherois remet de nouveau en question, dans le public, l'assassinat de M. Schotsmans, commis le 24 mai. On annonce que le parquet a renoué l'enquête. Au palais, il est impossible de recueillir le moindre renseignement ; pourtant, dans l'entouragé de M. Schotsmans, on se montre plus discret. Un ami intime de l'assassiné nous a fourni, ce matin, des détails quelque peu troublants, qui doivent évidemment pousser la justice vers un complément d'instruction sur ce crime. Notre interlocuteur assure d'abord que souvent il a rencontré ensemble, au buffet de la gare de Lille, M. Paul Schotsmans, la victime, et Romain Daurignac, discutant avec animation. Mais voici qui est plus grave : Le soir du crime, Romain Daurignac a dîné au buffet de la gare au moment où on découvrait dans le wagon le cadavre de M. Schotsmans. Le frère de la dame Humbert se trouvait attablé avec M. Marchand et M. Fontaine, comptable de ce dernier. Les convives allèrent voir le cadavre, dont l'identité n'était pas encore établie, et c'est un garçon de café qui dit le nom de M. Schotsmans. Romain Daurignac devait connaître le créancier de sa sœur, et pourtant il ne dit rien. Les affaires entre Schotsmans et les Humbert étaient du reste tellement secrètes, que, même au moment de cette mort tragique, il n'en fut pas fait mention.
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Lack of War Tension Here Hints Peace Chamberlain Still Stalls for Time Of Armed Strength By DAVID LAWRENCE. It may be that the old saying, "Familiarity breeds contempt," applies to the recurrent crises in Europe so far as official Washington is concerned. Strange as it may seem, there is no external appearance of apprehension over what has lately developed in connection with the Nazi demands for possession of the Polish Corridor as well as Dan Cup. If there were really going to be war in Europe, David Lawrence, there would be tension manifest here. The President would be returning to Washington. Warnings would be in process of preparation to Americans to hurry home out of the danger zones and altogether there would be a considerable sentiment in favor of bringing Congress back here to revise the neutrality laws. The impression that Europe can weather this crisis as it has weathered others is becoming ingrained. The feeling prevails that Great Britain has more to risk today by war than she would have a year or so hence when her military and naval preparations would be further along. Likewise, the skill of the British in working out diplomatic solutions of other vexing problems has set up a sort of confidence in the capacity of the British cabinet to avert war at this time. Concessions or War. Opponents, of course, of the Chamberlain regime will refer to any peaceful settlement as "another Munich." and already there are published reports of expected criticism if the British make concessions, but it It is difficult to see how war is to be averted if some concessions are not made. The Chamberlain policy has been one of deliberate procrastination in order to bring the military preparations up to such a point that the axis powers would not dare to force a war on Europe. There is no sign that the British government has any wish to let the crisis in Europe materialize to the point of war at this time. The Danzig question is by no means unsolvable. The addition of extra demands, such as the inclusion of the Polish Corridor, may be taken to mean that the Berlin government recognizes the position of the Chamberlain government which cannot assent to the return of Danzig to Germany except as a part of a general peace program. The Hitler strategy, therefore, has been to ask for more than will be given. The mere fact that Hitler has put out new demands is perhaps the best indication that a diplomatic or bargaining process is anticipated by Berlin rather than a beginning of actual hostilities. Somewhat the same attitude may be expected from Poland, whose government cannot publicly indicate a willingness to compose the Danzig question at this stage of the game when it is not known how far the German demands really might go. So far as the United States Government is concerned, the wish of the American people for strict neutrality is being granted. There is no evidence of pressure from any source upon the Washington Government to involve the United States in any future war, and the myth that the President was being influenced to bring on a war in order to get himself re-elected is gradually vanishing as it becomes more and more apparent here in connection with domestic events that Mr. Roosevelt is not going to make a single move to bring about his own re-nomination. Hull At Helm. America's foreign policy is being made by Cordell Hull. Secretary of State. It is a typically American policy in the sense that important decisions are made without asking any European power. Thus the official abrogation notice to terminate the Japanese-American commercial treaty was sent without the slightest inkling to any European government. Mr. Hull has the complete confidence of the President. The diplomats in the State Department have constant access to the Secretary and policy of major importance is decided upon without the aid and counsel of Under Secretary Sumner Welles and the many other experienced diplomats who like himself have served under Republican as well as Democratic Secretaries of State. From the activity or lack of activity here, war is not anticipated. There is always the chance of some untoward event or unlooked-for explosion which may set off the flames but on the whole there is much more confidence than ever before that "war will not come this year." (Reproduction Rights Reserved) The Capital Parade State Department Divided on Scene Of Next Crisis—Hungary or Danzig By JOSEPH ALSOP and ROBERT KINTNER. It is strangely ironic that war should be the likely harvest festival of our times. The German crops are in. The Polish crops will not be garnered until the middle of next month. The short interval is the time of fear, when there is danger of another nerve-shattering crisis, or even of the imminent outcome which will be the world we know. At the State Department no one even hopes that a grave crisis can be avoided, but there is a sharp division of opinion as to what form it may take. One group is composed of Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles, the influential Ambassador to France, William C. Bullitt, and other men close to the President. Hitler might be diverted from his Danzig objective, and to anticipate an easy aggression against Hungary. When the President was leaving for his vacation, an attack on Hungary was actually considered a mere matter of days. The opinion of group 1 may be revised when more is known of the talks between the German and Italian foreign ministers, the slick ex-champagne salesman, Von Ribbentrop, and Mussolini's bumptious son-in-law, Count Ciano. The conflict between the two axis powers is most serious in Yugoslavia, at Italy's back door, but their interests diverge throughout the whole Danubian Valley. It may be, it is thought, that one of Clano's objectives was to keep the Germans out of Hungary after all. These Watch Danzig The Ribbentrop-Ciano talks fit rather better, however, into the opinion of the second group in the State Department, which holds that Danzig is still the great trouble breeder. These men, who are chiefly the department's career officers, acknowledge that Hungary might serve Hitler as his spoils for this summer, and that the English might prefer the Germans to attack a nation which has no English guarantee. But they point out, on the other hand, that the Danzig situation is too acute just to let slide, that Hitler has inflamed his people with promises of Danzig, and that, however devious his methods, Hitler has never turned aside from an announced objective. In the view of this second State Department group, the Ribbentrop-Ciano talks were probably chiefly given over to an effort by Ciano to persuade Ribbentrop not to run the risk of war for Danzig. The second group entirely agrees with the first that war is the last thing the Italians desire. They point out that, in his internal policies, Mussolini seems to be proceeding on the assumption that war is out of the question, and they offer the usual evidence of the intense unpopularity of the German alliance with the Italian masses. At best, they say, Mussolini and Ciano will pretty nearly refuse to fight unless they can make a case to their people that they are the attacked, not the attacker. Apparently Ciano's success on his German expedition will depend largely on two factors. The first is the importance of and Hitler's other aggression-minded advisers. Since their influence is thought to be undiminished, the second factor, Ribbentrop's state of mind, is more important. If Ribbentrop is living in the atmosphere of 12 months ago, convinced that the British and French will always surrender in the end, then the Germans are likely to take one chance too many, landing themselves in a position from which war is the only escape. Ribbentrop has been convinced by the undeniable evidences of new British firmness, a more cautious policy may be looked for. American Smelt Italy's willingness to back her ally, the judgment of a cheap-jack wine tout, the determination of the Poles, and the extent to which public opinion has stiffened the always-yielding back of Neville Chamberlain—these ill-assorted quantities form the total equations which may work out to war, or peace, or simply another tremendous bout of world neurosis. Both groups in the State Department frankly admit that no one can predict the future except by guesswork. As one shrewd official remarked, "We have only one rule to go by; be sure of nothing, but fear the worst." Whether the "worst" in this instance is only another crisis or war itself, the American interest in the world situation is becoming daily more apparent. Just now, the watchers at the Treasury and elsewhere in the administration descry a business boom on the horizon. Trouble abroad in the next weeks is likely to kill the boom as dead as a smelt. Man Held for Jury In Fire 2 Years Ago A 22-year-old colored man was ordered held for grand jury action yesterday on a charge of arson in connection with a $3,000 fire that occurred over two years ago. Eleventh Precinct Detective W. R. Greenfield arrested the defendant James Walter Proctor, following an investigation of another suspicious fire that occurred July 31 of this year. Both fires occurred on the farm of A. J. Byers, 4601 Nichols avenue. Proctor was held on the testimony of Melvin F. Kuster, jr., who told Judge Edward M. Curran he saw the defendant running from the scene of the fire, which occurred on May 3, 1937, destroying a barn and killing four mules housed in it. Detective Greenfield was unable to link Proctor with the second blaze. The youth has served a jail sentence for turning in a false fire alarm, the officer said. How Traffic Eye Works To Be Told on Radio The workings of the “traffic eye,” a camera designed to catch speeders in the act, will be explained at 9:45 o'clock tonight by Capt. Milton D. Smith of the Police Department traffic division on the “Cameras in Action" program of Station WRC. The “traffic eye,” which photographs the speedometer of a police vehicle and the license number of the traffic offender at the same time, is now being tested by the traffic division. During the technical section of the program, Don Bennett will give some tips on picture-making for the benefit of the traffic. amateurs planning to enter The Evening Star Snapshot Contest during its closing weeks. The program is a weekly presentation of the National Broadcasting Co., in cooperation with the Washington Camera Council. Your neck is worth more than your time. SUPERIOR SERVICE PACKARD COLONIAL MOTORS CORP. Chestnut 7161 2700 Wilson Blvd. Arlington, Va. 9 Minutes from D.C. Business Center films or DEVELOPED. AND PRINTED WITH DICTATION CAMERA CENTERS BILL 11TH AND 1346 G STREET N.W. Mon's "Lord Elgin" One of the smartest of all the Elgin watches. Trim, neat, natural gold filled. Case 21 jewels. Budget Terms Lody's Waltham "Holbrook" Very unusual design, with offset ends, set with set of jewels. Budget Terms Budget Bullet Hoover, Schick BrO Ron, Shaw, SWOPE 30-Day Guarantee Swope will refund your money with in 30 days if you are not satisfied with your purchase. JEWELRY COMPANY 14 F STREET R.W. Next to Columbia Theatre FAMOUS— NOW ON SALE AT Frankfort's cheese is far from creamery butter. Hoswich clams—Sweet as Lunches—Restaurant Servlet Plenty Parkins M Space SSfcdjWjw.«... iflHj CTHE opinions of the writers on this page are their own, not necessarily The Star’s. Such opinions are presented in The Star’s effort to give all sides of questions of interest to its readers, although such opinions may be contradictory among themselves and directly opposed to The Star’s. Washington Observations Oregon's Direct Primary May Make State Testing Ground for Third-Term Sentiment During Frederic William Wile’s absence on vacation, his tri-weekly "Washington Observations" are being written by a series of notable guest columnists. Today's contribution appears under the signature of R. G. Callvert, associate editor of the Portland Oregonian. Mr. Callvert won the Pulitzer Prize Award for the best editorial written in the United States in 1938. By R. G. Callvert. Oregon's direct primary is, in the minds of the majority of the people of the State, proud evidence that they are liberal in matters political. The nominating convention and the platform convention have been unknown to them for 30 years. Democrats and Republicans choose their candidates by popular party vote, and other methods of choosing them are forbidden by law. K. O. Callvert. This popular choice extends to delegates to the national convention, and is supplemented by a presidential preference plan whereby 1,000 petitioners can put the name of a presidential candidate on the preference ballot without his request and even over his protest. Or a candidate for party nomination for the presidency can by his own simple request have his name printed on the ballot, provided the State Committee chairman and secretary of his party will certify that his candidacy is advocated generally throughout the United States. Third Term Testing Ground. The system presents an opportunity for making Oregon a testing ground for third-term sentiment within the Democratic party. That Opportunity is not overlooked. A "draft Roosevelt" organization is already formed, with a general chairman and secretary and committee membership in one-half the counties of the State. The primary falls on the third Friday in May, 1940. As already indicated, the third term movement requires neither se cret nor outward co-operation of the President, or of any member of his administration. If Mr. Roose velt desired to stop it his only re source would be personal persuasion. If he entered formal protest with the secretary of State, who is the official that receives the tilings, it would not avail him, if his Oregon supporters insisted on going ahead with the movement. It is commonly conceded that if Mr. Roosevelt's name goes on the presidential primary ballot, the party will indorse him and thereby instruct the 10 Oregon delegates to the convention to support his re nomination in the convention un less and until released by him. The party is not wholly in har mony on this, nevertheless. Charles H. Martin, former member of Con gress. ex-Governor and retired major general, Is out openly for Garner. But no group has yet been organized | to put Garner’s name on the ballot. * * * * F. D. R. Would Win Primary Content. Garner and other presidetial pos sibilities will be wise to keep off. They could not defeat Roosevelt in the primary, but if he occupies the ballot alone the vote for him will be subject to some discount, because experience has shown that even a 1 nonentity can get a presidential or vice presidential preference vote in Oregon in an uncontested election. That there is interest in the Na tional Capital in a test so free from outward White House blessing as this was indicated earlier in the year. The 1939 Oregon Legislature attempted to advance the date of the Oregon primary from spring to fall, and this made necessary a re peal of the presidential primary. But the Oregon primary is widely held in the sanctity of the sacred Aids bull of ancient Memphis. It was a strict requirement that the Apis bull must be black, have a white triangle on his forehead, a white crescent on his right side and a beetle-shaped lump under his tongue. Any black bull otherwise marked was a religious fraud and fit only for biological purposes or for making hot dogs. The Oregon primary sprang from the people. Any deviation from its established markings is politically irreligious. Hence a referendum by petition was successfully invoked against the legislative act, which has the effect of preserving the presidential primary law until the people vote it out in November 1940. The referendum would have been invoked in any event, but it had the known blessing of men in Washington close to the administration. Whether Mr. Roosevelt could carry Oregon in the general election with both parties voting on the issue is another matter. With a colorful Republican candidate in an election held today, I think he could not. The emphasis is on today. By registration figures Republicans number about 13,000 more than Democrats in the State. In the 1938 general election Republican candidates for major places ran well ahead of proportionate registration figures. In the 3rd congressional district, which includes the city of Portland, Democrats are leaders in registration, yet the Congresswoman from the district, a personal friend of the Roosevelt family and a 100 percent New Dealer, was defeated. Ominous for the Democrats are re ports trickling in of a falling off in trade from employed elements of the population. Presumably the appre hension that afflicts business, in dustry and finance is trickling down to the masses. They have seen six years of spending w-ithout return of prosperity and noticed that the administration is able to offer no other stimulant than more spending of a different kind. ♦ * * * Egyptians Rejected a Third-Termer. In ancient Memphis the Apis bull was retired in behalf of another bull after a period of time. The high priests recognized that the people's religious faith is strained when in evitable economic and other troubles are not prevented or remedied by their gods. So an Apis bull was retired under a third-term tradition among the ancient Egyptians, and the priests in their hunt for another bull, prop erly marked, sometimes had to touch one up with a paint brush. Some time. somehow, the Apis bull lost out completely. Well, Oregon is a more or less doubtful State politically. The most effective thing to turn it Demo cratic in 1940 would be a return of prosperity. If Hugh S. Johnson is right in a recent declaration that prosperity would return in six weeks if Mr. Roosevelt were to retire and Gar ner succeed him. an announcement by Mr. Roosevelt that he did not choose to run in 1940 and wanted no hunt for an Apis bull with New Deal markings, real or painted, might give the Democrats a chance in this 1 State in November, 1940. We, the People Issue Is Taken With Reasoning Of Foes of Spending and Lending Plan By JAY FRANKLIN. While the do-nothing Congress was still going through the motions of debating bills, it planned to murder, Mr. Frank Gannett—great and good friend of "Constitutional (Model-T) Government"—called for the defeat of the lending program. Rejection of this measure, he said, would cause a million centers of investment and confidence to spring to their cash registers and safe-deposit boxes overnight. According to Mr. Howard Coonley, president of the Manufacturers' Association, this was the bunk. Prosperity will not return. Business is not what is having been in the hands of the "Sudetenland" and having constructed a political ghetto for the W. P. A., business won't be happy until it liquidates the whole New Deal labor program. In the meantime, Congress is left in the position of having scuttled the ship under false pretenses that they would thereby bring about the prompt recovery. After this transaction, it seems that the legislators bought a gold brick, since Mr. Coonley assures us that there won’t be much improvement. Relief Wages Non-Competitive Since men in the position of Messrs. Gannett and Coonley cannot be economic illiterates, I am curious to know by what process of reasoning they reached their conclusions about the harmfulness of New Deal lending and relief to the business community. The relief money goes to pay wages which are non-competitive with industrial wages. W. P. A, “security wages" are barely sufficient to support life, let alone a decent standard of living. Experience has shown that whenever business is in the market for labor, the relief and W. P. A. roll S shrink rapidly. With 13,000,000 unemployed and less than 3,000,000 on W. P. A. work relief, it is hard to argue that relief was holding needed labor from industry. The public works programs of the past and those proposed in the last lending bill are not competitive with business. Roads and bridges, schools and courthouses, tunnels, warships, levees, reforestation, soil erosion work, etc., do not challenge any branch of private business, and private enterprise is not rushing to construct flood-control and navigation projects, with or without power. These activities stimulate the production of steel, concrete, bricks and building materials, but no groups of individual entrepreneurs are thereby robbed of a chance to build competing roads, bridges and schools. Plan Proposed Interest Rate Cut The lending program itself proposed to make use of the enormous volume of idle banking credit for certain wholly economic purposes—among them the financing of new railway equipment and enabling farm tenants to acquire land by free and fair purchase and thus to become self-sustaining. The railways will have to renew their equipment soon anyhow, and the private banks aren't lending depositors’ savings to farm tenants—so it is hard to see where this program would have hurt business. The only complaint might have been that, by using up-available bank credit, the Government might make capital scarce and thus drive up the interest rate. But this lending plan actually proposed to reduce interest rates and to free business from excessive capital charges. Finally, there is the issue of monetary inflation raised by the critics of the spending-lending plan. Rising Government debt foreshadows inflation, they argued, and must be avoided. But inflation is the one moment that the money market is losing its hold on the money market. Prices rise and wages lag behind prices and the result is a boom. Such a boom may be undesirable from the social point of view but it is perfectly swell from the point of view of the average manufacturer and shopkeeper, since the process is one in which the monetary value of every commodity automatically rises from day to day. So it would be interesting to know precisely on what grounds this business depended on abandoning the normal responsibilities of democratic government and on crippling the only central authority for promoting economic recovery within the United States. (Released by Consolidaied News Features. Inc.) Gen. Chiang's Propaganda Trick U. S. Officials Study Plan for Use in South America By PRESTON GROVER. Chiang Kai-shek. Chinese generalissimo, is using a propaganda trick that Washington officials are watching closely and considering for possible use in South America. Chiang uses loudspeakers to broadcast his propaganda. Reports here say it is tremendously effective. It is hard for the Japanese to stop. An ordinary radio will do in a pinch. It is tuned in on one of Gen. Chiang's broadcasts and. With the volume thiur Kai-shek. up, it can reach dozens of Chinese who otherwise never would hear a word of what is going on except through the Japanese. Chiang broad casts in 18 dialects during the day, urging Chinese unity. It is his only way of reaching his people. Probably not one in ten thousand owns a radio. In Latin America a similar situation exists. It is estimated there are two and three-quarter million receiving sets in Latin America. Only a fraction of those are all wave sets capable of receiving short wave broadcasts from the United States. Germany, or Transylvania. Moreover, it is likely that the bulk of those all-wave sets are owned in the upper social brackets. That means that foreign broadcasts likely reach only a restricted list. Officials looking into the idea recognize difficulties. It is hard to persuade Brazilians or Bolivians that they will be benefited by having Their citizens enlightened by foreign broadcasts. The expectation is, however, that the American broadcasts will be so objective and straightforward in presenting new and other matter that no real objection can be found. So far the thing is just an idea. As an idea, it has one notable drawback. Also, you may just as well know that the State Department was as much upset as the broadcasting companies over that order of the Federal Communications Commission directing the big radio systems to reflect only true American culture in their foreign programs. For months, the State Department has been working quietly with the radio companies to design programs that would reflect American culture and help promote the good neighbor policy in Latin America. There was nothing formal or official about it, but it was operating very well. Being patriotic, didn’t interfere with the revenue from the foreign broadcasts. Not a hatful of revenue comes from these short-wave broadcasts. But just as the thing was working along at its smoothest, the communications Commission, long at odds within itself, tried to make it official by a formal order. The commission was compelled to repeal it later. The State Department had to be its very smoothest to restore the old accord with the broadcasting systems. IN China, Mandarins of a certain rank wear cap buttons of red, blue, and white stones. It is a mark of particular distinction. Another LABEL OF LEADERSHIP Big bubble! evaporate quickly, leaving beer flat and lifeless. Small bubbles evaporate slowly, holding the sparkling flavor to the last. Natural, small-bubble carbonation is one reason why Senate Beer does not. For years the Senate Label has reminded beer levers that Senate is brewed from choicest soups, ripened grains, by methods carefully worked out by Christian Henrich in his more than 80 years of brewing experience. The metallic Senate label is almost a part of the bottle. It cannot come off, so there can be no substitute for Senate Beer or Ale. CHE HIVICH SKEWING COMPANY, WASHINGTON, D.C.
| 0.411816
| -0.601073
| 813
| 3,290
| 240
| 240
|
royalty biographies
| false
|
99,856
|
github_open_source_100_2_8306
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import 'package:flutter_music_player/utils/file_util.dart';
class SongUtil {
static String getArtistNames(Map song) {
if (song.containsKey('artistNames')) {
return song['artistNames'];
}
String names = '';
List arList;
if (song.containsKey('ar')) {
arList = song['ar'];
} else if (song.containsKey('artists')) {
arList = song['artists'];
} else {
arList = song['song']['artists'];
}
if (arList != null) {
bool isFirst = true;
arList.forEach((ar) {
if (isFirst) {
isFirst = false;
names = ar['name'];
} else {
names += " " + ar['name'];
}
});
}
// 取了之后存下来，不用重复取了。
song['artistNames'] = names;
// 测试，不要在build里面调用相同的函数，会频繁执行。
//print("getAritistNames: $names");
return names;
}
static String getSongImage(Map song, {int size:100, int width:0, int height:0}) {
String imgUrl;
if (song.containsKey('imageUrl')) {
imgUrl = song['imageUrl'];
} else {
try {
if (song.containsKey('al')) {
imgUrl = song['al']['picUrl'];
} else if (song.containsKey('song')) {// URL_NEW_SONGS里面的数据结构
imgUrl = song['song']['album']['picUrl'];
}
if (imgUrl != null) {
song['imageUrl'] = imgUrl; // 取一次之后存下来，不用后面计算。
}
} catch(e) {
print(e);
print(song['name']);
return '';
}
}
if (imgUrl == null || imgUrl.length == 0) {
return '';
}
if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
imgUrl += '?param=${width}y$height';
} else if (size > 0) {
imgUrl += '?param=${size}y$size';
}
//print('imageUrl: $imgUrl');
return imgUrl;
}
static String getSongUrl(Map song) {
return "https://music.163.com/song/media/outer/url?id=${song['id']}.mp3";
}
static Future<String> getPlayPath(Map song) async{
String localPath = await FileUtil.getSongLocalPath(song['id']);
if (await FileUtil.isFileExists(localPath)) {
return localPath;
} else {
return getSongUrl(song);
}
}
static Future<bool> isSongDownloaded(int id) async{
String localPath = await FileUtil.getSongLocalPath(id);
return FileUtil.isFileExists(localPath);
}
static String getArtistImage(Map artist, {int size:100, int width:0, int height:0}) {
String imgUrl = artist['picUrl'];
if (width > 0 && height > 0) {
imgUrl += '?param=${width}y$height';
} else if (size > 0) {
imgUrl += '?param=${size}y$size';
}
return imgUrl;
}
}
| 0.225534
| 0.652221
| 3,367
| 13,518
| 68
| -1
|
Flutter Development Libraries
| false
|
99,857
|
bpt6k4740600n_3
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Les actions seront négociables après le versement du quart du capital, soit 125 fr. par action. (Extrait de la Convention.) Les souscripteurs originaires ne sont garants de leurs cessionnaires que jusqu'à concurrence de moitié du montant de chaque action. (Article 9 des Statuts.) ÉMISSION DE 200,000 OBLIGATIONS EN REPRÉSENTATION D'ANNUITÉS DE L'ÉTAT La SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE ALGÉRIENNE émet des obligations spéciales destinées à réaliser une somme de Cent millions que la Société doit, aux termes de la Convention (article 1er, paragr. 2), mettre à la disposition de l'Etat, pour être employée, dans un délai de six années, à l'exécution de grand travaux d'utilité publique. Cette somme de Cent millions doit être versée au Trésor public par sixième, d'année en année, et l'Etat doit en faire le remboursement à la SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE ALGÉRIENNE au moyen de cinquante annuités, comprenant l'intérêt et l'amortissement. Aux termes de la loi du 12 juillet 1865, les annuités de l'Etat'sont affectées comme gage spécial à ces obligations. Ces obligations sont productives d'un intérêt de 6 fr. par an, payable par semestre, soit 3 francs les 1er février et 1er août de chaque année. Elles sont émises, avec jouissance à par tir du 1 el août 1866, à 130 fr. payables, sa-f voir : 'C. ^ u lil; CÙ..iS peU ili I U décret qui autorisera définitivement la Société 30 » Le 1er février 1867, 35 fr. moins le coupon de 3 fr., soit 32 » Le 1er août 1867., id 32 » Total à verser 124 » Elles sont remboursables à 150 francs, dans un délai de 50 années, et par voie de tirage au sort. Le premier tirage aura lieu le 1er mai ,1868, Deux cent mille de ces obligations sont, par préférence, mises à la disposition des souscripteurs des actions de la Société Çé-néralo Algérienne, dans la proportion'de deux obligations pour chaque action, à laquelle la répartition leur donnera droit. Les porteurs d'obligations, en cas de regard dans les versements, seront passibles d'un intérêt de 5 0/0 l'an, à partir du joui Gxé pour le versement. Cet intérêt courra de plein droit et sans mise en demeure. La souscription des obligations a lieu en même temps que celle des actions. Le droit de préférence, réservé aux souscripteurs des actions, ne pourra plus être réclamé après la clôture de la souscription aux actions. Tout possesseur de 250 obligations pourra se faire délivrer un titre unique au porteur. La souscription est ouverte du lundi 6 au mercredi 8 août 1866 : A Paris : Au Crédit foncier de France, 19, rue Neuve-des-Capucines ; Et à la Société générale pour favoriser le développement du commerce et de l'industrie en France, 68, rue de Provence; Et à la Société générale de Crédit'industriel et commercial, rue de la Victoire, 72. Dans les Départements, Chez MM. les Trésoriers payeurs généraux des Finances. En Algérie, à la Banque d'Algérie et dans ses succursales. On souscrit également: Dans les Agences de la Société générale pour favoriser le développement du commerce et de l'industrie en France, et chez les Correspondants et dans les Agences du Crédit agricole. AVIS DIVERS Nous engageons vivement les pères de famille qui se préoccupent de l'avenir de leurs enfants à recourir à l'institution des assurances sur la vie. Ils n'ont qu'à s'adresser à la Compagnie d'assurances générales, rue Richelieu, 87, à Paris. Cette Compagnie, fondée en 1819, est la plus ancienne des Sociétés francaises. Elle distribue ou envoie gratuitement à toutes les personnes qui lui en font la demande des notices sur ses diverses opérations. L'institution Springer a obtenu à la Sorbonne 2 prix, dont le grand prix d'honneur de rhétorique, et 3 accessits; au lycée Bonaparte, 20 prix (11 premiers) et 12 accessits : en tout 37 nominations avec 10 élèves. De l'usage du thé, Les consommateurs n'attachent pas en géné-ral assez d'importance au choix des THÉS dont ils font usage. De ce choix, cependant, dépend l'action favorable ou nuisible de cette substance sur la santé. Ainsi, par exemple, on ne saurait employer indifféremment le THÉ NOIR et le TuÉ VERT. Voici, à l'appui de cette assertion, l'opinion de l'un des professeurs à la Faculté de médecine de Paris : « Le THÉ VERT occasionne des troubles ner-» veux caractérisés par des bâillements, des » agacements, une irritabilité insolite, des pin-» cements dans la région de l'estomac, des pal-» pitations de cœur, des tremblements lé-» gers dans les membres ; il laisse une fai-» blesse assez notable, et souvent un sentiment » incommode de brisement et de courbature. » L'infusion du THÉ NOIR produit au contraire » un sentiment général de bien-être, une heu-» reuse disposition aux travaux de l'esprit et » du corps et une distribution plus régulière de » la chaleur animale. L'infusion du Thé noir a, » en outre, l'avantage de ne laisser ni faiblesse » ni maladie. » Convaincue de cette vérité et considérant que le THÉ est une substance appelée non-seulement à satisfaire le goût, mais encore à combattre un grand nombre d'indispositions, la COMPAGNIE COLONIALE a exclu de sa vente tous les THÉS VERTS, à cause de leurs propriétés nuisibles et souvent dangereuses. Cette Compagnie, par ses relations étendues avec la Chine, est à même de livrer, aux conditions les plus favorables les MEILLEURES SORTES DE THÉS, et fidèle au principeappliqué à la fabrication de ses Chocolats, en faisant passer la qualité avant le prix, elle ne recoit que des Thés d'une supériorité exceptionnelle. Le THÉ DELÀ COMPAGNIE COLONIALE ,td'une qualité unique, est donc exclusivement composé des SORTES DE THÉS NOIRS qui donnent la boisson la plus agréable au goût et la plus utile au point de vue de l'hygiène. LES TRIBUNAUX Dans son audience du 3 août, le conseil de guerre permanent de la 1411 division militaire, séant à Bordeaux, présidé par M. Crétin, lieutenant-colonel du 50° de ligne, s'est occupé d'une affaire de désertion à l'ennemi. Les faits de celte cause, dit le Courrier de la Gironde, auquel nous empruntons ce compte-rendu, remontent à la campagne de Crimée. Dans le courant du mois de septembre 1805, le 300 régiment d'infanterie de ligne était eampé sur les hauteurs de Traktir. Un soldat de ce corps, qui, depuis 1848 au service en qualité de remplaçant, venait de contracter un rengagement avec prime, donna tout à coup quelques signes de dégoût du service, et, sous pretexte qu'il avait été malmené par son capitaine, disparut du camp le 28 septembre et passa aux avant-postes russes. Quelques jours après, ce militaire fut porté déserteur, et son régiment n'en entendit plus parler. Cependant, deux ans plus tard, la gendarmerie du canton de Corcieux (Vosges), pays natal de Bertrand, informa le 30e de ligne que ce déserteur, par deux lettres successives écrites par lui à son frère, lui apprenait qu'il habitait Tamboff, dans l'intérieur de la Russie, puis Moscou. Aujourd'hui Bertrand habite encore tranquillement cette grande ville, où il occupe un emploi de sacristain à l'église française Saint-Louis. Il s'est marié et est devenu un honnête père de famille ■■ r—bMi.,-,, ,]i5 ,• Jberuand -;c _ me déserteur; ni d< pms qu u atteint !'âge de ;'.jran e-sopt ans, l'art. 181k de ce Code a autorisé à le traduire par contumace devant un conseil de guerre, et comme le 30e de ligne est en garnison à Angoulême , c'est le conseil permanent de Bordeaux, chef-lieu de la 14° division, qui a été appelé à évoquer cette grave affaire. ^Les formalités prescrites par les articles 173 et 1 76du Code de justice militaire, et 474,474,475, 476, 477 et 478 du Code d'instruction criminelle avant été remplies, le conseil, après avoir entendu la lecture de toutes les pièces de la procédure et les réquisitions de M. le commandant Apté, commissaire impérial, entre dans la salle de ses'délibérations et en rapporte un verdict qui condamne à l'unanimité le fusilier Bertrand, contumace, à la peine de mort, avec dégradation militaire, conformément aux dispositions de l'article 238 du Code militaire, ainsi conçu : « Est puni de mort, avec dégradation militaire, tout militaire coupable de désertion à l'ennemi. » CH. VIRMAITRE. VARIA Le Bulletin général des Locations donne | les renseignements suivants, qu'il nous a paru utile de reproduire : DROITS ET DEVOIRS DES PROPRIÉTAIRES ET DES LOCATAIRES LES UNS ENVERS LES AUTRES. Afin d'éviferbien des difficultés entre les propriétaires et les locataires, nous jugeons utile de tracer ici, d'une manière aussi sommaire que possible, leurs droits et devoirs respectifs. Commençons d'abord par les devoirs et obligations des propriétaires. Le prepriétaire doit : 1 ° Délivrer au locataire la chose louée dans les conditions stipulées au loyer ; 2° Entretenir celte chose en état de servir à l'usage pour lequel elle a été louée ; 3° En faire jouir paisiblement le locataire pendant la durée du bail ; 4° Garantir le locataire des vices de la chose louée qui en empêchent l'usage ; 5° Acquitter les contributions foncières. Les obligations du locataire sont : 4° De garnir la maison ou tout autre lieu de meubles suffisants pour répondre du loyer; 2° D'user de la chose louée en bon père de famille et suivant la destination qui lui a été donnée par le propriétaire, ou suivant celle présumée d'après les circonstances, à défaut de convention ; 3° De payer le prix du bail aux termes convenus ; 4° D'acquitter les contributions et d'accomplir les charges de police ; 5° De laisser visiter les lieux qu'il doit cesser d'occuper par ceux qui se présentent pour louer. Les droits du propriétaire découlent nécessairement des obligations du locataire. Ainsi, en cas de non-payement, il a privitége sur les meubles du locataire garnissant les lieux, dont sont exceptés néanmoins le coucher nécessaire au locataire et à ses enfants, les habiis dont ils sont vêtus, les livres relatifs à sa profession, jusqu'à concurrence de 300 fr., ou ses outils de travail s'il est artisan, ou ses équipements militaires s'il appartient à l'armée. De même, les droits du locataire découlent des obligations du propriétaire. Son droit le plus important est surtout de jouir de la chose louée pendant tout le temps du contrat, sans que cette jouissance puisse être abrégée ou suspendue, même .au moyen d'une indemnité ; il a aussi le droit de céder son bail ou de sous-louer, à moins que cela ne lui soit expressément interdit par les termes du contrat de location. USAGES DE PARIS RELATIFS AUX LOCATIONS. Baux. — L'usage, à Paris, a déterminé quatre époques spéciales pour établir le commencement et la fin des baux. Ce sont : les 1er janvier, 4er avril, 40r juillet et 1 er octobre. Chacun de ces trimestres constitue ce qu'on appelle un terme. Mais si les baux stipulent que c'est à partir d'une de ces époques qu'un bail commence, il n'en est pas moins vrai que l'entrée en jouissance n'a lieu que le 8 de chacun de ces mois pour les loyers de 400 fr. et au-dessous, et que le 15 pour les loyers au-dessus de ce prix ; toutefois, si le local à occuper se trouve vacant, le locataire a le droit d'y entrer dès le 4or du mois, sans avoir à payer au propriétaire aucune plus-value. Il faut dire qu'à cet égard les propriétaires sont très-accommodants et consentent facilement à une occupation anticipée. Les payements, de même, bien que stipulés devoir être faits le 1er de chaque mois, ne s'effectuent que les 8 et 15 de chaque mois, selon que le loyer est de 400 fr.ou plus. Congés.Le bail cesse de plein droit par l'expiration du temps pour lequel il a été convenu. A défaut de conventions à cet égard, les contractants peuvent les faire cesser en se donnant congé dans les délais fixés par l'usage. Ces délais sont de six semaines pour les loyers de 400 fr. et au-dessous, de trois mois pour les loyers au-dessus de 400 fr., et de six mois pour les maisons entières, les corps de logis entiers et les boutiques donnant sur la rue ou sur un passage. Il n'y a d'exception que pour les chantiers de bois à brûler, dont les congés ne se donnent qu'à Pâques. Les délais ci-dessus doivent être pleins, c'est-à-dire que les congés doivent être donnés au plus tard les 14 fétfrter, mai, août et novembre pour les loyers annuels de 400 francs, et les 31 décembre, 31 mars, 31 juillet et 30 septembre pour les autres. Si l'un de ces jours se trouve un jour de fête légale, il faut que le congé soit donné la veille. Les propriétaires sont tenus au delai de six mois pour certaines personnes, à rais on de leurs fone tions ou profession, bien que celles-ci ne soient tenues vis-à-vis d'eux, qu'aux délais déterminés par la quotité de leur loyer. (Consulter à cet égard le Code manuel d'Emile Agnel, art. 734.) Denier à Diw.-Il est d'usage à Paris,pour tout locataire qui arrête une location,de donner au concierge une gratification, qu'on est convenu d'appeler le denier à Dteu. Lorsque le denier à Dieu est donné avant la conclusion du bail, il constitue un engagement moral qui lie les deux parties contractantes. Elles ont toutefois la faculté de se dédire dans les vingt-quatre heures, en reprenant ou en renvoyant le denier à Dieu. Beaucoup de personnes sont embarrassées sur la quotité de ce qu'elles ont à donner pour le denier à Dieu. Il n'y a rien de fixe ni d'obligatoire à cet égard ; cette quotité est laissée à la générosité du locataire ; cependant elle est généralement basée sur l'importance du loyer. Ainsi, pour un loyer de 1,000 fr., on donne d'habitude 10 fr.; pour un loyer de 2,000 fr., 20 fr. On voit que c'est à peu près 4 pour 100 du prix du loyer. Pour un loyer de dix mille francs, ce serait donc 100 fr.? Pourquoi pas 1... Il est souvent plus facile à celui à qui son état de fortune permet de payer un loyer de 10,000 fr. de donner loo fr. qu'à celui qui paye un loyer de 1 000 .'r. d'en donner 10 ; et cependant, il en est de ceux-ci qui donnent jusqu'à 15 et même 20 fr. Ce sont souvent les plus avisés c'est de l'argent placé à gros intérêts. Chauffage du concierge. — 11 est encore une autre coutume vis-à-vis des concierges, qui n'est pas obligatoire, mais à laquelle il est bon de ne pas manquer : c'est de contribuer à leur chauffage. Tout locataire, en faisant sa provision de bois oude charbon, en donne au concierge. Il n'y a point de règle précise à cet égard. Sur 1,500 kilog.,j'ai toujours donné 100 kilog. aux concierges, et ils m'ont paru satisfaits. Si j'entre dans ces détails, c'est que je les crois Hiles aux locataires, qui ont tout intérêt à encou-0:;.»;.eîv.£nt de -■u'.'.ret ns, Uout eeux-ci ne sont [ue trop souvent disposés a s'écarter lorsqu'ils sont roissés ou lésés. DEVOIRS ET OBLIGATIONS DES CONCIERGES Le concierge est un préposé établi par le propriétaire pour la garde, la surveillance, la propreté le la maison et l'utilité des locataires. Le concierge est tenu de recevoir et remettre, 'xactement aux locataires toutes les lettres et autres )apiers, quels qu'ils soient, qui leur sont adressés. j. inobservation de cette obligation peut lui causer e grands désagréments, ainsi qu'au propriétaire, lui est civilement rssponsable de son concierge. est tenu d'ouvrir la porte aux locataires à telle leure de nuit et de jour qu'ils se présentent, a Moins de clause contraire formellement exprimée su bail. Toutefois, il est convenable qu'un locataire jui se retire habituellement à une heure avancée de la nuit compense par quelques gratifications les dérangements d'un homme qui, comme tout le monde, a besoin de repos. Le concierge doit être poli envers les locataires et les personnes qui montent chez ceux-ci. Aujourd'hui "cite recommandation devient presque inutile, car on fie rencontre plus guère l'impolitesse et la brutalité jue chéries gens qui n'ont reçu aucune espèce d'é-lucation. Les concierges, à Paris, sont en général polis et complaisants. Pour extrait : CH. VIRMAITRE. Le propriétaire unique, gérant et rédacteur en chef, E. DE GIRARDIN. ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE DU COMMERCE Boulevard des Filles-du-Calvaire, rue Saint-Pierre-Popincourt, 24, à Paris. Dirigée pendant vintg-cinq ans par M. Blan-qui, membre de l'Institut, cette Ecole est la seule en France qui soit exclusivement consacrée aux études commerciales ; elle est placée sous le patronage du gouvernement, qui y entretient des élèves boursiers, et sous la surveillance d'un conseil de perfectionnement, composé de membres de l'Institut, d'anciens ministres, de sénateurs, de conseillers d'Etat, de banquiers, de négociants, sous la présidence de M. le ministre du commerce et de l'agriculture. L'enseignement de l'école comprend depuis les leçons de grammaire, d'écriture, d'arithmétique, de géographie et de comptabilité, jusqu'au cours de droit commercial et maritime, d'économie industrielle, toutes les connaissances nécessaires pour former des comptables, des banquiers, des négociants, des administrateurs. Le grand nombre d'élèves étrangers qui se rendent chaque année, de tous les points du monde, dans cet établissement, en fait l'Ecole pratique la plus utile pour les langues vivantes, et assure aux jeunes gens, pour l'avenir, les relations d'affaires les plus étendues. L'Ecole ne reçoit que des élèves pensionnaires de quinze à vingt-cinq ans, au prix de 1,800 francs. Il est émis 4,000 paris de propriété du Petit Journal ; ■ Ces parts, émises à cinq cents francs, rapportent chacune, d'après les derniers inventaires, 68 fr. 40 c. Les souscripteurs jouiront des bénéfices à partir du l'Il juillet 1866. Les revenus seront payables en janvier et juillet de chaque année. On verse 100 francs en souscrivant et 100 francs de mois en mois. Les souscripteurs auront la faculté d'escompter la totalité des termes non échus, avec bonification d'intérêt à 5 0/0. La souscription sera close le 14 août au soir. Les souscripteurs de dix paris pourront faire partie du conseil des intéressés, chargé de la vérification des comptes et de la surveillance administrative. Envoyer les fonds, par lettre chargée, au directeur du Petit Journal, 21, boulevard Montmartre, à Paris. L'UNION Les assurances sur la vie, longtemps inconnues en France, commencent à s'y propager. Un résumé de ces opérations n'est pas sans intéret. (Successions. — Le père de famille peut, au moyen de quelques sacrifices annuels, sa vie durant laisser à ses enfants, à sa veuve, un héritage qui les mette à l'abri du besoin. Emprunts et Créances. -Le débiteur ou l'emprunteur, dont les ressources consistent principalement dans son industrie, peut, par une assurance réalisable en cas de mort, garantir à son créancier le remboursement de ses avances. Rentes viagères. — Les célibataires, les époux sans enfants, peuvent augmenter leur revenu en plaçant des fonds en viager sur une ou deux têtes, avec réversion de tout ou partie au profit du survi-vant. L'une des plus anciennes Compagnies françaises d'assurances sur la vie et qui offre toutes les garanties par son capital et ses statuts, l/UItri©I¥, a adopté pour ces diverses combinaisons les tarifs les plus équitables ; elle accorde, en outre, aux principales classes d'assurés, une part'dans sses bénéfices qu'ils peuvent appliquer à la réduction des primes ou à l'augmentation des sommes stipulées. Elle les a déjà fait jouir douze fois de cet avantage. Ses bureaux sont établis à Paris,1 rue de la Banque, 15, et elle a des agents dans les principales villes des départements. COMPAGNIE AMÉRICAINE GROTER ET BAKER, DE NEW-YORK.— Nouvelles machines à coudre, de famille, de salon, et d'atelier, à navette et à point noué élastique, garanties trois ans. Envoi gratuit du prospectus (affranchir), 92, fJmÛevard Sébastopol, Paris. On demande des agents en province. GRANDES LOTERIES Bordeaux. Châteauroux, Andelys, Enfants Pauvres Plus de 570,000 francs à gagner TIRAGE 31 AOUT de la très-importante Loterie de Bordeaux FIXÉ PAR ARRETÉ PRÉFECTORAL Grandes Loteries. — 25 c. le Billet A gagner 6 lots et Quatre Gros Lots de 100000-100000-100000-150000 Tous les Lots en espèces La Loterie de BORDEAUX est la PREMIERE Grande Loterie qui va effectuer un tirage (31 août). Capital, un million. Nombreux Lots.—Gros Lots de 5,000-20,000 et de cent mille francs pour 25 o. Les autres Gros Lots (Grandes Loteries) v ussi en espèces, de flO0,OO$»-£O®,000-150,000 fr. AVANTAGES Pour TOUTES CHA.VCGS de GAIN de tous lots, adresser aujourd'hui CINQ fr. (mandat de poste ou timbres-poste) au Directeur du üu-fêEAU-EXACTITUBE:, rue Rivoli, 68, Paris, et on recevra, par retour du courrier, VINGT BILLETS variés pour toutes chances de gain des 726 lots et quatre gros lots de ilooooo, lOOOOO, ^t OOO et 150000 On trouve aussi billets à25 c. (pour toutes chances) dans toute la France, chez tous les libraires et débitants de tabac, dépositaires du Bureau-Exactitude. ILEBBBEBS.Tr'IE publiera les Numéros gagnants. TARIF DES ANNONCES de r LA LIBERTÉ Annonces 4. f. 25 Réclames. 4 » Avis divers .....T « » * * 6 » VENTES IMMOBILIERES A L'ENCHÈRE IlOTEL ET MAISON. Etude de M' VIGUm, avoué à Paris, quai Voltaire, 17. Vente aux criées de la Seine, le samedi 18 août 1866, à 2 heures de relevée, En deux lots : 1. 0 D'un HÔTEL, style Louis XIII, avec cour, jar(lin, écurie, remises et dépendances, sis à St-Ger-main en Laye, rue de Poissy, 126, et rue Napoléon. Mise à prix : 75,000 fr. 21 D'une MAISON nu CAMPAGNE avec communs, jardin, eaux vives etvignes en plein rapport; le tout d'une contenance de 1 hectare, 26 ares environ, sise à Pissefontaine, près Triel, canton de Poissy, arrondissement de Versailles (Seine-et-Oise). Vue magnifique. Mise à prix : 25,000 fr. * S'adresser 1° à M" Vigier, avoué poursuivant; 2° à M. Girardin, architecte, rue Pasquier, 17; 3° à M" JBreuillaud, Schelcher et Gripon, notaires à Paris. » Etude de M' DE BIVOTONNE, avoué à Paris, rue Sainte-Anne, 23. VENTE en l'audience des criées au Palais de If JMi i-Ei justice à Paris, le samedi dix-huit août 1866, deux heures de relevée, D'une MAISON avec jardin, sise commune des Prés-Saint-Gervais, route de Romainville, 15 (Seine), Mise à prix 10,000 fr. S'adresser audit M* De Brotonne ; A Me Lenoir, avoué, place des Victoires, 3; Et à M0 Benoist, avoué, rue Saint-Antoine, 110. J MAISON A PARIS ~ Le samedi, 25 août 1866,Vente au Palais de justice, à Paris, d'une Maison sise à Paris, rue Boileau, 5, près le Palais de justice. Produit net par bail principal, 1,300 fr. Mise à prix, 10,000 fr. S'adresser à M° A. TIXIER, avoué, rue Saint-Ho-Iioré, 288. » TERRAIN A PARIS BERCY Vente aux criées de la Seine, le 18 août 18GG. d'unepropriété à Paris-la-Viilette, rue de Flandre,25, et rue du Maroc, 9. Revenu 12,000 fr. Mise à prix.... 220,000 fr. Constructions et droit au bail d'un terrain à Paris-Bercy. rue de Bercy, 8. Les sons-locations s'élèvent à 9,180 fr. Et le prix du loyer est de 3,800 fr. Mise à prix : 12,000 fr. S'adresser à M* LACOMME, avoué à Paris, rue Saint-Honoré, 350. Et à Me Delapalme, notaire à Paris, rue Auber, 9. Etude de M* DESGRANGES, avoué, rue de la Michodière, 20 ADJUDICATION le à du tribunal civil de la Seine, SES MAISON m: CArtlP Li I. ¡ l'NV U... dances. à Noisy-le-Grand, Grand'Rue canton de Go-nesse (Seine-et-Oise). Contenance superficielle, 76 ares 19 centiares environ. Mise à prix 30,000 fr. S'adresser: 10 à M' Desgranges, avoué poursuivant, rue de la Michodière, 20 ; 20 A MI Vassal, notaire à Paris, boulevard Sébas-topol, 58 ; 3° A Me Carré, notaire à Neuilly-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Marne; 4° Et sur les lieux pour les visiter. VENTES IMMOBILIÈRES A L'AMIABLE I/TTlfïET il V A vendre, à l'entrée de la forêt, WlllUrLill une grande maison avec dépendances et jardin, très-belle vue, une petite maison contiguë avec jardin, écurie et remise.—S'adresser, pour visiter, à Bertrand, jardinier, avenue de Versailles, 38. Chemin de fer,rive droite et rive gauche. CHALIIPS-ELYSEES MAISON A VENDRE parfaite-be1le f ment construite, rapportant 9,000 fr. Prix, 125,000 f. Dû par hypothèque, 75,000 fr. payables en 5 ans. M. Dabit, 123, rue d'Aboukir. AVIS AUX ACTIONNAIRES ET FONDS A PLACER PRÊTS S™IARCHS^AŒTASU,3-7-: CHEMIN DE FER BIRMANS Le directeur a l'honneur d*lnformer MM. les ac-t'unnaites que le conseil d'a immi-truion, dans sa séance du 3 août, a fixé l'acompte à payer, le fer octobre prochain, aux 600,000 actions formant le capital social de la Compagnie, à 20 francs, savoir : 15 francs, montant des intérêts, 5 francs, à valoir sur le dividende, Total. 20 francs. . Ce payement, en ce qui touche les titres au porteur, sera réduit, à raison de l'impôt établi par la loi du 25 juin 1857, savoir : A19 fr. 41 pour les actions entières, A 4 Ír. 88 pour les actions de dividende. MM. les actionnaires qui désireraient prendre à l'avance des mandats payables dans les premiers jours du mois d'octobre seront admis à opérer le dépôt de leurs titres, à partir du mardi 25 septembre, de dix heures à deux heures, rue de Londres,8. Les coupons seront,comme précédemment, payés dans toutes les gares et stations de la Compagnie d'Orléans et dans les gares principales de jà Compagnie de Lyon-Méditerranée, aux conditions indiquées dans l'avis publié par la Compagnie d Orléans, le ler juin 1864. MM. les actionnaires qui voudraient être payés par anticipation sontégafement informés qu'à partir du 16 août courant,ils pourront se présenter dans les bureaux du service central, rue de Londres, 8, de dix heures à deux heures, pour toucher, sous déduction d'un escompte calculé à raison de 3 1/2 f/0 l'an, le montant des coupons à échoir le -1 er octobre. Les titres nominatifs et les titres au porteur qui auront usé de la faculté d'escompte ne pourront être présentés au transfert et à la conversion avant l'échéance des coupons escomptés. Paris, le 3 août 1866. Le directeur de la Compagnie, E. SOLÀCROLT. ON DEMANDE de 2 à 300,000 fr., pour donner de l'extension à une grande fabrique de Draperies nouveautés, spécialité donnant 40 0/0 bénéfice net en pleine exploitation. M. Dabit, 123, rue d'Abouk'r. A _ APPARTEMENTS ET MAISONS DE CAMPAGNE il ï AI 11711 6,500 fr., 57.r, Pigale,Hôtel av. jardin ri. liULISjil Famillenombr.Administr, Pension. ' * f AI1|7IÎ 5,000 fr. petit hôtel avec 12 chambres H LOUER dont 4 petites, jardin, etc., r.Laval, 21 ACHATS ET VENTES DE FONDS CE COMMERCE ïîi"&nri?¥ meublé (Madeleine), lover 1tCGO f. UEL 8if> 1 HiLbailJO ans l 35 n", beau rez-de-chaussée, atl". 48,000 fr., net 15.00i) fr., prix 80,UOO fr, Agence BOtj'ftLHEn DE"'!ONTlÈRES, r, Richelieu, 15. LIBRAIRIE ET PUBLICATIONS DIVERSES MONITEUR ™D4EC%, FINANCIERS Directeur,J. PAIIADIS, rédacteur du bulletin financier du Constitutionnel — Un an : QUATRE FRANCS. Liste complète de tous tirages d'actions, d'obligations françaises et étrangères, loteries autorisées Revue de la Bourse, renseignements financiers. Rue de Richelieu, 97, passage des Princes, escalier B LES NOUVELLES JOURNAL QUOTIDIEN A CINQ CENTIMES journal du foyer, moral, bien informé, amusant, varié, rédaction et impression très-soignées, publieront sans interruption, à partir de mercredi prochain, les 3" et 4* partie du b^au romande M. PAUL F';;H,L' Les Amou¡'!f de Paria. Paraîtront en même temps une série de causes célèbres très-émouvantes des tribunaux d'outre-Rhin, sous le titre de : Les DrioIVUlieu's alScmaaiîcs. ABONNEMENTS AVEC PRIMES ENTIÈREMENT GRATUITES 7, rue Saint-Marc. PARIS : 3 mois, 5 fr. — 6 mois, 9 fr. — Un an, 18 fr. PROVINCE : 3 mois, 6fr.— 6 mois, f2tr.Unan, an, 24 fr.1 Se renseigner à l'administration pour les primes. DECHAUSSEMENT gencives. Traité complet, par Berlin, dentiste, 21,3 rue de la Jussienne, Paris. 1)ort volume in-folio, fr. contre timbres-poste. ORFEVRERIE. — BIJOUTERIE. — BRONZES jfi HÏT^Ï 1 argentés sur blanc, 80 gr. COUVERTS P.UOLZ d'argent, garat)tîs, 11, titre poi nç"la dOUl. GO f.mcIB.Ru, 33,Fg St-llarlin, Paris,&: OBJETS DE LUXE ET DE FANTAISIE OCCASIONPI 1I. "NOS droits et à queue d Erard, RARE I pianosiouantseul,4,r,Drouot PIANOS BERTIN Plusieurs occasions—Prix réduits-Grande location HAOOXÇMENT 41 p .11 p Et 'lA t i(un ttxc-eHet.it) soie ou feutre. s*ac»M.~ 1 iiOiil ILiiiHe chtz Gaspard, 3, rue Vivienne. INDUSTRIE ET COMMERCE BITUME & ASPIIALTE DALLAGE DE COULEUR pour é[, lises, vestibules, serres, etc., etc., etc. Prix du mètre. Trottoirs, épaisseur 0m02— 3 f. » Magasins, 2 couches, épaisseur... 0m03— 5 50 Remises, id. id. GK04— fi » Cours, quadrilles, 2 cauch., épaissr C°'05.... 7 » Bassins et rivières, à deux couches 6 » S'adr. à M. Jaloureau,r. Nve-des-MaHinrias, 86,Paris ANNONCES DIVERSES CBEnf FER D'IDNGUIEN Ir A MONTMORENCY Trajet en 8 minutes. — 34 trains par jour. HIV "Rill^SlYVÏ? d'administration, oli'cant des Ijii IJM I lA? I 11 g.'lrantJes,deslre GÉRER une ou plusieurs PROPRIÉTÉS à Paris. — S'adresser par écrit, ou de 5 à 7 heures du soir, à M. (mu. irMOT, rue de la Villdte, 35, à Paris (9. arrondissement), » SSMPLÏFICATION T|?]lfï]E7 des livres AJ'PHSSE EN RADICALE LLLLLSJII QUELQUES HEURES Par V" TALBOTI]CR, 2" éd. Prix : 5f. 161. r. Montmartre TRAVAUX DE COMPTABILITÉ Organisation, mise jour et vérification d'écritures.— Apurement decomptes, liquidations, iavent"', bilans S'ad.à:u, TALDOTlER, exp.-compt-, 161. r.Montmartre |T|TT|7 PERSONNE ayant les meilleures références Ullll den ande une place de régisseur en province. Réponse aux initiales C. M., poste restante.« IfirTIYftlâ Chevaux, panier, phadon, coupé, w iJ S UMinL calèche, r, Lemoine, 4, atlXTernes. L* IIS en 3 mois, 1 leçon tous les jours itilla 100fr. par moisLp. professeur est anglais. S'ad' r. Gozlin, 32, avant midi, ou par écrit. UtFTiVilïH chevaux, calèche, phaëton,coupé, s I*u I rillxi. vis-à-vis, rue Joubert, 23. HYGIENE. — MÉDECINE. — PHARMACIE I V lRirUS 13AS t-;::;;iQUES,DALPfAz,br.sgd! I W ÂRICES D Geneau, ph. r. St-Houore, 275. AFFECTAS DE LA PEAU Boulons, „ dartre*, wçurr,. du ovsagt, rn.^ par îe GLïCKUOLit/da De. '8'." J. P:èt "10,,1 ? cf. 3 t'r. le iiacoti. Dépôt r. St-Bci».oré, 37»,^! GLIÉRISON "5?" HSMLÏL ou de: centes, rendant inutiles les bandages eîjj pessaires, par la méthode de PIERRE SIMON. (K| l'instruction qui sera envoyée franco aux persor^ qui en feront la demande par lettres affranchies)^ Écrire à M. MIGNAL-SIMON, handaglste-herOlairp aux HERBIERS (Vendée), gendre et successeur, sM et unique élève de feu PIERRE SIMON. S'adr. a^j à la pharmacie BRIANO, aux Herbiers (Vendée]., » POUDRE $(]D0BIPI1€E^ Iranspimlion eten supprime les inconvénients.PhJ ii,iacie GALLEY, avenue des Toi-nes, 14, et phariii^ L'ÉLECTRICITÉ contre les DOULEURS CEINTURE COURASL Recon.mandée par le Corps Médical CONTRE LES ||T g 3 Aï Kl» I nE ^'OBÉSrt ATTEINTES Ml) c à vLriliil. GASTRALGi; Affect* tcmbah'osetde la Moelle épinière. Prix, 351' j S'adresser au CABINET de M. Th. COURANT I 3t. rue Louis-le-Grand, Paris, i (ou contre iranda'-poste), et M':st'nE IÏIÎ L'ANNOÏN" GANT VOLTAÏQUE en crin pour {ric/if,m, 10 Ir, ( rAPïti-R ÉLECTRIQUE Courant,2 f. la voîte (Ph;¡,rm' CREME ©IFTMSÎMËILIOILL de N. Joly. Cette prep:tr:i!¡"F est la seule qui, pi£ sentéesous la forme d'une boisson exquise, coat«rv(j les précieuses qualités d? h adeTle foie de morii, C'est à ce titre qu'elle a été récompensée dans ro: expositions publiques, et C1'1'tlle. es "ocornm;}[)c!i: de préférence parnosprino p. nx n«t:fl'iciris. Prix4* llac.4fr.Pharm.Leroy,r.d'Aritin.l3. Pàris.eldaiisloi;! tesles pharmacies. ÈXig"T sigripture N. JOLY. i Les personGes faibles de la poitrine ou de l'esta,mac, celles dont les fonctions digl'stives se font dii. liicilement, et par conséquent prédisposées à l'ij. tluence épidémique, trouveront dans le IlACAIiOl1 de DELANGRENIER, rue Richelieu, 26, un déjeuner aussi léger que réparateur. — Cet aliment, composé de substances analeptiques réduites en poudre, e¡l aussi ordonné par un grand nombre de médecins aux convalescents et aux jeunes enfants, aux estomacs desquels ses proprié:és nutritives et fortifiantes conviennent spécialement j Paris.—Imp. Serriere et G9, r. Montmartre, 1S3.1 DES Lots p % "/ ' Mode ^ 4 A IRJ 1 GirdOO,OOQ' lrk J DE TIRAGEJVL^_J| G.T, 100,000^ (KS 100,000'. L| Gr"o-"t 15 o.) 0 0 o,. O QOATRB CONTBNANTQ CBIJ'.rRJU ' A 3 DUCMÏFRES, 0 A 9 DIX CHIFFRES 0 A. 11 fonctionne déjà dans routes les industries : imprimeries, chocola-eries, moulins, brique-:eries, fermes,etc., etc. On l'emploie aussi Jans les châteaux pour élever les eaux d'arro-sage. Cette machine ne demande pas de frais d'installation. O n peut y brûler toute 1 espèce de combustible. Elle peut être conduite par tout le monde. Elle est Q une grande simplicité et uuue SOUQue à toute épreuve. Son entretien est nul. Nouslivrons franco à domicile etnousgarantissons. PRIX DU MOTEUR INEXPLOSIBLE : Modèle N° 1, force 1 cheval 1,900 fr. Modèle N° 2, force 2 chevaux... 2,600 fr. , Modèle N° 3, force 3 chevaux... 3,500 fr. Modèle NI' 4, force 4 chevaux... 4,000 fr. Modèle N° 5, force 5 chevaux ... 4,500 fr. Modèle N° 6, force 6 chevaux... 5,000 fr.-JRendu et monté à domicile dans toute la. France, H. MARINONI & CHAUD RE Constructeurs, 67, rue de Vaugirard, Paris. ;i-. ce CD s. sa » o es « = = PQ e « 1= *53 19 1> en W s ^ S. e"9 rt ps fis et & S* VENTE DIRECTE IESA RÉCOLTE et SANS .FRAîS en sus (dans Paris)' 14S fr. la pièce de 2t8 litres, année 1805 too fr. la pièce de 228 litres, année 1884 185 fr. la pièce de ??8 litres, année 1808 Pour connaître ce qu'on achète demander à fr. une caisse de 25 bouteilles | dans D •„ 51 fr, une caisse de 50 bouteilles j ' n Paris. 60 fr. par pièce de moins prise au domaine. Ecrire fe au régisseur de ce domaine, M. SUREAU, à Ronceray-Floirac, près Bordeaux, ou à Paris, 2, rue d'Amboise. ESPRIT TUAI FLÎ 1 D' ACHILLE DE CAMPHRE ^ EIK A UOFFIUANN 3 fr. avec l'instruction. Pharmacie centrale du fiu-bourg Montmartre, 54, Paris, où se fournit l'aute ur 1P.É~-luls 3()Uç-% ♦ — — 11 ■■■ . ■ — | chocout-memierI) I Les substitutions qui se pratiquent lorsqu'on demande du ChocolatI H Denier donnent lieu à des plaintes si nombreuses qu'il est nécessaire de 1 H mettre le public en garde en lui expliquant la cause de cette fâcheuse tendance. § II sait que partout on cherche à vendre de préférence l'article qui If |f donne le plus gros bénéfice. — Cette propension, légitime tant qu'elle reste h j| t ^ans droite mesure, s'exagère souvent jusqu'à dépasser les bornes de la g| g : loyauté. — Alors elle sert de base à une spéculation imaginée par quelques g 1 fabricants de chocolat. — Ils revêtent un produit inférieur de toutes les mf| s formes apparentes du Ch$COta<-Monter 3 ils lui donnent un nom S ayant une consonnance pareille, et pour décider les détaillants à s'en approS visionner ils leur laissent entrevoir l'espérance de vendre cette contrefaçon i . pour du vrai Chocola1Denier. avec bien plus de bénéfice. Il I La tentation est trop souvent irrésistible, et quand l'acheteur se plaint de fl g cette erreur volontaire, on a cette justification toute prête, que la ressemblance H I des noms permet bien de se tromper. 9 i Nous défendons l'intérêt des consommateurs en les prémunissant contre ces If i ardeurs de qui décident quelques détaillants à tirer profit des ressemblances gB i | ue forme et de nom qu'on a préparées tout exprès pour que l'acheteur H s y laisse prendre. i il manœuvres seront sans effet si c'est bien le nom Menier qui est I i porte sur i étiquette et sur le cachet marque de fabrique, reproduisant la JÊ ^signaturedu vrai fabricant. w Les Annonces, Réclames et Avis divers sont recus chez MM. LAGRANGE et CERF, place de la Bourse, 6 « ' LES MEILLEURS VINS ET EAUX-DE-YIE SONT LES VINS ET EAUX-DE-VIE DE LA M-A-ISON CH.A.MPROUX(J°A'£FS) 82-84, boulevard du Prince-Eugène VINS d'office depuis 105 fr. la pièce, 65 fr. la feuillette. — VINS au litre depuis 45 c. — EAUX-DE-VIE à 1 fr. 80. — RHUM à 1 fr. 40 c., etc. — Demander dans les 55 succursales de Paris. BAINS DE MER D'ARCACHON HOTEL ouvert depuis le Villas délicieuses de 50 à 100 fr. par mois et de 10 le juin. à 50 fr. par jour. Appartements princiers, grande Salle de table Parc immense et toujours vert. a note, Salons de conversation, de musique et de Plage admirable, où l'on peut se baigner à toute lecture. Bains dans l'hôtel môme. Ecuries, Remises, heure et sans danger pour les enfants. Personnel polyglotte, etc. t Rapport direct avec Paris en 18 heures. Casino splendide. — Buffet chinois. j ** ^ ~ avec Bordeaux en 1 heure. r EAU DE COLOGNE « " ^ JEAN-MARIE FARINA i FoaniIsseQr de LL. Il. l'Empereur des Français et la Reine d'inglekrre. i 1 La réputation de 1TEAC DE COliOGIVX! de JEAIV-HABIB FÂBSVA | 1 est universelle et presque deux fois séculaire. Cette EAU, d'un parfum exquis, est | 1 le produit de la distillation des plantes les plus riches en principes aromatiques et | * H les plus bienfaisantes au point de vue de l'hygiène. Les médecins ont constaté son 1 i efficacité et l'expérience a démontré que, pour les soins si délicats de la toilette, i g aucun produit ne pouvait lui étre comparé. Aussi l'usage de l'EA,IJ DE | |j COIJOGIÏE de «SEAW-MAI&EE F ABDA est-il général parmi les hautes classes jjj | Pour éviter la contrefaçon, chaque flacon est ^ I revêtu de la signature ci-contre en rouge /y^rr"-'**• g 1 avec les seuls prénoms JEAN-MARIB. R @ 1 DÉPÔT FONDÉ EN 4806, RUE SAINT-HONORÉ, 217. i S EKTREPOT GÉNÉRAL (GROS ET EXPORTATION), RÏÏE D'HAUTEVILLB, 38, PARIS. ^ JË S^n^*^~WNouveïte''édition^ "et pîcn'emâî^™™" PRÉMATURÉ, A L'USAGE I Cet ouvrage, qui contient les causes, les symptômes, les complications, la marche et le traitement de 1 cette insidieuse maladie, est précédé de considérations générales sur l'édttmi&n âc-krjeunesse, sur la a génération dans lleipèoe humaine et sur le problème de la Population, avec des observations de guérison. i Par le Dr JOZJJtf, professeur spécial de pathologie urogénitale, rue de Sâivolî, 1.82. I prix 5 fr.t poste 6 fr. IOU8 double enveloppe, chez l'Auteur. 1 IIASSON,l1br..2G,l. del'Anc..Comédle,etles prinolp.libr.de Paris, des départ, et del'élranger. § Du même auteur: TRAITE PRATIQUE DES 1 MALADIES DES VOIES URINAIRES g Et de toutes les infirmités qui s'y rattachent, d l'usage des gens du monde. I i 0" édition, 1 «I. de 900 pages, enrichi de 314 FIGURES B'ASATOMI®. S co®ta6|e«|»e»*tt6tréc,esemei*s.Catai-pï»edeYe(Wfe.GraveIIe.PJerre.StérUUé.»erteai Débilité, lIulte d'excè..H)'droeèle,lUaladle8clufemmell. Tral.cmeDlI. Dy glène.PréseryaUfs. S Prix 1 Ali fp. par et 'a, poste; 8 fr. double enveloppe. im MALADES peuvent M TBAHTEBI E UIV;:TTA'T., '«,el faire préparer les remèdes ehez llilB PHARtHAOtEN. — TBAITEBSEKS.i SSlXTATSOniS u midi à % hiurtt, et FAIM OOBBEliPOlWDAlU'B. (Affranchir.) fi n n gw a, a ^ Le plus utile et le meilleur marche des I H B 1 i II &■ 5 M isK i journaux financiers. — Bulletin authenf * ■v S 88 II r a a sâ la M S oja tique et hebdomadaire des TIRAGES, fr. „ ' indispensable à tous les porteurs de titres U' français et étrangers. (Renseignements sur toutes les valeurs.) — RUE TAITBOUT, 3, A PAlUS, par AN.I Dix fois moins d'eau ! Dix fois moins de temps' > POUR ÉTEINDRE LES INCENDIES, A L'AIDE DES f CARTOUCHES EXTINCTRICES * Prix : :>O¡fr. les i 00 kil., soit 50 et 25 cent. chaque cartouche 1 Seul propagateur : AIME MAURICE 41, rue des Petiies-Ecnrlesi, à Paris VINAIGRE ... DE TOILETTE I de la Société Hygiénique j fi Le VINAIGRE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ HYGIÉNIQUE n'admet dans sa composition que des subi i stances toniques, aromatiques et salutaires. Sans avoir l'action siccative et échauffante i 1 de l'eau de Cologne, il en possède toutes les propriétés bienfaisantes; il la remplace i I avec une grande supériorité dans tous ses usages ; il est plus riche en principes aro| I matiques et balsamiques; l'odeur en est plus fine et plus suave : il assaillit et purifie fi f l'air ; il fortifie et ranime les fonctions des organes de la respiration ; il rafraîchit le 1 I cerveau, raffermit les chairs et donne du ton à tout l'organisme. | BLANCHEUR DE LA PEAU TOILETTE DES DAMES 1 I BOUTONS, ROUGEURS Ses qualités toniques, balsamiques et raIf Lorsqu'on se sert du VINAIGRE DB TOIfraîchissantes, le rendent inappréciable pour | LETTE DE LA SOCIÉTÉ HYGIÉNIQUE en lotions les soins journaliers de la toilette des Dames. | (quelques gouttes par verre d'eau), il rafratchit ASSAINISSEMENT DE L , ,.,n ASR |F et adoucit la peau; il lui donne du ton et de | la fermeté; il fait passer les rougeurs, bouIIIGRAINES, SYNCOPES I 1 tons, taches de rousseur, éphélides et effloLes Médecins recommandent le VINAIGRB |j i rescences... DELÀ SOCIÉTÉ HYGIÉNIQUE aux personnes qui K | Après la barbe, il ôte le feu du rasoir mieux fréquentent les spectacles, les bals et autres §f I que tout autre préparation. lieux où l'air est ptus ou moins vicié. Il est fe S aussi d'une grande utilité pour celles qui sont P | BAI N S sujettes aux pesanteurs de téle, aux m;!7/'{/I'¡¡f'S, if i bain dans la moitié auf mauxde coeui-, aux syncopes.
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The time period that the above bias is applied to the SRAM device 200 is typically dependent upon the degree of threshold voltage adjustment that is required for the p-type pull up transistors 210. In one example, in which the adjustment in threshold voltage is to increase the threshold voltage of one of the p-type pull up transistors 220 by a voltage ranging from 10 millivolts to 0.2 volts, using the bias described above, the time period that the voltages are applied to the SRAM device 200 ranges from 1 microsecond to 1 second.
When the measurement of the test electrical property indicates that the threshold voltage of the n-type pull down transistors 220, and the n-type pass gate transistors 230 a, 230 b is greater the target threshold voltage, the threshold voltage of the n-type pull down transistors 220, and the n-type pass gate transistors 230 a, 230 b, may be decreased by storing avalanche hole carriers on the charge storage element. To introduce a charge of avalanche hole carriers on the charge storage element that is present within the dielectric layer of the substrate on which the SRAM device 200 is formed, a positive voltage, e.g., 1 volt, is applied to the wordline WL to the first n-type pass transistor 230 a and the second pass transistor 230 b; the negative voltage supply (VSS) to the at least two n-type pull down transistors 220 ranges from −1.0 volt to −2.0 volts; and the voltage applied to the base semiconductor substrate is less than −10 volts, e.g., −15 volts to −20 volts. To decrease the threshold voltage of the n-type pull down transistor 220, and the n-type pass gate transistor 230 a, 230 b, the voltage applied to the bit line (BL) that is electrically connected to the first access gate transistor 230 a, and the voltage applied to the bit line complement (BLC) that is electrically connected to the second gate transistor 230 b, is typically 0.0 volts. Additionally, the positive supply voltage (VDD) to the p-type pull up transistors 210 is typically disconnected, i.e., floating.
In one embodiment, the negative voltage supply (VSS) to the at least two n-type pull down transistors 220 ranges from −1.1 volts to −1.5 volts. In yet another embodiment, the negative voltage supply (VSS) to the at least two n-type pull down transistors 220 ranges from −1.2 volts to −1.3 volts.
The time period that the above bias is applied to the SRAM device 200 is typically dependent upon the degree of threshold voltage adjustment that is required for the n-type pull down transistors 220, and the n-type pass gate transistors 230 a, 230 b. In one example, in which the adjustment in threshold voltage is to decrease the threshold voltage of one of the n-type pull down transistors 220 and the n-type pass gate transistors 230 a, 230 b by a voltage ranging from 10 millivolts to 0.2 volts, using the bias described above, the time period that the voltages are applied to the SRAM device 200 ranges from 1 microseconds to 1 second.
When the measurement of the test electrical property indicates that the threshold voltage of the p-type pull up transistors 210 are greater the target threshold voltage, the threshold voltage of the p-type pull up transistors 210 may be decreased by storing avalanche electron carriers on the charge storage element. To introduce a charge of avalanche electron carriers on the charge storage element that is present within the dielectric layer of the substrate on which the SRAM device 200 is formed, a positive voltage, e.g., 1 volt, is applied to the wordline WL to the first n-type pass transistor 230 a and the second pass transistor 230 b; the positive voltage supply (VDD) to the at least two p-type pull up transistors 220 ranges from −1.0 volt to −2.0 volts; and the voltage applied to the base semiconductor substrate is greater than 10 volts, e.g., 15 volts to 20 volts. To increase the threshold voltage of the p-type pull up transistor 210, the voltage applied to the bit line (BL) that is electrically connected to the first access gate transistor 230 a, and the voltage applied to the bit line complement (BLC) that is electrically connected to the second gate transistor 230 b, is typically 0.0 volts. Additionally, the negative supply voltage (VSS) to the n-type pull down transistors 220 is typically disconnected, i.e., floating.
In one embodiment, the positive voltage supply (VDD) to the at least two p-type pull up transistors 210 ranges from 1.1 volts to 1.5 volts. In yet another embodiment, the positive voltage supply (VDD) to the at least two p-type pull up transistors 210 ranges from 1.2 volts to 1.3 volts.
The time period that the above bias is applied to the SRAM device 200 is typically dependent upon the degree of threshold voltage adjustment that is required for the p-type pull up transistors 210. In one example, in which the adjustment in threshold voltage is to decrease the threshold voltage of one of the p-type pull up transistors 220 by a voltage ranging from 10 millivolts to 0.2 volts, using the bias described above, the time period that the voltages are applied to the SRAM device 200 ranges from 1 microseconds to 1 second.
Although, FIG. 5 only depicts the circuit diagram of one SRAM device 200, the present disclosure is applicable to a plurality of SRAM devices each having a circuit diagram that is similar to the one illustrated in FIG. 5. In one embodiment, the threshold voltage for a plurality of SRAM devices 200 may be adjusted by measuring the electrical properties of a representing cell next to a block of cells, which has its nodes available for measurement (standby current, read margin, write margin, read current, etc), and then adjusting the threshold voltage of the block of cells using the electrical properties measured from the representing cell as a point of reference. Each cell may be an SRAM device. In this embodiment, it is assumed that the representing cell will have the same electrical characteristics as each of the cells, e.g., SRAM devices, in the block. In another embodiment, measurements are taken on the entire block, for example the standby current of the whole block, which is a function of the threshold voltage, or the failure rate, which is typically a function of mismatch in the threshold voltage between left and right half-cell or between pull-up and pull-down cells.
In response to the measurements taken from the representing cell or the measurements taken from the block of cells, a charge may be stored on the charge storage element that is underlying each of the cells within the block to adjust the threshold voltage for each of the cells. For example, the charge that may be stored on the charge storage element can be produced by applying the appropriate bias to the bit-line voltage (BL), bit-line compliment (BLC), word line (WL), the positive voltage supply (VDD), and the negative voltage supply (VSS) as described above with reference to FIG. 5.
While the methods and structures disclosed herein have been particularly shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in forms and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. It is therefore intended that the present disclosure is not limited to the exact forms and details described and illustrated, but fall within the scope of the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A semiconductor device comprising: a semiconductor on insulator (SOI) substrate including an SOI layer present on a dielectric layer, wherein the dielectric layer is present on a base semiconductor layer; a charge storage element for adjusting a threshold voltage of the semiconductor device, wherein the charge storage element is present in the dielectric layer and comprises a first charge storage element located proximate to a first interface between the SOI layer and the dielectric layer and a second charge storage element located proximate to a second interface between the base semiconductor layer and the dielectric layer; a gate structure present on a channel region of the SOI layer; and source and drain regions on opposing sides of the channel region.
2. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein each of the first charge storage element and the second charge storage element comprises a high-k dielectric material or a nano-crystal material.
3. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the high-k dielectric material comprises aluminum nitride (AlN), aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN), aluminum oxide (Al2O₃), hafnium oxide (HfO₂), hafnium oxynitride (HfON), or zirconium oxynitride (ZrON).
4. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein the nano-crystal material comprises nanocrystalline silicon.
5. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein a concentration of the nano-crystal material ranges from 10¹¹ cm² to 10¹³ cm².
6. The semiconductor device of claim 2, wherein a concentration of the nano-crystal material ranges from 10¹⁷ cm² to 10²⁰ cm².
7. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein each of the first charge storage element and the second charge storage element comprises a nitride layer.
8. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the nitride layer comprises silicon nitride.
9. The semiconductor device of claim 7, wherein the nitride layer has a thickness ranging from 2 nm to 10 nm.
10. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layer comprises silicon oxide.
11. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the base semiconductor layer further comprises an n-type well region.
12. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a distance between the first charge storage element and the first interface is less than, or equal to, 20% of a thickness of the dielectric layer.
13. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein a distance between the second charge storage element and the second interface is less than, or equal to, 20% of a thickness of the dielectric layer..
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Dans d'autres circonstances, des chenilles sont tuées par la muscardine. Ne voit-on pas souvent périr des es saims entiers d'abeilles par une maladie spéciale (1)? Quel est l'entomologiste qui n'a pas remarqué, dans ses excur sions, des Hyménoptères ou des Diptères morts et cou verts d'une efflorescence blanchâtre, cramponnés encore aux tiges où ils étaient venus se fixer avant de rendre le dernier soupir P Outre les épidémies, les insectes ou leurs larves ont des ennemis excessivement nombreux dans les parasites qui vivent à leurs dépens, tels sont les Coccinelles et papier (Broussanetia). le vernis du Japon^ les platanes, les acacias de rAmérique du Nord (Eobmia), qui dans leur pays natal sont dévorés par une foule d'espèces, n'éprouvent chez nous aucun dommage de la part des insectes ; il en est de même de nos vé gétaux transportés de graine dan« les pays étrangers. Nos choux, si souvent rongés, par différentes sortes de chenilles, n'ont plus de parasites au Brésil. • 11 faut remarquer cependant que, si Ton introduit en Europe des arbres très-voisins sous le rapport spécifique, de ceux qui y croissent naturellement^ comme certaines espèces de saules, de peupliers ou de Pomacées de TAmérique du Nord, ils finiront par partager le sort de leurs congénères européens. L'instinct des insectes va môme plus loin ; ils saisissent quelquefois dos analogies ou des affinités qui pourraient échapper à des bota nistes. Nos chenilles, qui se nourrissent de plantes tétrady names, telles que choux, radis, navet, etc., mangent très-bien des capucines, du réséda ou des sommités de câprier; d'autres qui vivent.sur nos épilobes se retrouvent souvent sur les fuchsias. (4) Au moyen Age il survint une maladie qui faisait périr Digitized by Google 4S INTRODUCTIOÎf. leurs larves } les larves des Syrphes, celtes des Hémé' robes, des Chalcidites, des Ichneumonides, des mouches Tachines, etc., sans compter d'autres ennemis qui les en lèvent et les emportent dans leurs nids pour que leurs petits en naissant trouvent une nourriture toute prête. C^ parasites se chargent de rétablir une partie de réquilibre , plus une espèce devient nombreuse, plus les parasites deviennent nombreux,* et le bien vient de Texcës du mal. Si une espèce^ comme nous en avons vu Tannée dernière des exemples dans nos bois des en* virons de Paris, se multiplie outre mesure, on voit appa raître en quantité desChalcidites» des Ichneumonides^etc* , qui se hâtent de déposer leurs (Bufs dans le corps dos chenilles. Ces parasites deviennent tellement nombreux qu en peu d années ils finissent par anéantir en grande partie ces êtres maUaisants ; eux-mêmes disparaissent ne trouvant plus où placer le berceau de leur progé* nîture. Le fléau cesse, les espèces restent. Que n'a1on pas écrite il y a une vingtaine d'années, sur la pyrale de Pilérius {tortrix Pitertana, pyrak de la vigne) y qui a exercé de si grands ravages dans les vigno bles de la Bourgogne, et est venue jusqu'aux portes de Paris, défier les vignerons d'Argenteuil ? Feu Audouin fut, en sa qualité de professeur d'entomologie, charge par le gouvernement, de voir ce qu'il y aurait à faire pour conjurer un aussi grand désastre. Il y mit le plus grand zèle, il publia de savants mémoires ; mais il ne fit rien pour la destruction de la pyrale, et il ne pouvait rien presque toutes les abeilles ; l'église sô voyant sur le point de manquer de cire pour l'exercice du culte, ordonna des prières ^t des processions publiques pour conjurer cette épidémie. Digitized by Google LNTaODUCTION. ♦» faire. Pendant plus de trois ans les vignerons ne cessè rent de faire entendre leurs plaintes aux sociétés d'agri culture, implorant leur savoir et leur secours contre un ennemi inconnu jusqu'alors. On essaya de tout, même des pèlerinages. Enfin des parasites nombreux que Ton fi'tttendait pas, se chargèrent de la besogne, et eo peu de temps la pyrale de la vigne fut sinon anéantie, au moins rendue teliement rare, qu'aujourd'hui il serait difficile de s'en procurer un exemplaire. Les larves dont la vie est souterraine, comme celles appelées vers blancsy vers gris, ont peu de parasites ; leur manière de vivre les met à l'abri de la tarière des Ichneu monides et des Ghalcidites. Pour cette raison ces ani maux destructeurs se montrent assez régulièrement dans les mêmes proportions. Après avoir dit iin mot des insectes parasites, nous ne devons pas passer sous silence les services importants que nous rendent, tous les jours, d'autres auxiliaires appartenant à différentes classes du règne animal et sur lesquels on ne saurait trop appeler la sollicitude et la protection des agriculteurs et des horticulteurs. Ces êtres bienfaisants f auxquels la nature a assigné pour nourriture des insectes de tous les ordres, sont appelés par les naturalistes animaux insectivores. Nous mentionnerons seulement les espèces suivantes : Digitized by Google 20 INTRODUCTION. MAMMIFÈRES. Les CHAUVES -SOURIS {Vespertilio) vivent exclusivement d'insectes qu'elles saisissent au vol. Dès la chute du jour on les voit se livrer à une chasse incessante qui se pro longe une partie de la nuit. Les insectes viennent-ils à disparaître, elles s'engourdissent dans leur rétraite jus qu'au premier printemps. La MUSAREiGNE (Sorcx araneus). Elle ressemble presque à une souris, avec le museau beaucoup plus allongé ; ce petit animal nocturne se promène après la chute du jour dans les jardins à la recherche des insectes, des araignées terrestres, des lombrics et des limaces. Le HÉRISSON [Erinaceus europwus)^ autre animal noc turne connu de tout le monde, vit, comme les musarei gnes, d'insectes, de chenilles, de lombrics et de lima çons qu'il chasse la nuit avec une adresse et une agilité qu'on ne soupçonnerait pas chez ce petit mam mifère. Il ne dédaigne pas les fruits, il a quelquefois le défaut de goûter au% fraises et de monter dans le bas des treilles pour manger les raisins à sa portée. La TAUPE [Talpa europœa) est un petit animal fouis seur ^ elle creuse des galeries souterraines pour déterrer des chrysalides, des vers blancs et des lombrics, elle est entièrement carnassière. Elle n'attaque pas les racines, Digitized by Google INTRODIjCTION. 2î mais elle coupe un pou avec ses pattes de devant les radicelles les plus tendres qui se trouvent sur son passage, sans que pour cela la végétation en souffre. Ce petit mammifère, dont les adversaires se conver tissent tous les jours, commence à trouver des protec teurs là où il ne comptait que des ennemis. Les agro nomes les plus instruits le regardent aujourd'hui comme l'un de nos plus utiles auxiliaires. Il dévore des quantités énormes de vers blancs^ de vers griSj etc. Notre illustre président, M. le maréchal Vaillant, qui porte un si grand intérêt à nos cultures françaises, a voulu s'assurer par lui-même de la quantité de vers blancs que ce petit animal, tenu en captivité, pouvait détruire en 24 heures. Il résulte de ses expériences qu'il en consomme plusieurs fois son poids. La taupe a un grand appétit -, il lui faut ses quatre repas tous les jours : son premier déjeuner au lever du soleil, son second de 9 à 10 heures, son dîner de 2 à 3, et un copieux souper le soir. Selon les taupiers, ce sont les heures où elle travaille. C'est précisément à ces mêmes heures qu'ils guettent ses mouvements ondulatoires pour lui faire une guerre à mort. S'ils ne réussissent pas à l'assommer avec leur houe, ils la prennent avec des pièges tendus dans ses galeries. Nous faisons donc des vœux pour que les cultivateurs, devenus moins ignorants, comprennent mieux leurs intérêts et con gédient leurs taupiers. Ils s'apercevront vite qu'il est bien préférable d'avoir, de place en place, quelques petits monticules de terre excellente, que de voir, comme cette année, les prairies et les champs dévastés et 2* Digitized by Google U INTRODUCTION. rendus slériles par les larves des hannetons ou par les vers gris. Nous nous attendons à rencontrer en Normandie quelques contradicteurs entêtés, ne fût-ce que les habi tants des communes, de Crocy, Yignats, Baumais, la Hoguette, etc., aux environs de Falaise, dont la plupart sont taupiers de père en fils. Le BLAIREAU {Ursus mêles) est aussi un quadrupède nocturne ; il passe le jour tout entier au fond de son terrier, caché comme un renard, et n'en sort guère qu'au milieu de la nuit. C'est un des plus grands des tructeurs de vers blancs. Il fouit la terre pour en ex traire les larves ou y découvrir les nids de bourdons. Il est, comme son congénère Tours, très-friand de miel^ il mange aussi des sauterelles, des hannetons, des mu lots et des serpents. REPTILES. Parmi les reptiles on ne saurait trop protéger les grenouilles, la salamandre terrestre et les crapauds malgré leur triste /acîe^; ce sont les amis de nos jardins; ils se nourrissent exclusivement de lombrics, de limaces, de chenilles, de cloportes et d'insectes ; malheureuse ment, il leur arrive souvent d'avaler quelques insectes carnassiers, qui, comme eux, cherchent leur proie pen dant la nuit. Les lézards eux-mêmes vivent dinsectes qu'ils saisis sent avec autant d'agih'té que d'adresse. Digitized by Google INTRODIXTION. î3 OISEAUX. C'est dans la classe des oiseaux principalement, que Fagricultnre et Thorticulture trouvent de nombreux amis dont les senrices ne sont pas assez appréciés. C'est à eux et aux parasites qn incombe la chaîne de maintenir l'équilibre dans la classe des insectes. Sans leur secours, Tair serait obscurci par des nuées de ces petits animaux, et toutes nos récoltes seraient anéanties. La Société protectrice des animaux ne saurait trop invoquer en leur faveur la sollicitude du gouvernement. Les FAUVETTES (SyMa) font partie d'un genre Irès fiombreux en espèces. Ces oiseaux portent généralement le nom de becs-fins. Toutes les fauvettes vivent de larves ou d'insectes à Tétat parfait. Ces êtres bienfaisants, sauf le rouge-gorge, la fauvette tratne-buisson et le troglodyte, nous quittent aux premiers froids et vont dans des con trées moins inhospitalières chercher une nourriture qu'ils ne trouvent plus lorsque, chez nous, la nature est engourdie. Nous avons d'autres petits oiseaux insectivores séden taires qui bravent la rigueur des hivers ; de ce nombre sont : Les MÉSANGES {Parus major , ceeruleus^ ater^ caudatus, atricapillus)^ connues vulgairement sous les noms de ekarbmmiére^ de petite eharbonniire^ de mésange bleue, de Digitized b'y Google Î4 INTRODUCTION. queue de poêle et de iéie notre. Ces petits oiseaux, malgré leur caractère insociable et leur férocité à Tégard des autres oiseaux dont ils percent souvent le crâne pour leur manger la cervelle, voyagent rarement seuls ; on les voit en petites sociétés plus ou moins nombreuses explorer les écorces des arbres dans tous les sens, éplu cher les mousses et les lichens, et poursuivre leurs inves tigations jusqu'à Textrémité des plus petites branches. Les mésanges rendent de très-grands services en débarras sant les arbres fruitiers d'une infinité de petits insectes, qui n'attendent que le printemps pour se multiplier. Elles ne dédaignent pas, lorsque les insectes viennent à leur manquer, les semences oléagineuses. Une es pèce, la mésange à tète noire, est très-friande des petits pois lorsqu'ils commencent à se former, elle est quelquefois très-nuisible dans les jardins. Aussi les cul tivateurs ont-ils inventé pour Teffrayer toutes sortes d'épouvantails. La siTTfiLLE [Siita europœa) vulgairement torchepot. Le grimpereàu (Certhya familiaris) et les différentes sortes de pics et d'EPEiCHES nous.rendent aussi, pendant Tannée entière, des services. Ces derniers, il est vrai, creusent les arbres pour y déposer leurs œufs, mais le mal est bien moins grand que le bien qu'ils font. Le MARTINET {Cypselus murarius), exclusivement in sectivore, chasse le matin et le soir, un peu avant le coucher du soleil. 11 passe la plus grande partie du jour en repos dans quelque trou de muraille ou dans Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. 45 les crevasses des vieilles lours. Il ne fait que deux repas, mais ils sont copieux. M. Florent Prévost, qui depuis longtemps s'occupe spécialement de la nourriture des oiseaux à l'état sauvage, a trouvé après le déjeuner ou le souper d'un martinet jusqu'à huit cents insectes dans son jabot. Les HIRONDELLES {Hirundo domesftca, urbica et riparia) vivent d'insectes comme les martinets. Pendant toute la belle saison, on les voit raser la surface des eaux et des prairies, n'ayant d'autre occupation qu une chasse con tinuelle. Le temps devient-il pluvieux ou plus froid, elles effleurent de leurs ailes les murailles pour attraper les insectes réfugiés sous les corniches. Une seule hiron delle, .selon M. Prévost, ne mange pas moins de mille insectes par jour. L'engoulevent (Caprimulgus europœus)^ appelé vulgai rement crapatAd-volant^ iêie-^hèvrej est un oiseau noc turne ; il se montre lorsque le jour est complètement tombé. Cet oiseau, presque de la taille d'une grive, est pourvu d'unebouche énorme, tenue constamment ouverte pour engloutir les insectes qu'il saisit au vol. Sa princi pale nourriture consiste en papillons de nuit dont il a soin, comme les chauves-souris, de rejeter les ailes. On voit souvent, le matin, les allées des bois jonchées d'ailes de bombyx et de géomètres dont le corps a élé dévoré par les engoulevents. Le coucou (euculiks canorus)^ accusé à tort de manger les œufs des autres oiseaux, ne vit au con Digitized by Google Î6 INTROWICTION. traire que de larves et d'insectes. M. Prévost n'a trouvé dans son estomac que des ebenîUes, des saute relles et même des chenilles velues. La femelle du coucou ne pond jamais dans le nid des oiseaux granivores, tels que pinsons, chardonnerets, etc., mais, dirigée par son instinct, elle sait parfaitement découvrir le nid d'un in sectivore pour y placer son œuf. Les TAAOUKTS {Saxicola rubetra et œnanthe), dont l'un des deux est connu sous le nom vulgaire de Motieux^ sont de petits oiseaux à plumage assez élégant; ils se tiennent à terre ou sautillent de buisson en buisson, et nous quittent au milieu de l'automne, comme les fauvettes dont ils ont les moeurs. Ils vivent exclusive ment d'insectes. Le motteux se plaît dans les terres frat chement labourées, qu'il effleure de son vol bas pour se reposer sur la motte la plus élevée, il fait une grande consommation de larves de taupins. Les BERGERONNETTES (MotocUla flixta et cinerea), ap-^ pelées vulgairement Lavandières ou Boehe-queues^ sont aussi des petits oiseaux qui vivent exclusivement de larves d'insectes. On les voit souvent dans les champs suivre le laboureur de très-près, saisir les petits vermis-* seaux mis i découvert par la charrue, ou se rapprocher des mares, des ruisseaux pour attraper sur leur bord quelques larves aquatiques. Ils nous quittent lorsque le froid devient trop vif et nous reviennent de très-bonne heure. Le MBE-noirCHB {Mftêcicapa artseotctf est assez rare Digitized by Google INTRODICTION. 87 aux environs de Paris, tandis que, dans certaines con trées du nord de la France, il est très-commun et rend d'importants services en détruisant quantité d'insectes. L'oiseau appelé beefigue, Musdcapa atrieapilla, se trouve dans une grande partie de la France, mais n'est commun que dans nos départements méridionaux et en Italie ; c'est aussi un grand destructeur d'insectes. Mal heureusement les habitants du Midi, ne comprenantpas les services qu'il rende Tagriculture» lui font une guerre acharnée. L'étourneau {Slumu$vulgaris)y vulgairement SaiMon netf omnivore, mange une grande quantité de vers et de limaces. A Tautomne.on rencontre les étourneaux par bandes très -nombreuses dans les prairies, fouillant la terre avec leur bec pour déterrer quelques larves d'in secte. On les voit aussi souvent s'abattre sur le dos des moutons dans les champs, cherchant dans la laine un gros insecte parasite (Melophagus ovinus) dont ils sont trèsfriands. Le moineau {Fringilladomesticà}^ pierrot des Parisiens, appartient à la famille des conirostres et est, comme ses congénères, un oiseau granivore. Cependant il ne dé daigne pas, de temps en temps, de faire un extra et de se riégaler d'insectes. On le voit souvent s'élancer après un hanneton, le saisir au vol, lui ouvrir le ventre d'un coup de bec et lui dévorer les entrailles, ou bien encore, après les pluies du printemps, voltiger dans les jardins» de ro sier en rosier, et visiter avec soin les tètes de ces ar bustes pour y découvrir les petites chenilles ou les chry Digitized by Google 28 INTRODrCTION. salidesdespyrales cachées entre les feuilles. Malheureu sement sa conduite est loin d'être sans reproches ; il brise les jeunes pousses des rosiers, et quand il lui prend fantaisie de se rafraîchir en se mettant à un régime vé gétal, il dévore les plants de laitue, les feuilles des œil lets, les bourgeons des pruniers, etc. Au reste, il a cela de commun avec les autres oiseaux granivores qui ont besoin, par raison de santé, de se mettre au vert de temps en temps, aussi bien en liberté qu'en capti vité. Si le pierrot n'avait que ces seuls défauts, on pourrait les lui pardonner^ mais il pousse Teffronterie jusqu'à venir sous nos yeux compléter ses repas par un dessert composé de cerises, de raisins, etc. Les jardiniers lui font particulièrement la guerre à cause de cette gourmandise, et aussi parce qu'ils ne peuvent pas ense mencer une pelouse sans que les pierrots viennent man ger les graines de graminées. On le voit par l'exposé des faits, c'est à coup sûr un ' coupable ; mais après avoir entendu en sa faveur la plai doirie de notre aimé et honorable collègue, le docteur Pigeaux, organe de la société protectrice des animaux, ne pourrait' on pas, avant de le condamner à mort, in voquer en sa faveur des circonstances atténuantes? C'est au jury des horticulteurs à prononcer. Les PIES GRiÈGHES {Jjmiui]^ dont nous possédons dans nos campagnes trois ou quatre espèces, sont classées avec raison parmi les oiseaux insectivores. Elles sont d'un caractère sauvage et féroce. Elles ne vivent pas exclusivement d'insectes, elles fout la guerre aux petits oiseaux nouvellement éclos, et ne mangent des insectes que comme hors-d'œuvre ou lorsqu'elles ne trouvent Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. «b plus d'autre nourriture. H y aune espèce entre autres, la piegrièche écorcheur {Lanius excubitor)^ qui, lorsqu'elle n'a plus faim, embroche des sauterelles ou de gros co léoptères aux épines des prunelliers, pour les retrouver dans un moment de disette. Les CORBEAUX [CoTvus corone^ cornix^ frugilegus et momdula), quatre espèces qui se rencontrent aux envi rons de Paris, pendant Thiver, mais dont Tune, la cor neille mantelée^ nous quitte au printemps pour aller nicher dans le haut Nord. Ces oiseaux sont voraces et omni vores, c'est-à-dire qu'ils mangent de tout. Ils aiment les charognes et les proies mortes, mais, comme ils n'en trouvent pas toujours, ils se jettent sur les insectes, les vers et les limaces, et en détruisent de très-grandes quan tités. Dès le milieu de l'automne et pendant tout l'hiver, on les voit, par bandes nombreuses dans les champs, piocher la terre avec leur bec puissant, pour trouver des vers blancs et autres larves qu'ils savent parfaitement bien découvrir. Ce sont des animaux dont on ne reconnaît pas assez les services. On leur reproche dans certaines con trées où Ton cultive beaucoup de noyers, de savoir trop bien l'époque de la maturité des noix. Il leur arrive aussi, dans. des moments d'égarement, de manger des petits oiseaux dans leur nid , et même quelquefois dans des fermes isolées, voisines des bois, d'enlever des petits poulets nouvellement éclos, lorsqu'ils manquent de nourriture pour leurs petits. La PIE [Corvus pica) n'est pas moins vorace que les corneilles ou corbeaux ; elle est également omnivore. Digitized by Google m INTa(»(}CT10N. Elle détruit dans les praires et les champs beaucoup de vers, de limaces et de larves dMnsectes, elle enlève aussi quelquefois des petits poulets dans les fermes. En terminant, nous unissons nos. vœux à ceux de la Société protectrice des animaux pour que Ton épargne tous les oiseaux utiles, et nous appelons, avec cette même Société, Tattention du gouvernement de la France sur une question intéressant k un si haut degré l'agricul' ture et l'horticulture* Le jour n'est pas loin, nous Tespé rons, où, éclairé par les sociétés savantes, il prendra des mesures sévères pour empêcher la destruction des cou vées. On ne verra pas toujours les départements de la Meurthe, de la Moselle, de la Meuse et des Vosges, faire impunément, au moment du passage, une aussi grande destruction de becs-fins. Ce n'est pas par centaines, mais par milliers, que les braconniers prennent, à l'aide de différents engins tendus au bord des bois et des fo rêts, des rouges-gorçes, des gorges-bleues, etc. UTILITÉ DE QUELQUES INSECTES. Les insectes pour la plupart sont les ennemis du cul tivateur sur lequel ils prélèvent de très-lourds impôts. Quelques espèces, pourtant en assez petit nombre, il est vrai, sont indispensables comme agents de salubrité, ou comme donnant des produits dont l'homme a su tirer un grand parti. Pour ce qui est relatif à la salubrité, nous citei*ons ces mouches qui viennent tious importuner jusque dans Digitized by Google INT!l09lKrnON. 34 M8 demeunds et goûter avant nous à tous nos ali monts. Elfes sont chargées d'une grande mission hygié nique, c*est de faire disparaUre toutes les substances Mrinmles dont les miasmes pestilentiels compromet traient la santé publique. Linné a pu le dire, sans trop d'exagération : trois mouches dévoreront plus vite le cadavre d'un cheval qu'un lion ne pourrait le £aire dans le même espace de temps. Les Nécro])hores sont des coléoptères dont l'utilité n'est pas moins manifeste. Us remplissent les fonctions de cTûqut'-mortê ; pour cette raison, ils ont reçu les noms de hwnûtor^ sepultor^ etc. Ces insectes enterrent à une certaine profondeur tous les petits quadrupèdes, les rep tiles, etc., qu'ils trouvent morts, pour placer dans leur cadavre le berceau de leur famille. Les Silphes ou boucliers sont des coléoptères de taille moyenne comme les nécrophores; ils contribuent puis samment à la destruction des charognes. On peut donc tes considérer aussi comme rendant des services. Une espèce de ce genre a des habitudes toutes différentes : elle ne mange pas de proie morte, elle se tient générale ment dans les arbres et vit exclusivement de chenilles et de larves de mouches à scie (fausses-chenilles)* USAGE UBS INSBCTBS EN MËDËaME. Depuis les temps les plus reculés on élève des abeilles en domesticité pour obtenir le miel qu'elles recueillent sur les fleurs. Celte matière; si utile autrefois, avant la Digitized by Google 3î INTRODUCTION. découverte du sucre, est encore fort employée de nos jours pour édulcorer des boissons. Elle est indispensable pour la fabrication du pain d'épice. Elle sert dans plu sieurs contrées à préparer une boisson fermentée ap pelée hydromel (1). Outre le miel, les abeilles produisent de la cire qui entre dans un grand nombre de compositions pharma ceutiques et dont il serait difficile de se passer dans plusieurs industries. On faisait autrefois des bougies de luxe, dites bougies d'Antony, avec de la cire blanchie à la rosée. Depuis les beaux travaux de M. Chevreul sur les corps gras et sa découverte de la stéarine, on ne fa brique plus guère de bougies de cire. Cette substance, d'un prix assez élevé, est réservée pour Téclairage des autels. Les canthàrides {Litta vesicatoria), appelées vulgaire ment mouches canthàrides^ mouches de Milan^ mouches d'Espagne^ sont des coléoptères qui rendent de très grands services à la médecine lorsqu'on a besoin d'em ployer des vésicants. Le MELOÉ (Meloe proscarabœus) de Tordre des coléop tères, est un insecte a abdomen très-dé veloppé et à élytres (4) Au moyeu âge les communications de la province avec Paris élaienl rares, les chemins impraticables et le vin y arrivait difficilement, on n'en voyait que sur la lable des grands. Les bourgeois aisés de celte grande cité naissante, avant la cervoise (sorte de bière), ne connaissaient d'autre boisson, que Thy dromel. Aujourd'hui leurs descendants ont oublié jusqu'au nom de cette liqueur, qui cependant figure encore sur le tarif des octrois de la ville de Paris. Digitized by Google INTROOICTION. 33 assez courtes, surtout dans les femelles ; il se traîne dans les lieux arides et incultes, et, lorsqu'on le saisit, il rejette par la bouche une liqueur verdàtre. Les méloés étaient jadis fort employés en médecine pour la prépa ration d'une sorte de pommade épispastique, appelée onguent de scarabées. Aujourd'hui, son usage est à peu près abandonné. Citons encore une espèce d'hémiptère de la tribu des Coccides. Le KERMÈS DU CHÊNE VERT [Chenues ilicis). Il ressemble aux kermès de nos arbres fruitiers et jouissait jadis d'une grande réputation pour réparer les forces épui sées. On en faisait un sirop dit sirop alkerméSy et une espèce d opiat appelé confection alkermés. De nos jours, il n'est plus employé qu a colorer cette liqueur bien connue des touristes, sous le nom à'Àlchemies liquido^ et vendue si cher par les religieux du couvent de Sainte-Marie-Nouvelle à Florence. LSÀGE DES INSECTES 1H)IJR L ALIMENTATION DE L HOMME. L'homme, poussé par la faim, n'étant pas, comme les animaux, dirigé par l'instinct, a dû, dans les temps primitifs, essayer de manger de toutes les substances organiques à sa portée. L'expérience et'son intelligence lui apprirent à distinguer le bon du mauvais. Selon la Bible, les Israélites, après leur fuite de la terre d'Egypte, vivaient de manne qu'ils recueillaient 3 Digitized by Google 34 INTRODUCTION. dans les déserts de TArabie, substance mucoso-sucrée qui se produit encore de nos jours, et qui^ selon le savant Ehrenberg, est le résultat de la piqûre d'une espèce de kermès [Chermes manniparuê) sur un lamarùc. Cette matière se concrète pendant la fraîcheur de la nuit et se liquéfie à Tardeur du soleil. Les Israélites, malgré leur sobriété, mangeaient sans doute quelque autre chose, car il n'est pas supposable que cette nourriture seule ait pu soutenir leurs forces pendant quarante an nées. Le même tamarix^ le môme kermès existent tou jours en Arabie et dans le Dongola; la sécrétion pro* duite par la piqûre de Tinsecte est toujours comme au temps de Moïse, mais les habitants* n'en font aucun usage aujourd'hui. Nous lisons dans TÉcriture que saint Jean, flls de Za charie, s'est nourri longtemps de sauterelles (Acridium migratorium). I^es Grecs appelaient acridophages des po pulations entières qui en vivaient; il y a encore certaines contrées de l'Afrique ou les indigènes recueillent ces in sectes dévastateurs pour les manger. Olivier et Bru guères, envoyés en Perse à la fin du siècle dernier, ont vu vendre sur les marchés de Bagdad ces Orthoptères par sacs comme des céréales. On les faisait moudre et on en préparait une sorte de brouet. On mange aussi les sau terelles cuites comme des crevettes, dans l'eau avec un peu de sel, ou simplement grillées. Au Mexique, on recueille aux bords des grands lacs, les œufs de deux espèces de punaises aquatiques {Coryxaei Notonecta)^ qui y sont excessivement communs; pour les obtenir plus facilement et en quantité, les Indiens placent dans Teau des brins de jonc ou de roseau sur les Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. 3« quels 1^ femelles de ces insectes viennent déposer leurs œu£s *, au bout de quelques jours, ils en sont entièrement couverts. Alors, on les retire de l'eau et on détache les œufs avec une brosse, pour les faire sécher et les con server. On en fait des gâteaux et des potages. M. Guérin^ Menneville nous a montré de ces œufs assez semblables à des grains de semoule. Les Romains, au rapportde Pline, considéraient comme une nourriture de luxe, la larve du Co^^u^.^Voici comment il s'exprime (liber 17, caput 37) au sujet de cette frian dise. « Vermiculantur magis mint^sve quœdam arbores wnneê tamen fere ; idque aves cavi corticis sonoexpériunr tur. Jean quidem et in hoc luxuria esse cœpit : prœgrandesr que roborum delicatiore sunt in cibo : cossos vacant : atque etiam farina saginati, hi quoqu^ altiUs fiunt... (1) » Est-ce bien du cossus gète-bois qui perfore les arbres de nos boulevards, dont Pline a voulu parler, ou n'est-ce pas plutôt de la larve de quelque grand Capricorne, tel que le Cerambyx Héros, autrefois si commun sur les vieux chênes du bois de Boulogne? Ce qui, contre l'opinion de Linné et de Fabricius, autoriserait à le croire, c'est que Pline ajoute : « Omnes tamen incerastemfigurantur sonumque eduntparvuli stridoris{^). » (4) Presque lous les arbres sont perforés par les vers, mais pas lous au même degré; les oiseaux savent parfaitement re connaître au son creux que rend Técorce sous leur bec ceux qui renferment des' larves; les plus grandes qui vivent dans le tronc des chênes sont aujourd'hui considérées comme un meU de luxe; on les appelle Cossus; on augmente leur qualité en les engraissant avec de la farine* fî) Toutes ces larves se transforment en un Céreiste (Capricorne), qui fait entendre une petite stridulation. r Digitized by Google 96 INTRODUCTION. A«ix Antilles, « la Guyane et ailleurs, on nM||ige les grosses larves Ai eharançon palmiste (Calandra paimfp' nofkli et celle d'un gros capricorne. On les rottle dans de la ferine et on les lait frire comme des goujons, ou Ton en fait SMnplement des brochettes que Ton fait rùtir devant le feu. Des personnes qui en ont goûté, nous ont assuré que c'est un mets très-délicat coMiparable à du gras de jambon. Les indigènes des environs de Natal et du pays des Ama0oak>us sont très '-friandsd'une grosse chenille velue, ^ Vit en ftrmilles nombreuses sur une e^)èce de mi mom. lis la font rôtir pour griller les poils, ei^ lorsqu'ils la trouvent cuite à point, ils la mangent avec délices. C'est méttie, selon Delegorgue, le célèbre chasseurd'éléphants etd'hiippot)otaiAes, laseule^^misequi Tait empêché^ ior^^ qu'il était chez le roi Panda, d'obtenir autant d msoctes parfaits qu'il 1 aurait désiré. Lors<pi'il découvrait sur un mimosaxine TamilledeCes chenilles prêtes à 'se métirtnor phoser et qu*il revenait le lendemain pour em recneHlir quel^ties exemplaires, il ne trouvait plus que des Cafres attablés au pied de ÏWhre. les Chinois, phis civilisés ijtte les Cafres, tirenft un excellent parti des vers à sofeildttt ih ont dévidé 4e cocon. Us les pralinent dans du sucre et les servent sur teûts tables comme des dragées. Dans la Nouvelle-Grenade, sur les marchés deBogota^ où la civilisation o^ àusrf avancée que dans nos TiBes d'^Europe, on vend à certaines époques de Tannée, par petites mesures, comme des noâ^ettes ou des cfaàlaignes, les chrysalides ^''une gravide bespérie dfmi la dienille est fort commune sur plusieurs espèces d'Acacia. On Digitized by Google INTROnrCTION. 37 les fait cuire à l'eau avec un peu de sel et de piment {Capsicum). Le docteur Vinson rapporte que, pendant que l'am bassade française dont il faisait partie, assistait au cou ronnement de Rhadamall, il remarquait avec une cer taine curiosité le fils de ce malheureux roi, enfant de 10 à 12 ans, croquant comme des amandes, pendant la cé rémonie, les chrysalides d^une espèce de bombyx propre a Madagascar, peut-être le même que celui que nous avons décrit autrefois sous le nom de bombyx Rhadama. On ne sert aucun de ces plats sur nos tables euro péennes, mais on y voit figurer d'autres animaux, qui sont toujours du ressort de l'entomologie et font partie des insectes aptères de Linné. Tels sont les homards, les langoustes, les écrevit-ses, les palémons, les cre vettes, etc. Qui sait si, dans deux mille ans, la postérité ne s'étonnera pas que nous ayons fait nos délices de ces sortes d'insectes, comme les Anglais s'étonnent, de nos jours, que, dans quelques contrées de la France, l'on mange des escargots et des grenouilles ? UTILITÉ DES INSECTES DANS L INDi:STRIE. L'insecte le plus utile à l'industrie, et dont le produit est devenu l'une des branches les plus importantes du com merce, est, sans contredit, le Bombyx du mûrier, qui file nos étoffes de luxe. Sa chenille, connue de tout le monde sous le nom de ver à $oie, est élevée en domesticité de puis les temps les plus reculés par les Chinois. Sous l'in Digitized by Google 38 îNTRODrCTION. fluence de cette longue domestication, le bombyx du mûrier a subi de telles modiflcations que Ton ne con naît plus le type sauvage ; il est de tous les bombyx fi leurs celui qui donne la meilleure soie et celui dont Tédu cation se fait le plus facilement. Malheureusement, depuis plusieurs années, et on ne sait pas au juste sous qu'elle influence les vers à soie périssent en grand nombre, par diverses épidémies. Dans cet état de choses, on a cherché i remplacer le bombyx du mûrier par d'autres bombyx sé ricigènes du genre Saturnia. MM. Eïigène Robert, Cha rannes et surtout M. Guérin-Menneville ont fait à ce sujet de nombreux essais dont le résultat, sans être négatif, n'est pas encore de nature à rassurer complètement nos magnaniers. Le premier sur lequel on avait fondé quelques espé rances, est la Saturnia Mylitta^ appelée tou$sah par les In diens. Ce grand Bombycite sur lequel nous avons publié en i8B9 une petite notice dans les Annales de la Société entomologique, donne un cocon souvent plus gros qu'un œuf de pigeon, composé d'une soie très-forte et abondante, mais qui n'est pas apte à faire ces beaux tissus que Ton obtient avec la soie de Chine. Les Indiens en font des étoffes grossières qu'ils appellent korah^ em ployées par les Européens qui résident au Bengale pour vêlements d'été et pour couvrir des meubles. Au reste, le toussah ne s'élève pas en domesticité dans l'Inde, comme nos vers à soie. On recueille les cocons à l'état sauvage, et Ton fait accoupler les papillons dont on veut obtenir la graine. Dès que les œufs sont éclos, on transporte les petites chenilles dans les jutig^/cs (bois épais), et on les place sur les arbres destinés à les nourrir, dont les prin Digitized by VjOOQ IC INTRODUCTION. 3» cipaux sont les iêffninalia alata ei tominloêay quelques zizyphus et surtout une plante que nous ne connaissons pas, qui porte le nom hindostani de lUMSun (1); lorsque rédueation est terminée, les Indiens détachent les cocons , les entassent dans des corbeilles ou des sacs, et les portent au marché, puis ils coupent les arbres à la hauteur d'en riron 1 mètre pour la commodité des gardiens qui doi vent surveiller les chenilles Tannée suivante. Le îousmA abonde dans une grande partie du Bengale jusqu'à l'Hi* malaya, principalement dans les districts de liamgurh et Hazarubaugh. Nous avons vu des cocons de toussah éclore à Paris dans les serres du jardin des plantes; mais malheureuse ment il a été impossible de les naturaliser, faute d'une nourriture et d'une température convenables. On utilise aussi dans Tlnde, aux environs de Sylhet, le cocon d'une autre salurnie, quoiqu'il soit moins riche en soie que celui du toussah. A la fin de 1853, cette es pèce que nous avons appelée Satumia Ricini a été intro duite en France et les premiers individus sont éclos éga lement au jardin des plantes. Ou les a conservés et mul tipliés pendant quelques années. Mais, comme les géné rations de cet insecte sont très-rapprochées, et que, chez nous, le ricin ne conserve pas ses feuilles pendant (4) M. Garcin do Tassy, membre de Tlnslitut et professeur d'hindoslani, que nous avons consulta h ce sujet, nous a remis la petite noie suivante : « Koosun ou plutôt Kooshoom (KOsum), est le nom du carthamm tinctorim. J'ai vérifK^ la chose exacte raenl, » Si, comme nous avons toute raison de le croire, le koo 5îm est bien le carthame, on pourrait peut-être enlever celte espèce dans le Midi où la plante croît naturellement. Digitized by Google 40 INTRODUCTION. l'hiver, comme dans le royaume d'Assam, on a été obligé de renoncer à son éducation. En 1858, M. Guérin-Menneville, qui, comme nous l'a vons déjà dit, s^occupe spécialement de la question des vers à soie, fit venir de la Chine une espèce moins déli cate, la Saturnia Cynthia^ ver à soie de TAilante, que Ton élève aujourd'hui très-facilement avec les feuilles du vernis du japon, ai{an(u^ glandulosa» Cette espèce, fort voisine du /ttcmt, produit une soie dont on peut tirer un excellent parti. Nous pensons que le ver à soie du chêne (Saturnia Yama mal) a plus d'avenir que toutes les saturnies précé dentes. Il est originaire du Japon et du nord de la Chine, 4pnt le climat a quelques rapports avec le nôtre; on peut le nourrir avec des feuilles de chêne ou de frêne. L'in secte parfait ressemble beaucoup au toussah avec lequel *MM. TatarinolTet Gaschkewitsch l'ont confondu ; mais il en est bien distinct par la forme du cocon, qui n'a pas, comme chez le toussah, une espèce de pédicule en forme d'anse. M. Guérin-Menneville l'élève avec succès et en a retiré une très-belle soie. C'est sans doute de cette Satur nide, que Latreille nous a parlé souvent, sous le nom de ver à soie du chêne ^ et dont il nous disait avoir vu le dessin entre les mains de son collègue, M. Huzard. Outre les nouveaux vers à soie dont nous venons de parler et qui, dans l'Inde, la Chine etJeJapon, fournissent une soie employée à fabriquer des étoffes solides, il y a d'autres papillons de la famille desbombycites dont les indigènes utilisent la soie. Telle est la processionnaire de Madagascar (bombyx Rhadama)^ qui vit à la manière de nos Yponomeutes en familles nombreuses sous une Digitized by Google INTRODlCnON. 41 grande tente de soie, dont les fils très-forts et presque inaltérables ne peuvent être àévidés ; les Hovas cardent cette soie comme de la filoselle et en font des tissus qui, dans les familles aisées, servent à vêtir les morts. En dehors des insectes séricigènes il en existe d'autres très-utiles à l'industrie ; telles sont les espèces suivantes : Cynips gallœ tinctoricBy espèce de petite mouche à quatre ailes qui pique les feuilles d'un chêne très-commun dans l'Asie Mineure, pour y déposer sa progéniture, et dont la piqûre produit ces excroissances connues dans le commerce sous le nom de noix de galle. On rencontre souvent,rsur les chênes de nos boife, des excroissances analogues produites par un insecte du même genre, mais qui sont loin d'avoir la propriété de celles qui viennent du Levant. La noix de galle est une substance de première nécessité ; c'est la base de notre encre à écrire, et rien ne pourrait la remplacer pour la belle teinture noire. Il existe encore un autre cynips (Cynips ficus caricœ)', avec lequel on pratique en Orient la capriQcation (1), opération qui consiste à porter sur un figuier cultivé, des figues sauvages habitées par des cynips^ lesquels en sortent tout chargés de pollen et pénètrent dans les figues dont on veut hâter la malurité. L'efficacité de cette méthode, qui n'est plus en usage que dans le Levant, est attribuée par certains auteurs uniquement à la piqûre du cynips, et non à la poussière fécondante que fournissent les fleurs mâles à l'entrée du calice commun. On sait, en effet, que, chez nous, les fruits piqués par des insectes (1) Le nom de caprification vient de «xipn/lCMs, figuier des chèvres, figuier sauvage. Digitized by Google t INTRODUCTION. mûrissent plus vite que les autres. Dans le Provence, on pratique un autre genre de caprification, on pique les flgues que l'ont veut avancer, avec une aiguille on un petit stylet de bois, trempés dans un peu d'huile d'olive. M. Rivière nous a appris que les cultivateurs des environs d'Argenteuil emploient le même procédé. On élève, depuis des siècles, au Mexique, la cochenille {C0CCU8 caeli) sur plusieurs sortes d'Opunfta, plus spécia lement sur l'espèce appelée Coccinellifera. Cet insecte ne prospère véritablement bien que dans son pays natal. On Ta transporté à Madère où il a réussi A moitié. Oïl a aussi essayé son éducation en Algérie, mais avec peu de succès. La cochenille que, pendant bien des années, on a prise pour une graine, est Tune des branches importantes du commerce du Mexique, Elle fournit la plus belle couleur écarlate et c'est d'elle que l'on retire le carmin si employé de nos jours pour la peinture de la nature morte et la réparation de la na ture vive. On recueille dans l'Inde et au Sénégal une espèce d'Arachnide rouge {Trombidium tinctorium) qui, dans ces pays, est employée aux mêmes usages que la cochenille, La cire d'arbre que l'on récolte en Chine et qui rem place trèsbien la cire des abeilles, est produite par la pi qûre d'un espèce de kermès {Ceroplastus pe^la) sur le lihus $uccedanea, arbuste très-commun dans le Céleste Empire. Les Chinois, pour le multiplier, disposent sur les branches des petites bottes de paille ou de jonc d'une forme conique; les insectes viennent se loger sous cet abri, que Ton transporte au bout de quelque» jours sur des arbres disposés à cet eflTet. Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION. 43 La gomme-laquey qui joue un si grand rôle dans Tin* dustrie, est produite dans llnde et Tlndo-Chine par une espèce de cochenille {CoccuiLaeoa) dont la piqûre sur les PUmireligiosa^ Indka et plusieurs autres espèces propres à ces contrées, ainsi que sur plusieurs espèces de Croton, détermine, sur ces plantes laiteuses, une sécrétion rési-* neuse très*abondante qui se durcit et constitue après avoir été fondue la gomme-laque du commerce. Les habitants de la côte de Guinée font une espèce de savon en broyant un earabique très-commun à certaines époques de Tannée {Hypolithus saponariui), et en le pétrissant avec de la cendre de Baobab (Àdansùnia digi tatd. EMPLOI DES INSECTES GOMME OBJETS I» LVXE, POUR LA TOILETTE DBS DAM|t8. Depuis quelques années la mode des fleurs arliQ-* cielles s'est un peu calmée, et aujourd'hui il est d'ex trême bon genre de les remplacer par des oiseaux mouches ornés des plus vives couleurs; mais il est encore de meilleur ton, dans les soirées du grand monde, d'employer des insectes aux reflets brillants, pour des coiffures de bal fort originales, que nos artistes savent arranger de diverses façons gracieuses. Ces objets étant en général d'un prix assez élevé, et n'étant pas par con séquent à^ la portée de toutes les dames, comme les fleurs et les rubans, ce luxe pourra durer encore quelques années. Digitized by Google 4i INTRODrCTiON. C'est seulement dans l'ordre des Lépidoptères et des Coléoptères que Ton trouve ces fleurs animaks. Nous avons vu Tannée dernière de ces magnifiques papillons bleus^ à reflets métalliques si purs et si brillants ; les Morpho Rheteruyr et Cypris^ destinés à ôlre posés sur la tète de grandes dames pour la modique somme de 250 fr. chacun. Ont fait aussi usage de plusieurs autres beaux Morphos bleus de rA.mérique du Sud, tels que Ménélas^ Adonis, et Anaxibie^ etc. ; ils coûtent moins cher et sont plus abordables aux femmes du demi-monde. Le reflet de tous ces papillons est d'un effet mer veilleux aux lumières, le bleu des rubans parait verdâtre à côté. Les marchands naturalistes , dont la plupart sont fort habiles, ont Tart de les préparer et de les rendre assez solides en fixant leurs ailes avec un vernis à la gomme laque sur de la gaze argentine. Dans cet état, s'il ne leur arrive aucun accident, ils peuvent servir pour deux ou trois soirées. On fait encore usage, pour coiffures, de pa pillons plus petits et qui ont aussi de très-beaux reflets d'un bleu changeant, tels que les Chlorippes Laurence et Cyanophthalme, Nous avons vu même des parures faites avec une espèce indigène, le Polyommate de la verge d'or dont la couleur d'un rouge-aurore rutilant était d'un bel effet. Les principaux coléoptères qui aient, la vogue pour coiffures, ou pour garnitures de robes, sont les suivants: Le petit hanneton bleu, Hopliafarinosa^ très-commun dans le centre de la France et dont les marchande vendent des milliers. Puis viennent les espèces exotiques à reflets éblouis Digitized by Google INTRODICTION. 45 sants, mais d'un prix beaucoup plus élevé, comme les Chrysochroa divittata eidives de la Chine ^ le Julodis equi signata de Cochinchine, le Pachyrhynque perlé des îles Philippines , les Entimus Imperialis et AugtAStus du Brésil ] VEumolpe de Surinam ; le Colaspis flavipesy etc. On monte en épingles et en boutons la Casside varioleuse et le Prœpodes Regalis, Digitized by Google Digitized by VjOOQ IC INSECTES APTÈRES DE LINNÉ. Les animaux par lesquels nous commençons, ne lODt plui pour la plupart, comme au temps de Linné, considérés comme des insectes proprement dits. Les tra vaux des savants de notre époque ont apporté de grands changements à la classification de ce grand naturaliste et ont rendu bien moins hétérogène cette masse innom brable d'articulés, dont Torganisation offre de si grandes différences. L'anatomie a puissamment contribué à faire disparaître ce qu'il y avait d'incohérent dans cette réu nion d'êtres aussi dissemblables, où se trouvaient des animaux à sùjc^ huit, dix et même à plus de cent pattes ; où les écrevisses, les crabes, les araignées, lesacarus, les poux, les puces, faisaient partie de la même classe que les papillons, les guêpes et les hannetons. Il en résulte qu'aujourd'hui le mot Aptère n'est plus qu'un adjectif signifiant dépourvu d'ailes. Mais les gens du monde et nos cultivateurs, en général, peu au courant des nouvelles méthodes, regardent toujours comme des insectes les animaux en question. Pour cette raison, ainsi que nous l'avons déjà dit dans l'introduction, nous comprenons, dans un ouvrage destiné spécialement à des agriculteurs et à des horticulteurs, les espèces nuisibles ou utiles appartenant aux classes détachées'des insectes par les entomologistes modernes. Digitized by Google 48 ^ * INSECTES AFTÉRES. Latreille {Règne animal de Cuvier) divise en trois classes les APTÈRES des anciens auteurs : les crus TACÉES, les MYRIAPODES et leS ARACHNIDES. Il IdisSC IcS autres aptères dans la classe des insectes, mais il en fait trois ordres: les thysanoures, les parasites et les suceurs. Ces trois derniers ordres ne renferment pas d'animaux nuisibles aux cultures; le premier a pour type les Po dureSy les Lépismes, entre autres, la Forbicine de Geoffroy, Lepismasaccharina, petit insecte très-vif, ressemblant à un pelit poisson argenté. Tout le monde a vu courir dans les boites, les armoires, dans les vieilles boiseries, etc., ce petit animal qui nous vient, dit-on, de rAmérique. Le second ordre, celui des parasites, ne renferme que des insectes épizoiques, c'est-à-dire qui vivent sur des animaux vivants, comme les potix^ les liothées^ etc.; entin l'ordre des suceurs est représenté parles difierentes es pèces de puces. Digitized by Google P« CLASSE. — CRUSTACÉS. On appelle Crustacés, toute une série d'animaux arti culés dont Tenveloppe externe est plus ou moins coriace, le plus souvent même d'une apparence osseuse,. et dé pourvus, comme les insectes proprement dits, de sq;ue lelte intérieur; exemple : les écrevisses, les crabes, les homards, etc. Quelques personnes, par la raison que ces animaux vivent généralement dans Teau (1), les regardent par ignorance comme des poissons : absolument comme les moines, qui considéraient comme tels, les sarcelles, les râles, les canards sauvages, les macreuses, etc., parce que ces oiseaux se tiennent habituellement sur les eaux.
| 0.538094
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Geochemical Properties
| false
|
99,860
|
github_open_source_100_2_8307
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/*jslint node: true */
'use strict';
var express = require('express'),
router = express.Router(),
gpioService = require('../services/GPIO').GPIOService;
/**
* @api {get} /api/gpio/:channel_id Get a Channel value
* @apiName GetChannelValue
* @apiGroup GPIO
*
* @apiParam {String} channel_id GPIO Channel number.
*
* @apiSuccess {string} channel Channel number.
* @apiSuccess {string} value The value of the Channel (true or false).
*
* @apiError (404) message Invalid Channel
*
* @apiError (500) message Error reading channel
*/
router.get('/api/gpio/:channel_id', function(req, res) {
var channel_id = parseInt(req.params.channel_id);
gpioService.read(channel_id, function(err, result) {
if (err) {
return res.status(err.status).json(err.message);
}
res.status(200).json(result);
});
});
/**
* @api {put} /api/gpio/:channel_id/:channel_value Updates a Channel value
* @apiName UpdateChannelValue
* @apiGroup GPIO
*
* @apiParam {String} channel_id GPIO Channel number.
* @apiParam {String} channel_value GPIO Channel value (0 or 1 or true or false).
*
* @apiError (404) message Invalid Channel
*
* @apiError (500) message Error updating channel
*/
router.put('/api/gpio/:channel_id/:channel_value', function(req, res) {
var channel_id = parseInt(req.params.channel_id),
channel_value = req.params.channel_value.toLowerCase();
channel_value = (channel_value === 'true' || channel_value === '1') ? true : false; //We want it to be a boolean
gpioService.update(channel_id, channel_value, function(err, result) {
if (err) {
return res.status(err.status).json(err.message);
}
res.status(200).json(result);
});
});
exports.router = router;
| 0.323746
| 0.810898
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API Development
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|
99,861
|
github_open_source_100_2_8308
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
const { HtmlBuilder } = require('../builder/html.builder');
const { init:initTextSetter } = require('../builder/setter/text.setter');
class H2HtmlBuilder extends HtmlBuilder {
constructor() {
super('h2');
}
configSetters(setters) {
setters.push(initTextSetter().addValue(this._text));
}
text(value) {
this._text = value;
return this;
}
}
module.exports.builder = () => new H2HtmlBuilder();
| 0.310598
| 0.712718
| 3,497
| 14,035
| 275
| 275
|
JavaScript Module
| false
|
99,862
|
1256947_1
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Caselaw_Access_Project
|
Public Domain
|
—Order unanimously affirmed without costs. Memorandum: Family Court properly granted respondent's objections to an order of the Hearing Examiner, who, following a fact-finding hearing, concluded that petitioner established a change of circumstances warranting upward modification of child support (see, Family Ct Act § 461 [b] [ii]). The only change of circumstance alleged by petitioner was that one of the parties' four children had lived with respondent for two years beginning in September 1993. The order sought to be modified by petitioner directed respondent to pay support for all four children, and respondent had been paying support pursuant to that order even during the period that one child lived with him. Even assuming, arguendo, that petitioner established a change of circumstances, the kind of change involved here does not warrant an upward modification of respondent's support obligation. (Appeal from Order of Oswego County Family Court, Roman, J.—Support.) Present—Pine, J. P., Lawton, Callahan, Doerr and Fallon, JJ..
| 0.321706
| -0.93978
| 106
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| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,863
|
github_open_source_100_2_8309
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
n1=float(input('Qual a primeira nota do aluno?'))
n2=float(input('Qual a segunda nota do aluno?'))
print(f'A média do aluno é {(n1+n2)/2}')
| 0.557944
| 0.541258
| 3,185
| 12,643
| 251
| 251
|
Programming Examples
| false
|
99,864
|
5225161_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Die Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung (abgekürzt SPV) ist eine nationale Selbsthilfeorganisation für Querschnittgelähmte mit Sitz in Nottwil. 27 regionale Rollstuhlclubs aus der ganzen Schweiz sowie über 10'000 Mitglieder (davon rund 4000 Aktivmitglieder) sind der SPV angeschlossen.
Die Abteilung Rollstuhlsport (Rollstuhlsport Schweiz, abgekürzt RSS) ist in den internationalen Gremien des Behindertensports vertreten.
Aufgaben
Die Dienstleistungen der SPV sind Teil der ganzheitlichen Rehabilitation von Para- und Tetraplegikern. Basis ist der Gedanke einer lebenslangen, weit über die rein medizinisch-therapeutischen Belange hinausreichenden Begleitung von Betroffenen.
Zum Leistungsangebot gehören die Sozial- und Rechtsberatung, Rollstuhlsport Schweiz (Förderung des Spitzen- und Breitensports), das Zentrum für hindernisfreies Bauen, der Geschäftsbereich Lebensberatung sowie der Geschäftsbereich Kultur und Freizeit mit seinem Reisebüro und der eigenen Reisebusflotte.
Geschichte
Nachdem er bereits 1975 die Schweizer Paraplegiker-Stiftung (SPS) ins Leben gerufen hatte, ist vor einem Vierteljahrhundert am 27. April 1980 die Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung (SPV) vom damaligen Chefarzt des Paraplegikerzentrums Basel, Guido A. Zäch, zusammen mit den sieben bereits damals bestehenden Rollstuhlclubs Basel, Biel, Kriens, Uster, St. Gallen, Wetzikon und Zürich gegründet worden.
Rollstuhlsport Schweiz
Aufgabe
Die Aufgabe von Rollstuhlsport Schweiz als Abteilung der Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung ist es, den Breitensport, den Sport in den Rollstuhlclubs der Schweiz und den Wettkampfsport zu fördern, denn körperliche Betätigung beeinflusst die Lebensqualität von Querschnittgelähmten und anderen Behinderten in erheblichem Masse und trägt zur Integration in allen Belangen bei.
Weitere Ziele des Rollstuhlsports sind:
Selbstvertrauen aufbauen
Selbständigkeit verbessern
Integration ermöglichen
Vorbeugen von Folgeerkrankungen
Freude und Spass an der Bewegung
Rollstuhlsport Schweiz betreut und unterstützt den Wettkampfbetrieb sowie die Förderung von Einzelsportlern oder Teams in verschiedenen Sportarten. Viele dieser figurieren auch im paralympischen Programm. Trotzdem steht nicht nur der reine Leistungsgedanke im Vordergrund. Schnupperkurse, Informationsanlässe und andere Aktivitäten sollen primär zu Sport nach Lust und Laune und regelmässigem Training anregen.
Sportarten für Rollstuhlfahrer
Folgende Sportarten sind für Querschnittgelähmte und andere Rollstuhlfahrer je nach Behinderungsgrad geeignet und werden von Rollstuhlsport Schweiz mit Kursen, Trainingsmöglichkeiten und/oder Wettkämpfen gefördert:
Badminton
Basketball
Bogenschiessen
Curling
Golf
Handbike
Kart
Leichtathletik
Powerchair-Hockey
Rugby
Sportschiessen
Schwimmen
Ski Alpin und Nordisch
Tennis
Tischtennis
Wasserski
Mitgliedschaften
Rollstuhlsport Schweiz ist Mitglied bei Swiss Olympic und Stifterin von "Swiss Paralympic". Sie leitete die Schweizer Delegationen bei den Paralympischen Spielen, z. B. 2010 in Vancouver und 2012 in London.
Bekannte Rollstuhlsportler aus der Schweiz
Heinz Frei
Edith Wolf-Hunkeler
Marcel Hug
Sandra Graf
Christoph Kunz
Publikationen
Die Mitgliederzeitschrift Paracontact erscheint viermal jährlich mit einer Auflage von rund 15'000 Exemplaren.
Um über Neuigkeiten im Rollstuhlsport zu informieren, gibt die Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung SPV das Sportmagazin go ahead heraus.
Weblinks
Website der Schweizer Paraplegiker-Vereinigung
Rollstuhlsport Schweiz
Einzelnachweise
Behindertenorganisation (Schweiz)
Organisation (Kanton Luzern)
Nottwil
Gegründet 1980.
| 0.601214
| -0.280591
| 1,523
| 5,990
| 115
| -1
|
physical phenomena water effects chemistry
| false
|
99,865
|
github_open_source_100_2_8310
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright (c) 2018, Stellapps Technologies Private Ltd.
# For license information, please see license.txt
# Author Khushal Trivedi
from __future__ import unicode_literals
import frappe
from frappe.model.document import Document
import requests
from frappe.utils import flt, now_datetime, cstr, random_string, nowdate
import json
from dairy_erp.report.farmer_net_payoff.farmer_net_payoff import get_data
from erpnext.accounts.report.accounts_receivable.accounts_receivable import ReceivablePayableReport
def make_dairy_log(**kwargs):
dlog = frappe.get_doc({"doctype":"Dairy Log"})
dlog.update({
"title":kwargs.get("title"),
"method":kwargs.get("method"),
"sync_time": now_datetime(),
"status":kwargs.get("status"),
"data":json.dumps(kwargs.get("data", "")),
"error_message":kwargs.get("message", ""),
"traceback":kwargs.get("traceback", "")
})
dlog.insert(ignore_permissions=True)
frappe.db.commit()
return dlog.name
def make_agrupay_log(**kwargs):
ag_log = frappe.get_doc({"doctype": "AgRupay Log"})
ag_log.update({
"status": kwargs.get('status'),
"request_data": kwargs.get('request_data'),
"sync_time": kwargs.get('sync_time'),
"response_text": kwargs.get('response_text'),
"response_code": kwargs.get('response_code')
})
ag_log.insert(ignore_permissions=True)
frappe.db.commit()
return ag_log.name
def make_journal_entry(**kwargs):
abbr = frappe.db.get_value("Company", kwargs.get('company'), ['abbr','cost_center'],as_dict=1)
je_doc = frappe.new_doc("Journal Entry")
je_doc.voucher_type = kwargs.get('voucher_type')
je_doc.company = kwargs.get('company')
je_doc.type = kwargs.get('type')
je_doc.is_feed_and_fodder = kwargs.get('faf_flag')
je_doc.cycle = kwargs.get('cycle')
je_doc.farmer_advance = kwargs.get('master_no')
je_doc.posting_date = kwargs.get('posting_date')
je_doc.reference_party = kwargs.get('party')
if kwargs.get("advance_type") == "Money Advance" or kwargs.get('type') == "Farmer Advance":
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('debit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'debit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'party_type': kwargs.get('party_type'),
'party': kwargs.get('party'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('credit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'credit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
elif kwargs.get("advance_type") == "Feed And Fodder Advance":
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('debit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'debit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('credit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'party_type': kwargs.get('party_type'),
'party': kwargs.get('party'),
'credit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
elif kwargs.get('type') == "Debit to Loan":
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('debit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'debit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'party': kwargs.get('party'),
'party_type': kwargs.get('party_type'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('credit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'credit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
elif kwargs.get('type') == "Farmer Loan":
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('debit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'debit_in_account_currency': flt(kwargs.get('amount') + kwargs.get('interest_amount'),2),
'party_type': kwargs.get('party_type'),
'party': kwargs.get('party'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.append('accounts', {
'account': kwargs.get('credit_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'credit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.append("accounts" , {
'account': kwargs.get('interest_account')+ abbr.get('abbr'),
'credit_in_account_currency': kwargs.get('interest_amount'),
'cost_center': abbr.get('cost_center')
})
je_doc.flags.ignore_permissions =True
je_doc.save()
je_doc.submit()
return je_doc
| 0.355136
| 0.848479
| 3,819
| 15,190
| 259
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Database Applications
| false
|
99,866
|
US-81701401-A_1
|
USPTO
|
Public Domain
|
Identification of biological (micro) organisms by detection of their homologous nucleotide sequences on arrays
ABSTRACT
A method for identifying or quantifying an organism by a detecting its nucleotide sequence among at least 4 other homologous sequences comprising amplifying nucleic acids from the organism to generate target nucleotide sequences to be detected; contacting the target nucleotide sequences with single stranded capture nucleotide sequences bound by a single predetermined link to an insoluble solid support and discriminating the binding of a target nucleotide sequence specific of an organism with a signal resulting from a hybridization by complementary base pairing between the target nucleotide sequence and its corresponding capture nucleotide sequence is disclosed. The capture nucleotide sequence is bound to the insoluble solid support at a specific location on an array having a density of at least 4 different bound single stranded capture nucleotide sequences/cm 2 . The location of the signal on the array allows identification or quantification of the organism.
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to European Application Serial Number 00870055.1 filed on Mar. 24, 2000, and European Application Serial Number 00870204.5 filed on Sep. 15, 2000, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is in the field of diagnosis and is related to a method and kit comprising reagents and agents for the identification (detection and/or quantification) of (micro)organisms among other ones having homologous nucleotide sequences by identification of their nucleotide sequences, after amplification by a single primer pair.
The invention is especially suited for the identification and/or quantification of (micro)organisms of the same genus or family or for the detection and/or quantification of related genes in a specific (micro)organism present in a biological sample.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The development of the biochips technology allows the detection of multiple nucleotide sequences simultaneously in a given assay and thus allow the identification of the corresponding organism or part of the organism. Arrays are solid supports containing on their surface a series of discrete regions bearing capture nucleotide sequences (or probes) that are able to bind (by hybridisation) to a corresponding target nucleotide sequence(s) possibly present in a sample to be analysed. If the target sequence is labelled with modified nucleotides during a reverse transcription or an amplification of said sequence, then a signal can be detected and measured at the binding location. Its intensity gives an estimation of the amount of target sequences present in the sample. Such technology allows the identification and/or quantification of genes or species for diagnostic or screening purpose.
DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART
The Company Affymetrix Inc. has developed a method for direct synthesis of oligonucleotides upon a solid support, at specific locations by using masks at each step of the processing. Said method comprises the addition of a new nucleotide on a growing oligonucleotide in order to obtain a desired sequence at a desired location. This method is derived from the photolithographic technology and is coupled with the use of photoprotective groups, which are released before a new nucleotide is added (EP-A1-0476014, U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,934, U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,854 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,270). However, only small oligonucleotides are present on the surface, and said method finds applications mainly for sequencing or identifying a pattern of positive spots corresponding to each specific oligonucleotide bound on the array. The characterization of a target sequence is obtained by comparison of such pattern with a reference. Said technique was applied to the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB gene (WO97/29212 and WO98/28444), wherein the capture nucleotide sequence comprises less than 30 nucleotides and from the analysis of two different sequences that may differ by a single nucleotide (the identification of SNPs or genotyping). Small capture nucleotide sequences (having a length comprised between 10 and 20 nucleotides) are preferred since the discrimination between two oligonucleotides differing in one base is higher, when their length is smaller.
The lack of sensitivity of the method is illustrated by the fact that it cannot detect directly amplicons resulting from genetic amplification (PCR). A double amplification with primer(s) bearing a T3 or T7 sequence and then a reverse transcription with an RNA polymerase. These RNA are cut into pieces of about 40 bases before being detected on an array (example 1 of WO 97/29212). However, long DNA or RNA fragments hybridize very slowly on capture probes present on a surface. Said methods are therefore not suited for the detection of homologous sequences since the homology varies along the sequences and so part of the pieces could hybridize on the same capture probes. Therefore, a software for the interpretation of the results should be incorporated in the method for allowing interpretation of the obtained data.
However, for gene expression array which is based on the cDNA copy of mRNA the same problem is encountered when using small capture probe arrays: the rate of hybridisation is low. Therefore, the fragments are cut into smaller species and the method requires the use of several capture nucleotide sequences in order to obtain a pattern of signals which attest the presence of a given gene (WO97/10364 and WO97/27317). Said cutting also decreases the number of labelled nucleotides, and thus reduces the obtained signal. In this case, the use of long capture nucleotide sequences give a much better sensitivity to the detection. In the many gene expression applications, the use of long capture probes is not a problem, when cDNA to be detected originates from genes having different sequences, since there is no cross-reactions between them. Long capture nucleotide sequences give the required sensitivity, however, they will hybridize to other homologous sequences.
Using membranes or nylon supports are proposed to increase the sensitivity of the detection on solid support by incorporation of a spacer between the support and the capture nucleotide sequences. Van Ness et al. (Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 19, p. 3345, 1991) describe a poly(ethyleneimine) arm for the binding of DNA on nylon membranes. The European patent application EP-0511559 describes a hexaethylene glycol dervivative as spacer for the binding of small oligonucleotides upon a membrane. When membranes like nylon are used as support, there is no control of the site of binding between the solid support and the oligonucleotides and it was observed that a poly dT tail increased the fixation yield and so the resulting hybridization (WO89/11548). Similar results are obtained with repeated capture sequences present in a polymer (U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,872).
Guo et al. (Nucleic Acids Research 22, 5456, 1994) teach the use of poly dT of 15 bases as spacer for the binding of oligonucleotides on glass with increased sensitivity of hybridization.
The document WO99/16780 describes the detection of 4 homologous sequences of the gene femA on nylon strips. However, no data on the sensitivity of the method and the detection is presented. In said document, the capture nucleotide sequences comprise between 15 and 350 bases with homology less than 50% with a consensus sequence.
The publication of Anthony et al. (Journal of clinical microbiology, Vol. 38 nr.2, p. 7817–8820) describes the use of a membrane array for the discrimination with low sensitivity of homologous sequences originated from a several related organisms. Targets to detect are rDNA amplified from bacteria by consensus PCR and the detection is obtained on nylon array containing capture nucleotide sequences for said bacteria and having the capture nucleotide sequences having between 20 and 30 bases which are covalently linked to the nylon, and there is no control of the portion of the sequence which is available for hybridization.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention aims to provide a new method and device to improve microarrays or biochips technology for the easy identification (detection and/or quantification) of a large number of (micro)organisms or portions of (micro)organisms having homologous nucleotide sequences.
A further aim of the invention is to provide such method and device which are based upon a simplified technology requiring the use of a single primer(s) in an amplification step and which allow the identification (detection and/or quantification) of a sequence target sequence by the identification and/or recording of a single spot signal upon said microarray, said signal resulting only from the specific binding of the target sequence with its corresponding capture sequence.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic presentation of the step used in the method of the invention for the identification of 5 Staphylococcus species on biochips after PCR amplification with consensus primers.
FIG. 2 represents the design of an array which allows the determination of the 5 most common Staphylococcus species, of the presence of any Staphylococcus strain and of the MecA gene.
FIG. 3 presents the effect of the length of the spacer sequence of a capture nucleotide sequence on the discrimination between sequences with different level of homology.
FIG. 4 shows the sensitivity obtained for the detection of FemA sequences from S. aureus on array bearing the small specific capture nucleotide sequence for a S. aureus and a consensus sequence.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The inventors have discovered that it is possible to drastically simplify the identification of one or several (micro)organisms among many other ones having homologous sequences by combining a single amplification using common primer pair and an identification of the possible (micro)organism(s) by detecting and possibly recording upon an array the presence of a single signal resulting only from a binding between a capture sequence and its corresponding target sequence and correlating the presence of said detected target sequence to the identification of a genetic sequence specific of said (micro)organisms). This means that the method and device according to the invention will allow the easy identification/detection of a specific sequence among other homologous sequences and its quantification (characterisation of the number of copies or presence of said organisms in a biological sample) of a target sequence, said target sequence having a nucleotide sequence specific of said (micro)organisms.
Such identification may be obtained directly, after washing of possible contaminants (unbound sequences), by detecting and possibly recording a single spot signal at one specific location, wherein said capture nucleotide sequence was previously bound and said identification is not a result of an analysis of a specific pattern upon the microarray as proposed in the system of the state of the art. Therefore, said method and device do not necessarily need a detailed analysis of said pattern by an image processing and a software analysis.
This invention was made possible by discovering that target sequences can be discriminated from other homologous ones upon an array with high sensitivity by using bound capture nucleotide sequences composed of at least two parts, one being a spacer bound by a single advantageously predetermined (defined) link to the support (preferably a non porous support) and the other part being a specific nucleotide sequence able to hybridise with the nucleotide target sequence.
Furthermore, said detection is greatly increased, if high concentrations of capture nucleotide sequences are bound to the surface of the solid support.
The present invention is related to the identification of a target sequence obtained from a biological (micro)organism or a portion thereof, especially a gene possibly present in a biological sample from at least 4 other homologous (micro)organisms or a portion thereof, said other (micro)organisms could be present in the same biological sample and have homologous nucleotide sequences with the target.
Said identification is obtained firstly by a genetic amplification of said nucleotide sequences (target and homologous sequences) by common primer pairs followed (after washing) by a discrimination between the possible different target amplified. Said discrimination is advantageously obtained by hybridization upon the surface of an array containing capture nucleotide sequences at a given location, specific for a target specific for each (micro)organism to be possibly present in the biological sample and by the identification of said specific target through the identification and possibly the recording of a signal resulting from the specific binding of this target upon its corresponding capture sequence at the expected location (single location signal being specific for the target).
According to the invention, the preferred method for genetic amplification is the PCR using two anti-parallel consensus primers which can recognise all said target homologous nucleotide sequences.
The method according to the invention further comprises the step of correlating the signal of detection (possibly recorded) to the presence of:
specific (micro)organism(s),
genetic characteristics of a sequence,
polymorphism of a sequence,
diagnostic predisposition or evolution (monitoring) of genetic diseases, including cancer of a patient (including the human) from which the biological sample has been obtained.
Therefore, said (micro)organisms could be present in any biological material including genetic material obtained (virus, fungi, bacteria, plant or animal cell, including the human). The biological sample can be also any culture medium wherein microorganisms, xenobiotics or pollutants are present, as well as such extract obtained from a plant or an animal (including a human) organ, tissue, cell or biological fluid (blood, serum, urine, etc).
The method according to the invention can be performed by using a specific identification (diagnostic and/or quantification) kit or device comprising at least an insoluble solid support upon which are bound single-stranded capture nucleotide sequences (preferably bound to the surface of the solid support by a direct covalent link or by the intermediate of a spacer) according to an array with a density of at least 4, preferably at least 10, 16, 20, 50, 100, 1000, 4000, 10 000 or more, different single-stranded capture nucleotide sequences/cm² insoluble solid support surface, said single-stranded capture nucleotide sequences having advantageously a length comprised between about 30 and about 600 bases (including the spacer) and containing a sequence of about 10 to about 60 bases, said sequence being specific for the target (which means that said bases of said sequence are able to form a binding with their complementary bases upon the sequence of the target by complementary hybridisation). Preferably, said hybridisation is obtained under stringent conditions (under conditions well-known to the person skilled in the art).
In the method and kit or device according to the invention, the capture nucleotide sequence is a sequence having between 16 and 600 bases, preferably between 30 and 300 bases, more preferably between 40 and 150 bases and the spacer is a chemical chain of at least 6.8 nm long (of at least 4 carbon chains), a nucleotide sequence of more than 30 bases or is nucleotide derivative such as PMA.
The method, kit and device according to the invention are particularly suitable for the identification of a target, being preferably biological (micro)organisms or a part of it, possibly present in a biological sample where at least 4, 12, 15 or even more homologous sequences are present. Because of the high homology, said sequence can be amplified by common primer(s) so that the identification of the target is obtained specifically by the discrimination following its binding with the corresponding capture nucleotide sequence, previously bound at a given location upon the microarray. The sensitivity can be also greater increased if capture nucleotide sequences are spotted to the solid support surface by a robot at high density according to an array. A preferred embodiment of the invention is to use an amount of capture nucleotide sequences spotted on the array resulting in the binding of between about 0.01 to about 5 pmoles of sequence equivalent/cm² of solid support surface.
The kit or device according to the invention may also incorporate various media for performing the method according to the invention. Said kit (or device) can also be included in an automatic apparatus such as a high throughput screening apparatus for the detection and/or the quantification of multiple nucleotide sequences present in a biological sample to be analysed. Said kit or apparatus can be adapted for performing all the steps or only several specific steps of the method according to the invention.
In the method, the kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention, the length of the bound capture nucleotide sequences is preferably comprised between about 30 and about 600 bases, preferably between about 40 and about 400 bases and more preferably between about 40 and about 100 bases. Longer nucleotide sequences can be used if they do not lower the binding yield of the target nucleotide sequences usually by adopting hairpin based secondary structure or by interaction with each other.
If the homology between the sequences to be detected is low (between 30 and 60%), parts of the sequence which are specific in each sequence can be used for the design of specific capture nucleotide sequences binding each of the different target sequences. However, it is more difficult to find part of the sequence sufficiently conserved as to design “consensus” sequences which will amplify or copy all desired sequences. If one pair of consensus primers is not enough to amplify all the homologous sequences, then a mixture of two or more primers pairs is added in order to obtain the desired amplifications. The minimum homologous sequences amplified by the same consensus primer is two, but there is no limitation to said number.
If the sequences show high degree of homology, higher than 60% and even higher than 90%, then the finding of common sequence for consensus primer is easily obtained, but the choice for specific capture nucleotide sequences become more difficult.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the capture nucleotide sequences are chemically synthesised oligonucleotides sequences shorter than 100 bases (easily performed on programmed automatic synthesiser). Such sequences can bear a functionalised group for covalent attachment upon the support, at high concentrations.
Longer capture nucleotide sequences are preferably synthesised by PCR amplification (of a sequence incorporated into a plasmid containing the specific part of the capture nucleotide sequence and the non specific part (spacer)).
In a further embodiment of the invention, the specific sequence of the capture nucleotide sequence is separated from the surface of the solid support by at least about 6.8 nm long, equivalent to the distance of at least 20 base pair long nucleotides in double helix form.
In the method, kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention, the portion(s) (or part(ies)) of the capture nucleotide sequences complementary to the target is comprised between about 10 and about 60 bases, preferably between about 15 and about 40 bases and more preferably between about 20 and about 30 bases. These bases are preferably assigned as a continuous sequence located at or near the extremity of the capture nucleotide sequence. This sequence is considered as the specific sequence for the detection. In a preferred form of the invention, the sequence located between the specific capture nucleotide sequence and the support is a non specific sequence.
In another embodiment of the invention, a specific nucleotide sequence comprising between about 10 and about 60 bases, preferably between about 15 and about 40 bases and more preferably between about 20 and about 30 bases is located on a capture nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence between about 30 and about 600 bases.
The method, kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention are suitable for the detection and/or the quantification of a target which is made of DNA or RNA, including sequences which are partially or totally homologous upon their total length.
The method according to the invention can be performed even when a homology (or sequence identity) between a target present and other molecules is greater than 30%, greater than 60% and even greater than 80%.
In the method, kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention, the capture nucleotide sequences are advantageously covalently bound (or fixed) upon the insoluble solid support, preferably by one of their extremities as described hereafter.
The method according to the invention gives significant results which allows identification (detection and quantification) with amplicons in solutions at concentration of lower than about 10 nM, of lower than about 1 nM, preferably of lower than about 0.1 nM and more preferably of lower than about 0.01 nM (=1 fmole/100 μl).
Another important aspect of this invention is to use a high concentration of capture nucleotide sequences on the surface. If the concentration too is low, the yield of the binding is lower and is undetectable. Concentrations of capture nucleotide sequences between about 100 and about 3,000 nM in the spotting solutions are preferred. However, concentrations as low as about 100 nM still give positive results in favourable cases (when the yield of covalent fixation is high or when the target to be detected is single-stranded and present in high concentrations). Such low spotting concentrations would give density of capture nucleotide sequence as low as 20 fmoles per cm². On the other side, higher density was only limited in the assays by the concentrations of the capture solutions, but concentrations still higher than 3,000 nM give good results.
The use of these very high concentrations and long probes are two unexpected characteristic features of the invention. The theory of DNA hybridisation proposed that the rate of hybridisation between two DNA complementary sequences in solution is proportional to the square root of the DNA length, the smaller one being the limiting factor (Wetmur, J. G. and Davidson, N. 1968, J. Mol. Biol. 3, 584). In order to obtain the required specificity, the specific sequences of the capture nucleotide sequences had to be smaller compared to the target. Moreover, the targets were obtained after PCR amplification and were double-stranded so that they reassociate in solution much faster than to be small sequences fixed on a solid support where diffusion is low thus reducing even more the rate of reaction. It was unexpected to observe a so large increase in the yield of hybridisation with the same short specific sequence.
The amount of a target which “binds” on the spots is very small compared to the amount of capture nucleotide sequences present. So there is a large excess of capture nucleotide sequence and there was no reason to obtain the binding with even more capture nucleotide sequences.
One may perform the detection on the full length sequence after amplification or copy and when labelling is performed by incorporation of labelled nucleotides, more markers are present on the hybridised target making the assay sensitive.
The method, kit and apparatus according to the invention may comprise the use of other bound capture nucleotide sequences, which may have the same characteristics as the previous ones and may be used to identifying a target from another group of homologous sequences (preferably amplified by common primer(s)).
In the microbiological field, one may use consensus primer(s) specific for each family, or genus, of microorganisms and then identify some or all the species of these various family in an array by using capture nucleotide sequences of the invention. Detection of other sequences can be advantageously performed on the same array (i.e. by allowing an hybridisation with a standard nucleotide sequence used for the quantification, with consensus capture nucleotide sequences for the same or different micro-organisms strains, with a sequence allowing a detection of a possible antibiotic resistance gene by micro-organisms or for positive or negative control of hybridisation). Said other capture nucleotide sequences have (possibly) a specific sequence longer than 10 to 60 bases and a total length as high as 600 bases and are also bound upon the insoluble solid support (preferably in the array made with the other bound capture nucleotide sequences related to the invention). A long capture nucleotide sequence may also be present on the array as consensus capture nucleotide sequence for hybridisation with all sequences of the microorganisms from the same family or genus, thus giving the information on the presence or not of a microorganism of such family, genus in the biological sample.
The same array can also bear capture nucleotide sequences specific for a bacterial group (Gram positive or Gram negative strains or even all the bacteria).
Another application is the detection of homologous genes from a consensus protein of the same species, such as various cytochromes P450 by specific capture nucleotide sequences with or without the presence of a consensus capture nucleotide sequence for all the cytochromes possibly present in a biological sample. Such detection is performed at the gene level by reverse transcription into cDNA.
The solid support according to the invention can be or can be made with materials selected from the group consisting of gel layers, glasses, electronic devices, silicon or plastic support, polymers, compact discs, metallic supports or a mixture thereof (see EP 0 535 242, U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,257, WO99/35499, U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,270, etc). Advantageously, said solid support is a single glass slide which may comprise additional means (barcodes, markers, etc.) or media for improving the method according to the invention.
The amplification step used in the method according to the invention is advantageously obtained by well known amplification protocols, preferably selected from the group consisting of PCR, RT-PCR, LCR, CPT, NASBA, ICR or Avalanche DNA techniques.
Advantageously, the target to be identified is labelled prior to its hybridisation to the single-stranded capture nucleotide sequences. Said labelling (with known techniques from the person skilled in the art) is preferably also obtained upon the amplified sequence prior to the denaturation (if the method includes an amplification step).
Advantageously, the length of the target is selected as being of a limited length preferably between 100 and 200 bases, preferably between 100 and 400 bases and more preferably between 100 and 800 bases. This preferred requirement depends on the possibility to find consensus primers to amplify the required sequences possibly present in the sample. Too long target may reallocate faster and adopt secondary structures which can inhibit the fixation on the capture nucleotide sequences.
Detection of genes is also a preferred application of this invention. The detection of homologous genes is obtained by first reverse transcription of the mRNA and then amplification by consensus primers as described in this invention.
According to a further aspect of the present invention, the method, kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention is advantageously used for the identification of different Staphylococcus species or variants, preferably the S. aureus, the S. epidermidis, the S. saprophyticus, the S. hominis or the S. haemolyticus for homologous organisms present together or separately in the biological sample, said identification being obtained by detecting the genetic variants of the FemA gene in said different species, preferably by using a common location in the FemA genetic sequence.
Preferably, the primer(s) and the specific portions of said FemA sequence used for obtaining amplified products are the ones described hereafter in example 2. These primers have been selected as consensus primers for the amplification of the FemA genes of all of the 16 Staphylococcus tested and they probably will amplify the FemA from all other possible Staphylococcus species.
The detection of the 12 MAGE according to the invention is presented in example 9. The array allows to read the MAGE number by observation of the lines positive for signal bearing the specific capture probes.
The same application was developed for the Receptors Coupled to the G Proteins (RCGP). These receptors bind all sort of ligands and are responsible for the signal transduction to the cytoplasm and very often to the nucleus by modulating the activity of the transcriptional factors. Consensus primers are formed for the various subtypes of RCGP for dopamine and for serotonine and histamine (examples 10–12). The same is possible for the histamine and other ligands.
The detection of the various HLA types is also one of the applications of the invention (example 13). HLA are homologous sequences which differ from one individual to the other. The determination of the HLA type is especially useful in tissue transplantation in order to determine the degree of compatibility between the donor and the recipient. It is also a useful parameter for immunisation. Given the large number of subtypes and the close relation between the homologous sequences it was not always possible to perfectly discriminate one sequence among all the other ones and for some of them there was one or two cross-reactions. In these cases, another capture probe was added on the array which gives a reaction with the sequence to be detected and another cross-reaction, in order to make the identification absolute.
There are several forms of Cytochrome P450 which are also homologous sequences. Example 14 presents the design of the array to identify several cytochromes P450 after reverse transcription and amplification with consensus primers.
The detection of polymorphism sequences (which can be considered as homologous even if differing by only one base) can be made also by the method according to the invention. This is especially useful for the Cytochrome P450 since the presence of certain isoforms modifies the metabolism of some drugs.
Another aspect of the present invention is related to any part of biochips or microarray comprising said above described sequences (especially the specific capture nucleotide sequence described in the examples) as well as a general screening method for the identification of a target sequence specific of said microorganisms of family type discriminated from homologous sequences upon any type of microarrays or biochips by any method.
After hybridisation on the array, the target sequences can be detected by current techniques. Without labelling, preferred methods are the identification of the target by mass spectrometry now adapted to the arrays (U.S. Pat. No. 5,821,060) or by intercalating agents followed by fluorescent detection (WO97/27329 or Fodor et al., Nature 364, p. 555 (1993)).
The labelled associated detections are numerous. A review of the different labelling molecules is given in WO 97/27317. They are obtained using either already labelled primer or by incorporation of labelled nucleotides during the copy or amplification step. A labelling can also be obtained by ligating a detectable moiety onto the RNA or DNA to be tested (a labelled oligonucleotide, which is ligated, at the end of the sequence by a ligase). Fragments of RNA or DNA can also incorporate labelled nucleotides at their 5′OH or 3′OH ends using a kinase, a transferase or a similar enzyme.
The most frequently used labels are fluorochromes like Cy3, Cy5 and Cy7 suitable for analysing an array by using commercially available array scanners (General Scanning, Genetic Microsystem). Radioactive labelling, cold labelling or indirect labelling with small molecules recognised thereafter by specific ligands (streptavidin or antibodies) are common methods. The resulting signal of target fixation on the array is either fluorescent, colorimetric, diffusion, electroluminescent, bio- or chemiluminescent, magnetic, electric like impedometric or voltametric (U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,527). A preferred method is based upon the use of the gold labelling of the bound target in order to obtain a precipitate or silver staining which is then easily detected and quantified by a scanner.
Quantification has to take into account not only the hybridisation yield and detection scale on the array (which is identical for target and reference sequences) but also the extraction, the amplification (or copying) and the labelling steps.
The method according to the invention may also comprise means for obtaining a quantification of target nucleotide sequences by using a standard nucleotide sequence (external or internal standard) added at known concentration. A capture nucleotide sequence is also present on the array so as to fix the standard in the same conditions as said target (possibly after amplification or copying); the method comprising the step of quantification of a signal resulting from the formation of a double stranded nucleotide sequence formed by complementary base pairing between the capture nucleotide sequences and the standard and the step of a correlation analysis of signal resulting from the formation of said double-stranded nucleotide sequence with the signal resulting from the double stranded nucleotide sequence formed by complementary base pairing between capture nucleotide sequence(s) and the target in order to quantify the presence of the original nucleotide sequence to be detected and/or quantified in the biological sample.
Advantageously the standard is added to the initial biological sample or after the extraction step and is amplified or copied with the same primers and/or has a length and a GC content identical or differing by no more than 20% from the target. More preferably, the standard can be designed as a competitive internal standard having the characteristics of the internal standard found in the document WO98/11253. Said internal standard has a part of its sequence common to the target and a specific part which is different. It also has at or near its two ends sequences which are complementary of the two primers used for amplification or copy of the target and similar GC content (WO98/11253). In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the common part of the standard and the target, means a nucleotide sequence which is homologous to all target amplified by the same primers (i.e. which belong to the same family or organisms to be quantified).
Preferably, the hybridisation yield of the standard through this specific sequence is identical or differ no more than 20% from the hybridisation yield of the target sequence and quantification is obtained as described in WO 98/11253.
Said standard nucleotide sequence, external and/or internal standard, is also advantageously included in the kit (device) or apparatus according to the invention, possibly with all the media and means necessary for performing the different steps according to the invention (hybridisation and culture media, polymerase and other enzymes, standard sequences(s), labelling molecule(s), etc.).
Advantageously, the biochips also contain spots with various concentration (i.e. 4) of labelled capture nucleotide sequences. These labelled capture nucleotide sequences are spotted from known concentrations solutions and their signals allow the conversion of the results of hybridisation into absolute amounts. They also allow to test for the reproducibility of the detection.
The solid support (biochip) can be inserted in a support connected to another chamber and automatic machine through the control of liquid solution based upon the use of microfluidic technology. By being inserted into such a microlaboratory system, it can be incubated, heated, washed and labelled by automates, even for previous steps (like extraction of DNA, amplification by PCR) or the following step (labelling and detection). All these steps can be performed upon the same solid support.
The present invention will be described in details in the following non-limiting examples in reference to the enclosed figures.
EXAMPLES Example 1 Detection of Homologous FemA Sequences on Array Bearing Long Specific Capture Nucleotide Sequences
Production of the Capture Nucleotide Sequences and of the Targets
The FemA genes corresponding to the different Staphylococci species were amplified separately by PCR using the following primers:
(SEQ ID NO: 1) S. aureus 1: 5′ CTTTTGCTGATCGTGATGACAAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2) S. aureus 2: 5′ TTTATTTAAAATATCACGCTCTTCG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 3) S. epidermidis 1: 5′ TCGCGGTCCAGTAATAGATTATA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 4) S. epidermidis 2: 5′ TGCATTTCCAGTTATTTCTCCC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 5) S. haemolyticus 1: 5′ ATTGATCATGGTATTGATAGATAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) S. haemolyticus 2: 5′ TTTAATCTTTTTGAGTGTCTTATAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7) S. saprophyticus 1: 5′ TAAAATGAAACAACTCGGTTATAAG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 8) S. saprophyticus 2: 5′ AAACTATCCATACCATTAAGTACG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) S. hominis 1: 5′ CGACCAGATAACAAAAAAGCACAA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 10) S. hominis 2: 5′ GTAATTCGTTACCATGTTCTAA 3′
The PCR was performed in a final volume of 50 μl containing: 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM Tris pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl, 0.8 μM of each primer, 50 μM of each dNTP, 50 μM of biotin-16-dUTP), 1.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase Biotools, 7.5% DMSO, 5 ng of plasmid containing FemA gene. Samples were first denatured at 94° C. for 3 min. Then 40 cycles of amplification were performed consisting of 30 sec at 94° C., 30 sec at 60° C. and 30 sec at 72° C. and a final extension step of 10 min at 72° C. Water controls were used as negative controls of the amplification. The sizes of the amplicons obtained using these primers were 108 bp for S. saprophyticus, 139 bp for S. aureus, 118 bp for S. hominis, 101 bp for S. epidermidis and 128 bp for S. haemolyticus. The sequences of the capture nucleotide sequences were the same as the corresponding amplicons but they were single strands.
The biochips also contains positive controls which were CMV amplicons hybridised on their corresponding capture nucleotide sequence and negative controls which were capture nucleotide sequences for a HIV-I sequence on which the CMV could not bind.
Capture Nucleotide Sequence Immobilisation
The protocol described by Schena et al (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 10614 (1996)) was followed for the grafting of aminated DNA to aldehyde derivatised glass. The aminated capture nucleotide sequences were spotted from solutions at concentrations ranging from 150 to 3000 nM. The capture nucleotide sequences were printed onto the silylated microscopic slides with a home made robotic device (250 μm pins from Genetix (UK) and silylated (aldehyde) microscope slides from Cell associates (Houston, USA)). The spots have 400 μm in diameter and the volume dispensed is about 0.5 nl. Slides were dried at room temperature and stored at 4° C. until used.
Hybridisation
At 65 μl of hybridisation solution (AAT, Namur, Belgium) were added 5 μl of amplicons and the solution was loaded on the array framed by an hybridisation chamber. For positive controls we added 2 nM biotinylated CMV amplicons of 437 bp to the solution; their corresponding capture nucleotide sequences were spotted on the array. The chamber was closed with a covership and slides were denatured at 95° C. for 5 min. The hybridisation was carried out at 60° for 2 h. Samples were washed 4 times with a washing buffer.
Colorimetric Detection
The glass samples were incubated 45 min at room temperature with 800 μl of streptavidin labelled with colloidal gold 1000× diluted in blocking buffer (Maleic buffer 100 mM pH 7.5, NaCl 150 mM, Gloria milk powder 0.1%). After 5 washes with washing buffer, the presence of gold served for catalysis of silver reduction using a staining revelation solution (AAT, Namur, Belgium). The slides were incubated 3 times 10 min with 800 μl of revelation mixture, then rinsed with water, dried and analysed using a microarray reader. Each slides were then quantified by a specific quantification software.
Fluorescence Detection
The glass samples were incubated 45 min at room temperature with 800 μl of Cyanin 3 or Cyanin 5 labelled streptavidin. After washing the slides were dried before being stored at room temperature. The detection was performed in the array-scanner GSM 418 (Genetic Microsystem, Woburn, Mass., USA). Each slide was then quantified by a specific quantification software.
The results give a cross-reaction between the species. For example, epidermidis amplicons hybridised on its capture probe give a value of 152, but give a value of 144, 9, 13 and 20 respectively for the S. saprophyticus, S. aureus, S. haemolyticus and S. hominis capture probes.
Example 2 Detection of Homologous FemA Sequences on Array Bearing Small Specific Capture Nucleotide Sequences
Protocols for capture nucleotide sequences immobilisation and silver staining detection were described in example 1 but the capture nucleotide sequences specific of the 5 Staphylococcus species were spotted at concentrations of 600 nM and are the following:
Name Capture nucleotide sequence Sequence (5′ -> 3′) ATaur02 ATTTAAAATATCACGCTCTTCGTTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 11) ATepi02 ATTAAGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 12) Athae02 ATTTAAAGTTTCACGTTCATTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 13) AThom02 ATTTAATGTCTGACGTTCTGCATGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 14) ATsap02 ACTTAATACTTCGCGTTCAGCCTTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 15)
In this case, the targets are fragments of the FemA gene sequence corresponding to the different Staphylococci species which were amplified by a PCR using the following consensus primers:
(SEQ ID NO: 16) APstap03: 5′ CCCACTCGCTTATATAGAATTTGA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 17) APstap04: 5′ CCACTAGCGTACATCAATTTTGA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 18) APstap05: 5′ GGTTTAATAAAGTCACCAACATATT 3′
This PCR was performed in a final volume of 100 μl containing: 3 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM Tris pH 8, 1 μM of each primer, 200 μM of dACTP, dCTP and dGTP, 150 μM of dTTP, 50 μM of biotin-16-dUTP, 2.5 U of Taq DNA polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Allemagne), 1 U of Uracil-DNA-glycosylase heat labile (Boehringer Mannheim, Allemagne), 1 ng of plasmid containing FemA A gene. Samples were first denatured at 94° C. for 5 min. Then 40 cycles of amplification were performed consisting of 1 min at 94° C., 1 min at 50° C. and 1 min at 72° C. and a final extension step of 10 min at 72° C. Water controls were used as negative controls of the amplification. The sizes of the amplicons obtained using these primers were 489 bp for all species. FIG. 4 shows only the results obtained with the amplicons for S. epidermidis and S. xylosus.
The hybridisation solution was prepared as in example 1 and loaded on the slides. Slides were denatured at 98° C. for 5 min. Hybridisation are carried out at 50° C. for 2 h. Samples are then washed 4 times with a washing buffer. The values were very low and almost undetectable.
Example 3 Effect of the Spacer Length on the Sensitivity of Detection of Homologous FemA Sequences on Array Bearing Long Capture Nucleotide Sequences with a Small Specific Sequence
The experiment was conducted as described in example 2 with the same amplicons but the capture nucleotide sequences used are the following:
Name Capture nucleotide sequence Sequence (5′ -> 3′) Ataur02 ATTTAAAATATCACGCTCTTCGTTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 11) ATepi02 ATTAAGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 12) Atepi03 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAAATTAAGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 19) ATepi04 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGATTAAGCA CATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 20) ATepi05 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGTCTTCTTAA AATCTAAAGAAATTAAGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 21) ^(a)The spacer sequences are underlined
The target amplicons were 489 bp long while the capture nucleotide sequences were 47, 67 or 87 bases single-stranded DNA with a specific sequence of 27 bases (FIG. 3).
Example 4 Specificity of the Detection of FemA Sequences from Different Bacterial Species on the Same Array Bearing Long Capture Nucleotide Sequences with a Small Specific Sequence
The experiment was conducted as described in example 2 but the capture nucleotide sequences were spotted at concentrations of 3000 nM and are the following:
Name Capture nucleotide sequence Sequence (5′ -> 3′) Ataur27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGATTT AAAATATCACGCTCTTCGTTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 22) Atepi27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGATTA AGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 23) Athae27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGATTT AAAGTTTCACGTTCATTTTGTAA (SEQ ID NO: 24) Athom27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGATTT AATGTCTGACGTTCTGCATGAAG (SEQ ID NO: 25) Atsap27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCGACTT AATACTTCGCGTTCAGCCTTTAA (SEQ ID NO: 26) ^(a)The spacer sequence is underlined. The specific sequences were of 27 bases
The targets are fragments of the FemA gene sequence corresponding to the different Staphylococci species which were amplified by PCR using the following consensus primers:
APcons3-1: 5′ TAAYAAARTCACCAACATAYTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27) APcons3-2: 5′ TYMGNTCATTTATGGAAGATAC 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28)
A consensus sequence is present on the biochips which detects all the tested Staphylococci species. All target sequences were amplified by PCR with the same pair of primers.
The size of the amplicons obtained using these primers were 587 bp for all species. The consensus sequence capture probe was a 489 base long single stranded DNA complementary to the amplicons of S. hominis as amplified in example 2. The detection was made in fluorescence. Homology between the consensus capture probe and the sequences of the femA from the 15 S. species were between 66 and 85%. All the sequences hybridized on this consensus capture probe.
Example 5 Effect of the Length of the Specific Sequence of the Capture Nucleotide Sequence on the Discrimination Between Homologous Sequences
The experiment was conducted as described in example 4 but at a temperature of 43° C. and the capture nucleotide sequences used are presented in the table here joined. The numbers after the names indicate the length of the specific sequences.
The FemA amplicons of S. anaerobius (a subspecies of S. aureus) were hybridised on array bearing capture nucleotide sequences of 67 single stranded bases with either 15, 27 and 40 bases specific for the S. aureus, anaerobius and epidermidis at their extremities. The difference between the capture nucleotide sequences of anaerobius and aureus was only one base in the 15 base capture nucleotide sequence and 2 in the 27 and the 40 bases.
The amplicons of the FemA from the three Staphylococcus species were hybridised on the arrays.
Name Capture nucleotide sequence Sequence (5′ -> 3′) Ataur15 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG TCTTCTTAAAATGCTCTTCGTTTAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 29) Ataur27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG ATTTAAAATATCGCTCTTCGTTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 22) Ataur40 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAAATCTTTATTTAAA ATATCACGCTCTTCGTTTAGTTCTTT (SEQ ID NO: 30) Atana15 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG TCTTCTTAAAATGCTCTTCATTTAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 31) Atana27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG GTTTAAAATATCACGCTCTTCATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 32) Atana40 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAAATCTTTGTTTAAA ATATCACGCTCTTCATTTAGTTCTTT (SEQ ID NO: 33) Atepi15 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG TCTTCTTAAAATTTTCATTATTTAGTT (SEQ ID NO: 34) Atepi27 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAATGGAAGGAAGCG ATTAAGCACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAG (SEQ ID NO: 23) Atepi40 GAATTCAAAGTTGCTGAGAATAGTTCAAATCTTTATTAAG CACATTTCTTTCATTATTTAGTTCCTC (SEQ ID NO: 35)
Example 6 Sensitivity of the Detection of FemA Sequences of Staphylococcus Aureus on Arrays Bearing Specific Sequence as Proposed by this Invention and the Consensus Sequence (FIG. 4)
The experiment was conducted as described in example 4 with the capture nucleotide sequences spotted at concentrations of 3000 nM. The bacterial FemA sequences were serially diluted before the PCR and being incubated with the arrays.
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COMMUNIQUE DE PRESSE
Carbios et Indorama Ventures confirment leur partenariat
pour la construction en France de la première usine
de biorecyclage d e PET
Clermont -Ferrand, France, et Bangkok, Tha ïland e – 1 juin 2023 (18h30 CET) – Carbios (Euronext
Growth Paris: ALCRB), pionnier dans le développement et l'industrialisation de technologies
biologiques pour réinventer le cycle de vie des plastiques et des textiles , et Indorama Ventures Public
Company Limited (IVL) (Bloomberg ticker IVL.TB) , un producteur mondial de produits chimiques
durables, annoncent auj ourd'hui la signature d'un protocole d'intention en vue de former une Joint -
Venture pour la construction en France1 de la première usine de biorecyclage de PET au monde.
Sur la base et sous réserve des conditions générales du protocole d'intention , Indorama Ventures
prévoit de mobiliser environ 110 millions d'euros pour la Joint -Venture en fonds propres et en prêts
non convertibles2, dans l'attente de la documentation technique finale du projet et des études finales
de faisabilité économique . Les deux parties ont reconnu leur soutien mutuel à la mise en œuvre du
projet et leur intention de finaliser la documentation du contrat avant l a fin de l'année 2023.
Sous réserve des résultats de cette première usine en France, Indorama Ventures confirme son
intention d’étendre potentiellement la technologie à d'autres sites producteurs de PET en vue de futurs
développements.
Selon l’accord signé aujourd ’hui, Carbios, qui a déposé une demande de permis pour l ’usine en
décembre 2022, devrait acquérir 13 hectares de terrain de l ’usine de PET existante d ’Indorama
Ventures à Longlaville et s ’attend à recevoir les permis d ’ici le troisième trimestre 2023, ce qui
permettra de commencer la construction d ’ici la fin de cette année et de viser une mise en service en
2025. La surface du terrain offre la possibilité de doubler la capacité. Conformément au protocole
d’intention , Indorama Ventures assurera la repolymérisation de 100 % de la productio n et les deux
partenaires collaboreront pour assurer l'approvisionnement en matières premières.
1 Cf. communiqué de presse publié par Carbios et Indorama Ventures le 23 février 2022
2 Les fonds propres et les prêts non convertibles accordés par Indorama Ventures ne peuvent l'être qu'à la Joint -
Venture et non à Carbios
L'investissement total pour la nouvelle usine est réestimé à envir on 230 millions d'euros, en tenant
compte de l'impact récent de l'inflation. Le projet sera financé par les sommes mobilisées par
Indorama Ventures , les aides de l'Etat français et de la Région Grand -Est3, et par la prise de
participation de Carbios dans la Joint -Venture . Une partie de l'apport de fonds propres de Carbios dans
la Joint -Venture sera pour partie financé par une part de la trésorerie actuelle de Carbios (soit 86
millions d'euros au 30 avril 202 3). Carbios étudie activement les meilleures options pour financer le
montant restant et choisira la solution et le calendrier les plus appropriés en fonction des conditions
de marché.
Ce projet s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'ambition Vision 2030 d'Indorama Ventures, qui vise à renforcer son
leadership en tant qu'entreprise chimique durable à l'échelle mondiale. Les engagements ESG de
l'entreprise comprennent une dépense de 1,5 milliard de dollars pour augmenter sa capacité de
recyclage à 50 milliards de bou teilles PET par an d'ici 2025 et à 100 milliards de bouteilles par an d'ici
2030. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, Indorama Ventures, le plus grand producteur mondial de résine de
PET recyclé utilisée dans les bouteilles de boissons, investit dans de nouvelle s technologies avancées
de recyclage, en complément d’une extension de son empreinte mondiale de sites de recyclage
mécanique, dont deux figurent en France.
Carbios a développé une technologie unique de dépolymérisation enzymatique qui permet de recycler
efficacement et sans solvant les déchets PET plastiques et textiles en produits de qualité équivalente
au PET vierge , dans le but de parvenir à une véritable circularité. Carbios a pour ambition de devenir
d'ici 2035 un fournisseur de technologie de pointe pour le recyclage du PET. Après des opérations
réussies dans son usine de démonstration à Clermont -Ferrand en France, Carbios collabore avec
Indorama Ventures depuis plus d'un an pour évaluer la faisabilité commerciale et technique de la
technologie. La premiè re usine de recyclage PET enzymatique au monde , basée à Longlaville , aura une
capacité de traitement d'environ 50 000 tonnes de déchets PET post -consommation par an, y compris
des déchets qui ne sont pas recyclables mécaniquement, soit l’équivalent de 2 mi lliards de bouteilles
PET colorées ou 2,5 milliards de barquettes PET.
Yash Lohia, président du Conseil ESG d'Indorama Ventures : "Nous sommes encouragés par les
résultats positifs de l'audit préalable conduit par nos équipes sur la solidité technique de la technologie
de Carbios. Nous sommes convaincus que ce développement innovant pourrait constituer un ajout
précieux à la gamme de solutions pour l'économie circulaire des plastiques et des fibres PET. Sous
réserv e de la réussite du projet de Longlaville, nous envisageons d'étendre la technologie de Carbios à
d'autres sites dans le monde en vue d'un développement futur."
Emmanuel Ladent, Directeur Général de Carbios : "L'annonce d'aujourd'hui marque une étape
impo rtante dans notre partenariat avec Indorama Ventures et un grand pas en avant dans la
réalisation de notre usine commune de biorecyclage du PET, la première du genre. La due diligence
technique entreprise conjointement avec Indorama prouve la robustesse de la technologie de rupture
de Carbios. Chez Carbios, nous nous engageons à faire entrer le plastique et les textiles dans
l'économie circulaire. Notre première unité de référence à Longlaville est un tremplin pour notre
déploiement industriel et commercia l dans le monde entier afin d'atteindre nos objectifs de leadership
dans le recyclage avancé du PET."
# # #
3 Cf. communiqué de press e publié par Carbios le 31 mai 2023
A propos de Carbios :
Carbios est une entreprise de biotechnologie qui développe et industrialise des solutions biologiques pour réinventer le cycle de vie des
plastiques et textiles. Inspirée par la nature, Carbios développe des procédés biologique s à base d’enzymes pour déconstruire les
plastiques avec pour mission d’éviter la pollution plastique et textile, et d'accélérer la transition vers une économie circu laire. Ses deux
technologies innovantes dédiées au biorecyclage du PET et à la biodégradat ion du PLA sont en phase de en phase de montée en
échelle industrielle et commerciale. Son usine de démonstration de biorecyclage est opérationnelle depuis 2021 et une unité de
référence unique en son genre sera mise en service en 2025 en collaboration av ec Indorama Ventures. Carbios a reçu une
reconnaissance scientifique majeure avec la couverture de Nature et est soutenue par des marques prestigieuses des industries
cosmétique, alimentaire et de l’habillement, en vue d’améliorer la recyclabilité et la ci rcularité de leurs produits. Nestlé Waters, PepsiCo
et Suntory Beverage & Food Europe sont membres d'un consortium d'emballage fondé par Carbios et L'Oréal. On, Patagonia, PUMA,
PVH Corp. Visitez le site www.carbios.com pour en savoir plus sur les biotechnologies au service de la circularité des plastiques et textiles.
Twitter : Carbios / LinkedIn : Carbios / Instagram : insidecarbios
Informations sur les actions de Carbios :
ISIN Code FR0011648716
Ticker Code Euronext Growth: ALCRB
LEI: 969500M2RCIWO4NO5F08
Carbios, fondée en 2011 par Truffle Capital, est éligible au PEA -PME, un programme gouvernemental permettant aux résidents
français investissant dans des PME de bénéficier de réductions d'impôt sur le revenu.
A propos d’ Indorama Ventures
Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited, société cotée en Thaïlande (Bloomberg ticker IVL.TB), est l’un des principaux produ cteurs
mondiaux de produits pétrochimiques, avec une présence industrielle globale en Europe, en Afrique, en Amérique et en Asie -Pacifique.
Le portefeuille d’activités de l'entreprise comprend le PET Combiné, les Oxydes et Dérivés Intégrés, les Fibres. Les produits d'Indorama
Ventures sont destinés aux principaux secteurs des biens de grande consommation et de l'automobile, c'est -à-dire les segments des
boissons, de l'hygiène, des soins personnels, du pneumatique et de la sécurité. Indorama Ventures compte environ 26 000 emplo yés
dans le monde et son chiffre d'affaires consolidé 2022 s'élève à 18,7 milliards de dollars. La société est cotée aux indices Dow Jones
Emerging Markets et World Sustainability (DJSI).
Contacts: Carbios
Contacts: Indorama Ventures
Stuart Kelly Thanasak Phakdee
Tel: +66 2 661 6661 ext. 508 Tel: +662 661 6661 ext. 678
[email protected] [email protected]
Avertissement concernant les informations prospectives et les facteurs de risques :
Ce communiqué de presse contient des déclarations prospectives, et non des données historiques, et ne doit pas être interprét é comme
une garantie que les faits et données énoncés se produiront. Ces déclarations prospectives sont basées sur des données, des
hypothèses et des estimations considérées comme raisonnables par Carbios. Carbios opère dans un environnement concurrentiel e t
en évolution rapide. L’entreprise n'est donc pas en mesure d'anticiper tous les risques, incertitudes ou autres facteurs susc eptibles
d'affecter son activité, leur impact potentiel sur son activité ou la mesure dans laquelle la matérialisation d'un risque ou d'une
combinaison de risques pourrait conduire à des résultats significativement différents de ceux mentionnés dans toute déc laration
prospective. Carbios attire votre attention sur le fait que les déclarations prospectives ne constituent en aucun cas une gar antie de ses
performances futures et que sa situation financière, ses résultats et ses flux de trésorerie réels ainsi que l'évolution du secteur dans
lequel Carbios opère peuvent être significativement différents de ceux proposés ou suggérés par les déclarations prospectives
contenues dans le présent document. En outre, même si la situation financière, les résultats, les flux de trésorerie et l'évolution du
secteur dans lequel Carbios opère sont conformes aux informations prévisionnelles contenues dans le présent document, ces rés ultats
ou évolutions peuvent ne pas constituer une indication fiable des résultats ou évolutions f uturs de Carbios. Les lecteurs sont invités à
examiner attentivement les facteurs de risque décrits dans le document de référence universel déposé auprès de l'Autorité des
Marchés Financiers ("AMF"), ainsi que dans le rapport financier semestriel disponibl e gratuitement sur le site internet de la Société. En
cas de réalisation de tout ou partie de ces facteurs de risque ou autres, Carbios ne pourra en aucun cas être tenue pour resp onsable Carbios
Relations Presse
Melissa Flauraud
[email protected]
+33 (0)6 30 26 50 04
Investor Relations
Benjamin Audebert
[email protected]
+33 (0)4 73 86 51 76
Relations Presse (France)
Iconic
Marie -Virginie Klein
mvk@iconic -conseil.com
+33 (0)1 44 14 99 96 Relations Presse (US)
Rooney Partners
Kate L. La traduction est fournie à titre d'information uniquement.
En cas de divergence entre la version française et la version anglaise de ce communiqué de presse, la version anglaise prévaut.
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Εεὶορ εοἆ.ιδ.1 Πατ, 4.5.1: 119 6 Ουκ ἀκποιᾶιὸ µόνον ὃ νομίιὸ Ὑποθαλλόμὴμθ», Εεἰοφ. εοἀ. «αρ. 116. 12ος Όνσὺς πλίον,οὗ ὄχειτω Ἰοίω οβῥατέµασει εληρονόμῳ.Εςὶο,εοά. οιἵ ι 5.5 ΗιτΠΙΙ 4.6.2. 311 σ Μυετισας τηςς (αεευττεπάσπι εβ εὖπι ἀςξεπάαπτάτηοη ντ έας ἐ [1ος εαἱαπιρίσητιτ, τί. (αΐμη χο {εενάο α{ Εάιέΐωπε Ῥγουηειαές, { Ρυρί[σπο, ααἱ ρ’ οχίπνως ρυετταιἱ βτ,ς4- Ραςςπι ε{ὶς δε Εωγαπάι ὃς Γπι ία: ξαεΙεράᾷ.. τΠίη να ιεάσπιηοὮ {οἷςηί αέχιοπες τταπβτς, αυα ραραἱςς ίσης σχ πιαἰςεβείο: ναυτ] Εατεῖν 4αποὴν Γοίμτίας, γἱ Βοβοίυὰ ταρίοτυ πο, ἐπί” αατυπη. απ. Ῥμμίμι ]ιώχο οέ]αμο αά Ραζή. σ ΝΙΜΗΙ ἱπιστεβ, τρίο ἑητε φυἱς αέξίοπειι | ποῦ Πα δίνη µετ εχεςρτΙοπεβ)1ΓβΙΠΙςΕΙυΓ. τζαι θχο Γετο αά Εάῑέμηη ργρµηἰωίε, ά Ιω τοις δς ραϊς ΕΟΡΙ1ΠΕΤΗΓ. 114. Ῥα μία ἠὐγο Ποπο αά Εάν λωηη, φΙ0 οῬ[ευτ1ν θἱρις1 {οἶεις αμ οἆ νε βποὶ - τας ε[ἴναυι φυ ο Ρίεγωπο ας βςΓ] [ο]ες. 115. ]4εη χο ε(ηνο αά {αιέ] μην. σδὶ αυές οὐ ]Ηραιίους ἰιύεταευς βεροιςῇ γ- ἱετιεερῃ[]ς, 1 { Νου ροιςβ νιάςι εερι{ἶειο αἱ πρυίατας ροιεβ εχεερίῖοπε (υπο 1ου στ], 11 6. "Τρία [ιόγο γμάεσίπιο αά Εάῑάμνη, « ΝΙΡΗΙ εοπ[εη{ωῖ ταπὶ «ο Ώ(ΓάΤΊ Γη εἰναί Όουα: βά αἱ {μά[ςῖα {ωβίπει, αφ αλπῃ γἱς αφ πο ΠετυΣ: 1 επῃ «οππρΓοῦατε,ςΟπΙΤα Όοπος Π]ο- [ε5ς[. 1 {Νου εαρίιαγ, η{ ἵυς ραΡ]ίσαπη {ς- 1πυγ, α {νου γιἀσητητ, αὐί εἴτάᾶητ,ζοη- (επιῖτς, τ7. Ῥαμίε [δγο νηεείππο «κ Εκ έ]ωην, ' 6 Ριατοί Ῥοποτυιη μο[[ε[οτεπι Πετεόὶς ἴοςο {ᾳ οπιΏί ςαυ/(α Ἠαὓςι. 9 15. ρα κε ἠεὖγο ἆνοεκύηο αά Ελένη} 1η (εγυῖτυςς ε{ξ, [ή ζαρειε ποῃ ροιςβ; Πα) «αι ΡυΠϊήσατυτ , Ρο[ῖάετς Ώου γΙάςτως, 11 ο. [άεη ((1ὴγο ἐεγ ο εεἶπιο μα Εαν) { Νοα α[ἰεπας, ϱ 1 ἁαωητάαχαι οπαἰτεῖτ Ρροί- (ε(ποα μα. 119. Ῥπωίεμ [νο ἆωουίες (πιο αἱ Εάέπην. ) { Νεπιο ρ]Η5 εοπηπ]οᾷί ατεάί {ο τε[ία- ου {ον υάπη ἐρίς Πο υμ]ε. αλ 1, Γάερη {εὗγο Μεγειοά ε(έπιο Εικ έν. φΟυἱ σοη Εαςιτφυ ο ξαςοτε ἀςῦεῖ, γἱάοτιτ Ειεετς 44 εΓ [15 «αι μἷα πο Εαςας. ἃχ οφ υἱ ξαςἰς αυου ἔαεεις ποῃ ἀεῦει, α.Ώ γιάσιωτ Εαεεις ιὰ οφ μοἆ ἔὰςςες ἱω(ζως «ῇὶ, Χ] 311 111. ζαἱαι (1ὗγο φαίνιο αά Ε έ]ωην βγοµιβέιαίε.) «ΤΠ δεγιας οσησ/σα5 τςδυς Γααοταδί]οτ «Πε. 1134. 1ριαηΜό( χο ἠματιοάεείηο αἱ Εἰι έξω.) «νειπο 4ἰπεπο ποβ]ΐηε Ἱερε 2ρειε Ροῖε(ῖ, 1 4 ΤεπιροΓατίὰ ρετταιίο 15 Ρτουξηςϊά Άρη Ίππουαι. 14. Ῥαν]η [το {εκιοὐεςίπιο «κά Εάν, ςΥΡΙ που νοςς(ζἆ ρα (εητ]α ορυς «εβρ - εως { ἰωτε[εέταην ναῦει, Ροτεβ ν{ἀςτὶ τείρου- ἀετε.ἱάσση {η [ωτὰο:]ίς φυἱάεπῃ δε τε[ροπἆἀεις Ροιε[.1 4 Ευτίοίας αΌ[εητῖς ]οςο ε{ῑ,δς ἵτα Γὅ- Ρουΐυς Πθτο ρτίπιο ερἰ[εμἱατυπι [ο] δίς. σας. ζαΐμο όρο {νέο 4 Εάνέλωη ῥγομίηεμαὶε. 6 Εοποταδ!]οιςς τεὶ ροι{υ5 ο πάση αἔξοτες λα Ὀσατυτ. 11 6. Ψἱρέαπα [γο φὶηεοά εεὗπο αἆ Ἑλέδωνν.
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I wanted comradeship, interest, admiration. Men — most men, anyway — can't live without being liked and believed in, and having " Again he turned to Felicia and paused. There was a little involuntary movement of the hands so lightly crossed upon her lap. He seemed so near across the chimney-piece. ''And having affection," he con- cluded, gazing with unconscious sombreness at her, "I wanted some one to be good to me." He fell into another pause at that and the crackling of the fire was suddenly audible. Felicia could hear a tiny singing in her ears. When she spoke it was in the softest, most sympathetic voice ; no one could have been more gentle or more impersonal. 'T think that's rather fine myself, and I don't see why he shouldn't. I should think he'd have liked it." "Yes; but" — he had leaned his face upon his hands so that it was hidden from her. When he spoke again there was flatness in his tone, something cynical and artificial — "but I'm a failure, you know." He laughed uncomfortably, then repeated the phrase, lashing himself with a sort of bitter relish. 'T'm a failure. I've lost out in college ; I haven't 'done' anything or 'made' anything. I said to my- self that I was going to keep him from doing that. But one day I thought 'Then why in heaven's name did you let him room with you?' I saw then that I'd made an- other mess of it, that the one thing I ought to have done was to have steered clear of him. Ir— I did like him and heaven knows I wanted him to like me. But after that NONE SO BLIND 2i 1 couldn't forget that, all the time, I was probably just a drag. It — it made me hate him every time I looked at him ! In his way ! I couldn't stand that ! It almost seemed as if I wanted to hurt him after that! God! I am un- happy !" "But, surely, he doesn't feel that way about you?" ''No. But he despises me." "Just for that !" "Oh, no ! He's not been here long enough to realize anything one way or the other about that. But he knows me, now. And that's worse!" "But I don't quite see. You certainly aren't the sort of person who'd naturally provoke indifference. I'd think that if you set out to do it you could almost make any one like you. And you did set out to, didn't you?" But again there fell that pause like the dropping of lock gates, the strained leashing of the would-be betraying speech. And again that impersonal yet persuasive voice went on. "See," she said, "if you were always like this, direct and vigorous, I should think a good many things might be for- gotten and forgiven in the course of a semester." He turned on her a miserable face. "That's the worst of it. I'm not always like this. Now- a-days I'm -hardly ever like this. Why," he said with slow surprise, his questioning eyes fixed on hers, "I don't know that I was ever like this before. It's something you've done to me !" "Nonsense !" said Felicia hastily, "was there ever any- thing to equal the simplicity of a man's imagination ! That's no reason!" "No," said Dick, "maybe not." Again he paused and looked at her. "Just the same, it's true. But the trouble with Phil is that I've let go so long and so often that there's no use bluffing it any more. He's just through with me." Once more he turned in desperate honesty toward her, and suddenly, as if they had just appeared, she noticed the faint rims under his eyes, the tiny trembling of the hand 22 NONE SO BLIND upon his knee. ''Miss Morland, I don't think I ought to | talk to you like this. But I do want to get it off my chest * to some one. You'll be awfully fed up if I get started with it. I — I don't think your brother'd like it very much. I guess I'd better tell you that I don't see — anything of him now-a-days. He'd call it cheeky." The girl was gazing, wide-eyed, at a distant corner of the room. "Of course it isn't cheeky. Do see that ottoman over there ! Was there ever anything so dusty !" Her eyes came back to him for a moment. ''I knew you and Francis had rather missed connections of late. But I wouldn't think that" — a new inflection crept into her voice — "any reason why I shouldn't add to an already extended knowledge of the vagaries of freshmen !" Something in that light phrase chilled him. On the very edge of his confession he drew back. The male in him flashed out in jealous and secretive pride. "You — you're just leading me on — you're just letting me do it ! I should like to know why ! What's the reason ? It — it isn't curiosity, as you said it was, is it? Why do you do it?" "Well," said the girl steadily, "I am curious in a way. It's not curiosity of the odious sort. If I didn't like and believe in you," she went on with conscious dignity, while he gazed wonderingly at her, "I shouldn't be curious at all. I'd refuse to hear or to know. But I'm tired of being told by the boys the things they think I ought to hear, and I'm tired of men's saying what is expected of them, just pretending to feel and to be what they think I think is proper. It makes me furious that they should think we're so stupid that we don't see through them ! Life, real life, interests me too. I don't mean to be J:ept outside of it any longer. Why can't a girl be a comrade sometimes like anybody else I'm not afraid to know — . — " The boy looked at her hungrily, as from some immeas- urable distance. His face set. NONE SO BLIND "Then—then I'm going to tell you. I'm just ^oin? to y^^^^L^,^ '''" '^'''y- "' -- ^-d it. Do "That's-that's why Phil despises me ! And that's what watd'mTth t" "I' '"P'" ""'''''■ '''' -^-^ -«hude to- ward me that makes me see what-what I must be like when I come m drunk. I'm only twenty-three. But I love ont But. 'n '°"''"'' "^^^^ *e taste and smeh of It But I wanted what it would do to me It made me feel hke myself again, happy and confident and fre and full of power-power! It-it does that while-while you're bea t now""°^ T'" '^ f*^'"^ "=^" ' '''' ""^^ being a beast, now ! He almost broke down through sheer nervous tension. "I oughtn't to have said all this. It's just touch ;"ef awS— "*^" ^ *'"^ ''^ *^' *° ^°"- I'" it orand R„?',r? -Tt *°"'^f>^^e ™n °r stumbled from the room But she laid her hand upon his arm "Please sit down," she said, and there was no possible resistance to that friendly voice possible voui'''t'1° "'^'" ^' '"''^ ^'''^'y' "I'd n° business to tell you I m a brute as well as a fool. Nothing can come lerst/nV'attayl'''"^ ""''''' --^^ ^ ^- -"'^-'t "Why couldn't I understand?" she said quickly Because girls don't like the same things men do-I've noticed that. Your whole life, this old house the wav you ve been brought up-it must make you despislperie who are self-mdulgent-and who break 'convendons."' <.u- J°u '° '^"■''''y '^'"'^^'^- Even though I do live in this old house'! But I don't see how you can do it- ■yoTtZ ZttW?' " ^°" ^^""^ °^ ^°"^ •^°- ' Haven't "Dad! I should say not! He'd only be thinkine that he was disgraced-not that I'm ditched! Always 4kT„g 24 NONE SO BLIND as it is about my marks or expenses or something. He doesn't trust me!" "You think that because you know you aren't trustable ! The boys who are 'straight,' as you call it, don't feel that way about their own people." *'Most of them keep right just because they've never wanted to do anything else ! Or haven't dared ! Just half alive ! Of course," he went on defensively, "there are — are some things I wouldn't do. "That's the one mean thing you've said to-night. Because you know it isn't true ! There are hundreds of them every year — boys who have some pride and self-respect. Certainly they — they behave themselves, just as a high mat- ter of course, because there is more than themselves to think of, and they remember that and keep on doing it. How much have you cared about us/' she concluded in a whis- per, ''usr "I don't think I know what you mean," he stammered, "I'm not their kind." "I know you're not our kind," she flashed out jealously, "I should think that was clear enough !" "That isn't fair," he said. "You're being mean, now. You're like the rest of them ! I am 3^our kind. It's what I want ; I wouldn't be talking to you if it wasn't ! I'm not just frightened and I'm not just pitying myself. I'm ashamed. Can't you understand ? Don't you see that I want to be myself again? I am your kind. There are some things that are real enough to me, though I'm just finding it out, things I wouldn't dare to talk to you about to-night. I'm as proud of them as you are ! Only I know it's too late ! Oh, it makes me sick to talk, sick ; I can't !" NONE SO BLIND 25 The doorbell tinkled, faintly and unheeded, in the distant kitchen. She sat up straightly now in the old, winged chair, sincerely moved by his suffering, enthralled with the sense of some noble power over him. She felt herself perfectly safe yet playing the highest and most fascinating of all roles. What could not a sympathetic and understanding girl do for these men who yielded themselves so utterly, if they yielded at all ! She bent toward him, suffused with generous emo- tion, quite sure and confident. "You are a silly boy, aren't you !" "I'm tired of being played with; I don't know what you mean." "Silly not to believe in yourself. Silly not to see that other people believe and care." His glance, fixed on the ground, wandered toward her. "Who cares?" "Phil would care and — any of us who know you would care now." "No one can ever respect me again !" "Yes, they can; because you're suffering under it. You want to get away from being lonely, don't you — well, give your real self a chance ; the you that is lonely can't be satis- fied with — with gay life and drink." "I know it!" "Then you'll have to find some other way, won't you ?" "What way is there ? Have you got a way for me ?" She drew back a little. "You'll have to begin with your room-mate. You'll have to do it for him because you did take him for a room-mate. Mr. Blaisdell, you've got to make that up to him somehow ; you've got to make him see that he was lucky after all to have you. You can do that — you understand a lot about life and you can help him. You do understand and you can help !" "Do you really think so?" *T know it ; I know it ! I've absolute faith in you. Won't you try?" 26 NONE SO BLIND He looked up dumbly. "No woman," he said slowly in a whisper, "no woman i ever told me before that she had faith in me." Her serene assurance crumbled a little under that. t "But I have/' she endeavored to say lightly. "So you will try?" His eyes clung, with a dreadful steadfastness, to her face. | "Yes," he said thickly. And then after a pause, in a slightly clearer voice, "Yes, I'm going to try." That moment there sounded a discreet knock upon the door. FeHcia heard the maid's voice saying : "Dr. Barrett, please, Aliss Morland." A moment afterward Percy en- tered. He was spotless and perfect in appointment and pleas- antly conscious that it was a later hour than anyone not somewhat privileged would have ventured to call. He had that double consciousness belonging to his type, the secretly I prized faculty of standing apart from himself and watching ^ what he did. He looked on now, so to speak, at what he quite justly felt was a dignified and quiet entrance with just its own suspicion of eagerness. It was meant to impress — for, after all, he was coming from the University — yet while impressing, subtly to flatter and to please. But it was a dis- tinct shock, and what was more, rather disconcerting to see Blaisdell, of all people, rise from the fireside. And the boy looked so powerful to-night. How he hated these crude, elemental chaps! There was, to the discerning, something repellant in the sheer bulk of their presence and personality. He stiffened to meet the quickly felt intimacy of the atmos- phere. There was a cold glint of challenge in his eyes as he looked from the senior to Felicia. She felt something of relief at his appearance, but, what- ever looked out from her eyes, no living being, least of all these men, could have deciphered. She was gracious and ready and most terribly at ease. Perhaps a more wary and less complacent doctor would have thought her a shade too bland. NONE SO BLIND 27 ''Dear me,'* she exclaimed, *'how very nice to see you! This must be Cambridge's calling night! Do you, by any chance, know Mr. Blaisdell?" Percy's voice was troubling him. To his infinite annoy- •ance it seemed necessary to clear his throat a little. "Oh, yes," he said. There was almost a still truculence in his tone; it seemed as if the girl's eyebrows lifted just a trifle as she caught it. "Oh, yes, I know Mr. Blaisdell. I have the good fortune to teach him." For a moment the immeasurable distance between an undergraduate and a young instructor seemed to expand the room. "Really," said Felicia innocently, "then what a fortunate meeting ! You must know each other so very well. Teach- ers," she said lightly, turning to Dick, "are Hke parents, dangerous because they see so much they don't say anything about ! And pupils, too," she added, looking cordially at Percy, "have such an unerring eye for the engaging weak- nesses as well as the amazing learning of their instructors !" "What the devil brought him here tonight," thought Percy. "She's on my side," thought Dick, "she's on my side ! She's got his number !" He spoke up, easily and clearly, with boyish dignity. "I must say good night, Miss Morland. You — you know what this evening's meant to me. I don't know how," his disconcerting eyes burned into hers, "to thank you. You'll let me come again, soon?" "Yes, indeed," said Felicia, cordial and impersonal again. "Do !" Ill THE tension eased as the outer door closed ; Percy could see more clearly with that inward eye of his that was watching her. Every instinct in him was on the defensive. He was savage with himself for having come ; equally deter- mined, being there, to master the situation. He understood her impeccable cordiality, an obscure resentment against her sex and her stirring within him. Women thought they were so sure of men ! A mere girl so certain of herself ; it per- turbed while it annoyed him, and so angered him the more. So he stood there straight and still, something that at any moment might become cynical, even vindictive, lurking be- hind the cool, gray eyes. But there was irreproachable defer- ence of manner. With a twinge of delicious fear Felicia felt the hostility ; half resented, half enjoyed it. She looked suddenly older, became dangerously radiant, a sort of suppressed energy making every glance and gesture significant. Did these men presume to quarrel over her? As if they were not her own especial and immemorial game! Above the chimney-piece the dark eyes of Grandmother Otis gazed out from behind the veil ; the girl flashed an inscrutable glance at the old pic- ture as though claiming the comprehending comradeship of sex. So he meant to know whether instructor or pupil came first? Well, she would punish and baffle him for permitting her to see that he thought either of them might be so high in her esteem ! Men did think well of themselves ! There was something deadly in the perfection of her friendliness toward him as that thought crossed her mind. She smiled happily at him. 28 NONE SO BLIND 29 "How very warm the room is ! Take that big chair, and do pull it away from the coals. Why is it that whenever you ask a boy to mend the fire he always thinks you want to start a conflagration?" ' "Have you been finding it too warm? I think you were sitting by it." "And quite toasted in consequence. Besides, that's a man's chair ; you wouldn't be comfortable in that small one. I'm going to sit over here by pussy on the couch. It's so nice to have something near at hand to pet !" "Cats certainly like it," he said evenly, "but they don't care much about the one that does it." "I know it," sweetly, "just like boys, aren't they? Not in love with you, but in love with loving." "Which is at least one point in which they differ from men !" "They certainly are quite different," she conceded. "Not that I think they're any more interested in themselves than men are — only more frank and less solemn about it. But, dear me, how long it seems since we've seen you. Not since Cornelia Farrington's wedding breakfast. Didn't lack for stateliness, did it? Though Lucy thought poor Corny's mother-in-law's dress was calculated to make the judicious grieve. How I did shiver in that windy cavern of a house !" "One must expect to pay something for living on the water side of Beacon Street," said Percy shortly. "That sort of function finds me cold, to begin with." "Not appropriate to your new role of guide and tutor to the young? You know, I shall never get used to your hav- ing deserted the paternal offices in State Street for the chairs of learning in the^Yard! But do tell me how that — don't you call it a 'monograph' — is getting on?" "Oh, slowly. I'm still collecting material for it. One ought to read everything extant from the period to make it exhaustive, you know. The Library is especially rich in our Department, so I'm not much more than half way through." "It must take a tremendous amount of time. But, of 30 NONE SO BLIND course, it'll be an awfully important contribution! Listen, Bob," she cried, lifting the surprised and sleepy kitten and dropping it in her lap. " 'The Early Use of the French Aorist' — it quite subdues me ! Do you know," candidly, 'T don't see how you manage to do all your teaching and cor- recting along with this minute research work, too." There was a thread of cruelty in the soft voice. Could Dick have seen her then he would have wondered if this were the girl he thought he knew. Percy was watching her narrowly, but he had little imagination. "He's so extremely lazy that I wouldn't care to say whether he were able or not. But with a boy so, so obtuse, I'd doubt it." "How very interesting! Do you know, I shouldn't have thought of him as being 'obtuse' exactly." "I'm doubtless wrong, then. I dare say you know him better than do I." "Yes," serenely, "I wouldn't wonder if I do. Of course he seems to me like most undergraduates. By the way, what do you think Jack's doing? He's looking up in the college directory the different cities represented by men in his and NONE SO BLIND 31 Francis' class, and proposing to create, on the spot, a friend- ship with at least one man from each of them ! He an- nounced to Mother the other day that he was tired of New Englanders and wanted to know some Americans as well. You should have seen her face ! Then he quite finished her by adding that he was sick of being a Bostonian, and also wanted to become a human being! He's actually planning to call on every fellow on his list and say 'How'do : my name's Jack Trowbridge. Unfortunately, I was born in Boston, but I see you're from Tombstone, Arizona (or Walla-Walla, Washington). I say, let's get acquainted!' Isn't that delicious? There's so much sense in their non- sense ! Really, I should think it would be great fun to teach them — easier, perhaps, than summing them up " "Thank you so much," said Percy crisply. 'T suppose many of them are amusing boys. Perhaps I'm too near them in age to enjoy them." "Oh, hardly that !" "At any rate, I didn't take my degree in order to put them through language drilling. If I'd wanted that I should have gone to some secondary school as soon as I'd graduated. It's a mistake for the University to be doing what properly belongs to the meagre equipment of the small college." "Heavens !" said Felicia. "You talk as if you were a hun- dred ! Please don't go on like that : it makes me feel as if we had just nothing in common! Do you think that the — the lazy and obtuse Dick is also merely an 'amusing boy'?" "We were talking of your Cousin Jack," said Percy stiffly. "I know," calmly. "But I think Mr. Blaisdell and Jack are quite alike in some respects." "I fancy your cousin would be more surprised than pleased to hear it! One may infer some difference in their back- ground, to say nothing of their college standing!" "But look at the terrible directness of them! They're positively twins there ! When either of them wants anything he just goes right for it. But perhaps you don't like men of action?" 32 NONE SO BLIND "I don't dislike them. — not at all. Certainly most women, though, rate physical energy and executive ability higher than I do. I think they're a bit dazzled by it — at first. Per- sonally I distrust it. If men act before they think, some- one else has to think for them afterward and mend their acts. I'm quite aware how pedantic — and not brilliant — this all sounds. Even so, it seems to me more important just now to teach men to think than to do most anything else. That's why your uncle's teaching in one of the graduate schools, isn't it? And why your father held his honorary degree from another. So perhaps you can understand that even a young man values it." Felicia settled the kitten, with a truly terrible carefulness, on the couch beside her. "Thanks," said she, ''for the references to the family, and especially for the one to Uncle Trowbridge. It reminds me of what he was quoting only last night, about young instruc- tors. Something he heard the president of Amherst re- marking. He said, 'they seem to regard teaching as a pro- cess of loading and unloading. They sail up to the docks, some one opens up the hatches, and they pitch in the bricks. Then they sail off to the class room and throw them out again at the heads of the innocent students!'- Can't you hear that mild, calm voice of his concluding," she laughed softly, " The only fortunate thing about it is that so few of them get hit !' I take it Mr. Blaisdell's quite a dodger ! Hon- estly, how near do you ever get with them to anything that's real ?" "I've come near enough to several things that are real to- night," he flashed back. "But not one of them more real than what you're making fun of." She turned suddenly to him, still flushing but smiling cor- dially. He felt rather dizzy and, for some reason, dismayed by the swift change of attitude. It made him more self- conscious. "Did I say anything about the disconcerting directness of the undergraduate? Well, he isn't a circumstance to you, NONE SO BLIND 33 Percy Barrett! Of course you know I've been funning." She lifted round eyes like a penitent and engaging child. "I think, now, you might explain to me about that French course." "I don't want to talk about the teaching; I came over here to forget it. I know that girls think that because we're young Ph. D.s, and so queer as actually to enjoy books, and thinking, and writing, that we must be a poor lot. But we're not. We're also human beings. I'm going to make you see that to-night before I go." She bent over to the table. "Let me turn that shade a bit. The light is right in our eyes. You're tired, aren't you? It must take the very life and all out of one to teach that sort of men." "Life ! I wish you could see them. They're so hope- lessly casual! They just sit there. Perhaps you've worked up some careful phrases or incisive sentences — one-half take them like dumb, driven sheep, the others like cynical and restless devils. I don't know which irritates me more, the easy and vacuous appreciation that some of them put on — that ingratiating smile of the unintelligently alert — or the others who watch you with eyes like gimlets just boring into the deficiencies of your learning, and the idiosyncrasies of your person. I've absolutely lost my faith in lectures ; they've begun to sound like an old phonograph record even to me. I can see them flowing mechanically from my lips through their ears and good right arms to find an inky oblivion in their notebooks ! If you want to know what it means to teach undergraduates just read what they think you've said to them when their blue books come in !" He had declaimed it rather well and he knew it ; she was genuinely amused. He had gotten into his stride now ; she should see that he would direct the rest of the conversation ! He resented brains in women, and consequently underrated them. Let them keep to their sex — that was what men wanted. She kept to it. 34 NONE SO BLIND *'l never heard anything so funny ; please go on ! De- scribe some of the boys to me. Do you ever talk to them the way you talk about them ?" "Never fear ! They'd be dumbfounded ! Well, there's that Monty Ward — He came up to-day and asked about his mark, and when I told him it was a bare pass he looked up with a face as solemn as — as a horse, and said 'Hope springs infernal in the human breast !' Now what are you going to do with a boy like that? I object to this confusing of personal and academic relationships. If I hadn't known the Wards all my life he'd never have dared say it! I simply haven't succeeded yet in keeping a class room absolutely official." ''Why try ? Little IMonty Ward !" she broke into peals of laughter. "He'll need all the 'hope' he has before his French course and he get through with each other ; that's certain," said Percy grimly. "Look out!" she said lightly. "Really, this is too won- derful. Who else?" "I've got one really good man — a boy named Philip Spen- ser." "Oh, I know; Archie Moffat's cousin. What's he like?" "An extremely quiet chap ; and fastidious, fastidious even for a freshman. But he's a natural scholar — the class ranker." "Quiet," said Felicia thoughtfully, "Fastidious — and quiet -" He shot a sudden question at her : "Did you know he was rooming with Blaisdell?" "Is he? I believe he spoke of his roommate, but he only called him by his first name. Your referring to it brings us back to him and Jack, doesn't it! A teacher who under- stands and observes fellows as you do could certainly do a lot with them." Percy felt an inward despair ; his first taste of man's age- less impotence when confronted by a subtler and more per- NONE SO BLIND 35 sistent sex. There was really something unscrupulous about women. Well, she should get no smallest satisfaction out of him ! *'I don't teach your cousin," he said coldly, ''and as for 31aisdell, the college isn't a reformatory ; nor are we prep schoolmasters !" "Oh, is Mr. Blaisdell really that sort of a boy? Fancy it ! And fancy your telling me !" ''I didn't intend any particular application to Blaisdell," he went on desperately. "I only meant to convey that the college isn't meant to be a super-Sunday School!" "I imagine that's what he thinks, too! And, partly, be- cause of Spenser. Really, from what you say of him, he must be hard to room with " *'I shouldn't think Blaisdell would be less so I I must say — if we must talk about them at all — that it would be Spen- ser who had my sympathy." ''But he wouldn't take it, just as Monty Ward doesn't need it. So, you see, it brings us right back again to Dick Blaisdell. Honestly, since he's been here to-night, and I've seen you two together, I think you could do a lot for him." "You mean make a scholar of him? The idea's ludi- crous !" "You might be a friend to him — I have a notion he hasn't many." The knuckles whitened in Percy's hand where it grasped the chair arm. "Will you be good enough to tell me, Miss Morland, why you are insisting upon this conversation? Why you think that I, of all men, could do anything for him ?" "Goodness, don't you know? It's so obvious! It's be- cause you dislike him so. It was nice of you, wasn't it, when you were both my guests to-night, to let him see it so . plainly !" T certainly do dislike him! I'm — I'm sorry if I showed it too clearly ; I wasn't aware of it. He isn't my sort !" "That's not why you dislike him." 36 NONE SO BLIND "Indeed! Perhaps, since you seem to know at least one of us so well, you can tell me what is the reason !" "It's because you are partly his sort, and partly not. There's something underneath in you that envies him and wants to be like him, and something on top that can't bear his — recklessness, and hates him for it. Stupid ! you couldn't hate him if you didn't want to like him too ! I wish you'd tell me how long you've known him !" "How long I've known him? I've only just begun to teach him !" "But it must be some time that you have known him, just the same. Other boys have flunked in this course and you didn't personalize it. You couldn't over just five weeks of contact in the first semester. It isn't because brains and in- dustry are lacking in him ; it's that he, Dick Blaisdell, doesn't take your course seriously. That's what cuts. You must have known him !" His hand was on his mouth; his eyes, startled, unwaver- ing, like points of steel, fixed on her. He felt done. Was there ever such a girl ! Certainly she had some sixth sense ; or were these insights the distilled inheritance of family tra- dition, the cumulative humanities from five generations. This then was what the evening had come to — that he should be asked to tell her of his inward attitude toward Richard Blaisdell! He had never yet told that to himself. Well, perhaps even now, he could wring victory from defeat, if he could be magnanimous and trust her. She certainly was a brilliant girl ; the kind one would like to see presiding at one's dinner table. Any one could see what an aid such a woman might be to a man's career. But he wanted her for himself. He was cold toward most women; but this girl, desire stirred within him, whenever he came into her pres- ence. He was glad of that. As for the present situation, perhaps the best way to carry it off was to make a virtue of necessity; accept this interest of her's in Blaisdell and find out what it meant. But it was hard "Delighted to tell you what little I know of him," he said NONE SO BLIND 37 coolly. "I met him three years ago in Malcolm Kennedy's rooms. Kennedy was his Advisor." His voice was unnat- urally low and dry; he had to clear it. *'He was a curious type to me ; a mixture of aggressiveness and awkwardness ; his manner assertive, his eyes looking everywhere. But as soon as I entered the room something inside me saw him. I suppose he labeled me 'cool and correct Bostonian' ; at any rate he looked strangely at me as if I were some different order of being." "I understand. You know, more or less, we all get that from them." He went on a little heartened: "He did attract me ; I think it was the elemental strength — the abundance of raw material in him. He repelled me too. People like us can't ever start at the beginning, no mat- ter how much we want to. Too many cards already played for us ! I think maybe I'm jealous of those who can." ''We've got something else," said Felicia quickly. "It must be that we've got something else." "Well, I think even now that we did each recognize the other as a significant human being. But he was utterly un- communicative— never said a word. I never saw him again except as I passed him in the Yard. That's when I really began to dislike him." "And it wasn't just because he wouldn't work?" "No ; you were quite right, as usual. It was because he, being under me, didn't wank to work. I'm all kinds of a fool inside — conscious, sensitive ass — I never did excel! in the things other boys prized. I've spent my last seven years, when most of them were having glorious and extravagant adventures — audacious and extreme delights — I've spent them with sober books and scholars in old buildings. I've been living with remote matters, old voices, other minds. When I got my degree and began to teach I felt as if I were coming into my own at last. And when he came into the 38 NONE SO BLIND course I thought perhaps it was the remembrance of my per- sonality, or some promise of power in me as a teacher, that had drawn him " "You're a brave man," said the girl suddenly. "I've tried to tell the truth myself this evening — to Mother. It isn't easy." A wry smile lifted the corners of his mouth. "It's only possible to speak truthfully with your equals," he said. "We might remember that, ourselves, to-night. Well, he has just sat through the course, moody, indiffer- ent, utterly weary of me and it alike. I read his blue book to-day and it simply doesn't try ; you'd call it insolently in- correct. It made me realize that he's the chief factor in that feeling of disappointment that's been coming over me this fall. You know how a cloud'll drift silently over the land- scape, washing out the color, dimming everything? I feel as if my life were like that to-night." "You're unfair, Percy. You don't get your own real attitude toward him. It's not a personal disappointment you're realizing — it's a disenchantment with what you're doing. I know it," she added "because I have it too — a sort of disillusionment with the whole scheme of things. Now you've got where you wanted to, it doesn't seem worth while ; isn't that it? The joy has gone out of it." "I dare say. It meant a lot to me to get my degree. For two years I just toiled for that doctor's examination. I didn't mean to have merely the indispensable minimum of stuff; I wanted a background to set it against. When you answer the sort of questions those old men fire at you, what you suggest, by the way you do it. of the more you might say, but don't, means a lot. I worked, I lived, I even exer- cised for it. Nothing would have ever got me into a gym- nasium but the hope of a Ph.D. ! When the day came and I went into that examination room I thought I was going to funk it ; I couldn't see clearly ; it wasn't my voice but an- other's I didn't know that answered for me. But then some- thing seemed to click back into place, and I loved it! I NONE SO BLIND 39 remember smiling a little to myself when they began to fling the questions, and saying, *Is this all it's going to be ! I know I can do this !' I'll never forget when it was over. It was a warm afternoon and when I was walking away, feel- ing as though I were bathed in a sort of golden light, old Professor Higginson came running after me to call me back for their congratulations. "It's cruel of you to say that to me ! I won't accept it !" "It's only what I've learned for myself. Mother brought me up to think it was enough to be a Morland. Began by naming me for my great aunt, so that I sound like the 'hero- ine' of an Anne Radcliffe novel ! But it isn't enough. Not if you want to be a whole woman ! And unless you are that you can't stand it! And it's not enough to be a teacher. That's where you were wrong about Monty. If that's all, you can't stand it, either !" "May be? I'm not sure about Monty. Well, I went over 40 NONE SO BLIND to the Library just before dinner, and, I suppose it was my mood, but old Gore Hall looked positively grotesque. In our section of the stacks I found a pair of rubbers, belonging to one of the cataloguers, neatly packed away behind my first edition of Voltaire ! I could hear two of the old Janes gos- siping somewhere ! The whole place smelled of old clothes and cold lunches!" "It is an absurd building !" "Well, it made me see Cambridge all over again as if for the first time. This wasn't any longer the 'University Li- brary.' It was a pale and ghastly wilderness of books, all so neatly and mechanically packed away on their little iron shelves, half of them dusty, obsolete, no use. And over across the river was Soldiers Field, and the wind, and the setting sun, and running and shouting and laughter and lusty youngsters striding about with the look of kings. And in between me and the Field was the Square, and the shops, and cars full of people — ^the turbid stream of the world that sweeps along the gray throng of dull folk occupied with the common, obvious joys, the simple hearty things of every- day life. And I ! I had chosen these dim, cold stacks with the dirty-white iron shelves, and the musty, multitudinous books. It made me shiver : I didn't know but that I had let the real prize slip through my fingers !" "I used to think that was true of you, Percy. But now, I guess it's not. You are a real man ; that's why you feel it. So," she added softly, "you do belong to the company of Harvard scholars !" "Thank you," he said bitterly. "I worked years to earn the right to have great and wise men say that to me. And now I find it means most when I hear it from the lips of a woman ! What a world ! And what fools we are who live in it !" "Percy, isn't one way to keep Gore Hall in touch with Soldiers Field and Harvard Square what I've been asking you to do for Dick Blaisdell, to-night?" "I hardly think that's why you've been doing it !" I NONE SO BLIND 41 "Is it so impossible that it might be part of the reason?" "Well, if it was," he said with faint satire, "I don't think you knew it, at the time! And, considering the way we've been talking together, the last five minutes, don't you think the least you can do now is to tell me just what it is you do mean ?" "But I haven't the least objection to telling you. Except when you demand it, as though you had some right to it. Really you and Mother, between you, do manage to make a great deal out of a little ! Of course I haven't just been teas- ing and bantering to-night about Mr. Blaisdell for nothing. I am awfully interested in him " She looked up. "Anyone could understand that," he said evenly. "We both agree that he's an unusual chap." But he was finding it hard to keep a grip on himself. "I want to do something for him. Stand by him. I feel, oh, I feel as if he were a child to be cherished! I think he's meant to be something big and — and I want to aid him to it. That's why I'm asking if you can't use even those contacts with him, in that French course, to help him get hold again?" His mind was working busily. Here was a romantic girl, playing dea ex machina to a boy? Was that all? Well, whether it was, or not, would depend somewhat on him. The one thing he saw she would not let him do was to decline chat request, refuse to meet its challenge. Nor did he fear over much the possible rivalry. He knew something of Blaisdell's steady declension during the past year. He knew, too, his own determination to win her; surely, by birth and character and achievement he had the advantage. He placed no great value on imaginative, intuitive powers and insights. Courage, will, resource; these would win the day unless he muddled it now by some jealous stubbornness. Reflection showed that generosity, on his part, would best meet her present mood. "All right," he said. "I'm on! I'll do what I can for him. Really," he laughed ruefully, "I haven't much idea 42 NONE SO BLIND how to go about it. But if you'll help me, I'll try. We must do it together or I'm sure to fail with it!" The kitten purred, in lazy contentment, in its basket. Bright, little flames leaped and fell and murmured in the grate. The vivid face above the mantel, caught behind the meshes of a veil, looked down. Suddenly he took a step forward and came and stood over her. She felt breathless, a little put to it. 'T musn't keep you any longer. I know it's a very uncer- tain three-quarters of an hour from here to the Square. I'm glad you came." But his eyes were fixed on her's ; she trembled a little. "You and I," he said, ''have been on the level, these last few minutes, to-night. You don't know what it means to me, nor what it's cost me either, perhaps. I've got to say one more thing before I go. I could do anything you wanted of me if you'd let me do it for you. Would you mind very much if I said that I would do what I could for Richard Blaisdell, for that reason?" She had drawn away from him toward the center table and was leaning on it. Finally she looked up at him, half angrily, half piteously. *'You oughtn't to ask that kind of a question. And, really, I— I don't know, anyway!" IV THE maid had long since disappeared, so Felicia rather absently locked the door, put out the lights, and went slowly up the darkened staircase. There was a faint glow above, sifting out upon the landing from her room.
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Selim Koray, (born ) is a Turkish businessman, former director of Fenerbahce and Turkey national teams.
After his high school years at St. Joseph French Lycee in Kadıköy, İstanbul, he continued his university education in the United States at Eastern Michigan University studying business administration.
He is one of the three children of Hüseyin Ayduk Esat Koray, the founder of Koray Group of Companies, one of the leading Turkish construction companies, his father, a national basketball team player was also one of the first captains in the earlier years of Fenerbahce.
Selim Koray who is one of the founders of Yapı Kredi Koray GYO has been working within the Koray Groups’ construction, real estate, facility management and insurance companies since 1987.
Selim Koray has also played volleyball in the teams of the Saint Joseph High School in the late 1970s and he is a founding member of the 1907 Fenerbahce Association. Selim Koray has also served as the managing director of the Fenerbahce Basketball Team in the mid 1990s.
In 2012–2013, he became a board member of the Turkish Football Federation and the managing director of the Turkey national teams and the Director of the Football Development Department. He later resigned from the federation at his own will.
He has also served as a board member of Doğuş Automotive and a board member of the Turkish-American Business Council, he is fluent in English and French.
Married and father of two, among his hobbies golf and football play an important role. He is a member of the Istanbul Golf Club, KG&CC, The Richmond Golf Club in London and he is also Senior Advisory Council Member of the Fenerbahce Sports Club.
See also
Turkish Football Federation
Fenerbahçe Sports Club
References
1962 births
Living people
St. Joseph High School Istanbul alumni.
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W. Ted Sinclair, Vice President/Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Sinclair was employed by the Company in fiscal 1987 and was promoted to Vice President in fiscal 1993. He is responsible for the financial management of the Company and financial, tax and management reporting and budgeting. Mr. Sinclair previously
served as Controller and was responsible for coordinating and controlling all financial reporting and tax activities. He graduated from the University of North Texas with a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting. He is a Certified Public Accountant, Certified Management Accountant, Certified Financial Planner, Certified Cash Manager and a Certified Fund Specialist. He is a General Securities Principal, Registered Options Principal, Municipal Securities Principal and Financial and Operations Principal.
R. Bredt Norwood, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary. Mr. Norwood was employed by the Company in fiscal 1994. Mr. Norwood advises the firm on corporate legal matters and litigation, manages the Company's in-house and outside counsel, and oversees the Company's involvement in government and regulatory affairs. He holds an undergraduate degree in government from the University of Texas at Austin and a juris doctor degree from Southern Methodist University School of Law.
Item 11.
Item 11. Executive Compensation
The following table sets forth all remuneration earned in salary and bonus in the current year to the Chief Executive Officer, the highest paid members of the Board of Directors, Officers and key Senior Managers each receiving in excess of $100,000.
Summary Compensation Table
1) All officers are covered under a bonus stock plan (see Management - Stock Options and Certain Transactions - Stock Options). No goals have been set to issue common stock options for fiscal years ending September 30, 2000, 1999, or 1998. No awards were earned in 2000, 1999, or 1998.
2) See Management Agreements for a description of the terms of Mr. Vest's current management agreement.
Executive Officer Compensation Plan
During April 1994, the Board of Directors of the Company adopted an Executive Officer's Compensation Plan. The purpose of the Executive Officers Compensation Plan is to provide additional compensation to a select group of management employees of the Company in order to motivate and retain them, as well as to provide them an incentive to guide the Company in attaining higher revenue goals. The Company will provide this additional compensation under the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan in the form of salary, restricted stock, incentive cash and restricted stock bonuses, as well as severance and change-in-control benefits.
As an unfunded plan of deferred compensation, it is administered by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company, who is presently Herb D. Vest. Eligibility to participate in the Executive Officers Compensation Plan is determined in the sole and absolute discretion of the Company, which establishes eligibility provisions of the executive officer compensation plan that it may change at any time in its sole and absolute discretion.
Currently, to be eligible to participate in the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan, an individual must be an executive employee of the Company, have completed at least two full years of Company service, and be part of a select group of management employees designated by the Company's Board of Directors. The individual employee must also sign an Officer's Deferred Compensation Agreement and an Officer Agreement as a condition precedent to becoming a participant in the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan.
Under the Restricted Stock portion of the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan, a number of shares of restricted stock are determined by the Chief Executive Officer of the Company as allocable to a particular participant. This restricted stock is credited to the participant's account and will be vested and distributable upon the first to occur of the following events: (1) long-term disability, death of the participant or attaining the preselected Deferral Date; or (2) the date of a "change-in-control" of the Company (as that term is defined in the executive officer's deferred compensation plan). No stock was earned under the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2000.
The Board of Directors annually sets goals, which, if attained, will generate a cash bonus for the participant payable unless certain losses are also incurred.
In addition, bonus stock will be credited to participants' accounts in the form of restricted stock on the basis of the Company's attaining three-year cumulative revenue goals. Each year, these goals are set by the Board of Directors for the upcoming three years and are based in part on the previous year's goals that consist of a threshold, a target and a maximum cumulative revenue goal. Upon attaining one of these goals, bonus stock credited in the form of restricted stock to the participant's plan vests and will become distributable only upon retirement, long term disability or death of the participant, or the date of a "change-in-control" of the Company (as that term is defined in the Executive Officer's Compensation Plan). No goals have been set to issue common stock options for fiscal years ending September 30, 2000, 1999, or 1998. No awards were earned in 2000, 1999, or 1998.
STOCK OPTIONS
The Board of Directors of the Company adopted a Stock Option Plan as of October 1, 1987, in order to attract, retain, motivate and encourage stock ownership by employees, officers and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries. The Stock Option Plan is administered by a stock option committee (Committee), appointed by the Chief Executive Officer, consisting of one to three members. The members of the Committee shall be eligible to receive options under the Stock Option Plan.
The Committee currently consists of one member, Herb D. Vest. Options granted under the Stock Option Plan are not intended to qualify as Incentive Stock Options under Section 422(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended from time to time. The Company has reserved up to 800,000 shares of its common stock for options under the Stock Option Plan. The options must be paid in cash, unless otherwise permitted by the Committee. The exercise price of any options granted in the future will not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant.
The Committee, at the direction of the Chief Executive Officer, may amend, modify or terminate the Stock Option Plan, provided however, no action of the Committee, without approval of the Chief Executive Officer and the shareholders of the Company may:
(a) Increase the total number of shares of Common Stock subject to the Plan.
(b) Withdraw the administration of the Plan from the Committee; and provided further, that no termination, amendment or modification of the Plan shall in any manner affect and option theretofore granted under the Plan without the consent of the optionee or permitted transferee of or successor to the option.
Anti-dilution provisions in the Stock Option Plan provide for adjustment of the Option exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise to prevent dilution of their value upon the occurrence of certain events.
Options covering 191,497 shares were granted at an option price of $8.50 per share as of October 1, 1987 to employees; 49,948 of these options remain outstanding as of September 30, 2000.
As of September 30, 2000, options covering 599,948 shares issued from the Stock Option Plan are outstanding. In March 1997, Herb D. Vest, principal common shareholder, purchased 150,000 of such options from two former employees of the Company in a private transaction.
In addition to the Stock Option Plan, the Board of Directors has from time to time approved the issuance of options to employees, independent directors, and advisors to the Company. In November 1992, the Board of Directors resolved that independent directors elected to the Board be granted options for the purchase of 2,000 shares of the Company's common stock each quarter (a total of 8,000 shares for the year elected). The Board resolved to discontinue issuing such options in June 1998. Options covering 64,000 shares of stock were issued to independent directors. During fiscal year 1998, Herb D. Vest purchased these options from the independent directors in private transactions. These 64,000 options remain outstanding as of September 30, 2000.
As a result of the foregoing, options covering 733,948 shares of common stock, with exercise prices ranging from $2.38 to $20.00 per share, have been issued to officers, directors and employees of the Company, and remain outstanding at September 30, 2000. The following table provides information with respect to options issued to officers and directors that remain outstanding as of September 30, 2000:
_______________________________________________________________________________ Aggregated Option Exercises in Last Fiscal Year End and Fiscal Year End Option Values
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Represents the difference between the closing price of the Company's common stock on September 30, 2000 and the exercise price of the options.
(2) The current fair market value of the stock at September 30, 2000 was below the option exercise price.
COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS
The Company's Board of Directors holds formal and informal meetings throughout the year with management and shareholders to discuss Company affairs.
The Company's Board of Directors has an Audit Committee. The function of the Audit Committee is (i)to oversee the Company's system of internal control and the financial reporting process; (ii)to review the internal audit function; (iii)to approve the selection of the Company's independent accountants; and (iv)to review audit reports. The members of the Audit Committee during fiscal 2000 were Jerry Prater, Jack Strong and Phillip Mayer.
The Company's Board of Directors has a Compensation Committee. The Function of the Compensation Committee is to review, discuss and advise management and officers of the Company regarding compensation and other employment benefits afforded officers and employees of the Company. As of September 30, 2000, the Compensation Committee includes the members of the Board of Directors: Herb D. Vest, Barbara Hancock, Kenneth R. Petree, Jack Strong, Kenneth Reynolds, Jerry Prater and Phillip Mayer.
Directors are reimbursed for travel and other expenses related to attendance at Board and committee meetings. Total compensation to the Directors for the year ended September 30, 2000 is as follows:
Mr. Strong and Strongworth, Inc., an entity with which Mr. Strong is affiliated, received approximately $30,000 in professional fees for services performed for the Company in fiscal 1999.
Effective November 1999, Jack Strong submitted and the Company accepted Mr. Strong's resignation as a consultant to the Company pursuant to which the Company's contract with Mr. Strong was terminated. Subsequent to November 1999, Mr. Strong is an independent member of the Company's Board of Directors.
On November 9, 1999, the Board created a Project Oversight Committee which will be responsible for assisting the Board to oversee special projects of the Company. Jack Strong was appointed a member and chairman of the committee. The Board of Directors approved payment of $6,000 annually to the chairman of the Project Oversight Committee.
Item 12.
Item 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The following information is furnished as of September 30, 2000, to indicate beneficial ownership of more than 5% of the Company's Common Stock, as well as beneficial ownership by each director and certain executives, individually and directors of the Company, as a group, of shares of the Company's Common stock.
*Less than one percent
(1) Includes 3,560,966 of Outstanding Common Stock, 314,000 Common Stock Options with an exercise price ranging from $2.38 to $7.63, 45,148 Common Stock Options with an exercise price of $8.50, 220,000 Common Stock Options with an exercise price of $20, and 250,067 Exercisable Convertible Series A Preferred Stock with a conversion rate of one preferred share for one share of common stock. Ownership percentage excluding Common Stock Options and the Convertible Series A Preferred Stock is 66%.
(2) Includes 40,000 Common Stock Options with an exercise price of $6.00.
(3) Includes 1,456 Common Stock Options with an exercise price of $8.00.
(4) Includes 10,000 Common Stock Options with an exercise price of $6.00.
(5) Includes 211,633 of 423,266 shares held in a shared voting and investment trust.
Item 13.
Item 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
MANAGEMENT AGREEMENTS
The Company has an agreement with Herb D. Vest (principal common shareholder) for management services to the Company. The agreement with Herb D. Vest provides for a management fee per year including an annual bonus based on the Company's performance related to revenue and net income goals, additions of Company affiliates and Fee Based Assets under Management, as established by the Board of Directors. The Company paid a bonus of $2,315,412, and $2,340,148 in fiscal 1999, and 1998, respectively. Management fees, including bonus, under these agreements were $3,215,412, and $3,240,148 for the years ended September 30, 1999, and 1998, respectively.
In January 2000, Herb D. Vest and the Company agreed to remove the bonus provision from Mr. Vest's management agreement for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2000. In addition, in September, 2000, Mr. Vest and the Company agreed to reduce Mr. Vest's base compensation from $900,000 to $675,000 for fiscal year 2000. Pursuant to his management agreement, Mr. Vest is entitled to receive his full base salary and bonus during fiscal year 2001. The agreement also provides that Mr. Vest is permitted to request and receive advances on future management fees based on estimated future operations. At September 30, 2000, Mr. Vest had received $675,000 under this agreement, consisting entirely of management fees related to fiscal year 2000.
H.D. VEST INSURANCE AGENCY
H.D. Vest Insurance Agency (f/k/a H.D. Vest Insurance Services) (HDVIns) is owned by Herb D. Vest. HDVIns general insurance agency appoints Representatives with various insurance companies to enable them to sell insurance products to their clients. The Company, in accordance with the terms of a facilities and services agreement, provides certain management and other services to HDVIns and is paid a fee for these services. The value of these services for fiscal year ended 2000 has been determined based on the prorata portion of certain relevant expenses as a percentage of HDVIns revenues to total consolidated revenues. To the extent the Company renders services to HDVIns for which it is not compensated at fair market value, such action could constitute a conflict of interest since Mr. Vest is both the principal common shareholder and Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company. The
services provided to HDVIns by the Company are summarized as follows: management, accounting, referral data base, client tracking services, solicitation, tracking of renewal policies of insurance, collection of premiums and commissions, processing of insurance transactions, payment of salaries and other expenses, cost of recruiting, training and reporting to agents and other services as deemed appropriate by the Company. The Company receives all variable commissions through HDVIS. Variable commission revenue was $26,159,813, $17,850,301, and $13,785,487 for the years ended September 30, 2000, 1999, and 1998, respectively. In accordance with this agreement the Company has charged HDVIns $485,355, $404,315, and $493,604 for the years ended September 30, 2000, 1999, and 1998, respectively, for facilities and management services rendered. As of September 30, 2000, the Company had a receivable of $505,395 from HDVIns for these services.
LINES OF CREDIT
The Company has an agreement to provide Herb D. Vest a revolving line of credit in an amount not to exceed $2,000,000, collateralized by Mr. Vest's unrestricted Company common stock in an amount equal to the unadjusted current balance of the line of credit based on the stock's current ask price. The terms of the agreement require an annual payment to be made on November 30 of each year equal to one-seventh of the then outstanding principal plus accrued interest. The final payment of all outstanding principal and accrued interest shall be due and payable on or before November 30, 2001. Under the agreement interest accrues on unpaid principal balances at a rate of 11%. At September 30, 2000, Mr. Vest had no outstanding principal or accrued interest on this line.
The Company has an agreement to provide Barbara Hancock a revolving line of credit in an amount not to exceed $700,000, collateralized by Mrs. Hancock's unrestricted Company common stock in an amount equal to the unadjusted current balance of the line of credit based on the stock's current ask price. The terms of the agreement require an annual payment to be made on November 30 of each year equal to one-seventh of the then outstanding principal plus accrued interest. The final payment of all outstanding principal and accrued interest shall be due and payable on or before November 30, 2001. Under the agreement, interest accrues on unpaid principal balances at a rate of 11%. In December 1998, Barbara Hancock repaid in full the outstanding principal balance, together with the accrued interest, of her revolving line of credit from the Company. At September 30, 2000, Mrs. Hancock had no outstanding principal or accrued interest on this line.
EDUCATION COSTS
The Company maintains a formal policy for reimbursement of continuing education expenses incurred by officers and employees. Employees are generally reimbursed for expenses incurred in the pursuit of professional designations, Microsoft designations, undergraduate degrees, graduate degrees or specialized training. The Company promotes personal and professional growth of its employees in order to provide a qualified staff to its Representatives.
401(k) RETIREMENT PLAN
In March 1993, the Company formed a Salary Savings Plan 401(k)-retirement plan for eligible employees. Employees are eligible for participation on the enrollment date following completion of six months of service with the Company or, if later, the enrollment date after attaining age 21. Employees may contribute up to 15 percent of their income, up to the annual maximum allowed by law. On January 1, 1999 the Company began to match contributions made by employees based upon full years of service; 20 percent match for less than 3 years of service, 40 percent match for 3 to 4 years service, and 60 percent for 5 or more years of service. Previously, the Company matched all employees at a 20 percent rate. The Company modified the plan to reward tenure among employees. Company contributions to the 401(k) retirement plan for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2000, 1999, and 1998 were $422,629, $278,068, and $106,042, respectively.
Item 14.
Item 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES, AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
a) 1. Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Report of Independent Public Accountants Consolidated Statements of Financial Position Consolidated Statements of Operations Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Investment Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
2. Exhibits
Exhibit Number Exhibit - -------------- -------
3.1 Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws * 3.2 Second Articles of Amendment to Articles of Incorporation + 10.1 Non-Qualified Stock Option Plan * 10.2 Facilities and Service Agreement with H.D. Vest Insurance Services * 10.3 Registered Representative Sales Agreement + 10.4 Management Agreement with Herb D. Vest + 10.5 Management Agreement with Barbara Hancock * 10.6 Termination Agreement with Barbara Hancock + 10.7 Line of Credit Agreement with Herb D. Vest . 10.8 Line of Credit Agreement with Barbara Hancock . 10.9 Las Colinas Corporate Center Lease 10.10 Premier Suite 100 Lease 10.11 Premier Suite 150 Lease 21.1 Subsidiaries of the Registrant 27.1 Financial Data Schedule
* Incorporated by reference from the annual report filed on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1988.
+ Incorporated by reference from the annual report filed on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1991.
. Incorporated by reference from the annual report filed on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1994.
b) Reports on Form 8-K (None).
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Company has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
H.D. VEST, INC. ------------------ (Registrant)
Date: December 18, 2000 By:/s/ Herb D. Vest --------------- Herb D. Vest Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
By:s/ Herb D. Vest By:s/ Barbara Hancock --------------------------- ------------------------------ Herb D. Vest Barbara Hancock Chairman of the Board Director and Chief Executive Officer
By:s/ Phillip W. Mayer By:s/ Kenneth R. Petree ---------------------------- ------------------------- Phillip W. Mayer Kenneth R. Petree Director Director
By:s/ Wesley Ted Sinclair By:s/ Jerry M. Prater --------------------------- --------------------------- Wesley Ted Sinclair Jerry M. Prater CFO and Vice President Director (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)
By:s/ Kenneth E. Reynolds By:s/ Jack B. Strong --------------------------- ---------------------------- Kenneth E. Reynolds Jack B. Strong Director Director.
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38 B. Nieie, Rede Ausdruck gejunden. E& darf aljo nochmal hervorgehoben werden, daß dieſe Rede für die Kenntiifje der Abfichten Alexander's gar feinen Werth bat, jondern daß Arrian hier feinen eigenen Ansichten über Alexander's Pläne Ausdrud verliehen hat. Damit iſt es wahrjcheinlich, daß wie die ganze Nede Alexander’s, ſo auch die Antwort des Koinos Arrian's eigene Arbeit ij. Es fällt jehr in's Gewicht, daß wir auch in dem Vertreter der rhetorijchen Überlieferung, bei Curtius Rufus!), bei dieſer Gelegenheit eine Nede Alexander's und eine Antwort des Koinos jehen, und wer dieſe mit dem Urrianifchen vergleicht, wird finden, daß zwilchen beiden viele Anflänge beftehen, daß aber die thatjäd)- lihen ®erhältniffe bei Curtius viel beffer zum Ausdruck ge fommen find als bei Arrian?). Ich Ipreche die Vermuthung aus, daß der Anlaß der Rede von Arrian nicht dem Ptole— mäo8 oder Ariftobul, jondern der vulgären rhetorijchen Über: lieferung entnommen ift, daß aljo die älteren Schriftiteller bier gar feine Reden brachten. Arrian hat dieie Gelegenheit benußt, um die Abfichten Alexander's, wie er fie fpäter nochmals ent= widelt hat, diefem jelbit in den Mund zu legen. Über diefe maßlojen Welteroberungspläne dürfte genug gefagt jein. Es bleibt noch übrig, furz zu berichten, was wir jonft von Alerander’3 Entwürfen hören. Nicht lange vor jeinem Einzuge in Babylon fandte er den Herakleides an das fajpijche Meer mit dein Auftrage, eine Slotte zu bauen. Arrian?) fügt in längerer Darlegung Hinzu, er babe das kaſpiſche Meer und feinen Zus jammenhang mit dem Pontus oder dem Ocean erforjchen wollen. Seine Bemerfungen bewegen ſich dabei jo ſehr in feinen eigenen joeben beſprochenen geographiichen Vorſtellungen, find überhaupt fo individuell gefärbt, daß fie für Alexander's Abfichten nur mit Vorficht zu benugen find. Die Flotte hatte ficherlich nicht nur geograpbifche Zwecke, fondern jollte vornehmlich dazu dienen, 9 2 und 3. 2) Auch die Inſzenirung iſt bei Curtius viel befier als bei Arrian. Wie anſchaulich erzählt ber Rhetor, wie Koinos bervortritt, den Helm vom Haupte nimmt, denn fo will es der Brauch, und nun den König anredet! sy 7, 16. Zur Würdigung Alerander’3 bes Großen. 89 die Unterwerfung der Gebirgsvölfer am Südrande des kaſpiſchen Meeres und ihrer nördlichen Nachbarn zu erleichtern. Daß eine größere Expedition geplant jei, an der etwa der König jelbit hätte theilnehmen wollen, wird nicht gejagt. Truppen wurden dem Herakleides nicht mitgegeben ; wahrjcheinlich war er auf die vorhandenen Bejagungen angewiejen. Etwas mehr hören wir über den arabiichen Feldzug, der den König in feinen legten Tagen bejchäftigtee Es war eine Fortſetzung der Nearchiſchen Seefahrt; die Expedition beitand aus der Flotte Nearch's, die durch einige in Babylonien erbaute Schiffe veritärft ward; es waren alles fleinere Fahrzeuge. Aus Cypern und Phönizien ferner wurden einige Kriegsſchiffe über Land in den Euphrat binübergefchafft, 17 größere und 30 Kleinere, wozu Mannſchaften ebenfall® in Phönizien und Umgegend beichafft werden jollten. Dazu famen Landtruppen, die von Babylon aus vorangehen fjollten; der König ſelbſt wollte zu Schiffe folgen; Nearch befehligte wiederum die Flotte!). Ziel der Erpedition war die Beſiedelung der Ufer und Inſeln des perfifchen Meerbujens?), und daß fie fich darauf beichränfen jollte, dafür ipricht der mäßige Umstand der Rüftungen, wie denn auch nichts darauf hindeutet, daß eine längere Abweſenheit des Königs in Ausficht genommen wurde. Später glaubte man?), wie jchon oben erwähnt ift, er habe ganz Arabien unterwerfen wollen, angeblich weil die Araber allein ihm feine Sejandte gejchidt hätten, in Wahrheit aber, um fich von ihnen als dritten Gott verehren zu laſſen; dafür habe er ihnen dann ihre Freiheit belafjen wollen. Über den Werth diefer Vermuthungen habe ich ebenfalls ſchon geiprochen.e Daß es fi) um ein jehr weit- ausfehendes , langwieriges Unternehmen gehandelt habe, daß Alegander Arabien bis nach Ägypten habe umjahren wollen, ift ı) Strabo 16, 741. Arrian 7, 19. 25,2 u. 4. 3) Arrian 7,19, 5: Tr» Te yao nagakiav nv ngos to xuAnıp to Ilsooı- so wwrosibew Enevösı xal Tas vnoors Tas &v tavrı. Vgl. Strabo 16, 741, wo von der. Eroberung des an Babylonien grenzenden Arabien die Rede ift. 5) So ſchon Ariftobul, der, wie id) bier erinnere, erjt nad) 301 v. Chr., alio 20 bis 30 Fahre fpäter jchrieb. 40 B. Nieſe, nad dem Stande der Vorbereitungen nicht wahrfcheinlich; dazu wären ganz andere Anjtalten nöthig gemejen!), und auch von Ägypten aus hätte eine ſolche Expedition in's Werk geſetzt werden müljen; denn Alexander war nicht der Wann, ohne genügende Vorbereitung etwas in die Hand zu nehmen. Daß er vielleicht jpäter, nad) ausreichender Erfundung und Vorbereitung da® Unternehmen ausgeführt hätte, iſt möglid. Daß er es damals gewollt habe, iſt weder gut bezeugt noch wahrjcheinlid). Alles übrige it womöglich noch weniger beglaubigt. Da iſt zuerit der fchon oben (S. 23) erwähnte Zug zur Eroberung der weitlihen Mittelmeerländer, der fich angeblich unter den binterlaffenen Entwürfen des Königs befand? Von Vorbereitungen dazu gibt es feine Spur; das legte, womit Alerander fich beichäftigte, war eben die arabiiche Expedition. Bei dem Zuge in den Weften wird bejonderd die Unter- werfung Karthagos hervorgehoben. Leider wiſſen wir nun von den Bezichungen Alexander's zu dieſer Macht jo gut wie nichts. In einer jehr anckdotiich gefärbten Geſchichte bei Juſtinus?) iſt von Bejorgnifjen der Karthager vor einem Angriff Alerander’3 die Rede. Belannt ift ferner, daß nad) den geringeren Quellen auc) die SKarthager im Jahre 323 cine Gejandtichaft nad Babylon geichidt haben ſollen). Wenn dies nicht erfunden fein jollte, jo würde man daraus eher auf Freundſchaft als auf Feindſchaft jchließen dürfen. Jedenfalls gibt es von feindlichen Abfichten Alerander’s gegen fie feine Spur?). ) Denn wa? Nırian 7, 20, 3 über allerfei Erkundigungsfahrten einzelner Schiffer jagt, fann nicht als Vorbereitung gelten. 2, Diodor 18, 4,4. Auch Arrian jcheint davon zu mwiflen, wie man aus der Nede des Koinos 5, 27,7 f. jchließen darf. s) 21,6. 4% Arrian 7, 15,4. Diodor 17, 113. Auftin. 12, 13. Bei Diodor fommt eine Gejandtichaft der Karthager und der Libyphöniker; aber dieſe legteren waren als Iinterthanen der Starthager gar nicht in der Lage, eine Geſandtſchaft zu fchiden. 5, Die karthagiſche KFeitgejandtichait, die in Tyros 332 gefangen wurde, wurde, was fid) von jelbft verjteht, begnadigt und ohne Zweifel heimgejandt. Arrian 2, 24,5. Zur Würdigung Alexander's ded Großen. 41 Anderewo iſt von einem Zuge nah Sicilien und Italien die Rede, wobei Alexander das mihglüdte Unternehmen feines moloſſiſchen Vetter Alerander zu vollenden vorgehabt und es bejonder® auf Rom abgefehen habe, und es ijt befannt, daß jpäter von den Nhetoren die Frage eifrig erörtert wurde, ob Die Römer wohl dem Alexander hätten widerftchen können!). Nach anderen ebenfall® |päteren Berichten fam eine Gejandtichaft der Römer zum König nad) Babylon, und Alexander joll nach dem, wad er von ihnen jah und hörte, die zukünftige Größe Roms geweisjagt haben?). Dies Klingt durchaus nicht feindjelig oder friegeriih; und man fieht, daß dieje ſpäteren Erfindungen ſich gegenjeitig aufheben. Gut bezeugt ift nur, daß die Lukaner und Bretier, von denen der Molofjer Alexander vernichtet war, Boten nah Babylon ſchickten?). Welche Aufträge fie hatten, willen wir nicht; daß die Gefandtichaft mit dem Ilntergange des Mo: loſſers zujammenhing, iſt wahrjcheinlich ; auf friegeriiche Absichten Alerander’3 läßt fie nicht ſchließen?). Zum Schluß jei noch der angebliche Zug gegen die Skuthen erwähnt, der in der Form, wie er und überliefert wird°), ebenjo ein Traumbild der fpäteren Hiftorifer ift, wie die übrigen Welt- eroberungspläne. Wenn man ihn dagegen in der Faſſung nimmt, wie er einmal bei Arrian®) ericheint, als ein Verſuch, die Pontus⸗- ufer zu unterwerfen, fo ift dies ein Unternehmen, das für Ale: zander recht nahe lag, zumal wenn man bedenkt, daß ſchon vorher fein Feldherr Zopyrion einen freilid) mißglückten Anfang dazu gemacht hatte‘), Ob Alexander aber zur Zeit eines 1) Arrian 7, 1, 3. Plutarch, de Alex. virt. 13, S. 300 ed. Tidot, Livius 9, 17. s) Ariſtos und Aſklepiades bei Arrian 7, 15,5. Klitarch fr. 23. Vgl. meine Geichichte 1, 182, 5) Arrian 7, 15, 4. % Man kann vermutben, daß es ſich etiva um die lukaniſchen Geiſeln banbdelte, die dem Moloſſer Alexander zur Zeit jeiner eriten Erivfge gegeben waren und die fih vielleiht nody in Epirus beianden. Livius 8, 24, 4. 8) Arrian 7, 1,3. 6, 4, 15, 6. ) Meine Geſchichte 1, 171. 42 B. Nieie, Todes wirklid daran gedacht hat, ob er es ſelbſt oder durd) Andere ausführen wollte, davon jehlt uns wieder jegliche Kenntnis. Alerander trug ſich, als er ftarb, gewiß mit vielerlei Ent: mwürfen ; aber die ihm von der fpäteren, rhetorifchen Überlieferung beigelegten Eroberungspläne jind Erfindungen. Und wie leicht fonnten fie entitehen; feine Thaten und der Seitpunft feines Todes forderten zu ſolchen Phantafien geradezu heraus. Alle rander Hatte in verhältnismäßig furzer Zeit, in zehn Jahren, das perfiiche Neich erobert und von einem Ende zum andern durchzogen. Gerade ala er damit zu Ende war, ftarb er in jungen Sahren, noch nicht 33 Jahre alt. Man hatte ihn, fo lange er regierte, nur als Kriegshelden und Eroberer von un- gejtümer Kraft gejehen, der von einem Ziel zum andern raftlos vordrang. Iſt e8 zu verwundern, daß ınan fich vorftellte, er würde, wenn er länger gelebt hätte, auch jo fortgefahren fein? Gerade darin liegt der poetifche Reiz jeiner Perjon, daß man fich ihn inmitten ungeheurer Entwürfe dahingerafft dachte. Die Hiltorifer haben diefen Gedanfen verjchiedenartig, jeder nach jeiner Weiſe, ausgearbeitet; fie haben die anziehende Frage zu beantworten ge- jucht, wie er fi zu den fpäter zur Macht gelangten Bölfern, den Karthagern und vor allem den Römern, verhalten haben würde. In gewiſſem Sinne zur Nollendung gebracht hat dies alles der Alerander-Roman, wo der König diefe Entwürfe jeiner Hiftorifer wenigjtend zum Theil zur Ausführung bringt. In Wahrheit hat Alexander das Ziel, das er fich gejegt hatte, auch volllommen erreiht. Er zog aus gegen die Perfer, wozu ſchon jein Vater Philipp den Anfang gemacht hatte!). Seine Abficht war, das Perferreich zu erobern und ſich an Stelle des Darius zu jegen; darauf zielen von Anfang an alle feine Handlungen und Einrichtungen, und er hat es vollfommen aug- — — — — 1) über Philipp's Abſichten, ob ſchon er das ganze Reich erobern, oder ſich mit einen Theile begnügen wollte, iſt gar nichts bekannt. Was Kaerit darüber vermuthet, der Gegenjag, in den er Philipp's Politik zu der feines Sohnes bringt, ift, wie jchon erwähnt, ohne jede Gewähr. Zur Würdigung Alerander’8 des Broken. 43 geführt, nicht mehr und nicht weniger; die Grenzen des perſiſchen Reiches waren auch die feinigen; von einer grundjäglichen Ande- rung jeiner Politik im Verlaufe des Krieges kann dabei feine Rede jein. Nach jeiner Rückkehr aus dem Oſten (324 v. Chr.) finden wir ihn bejchäftigt, feine neue Herrichaft zu befejtigen und ums zugeitalten. Eine unermeßliche Fülle von Gejichäften lag auf ihm; jebt begann erſt die Arbeit. Er fiedelt Hellenen und Mafe- donier im Orient an, Phönizier will er an das perjiiche Meer verpflanzen ; die perfiichen Völfer zieht er zum Heer: und zum Neichsdienft heran, er will die Sieger und Befiegten zu einem Volke verjchmelzen; er läßt die Bergwerfe in Armenien unter: ſuchen und rüftet eine Expedition auf dem kaſpiſchen Meere. Er gebt nach Efbatana, bezwingt die Kofläer, dann geht er nad) Ba- bylon, das er, wie es fcheint, zur Hauptſtadt und zum Mlittel- punfte des Reiches erforen hat!). Bon hier aus will er an den perjiichen Golf gehen, als er ftirbt. Aber es gab noch viel mehr zu thun; die Unterwerfung und Befriedung des Reiches war noch fange nicht vollendet. In Indien, Baktrien und Karmanien waren Aufitände ausgebrochen und nur nothdürftig oder gar nicht unterdrüdt. In Kappadofien hatte jidy der Perſer Ariarathes unabhängig gehalten und anjehnliche Macht erworben; er wurde erſt jpäter von Perdiffas und Eumenes in einem Feldzuge mit anfehnlichen. Streitfräften überwunden. Die Iſaurer am Taurus hatten ſich empört, Ddesgleichen die Bithyner unter einem ein- heimischen Fürſten, dem Stammvater der jpäteren bithyniſchen Könige. Alles war noch unfertig, und es zu vollenden, erforderte fange Zeit und die ganze Kraft eine® Regenten. Und man joll glauben, daß Alerander an's andere Ende der Welt zu neuen grenzenlofen Unternehmungen geeilt wäre? Er hätte dann feine Entwürfe, die Neuordnung des Reiches, die Ktolonijationen, Die Berichmelzung der Hellenen und Barbaren im Stiche gelafjen und alles dem Berfall überantworte. Wir fünnen ficher jein, daß er ganz anders dachte, daß er in jeinem Reiche bleiben und ı) Strabo 15, 731. — — 44 B. Nieje, Zur Würdigung Alexander's des Großen. vollenden wollte, was er angefangen hatte. Das entjpricht feiner Natur und Sinnedart; denn er war feurig und voll des höchiten Schwunges, zugleich aber umfichtig, überlegt und jeiner Ziele wie feiner Deittel bewußt. Ob ihn eine fpätere Zeit nochmals über die Grenzen jeined Reiches hinaus zu weiteren Kriegzügen geführt haben würde, wer fann es willen? Dieſe Frage bleibe der Dichtung überlaffen ; die wilfenschaftliche Forſchung fann jich nicht damit beichäftigen. Die wirthſchaftliche Kultur der Deutfchen zur Zeit Cuſar's. Bon Berner Wittid. R. Hildebrand: Recht und Sitte auf den verichiedenen wirtbichaftlichen Kulturftufen. Erfter Theil. Jena, Fiſcher. 1896. Recht und Sitte eines Volkes ftehen im engften Zufammen- bang mit der jeweils bei dieſem Volk herrichenden wirthichaftlichen Kultur. Eine beftimmte wirthichaftliche Kulturftufe bedingt ges wife rechtlihe und foziale Inſtitutionen. Völker !von gleicher wirtbichaftlicher Kultur haben daher jehr häufig gleiche Einrich— tungen und Sitten. Der Gedanke liegt nun nahe, die allgemeine Entwidlungsgeichichte des Recht und der Sitte im Zujammen- bang mit dem Forftſchritt der wirthichaftlichen Kultur zu be trachten, und zwar da8 jeweils herrichende Recht und die Sitte eines Volkes aus dem Stand feiner wirthichaftlichen Kultur zu erflären. Dieje Aufgabe hat ſich Richard Hildebrand in ſeinem Werf „Recht und Sitte auf den verjchiedenen wirthichaftlichen Kultur: ftufen“ geitellt. Bis jegt liegt nur der erfte Theil dieſes Werkes vor, aber die Unterjuchung ift in ihm joweit vorgefchritten, daß’ ein Urtheil über die Methode und deren Anwendung möglic) ift. Es liegen diejer Methode verjchiedene Borausjegungen zu Grunde, die zunächſt Elar hervorgehoben werden müſſen. Die erfte iſt die, daß Recht und Sitte thatlächlich jo jehr mit der wirthichaftlichen Kultur zujammenhängen, daß Jämmtliche 46 W. Wittich, wichtigen Inſtitute des Rechtes und der Sitte durch wirthſchaft⸗ liche Urſachen weſentlich bedingt erjcheinen. Die zweite Vorausſetzung, unter deren Annahme der Ber: fafler die wirthichaftliche Kultur zur Erfenntnisquelle gerade der Entwidlung von Recht und Sitte gewählt hat, beitcht darin, daß der Entwidlungsgang der wirthichaftlihen Kultur immer und überall derfelbe ift, weil er immer und überall durch die gleichen Urjachen bedingt wird. Die dritte Vorausſetzung endlich, ebenfall® von großer Widy- tigfeit für die gejchichtliche Bedeutung der Methode, bejteht in der Annahme, daß die gleichen Wirthichaftszuftände inımer und überall in der gleichen Weife Recht und Sitte beeinflußt haben. Unter diejen drei Borausjfegungen hat der Verfaſſer jeine Methode auf die fundamentalen Fragen in der Entwidlungs- gefchichte des Recht? und der Sitte angewendet. Er hat zunächit drei Kulturjtufen, die der Jäger und Fiſcher, ferner die der Hirten und jchließlich die des primitiven Aderbaues gebildet. Dann hat er die wirthichaftlihen Eigenthümlichkeiten einer jeden diejer drei Kulturitufen mit großer Schärfe hervorgehoben und jchließlich gezeigt, wie die Beichaffenheit aller rechtlichen und ſozialen Inititute durch die wirthſchaftlichen Eigenthümlichfeiten bedingt war. Getreu feiner Vorausfegung bat er die Thatjachen, die ihm jowohl zum Entwurf feines Bildes von der Wirthichaft auf der betreffenden SKulturjtufe wie auch zur Darftellung der auf der- jelben herrſchenden Einrichtungen dienten, allen Völkern und Zeiten entnommen. Nur auf derfelben wirthſchaftlichen Kultur ftufe müfjen ſie ftehen, dann find auch die Grundzüge ihrer Einrichtungen gleichartig, einerlet ob fie als Indianer in Amerifa oder als Bujchmänner in Afrifa leben. Es liegt nicht im Plan diejer Studie, die Anfichten, Die Hildebrand auf Grund feiner Methode von den verjchiedenartigen Injtituten des Rechts und der Sitte gewonnen hat, im einzelnen au erörtern. Es joll nur ein Gegenſtand, allerdings der interejjanteite und vom Berjafjer mit fichtlicher Vorliebe behandelte, heraus⸗ Die wirthichaftlihe Kultur der Deutichen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 47 gegriffen werden, nämlich feine Anjicht über Recht und Sitte der Germanen auf ihrer älteften geichichtlich befannten wirthichaft- lichen Kulturſtufe. Die ältefte, näher befannte Kulturftufe, auf der die Germanen zur Zeit Cäſar's ftanden, war dad Halb» nomadenthum. Was ift nun Halbnomadenthum nad) Hildebrand? Um diefe Kulturſtufe völlig zu veritehen, müfjen wir zunächſt willen, was Nomadenthum ift, d. h. welche Sulturjtufe und welche darauf erwachjenen Inititutionen der Verfaffer unter diefer Be- zeichnung begreit. Nomadenthum ijt Hirtenleben, d. h. diejenige Kulturitufe, auf der der Menſch hauptſächlich vom Ertrag der Viehzucht liebt. In dieſem Kulturftadium hält der Menſch Heerden. Es beiteht alio Vermögen. Das Vieh wird jedoch nur ausnahms— weije, in Fällen der Noth oder bei feitlichen Gelegenheiten, ges ſchlachtet. Regelmäßig lebt der Hirte nicht von Fleiſch, jondern von Milch und Käſe. Zur Erhaltung jeiner Heerde muß der Hirte fortwährend umbherziehen, mit dem SHirtenleben iſt das Nomadenthum unzertrennlich verbunden. Jedoch bejucht er mit einer gewifjen Regelmäßigfeit Jahr für Jahr diefelben Weidepläge. Aber die Erjchöpfung der Weide und der Wechfel der Jahreszeit halten ihn in jtändiger Bewegung. Sind die Heerden groß, jo fann nur immer eine bejchränfte Zahl von Familien auf einem und demjelben Play ihr Vieh weiden. Daher ift nicht einmal ein ganzes Gejchlecht in einem Zeltlager oder Dorf vereinigt. In der Hegel vertheilt jich jedes Geſchlecht in mehrere Zeltlager. Die Vermandtichaft beitimmt ſich nad) dem Vater. Die väterliche Gewalt dauert jo lange, bis der Sohn erwachjen iſt. Die Söhne erben zu gleichen Theilen, die Töchter gar nicht. Die eigentliche Arbeitskraft der Familie bilden die rauen und die Knechte, der Mann befigt um das Vermögen. Snechte find nur zum Theil Unfreie, meiſtens durch die Not zum Dienen geziwungene Leute des eigenen Stammes. Es befteht noch die volljte individuelle Freiheit und Unab— hängigkeit. Die Macht der Häuptlinge gründet ſich nicht auf 48 W. Wittich, amtliche Befugnis oder ein angeborenes Herrichaftsrecht, jondern einzig und allein auf die Perfönlichkeit oder da8 Gewicht und Anjehen, welches unmittelbar aus der vornehmen Abkunft, dem höheren Alter, der überlegenen Einfiht und Thatkraft oder dem größeren Reichthum erwächſt. Daher fünnen die Häuptlinge auch nur rathen, nicht aber befehlen, die einzige wirkliche Gewalt ift die des Hausvaters. Wie entiteht nun aus diefem Hirtendafein des Nomaden das Halbnomadenthum ? Um dies zu begreifen, müſſen wir zunächit die Entjtehung des Pflanzenbaues betrachten. Der Pflanzenbau entwidelt ſich unabhängig von der Viehzuht aus der Pflanzenlefe. Ja, es gibt Völker, allerdings nicht in Aſien oder Europa, jondern in Afrifa und Amerika, die, ohne die Phaſe des Hirtenlebens durch laufen zu haben, direkt von Jagd und Fiſcherei zur Agrikultur übergegangen find. Wie und warum geht nun gerade der Nomade vom SHirtenleben zum Aderbau über? Nicht deshalb, weil er mit ihm befannt geworden ift, ihn entdedt oder erfunden hat und feine Vorzüge einfieht. Ja, es ift nicht einmal ſicher, ob er fi) darüber Klar geworden war, daß die ganze jpätere Kultur— entwidelung nur auf der Grundlage des Aderbaus vor fich gehen fünne. Ganz im Gegentheil fucht der Nomade, fo lange es ihm irgend möglich it, bei dem gewohnten und daher lieb gewordenen Hirtendalein zu verharren. Er fennt den Aderbau ſchon lange, aber er verachtet ihn. So lange jeine Heerden ihn und feine Familie ernähren, denkt er jo wenig daran, ein Ader- bauer zu werden, als heutzutage ein wohljtehender Ritterguts« beſitzer es fich einfallen läßt, feinen gut rentirenden Beſitz zu verfaufen und in der Stadt ein Gewerbe zu betreiben. Aber wir wiſſen bereits, daß die Kulturftufe des Nomaden- lebens Unterfchiede von arm und reich fennt. Es gibt große Heerdenbefiger, es gibt fleine Leute, die von ihrem VBiehbefig nur gerade leben fünnen, die durch Unglücksfälle oder Vermbgens—⸗ theilungen in äußerfte Dürftigfeit verjegt werden. Anfangs treten fie wohl ala Sinechte in den Dienjt der reicheren Stammes genofjen und werden bei der Wartung der Heerden verwendet. Die wirthichaitlihe Kultur der Deutſchen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 49 Aber dicje Verwendung hat ihre Grenze. Trotzdem fteigt ihre Zahl. Die bitterfte Noth droht ihnen, und dann erft find die Borbedingungen für den gewaltigften wirthichaftlichen Fortſchritt gegeben. Sie bequemen fich dazu, als Aderbauer den Boden zu bearbeiten. Aber fie werden damit noch lange nicht freie, jeßhafte Bauern. Zunächſt beſchränkt fich der Aderbau in jeinen erften Anfängen auf die Sommerjaat, er Hat den Charafter eines Nebenbetriebes, die wichtigjte Erwerbsquelle bleibt noch auf lange Zeit die Viehzucht. Daher muß der Aderbau ſich den Betriebs- bedingungen der Viehzucht unterordnen. In der Nähe der Sommerweiden liegen die Getreidefelder. Selten wird ein Stüd Land länger als ein Jahr bebaut. Bei den Überfluß an Land bildet die geringfte Erfchöpfung des Boden? den Anlaß, den Aderbau zu verlegen. Wechfeln fie nun gar die Lage der Sommer weide, jo muß natürlich der Aderbau auch folgen. So ijt der Standort des Aderbaues aus den beiden Gründen, einmal wegen der jehr ertenfiven Betriebsweife und dann wegen der Fortdauer der nomadiſchen Lebensweiſe, fein feiter. Außerdem aber lebt der zum Ackerbauer herabgejunfene Nomade oder Hirte noch immer größtentheild von den Erzeug- nifjien der Viehzucht. Nun befigt er aber gar fein oder wenig» ftend nicht mehr genügend Vieh, um feine Lebensbedürfnifje zu befriedigen; denn fonjt wäre er ja nicht Aderbauer geworden. Das zum Leben nothwendige Vieh erhält er von dein reichen Heerdenbefiger, oder aber er wird von diefem mit den zum Leben nothwendigen Produkten der Viehzucht verjehen. In beiden Fällen aber muß er einen Theil der Ernte an den reichen Heerden- bejiger abgeben. Auf Ddiejer Kulturjtufe gibt es nun noch fein Eigenthum am Grund und Boden. Wahrſcheinlich hatten zur Zeit des reinen Nomadenthums die Gentes oder deren Untertheilungen, die Zelt- genojjenfchaften, abgegrenzte Weidereviere, innerhalb deren fie den Weidegang der Heerden fremder, nicht zur Gens oder Ge nofjenichaft gehöriger Befiger nicht zuließen. Aber dies dauerte natürlich nur jo lange, als jie das Weiderevier jelbjt benugten. Suchten fie andere Weiden auf, fo hatten fie wohl weder die Hikoriiche Beitihrift R. F. Bd. XLIII 4 50 W. Wittich, Möglichkeit noch den Willen, andere Nomaden von den vers laſſenen Gebieten fern zu halten. Auch der primitive Aderbau, der unter Beibehaltung der nomadiſchen Lebensweiſe betrieben wurde, brachte hierin feine Veränderung hervor. Nur verhält- nismäßig höchſt geringfügige Beitandtheile der großen Beides reviere wurden zum Aderbau in Anjpruch genommen. So lange der Acerbau dauerte, war der Aderbauer im Beſitz diejer Grund- jtüde geſchützt. Auch die mächtigen Heerdenbefiger hinderten im eigenen Intereſſe jede Störung dieſes Beſitzes. Aber der häufige Wechſel im Standort des Aderbaues lich es ebenjomwenig wie zur Beit des reinen Nomadenthums zur Ausbildung eines dauernden Rechtes am Grund und Boden fommen. So ift bei den Nomadenvölfern der Übergang vom reinen Dirtenleben zu den Anfängen des Ackerbaues mit der Begründung einer ſozialen und wirthichaftlihen Abhängigkeit der Aderbauer verbunden. Der Grund diefer Erjcheinung beiteht darin, daß jchon auf der Rulturftufe des Hirtenlebens joziale Gegenjäge entitanden jind. Beim Anwachſen der Bevdlferung kann der ärmere Theil der- jelben jein Leben nur frijten, wenn er fi zunächit in den Dienſt der großen SHeerdenbejiger begibt. Dieſe verwenden die armen Bolfögenofjen zunächſt bei der Viehmirthichaft, dann aber auch bei einem allerdings noch jehr extenfiven und der Viehzucht völlig untergeordneten Aderbau. Sie verjehen dieje Aderbauer mit dem zum Leben nothwendigen Biel) und beanjpruchen dafür einen Antheil an der Ernte. So entiteht der primitive Aderbau, das Halbnomadenthum im Sinn Hildebrand’s. Aber die nomadijche Lebensweiſe bleibt bejtchen, und damit find dauernde Rechte am Grund und Boden nod) unmöglich; denn noch immer bildet die Hauptgrundlage der menjchlichen Exiſtenz die Viehzudt. Dieje Kenntnis der nomadischen und halbnomadiichen Kultur und der auf dielen Kulturftufen eriwachjenen Inftitutionen ver: dankt Hildebrand Hauptjählich den Studium der mongolijchen und arabijchen Völferjchaften. Beſonders die aus guten rufjiichen Reifewerfen näher befannten SKirgijen haben ihm viel Stoff für die Darftelung halbnomadischer Kultur geliefert, und aus der Die wirtbichaftliche Kultur der Deutichen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 51 jozialen Ordnung dieſes halbnomadiſchen Volkes jcheint er jeine Anficht über die Art und Weije, wie Hirtenvölfer zum Aderbau übergeben, geichöpft zu haben. Nun zurüd zu der älteſten befannten Kultur der Germanen. Nach den übereinſtimmenden Berichten des Cäſar und des Strabo lebten fie hauptſächlich von Jagd und Viehzucht. Der lebtere erwähnt den Aderbau überhaupt nicht, der erjtere fchildert ihn ala höchſt unbedeutend; ficher ift aljo die halbnomadiſche Kultur unſeres Volkes in diefer Epoche. Wie war diefe im einzelnen beihaffen, welche Inſtitutionen erwuchlen darauf? Won glei): zeitigen Schriftitellern gibt nur Cäjar in einigen berühmt ge= wordenen Stellen feiner Kommentare zum galliichen Krieg darüber eine lüdenhajte Auskunft. Hildebrand interpretirt diefe Stellen fraft feiner Kenntnis der halbnomadiſchen Kultur und jucht die Züden der Überlieferung auf diejelbe Weife auszufüllen. Cäſar berichtet, daß um die Wohnfige der deutichen Stämme das Land weit und breit wült und unbebaut war. Nach feiner Anficht hielten die Stämme aus Ehrgeiz und aus Furcht vor feindlichen Überfällen dieſen Zustand künſtlich aufrecht. Hildebrand erklärt dieſe Erjcheinung aus wirtbichaftlihen Gründen. Da die Ger: manen hauptſächlich noch von Jagd und Viehzucht lebten, To hätten jie diefer unbebauten Ländereien als Jagd: und Weide: gründe bedurft. Daher gab es auch zu Cäſar's Zeiten noch fein Srundeigenthum, feine Seßhaftigfeit und feinen fejten Standort des Aderbaues bei den Germanen. Dielen Zuftand bejchreibt Cäfar im 22. Kapitel des jechiten Buches näher. Hildebrand deutet Diele Stelle folgendermaßen. Die magistratus ac prin- cipes wiejen den gentibus cognationibusque hominum qui una coierunt nur immer auf ein Jahr (in annos singulos) Land zur „Bebauung“ an, wo und in welcher Ausdehnung es ihnen paffend erjchien, und zwangen diejelben, das nächſte Jahr anderswohin zu überjiedeln (»anno post alio transire cogunt« — »neque longius anno remanere uno in loco incolendi causa licet«e B. G. 4, 1). Das den einzelnen gentibus cognationibusque jeweil® angewiefene „Aderland” blieb un: getheilt. 4° 62 | W. Wittich, Gentes cognationesque hominum, qui una coierunt., find nad Hildebrand Geſchlechter oder Sippidhaften, Die fich ganz wie die Mongolen der Vichweide wegen in Zelt: und Weide genofjenschaften vertheilt haben. Nicht immer das ganze Gefchlecht, fondern nur ein Bruchtheil desjelben zieht, wohnt und meidet zulammen. Hildebrand wendet jich nun gegen die herrichende Meinung, welche dieſe Sippichaften und deren Untertheilungen zu ſtreng organifirten Verbänden, aus denen dem Einzelnen Rechte und Pflihten erwachſen, madt. Er beitreitet ferner, daß bereite felte Uderfluren beitanden hätten, in deren Nutzung die einzelnen „Genoſſenſchaften“ einander alljährlih nur abgelöſt hätten. Auch will er aus der ausdrüdlichen Verneinung eine privaten Grundeigenthums nicht den Schluß gezogen willen, day zur Zeit Cäſar's ein Gefammteigenthum des Staated oder der Gemeinde an Grund und Boden beitanden habe, und daß die magistratus ac principes Organe der Geſammtheit geivejen jeien. Gegen die genofjenichaftlihe Organijation macht er geltend, daß die Angehörigen eines Geſchlechts ſchon durch Abitammung von einem gemeinfamen Stammpvater mit einander verbinden jeien. Ein anderer, als der durch dieje natürlichen Bande ge— gebene Zuſammenſchluß der Individuen wird von Hildebrand al3 unerwiejen und überflüfjig in Abrede geftellt. Auch die Zelt: genofjenichaft, der zujammen mweidende Haufen, ijt eine rein that- fädhlidye Bereinigung ohne jede genoſſenſchaftliche Organifation. Gegen fejte, längft eingerichtete Aderfluren ſpricht die halb- nomadilche Kultur der Germanen. Die Worte anno post alio transire heißt nicht Beſitzaustauſch vorhandener Aderfluren unter den „Genoſſenſchaften“, ſondern alljährlicher Wechiel des Stand- ortes des Ackerbaues. Jedes Jahr wird neues Aderland gerodet und dafür das im legten Jahr bewirthichaftete derelinquirt. Gegen die Annahme eines Gejammteigenthums an Grund und Boden macht Hildebrand geltend, daß zur Zeit Cäſars dauernd noch überhaupt fein Gemeinweſen, feinerlei Gefammtheit im Einne des Rechts bei den Germanen beitanden haben. Nur in Kriegäzeiten wurden die Stämme unter gewählten Anführern Die wirtbihaftlihe Kultur der Deutſchen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 53 zu geichlojfenen Organifationen zufammengefaßt. Im Frieden gab es Feine mit bejtimmter amtlicher Befugnid ausgeitattete Behörde oder Obrigfeit (magistratus), fondern nur faktiſche Machthaber oder Häuptlinge (principes), deren Einfluß ein rein perſonlicher war. Der rechtliche Zujammenhang zwiſchen den einzelnen Individuen war für gewöhnlich ein rein genealogijcher, d. 5. durch Gebiet und Abjtammung gegebener, aber noch fein aus Zwecken entiprungener, durch Befehl oder Übereinkommen künſtlich gejchaffener. Auch dieſe Anfchauung von den älteften politijchen Verhält— niffen der Germanen iſt, wenn fie ſich auch auf den Bericht des - Cäjar ftüßt, in der Hauptſache aus den noch heute bei Beduinen und Tartaren beitehenden Zuständen gejchöpft. Da es nun zur Zeit Cäſar's für gewöhnlich, d.h. in Friedens— zeiten, feine ftaatlihe Gefammtheit im Sinne des Rechts gab, jo jchwindet damit auch jede Möglichkeit jür ein Eigenthum des Staated oder der Gemeinde am Grund und Boden. Aber aud) das Recht Einzelner am Grund und Boden, das aus irgend einer der damals bejtehenden Benußungsarten entiprang, will Hilde brand nicht als Eigentyum gelten laſſen. Die halbnomadijche Kultur der Germanen zur Zeit Cäfar’3 fannte noch fein Grunde eigenthum. Nachdem Hildebrand fo die herrichende Auffafjung des cäjariichen Bericht? abgelehnt hat, fommt er zu feiner eigenen Erklärung desjelben. Da er das Beltchen einer ftaatlichen Orgänifation der Germanen in diefer Epoche leugnet, jo fann er in den magistratus und principes Cäſar's feine Beamten oder Fürſten jchen. Er findet in den Worten Cäjar’3 einen Hinweis auf die allen halbnomadischen Stämmen gemeinjane joziale Sliederung. Er fieht in den magistratus und principes die reichen Heerdenbefiger, aus denen allerdings in Kriegszeiten die Anführer genommen wurden, und die in Friedenszeiten vermöge ihres Reichthums und ihrer perjönlichen Eigenjchaften jich eines großen thatjächlichen Einfluffes erfreuten. Die gentes ac cog- nationes hominum aber find nach feiner Anficht die ärmeren ö4 W. Wittich, Volfögenofjen, die der Unterftügung der Reichen bedurften und fi) bereitö dem Aderbau zugewendet hatten. Die wirthichaftliche Abhängigkeit diefer ärmeren Volks— genofien von den reichen Heerdenbefigern (magistratus ac prin- cipes) bedingt es aud), daß fie fich den Wünſchen der Icgteren in Bezug auf den Ort und die Ausdehnung des Aderbaues fügen mußten. Daher beißt es von den magistratus und prin- cipes »attribuunt« und »cogunt«e, und für die gentes ac cog- nationes hominum »non licet«e. Die großen SHeerdenbefiger ftanden dem Ackerbau mißtrauiſch gegenüber, weil er die Tendenz hatte, der Weide und Jagd mehr oder weniger Terrain zu ent- ziehen. Die war nach Hildebrand’s Anficht das Motiv, welches zur Zeit Cäſar's magistratus ac principes beftimmte, den Ader- bau nur ftellenweife und in bejchränfter Ausdehnung zuzulaſſen (quantum et quo loco visum est agri) und nicht zu geftatten, daß man des Aderbaued wegen länger als ein Jahr an ein und demselben Orte verblieb. Die den einzelnen gentes cognationesque hominum qui una coierunt jeweil® zum Aderbau überlaffenen Grund: jtücte blieben in deren ungetheiltem Beliy und wurden von ihnen gemeinjchaftlich bewirthichaftet. Hildebrand führt zur Erflärung diefer Erjcheinung an, daß es jchwer jei, Grundftüde und bes jonder8 die im vorliegenden Fall mwahrfcheinlich jehr Kleinen Grundjtüde zu theilen, und ferner, daß cine Theilung bei dem alljährlichen Wechfel des Standortes des Ackerbaues fid) nicht gelohnt hätte. Wie man fieht, beruht auch diefe Erklärung Hildebrand's völlig auf jeinen erſten Vorausſetzungen. Die gleiche wirth: Ihaftliche Kulturjtufe bedingt zu jeder Zeit und überall gleiche Inftitutionen. Alſo kann man die Nachrichten Cäſar's über Recht und Sitte der halbnomadiichen Germanen aus der Kennt— nis der Inititutionen der halbnomadijchen Kirgijen heraus deuten und ergänzen. Wir wollen in der Wiedergabe der Hildebrand’schen An— ihauungen hier Halt machen und ein Urtheil über die ganze Die wirthichaftlihe Kultur der Deutihen zur Zeit Cäſar's. b5 Methode und deren Anwendung auf die ältejte germaniiche Kultur abgeben. Zunädhit ericheinen die grundlegenden Vorausfegungen jehr anfechtbar. Der Entwidlungsgang der wirthichaftlihen Kultur ift nicht einmal in feinen Hauptzügen immer und überall ein gleichartiger. Recht und Sitte hängen nicht jo jehr von der jeweils beitehenden wirthichaftlichen Kultur ab, daß alle ihre wichtigen Inſtitute auf diejer wirtbichaftlichen Kultur beruhen und nur aus diejer heraus erflärt werden fünnen. Hildebrand meint, daß der Entwidlungdgang der wirth- Ichaftlichen Kultur deshalb immer und überall ein in der Haupt- ſache gleichartiger jein müffe, weil die Bevölkerung immer und überall wachſe, und weil die wirthichaftlichen Intereſſen die mächtigften Triebfedern menjchlicher Handlungen jeien. Aber auch diche al8 Gründe angeführten Thatjachen find in diefer Ausdehnung nicht richtig. Es gab und gibt Epochen und Völker, in denen die Bevölkerung nicht wächſt oder gar abnimmt. Die wirtbichaftlichen Interefjen find namentlih in früheren Zeiten nicht die mächtigiten Triebfedern menjchlicher Handlungen gewejen. Die Sorge um die perjönliche Sicherheit trat in Zeiten unvollfommen entwidelter Staatögewult gleichberechtigt neben das wirthichaftliche Intereſſe. Allein jelbjt wenn man die allgemeine Geltung diejer beiden Behauptungen in der Hauptjache wenigſtens zugibt, jo folgt daraus keineswegs die von Hildebrand behanptete Gleichartigfeit der Kulturentwidlung. Denn der Entwidlungsgang der wirthichaftlichen Kultur wird noch von verjchiedenen anderen Faktoren beitimmend be- einflußt, die nicht immer und überall die gleichen find. Unter diefen müſſen vor allem die natürlichen Verhältniſſe hervor- gehoben werden. Allerdingd werden die natürlichen Verhältniffe in ihrer Bedeutung für die Kulturentwidlung häufig überſchätzt, aber jicher begeht man einen nod) größeren Fehler, wenn man wie Hildebrand, in diefen Fragen von den natürlichen Voraus— jegungen der Wirthichaft völlig abfieht. 56 W. Wittich, Es iſt für die Kulturentwicklung eines Volkes nicht gleich— gültig, ob fein Daſein in einer inneraſiatiſchen Steppe, in einem afrifaniichen Urwald, an der fruchtbaren Küſte des mittelländifchen Meeres oder in den Ländern des Nord» und Oſtſeebeckens fich abſpielt. Schon dieje Berjchiedenheit der umgebenden Natur müßte eine Verjchiedenheit der Kulturentwidlung bedingen. So jehen wir auch in der That, daß der Gang der wirthfchaftlichen Kulturentwidlung feinesmegs ein gleichartiger war oder ilt. Hildebrand ſelbſt zeigt uns afrifanische und amerikaniſche Stämme, die, abweichend von den Aſiaten und Europäern, nicht alle die drei Kulturſtufen des Jäger⸗-, Hirten und Ackerbaulebens durch« liefen, jondern direft von der Jagd zum primitiven Aderbau übergingen, ohne je das Stadium der Viehzucht gefannt zu haben. Auch das Haupterfenntnismittel der Hildebrand’ichen Unterjucdhung, der Umjtand, daß viele Völker ſeit undenflichen Zeiten auf den verjchiedenartigen Stufen der priniitiven wirth- ihaftlichen Kultur ſtehen geblieben find und fo gut wie feine Spur der |pontanen ortentwidlung zeigen, beweilt, wie wenig gerechtfertigt die Annahme Hildebrand’3 von einer auch nur im Ganzen und Großen gleichartig verlaufenden wirthichaftlichen Kulturentwidlung ift. Aber auch der von Hildebrand behauptete enge Zuſammen⸗ bang aller wichtigen Inftitute des Rechts und der Sitte mit der wirthichaftlichen Kultur ift nicht ohne weiters zuzugeben. Aller- dings find die meilten Inftitutionen in irgend einer Weile von der wirthichaftlichen Kultur abhängig oder werden wenigitens in ihrer beftehenden Form durch diefe bedingt. Aber es it Klar, daß eben doch nur Diejenigen Inſtitute in ihrem Wejen durch die wirthichaftliche Kultur bedingt fein können, die aus wirthichaft« lichen Zwecken entjprungen find. Alle andern mögen zivar viels fach durch dieſelbe beeinflußt fein, aber wejentlich bedingt find fie eben doch nur durch die Zwecke, denen fie ihr Dajein ver- danfen. So find beitimmte, aus natürlichen Verhältniffen hervors gegangene Inſtitute, wie z. B. die Familie oder die Verwandts haft, ebenjowenig aus der wirthichaftlichen Kulturjtufe heraus Die wirthichaftliche Kultur der Deutichen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 57 zu erklären, wie die geſammten religiöſen Vorſtellungen und die daraus abgeleiteten ethiſchen Anſchauungen. Auch die geſammten militäriſchen Inſtitute ſind in ihrem Weſen nur aus der militä— riſchen Technik heraus zu begreifen, ſo ſehr ſie auch im einzelnen mit der wirthſchaftlichen Kultur zuſammenhängen. Die Entwicklung der Wehrverfaſſung geht ihren eigenen Gang. Sie beeinflußt die wirthſchaftliche Kultur und wird von dieſer beeinflußt, aber ſie folgt dieſer nicht dergeſtalt, daß ihre einzelnen Formen weſentlich durch beſtimmte wirthſchaftliche Kultur⸗ ſtufen bedingt würden. Ein für die mittelalterliche Kultur von unberechenbarer Trag⸗ weite gewejened Inftitut ift das Lehnsweſen. Diejes ijt jeinem Weſen nad) eine militäriichen Zwecken dienende wirthichaftliche und rechtliche Einrichtung, die aber nicht von irgend einer wirth- ihaftlihen Kultur, fondern einfach durch das militärstechnijche Bedürfnis nach größeren wohlgeübten und mwohlgerüjteten Reiter: beeren hbervorgerufen wurde. In diefem Fall beitimmte Yogar das militärische Bedürfnis eine wirthichaftlihe Einrichtung, Die den größten Einfluß auf die gefammte Kulturentwicdlung auge üben follte. Trogdem, daß jo die allgemeine Geltung der Hildebrand’jchen Methode deshalb entichieden bejtritten werden muß, weil Die beiden diejer allgemeinen Anwendbarkeit zu Grunde liegenden Vorausſetzungen nicht zutreffen, jo hat fie doch auf einem bes ichränfteren Gebiet eine große Bedeutung; denn Die Dritte Borausjegung findet ſich thatjächlich faft immer verwirklicht. Die gleichen Wirthichaftszuftände beeinfluffen immer und überall in gleicher oder ähnlicher Weife Recht und Sitte. Hieraus aber ergibt fich die Möglichkeit, die durch die wirt: ſchaftliche Kultur bedingten Einrichtungen und Sitten eine Volkes aus den bejjer befannten gleichartigen Injtitutionen eines anderen zu erflären und zu ergänzen, vorausgejegt, daß beide Völker auf derjelben wirthichaftlichen Kulturſtufe jtehen. Diefe Vorausjegungen treffen nun bei den Sirgifen und den Germanen in der Hauptjache wenigitend zu. Denn beide Bölfer jtehen auf derjelben wirthichaftlichen Kulturſtufe, der des 58 W. Wittich, Halbnomadenthums, und bei beiden Völkern handelt es ſich um Inſtitute, die durch wirthſchaftliche Intereſſen weſentlich bedingt ſind. Allerdings ſind fraglos die natürlichen Vorausſetzungen bei Kirgiſen und Germanen durchaus verſchieden und von jeher verſchieden geweſen. Die Germanen waren als wanderndes Volk von Oſten her in ihre zur Römerzeit innegehabten Sitze gekommen und hatten dort ein zwar wenig kultivirtes, aber nach Überwindung der erſten Rodungsſchwierigkeiten zum Ackerbau höchſt geeignetes Land gefunden. Auch war das Gebiet im Verhältnis zur Volkszahl nicht bedeutend und grenzte an ein hochkultivirtes, mächtiges Neih, das dem Vormwärtsdringen de Volkes einen nicht über: windbaren Widerſtand entgegenſetzte. Die Kirgiſen dagegen ſchweifen ſeit Menſchengedenken in verhältnismäßig geringer Zahl auf unendlichen Steppen umher. die allerdings keineswegs zum Ackerbau gänzlich ungeeignet ſind, aber doc) wegen der Bodenbeſchaffenheit und der Temperatur— verhältnijje ein Volf, das auf intenjivere Bodennugung nicht angewiesen ift, zum Aderbau nur wenig verloden. Aber dieje Verfchiedenheit der natürlichen Verhältniſſe, in denen beide Völfer Ichten und leben, ſpricht meines Erachtens nicht gegen die Annahme Hildebrand's, daß fie, als jie fi) auf gleicher Kulturftufe befanden, auch ähnliche Institutionen beſeſſen haben. Sobald die gleiche wirthichaftliche Kulturftufe erreicht it, find eben die durch wirthichaftliche Umstände weſentlich bedingten Inſtitutionen einander gleich, und ed kommt dann wenig darauf an, ob diefe wirthichaftliche Kulturftufe unter gleichen oder ver- Ihiedenartigen natürliden Vorausſetzungen erreicht worden: ift. Die verjchiedenartigen natürlichen Vorausfegungen bedingen dann nur eine verichiedenartige Entwidlung der wirthichaftlichen Rultur. So bildete die in Nede ftehende Kulturitufe, das Halb- nomadenthum, für das eine Volk, die Germanen, nur einen Durcdigangspunft der Entwidlung, während das andere, Die Kirgiſen, Jahrtauſende auf diefer Kulturſtufe verblieb. Die wirtbihaitlihe Kultur der Deutichen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 59 Daher ıjt Hildebrand vollftändig im Recht, wenn er die auf der wirthichaftlichen Kulturjtufe des Halbnomadenthums er: wachjenden Spnititutionen bei cinem noch heute auf diefer Stufe itehenden Bolfe genau jtudirt und feititellt und dann mit den bier gervonnenen Borftellungen an die Unteriuchung der Inſtitu— tionen der ebenfalls halbnomadiſchen Germanen herantritt. Bei der Lüdenhaftigfeit der Überlieferung jpielen in dem Wild, das man fich von den älteften Einrichtungen der Germanen macht, vorgefaßte Vorjtellungen immer eine bedeutende Nolle. Daher erſcheint e8 Doch weit beifer, wenn dieje Vorftellungen aus der Verfaſſung eine® auf gleicher Kulturftufe ftchenden Volfes entnommen werden, als wenn fie völlig unbewußt und unfontrollirt aus der Anjchanung der europäischen Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts entipringen. Sehen wir nun auf die Ergebniffe der Hildebrand’schen Unterjuchung altgermaniicher Imjtitutionen näher cin, jo find jeine Darlegungen, daß in Friedenszeiten noch feinerlei Itaatliche Urganijation des Volkes beitanden habe, und daß Eigenthum einzelner Individuen oder der Geſammtheit am Grund und Boden noch nicht vorhanden geweſen jei, durchaus über- zeugend. Auch jein Hinweis darauf, daß demgemäß in den magistratus und principes Cäſar's feine Beamten und Fürſten, jondern einfady ſozial hochitehende, durch Reichtum und perjönliche Eigenjchaften ausgezeichnete, aber höchſtens im Krieg mit einer Amtögewalt außgeftattete Perſonen gemeint jeien, ijt völlig zutreffend. Dagegen jcheint mir entichieden anfechtbar, daß Die gentes und cognationes hominum verarmte Bolfögenojjen geweſen jeien, die ſich aus Not dein Aderbau gewidmet hätten. Ferner halte ich es für ausgeſchloſſen, daß die beichränfte Aus: Dehnung und der alljährliche Wechjel im Standort des der: baue3 von den magistratus und principes deshalb angeordnet worden jeien, weil fie bejorgten, der Aderbau möchte ſonſt der Sagd und Weide zu viel Terrain entziehen. Die erite Behauptung ift meines Erachtens nicht beweisbar, gegen die zweite fprechen pofitive, schwerwiegende Bedenken. 60 WR. Wirtich, Hildebrand it Hier feiner Grundanichauung, die Injtitutionen aus der herrichenden wirthſchaftlichen Kulturftufe heraus zu er- Hären, nicht durchweg treu geblieben. Wir wollen eine fon» jequentere Anwendung der Hildebrand’schen Methode verjucdhen. Die Kulturftufe, auf der die Germanen zur Zeit Cäſar's itanden, war das Halbnomadenthum, ein wirthichaftlicher Zuftand, in dem der Hauptunterhalt des Lebens noch von der Viehzucht fam, der Aderbau aber nur nebenbei betrieben wurde Der Aderbau mußte fich daher den Betriebsbedingungen der Viehzucht, vor allem der wichtigften, der nomadijchen Lebensweiſe, unter- ordnen. Es fand nur auf den Sommerweiden ftatt, und mit dem Standort der Heerden wechielte auch der Standort des Aderbaue2. Auch Cäſar jchildert ganz deutlid) diefen Kulturzuftand. Sm 22. Kapitel des fechiten Buches jeiner Kommentare zum galliichen Krieg jagt er ganz. allgemein: „Mit Aderbau beſchäftigen ih die Germanen nicht, der größte Theil ihrer Nahrung beſteht in Milch, Käſe und Fleiſch. Auch bejitt niemand ein beitimmtes Maß von Ländereien oder überhaupt Grundeigenthum (proprios fines), jondern magistratus ac principes weijen alljährlid), wo und in weldem Umfang es ihnen gutdünft, den zujammene baujenden Sippjchaften Land an und zwingen fie im Jahre darauf, andersmwohin zu gehen.” Im 1. Kapitel des 4. Buches jagt er dasjelbe von dem germaniſchen Volksſtamm der Sueben. „An den Ländereien befteht fein Privateigenthbum oder Sonder: nutzung. Auch dürfen fie nicht länger al8 ein Jahr an einem Orte wohnen. Auch leben fie nur zum kleinſten Theil von Ge treide, zum größten von den Erzeugnijfen der Viehzucht und dem Ertrag der Jagd.“ Allerdings nennt Cäſar diefen wirthichaftlihen Zuſtand agricultura. Aber es ift far, daß er darunter nicht Aderbau im engeren Sinn, jondern Lande und Forftwirthichaft im all» gemeinen verjteht. Welcher Art dieje Yandwirthichaft war, geht nicht aus der Bezeichnung agricultura, ſondern aus der jpeziellen Beichreibung hervor, und aus diejer ergibt es jich mit Sicherheit, Die wirthichaftlihe Kultur der Deutichen zur Zeit Cäſar's. 61 dab der Wirthichaftsbetrieb feinen Schwerpunft in der Viehzucht, nicht aber im Aderbau Hatte. Aus dieſer Thatfache folgt nun mit Sicherheit, daß das lateiniiche Wort ager in den beiden erwähnten Kapiteln nicht Aderland, d. h. den Bau der TFeldfrüchte gewidinetes Land, be- deutet. Hildebrand jelbft jagt (pag. 116), daß nur agri, aljo der Plural von ager, Ader im engeren Sinn bedeutet, daß Dagegen der Singular einfach Ländereien, häufig auch Territorium oder Gebiet, furz Land, als Grund und Boden bezeichnen kann. Es iſt nun auffallend, daß Cäſar in den beiden Kapiteln ager immer im Singular, niemals aber im Plural gebraudt. Eine gewiſſe Abſicht icheint bei diefem Feſthalten am Singular ob» zuwalten. Auch hiervon abgejehen, iſt es fpradjlich erlaubt, ſachlich dagegen geboten, das Wort ager nicht mit Aderland, jondern mit Grund und Boden oder Ländereien zu überjegen. Denn die ganze Daritellung Cäſar's ergibt klar, daß diejer ager in der Hauptjacdhe, d. h. zum weitaus größten Theil eben nicht aus Adern, jondern aus Weiden ınd Wald beftanden hat. Hier beginnt nun der Fehler Hildebrand’d. Er überjegt nämlich ager einfach mit Aderland und hält auch weiterhin daran feit, daß die YZutheilung durd) magistratus und principes, der gemeiniame Beſitz und die gemeinjame Nugung und endlid) auch die Wiederaufgabe am Schluß de? Jahres eben nur auf das Aderland Bezug hätten. Nicht zulegt aus diefem Grund hält er die gentes et cognationes hominum für verarmte Volks— genoffen, denn fie waren ja Aderbauer. Dieſer Überfegungsfehler führt jchließlicdy) zu der nad) der Hildebrand’ihen Methode am meilten zu verabjcheuenden SKonfequenz, daß die wichtigften Injtitutionen der Germanen aus einem ganz untergeordneten Theil der wirthſchaftlichen Kultur diejes Volkes erwachſen jeien. Denn es iit fein Zweifel, daß Cäjar in diejen Einrichtungen die wichtigiten SInftitute der Germanen bejchrieben hat, und daß andrerjeit3 der Aderbau eine durchaus untergeordnete Stelle in der altgermaniichen Volkswirthſchaft einnahm. Um zu einem richtigen Verſtändnis der von Cäſar gejdil: derten Einrichtungen zu gelangen, muß immer daran fejtgehalten 62 W. Wittich, werden, daß alle dieſe Injtitutionen auf der wirthichaitlichen Kultur des Halbnomadenthums berubten. Ager iſt daher in der Hauptjache Weideland und nur zum allerfleiniten Theil Acker⸗ land. Die gentes et cognationes hominum beftehen nicht aus Aderbauern, jondern aus Viehzüchtern, von denen höchſtens ein Theil nebenbei auch etwas Aderban betreibt. Sie find daher auch nicht zurücgefommene, jozial niedrig jtehende Leute, ſondern in ihnen it das ganze Volk einbegriffen. Allerdings gibt e8 ſehr reihe und angejehene neben verarmten und zurüd: gefommenen Leuten darunter. Die Erjteren bezeichnet Cäſar als magistratus et principes, für die Bejtimmung der Letzteren jehlt uns vorläufig jeder Anhaltspunkt. Sicher aber find nicht nur ie, jondern das ganze Volf mit den gentes et cognationes hominum gemeint. Die halbnomadiſche Kultur bedingt e8 auch, daß fie nicht länger al® ein Jahr an einem Ort wohnen können. Denn die zahlreichen Heerden erichöpfen im Verlauf eines Jahres die von dem Wohnort aus erreichbaren Weidepläge völlig. Dann müſſen eben andere Weidepläge aufgejucht werden, und der geringfügige Aderbau muß den Standort des Hauptbetriebes ebenjo folgen, wie auch die Wohnfige verlegt werden. Der Umftand, daß die Niederlaffung an einem Ort gerade ein Jahr dauerte, hängt wohl mit dem Aderbau zujammen. Aber ficher wurde der alljährliche Wechſel des Wohnortes durch die Ernährungsverhältniffe des Viehes veranlaßt. Cäſar, der mannigfaltige, jhon von Hilde: brand zurücdgewiefene Gründe für das ganze, ihm räthjelhaft erjcheinende Verfahren vorbringt, jagt, die magistratus ac prin- cipes hätten die Weidegebiete angewiejen und auch zum alljähr- lichen Wechjel den Befehl gegeben. Eicher haben die reichiten und angejehenften Sippegenofjen eines Stanımes, die ja auch die größten Interefjenten waren, einen bejtimmenden Einfluß auf die Dauer der Niederlaffung und die Zumeilung des Landes an die einzelnen Sippen gehabt und ſich unter einander über alle dabei auftauchenden Tragen verjtändigt.
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sajnálatát fejezi ki amiatt, hogy a megállapodás semmilyen szerepet nem ruház az Európai Unió Bíróságára annak ellenére, hogy a politikai nyilatkozatban a felek elkötelezték magukat annak biztosítása mellett, hogy a választottbírói testület egy kötelező erejű határozat meghozatala céljából az EUB elé terjessze azokat az ügyeket, amelyekben a közöttük felmerült vita az uniós jog fogalmainak értelmezésével kapcsolatos kérdést vet fel;
62.
megjegyzi, hogy a megállapodás nem alkalmazandó Gibraltárra, és területén semmilyen hatással nem bír; tudomásul veszi a Spanyolország és az Egyesült Királyság közötti előzetes megállapodást a Gibraltár és az EU közötti jövőbeli kapcsolatokról szóló EU–Egyesült Királyság megállapodás javasolt keretéről, amely lehetővé teszi a schengeni vívmányok vonatkozó rendelkezéseinek Gibraltáron történő alkalmazását;
o
o o
63.
utasítja elnökét, hogy továbbítsa ezt az állásfoglalást a Tanácsnak, a Bizottságnak, a tagállamok kormányainak és parlamentjeinek és az Egyesült Királyság kormányának és parlamentjének.
(1) HL L 444., 2020.12.31., 2. o.
(2) HL C 298., 2018.8.23., 24. o.
(3) HL C 346., 2018.9.27., 2. o.
(4) HL C 369., 2018.10.11., 32. o.
(5) HL C 162., 2019.5.10., 40. o.
(6) Elfogadott szövegek, P9_TA(2019)0016.
(7) Elfogadott szövegek, P9_TA(2020)0006.
(8) Elfogadott szövegek, P9_TA(2020)0033.
(9) Elfogadott szövegek, P9_TA(2020)0152.
(10) Elfogadott szövegek, P9_TA(2020)0018.
(11) HL L 29., 2020.1.31., 7. o.
(12) HL C 34., 2020.1.31., 1. o.
(13) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács (EU) 2019/1152 irányelve (2019. június 20.) az Európai Unióban alkalmazandó átlátható és kiszámítható munkafeltételekről (HL L 186., 2019.7.11., 105. o.).
(14) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 883/2004/EK rendelete (2004. április 29.) a szociális biztonsági rendszerek koordinálásáról (HL L 166., 2004.4.30., 1. o.).
(15) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 987/2009/EK rendelete (2009. szeptember 16.) a szociális biztonsági rendszerek koordinálásáról szóló 883/2004/EK rendelet végrehajtásáról (HL L 284., 2009.10.30., 1. o.).
(16) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács (EU) 2016/679 rendelete (2016. április 27.) a természetes személyeknek a személyes adatok kezelése tekintetében történő védelméről és az ilyen adatok szabad áramlásáról, valamint a 95/46/EK rendelet hatályon kívül helyezéséről (általános adatvédelmi rendelet) (HL L 119., 2016.5.4., 1. o.).
(17) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács (EU) 2016/680 irányelve (2016. április 27.) a személyes adatoknak az illetékes hatóságok által a bűncselekmények megelőzése, nyomozása, felderítése, a vádeljárás lefolytatása vagy büntetőjogi szankciók végrehajtása céljából végzett kezelése tekintetében a természetes személyek védelméről és az ilyen adatok szabad áramlásáról, valamint a 2008/977/IB tanácsi kerethatározat hatályon kívül helyezéséről (HL L 119., 2016.5.4., 89. o.).
(18) Az Európai Parlament és a Tanács 604/2013/EU rendelete (2013. június 26.) egy harmadik országbeli állampolgár vagy egy hontalan személy által a tagállamok egyikében benyújtott nemzetközi védelem iránti kérelem megvizsgálásáért felelős tagállam meghatározására vonatkozó feltételek és eljárási szabályok megállapításáról (HL L 180., 2013.6.29., 31. o.).
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Another tract of cultivated land, and a tliird patch of sand- drifts,^^ are succeeded by a baie desert soil. At 3 m. beyond Awidil is the dry channel of a canal runmns E.S.E., which, from the size and faeignt of itar banks, must formeny hare heen of con^ siderebie importance. It is called £s-8tb.^' Four Im&DS, Ash- jerf on the left, El Khithr, Ah6 Eukhala, and Ahu Chef on the right, are visible from hence. We now came upon a vast space of inundated ground, where numerous ploughs, drawn by teams of cattle, were actively employed, presenting a scene of greater industry than is usually beheld in that slothful country. I'he water was derived from the Shumeli canal, which, fltjwing from the Eupin ates, is div ided near Abu Chef into two brandies. One of these, about 10 yards broad, takes an eastern course towards a new kala*at, distant somewhat less than 2 m. from the place of crossing. The other Imuieh, flowing to the I.B., is lost, at about • Bs'ashiyeh tPMS SOS^ | Im^m Derbash .. .. 16S Kala'AtWadi 156 ImtfmAwtfdil ISr ! „ A'( lu .. S7S „ A I rag VS^tSXf * Imam Awudil 135 iM)fS^ •> «. •. •* 89 Traet on Eaphr SttS »• I. Abrag 76 ; Trees oo Eluplir S61 I. Aw4dil IMO Kala'atWadi SOI " I. Abra? 45 I. Awudii 317 I. El Khithr SOS " I. Abraff .. .. -i S< I. £1 Khithr .. 240 I. Abtf Chef 173 I. Ab6 Enktels 904 I.A«l4«ri 101 Digitized by Google LgFTUs Notes oj a Jourtwy from Baghdad to Bmraiu 135^ € m. from the point of bifurcation, in an extensive inundation — as we observed upon the left of our onward joumeT. This Istter iNwioh was crossed near the old Eala'at SbumeK by means of a rude date-tree bridoe erected for us in the course of a few minutes. This being one of ue principal encamping-grounds of the Zobeid Arabs, nuqieroua tents were clustefed around the Kala atJ^ To avoid the newly-irrigated land we were obliged to make a con- siderable detour so as to reach the large c^imp of Sheikh Molla Ali. The old man was too ill to receive us, but on sending hi Taliir Bey's letter, with a request to be provided with proper guides, he prumpliy ordered a black slave and three other horse- men to accompany us. About 2 m. from the eamp we passed, on the right bank of the & branch of tbeSbtimelf, the ruins of a large village enclosed with mud towers for defence. Soon aller quitting it, the canal flowed towards the inundation on the n. we pursued our way for about % m. with the large mounds of the ancient Ilourieh canal on our right. It was crossed at a point where it could be traced until out of sight, bearing in a straight line 12'' N. of e. In the ostium direction we descried at a great distance the huge, ancient tower of unbaked brick, Ziblfyeh, sliiiiing distinctly in the last rays of the fast-setting sun. Dr. Ross of Baghdad and Mr. Baillie Fraser in 1834, and Sir II. Eawlinson and Mr. Hector in 1846, were the cmly persona who had succeeded in reaching it* Time and distance would not admit of our making the attempt to do so. From the banks of the Hourieh towards the s. and w. there nreads out a vast unintermpted plain yellowish sandy soil. A clump of trees at Shkhiyer, in the s.e., alooe breaks the dull uni* fonnity of the horizon in that direction. A farther ride of 5^ miles brought iis to Imam Miiserrethce, ^ mile beyond which was the camp oi bbt ikh Said. For some reason unexplained our reception was not cordial. During the time we took shelter and wai med ourselves at the blazing fire in bis huge black tent» while our own was being prepared, he addressed his conversation to his dependants with toe most inhospitable rude* * Mr, Layard visited this niin in 1851, and described it, loc. cit., p. Sf O I snb- semieiitly reached it in 1854, in companj with Mr.Boutcher and Mr.T. Ker Lynch of Baghdad. It is tAioat 60 feet^igh, nid 44 ptoet sqwre attbe bMe, widnh vMli «a alow brick momifl, jwobtbly » I. Ashjerf 51'=' If. A.'*oa>ip New Kala'nt 9S Old Kaia at 15(> Landmvk., 199 M New Kala'U 89 >• Old Kala'at 990 NewKala'at 847 Extremities of inundation 4°— 91 F. road 143 I.Asbjerf 61 j ZiUiyeli 7S Landmark .. .. 144 i Digitized by Google 136 LoFTUs' Notes of a Journey from Baghdad to Busrah. ness. We therefore declined his coffee when presented, and abruptly retired. This brought our host to his senses, for he immediately followed and made a lame but humble apology for his un- Arab-like conduct We were afterwards tended with the greatest solicitude — provender for our animals, food and firing for ourselves and servants, were brought without delay, and we had no further cause, for the night at least, to complain of incivility or inattention. Jan. 1, 1850.— The new year commenced with a bitter disap- pointment to ray companion and myself. We had fully calculated on spending the first day of the year upon the ruins of Nufr or Nitl'ar, tlie ancient lUbylon of Sir II. Rawlinson,* and we had made a long journey the day previously for this purpose. Our wortliy host represented the way to the ruins as beset with innumerable difficulties and dangers ; but, finding us to be stern in our resolve to overcome them, he yielded a reluctant consent that his son and a few horsemen should accompany us. After riding for upwards of an hour in a dense fog we discovered that we had been led a complete circuit round the camp ! An angry parley ensued, as it was evident that our guides had received in- structions to prevent our reaching the ruins. We therefore deter- mined on giving up the attempt for the present, and insisted on being conducted to Shkhiyer. Slipping and sliding about in the mud and water of an extensive marsh, we reached that place in another hour. Our journey had hitherto been through the district of tlie Zobeid Arabs under the late Sheikhship of the Wadi Beg, an Arab appointed by Nedjib, ex-Pasha of Baghdad. In consequence, however, of his oppressive conduct and extortionate demands, the tribes over whom he ruled (for they included others as well as the Zobeid) were constantly in rebellion. Abdi, the new Pasha, therefore deposed him, and, at tlie time we passed through the country, he was in prison at Musseib. It was generally understood that the Pasha intended taking the management of these tribes into liis own hands — a plan which a^ipeared to give perfect satisfaction to the ill-used Arabs. Great jealousy and mistrust, however, during the interregnum were observable among the various neighbouring tribes, and, before reaching Shkhiyer, our guides took their depar- ture, leaving us to enter the village without introduction. * This is tho conclusion arrived at by Sir H. Rawlinson, who places some con- fidence in the traditions of the early Arabs. The inscriptions npon its bricks prove that it was a creat city long before Nebnchadnezzar founded the later Itaby- Ion, whose ruins still astonish the traveller, nnd concerning which its proud builder boasted, " Is not this great Babylon, til 'uiilt for tlie house of the kingdom by the might of my power, and for • of niy majesty?" l>au. iv. 30. Sir U. Kawltubou^ jitprcovcr, states t IS the primitive Cftl Jjonvstf NpUi cf a Jwarmyfrom Baghdad io Bwrah, 137 Shkhiyer ^' is a place of oonsidmble size, ntoated on a narrow peninsula of low land, almost surrounded by the marsh. The huts are wholly constructed of reeds, which are tied in large bundles and neatly bent archwise. They are covered externally with thick rncd mattincf, thronpli which niin has some difficulty in pene- trating.* The muthif, or reception hut of the Sheikh, is about 40 ft long and 18 ft. high, blackened in the interior with the smoke and soot of years, which have no other vent but the one entrance at the extremity facing the marsh. Numerous huge reed-baskets, coatahung grain, indicated the comparative wealth of their owners. The manly and expreBsiye conntenancee of tiie inhabitants, and thwrremimcable partiality for bright-coloured clothing, proclaimed them to be of a different caste to the Zobi id. They subeist chiefly on the rioe produced by the roar^land, which, at the season of our visit and £ir a tbffd of the year, ia entirely corered by in- undation. The Shkhiyer is a division of the AfFcj tribe (Sheikh Aggab), whose residence amung the marsh t b wiiicli extend from the Euphrates, near Diwanieh, eastward into the very heart of the Jezireh, aud southward to tlie Shat-el*Eahr. The whole Affej tribe numbered about 3000 ftmilies, whose annnal tribute to the Pasha's tressury amounted to 100,000 piastres, or upwards of 900/. The Pauia had, we understood, announced his intention of doubling that amount for tlie ensmog year. The tribe was con- sequently in no slight state of fermentatioD, and complained bit* terly of the treatment they had at various times expenenccd from the governor? cf Baghdad. Nedjib Fasba bad thrice cannonaded the fragile town. Communication is maintain eil with other places by means of long sharp -pointed boats, or canoeo, called " terradas, * which are conbU ucted of Indian teak, measuring from 12 to 14 ft. in length, by about a yard in width at the hnwdest part They are pro* pelled at a cafnd paee through the shallow water by means of long poles. We spent the aflemoon upon the marsh and in making prepara- tions to reach NiflTar on the following morning. Nothing could exceed the hospitality and kindness of old Sheikh Shkhiyer, his sons, and the whole tribe ; but there was an evident disinclination towards accompanying us to the ruins, liefore (juitting Baghdad we were told that the Arabs would throw innumerable difficulties in our way, and, if possible, thwart our object. They were certainly very suspiciuu^ of our intentions, aud could not be persuaded to * An adminble description is given of the neighbooiiag but mom imiiortattt reed town of Snk-el-Aficj hy Mr. Layard, he, cit^t p. 553. »• Niflhr ~~, 98* Digitized by Google 138 lAjinmt Nailm^aJmma^fmkBagMa^ befiere that we merely wished to see a number of shapeleM aod barren monnds. They imacrined that we must be Iq fleordl of the treasure which Arab rept)rt «^y«» is» dr«po«ited there. Jmi. *2. — After murh p^T^^ii Vision we set out, accompanied by the Sheikh's youn^st sou Alalioraed, and several h(ir-eiiien of the tribe. Our whole party amounted to 17, well armed and mounted. The atmoephere was fogsy, and in consequence of the distance wd vwe <Miged to ride ninv ftsfter tbaa we umelly traTelled, lo that the poeitioii of Niffiur in the map k not as oarrectly iadioatod aa oonid be denred.* It k, however, sufficiently correct for general purposes. The distance of Ni&r in a direet line, bearing 10^ s. of B. from Shkhiyer, is, as far as we were able to judge, about 11 m.; but, on account of the marsh, we were obliged to make a circuit of 15 or 18 m. to the n. Id about three month?' time, owing to the rise of the Euphrates and therefore of the marshes, the ruins would have become inaccessible from any side by land. About 5 m. from Shkhiyer tliere is a small uiouud, with a ruined brick building ; ^ ^ and about 3 m. farther are numerous low but eatenslve momidB.** From both of these points Niffur and Zib* Uyeh were visible on oar retoro hi the evening. For a considerable distance beibve reaching the nuns we ibiU lowed the course of a Tery large ancient canal-bed f lowing direct from ZibHyeh. I am inclined to belieye that this was one of the nuun branches, if not the principal bed, of the old Sbat-^l-Nft before mentioned as pai?siug near El Hymar. All trace of its course is lost before arriving; at the ruins, and I am uncertain whether it passed through tiiem or disappeared in the marshes on the west. The Arabs at Ba*ashiych told us that the Shat-el-Nfl flowed past Nifiar, but none ui uur present party appeared to know anything about the matter. The mina of Ni flfar appear in the distaaoe to be of oewidenaUe sise, but it la only on approaching them dosely that thdr actnal magnitude can be oonoeired. We bad but a short time to wamino them: thej^ consist of an elevated platform divided into two nearly equal portions by a deep channel 36 or 40 paces wide, running in a direction 33° e. of s The extent of this platform is about 1 m. from E X T. to W.8.W. and about 1 of a mile from n.n.w. to 8.6.E. IN ear the centre of the £. portion of the plattbrm a corneal • Sir H. KawlinsoB, from utroBomkal observations taken on two oceasions, w 1846 and 1848^ pltMt NUbr in lat as<> 7' 8^' ir., aad ia loug. 45<> 15' b. 8m Journal of the Royal Asiatic Sdciety, toI. xii. p. 481. t Mr. Hector, of BMhdad, who visited Niflkr in company with Sir U- Raw* HmoB, in 1848, oaikd tUt eaaal, from Aftb ftntbority, ** Dwb-d-JeWbera," the Giiat^ Bfisd. ' " Niflkr 117^ I » Niflitt IM** ZibHyeb *. 28 | Digitized by Google i^FTUs' Notts a Jmrmif Jrom lioff/tdad to Buarah, 139 mound rises to the height of about 70 ft. above the plain, the average height of the platform itsdf being 30 or 40 ft. €D the a. side, and dO ft oa die w. The whole aurfiuse is covered with fragments of pottery, bricks with cuneiform inscriptions, and £^aS8. The sides of the cone are difficult to ascend, owing to the qnanti^ of broken bricks and rubbish which appeared either to have com* posed its exterior or to have fallen from some stnicttire on its summit. The brirk? arc both sun-dried and kiln-baked : the building constructed of the latter is pierced \\ntb similar oblong apertures to th(Kie observed at the Birs Nirarud, El iiymar, and other ruins of the Babyluuiaii age. These bricks were laid in bitumen cement, and bore iuscriptions, although I was unable to procure one perleet The remains of a large strootnre biult of ^niall bricks are ettnated on the w. platfovm. At a few hundred yanis on the B. ade of the ruins, fragments of what we supposed to be the ext^or waUs of the andent city could be traced in a series of low continuoua mounds.* I may here mention, for tlie instruction of future traTcllers, that the best period of the year for visitinrr Mtikr is from the middle of October till the middle oi Deeouiber, when tiie inunda- tion is low and the season healthy. were rather too late, as the ^l ound ior 3 m. before we arrived at the ruins was so soft that our horses sank above their fetlocks, and the water of the marsh extended to within a mile of the niins* The access to Ntftr is more ea^ from the Tigris than the Knphrates, there being less water towards the e. We succeeded in getting back to our tents at Shkhiyer before dark. Jan. 3. — Being obliged to cross the marsh, our horses and mules were led a considerable distance in order to avoid as much of it as possible, but they had nevertheless to ford in 3 ft. water for nearly an hour, and in several places to swim the deep streams. We were conveyed in terr^as to the end of the canal stream which flows from Uie Euphrates past the viliape and date-trees of Deg^arah. After passing the mud fort of Abu Menfaail, where its width is about 30 yards, it is lost in the wide portion of the tnanh, over which we skimmed* We then followed a ditch or lane, scarcely broader than our canoe, keeping a southerly direo- tion for about 1 m. among overshadowing reeds and Itmg grasses. Getting at length clear of this confined navigation, we crossed another reach to a low mound of sundried bricks, called Lethamf, wlutice are obtained bearings of Diwanieh and other places on the Euphrates. • For a more detnile^ acromitof NifTar. nnd of the excavations nndertakeil Umtc Uk 1851, cotDsuIt La>ard'& * Miacveh and Babylon/ at page* 550 and 556. Digitized by Google 1 140 lA>riv^ Noi6$ (fa J<mrneyfl^ Baghdad taBtUFoiL Opponte to Lethami we parted from our ampliibioiiB Mania and resumed our journey on horseback across marshy and cold- vat <<! jrrf^nnd. We passed Imam Abul-fatbl about 1 m. op our rigiit, an«l ?f)on reached a kala'at. Oossing a small stream we turned slightly to the right o%'er more ploughed lands to ao Arab encaiii})inent on the Bou-na'a>h canal, 20 yards broad. It being too deep for to cross at thi.- [joint, the bheiLh (who turned ' out to welcome U3 in a pea-green zibbun, yellow slippers, and red beard I) sent his son to show us a ford 1 m. higher up, where the water was but 4 ft. deep. Tina canal also flows into the marshes. We now traversed a thick groTe of fine tamarisks and some cultivation until we arrived al the square Arab fort and leed vUlage of Iluluce on the Bou>na'ash. A series of deep ditches or watercourse?, as if for defence, completely snrrounds this place. A barren desert, 3^ rn. arrows, extends from hence to Yn^n- fi'eli," a small village burrounded by date-trees, and situated ou an important <*nnal or river of the same name. This is a main trunk stream tV la ilie Euphrates, and gives off several considerable branches duniig its inland course. It is here 45 ft. wide, but very deep, witb htgb bank8> and is crossed by a ferry-boat The Arab town of Diwanieb stands 1 m. forther on upon the left bank of i ihe Euphratea Here we encamped for the night. Jan, 4.— We duly delivered our letters to Abdi Pasha, who, with a camp of 3000 men, was stationed on the w. ade of tlie Euphrates. He had been for some time previously engaged in the important worlt of rebuilding a " sud," or dam, at the largest mouth of the llindieh canal near Musseib, above Ilillal!. Soon after passing iMusseib (lat. 32^ 48' 15" n. and long. 44° 18' B.) the Enpluates is divided into two streams. The more easterly one, tiowinc by Hillali, retains its name, but the oUier is called " the Hindfeh. * It flows due s. until it spreads . out into those extensive manbes w. of the Bits Nimrdd, which are believed to have constituted part of the Paludes Babylonia. After passing Kufa, the early seat of Mahommedan learning, it&lls into the ^reat inland sea, the Bahr-i-Nedjef. From hence two streams issue at Shinafieh, but they afterwards unite and form ^ what is called the Semava or western branch of the Euphrates. Wlicn greatly flooded, the Euphrates frequently forces open a new passage, or enlarges that previously ejudting, at the entrance * It is supposed to be so called because its channel was improved hy nn Tn^rian priuoe uamed Ntiw&b Shojab-ed-doulet. Is it not rather the Pallacopas of Alex- ander, dug after hie Indias eainiieisiie? » Duwu Canal Ul"" | lliiiuce ¥fi I. AbuEl-ikUi] 337 | DiwMdeh treat 170 Digitized by Google LoFTUs' Notu of a Journey from Baghdad to Busrah. 141 of the Hindieh. Thus a considerable portion of its stream is di- verted from the river, and it is necessary to restrain this eflflux by buUdiiur Budg or dams at the point of bifocation. The natural efieet ctf too lai]ge a body of water oiutting the £uphrateB to* flow through the Hindteh is to deprive tne banks of the river and the country on the s. of their due share of irrigation at the proper season of the year, and to reduce all the canals on that side to such an extent as to cause the inhabitantii of the villages on their course to abandon their lands. It is, therefore, to the interest of the Jfashas of Baglidatl to keep the " svuls " or dikes in repair, but, unfortunately, the KhezfUfl Arabs along the course of the Hindfeh are a turbulent race and constantly in rebellion against the go- vernment Their drst object is to destroy tlie suds (which have oost 80 much money and labour) and to flood their marshes, be- cause by so doing they are totalnr beyond the power of the pasha for the time being. The rebuilding and repairing of the suds is a labour of Tantuus for the perplexed Pashas of Baghdad. Abdi Pasha had recently completed a labour of this kind, and it was in consequence of it that so much of the country we had just traversed was inundated. He was now at Diwanieh watching the result of his work, and arranging matters consequent on the Wadi Beg's de- position. He used everj- effort to induce us to rejoin the troops on the w. of the Euphrates — representing the Madan Arabs as per- fectly beyond his control, wild and savage, and the country impas- sable on account of the waters. Jrw. 5. — From DiwaTiich the remainder of our journey through the Jezirch was in a region hitherto untrodden by Ei!rf>y)eans. The general direction of the day's route was e.s.e., over a slightlv undulating plain totally devoid of interest. At 7 m. from Diwaiiieli wc left two small mounds, called Berhayn, on our right. Passing the old Kala'at Sherminfeh at 12 miles, in view of the distant trees of MeUahe, on the Ylkuflfeh on our left, we arrived at our nidit's encampment with a tribe of Khezall Arabs, near a number (? ruined kala'ats. A lar^ flat-tcmped mound, resembling a gigantic black tent, was conspicuous from all sides at 1^ m. from our camp. It was built of sun-dried bricks, and is probably not of greater antiquity than the time of the Farthians. At its » Tabiah 164'' 30' j Mdbh^ trees 66*^ Digitized by Google 142 LoFTUti' Note* of a Journey Jrmi Batfhdad tv BusraJu base were Mfuil niiiMd Anvb endoMra^ ladicatiag that Uie locality was more populous a few jeon ago. Jaxu 6. — For 3 miles onr road was due OTer ploughed land aod through a thick erove of tamamks, imtil we reached the Tuninjieh Canal," at the point where it leaves a larger stream called the Faw*war. Both canals 6ow into the marshes e. of the Eiiphrat(»s. A strong dam at the cntranoe of the Tiininjieh (which is lierc! HO ft. widt ) had, until hitrlv, admitted but a ^ small Ftream of water, sufficient for the su]i])ly of one or two kala'atj arifl the cultivated lands aiij'Mniiig ihem. The Arabs iiolding tlieiii, however, had become retractory, and refused to jKiy their taxes. They thought to defy the attthority of the Pasha by destroying the <uu over the Tbmnjieh, and inundatiog the eonntvy* Mdstapha Beff, die ffiaya of Baghdad, was despatched by Abdi Pasha with a strong foiee agamst the rebels, aod his first care was to ihut off the water completely firom the Tuninjfeh, by building an enormous dam of eartn and hnishwood in the usual manner, lie th»Mi proceeded to besie^re a kala'at, to which the Arabs had retired, and sougiit to defend. We heard tliat he had taken possession of it that inominGr, the lu'sieged having c vaciiiatMi i it during the night with all their moveables, leaving beliiud only ' mud walls and abundance of filth. No one wa^i killed, no one ^ wonnded during the whole a&ir. Bv means of the Kiaya's new dam we were enabled to pass dryabod over the Tumnjfeh. We then proceeded about 1^ mile Sis. along the course of the Faw'war, until we arrived opposite to the ruined village of Suk-el-Faw*war.^ Here the sheepskins obtained before quitting Diwanieh were of service. Being in- flated and tied to our tent-poles and bouffhs of tamarisks, they fanned a primitive sort of kellek or raft, by assistance of which ourselves and baggage were conveyed safely across tlte Faw'war» which was not less Uian 100 ft wide and about 6 ft. deep. The Faw'war canal is derived from the above-mentioned Yusuffeh at Mellahe, and flows nearly due s. From the bame point also tha Yfisnlieh gives off the Sbat^l-Kahr and other oranehes which supply the country ftrther eastward. Nowhere is the effect of the Ilindieb, in abstracting too mneh ^ water from the Euphrates, better understood than at S<ik-el- Faw'war. It was formerly a large and thriving town* like Affej or Stik-es-Sheioukh, the centre of a district belonging to the MoQtefik Arabs, and surrounded by a series of small towers and « B. road to Kaiah 270" I M«llah^ trees .. .. 352« « Tftbiah 366 I Kalahonleft 189 Digitized by Google LoFTOS* NaUs ^ a Jgurm^/rm Baghdad to Buarah, 14B wattMTourses for delence against their more uu&ettled neighboiii s. Alxtiit twenty-five years ago, according to the best information we could obtain, the towa was abandoned in consequence of the water having deserted the caual, owing to the breaking of one of thft dams at the auuth tbe Hindi^. The ooimtnr b. of the Euphrates became a waterless desert beyond the boraere of the great marahee. At the tine of our vigit, decayed date-trees and the ruins of the mud houses of Sikk-el-liawVar extended full half a mile along both sides of the stream, and afforded good shelter for jackals and serpents. Abdi Pasha's late work at the Hindleh had, however, restored a copious stream to the cbaunel of the Faw'war. A winding course of 2 m. LifHiglit us to the Mulhlim canal, another branch from the Yusuileli at Mellahe. Although of but inconsiderable width, it was 5 fit. deep, and overflowed the country on both sides* We encamped on the eeatern bask, nesr Kala'at HutUim.** with the Amir tribe of the Khenll. Three smail mounds^ called Bahri, with fragments of ancient potterf, were situated about | of a mile n.n.e. of the kala'at •Am. 7. — Leaving tbe inundated iands adjoining the Mothlim, we crossed a desert tract slightly rising in the direction of our route. At 8 m. from the kala'at is a small square Arab mound, called Ed-desim,** whence we defined the course of tbe Shat- el-Kalir on our e. by fixing the {lOiitions of Kala ats Detcheh, Haihah, Djemideh, &C., on its banks 2 or 3 m. distant. Passing a mound of no great size on our left called Djemideli, aud at 4 miles on omr right en Imte named Sahib Es-zemlln, we reached another ruined kala'at — Mulkhesf 1 m. from £d-desim. Tbe ground here becomes lower, and continues descending to the dry bed of a river or canal, called Skhain, or Es-sahain,^ but which our Sheikh knew also as the old bed of the FawVar. He said that it likewise became dry twenty-five years ago* The channel ^ 270 ft. wide and 15 ft. deep, almost large enough to absorb the stream of tiie Euphrates ; whether it has cvlt done fo, or whether it was merely tbe course of the Faw'war widened through want of proper attention to the banks, I am unable to say- It may possibly be the continuation of that branch of the Nil which I believe to have passed Ni& ; at any rate, on looking at the map • Mellahe tn cs 312-30' 8uk-el-Faw'w» 247 80 Kalah on left 299 F. road 116 Bkhri 17 MK.Miilkh<si 149 K Djomideh 59 15 K. iiaibah 25 K. Detcheh 22- 30* I. Sdlib Bsnmii SDS SO » I. Sahib Ez-zenrfa SIS K Djemideh 30 K. HaOiah 10 SO K. Dalebeh s Phara 90 K.Malkheg( 303 Digitized by Google 144 LoFTUs' Notes of a Journey from Bayhdad to Busrah, it will be seen iliat the directions of the two channels correspond in a singular manner. Tlie Skhain pursues an E.8.E. course, giving off branches on either side. We followed it for nearly 4 m., when our road struck off more easterly. In the centre of the channel are several deep holes, dug by the Arabs for water, which it evidently contains at some period of the year, as proved by the abundant remains of shells, with their coloured epidermis, belonging to several freshwater genera. A patch of sandhills crosses the road at 6 miles from Kala*at Mulknezi, having precisely the same features as near Ba*ashiyeh. The G^erraa Canai,^ containing a little water, occurs about \h m. farther. Imam Seyd Sdft stands on it, 2 m. to the s. We were told that it proceeds from a place called Terrah, a considerable distance on our left, out of the Shat-el-Kahr. At mile beyond this we encamped in the desert at the Khurukha^ canal from the same source, where we procured excellent water. January 8. — Our route continued towards the e.s.e. over a perfectly level plain, with the hitherto unvisited ruin of Ilamniam towering in the horizon with the morning mirage. After travelling for several successive days over an unmteresting desert, the first sight of one of these vast piles erected in a remote age is impres- sive in the extreme. The hazy atmosphere of early morning is peculiarly favourable to this feeling, and, as a veil of gray mist hangs between the object and the beholder, he is lost in pleasing doubt as to the actual reality of the vision. Advancing to the point in view, we passed on the ripht three extensive ranges of mounds — Wafri, El Azrah, and Washi ; all, I believe, of ancient date. As we approached the ruin, the lofty mound of Tel Ede or Yede rose in the 8.E. horizon. We had been told by the Arabs that a statue existed at Ham- mam, but as little reliance is to be placed on their information on such points, we paid very slight attention to their account. Great, therefore, was our delight and astonishment, when, at about 200 yards from the n.w. comer of the ruin, we were shown three broken fragments of a human figure in fine-grained black granite, the proportions and carving of which would not have disgraced a Grecian chisel. The bust — minus head, neck, and arms — is broken from the n'A of the trunk at the waist. The hands are clasped in fron' T to hobl up the hem of a garment thrown loosely ' ' • Tlic '-''^ ' I'M'ililer is bare and inscribed i. It measures 1 fl. 4 in. 1 1 97° 30' LoFTUs' Nota qfa Joum^fiom Baghdad to Bturah, 145 from neck to waist, and when perfect 1 ft. 7 in. from dioulder to shoulder. The second portion, broken from the first, represents the remainder of the trunk, and measures 2 ft. 6 in. in leiigtl^ The surface is much injured, but upon the right hip and side is another defaced inscription in complicated Babyloniati characters, bordered with a deep fringe similar to that seen ou Assyrian sculptures. The third and last portion of this interesting relic is a shapeless block 1 ft. 1 in. lung, by 10 in. wide, polished on one side, and exhibiting a piece of garment fringe. In it also is a cu- riously cut hole, tiie use of which is unintelligible. We were infi>rmed that, less than two years previously, this ftatue was quite perfect, but that a trihe of persons, who work in iron * near Siik-es-Sheioukh, had broken it with large hammers in the expect- ation of discovering gold inside ! It had since served the Arabs as a target for ball practice I As, however, statues of the Baby- lonian age are rare, I secured the three fragments — scratched and damaged as they are from tiie ill-usage they had snetained — and carried the awkward loads on the backs ot our mulcb to Busrab, whence they were ^hlj)ped for England. f The building of Ilammam ^'^ J — '* the high place,** no doubt, from which the condemned idol had fallen — rises 50 ft above the surrounding plain, 28 ft Ixnng brickwork, the rest mound. Seen irom the n.w. the summit appears to pn>ject over the sides, owing to their bavins fallen away at the hase. The original form was a squarCy the sides of which are now reduced to 78 ft. each, and the angles rounded off. The most n* angle points 20 ^ e. of n. A deep channel, caused by rain, furrows the centre of each face, leav- ing the angles projecting upwards like four rounded turrets, which are likewise considerably weatlierwoi n. The bricks are sundried clay, mixed with barley chaff and chopped straw. They measure 144 inches square by 5 or hi inches tlnck. Between each layer is a layer of reeds, whose projecting ends form pentliouscs which have pre- served the buildup from complete destruction by the elements. * The Sabseans, or L hi istians of St. John Mcudai, are here implied. A few fkmiHes of this intarestiug and andent rMe ttill mnaln at8Ak-«»43beionkb, Bomili, ami Dizful, where tlity inuintaiu themseWes as blacksmiths aud jewellers. t They now lie in the cellars of the British Moseum. They form, I believe, the only spetameiMof nndanbted Babylonian statnary yet brought to BnglaflMl. AMeand but snmlliT statue, ubtnined b? mc in 1854 from the neighbontillg mooad of Tok- hah, has since arrived and is deposited at the same place. X %r H. Rawlinsou states that Hammam is probably the Golaba of cuneiform inseriptuniB.— /VocMdin^ JSoyol Q^, Soe», v«u. i. p. 47. "•TdEde 192^80^ Eth-thahir 74 30 Kala'at Rothan 96 Ei-inasbe 164 VOL. XZVI. Murcichin mound 2<)6^ 30' Ed-douwa „ '23G Trees ofTom on the Kahr 851 SO L Digitized by Google 146 LoFTUS* Notes of a Journey from Baghdad to Busrah, ' Numerous low mounds surround the edifice, and extend to a great distance on the w.s.w. They would, I apprehend, well repay excavations. Pieces of black-grained granite, scoria, bricks, glass, pottery, &c., are strewed on the surface ; and at the n. corner of the tower is a slab of vitrified scoria 21 by 23 in. square, and 4^ in. thick, of a dark gray colour. I picked up the alveolus of a belemnite characteristic of geological formations, which do not occur nearer than the Persian mountains. A few hundred yards s. of the tower are four small conical hillocks in a square. A ruined edifice stands a little eastward of this point. I regret not having had more time to bestow at this interesting locality.* From Ham mam our course lay s.s.w. towards Tel Ede, 6 m. distant. On the surface of the desert I here discovered the first indications of a post- tertiary marine deposit in the presence of two broken shells oi the genus Strom bus- Just before arriving at the mound we turned aside to the e. for the purpose of examining a large range of sandhills, which extend in irregular, undulating hillocks towards the n.e., and also towards Tel Ede. Decayed stumps and branches of tamarisks jut out from the hillocks as though they were destroyed or choked by the drifting sand. We had now attained the Montcfik country, and, as we ad- vanced, a half-naked race of savages — wearing no covering but a loose abba, their long locks streaming wildly in the wind — rushed out, spear and club m hand, to meet our little party, who, they supposed, were going to plunder them. Children were busily en- gaged in driving the cattle from every direction towards the tents, where the women kept up their peculiar and shrill tahlehl. Sixty warriors advanced in two lines in New Zealand fashion, with a kind of running dance, singing their war-cry, and throwing up their weapons nigh into the air to catch them again with great dexterity as they descended. Proving, however, to be peaceful travellers we were allowed to pass unmolested, and were subse- quently entertained at their camp. These Arabs belonged to the Maddn tribes ; they possess large flocks of cattle and sheep, which find excellent grazmg on the short green herbage springing up after the early rains among the sand-dunes. Tel Ede or Yede much disappoints the cjcpectation. It is a huge artificial pile of solid sand, 90 ft. high. The circumference of its base is 850 paces. The form is irregular, the longest diameter measuring from n.w. to 8.E., and the highest point is the N.w. • An etlifice rcsciiiMing that of Ilammum, but on a smaller scale, st.mds 3 in. b. or Hir-oniis, on the rood between Uughiliul and Ilillab. it is called Sbcikh Shubar, or Towebah. " NulTnyji niouud 45' Monnd 150° 30' 1. StydSiifi 317 45 LovTUs' Neiei if a Jmarm^Jrcm Baghdad to BumJL 147 The 8.W. face is inaccessible, while that on the n.e. is furrowed with deep channels. A portioti of the n.w. side is much weathered, and the solid sandy mass exposed and deeply eroded. Neither bnVks nor pottery wore observed on its pides or at its base, as at nearly every other aiieicMt nioiiiul, although [here are low mounds covered with these usual relics on the n.e. Tlie ^^andhills stretch out visibly to a great distance on the a and S.E. To the s.w. the eye dwells on the immense mounds of Warka, 10 m. distant. We encamped for the iiigljt with our newly-made savage friends, 2 m.SAB. of Tel Ede. Jan. 9.^The sandhills extend from n. to 8. in a kind of belt At 24 m. we descended from them into a Ie?el plain, from which rase on both sides a few small artafioial mounds. At one place the groand was oovered for nearly a mile with a carpet of the richest Terdure I ever beheld, and numerous herds of beautiful ^zeUes, browsing upon it, bounded off at our approach. This scene was the more delightful when compared with the barren and glaring desert of the other portion of our journey. The lofty and imposing mourn Is of Warka added to the effect of this scene, as they rose more fully into view and aiiurdeti lull Kcope to the imagi- natioD. After crossing the outer walls of the city, each step that we advanced convinced us that it was one of the most important Tuins in Mesopotamia, and that its vast aiea abounds in olgects of the highest interest and value to the lustorian and antiquary. A detailed account of Warka would occupy too much space in this paper; it is therefore my intention to devote a separate memcir to do tne subject full justice at finother opportunity. It mav not, liowever, be out of place to remark, that this portion .of Chaldaia is occupied by the remains of numerous ancient necro- polis-cities. Of these, Warka is iniialtely tljo iiio&t extensive and remarkable. Its walls, 5i miles in circumference, enclose an enormous platform of mounds and ruins, while the desert beyond is studded wiUi large conical mounds, one of which, Nudayji, stands a mile distant from the walls,* and rises to the height of 90 feet. There are three pnncipal structures upon the platform — temples or tombs — ^it is impossible to ascertain which, without excavations carried on at great expense. Of these the " Bouirieh — so called from the " reed mats ' placed at intervals between its mud bricks — is supported by buttresses of brick-masonry bearing legends of Urukh, a monarch whom Sir H. Bawlioson believes to have flourished b.c. 2300. * Fromthegreatinoiiiidat Warka— Tel Ede 24*» SO' Nuffayji I SO Treca 306 15 Kala'at SOlo 16* I. Khithr 218 30 Sinkm ICS SO l2 Digitized by Google 148 JLoFTUB* Not^ of a Jimrney from Baghdad to BumtoJl The set ! 1(1 edifice affords a very importaot additioD In our knowledge of Babylonian architecture at a ktor age. The great feature of the ruins is the mass of sepulchral reniains which constitute tlie chief portion of the great platform, and prove beyond a doubt tliat VVarka was a sacred burial-place from the very earliest times till about the commencement of the Christian era. Among other forms, slipper-shaped cofiins of glazed earthen- ware extend to the depth of 30 (and perha}>6 60) feet. The most valuable discovery was that of some taUets, wludn according to Sir H. Bawlinsoo, bear the names of Seleucus and Antiochos the Great, proriog that cuneiionD writbg was practised as late as 200 &c. Although the phonetic name of Warka has not been -determi- nately tixed from the cuneiform inscriptions, there can be little doubt of its identity with the Ercch of Scripture — Nimrod*s second city. Sir H. Kawlinson finds it generally designated as, par excellence, the City and he therefore assigns to it a very re- mote antiquity. We spent 2^ days in rambling over and examining the ruins, during which time we made as correct a plan as circumstances would prmit It was with no little regret that we were once more obliged to proceed on our journey, but we hoped that an opportunity would again occur of revisiting a spot so replete with interest^ Many small objects of value were obtained during tins •visit. Jan, 11. — From Warka to the new Kala*at Debbf, or Diirajf,'' on the Euphrates, is a distance of 9 m. 8.8.E. Tlie latter part of the road passes over ronprh ground among decayed reeds, and intersected by numerous canal beds, at this period of the yenr per- fectly dry. We encamped for the niijht in sight of Tel Ede, V\ arka, and Smkara, which b another large ruin bearing 10 m. £. by u. from W arka. The Madan Arabs, on the Euphrates between Semiva and Siik- es-Sheioukh, were at this time govenied (?) by a chief appointed by tlie Sheikh of the Hontefik. Two brothers, Sa'adun and DebK had for many years enjoyed this lucratiTe post alternately. The * On reaehtnff Mohammerah, and annonnciiig the resnltB of our discoveries to Col. Williams, I was directed to returu to Warka, and tu make excavations on a small scale. I was rewarded by securing the three remarkable lUpp^r-abaped, glazed coffiuB, and other articles, now in the British Museum. In 1854 I spent three months at Warka and its vicinity, in charge of the expe- dition sont out by the Assyrian Excavation Finul. A portir n of the rchultj. ob- tained during the rcsearcUcii was published in tlic Fir^t Hepori of the Committee. 1 propoM rimtly to prepare a liill aeeoont of my btN>im for the prcM, -» "Waswiui" ruin at Warka au j binkara ,. 47° 3(/ TdEib S Digitized by liOrTUS* Naiei of a Journey from Baghdad to Bmrah, 149 form^ was now Sheikh ; the latter resided at the Ka1a*at, which he built and tibercfore named. When in authority, he is a cruel tyrant. We saw several poor wretches whom he had deprived of their hands or feet. Jnn. 12.— This day we followed the downward coarse of the Euphrates E.8.E. Fn»m Dui-£jf to the small Irn^m Khithr** is Smiles, beyond which are visible on the left the vast marshes of Shatra, formed by the junction of the Shat-el-Kahr with the large branch of the Tigris, the Shat-el-Ilie, which joins tlie Euphrates somewhat lower down. We erqesed the ^ great river " by means id a ferry-boat at a ruined Eala*at, 17 m. below Durijf. At this season of the year the w« side of the Euphrates is frequented by numerous wild Bedouin tribes for the sake of the vegetaiticm on its hanks. We passed several small encampments of Aneza and Dhefyr without beinff in the least molested. Alter travelling 5 miles farther over cultivated Innd^^, with the distant ruin of Mugayer in sight on our right, we encamped at the tents of a tribe of A gail Arabs, f>ppusIto to InmmSherfff. From this point commence the date groves, which extend in uninterrupted line along the river's course to its entrance into the Persian Gulf. We here found a messenger from tlie Slieikh of the Montefik awaiting tlie troops, wluch, notwithstanding our zigzag route and delay at Warka, had wA yet arrived. This gave us an opportunity of visiting the Mugayer, and we, therefore, made our arrangementB* Amp the morrow. Jan, Id. — The celebrated canal, Pallacopas, cut by Alexander the Great, is laid down on several maps between the Euphrates and Mugayer. T looked around carefully in the hope of detecting some trace of it, but without success. There is certainly a small stagnant piece of water in a modern and insignificant canal-bed, about ^ m. from the Euplirate;?, but this is not of sufficient inipoi tance to warrant its bemg considered aiiy part of the ancient stream. The channel may, however, have become filled up with sand, and we had no opportunity of searching fiirtber in the desert westward* The Mugayer," sometimes incorrectly called Umgeyer, was first described by Mr. Baillie Fraser,* whose description is generally correct. It is, however^ only 6 (not 10 or 1 1 ) miles from the nearest point of the Euphrat^ and is situated at the n.w. comer of exten- sive but low mounds, and consists of two distinct stories. Dke the * «U«Mpotaaiia and AiByfia,' pw 148.
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Inferno on yhdysvaltalaisen kirjailijan Dan Brownin vuonna 2013 julkaistu romaani.
Teos on trilleri, jonka päähenkilönä on neljännen kerran symbologi Robert Langdon, joka on ollut päähenkilönä myös Brownin teoksissa Enkelit ja demonit, Da Vinci -koodi ja Kadonnut symboli. Kirja sijoittuu Italiaan ja sen nimi viittaa Danten Jumalaisen näytelmän ensimmäiseen osaan.
Romaani käännettiin kaikkiaan 12 kielelle samanaikaisesti.
Se oli vuonna 2013 Suomen myydyin käännetty kaunokirja (60 400 kpl).
Juoni
Robert Langdon herää ammuttuna italialaisessa sairaalassa muistinsa menettäneenä ja havaitsee jonkun haluavan kiihkeästi tappaa hänet. Seurakseen Robert saa hoitavan lääkärinsä Sienna Brooksin. Langdon ihmettelee miten hän on Firenzeen joutunut ja miksi. Yhteydenotto konsulaattiin saa vain erikoisjoukot hänen peräänsä. Vihjeitä tipahtelee Dante Alighierin Jumalaisesta näytelmästä. Aikooko joku ratkaista maapallon väestöongelman yhdellä kertaa omintakeisella tavalla?
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Aiheesta muualla
Clive James: The heroic absurdity of Dan Brown. Prospect 11.6.2013.
Dan Brownin teokset
Vuoden 2013 kirjat
Seulonnan keskeiset artikkelit.
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Oscar! I was young like thee, when lovely Fainaſollis came: that sunbeam! that mild light of love! the daughter of Craca's king! Then returned from Cona's heath, and few were in my train. A white-tailed boat appeared far off; we saw it like a mist that rode on ocean's blaſt. It soon approached; we saw the fair. Her white breast heaved with fighs. The wind was in her loose dark hair; her rosy cheek had tears. Daughter of beauty, calm I said, what sigh is in that breast? Can I, young as I am, defend thee, daughter of the sea? My word is not unmatched in war, but dauntleſs is my heart. What the Craca here mentioned was, is not, at this distance of time, easy to determine. The most probable opinion is, that it was one of the Shetland Isles. There is a story concerning a daughter of the king of Craca in the sixth book. To thee I fly, with sighs she replied, O chief of mighty men! To thee I fly, chief of shells, supporter of the feeble hand! The king of Craca's echoing aisle owned me the sunbeam of his race. And often did the hills of Cromala reply to the sighs of love for the unhappy Fingal. Sora's chief beheld me fair; and loved the daughter of Craca. His sword is like a beam of light upon the warrior's side. But dark is his brow; and tempests are in his soul. I shun him on the rolling sea; but Sora's chief pursues. Respect thou, I said, behind my shield; rest in peace, thou beam of light! The gloomy chief of Sora, will fly, if Fingal's arm is like his soul. In some lone cave, I might conceal thee, daughter of the sea! But Fingal never flies; for where the danger threatens, I rejoice in the storm of tears. I saw the tears upon her cheek. I pitied Craca's fair. Now, like a dreadful wave afar, appeared the ship of stormy Borbar. His mast high-bended over the sea behind their sheets of snow. White roll the waters on either side. The strength of ocean sounds. Come thou, I said, from the roar of ocean, thou rider of the storm. Partake of the sea within my hall. It is the house of strangers — The maid stood trembling by my side; Nay, I saw the sword along the waves of the north. Flingal, Boox III. Flingal; he drew the bow: the fell. Unerring is thy hand, I said, but feeble was the foe. We fought, nor weak was the strife of death: He sunk beneath my sword. We laid them in two tombs of stones; the children of youth. Sven have I been in my youth, O Oſcar; be thou like the age of Fingal. Never seek the battle, nor shun it when it comes. ——Fillan and Oſcar of the dark-brown hair; ye children of the race; fly over the heath of roaring winds; and view the sons of Lochlin. Far off I hear the noise of their fear, like the storms of echoing Cona. Go: that they may not fly my For many chiefs of Erin's race lie here on the dark bed of death. The children of the storm are low; the sons of echoing Cromwell. E heroes flew like two dark clouds; two dark clouds that are the chariots of ghosts; when air's dark children come to frighten hapless men. It was then that Gaul, the son of Morn, stood like a rock in the night. His spear glittering Gaul, the son of Morn, was chief of a tribe that dispute long, the pre-eminence, with Fingal himself. They were reduced at last to obedience, and Gaul, from an enemy, turned Lugal's best friend and greatest hero. His character is something glittering to the stars; his voice like many Kreams,——Son of battle, cried the chief, O Fingal Gaul, the son of Morn, was chief of a tribe that dispute long, the pre-eminence, with Fingal himself. They were reduced to obedience, and Gaul, from an enemy, turned Lugal's best friend and greatest hero. His character is something Boox III. A EPIC POEM. King of Shetlands! Let the bards of many songs, Erin's friends to rest. And, Fingal, sheath thy sword: of death; and let thy people fight. We wither away without our fame; for our king is the only breaker of shetlands. When morning rises on our hills, behold at a distance our deeds. Let Lochlin feel the sword of Morni's son, that bards may sing of me. Such was the custom heretofore of Fingal's noble race. Such was thine own, thou king of words, in battles of the spear. O son of Morni, Fingal replied, I glory in thy fame. Fight; but my spear shall be near to aid thee in the midst of danger. Raile, raiſe, the voice, sons of the song, and lull me into rest. Here will Fingal lie amidst the wind of night. — And if thou, Agandecca, art near, among the children of thy land; if thou fitteſt on a blast of wind among the high-shrowded masses of Lochlin; come to my dreams, my fair one, and show thy bright face to my soul. Things like that of Ajax in the Iliad; a hero of more strength than conduct in battle. He was very fond of military fame, and here he demands the next battle to himself. — The poet, by an artifice, removes Fingal, that his return may be the more magnificent. The poet prepares us for the dream of Fingal in the next book. Many a voice and many a harp in tuneful sounds are, Of Fingal's noble deeds they sing, and of the noble race of the hero. And sometimes on the lovely sound was heard the name of the now mournful Oſian. OFTEN have I fought, and often won. In battles of the spear. But blind, and tearful, and forlorn I now walk with little men. O Fingal, with thy race of battle I now behold thee not. The wild roes feed upon the green tomb of the mighty king of Morven. Blew be thy soul, thou king of swords, thou most renowned on the hills of Cona! re A N . ba ; £C » # 0.0 TO IS Io g ** : * „ n 2 * — * p 2 * . Py - ad * <-_ © : * * a6 Ss bg 8 So * 8 — „3 S — * 4 4 52 — os 4 - *” #- < . * 2 * * _ - * 8 * = ww « » > FINGAL FING AI. AN ANCIENT EIGEN BOOK IV. ARGUMENT to Boox IV. The action of the person being suspended by night, O'Brien takes that opportunity to relate his own actions at the lake of Leghorn, and his courthip of Evirallin, who was the mother of O'Brien, and had died some time before the expedition of Fingal into Ireland. Her ghost appears to him, and tells him that O'Brien, who had been sent, the beginning of the night, to observe the enemy, was engaged with an advanced party, and almost overpowered, O'Brien relieves his son; and an alarm is given to Fingal of the approach of Swaran. The king rises, calls his army together, and, as he had promised the preceding night, devolves the command on Gaul the son of Morni, while he himself, after charging his sons to behave gallantly and defend his people, retires to a hill, from whence he could have a view of the battle. The battle joins, the poet relates O'Brien's great actions. But when O'Brien, in conjunction with his father, consented in one wing, Gaul, who was attacked by Swaran in person, was on the point of retreating in the other. Fingal sends Ullin his hard to encourage him with a war song, but notwithstanding Swaran prevails; and Gaul and his army are obliged to give way. Fingal, descending from the hill, rallies them again: Swaran deſiſts from the pursuit, poſſeſes himself of a rising ground, reſtores the ranks, and waits the approach of Finga!, The king, having encouraged his men, gives the necessary orders, and renews the battle. Cuchullin, who, with his friend Connal, and Carril his bard, had retired to the cave of Tura, hearing the noise, came to the brow of the hill, which overlooked the field of battle, where he saw Fingal engaged with the enemy. He, being hindered by Connal from joining Fingel, who was himself upon the point of obtaining a complete victory, sends Carril to congratulate that hero on his success, 5 e BOY FINGAL, AN ANCIENT EPIC POEM. In SIX BOOKS. BOOK IV. Auxissssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss " 2 — = —— ͤ — 1 CY * — = = twelve daughters of beauty were mine, thine were the choice, thou son of fame. Then he opened the hall of the maid, the dark-haired Everallin. Joy kindled in our breasts of steel and blessed the maid of Branno. Above us on the hill appeared the people of stately Cornwall. Eight were the heroes of the chief; and the heath flamed with their arms. Here, Colla, Durra of the wounds, there mighty Toſc Ar, Boox IV, An EPIC POEM. 73 Toſcar, and Tago, there Freſtal the victorious Stonewood; Dairo of the happy deeds, and Dala the Battle's bulwark in the narrow way. The Stonewood flamed in the hand of Cormac, and graceful was the look of the hero. EIGHT were the heroes of Oſſian; Ullin Stonewood of war; Mullo of the generous Deeds; the noble, the graceful Scelacha; Oglan, and Cerdal the wrathful, and Duma-riccan's Brows of death. And why should Ogar be the Last; so wide renowned on the hills of Ardven? Of AR met Dala the strong, face to face, on the field of heroes. The battle of the chiefs was like the wind on ocean's foamy waves. The dagger is remembered by Ogar; the weapon which he loved; nine times he drowned it in Dala's side. The stormy battle turned. Three times I pierced Cormac's shield: three times he broke his spear. But, unhappy youth of love! I cut his head away. Five times I shook it by the lock. The friends of Cormac fled. WHOEVER would have told me, lovely maid, when then I strove in battle; that blind, forsaken, and forlorn I now should pass the night. It ought his mail to have been, and unmatched his arm in battle. The poet adds, "On Lena's 'gloomy heath the voice of Boox IV." Now, on Lena's 'gloomy heath the voice of Boox IV. muſic died away. The unconstant blast blew hard, and the high oak shook its leaves around me; of Everallin were my thoughts, when she, in all the light of beauty, and her blue eyes rolling in tears, stood on a cloud before my sight, and spoke with feeble voice. O Ossian, riſe and save my son; save Oſcar chief of men, near the red oak of Lubar's stream, he fights with Lochlin's sons — She sunk into her cloud again. I clothed me with my steel. My spear supported my Reps, and my rattling armour rung. I hummed, as I was wont in danger, the songs of heroes of old. Like distant thunder — Lochlin they fled; my son pursued. The poet returns to his subject. If one could fix the time of the year in which the action of the poem happened, from the scene described here, I should be tempted to place it in autumn. The trees shed their leaves, and the winds are variable, both which circumstances agree with that season of the year. O Ossian gives the reader a high idea of himself. His very song frightens the enemy. This passage resembles one in the eighteenth Iliad, where the voice of Achilles frightens the Trojans from the body of Patroclus. Forth March'd the chief, and distant from the crowd High on the rampart raised his voice aloud. So high his brazen voice the hero rear'd, Hoſt drop their arms and trembled as they feared. Pore. CALLED Book IV. A EPIC POEM. 76 I CALLED him like a distant stream. My son return over Lena. No further pursuit the foe, though Odom is behind thee He came; and lovely in my ear was Oſcar's sounding steel. Why didst thou stop my hand, he said, till death had covered all? For dark and dreadful by the stream they met thy son and Fillan. They watched the terrors of the night. Our shores have conquered some. But as the winds of night pour the ocean over the white sands of Mora, so dark advance the sons of Lochlin over Lena's rushing heath. The ghosts of night shriek afar; and I have seen the meteors of death. Let me awake the king of Morven, he that miles in danger; for he is like the son of heaven that rises in a storm. Finall had started from a dream, and leaned on Trenmor's shield; the dark-brown shield of his fathers; which they had lifted of old in the battles of their race. The hero had seen in his rest the mournful form of Agandecca; she came from the way of the ocean, and slowly, lonely, moved over Lena. Her face was pale like the mist of Cromla; and dark were the tears of her cheek. She often raised her dim hand from her robe; her robe which was of the clouds of the desert; she raised her dim hand over Fingal, and turned away her silent eyes. Fingal, Book III. The father of heroes. They fought the battle in their youth, and are the song of bards. O Oſcat! bend the strong in arms; but spare the feeble hand. Be thou a stream of many tides against the foes of thy people; but like the gale that moves the grass to those who ask thine aid. —So Trenmor lived; such Trathal was; and such has Fingal been. My arm was the support of the injured; and the weak rested behind the lightning of my steel. A Oſcat! I was young like thee, when lovely Fingal came: that sunbeam that mild light of love! the daughter of cracie king! Then returned from Cona's heath, and few were in my train. A white-haired boat appeared far off; we saw it like a mist that rode on ocean's blust. It soon approached; we saw the fair. Her white breast heaved with sighs. The wind was in her loose dark hair; her rosy cheek had tears. Davighter of beauty, calm I said, what sigh is in that breast? Can I, young as I am, defend thee, daughter of the sea? My sword is not unmatched in war, but dauntless in my heart. What the Craca here mentioned was, is not, at this distance of time, easy to determine. The most probable opinion is, that it was one of the Shetland Isles. There is a story concerning a daughter of the king of Craca; in the sixth book. To thee I fly, with sighs she replied, O chief of mighty men! To thee I fly, chief of shells, supporter of the feeble hand! The king of Craca's echoing aisle owned me the sunbeam of his race. And often did the hills of Cromala reply to the sighs of love for the unhappy Fai-naſollis: Sora's chief beheld me fair; and loved the daughter of Craca. His sword is like a beam of light upon the warrior's side. But dark is his brow; and tempests are in his soul. I shun him on the rolling sea; but Sora's chief pursues. Is thou, I said, behind my shield; rest in peace, thou beam of light! The gloomy chief of Sora, will fly, if Fingal's arm is like his soul. In some lone cave, I might conceal thee, daughter of the sea! But Fingal never flies; for where the danger threatens, I rejoice in the storm of tears. I saw the tears upon her cheek. I pitied Craca's fair. Now, like a dreadful wave afar, appeared the ship of stormy Borbar. His masts high-bended over the sea behind their sheets of snow. White roll the waters on either side. The strength of ocean sounds. Come thou, I said, from the roar of ocean, thou rider of the storm. Partake of the sea within my hall. It is the house of strangers. The maid stood trembling by my side. The father of heroes. They fought the battle in their youth, and are the song of bards— O Oſcat! bend the strong in arms: but spare the feeble hand. Be thou a stream of many tides against the foes of thy people; but like the gale that moves the grass to those who ask thine aid. Trenmor lived; such Truth was; and such has Fingal been. My arm was the support of the injured; and the weak rested beneath the lightning of my steel. Oscar! I was young like thee, when lovely Fingal came: that sunbeam that mild light of love! the daughter of cracie king! I then returned from Cona's heath, and few were in my train. A white-haired boat appeared far off; we saw it like a mist that rode on ocean's blust. It Oon approached; we saw the fair. Her white breast heaved with fighs. The wind was in her loose dark hair; her rosy cheek had tears. Daughter of beauty, calm! said, what sigh is in that breast? Can I, young as I am, defend thee, daughter of the sea? My sword is not touched in war, but dauntless in my heart. 9 mink the Craca here mentioned was, is not, at this distance; of time, easy to determine. The most probable opinion is, that it was one of the Shetland Isles. There is a story concerning a daughter of the king of Craca in the sixth book. To thee I fly, with sighs she replied, O chief of mighty men! To thee I fly, chief of shells, supporter of the feeble hand! The king of Craca's echoing aisle owned me the sunbeam of his race. And often did the hills of Cromala reply to the sighs of love for the unhappy Fainas. Sora's chief beheld me fair; and loved the daughter of Craca. His sword is like a beam of light upon the warrior's side. But dark is his brow; and tempests are in his soul. I shun him on the rolling sea; but Sora's chief purles. Rest thou, I said, behind my shield; rest in peace, thou beam of light! The gloomy chief of Sora, will fly, if Fingal's arm is like his soul. In some lone cave, I might conceal thee, daughter of the sea! But Fingal never flies; for where the danger threatens, I rejoice in the storm of tears. I saw the tears upon her cheek. I pitied Craca's fair. Now, like a dreadful wave afar, appeared the ship of stormy Borbar. His mast high-bended over the sea behind their sheets of snow. White roll the waters on either side. The strength of ocean sounds. Come thou, I said, from the roar of ocean, thou rider of the storm. Partake of the sea within my hall. It is the house of strangers. The maid stood trembling by my side; he drew the bow; she fell. Unerring is thy hand, I said, but feeble was the foe. We fought, nor weak was the strife of death: He sunk beneath my sword. We laid them in two tombs of tones; the keenness of youth. Suck have I been in my youth; 0 Ofcar; be thou like the age of Fingal. Never ſeek the battle, nor ſhun it when it comes. —Fillan and Oſcar of the dark-brown hair ; ye children of the race ; fly over the heath of roaring winds; and view the ſons of Lochlin. Far off I. hear the noiſe of their fear, like the ſtorms of echo- ing Cona. Go: that they may not fly my ſword along the waves of the north. For many chiefs of Erin's race lie here on the dark bed of death. The children of the ſtorm are low; the ſons of echoing Cromla. | Tas heroes flew like two dark clouds; two dark clouds that are the chariots of ghoſts; when air's dark children come to gina hap- leſs men. 7 IT was then that Gaul “, the ſon of Morni, ſtood like a rock in the night. His ſpear 15 PENIS glittering Gaul, the fon of Morni, was chief of a tribe that diſputed long, the pre-eminence, with Fingal himſelf. They were re- duced at laſt to obedience, and Gaul, from an enemy, turned Fingal's beſt friend and greateſt hero, His charaGer is ſome- thing ing Boox III. Ax EPIC POEM. 67 glistering to the ſtars; his voice like many | F ingal, king of ſhells ! let the bards of r ſongs ſooth Erin's friends to reſt. And, Fingal, ſheath thy ſword of death; and let thy people fight. We wither away without our fame; for our king is the only breaker of ſhields. When morning riſes on our hills, behold at a diſtance our deeds. Let Lochlin feel the ſword of Morni's ſon, that bards may ſing of me. Such was the cuſtom heretofore of Fingal's noble race. Such was thine own, thou king of words, in battles of the spear. O so of Morni, Fingal replied, I glory in thy fame. Fight; but my spear shall be near to aid thee in the midst of danger. Raise, raise the voice, sons of the song, and lull me into rest. Here will Fingal lie amidst the wind of night. And if thou, Agandecca, art near, among the children of thy land; if thou sittest on a blast of wind among the high-scattered masses of Lochlin; come to my dreams, my fair one, and show thy bright face to my soul. Things like that of Ajax in the Iliad; a hero of more strength than conduct in battle. He was very fond of military fame, and here he demands the next battle to himself. —The poet, by an artifice, removes Fingal, that his return may be the more magnificent. The poet prepares us for the dream of Fingal in the next book. Many a voice and many a harp in tuneful sounds are, Of Fingal's noble deeds they sing, and of the noble race of the hero. And sometimes on the lovely sound was heard the name of the now mournful Odes. OFTEN have I fought, and often won in battles of the ſpear. But blind, and tearful, and forlorn I now walk with little men. O Fingal, with thy race of battle I now behold thee not. The wild roes feed upon the green tomb of the mighty king of Morven. — Blessed be thy soul, thou king of words, thou most renowned's on the hills of Cona! FIN G A L, AN ANCIENT EPIC POE M. BOOK IV. ARGUMENT to Box IV. The aktion of the p:em being ſuſpended by night, Offian takes that opportunity to relate his own actions at the lake of Lego, and his courtſhip of Evirallin, who was the mother of Oſcar, and had died ſome time before the expedition of Fingal into Ireland. Her ghoſt appears to bim, and tells him that Oſcar, who bad been ſent, the beginning of the night, to obſerve the enemy, was engaged with an advanced party, and almoſt overpowered, Offian relieves his ſon and an alarm is given to Fingal of the approach of Swaran. The king riſes, calls his army together, and, as be had promiſed the preceding night, devolves the command on Gaul the ſon of Morni, while be himſelf, after charging his ſons to behave gallantly and defend bis people, retires to a hill, from whence be cculd bade a view of the battle. The battle joins, the poet relates Oſcar's great aflions. But when Oſcar, in conjunction with his faiber, con- quered in one wing, Gaul, who was attacked by Swaren in perſon, was on tbe point of retreating in the other. Fingal ſends Ullin his bard to encourage him with a war ſong, but notwithſtanding Swaran prevails ;, and Gaul and his army are obliged to give way. Fingal, deſcending from the hill, rallies them again: Stwaran deſiſts from the purſuit, poſſeſſes him/elf of a riſing ground, reſtores the ranks, and waits the approach of Finga!, The king, having encouraged his men, gives the neceſſary orders, and renews the batile. Cuchullin, who, with his friend Connal, and Carril his bard, had retired to the cave of Tura, Hearing the noiſe, came to the brow of the bill, which cverlooked the field of battle, where be ſaw Fingal engaged with the enemy. He, being hindered by Connal from jeining Fingal, who was Vimſelf upon the point of obtaining a complete vitory, ſends Carril to congratulate that bera on Ei: fucce's, 5 , ww SS ev ID Vp Ry, TW GeTIS. MW. ey VB » Vw. AN ANCIENT EPIC POEM. In SIX BOOKS. S2S220S2SS222S222S00222220% BOOK IVE. S2220S22@2299222S2S00222222 HO comes with her songs from the mountain, like the bow of the showery Lena? It is the maid of the voice of love. The white-armed daughter of Toſcar. Often hast thou heard my song, and given the tear of beauty. Doſt thou come to the battles of thy people, and to hear the actions of Oſcar? When Fingal being asleep, and the action suspended by night, the poet introduces the story of his courthip of Evirallin the daughter of Branno. The epiſode is necessary to clear up several passages that follow in the poem; at the same time that it naturally brings on the action of the book which, may be supposed to begin about the middle of the third night from the opening of the poem. This book, as many of Oſalian's other compolitions, is addressed to the beautiful Malvina the daughter of Toſcar. She appears to have been in love with Oſcar, and to have affected the company of the father after the death of the son. I shall cease to mourn by the stream of the echoing Cona? My years have passed away in battle, and my age is darkened with sorrow. DAUGHTER of the hand of snow | I was not so mournful and blind; I was not so dark and forlorn when Everallin loved me. Everallin with the dark-brown hair, the white-boomed love of Cormac. A thousand heroes sought the maid, she denied her love to a thousand; the sons of the sword were despised; for graceful in her eyes was Offian. I went in pursuit of the maid to Lego's palace; twelve of my people were there, the sons of the streamy Morven. We came to Branno, friend of strangers; Branno of the sounding mail. From whence, he said, are the arms of steel? Not easy to win is the maid that has denied the blue-eyed sons of Erin. But blessed be thou, O son of Fingal, happy is the maid that waits thee. Thou twelve daughters of beauty were mine, thine were the choice, thou son of fame. Then he opened the hall of the maid, the dark-haired Everallin. Joy kindled in our breasts of steel and blessed the maid of Branno. Above us on the hill appeared the people of lately Cormac. Eight were the heroes of the chief; and the heath flamed with their arms. Here Colla, Durra of the wounds, there mighty Toſcar, and Tago, there Frésil the victorious stood; Dairo of the happy deeds, and Dala the battle's bulwark in the narrow way. The word flamed in the hand of Cormac, and graceful was the look of the hero. Eichr were the heroes of Oſſian; Ullin ſtormyſon of war; Mullo of the generous deeds; the noble, the graceful Scelacha; Oglan, and Cerdal the wrathful, and Duma-riccan's brows of death. And why should Ogar be the laſt; so wide renowned on the hills of Ardven? Os AR met Dala the strong, face to face, on the field of heroes. The battle of the chiefs was like the wind on ocean's foamy waves. The dagger is remembered by Ogar; the weapon which he loved; nine times he drowned it in Dala's side. The stormy battle turned. Three times I pierced Cormac's shield: three times he broke his spear. But, unhappy youth of love! I cut his head away. Five times I shook it by the lock. The friends of Cormac fled. WHOEVER would have told me, lovely maid, when then I strove in battle; that blind, forsaken, and forlorn I now should pass the night; firm ought his mail to have been, and un- matched his arm in battle. The poet adds himself to Malvina's daughter of Toſcar. Now Now On Lena's gloomy heath the voice of music died away. The unconstant blast blew hard, and the high oak shook its leaves around me; of Everallin were my thoughts, when she, In all the light of beauty, and her blue eyes rolling in tears, stood on a cloud before my sight, and spoke with feeble voice. O Oss1an, riſe and fave my ſon ; fave Oſcar chief of men, near the red oak of Lubar's ſtream, he fights with Lochlin's ſons, ——She ſunk into her cloud again. I clothed me with my ſteel. My ſpear ſupported my ſteps, and my rattling armour rung. I hummed, as I was wont in danger, the ſongs of heroes of old. Like diſtant thunder + Lochlin heard; they fled ; my ſon purſued. The poet returns to his ſubject. If one could fix the time of the year in which the action of the poem happened, from the ſcene deſcribed here, I ſhould be tempted to place it in autumn. The trees ſhed their leaves, and the winds are variable, both whach circumſtances agree with that ſeaſon of the year. + Offian gives the reader a high idea of himſelf. His very ſong frightens the enemy. This paſſage reſembles one in the eighteenth Iliad, where the voice of Achilles frightens the 'Tro- Jans from the body of Patroclus. Forth march'd the chief, and diſtant from the crowd High on the rampart rais'd his voice aloud. So high his brazen voice the hero rear'd, Hoſts drop their arms and trembled as they fear'd. Pope. J cALLED Boox IV. wt. Was Boox IV. Au EPIC POEM. 76 I cALLED him like a dftiant ſtream. My ſon return over Lena. No further purſue the foe, though Oſſian is behind thee He came; and lovely in my ear was Oſcar's ſounding fteel. Why didſt thou ſtop my hand, he faid, till death had covered all? For dark and dreadful by the ſtream they met thy ſon and Fillan. They watched the terrors of the night. Our shores have conquered some. But as the winds of night pour the ocean over the white sands of Morven, so dark advance the sons of Lochlin over Lena's rushing heath. The ghosts of night shriek afar; and I have seen the meteors of death. Let me awake the king of Morven, he that miles in danger; for he is like the son of heaven that rises in a storm. Finall had started from a dream, and leaned on Trenmor's shield; the dark-brown shield of his fathers; which they had lifted of old in the battles of their race. The hero had seen in his rest the mournful form of Agandecca; she came from the way of the ocean, and flowly, lonely, moved over Lena. Her face was pale like the mist of Cromwell; and dark were the tears of her cheek. She often raised her dim hand from her robe; her robe which was of the clouds of the desert; she raised her dim hand over Fingal, and turned away her silent eyes. Why War weeps the daughter of Starno, said Finall, with a sigh? Why is thy face so pale, thou daughter of the clouds? She departed on the wind of Lena; and left him in the midst of the storm. Out of the night. —She mourned the sons of her people that were to fall by Fingal's hand. THE hero sat at rest, and still beheld her in his soul. The sound of O'Connor's steps approached. The king saw the grey shield on his side. For the faint beam of the morning came over the waters of Ullin. War do the foes in their fear? Said the rising king of Morven. Or fly they through ocean's foam, or wait they the battle of the sea? But why should Fingal ask? I hear their voice on the early wind. Fly over Lena's heath, O Oſcar, and awake our friends to battle. The king stood by the stone of Lubar; and thrice raised his terrible voice. The deer started from the fountains of Cromla; and all the rocks shook on their hills. Like the noise of a hundred mountain streams, that burst, and roar, and foam like the clouds that gather to a tempest on the blue face of the sky; so met the sons of the desert, round the terrible voice of Fingal. For pleasant was the voice of the king of Morven to the warriors of his land: often had he led them to battle, and returned with the spoils of the sea. Cox to battle, said the king, ye children of the storm. Come to the death of thousands. Comal's son will see the fight. My word shall wave on that hill, and be the shield of my people. But never may you need it, warriors; while the son of Morni fights, the chief of mighty men, he shall lead my battle; that his fame may rise in the song. O ye ghosts of heroes dead! Ye riders of the storm of Cromwell! receive my falling people with joy, and bring them to your hills. And may the blast of Lena carry them over my seas, that they may come to the silent dreams, and my soul in rest. FILLAX and Oſcar, of the dark-brown hair! Fair Ryno, with the pointed steel! advance with valour to the fight; and behold the son of Morni. Let your words be like his in the strife; and behold the deeds of his hands: Protect the friends of your father; and remember the chiefs of old. My children, I shall see you yet, though here you should fall in Erin. Soon shall our cold, pale ghosts meet in a cloud, and fly over the hills of Cona. Now like a dark and stormy cloud, edged round with the red lightning of heaven, and flying westward from the morning's beam, the king of hills removed. Terrible is the light of his armour, and two shining stars. pears are in his hand. His gray hair falls on the wind. He often looks back on the war. Three bards attend the lion of fame, to carry his words to the heroes. High on Cromla's side he sat, waving the lightning of his sword, and as he waved we moved, "Jo roe in Oſcar's face." His cheek is red. His eye sheds tears. The sword is a beam of fire in his hand. He came, and smiling, spoke to Odom. — DO ruler of the fight of steel! My father, hear thy son. Retire with Morven's mighty chief; and give me Odom's fame. And if here I fall; my king, remember that breast of snow, that lonely sunbeam of my love, the white-handed daughter of Toſcar. For with red cheek from the rock, and bending over the stream, her soft hair flies about her bosom as she pours the sigh for Odom. Tell her I am on my hills a lightly-bounding son of the wind; that hereafter, in a cloud, I may meet the lovely maid of Toſcar. RAISE, Oſcar, rather raiſe my tomb. I will not yield the fight to thee, For first and bloodiest in the war my arm shall teach thee how to fight. But, remember, my son, to place this sword, this bow, and the horn of my deer, within that dark and narrow house, whose mark is one gray stone. Oſcar, I have no love to leave to the care of my son; for graceful Evirallin is no more, the lovely daughter of Branno. SUCH were our words, when Gaul's loud voice came growing on the wind. He waved on high the word of his father, and rushed to death and wounds. As waves white-bubbling over the deep came swelling, roaring on; as rocks of ooze mert roaring waves: so foes attacked and fought. Man met with man, and steel with steel. Shields found; men fall. As a hundred hammers on the sun of the furnace, so rose, so rung their swords.
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Fireplace Essentials «■« Fireplace I andirons are in bIaclc wlth and the three-fold black screen has brass handles \ Andirons and Electric Logs —Realistic looking • styles.) - Colonial jj 1 Spark Guards Andirons & § 31x31 so 110 $«> no ¥ f s,i‘ rjJ? /| —Filled with a fine, close wylW^ /1 mesh screenng to protect —A colonial de- w / kv^^l II your rugs, sign of solid I brass . . . Stun- Other* $3 98 to $6.98 ning In its sim- Tif I plicity. ' 4rl WJfj Black and Brass Fireplace Wood Basket *2.49 —A handy, good looking black basket with solid brass handle. • Firelightert_$2.49 to $2.98 C”Jmi”a... /yor If indows 2 for SI a^YOfreshVei!ght' as Wel! draft with r f Wlth°ut lator, th t lese venti hUh anSh y re 8 inche.s Ses eXtend ^ 35 Griswold Dutch Oven ) s1.39 Cast iron I with easj I clean top. ( 52.85 value> I 1/000-Sheet Toilet Tisam I cano? ^ han^ W —Seamless gilt- I finished metal. I Attach to backs I °f radiators. I Manning-Bowmon I | HePod"9 I S2.98 Venti,?torS/4 for thermostat | t0 fit your windows. heat control I and long cord. I Curtain Stretcher I i 6x9 ft. size 1 with non-rust- I able pins, to I I Pn ,5249 Steel Frame Kitchen Ensemble -^fiJXTU'bles «)0« feet‘.RUbwii]CrU'Cb SI*9tt **OC I • W,1K n°t wobble or walk —Stepon re- I fuse can and I waste basket I enameled I a n d d e c- I orated to match. I ^Veor-Ever Souce Pan I _It R»6iator Shields gg I Inches. extend from 20 to 35 —2*qt. alum- 11 •hum pan with I ^ • i , “..'rliS 66',n- Mefol Wordrobe 12-in. Electric Heaters I —Walnut fln ---- fS I Ished... Holds So An from 8 10 ^***43 I garments. Take the I chill off a I room with one I °f these fine I beaters. Chromium re- I Sector. Long I __ cord. ,| 6-Cup Electric Coffee I Utility ... I Closets Maker Complete I —p 1 v e shelves c-b I with extra shelf ®I*99 I Space at bottom. I 4^^1' Gorbo9® Cons —Heatproof glass f 77c pot and electric I _r stove with guar- I —Corrugated galva anteed element. I nized iron cans with Kann’s—Third I tlRht covers. Woor- 1 Kann's—Third | Hour, * k *,«9 ' ne Dlst. 7200 jg Iff'lj S/twiti! of 300 Pairs of Fine Rayon Damask ._JDRAPES $7.95 $8.95 and $9.95 Grades Pinch-Pleated9100-in. wide to the pair —Again Kann’s unfurls a great value in drapes at the exact time they’re in greatest demand! Rich, lustrous rayon damasks in plain or all over figured ^ ■ I patterns and colors that will add beauty and warmth to any furnishings .. . Wood rose, rose beige, rust, ^ wine', green, gold, eggshell, blue and red. Each ■ B Dll * drape is fully lined with sateen, and each pair is ■ ■ I*" complete with tie-backs. Some are 2*4 yards long, but the majority are 2% yards. See Them Displayed On the Sample W indows In Our Upholstery Department Kann’s—Third Floor. Ardley Fanchon Duane Rialto t ! _ _ V. 56 Fine Rugs REDUCED! Sr’ —Although these rugs have been used for display purposes, they’ve not been damaged in any way . . . Some of the patterns have been discontinued, ’tis true, but every rug is perfect and a real value! Come early, we expect an early “sell-out.” • 10 Seamless Axminster Rugs, 9x12 $1) ^ B? and 8.3x10.6 ft. Orig $37.50_ • 8 Wilton Rugs in Persian patterns, S A 9x12 and 8.3x10.6 ft. Orig. $52.50 ** • • 4 Seamless Aminster Rugs, 9x12 and S/fl /\ 8.3x10.6 ft. Orig. $62.50_ M. • 9 Washed American Oriental Rugs, SSS/B 4 9x12 and 8.3x10.6 ft. Orig. $79.50 _ £> • 10 Worsted Wilton Rugs, 9x12 ft. S S A AS Orig. $85.00_ OrfO* • 5 Whittall’s Palmer Rugs, 9x12 ft. AS Orig. $9830_ • 3 Washed American Oriental Rugs, js a m0 Well known brand, 9x12 ft. Orig. ’ $99.50 _1_ • 3 Washed Rugs in Chinese designs, $1 AS AA 9x12 ft. Orig. $159.00_ IVOiVlf • 4 Washed American Oriental Rugs, o-a aa w a Well known make, 9x12 ft. Orig. 9 I l|xf*Oll $165.00 __ Kann’a—Third Floor. Buy Them on the Budget Plan Small Monthly Payment* —Small Carrying Charge Just It Lucky Housewives Huy Suve 825 Luck On These Hey ulur 8104.50 Fully Equ ippetl "Magic Chef" Gas Ranges At the Special Price *79.50 i —Don’t wait to be the twelfth person In . .. it’s just as easy to be among the lucky eleven! You’ll get a real bargain! They’re the famous “Magic Chef” ranges with such noteworthy features as: • Ivory All-Porcelain Finish • 20-In. Porcelain Lined Oven • Fall Insulqtion . . . Oven Heat Control • Magic Chef Non-Clog Burners • Automatic Top Lighter • Sanitary Drip Pan . . . Smokeless Broiler • Two Handy Utensil Drawers Up to 2 Years to Pay (Small Carrying Charge Included) Kann’*—Third Floor, 4 • 4.
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Victoria Eleison es un grupo musical congoleño fundado por el cantante King Kester Emeneya el 24 de diciembre de 1982, después de salir del grupo Viva La Música de Papa Wemba. Emeneya fue el líder del grupo hasta su muerte en 2014. Después de su muerte, su hermano Joly Baki Emen Mubiala se convirtió automáticamente en el líder de Victoria Eleison.
Naya, primer álbum de King Kester Emeneya y Victoria Eleison (1982)
El año de la fundación, el grupo Victoria grabó su primer álbum llamado ''Naya''. En 2002, ''Naya'' salió en CD.
Discografía
1982
Mantsiale Tolasse - 1&2
Balingi nga nazua té - 1&2
Abiyán - 1&2
Jolie Massa - 1&2
Ngambelo - 1&2
Beyuku - 1&2
Bosey - 1&2
Naya
1983
Maludi - 1&2
Ma Nzumba - 1&2
Kembela - 1&2
Sans Preavis - 1&2
Souri Cacharelle - 1&2
Abissina na ngai - 1&2
Surmenage - 1&2
Ata mpiaka - 1&2
Okosi Ngai Mfumu - 1&2
Sango mabala commission - 1&2
1985
Willo Mondo 2éme Version - 1&2
Elanga na lona - 1&2
Safi santa - 1&2
Bénédiction - 1&2
Cantantes de la República Democrática del Congo.
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People Profiles
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99,881
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github_open_source_100_2_8312
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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package euterpea
import utils.{given, _}
import scala.language.experimental.genericNumberLiterals
object Music:
type AbsPitch = Int
type Octave = Int
type Pitch = (PitchClass, Octave)
type Dur = Rat
enum PitchClass:
case Cff, Cf, C, Dff, Cs, Df, Css, D, Eff, Ds,
Ef, Fff, Dss, E, Ff, Es, F, Gff, Ess, Fs,
Gf, Fss, G, Aff, Gs, Af, Gss, A, Bff, As,
Bf, Ass, B, Bs, Bss
// deriving (Show, Eq, Ord, Read, Enum, Bounded)
enum Primitive[A]:
case Note(dur: Dur, a: A)
case Rest(dur: Dur)
def pMap[B](f: Function1[A,B]): Primitive[B] =
this match
case Note(d, x) => Note(d, f(x))
case Rest(d) => Rest(d)
// deriving Show, Eq, Ord
enum Music[A]:
def :=:(that: Music[A]): Music[A] = Music.:=:(this, that)
case Prim(prim: Primitive[A]) // primitive value
case :+:(lm: LazyList[Music[A]]) // sequential composition
case :=:(m1: Music[A], m2: Music[A]) // parallel composition
case Modify(c: Control, m: Music[A]) // modifier
def mMap[B](f: Function1[A,B]): Music[B] =
this match
case Prim(p) => Prim(p.pMap(f))
case :+:(lm) => :+:(lm.map(_.mMap(f)))
case :=:(m1, m2) => m1.mMap(f) :=: m2.mMap(f)
case Modify(c, m) => Modify(c, m.mMap(f))
object Music:
extension [A](m1: Music[A])
def :+: (m2: => Music[A]): Music[A] = Music.:+:(m1 #:: LazyList(m2))
enum Control:
case Tempo(r: Rat) // scale the tempo
case Transpose(p: AbsPitch) // transposition
case Instrument(i: InstrumentName) // instrument label
case Phrase(pas: List[PhraseAttribute]) // phrase attributes
case KeySig(pc: PitchClass, mode: Mode) // key signature and mode
case Custom(name: String) // for user-specified controls
enum Mode:
case Major, Minor,
Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian
case CustomMode(name: String)
enum InstrumentName:
case AcousticGrandPiano, BrightAcousticPiano, ElectricGrandPiano,
HonkyTonkPiano, RhodesPiano, ChorusedPiano,
Harpsichord, Clavinet, Celesta,
Glockenspiel, MusicBox, Vibraphone,
Marimba, Xylophone, TubularBells,
Dulcimer, HammondOrgan, PercussiveOrgan,
RockOrgan, ChurchOrgan, ReedOrgan,
Accordion, Harmonica, TangoAccordion,
AcousticGuitarNylon, AcousticGuitarSteel, ElectricGuitarJazz,
ElectricGuitarClean, ElectricGuitarMuted, OverdrivenGuitar,
DistortionGuitar, GuitarHarmonics, AcousticBass,
ElectricBassFingered, ElectricBassPicked, FretlessBass,
SlapBass1, SlapBass2, SynthBass1,
SynthBass2, Violin, Viola,
Cello, Contrabass, TremoloStrings,
PizzicatoStrings, OrchestralHarp, Timpani,
StringEnsemble1, StringEnsemble2, SynthStrings1,
SynthStrings2, ChoirAahs, VoiceOohs,
SynthVoice, OrchestraHit, Trumpet,
Trombone, Tuba, MutedTrumpet,
FrenchHorn, BrassSection, SynthBrass1,
SynthBrass2, SopranoSax, AltoSax,
TenorSax, BaritoneSax, Oboe,
Bassoon, EnglishHorn, Clarinet,
Piccolo, Flute, Recorder,
PanFlute, BlownBottle, Shakuhachi,
Whistle, Ocarina, Lead1Square,
Lead2Sawtooth, Lead3Calliope, Lead4Chiff,
Lead5Charang, Lead6Voice, Lead7Fifths,
Lead8BassLead, Pad1NewAge, Pad2Warm,
Pad3Polysynth, Pad4Choir, Pad5Bowed,
Pad6Metallic, Pad7Halo, Pad8Sweep,
FX1Train, FX2Soundtrack, FX3Crystal,
FX4Atmosphere, FX5Brightness, FX6Goblins,
FX7Echoes, FX8SciFi, Sitar,
Banjo, Shamisen, Koto,
Kalimba, Bagpipe, Fiddle,
Shanai, TinkleBell, Agogo,
SteelDrums, Woodblock, TaikoDrum,
MelodicDrum, SynthDrum, ReverseCymbal,
GuitarFretNoise, BreathNoise, Seashore,
BirdTweet, TelephoneRing, Helicopter,
Applause, Gunshot, Percussion
case CustomInstrument(name: String)
enum PhraseAttribute:
case Dyn(dyn: Dynamic)
case Tmp(tempo: TempoAttr)
case Art(art: Articulation)
case Orn(orn: Ornament)
enum Dynamic:
case Accent(acc: Rat)
case Crescendo(cres: Rat)
case Diminuendo(dim: Rat)
case StdLoudness(sl: StdLoudnessId)
case Loudness(l: Rat)
enum StdLoudnessId:
case PPP, PP, P, MP, SF, MF, NF, FF, FFF
enum TempoAttr:
case Ritardando(rit: Rat)
case Accelerando(acc: Rat)
enum Articulation:
case Staccato(stac: Rat)
case Legato(leg: Rat)
case Slurred(slur: Rat)
case Tenuto, Marcato, Pedal, Fermata, FermataDown, Breath,
DownBow, UpBow, Harmonic, Pizzicato, LeftPizz,
BartokPizz, Swell, Wedge, Thumb, Stopped
enum Ornament:
case Trill, Mordent, InvMordent, DoubleMordent,
Turn, TrilledTurn, ShortTrill,
Arpeggio, ArpeggioUp, ArpeggioDown
case Instruction(i: String)
case Head(h: NoteHead)
case DiatonicTrans(dt: Int)
enum NoteHead:
case DiamondHead, SquareHead, XHead, TriangleHead,
TremoloHead, SlashHead, ArtHarmonic, NoHead
type Volume = Int
def addVolume(v: Volume, m: Music[Pitch]): Music[(Pitch, Volume)] =
m.mMap((_, v))
enum NoteAttribute:
case VolumeAttr(v: Int)
case Fingering(f: Int)
case Dynamics(d: String)
case Params(ps: Seq[Double])
type Note1 = (Pitch, Seq[NoteAttribute])
type Music1 = Music[Note1]
/*
A new type class to allow for musical polymorphism that ultimately
must be converted to Music1 to be converted to MIDI format through
the MEvent framework.
*/
trait ToMusic1[A]:
type MA = Music[A]
def toMusic1(m: MA): Music1
object ToMusic1:
def apply[A](using ToMusic1[A]) = summon[ToMusic1[A]]
given ToMusic1[Pitch] with
def toMusic1(m:MA) = m.mMap((_, Seq.empty))
given toMusic1_Pitch_Volume: ToMusic1[(Pitch, Volume)] with
def toMusic1(m: MA) = m.mMap((p, v) => (p, Seq(NoteAttribute.VolumeAttr(v))))
given ToMusic1[Note1] with
def toMusic1(m:MA) = m
given ToMusic1[AbsPitch] with
def toMusic1(m:MA) = m.mMap(p => (pitch(p), Seq.empty))
given toMusic1_AbsPitch_Volume: ToMusic1[(AbsPitch, Volume)] with
def toMusic1(m: MA) = m.mMap((p, v) => (pitch(p), Seq(NoteAttribute.VolumeAttr(v))))
import Primitive._
import Music._
import Control._
def note[A](d: Dur, p: A): Music[A] = Prim(Note(d, p))
def rest[A](d: Dur): Music[A] = Prim(Rest(d))
def tempo[A](r: Dur, m: Music[A]): Music[A] = Modify(Control.Tempo(r), m)
def transpose[A](i: AbsPitch, m: Music[A]): Music[A] = Modify(Transpose(i), m)
def instrument[A](i: InstrumentName, m: Music[A]): Music[A] = Modify(Instrument(i), m)
val bn: Dur = 2
val wn: Dur = 1
val hn: Dur = wn/2
val qn: Dur = wn/4
val en: Dur = wn/8
val sn: Dur = wn/16
val tn: Dur = wn/32
val sfn: Dur = wn/64
val dwn: Dur = wn*3/2
val dhn: Dur = wn*3/4
val dqn: Dur = wn*3/8
val den: Dur = wn*3/16
def absPitch(p: Pitch): AbsPitch = p match
case (pc, oct) => 12*(oct+1) + pcToInt(pc)
import PitchClass._
def pcToInt(pc: PitchClass): Int =
pc match
case Cff => -2
case Cf => -1
case C => 0
case Dff => 0
case Cs => 1
case Df => 1
case Css => 2
case D => 2
case Eff => 2
case Ds => 3
case Ef => 3
case Fff => 3
case Dss => 4
case E => 4
case Ff => 4
case Es => 5
case F => 5
case Gff => 5
case Ess => 6
case Fs => 6
case Gf => 6
case Fss => 7
case G => 7
case Aff => 7
case Gs => 8
case Af => 8
case Gss => 9
case A => 9
case Bff => 9
case As => 10
case Bf => 10
case Ass => 11
case B => 11
case Bs => 12
case Bss => 13
end pcToInt
import scala.language.implicitConversions
import scala.math.Integral.Implicits._
def pitch(ap: AbsPitch): Pitch =
val (oct, n) = ap /% 12
(IndexedSeq(C,Cs,D,Ds,E,F,Fs,G,Gs,A,As,B)(n), oct -1)
def trans(i: Int)(p: Pitch): Pitch =
pitch(absPitch(p)+i)
def line[A](ms: Seq[Music[A]]): Music[A] =
if ms.isEmpty then rest(0)
else if ms.tail.isEmpty then ms.head
else
:+:(ms.head #:: LazyList(line(ms.tail)))
def chord[A](ms: Seq[Music[A]]): Music[A] =
ms.reduceRight((m1, m2) => :=:(m1,m2))
def forever[A](m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
m :+: forever(m)
def dur[A](m: Music[A]): Dur =
m match
case Prim(Note(d, _)) => d
case Prim(Rest(d)) => d
case :+:(lm) => lm.foldLeft(Rat(0))((d, m2) => d + dur(m2))
case :=:(m1, m2) => dur(m1) max (dur(m2))
case Modify(Control.Tempo(r), m) => dur(m) / r
case Modify(_, m) => dur(m)
def cut[A](d: Dur, m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
m match
case _ if d <= 0 =>
rest(0)
case Prim(Note(oldD, p)) =>
val d2 = (oldD min d) max 0
if (d2 > 0) note(d2, p) else rest(0)
case Prim(Rest(oldD)) =>
rest((oldD min d) max 0)
case :=:(m1, m2) =>
cut(d, m1) :=: cut(d, m2)
case :+:(m1 #:: m2 #:: _) =>
val m1a = cut(d, m1)
def m2a = cut(d - dur(m1a), m2)
m1a :+: m2a
case Modify(Control.Tempo(r), m) =>
tempo(r, cut(d*r, m))
case Modify(c, m) =>
Modify(c, cut(d, m))
end cut
def remove[A](d: Dur, m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
if d <= 0 then m
else
m match
case Prim(Note(oldD, p)) =>
val dp = (oldD - d) max 0
if dp > 0 then note(dp, p) else rest(0)
case Prim(Rest(oldD)) =>
rest((oldD - d) max 0)
case :=:(m1, m2) =>
remove(d, m1) :=: remove(d, m2)
case :+:(m1 #:: m2 #:: _) =>
val mp1 = remove(d, m1)
def mp2 = remove(d - dur(m1), m2)
mp1 :+: mp2
case Modify(Tempo(r), m) =>
tempo(r, remove(d*r, m))
case Modify(c, m) =>
Modify(c, remove(d, m))
end remove
def removeZeros[A](m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
m match
case Prim(p) => Prim(p)
case :+:(m1 #:: m2 #:: _) =>
val mp1 = removeZeros(m1)
val mp2 = removeZeros(m2)
(mp1, mp2) match
case (Prim(Note(0, _)), m) => m
case (Prim(Rest(0)), m) => m
case (m, Prim(Note(0, _))) => m
case (m, Prim(Rest(0))) => m
case (m1, m2) => m1 :+: m2
case :=:(m1, m2) =>
val mp1 = removeZeros(m1)
val mp2 = removeZeros(m2)
(mp1, mp2) match
case (Prim(Note(0, _)), m) => m
case (Prim(Rest(0)), m) => m
case (m, Prim(Note(0, _))) => m
case (m, Prim(Rest(0))) => m
case (m1, m2) => m1 :=: m2
case Modify(c, m) => Modify(c, removeZeros(m))
end removeZeros
def mFold[A,B]( f: Primitive[A] => B,
`+:`: (B, B) => B,
`=:`: (B, B) => B,
g: (Control, B) => B)
(m: Music[A]): B =
val rec = mFold(f, `+:`, `=:`, g)
m match
case Prim(p) => f(p)
case :+:(m1 #:: lm2) => `+:`(rec(m1), rec(lm2.head))
case :=:(m1, m2) => `=:`(rec(m1), rec(m2))
case Modify(c, m) => g(c, rec(m))
/*
Sometimes we may wish to alter the internal structure of a Music value
rather than wrapping it with Modify. The following functions allow this.
*/
def shiftPitches(ap: AbsPitch, m:Music[Pitch]): Music[Pitch] =
m.mMap(trans(ap))
def shiftPitches1[B](ap: AbsPitch, m:Music[(Pitch, B)]): Music[(Pitch, B)] =
m.mMap((p, xs) => (trans(ap)(p), xs))
def scaleDurations[A](r: Rat, m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
m match
case Prim(Note(d, p)) => note(d/r, p)
case Prim(Rest(d)) => rest(d/r)
case :+:(lm) => :+:(lm.map(m2 => scaleDurations(r, m2)))
case :=:(m1, m2) => scaleDurations(r, m1) :=: scaleDurations(r, m2)
case Modify(c, m) => Modify(c, scaleDurations(r, m))
def changeInstrument[A](i: InstrumentName, m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
Modify(Instrument(i), removeInstruments(m))
def removeInstruments[A](m: Music[A]): Music[A] =
m match
case Modify(Instrument(_), m) => removeInstruments(m)
case Modify(c, m) => Modify(c, removeInstruments(m))
case :+:(m1 #:: lm2) => :+:(removeInstruments(m1) #:: lm2.map(removeInstruments))
case :=:(m1, m2) => removeInstruments(m1) :=: removeInstruments(m2)
case _ => m
end Music
| 0.457489
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Programming C++ Libraries
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99,882
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hal-01594094-150741_1.txt_2
|
French-Science-Pile
|
Various open science
|
In ten countries, the FAPRI implied tariffs (2006-2010) are significantly smaHer than the
declared or TRAINS tariffs. However, four of these countries are net exporters where
domestic prices are expected to be low relative to world market prices. The remaining
six countries are aH in Eastern Europe or the Baltics. The largest tariff differences are in
Romania where the implied tariff is 27.8 percent and the declared tariff is 115 percent,
and in the Ukraine where the implied duty is 9.1 percent and the declared tariff is 73.4
percent. In these countries, it is possible that the applied duty is much less than the
declared duty. In the other four countries the implied tariffs tend to be 10-25 pereentage
points below the duties from the other sources. To the extent that these duties are
understated, so will the effects of trade liberalizationP
In three countries (Thailand, Australia and Brazil), over the 2000-05 lime period the
average implied tariffs are slightly negative. This implies that domestic prices are
slightly below the world reference priee. Unless, the country is using export taxes these
negative values are mostly likely due to incomplete arbitrage, unaccounted for quality
differences, or errors in the assumed transportation cost estimates.
Table 7 shows the FAPRI average implied duties for aH the countries in the analysis.
There is variability in the implied duties both in the historical, as weH as in the simnlation
period. Among the importing countries, Japan has the highest level of implied protection
in the baseline simulation, averaging 103 percent between 2006-2010. Other pork
importers with significant protection inc1ude Russia (26 percent), the Philippines (31.5
percent), South Korea (25 percent), Taiwan (25.5 percent), and Argentina (15.8 percent).
hnporting Eastern European countries have implied protection rates for 2006 to 2010,
ranging from 9 percent to 28 percent, with most of the countries in the mid to high teens.
Among the major exporters, the U.S., Canada, and Brazil have either no or minimal
border protection, while the European Union's implied protection is 16.5 percent,
Poland's is 34.6 percent, and Hungary's is 14 percent. Current pork importers with low
protection and the potential to export include Mexico, Australia, and the Ukraine, where
the average implied tariffs for 2006-2010 are zero, 1.06, and 9.1 percent, respectively.
The simulation experiments remove the implied duties over a five-year period starting in
2001 and ending in 2005. In 2005, prices in importing countries are set at the world price
plus transportation costs, while prices in exporting countries are equal ta the world
price. 18 A new equilibrium solution is obtained for each scenario, for each year over the
2001-2010 time period, and the resulting production, consumption, trade, and price data
17 Domestic priees could aise be lllow" relative to world references priees because of disease problems,
especially foot-and-mouth disease, in the country. We are indebted ta Pierre Charlebois for painting this
out.
18 Quality adjustments are also applied where necessary.
18
are compared to the FAPRl2000 baseline numbers. The four simulations differ from one
another in the mix of countries involved in the liberalization and in the assumptions about
China. In ail of the scenarios, net trade with the Rest of the World region is held at its
baseline value. This assumption is made to isolate the impacts of liberalization in the
countries explicitly included in the mode!. Table 8 indicates the countries inc1uded in
each liberalization scenario.
China's enormous population and pork production create sorne unique problems in this
study. China has a declared duty of 37 percent, but its baseline price implies a domesticworld price wedge of 80 percent or more in sorne years. The baseline assumption is that
non-tariff barriers, such as licensing requirements and sanitary regulations, restrict
imports to artificially low levels. As incomes continue to rise in China, consumer demand
for pork grows, pushing domestic prices above world prices by more than the applied
tariff.
While the baseline scenario is quite plausible if CUITent Chinese import policies remain in
place for the next decade, the high levels of implied protection produce problems for the
liberalization analysis. The extreme size of the Chinese market translates relatively small
changes in world prices into large changes in excess supply or demand. Consequently,
reducing Chinese prices from the baseline level to the world price plus transportation
costs would generate a tremendous demand for pork imports, reaching as much as 10-15
mmt per year. Import levels of this magnitude are not logistically feasible with China's
expected port facilities, transportation, and storage capacity.
In order to accommodate these facts, three assumptions are made about the behavior of
trade with China. First, when China does not participate in the zero-for-zero liberalization
(Scenarios 1 and 2), China's net trade is held at the baseline levels. 19 The reasoning is
that Chînese prices, which rise weil above the world price in the baseline, would prevent
China from exporting pork above the baseline leve!. This is expected to be true even
when world prices rise following liberalization in other countries. Second, when China is
included in the zero-for-zero liberalization scheme, their protection level is reduced by 27
percentage points (Scenario 3), China's baseline implied protection in 2000. This
scenario is quite plausible, given that CUITent official protection (applied tariff and value
added tax) is rougbly 40 percent. Third, in Scenario 4 it is assumed that China reduces
protection more substantially, allowing roughly 50 percent of the pork imports that might
occur under complete liberalization. This scenario (Scenario 4), is considered ta be an
extremely optimistic outcome, yet one that is feasible with expected transportation and
storage infrastructure in China in the next decade.
Briefly, the four simulations are surnmarized as follows. Scenario 1 involves the removal
of implied tariffs in ail WTO member countries (Table 8). As noted above, China's net
19 In our analysis we do not aHow China to free-ride on the zero-for-zero initiative.
China's main markets
for park exports are Hong Kong and Russia with a combined share of94 percent in 1998. In Scenario 1,
bath Hong Kong and Russia reduce their pork imports. In Scenario 2, Russia increases its imports of
park and this provides the best opportunity for China ta free-ride. However, much of the trade between
China and Russia is based on special arrangements, e.g. barter. Ta the extent that China does increase its
exports of park, world priee increases will be moderated and experts frOID law-cost exporters reduced.
FinaUy, sinee China could ooly export using export subsidies, additional exports would be welfare
reducing for China.
19
pork trade is held at the baseline level. Consequently, Scenario 1 shows the impacts on
the world pork market if only current WTa members fully liberalize pork trade. NonWTO member markets are allowed to react to the world price changes as their market
structures suggest, with the exception of China. Scenario 2 builds on Scenario 1 and
inc1udes ather Eastern Europe, Lithuania, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, and ather
FSU countries in the zero-for-zero liberalization scheme, even though they are not
current WTa members. Pork trade with China is still held at the baseline level in this
scenario. Scenario 3 builds on Scenario 2 by inc1uding implied tariff reductions in
Mainland China and Taiwan in the simulation. In this case, China's implied duty is cut
by 27 percentage points. Scenario 4 is the same as Scenario 3, except it incorporates
larger reductions in the implied duty for China.
Countries in the world pork market can be categorized into three main groups. The first
are importing countries that protect their domestic pork markets with border measures.
Second, high-cost producing countries that export using export subsidies. Third, low-cost
exporters. As discussed in section 3, virtually ail importing countries have sorne form of
border protection for pork imports, creating a positive wedge between their domestic
price and a comparable world price, e.g. positive implied tariffs. 20 Among exporting
countries, only the U.S., Canada, and Brazil are low-cost exporters. The remainder of the
exporting countries, including the European Union, Hungary, Poland, and China are
higher cost producers, exporting with sorne form of direct or indirect subsidy.
The direct impact of setting implied tariffs to zero is to expand imports at the baseline
world price. As importing countries remove their duties, their domestic prices fall causing
their production to decline, consumption to expand, and imports to increase. AIso, as
high-cost exporting countries implied tariffs go to zero, eliminating the effects of export
subsidies, their domestic prices fall causing production to shrink, consumption to expand,
and exports to decrease. BOth the expansion in import demand from importing countries,
and the reduction of export supply from high-cost producers exert upward pressure on
world pork prices. Facing higher world prices, low-cost pork producers have an
incentive to increase production and reallocate output away from domestic consumption
towards exports. However, it is possible that the imports of sorne importing countries will
decline and exports of sorne higher-cost producing countries will increase with trade
liberalization. This can happen when world prices increase more than enough to
compensate for the reduction in domestic prices caused by setting implied tariffs to zero.
The time path of the resnlts is influenced by the 5-year phase-in assumption,
where the full removal of implied duties begins in 2005. That is, imports will show the
largest increase from 2005 onward, as a result of the complete removal of implied duties
in this year. Similarly, exports from low-cost exporters will show their largest gains
beginning in 2005.
6. Scenario 1 Results
In Scenario l, 23 WTa member countries, of the 31 countries included in the model, are
assumed to participate in the removal of border measures (Table 8). Russia is the only
20 Estonia and Hong Kong are the oniy exceptions. Both do not apply any duty on pork imports.
20
major pork importer that is not included in this scenario, while China is the only major
exporter that is excluded?1
As border protection is gradually eliminated, opening import markets, world pork trade
increases, frrst by 4 percent in 2001,33 percent in 2005, and 50 percent in 2010. Table 10
shows that total imports increase from 3,033 trnt in the baseline to 4,538 trnt with implied
tariff elimination by 2010. Figure 2 shows the total import levels for aU four scenarios
and Figure 3 shows the world pork priee path for aU four scenarios. The higher demand
for pork in the world exerts upward pressure on the world reference price for pork
throughout the simulation period. Tables Il to 14 show the impacts of Scenario 1 on the
U.S., Canadian, EU, and Japanese pork sectors. The first peak in pork prices is in 2005 at
13.3 percent above baseline levels (Table 11), the first year in which all implied tariffs of
WTO-member countries are fully removed. The rising rate of increase in price from 2001
through 2005 provides enough incentive to expand world pork production that the
pressure on prices is alleviated somewhat from 2006 to 2008, when price increases are in
the 5 to 10 percent range. However, by the end of the simulation period, 2009 and 2010,
pork prices are about 14 percent, above baseline levels.
The increase in imports, by 2010, occurs largely in the more protected markets of Asia
(Table 10), including Japan (859 trnt), the Philippines (370 trnt), and South Korea (162
trnt). The increase in world import demand is moderated by higher prices reducing
imports from countries with low implied tariffs, such as Hong Kong (-34 trnt), Mexico
(-113 trnt), and the Ukraine (-107 trnt). Likewise pork importing countries not required
to liberalize in this scenario such as Taiwan (-17 trnt), Other Eastern Europe (-4 trnt),
Lithuania (-8 trnt), and the Russian Federation (-173 trnt) reduce their imports as a result
ofhigher world prices.
Law-cost exporters like Brazil (250 trnt), Canada (260 trnt), and the U.S. (1,891 trnt)
increase their exports to meet the increase in import demand, and to compensate for the
decline in exports from high-cost producers (Table 10). Net exports from Hungary (-27
trnt), Poland (-330 trnt) and the EU (-907 trnt) decline substantially by 2010.
Japan, the most protected pork import market, increases its pork imports by 78 percent by
the end of the simulation period, rising in 2010 from the baseline level of 1,096 trnt to
1,955 trnt (Table 10). This increase is induced by a 31 percent reduction in production
and a 23 percent expansion of consumption (Table 14). Argentina, the Czech Republic,
lndonesia, Philippines, Slovakia, Siovenia, and South Korea increase their imports. Given
their high implied tariffs both the Philippines and South Korea increase their pork
imports. From a baseline projection of 17 trnt in 2010, the Philippines is expected to
import 387 trnt under Scenario 1. South Korea increases its imports from 65 to 227 trnt.
Bulgaria switches from being a net exporter of 2 tmt to a net importer of 43 trnt.
Pork imports in sorne countries faU be10w the base1ine level foUowing liberalization.
Given Hong Kong's free trade regime, its net imports decline from 227 trnt in the baseline
to 193 trnt, a decrease of 15 percent due to the higher world price in 2010. The same
impact is seen in Estonia where its imports decline by 31 percent. Mexico and New
Zealand have low protection from pork imports in the baseline, so their net imports
21 China's nel pork trade is held al ils baseline level in Ihis scenario.
21
1
decrease by 94 and 30 percent, respectively. The reduction in their domestic prices, as a
result of removing their implied tariffs, is more than offset by the increase in world pork
prices. Consequently, production expands, consumption contracts, and net imports
decline. hnporting countries not required to liberalize under this scenario also buy less
on world markets as they face higher world priees. Taiwan's pork imports fall by 86
percent, the Russian Federation by 30 percent and Other Eastern Europe by 8 percent.
The Ukraine switches from a net importer te a net exporter of 104 lmt ofpork.
High-cost exporters such as Hungary, Poland, and the EU reduce their exports. With
substantially lower domestic prices following the removal of implied duties, Poland
switches from an exporter of 128 lmt in the baseline to an importer of 202 lmt by 2010 in
Scenario 1. Hungary and the European Union increase their net exports by 17 and 2
percent, respectively, in the early years of the simulation, when the partial reduction in
their implied duties is more than offset by the increase in the world price. However, with
the full removal of their implied tariffs in the later years, their net exports decline by 70
percent in the European Union, from 1,293 lmt to 386 lmt, and by 52 pereent in Hungary,
from 52 lmt to 25 lmt in 2010.
The higher pork prices resu1ting from growing import demand and reduced exports from
high-cost countries, cause exporters with lower costs, like Brazil, Canada, and the United
States, to significantly increase in their net exports. In the United States net exports
increase dramatically from 723 lmt in the baseline to 2,614 lmt by 2010. With abundant
feed resources, advanced production techoology, and minimal production constraints in
the long run, production in the U.S. increases by 11.6 percent in response to the higher
domestic prices (Table Il). The higher prices also reallocate the utilization of pork away
from domestic consumption, which declines by 9.8 percent. The same adjuslments
influence the swine-pork secter in Canada. That is, the higher price of pork encourages
pork producers to expand production by 18 percent, and domestic consumption declines
by 3 percent (Table 12). Canada's net exports increase from 682 lmt in the baseline to 942
lmt in 2010. At the same time, Brazil's net exports increase from 82 lmt to 332 lmt.
In the Other FSU region, an exporter not required to liberalize in this scenario, exports
increase by 34 percent.
7. Scenario 2 Resnlts
Scenario 2 adds five non-WTO members to the list of countries participating in trade
liberalization (Table 8). The five new countries include three exporting countries, Other
FSU, the Ukraine, and Lithuania; and Iwo importing countries Other Eastern Europe, and
the Russian Federation. The main new driver in this scenario is the rise in imports by the
Russian Federation, where imports increase by 67 percent, from 579 lmt in the baseline to
964 lmt in 2010 (Table 10). This rise in import demand is slightly moderated by the
reduction in imports in the Other Eastern European countries as the higher world price
more than compensates for the removal of their duties. On the export side, the Other FSU
reduces its exports by 15 percent. The Ukraine and Lithuania switch from being
importers in the baseline solution to net exporters in Scenario 1, but with the removal of
their implied duties in this scenario, they switch back to being net importers.
In Scenario 2 world pork imports increase by 65 percent, compared to baseline levels,
reaching 4,996 lmt in 2010. World pork imports are 10 percent higher by 2010 in
22
Scenario 2 compared to Scenario 1. This additional demand puts pressure on the world
price, which increases by 15 percent in 2005 and 16 percent in the last two years of the
simulation period (Table 15). Pork price increases, in 2010, are 1.6 percentage points
higher in Scenario 2 (15.5 percent) in comparison to Scenario 1 (13.9 percent).
The rise in imports in WTO member countries is lower in Scenario 2 than in Scenario 1
because of higher world prices. For examp1e, Japan's imports increase in Scenario 1 by
78 percent, but in Scenario 2 the growth is 77 percent (Table 18). Hong-Kong further
reduces its imports; while Mexico, a WTO member importing country with a 10w imp1ied
tariff, exports small quantities of pork in the 1ater years of the simulation. The decline in
exports of high-cost exporting WTO member countries in Scenario 1 is moderated, as
they face higher world prices in this scenario. The EUs pork exports dec1ine by 71
percent in Scenario 1 but orny 58 percent in this scenario (Table 17). Export opportunities
for 10w-cost WTO member countries are further enhanced by increased demand for pork.
Brazil's exports increase from 332 lmt in Scenario 1 to 384 lmt in this scenario. Likewise
Canada's exports increase by 44 percent in Scenario 2 compared to 38 percent in Scenario
1, and U.S. pork exports increase from 2,614 lmt to 2,917 lmt between the two scenarios
in 2010.
8. Scenario 3 Results
Scenario 3 adds China and Taiwan to the liberalization experiment of Scenario 2. The
FAPRI baseline simulation shows strong pent-up demand in China driving a large wedge
between their domestic pork price and the world pork price. The implied tariff in China
ranges between 27 and 145 percent over the simulation period. In Scenario 3 China
liberalizes pork trade, but their implied tariff is orny reduced by 27 percentage points.
The world pork priee, prior to the inclusion of China, increased by 16 percent, in 2010.
Even a 27 percentage point reduction in China's implied tariff raises their imports
dramatically from 72 lmt in 2001, to 852 lmt in 2005, and 1,917 in 2007, before it setdes
at 1,526 at the end of the simulation period. In addition, Taiwan imports 215 lmt more
pork (Table 10). Total pork imports more than double in Scenario 3, reaching 6,446 lmt
in 2010 from a baseline of 3,033. With this additiona1 import demand, the world pork
price increases by 18 percent in 2005 and also in the 1ast two years of the simulation
period (Table 19).
The much higher priees in this scenario further moderates the rise in imports of WTO
member countries, especially Asian importers inc1uding Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea,
and the Philippines. Mexico becomes an exporter beginning in 2005 and exports reach 41
lmt by the end of the simulation. Russian imports are a1so moderated rising by orny 56
percent, compared to 67 percent in Scenario 2. The decline in exports of high-cost
exporters is also moderated with EU pork exports now declining by only 31 percent.
Low-cost exporters continue to expand their exports in response to strong world import
demand reflected in higher world priees. Brazil exports 529 lmt in Scenario 3 compared
to 384 lmt in Scenario 2. United States exports reach 3,700 lmt compared to 2,917 in
Scenario 2, while Canada exports climb from 981 lmt to 1,090 tmt.
23
1
9. Scenario 4 Results
Scenario 4 changes the implied tariff reduction assumption applied to China. A full
removal of the implied tariff for China scenario was conducted, but only one-half of the
net trade in this solution was considered feasible for logistical reasons. 22 As a result
Scenario 4 is equivalent to an average tariff reduction, in China, of 24 percent from 2001
to 2005 and 70 percent from 2006 to 2010.
Under this assumption China's imports rise to an average of 968 lmt in the first half of the
simulation period, and 5,151 lmt from 2006-2010. China's pork imports peak in 2010 at
7,129 lmt. Total pork imports more than triple in Scenario 4, reaching 11,100 lmt in 2010
(Table 10). With this additional import demand, world pork prices rise by 2 percent in
2001, 28 percent in 2005, and 35 percent in 2010 (Table 23). To meet this large increase
in demand, growth in imports by other importing countries and the decline in exports
from high-cost exporters slows down. Moreover, exports from low-cost exporters
continue to grow.
Japan's imports now increase 63 percent compared to 74 percent in Scenario 3, and
Russia's imports grow 28 percent compared to 56 percent. Exports from the EU now
increase by 64 percent instead of decliuing, and Poland regains its status as an exporter.
Faced with strong world import demand, Brazil continues to expand its exports to 866
lmt compared to 529 lmt in Scenario 3, exports from the U.S. reach 6,046 lmt compared
to 3,700 lmt, and Canada's pork exports increase to 1,350 lmt compared to 1,090 lmt in
Scenario 3. Australia, Hungary, and Ukraine also export substantial quantities of pork,
equal to 155, 100, and 154 lmt, respective1y (Table 10).
10. The Effects of Trade Liberalization on Pork Producers Gross Revenue
Trade liberalization in the international pork sector will be supported by pork producer's
in North America. This is clear from the price and production projections discussed in
sections 6 through 9. However, the attractiveness of the liberalization scenarios is even
more obvious when the effects on gross revenues are considered (Table 27).23 For United
States pork producers gross revenues increase by 27.1 percent, US$3,118 million under
Scenario 1, and 80.5 percent, US$9,258 million, under Scenario 4, in 2010. The
percentage increases in gross revenue in Canada are similar ta those for the Uuited States,
although in value terms they are smaller, ranging from a gain of US$468 million under
Scenario 1 to US$692 million under Scenario 4. Pork producers in Mexico and Brazil are
also wiuners with trade liberalization. Gross revenues in both countries increase by more
than US$300 million or about 14 percent under Scenario l, by 2010. hl addition,
Australia's pork producers gain from trade liberalization as do those in Hong Kong.
22 The Scenario 4 results are very dependent on the FAPRI baseline simulation which projects a growing
gap between domestic priees in China and the world reference priee. The authors are indebted to Merritt
Cluff for this observation.
23 The detailed simulation results for the United States, Canada and the EU contain estimates of pork
producer1s revenue above estimated feed cests. These results are consistent with the gross revenue results
and are not discussed in this section.
24
The revenue ?f pork p~oducers in the European Union faIl modestly (less than 10 ~ercent)
under Scenano 3, but mcrease by nearly 10 percent under Scenario 4 (US$2,758). 4 Pork
producers in sorne highly protected markets would face drops in gross revenues. Japan
would face the steepest decline, with gross revenues declining 61.8 percent under
Scenario 1 and 53.2 percent under Scenario 4. In value terms, Japan's gross revenue from
pork production would drop by US$2,760 million under Scenario 1 and US$2,377 under
Scenario 4.
The importance of China in the liberalization experiments and in the real world can not
be over emphasized. With limited trade liberalization (Scenario 3) gross revenues from
pork production in China faIl by only 5.1 percent, but it provides a significant boast to
world pork prices. The more complete the trade liberalization in
China the smaIler the effects on pork producers in other protected markets around the
world.
11. Cross-Commodity Effects
The removal of border protection in the pork industry wiIl cause reactions in other
livestock markets and it is important to understand these effeets and their implications for
the pork sector. The detailed livestock cross-commodity effects for the United States,
Canada and the European Union are documented in Tables 28-39 for each of the four
scenarios. These results are sufficient to give the reader the f1avor for what is happening
in the international beef and poultry markets. Before proceeding to a brief summary of
the results it is useful to describe the general outcome. In countries like Canada and the
United States, who are low-cost pork exporters, trade liberalization raises the market
price of pork for both producers and consumers. As pork prices increase consumers shift
sorne of their meat consumption from the now relatively more expensive pork to
relatively less expensive beef and chicken. Conversely, in countries like Japan, and other
protected pork markets the decline in pork priees, resulting from liberalization, causes
consumers to shift consumption from the now relatively more expensive beef and
chicken, where markets have not been liberalized, to the relatively less expensive pork.
These shifts in the demand for beef and poultry cause the excess supply and excess
demand curves for beef and poultry to shift to the left. The new equilibrium price in the
beef and pork markets can be either higher or lower than in the baseline simulation,
depending on the relative size of the shifts in the excess supply and excess demand
curves for beef and poultry.
Livestock: United States:
In Scenario l, the price of both beef and broilers increase by 0.4 percent in the United
States by 2010 (Table 28). As expected beef and broiler consumption increase by 2.4 and
2.6 percent, respectively as a result ofhigher pork prices. The smaIl price increases cause
production ofbeefto increase by 0.1 percent and broilers by 0.3 percent in 2010.
As the pork market is liberalized more fully in Scenarios 2 through 4, and U.S. pork
prices continue to increase, the effects in the beef and poultry markets become larger. In
24 In aIl of the scenarios European Union grain priees are held at the baseline values.
Reductions in EU
domestic grain priees would make the EU more competitive in the international park market.
25
Scenario 4, fed cattle prices are up 2.2 percent compared to 0.4 percent in Scenario 1, and
broiler prices are up 1.6 percent compared to 0.4 percent in Scenario 1 (Table 28 and
Table 31). Production increases in the U.S. beef and poultry markets remain small with
increases ofless than 1.0 percent (Table 31).
Livestock: Canada
The cross-commodity effects in Canada are quite similar to those in the United States. In
Scenario 4, by 2010 fed cattle prices are up 2.4 percent and broiler prices by 1.6 percent
(Table 35). The pork price increases beef and broiler consumption by 1.1 percent and 2.7
percent, and increases beef and broiler output by 0.7 percent and 3.7 percent,
respectively.
Livestock: European Union
International trade liberalization in the pork sector raises the world market price of beef
and broilers and also raises the priee of these goods in the EU by 2.5 percent and 1.4
percent under Scenario 4 (Table 39). As a result, beef output increases by 0.2 percent
and broiler output by 1.7 percent. The price and output effects of less comprehensive
liberalization scenarios have smaller impacts on the beef and broiler markets.
Grain and Oilseed Markets
Trade liberalization in the international pork market also has potential impacts in the
international grain and oilseed markets through the demand for animal feed. These
potential cross-commodity effects in the grain and oilseed sector have been ignored in the
analysis of the pork trade liberalization scenarios. The demand for animal feed is closely
related to the production of livestock, especially pork and broilers. When trade in pork is
liberalized the production of pork declines in protected markets and increases in markets
with miuimal protection. The net change in pork production is an empirical question
depending on the size of demand and supply elasticities in various countries. In this
analysis, the largest change in total world pork production is 0.1 percent. This small
change in world pork production is augmented by modest increases in beef and broiler
production. These small increases in world livestock output would increase the global
demand for grains and oilseeds. However, with continued low prices for grains and
oilseeds projected through 2010, the price impacts in the grain and oilseeds markets
resulting from trade liberalization in pork would be minor. To the extent that grain and
oilseed prices increase, the estirnated production effects in the pork market would be
smaller and the price effects larger following trade liberalization.
In addition to the global change in the demand for grains and oilseeds there will be local
market effects. Most of the increase in hog production, following trade liberalization,
takes place in countries that are surplus grain producers. However, it is possible that the
increased pork, broiler and beef production following trade liberalization could tum sorne
regions/countries that are currently surplus in grain, into deficit grain producing regions.
Under Scenario 4, Canada is projected to increase its hog production by 32 percent. This
increase in production would require about another 1.4 mmt of grains and oilseed meal.
With Canada's exportable surplus of barley equaling 1.5 to 4.0 mmt in recent years it is
not impossible for the projected increase in hog production to put upward pressure on the
local barley basis, at least in sorne years. It is impossible to pick-up these spatial effects
in a non-spatial model but they should be considered in a more complete analysis.
26
12. Study Limitations
The results presented in this report are based on econometric techniques that implicitly
assume that individuals and markets will respond to price changes in the future as they
have in the pasto It is worth mentioning sorne factors that may influence these responses
and in so doing influence the projected outcomes.
First, the enormous volumes of exports described in sorne of the scenarios would allow
pork processors and pork transportation companies to lower transportation costs, and to
improve the quality of the delivered meat. Importing countries might find it optimal to
import boneless boxed meat rather than to import the feed grains needed to produce this
pork. This change in pork transportation rates without any offsetting change in grain
transportation costs might result in the additional movement of pork production from
grain deficit countries to grain surplus countries. It is almost impossible to build large
models of world commodity markets that capture possible switch-over points between
importing raw commodities and value added commodities.
Second, the simulations assume that the implied tariffs in importing countries go to zero
and that they will not be replaced by maintaining or erecting new non-tariffbarriers.
Third, it is assumed that the existence of foot-and-mouth disease free and infected
countries will not seriously hamper world pork trade.
Fourth, the models assume a very stable world economy, and average crop yields and
pork productivity measures. hI reality, it is likely that sorne major macroeconomic
disturbance, drought or disease problem will occur over the next ten years. These forces
would disrupt the world pork market in a way that cannot be forecast.
Fifth, the response of exports to exchange rate movements is more complex than
modeled. For example, a strengthening of the V.S. dollar makes V.S. labor and capital
very expensive to foreign importers. This in turn makes ail exports that inc1ude labor and
capital less competitive than otherwise would be the case. Vnder these circumstances it
may make more sense for these importers to import feed grains, rather than to import
meat.
The importance of exchange rate movements and relative transportation costs to world
meat trade can be observed in the behavior of V.S. export patterns for beef, pork and
poultry from 1985 to 1999. Beginning in about 1985, exports of all three of these meats
began to grow in an exponentia1 fashion. This growth was associated with a weakening of
the V.S. dollar and the development of techno10gy that permitted meat to be transported
chilled rather than frozen. This growth 1eve1ed off when the V.S. dollar began to
strengthen in 1998. Any further strengthening of the dollar in the projection period might
cause V.S. pork exports to fall, even if export barriers are also falling during that period.
Sixth, the simulation resu1ts do not account for interactions with the grain and oilseed
sector. Since the effects on total meat output arising from trade liberalization in the pork
sector are not large, these grain and oilseed price effects are like1y to be geographically
isolated and small. However, to the extent that grain and oilseed prices would increase
following trade liberalization in the pork sector, pork production effects are likely
overstated and pork price effects understated.
27
Seventh, this study has assumed that environmental problems and environmental activists
will not curtail the expansion of pork production facilities, particularly in the United
States, Canada and Brazil.
Eighth, trade liberalization in the pork sector alone is likely to encourage lower trade
barriers in the grains, oilseed and other livestock sectors. Countries that lower their
barriers to trade in pork, but maintain their trade barriers in grains and oilseed meals are
taxing their pork sector, i.e. providing negative effective protection. Similarly, lower
pork prices as a result of the elimination of trade barriers will encourage countries to
lower their barriers to trade in other livestock products as consumption shifts to relatively
cheaper pork products.
13. Conclusions
The analysis presented in this paper shows that North American pork producers as weil as
producers in several other countries would be major beneficiaries following trade
liberalization in the international pork market by CUITent WTO member nations. The
gains would be even larger if non-WTO members, and especially China agreed to
liberalize their pork markets. China plays a huge role in determining the distribution of
potential gains and losses across countries. The more China liberalizes its pork market,
the larger the increase in world market prices. The larger the world price increase, the
smaller the adjustrnents that are required in countries where implied tariffs are high.
However, sorne countries would see their pork production sector shrink as protection is
removed. Japan's pork production would decline by more than 26 percent and their
producer gross revenues by more than 50 percent if border measures are removed by
most countries as in Scenario 4. Conversely, the United States and Canada could see
their producer gross revenues growing by 30-80 percent depending on the mix of
countries engaging in liberalization. Other major beneficiaries under trade liberalization
are Brazil, Mexico, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. If China significantly
liberalizes its trade in pork, other countries also stand to benefit. This includes the
European Union that could increase both its exports and its producers gross revenues and
eliminate the use of export subsidies, as weil as pork producers in Indonesia, Thailand,
Slovakia, Siovenia, Former Soviet Union, Latvia, Lithuania and the Ukraine.
The discussion in this report has ignored pork consumers. Clearly, in markets where pork
prices decline, as a result of trade liberalization, consumers reap large benefits. For the
world as a whole trade liberalization is welfare enhancing. However, the previous
discussion has pointed out there would be potentially large transfers in income that would
shift from producer interests to consumer interests in heavily protected markets, and in
the other direction in unprotected markets. These are the changes that are expected as the
world shares the gains from trade. However, experience has shown that consumers in
protected markets are seldom a strong force in arguing for trade liberalization.
Consequently, the task of selling trade liberalization often falls to representatives of lowcost producing nations. Their task is to convince protected importers that their scarce
resources could be better utilized in producing products where they have a competitive
advantage, and that given world price increases following trade liberalization that the
adjustrnent problems may not be a difficult as they imagine. This result is clearly
illustrated in Scenario 4 where the European Union increases its pork exports, above
baseline levels, ail without the use of export subsidies or liberalization of its cereals
policy.
28
- - - - - - ------------------------------------------,
60.00
55_00
+-----...----
50.00
~
~
45.00
~
~
40.00
+-,.L------------------------\-------:
35.00
-------- +--~
~--~---------~--~._-~-~--
30.00.
1980
1983
1992
1989
1986
1995
1998
Figure 1.lowa-Southem Minnesota Barrow-Gilt Priee, US dollars, 1980-1999
,-------- -- ---- -- ---------------------------------------12000
10000
1
r--------,·-
---~-.--------
8000
:§
6000
400U
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1.-840'83082'.8'1 cij]
_c==_====
Figure 2. Total Pork Imports for Ali Scenarios, 2001-2010
29
2009
2010
----'
60.00
.....
55.00
sO.OO
_--_.~.-._--_._--
.~----~--~
"'-- ... ',
~
8. 45.00
~
40.00
1997
______.
~
1999
1.......
2001
54
2003
83
2005
52 - S I -+-81
____'=====~====="'____
2007
2009
___.___J
Figure 3. Iowa-Southem Minnesota Barrow-Gilt Price for Ali Scenarios,
1995-2010
30
Table 1. Supply, Utilizatiou and Per Capita Consumption of Pork, 1998
Country
Per Capita
Consumption
Production
Indonesia
Japan
Philippines
South Korea
Thailand
Taiwan
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Czeeh Republie
Hungary
Other East. Eur.
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
European Union
Import Export
Stocks
Thousand Metrie Tons
Kilograms
Asla
China
HongKong
Consumption
28.09
36,180
36,057
41
164
0
52.0
3.3
161
252
1
45
0
759
368
761
16.6
1,285
2,090
721
0
0
106
12.1
19.5
940
940
369
8
66
0
22
0
116
10
22
5.7
42.1
933
992
370
892
2
3
40
29.9
66.1
235
673
248
681
39.7
30.9
38.6
408
689
1,700
323
374
724
1,487
341
227
57
259
72
59
29
33
25
17,581
16,380
44
1,045
32
37
35
35
28
51
53
5
2
25
7
0
1,884
705
547
375
3
1
1
10
22
219
1,585
65
1
74
0
5
63
97
432
25
950
956
1,026
21
8,623
8,304
319
557
0
266
356
55
350
7
0
13
-8
15.6
47.5
37.8
42.5
971
6
35
34
52
0
19
75
18
222
6
1
9
1
15
22
70
30
0
643
Bailles
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
23.9
18.6
19.9
FSU
Russian Federation
Ukraine
6.2
14.3
1,510
700
Other FSU
14.4
559
Argentina
5.8
156
Brazil
9.6
1,663
North America
Canada
31.2
1,330
Mexico
10.2
0
127
South America
30.0
United States
1
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand'
18.6
15.9
, Net exports
Source: USDA. PS&D View.
31
63
0
Table 2. World Shares ofPork Production and Trade, by Country, 1994-1998
Major Producers
Average Share ( percent)
45.00
China
United States
21.71
10.63
Brazi1
1.99
Canada
1.67
2.07
European Union
Po1and
2.31
1.73
Russia
Japan
1.22
1.14
Mexico
South Korea
1.10
1.49
Philippines
Taiwan
Major Net Exporters'
European Union
45.62
18.24
Canada
8.09
6.23
United States
Poland
China - Mainland
7.51
7.30
2.69
2.65
Taiwan
Brazi1
Hungary
Major Net Importers'
38.88
20.59
7.97
2.37
2.58
Japan
Russia
HongKong
Mexico
Argentina
a Shares ofnet exports or net imparts.
Source: USDA. PS&D View.
32
Table 3. FAPRI World Livestock Model Country and Commodity Coverage
Country
BeefNeal
Pork
Broilers
Canada
X
Mexico
X
United States
X
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
LamblMutton
Eggs
North America
x
South America
Argentina
Brazil
European Union
x
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Czech Rcpublic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
SJovakia
Siovenia
OtherEE
x
FSU
Russia
Ukraine
Otber FSU
Daltics
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Middle East
x
Saudi Arabia
Asla
China (PRC)
Hong Kong
Indonesia
South Korea
Philippines
Thailand
Taiwan
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Oceania
Auslralia
New Zealand
Rest of the World
33
x
Table 4. FAPRI World Livestock Model Variable Coverage
Cattle-Beef Sector
Swine-Pork Sector
Sheep-Lamb Sector
Poultry-Broiler
Sector
Stock Variables
Stock Variables
Stock Variables
Flow Variables
Ending Catlle Stock
Ending Sow Stock
Ending Sheep Stock
Ending BeerCow Stock
Ending Other Swine Stock
Ending Ewe Stock
Poultry-Broiler Export
Ending Other Sheep Stock
Poultry-Broilcr Import
Ending Dairy Cow Stock
Flow Variables
Ending Other Catlle Stock
PigCrop
Flow Variables
Flow Variables
Swine Death
Lamb Crop
CalfCrop
Sow Siaughter
Sheep Death
Catlle Death
Other Swine Slaughter
Lamb Slaughter
Calf Siaughter
Total Slaughtcr
Ewe Siaughter
Cow Siaughter
Live Swine Export
Other Shecp Siaughter
Other Catlle Siaughtcr
Live Swine Import
Live Sheep Export
Live Catlle Export
Swine Siaughter Weight
Live Sheep Import
Live Catlle Import
Pork Production
Sheep Siaughter Weight
Catlle Siaughter Weight
Pork Export
Lamb-Mutlon Production
BeefProduction
Pork Import
Lamb-Mutlon Export
BeefExport
Pork Stock
Lamb-Mutlon Import
Lamb-Mutlon Stock
Beeflmport
BeefStock
34
Poultry-Broiler
Production
Poultry-Broiler Stock
Table 5. FAPRI World Livestock Model Variable Definitions
Variable Code
Definition
D
Total Demand
POP
Total Population
P
Priee
Y
Per C.pit. 36
Table 7. Implied Tariffs for Pork, Various Countries
Country
Asia
China
Hong-Kong
Indonesia
FAPRI
FAPRI
FAPRI
WTO
UNCTAD
Maximum
Tariff
Ave Implied
Tariff
Ave Implied
Tariff
Declared"
Tariff
TRAINS
1994-99
2000-05
2006-10
1998
39.09
24.64
0.00
80.14
37.00
0.00
0.00
12.93
0.00
22.26
1998
0.00
20.00
Japan
Philippines
South-Korea
114.88
84.04
20.00
103.02
67.78
35.67
68.29
42.25
21.01
27.00
31.52
25.00
Thailand
8.40
28.79
·1.11
25.93
10.49
25.52
30.00
33.00
60.00
0.00
8.00
16.38
0.00
0.00
4.12
8.81
5.24
15.32
38.38
7.30
54.10
10.00
11.44
11.59
4.14
10.00
17.25
Siovakia
56.80
31.70
14.48
18.30
12.78
11.66
15.80
30.00
115.00
41.42
Slovenia
21.05
5.00
10.00
13.34
European Union
42.27
10.43
16.51
90.00
1.00
FSU
Other FSU
20.00
20.00
Russian Fed
Ukraine
33.43
62.80
14.67
13.38
20.00
26.02
20.00
26.79
20.00
15.00
9.15
73.39
Mexico
0.00
32.23
0.00
1.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
20.00
United States
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.50
Taiwan
Baitics
Eston!a
Latvia
Lithuania
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Czech-Republic
Hungary
Other-E-Europe
Poland
Romania
North America
Canada
15.48
14.01
10.00
34.57
27.75
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
6.57
-0.57
13.34
2.34
1.06
4.01
South America
Argentina
31.15
14.47
15.78
41.22
-3.59
2.70
Brazil
a
60.00
20.00
15.00
00.00
45.00
30.00
0.00
45.00
30.00
40.00
27.00
25.00
10.00
13.10
35.00
55.00
Sorne ofthe declared duties are specifie duties and their ad valorem rates have been calculated.
37
3.80
55.00
28.20
30.00
56.50
10.00
48.80
13.00
13.00
Table 8. Country Coverage in the Pork Trade Liberalization Scenarios
Country
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
No
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
No
No
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
No
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Ves
Asia
China
Hong Kong
Indonesia
Japan
Philippines
South Korea
Thailand
Taiwan
Eastern Europe
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Hungary
Other East. Eur.
| 0.149783
| -0.653875
| 740
| 2,889
| 51
| 51
|
World Trade Agreements
| false
|
99,883
|
US-78080901-V_1
|
USPTO
|
Public Domain
|
New kiwi plant entitled ‘Hortgem Tahi’
ABSTRACT
A new and distinct kiwi plant of the species Actinidia arguta (Sieb & Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. var. arguta is described. The variety results from a controlled pollination using a female A. arguta selection AA02-01 of unknown parentage and a male A. arguta selection AA13-01 of unknown parentage. Both named parents (AA02-01 and AA13-01) are unpatented. Its green hairless, edible skin, small fruit size and sweet aromatic taste distinguish the new variety.
The benefits under 35 U.S.C. ′ 119 are claimed with respect to New Zealand PVR Application No. KIW017, filed on Feb. 11, 2000 in New Zealand.
GENUS AND SPECIES OF PLANT CLAIMED
Actinidia arguta.
VARIETY DENOMINATION
‘Hortgem Tahi’.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Kiwi plants in cultivation are mainly varieties of A. deliciosa, particularly ‘Hayward’ (non-patented) although some A. chinensis and A. arguta varieties are grown. A. deliciosa and A. chinensis are closely related, whereas A. arguta is classified in a separate section of the genus. A. deliciosa and A. chinensis varieties have large fruit (˜100 g) with hair on the skin. The main varieties in New Zealand are ‘Hayward’ (A. deliciosa) and ‘Hort16A’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 11,066) (A. chinensis). Fruit are usually cut and eaten with a spoon. A. arguta has small fruit (˜10 g) with no hair on the skin. The skin is edible so these fruit can be eaten whole, like a grape.
All Actinidia species are dioecious, so female varieties have to be inter-planted with male pollenizers to ensure fruit production.
A. arguta vines are deciduous and tend to grow vigorously in spring and summer when rapidly-growing shoots can intertwine and tangle if not managed. Vines do best in a mild temperate climate without late spring or early autumn frosts. They produce consistent heavy crops when grown in well-drained fertile soils and given regular irrigation in dry spells.
A. arguta flowers in spring (late October-early December) in New Zealand. Harvest of A. arguta fruit may occur between early February and late March in New Zealand depending on the selection and location of plantings. Compared to A. deliciosa and A. chinensis, A. arguta fruit require more careful handling during harvest and post-harvest procedures.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is a new and distinctive kiwi plant having a small, generally spheroid shaped fruit with green hairless edible skin. This new variety is designated ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ and is derived from a controlled pollination of AA02-01 (non-patented), a female A. arguta selection of unknown parentage, with AA13-01 (non-patented), a male A. arguta selection of unknown parentage.
The female parent was introduced as a plant from England to New Zealand in 1955. The male parent was introduced as scionwood from Scotland to New Zealand in 1982. The provenance of both is unknown.
This new variety was created during the course of a plant breeding program, which was initiated during 1987 at HortResearch in Auckland, New Zealand. The cross was made in November 1987. Seeds were sown in autumn (March) 1988 and 129 seedlings from this cross were planted out in the field at Kumeu Research Orchard in spring (October) 1988. The seedlings first fruited in approximately February to March 1991. 20 promising female seedlings were clonally propagated into a two-site replicated trial in 1995 and ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ (breeding code K2D4) was selected after storage and sensory evaluation in 1998.
The new variety can be asexually reproduced as cuttings or by grafting or budding on to seedling or cutting-grown rootstocks of A. arguta. Trial plantings as cuttings established in 1995 at Te Puke and Nelson Research Centres and on seedling rootstocks established in 1998 at these sites have shown that the unique combination of characters come true to form and are established and transmitted through succeeding asexual propagation.
‘HORTGEM TAHI’ is a different species to both the unpatented ‘Hayward’ variety and the patented ‘Hort16A’ variety, so their pollenizers cannot be used. Three new A. arguta male pollenizers known currently by their breeding codes as B4G4 (non-patented), E4H4 (non-patented) and K1J6 (non-patented), have been selected as males for use in new plantings of ‘HORTGEM TAHI’.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. 1 shows typical fruit of the new variety in the orchard.
FIG. 2 shows typical fruit of the new variety in the studio.
FIG. 3 shows fruit of the new variety in profile.
FIG. 4 shows fruit of the new variety in cross-section.
FIG. 5 shows fruit of the new variety in longitudinal section.
FIG. 6 shows the stem end and stem end cavity of the fruit from the new variety.
FIG. 7 shows flowers of the new variety.
FIG. 8 shows foliage of the new variety.
Photographs of fruit from the new variety were taken after the normal harvest date. Fruit skin color may vary depending upon extent of exposure to direct sunlight.
COMPARISON TO CLOSEST VARIETY
The distinctive characteristics of this new Kiwi variety, described in detail below, were observed in 2000 at Te Puke, New Zealand. The age of the plants was 5 years from planting cutting-grown plants. ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ is a new type of kiwi with no close varieties available in New Zealand. The A. deliciosa variety ‘Hayward’ and the A. chinensis variety ‘Hort16A’ are different in most characters and so do not provide a useful comparison. A. arguta varieties are grown in other countries, e.g. ‘Annanaskaya’ (non-patented) in U.S.A. , but are unavailable in New Zealand.
The fruit of ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ is spheroid in shape with a rounded distal end. ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ fruit has a relatively large core proportionate to the surrounding pericarp. The flesh is green. The skin is without hairs and is a shiny green. ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ fruit have a high dry matter content at harvest and are sweet tasting when ripe. Fruit can be cool-stored for 12 weeks and retain eating quality.
DESCRIPTION OF THE NEW VARIETY
The new variety ‘HORTGEM TAHI’ is pistillate, with morphologically perfect but functionally imperfect flowers, i.e. the flowers produce only sterile pollen and thus require a pollenizer for fruit production. Three specific unpatented A. arguta pollenizers, designated B4G4, E4H4, K1J6, have been developed for ‘HORTGEM TAHI’. Characteristics of the new variety include a short period (˜3 months) between flowering and harvest, early harvest, small spheroid fruit with green hairless edible skin, green flesh and a sweet aromatic flavor. The following description are features described as they appear at the Te Puke Research Centre, New Zealand
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIETY
Horticultural terminology is used in accordance with revised UPOV guidelines for kiwi. All dimensions in millimeters, weights in grams (unless otherwise stated). Color chart: R.H.S. Color Chart, The Royal Horticultural Society, London (3^(rd) ed. 1995).
Plant and foliage
This female (flowers imperfect) plant expresses strong vigor and is tetraploid (2n=2x=116). Tomentose hairs are present on the young shoot. Anthocyanin (red) coloration (near Red-purple 60A) of the growing tip is absent or very weak similar to the variety ‘Hort16A’. Otherwise the young shoot is near Greyed-green 192B in color. The stem of the plant is thin; averaging between approximately 7 to 8 mm in diameter, with the range of diameters observed approximately 4.2 to 12.2 mm. The stem color on the exposed side ranges between near Greyed-orange 166B and near Greyed-orange 176A. The bark is smooth and absent of hairs. The lenticels are many (approximately 25-35/cm²), conspicuous and near Greyed-orange 169D in color. Coloration of the leaf axil is either absent or very weak on both the young shoot and the stem. Dormant bud diameter is small; typically about 2.2 mm in diameter (ranging 0.7 to 4.0 mm). Buds are visible on the dormant cane and dormant buds are absent of hairs. The leaf scar is deep.
The blade of the mature leaf is generally broad; ovate, averaging approximately 102.3 mm in length (observed range approximately 82 to 126 mm) and averaging approximately 75.1 mm in width (observed range approximately 62 to 89 mm). The shape of the tip of the blade is caudate while the shape of the base is rounded. The arrangement of the leaf basal lobes is far apart. Puckering or blistering on the upper side of the blade is absent or very weak. The leaf margin is ciliate. The upper side of the blade of the leaf (observed for the mature leaf after petal fall) ranges between near Green 137A and near Green 139A. The lower side of the blade of the leaf (observed for the mature leaf after petal fall) ranges between near Green 138B and near Yellow-green 146B. The upper surface of the leaf exhibits medium glossiness and there is no glaucosity on the lower side of the leaf. The petiole length averages approximately 57.7 mm in length (observed range approximately 38 to 93 mm) and is largely absent of hairs. Anthocyanin (red) coloration on the upper side of the petiole is a similar medium density to the variety Hayward.
Inflorescence
The predominant number of flowers in the inflorescence is one. The pedicel length is short, averaging about 29.8 mm (observed range between approximately 24.9 and 33.8 mm) with sparse, very short, hairs. There are typically 5 sepals, although sometimes more. These are reddish brown in color, although the color fades to a lighter shade at the base (near Greyed-brown, 199D). The diameter of the terminal or king flower when fully open is small, averaging about 28.2 mm (observed range between approximately 23.2 and 31.2 mm). The petal length averages approximately 14.5 mm (observed range between approximately 12.7 and 15.7 mm) and averages approximately 13.0 mm in width (observed range approximately 11.0 and 14.6 mm). The petal length/width ratio is approximately 1.12 mm (observed range between approximately 1.02 and 1.33 mm). The mean number of petals per flower is approximately 5.4 (observed range approximately 5 to 7). The petals are arranged apart and are near Green-white 157A in color when fully open. The color is uniform over the whole petal. Fragrance is present, and is moderately strong, and sweet.
The number of stamens averages approximately 44.4 (observed range approximately 40-50). The stamen filament averages approximately 4.2 mm in length (observed range approximately 3.6 to 5.0 mm), while the anthers average approximately 3.7 mm in length (observed range approximately 3.2 to 4.2 mm). The filament color is near light green (Green 130D) similar to the variety ‘Matua’ (not patented). The anther is near black in color. The number of styles averages approximately 20.7 (observed range approximately 18 to 24). The styles average 4.4 mm in length (observed range approximately 4.1 to 5.2 mm). The styles are arranged in a horizontal attitude with weak curvature, and are near white (White 155C) in coloration. The length of the ovary averages 6.8 mm (observed range approximately 6.0 to 7.4 mm). The ovary is absent of hairs and is near Yellow-green 145A in color.
Fruit
The fruit are overall small in size, averaging approximately 11.1 g (observed range averaging approximately 9.5 to 12.8 g). The fruit average approximately 26.5 mm in length (observed range between approximately 23.6 and 29.4 mm) with a maximum width averaging approximately 26.8 mm (observed range approximately 24.3 to 30.3 mm) and a minimum width averaging approximately 24.3 mm (observed range approximately 21.8 to 28.0 mm). The locule number averages about 20.7 (observed range approximately 18 to 26). The peduncle length averages approximately 29.5 mm (observed range approximately 23.6 to 34.0 mm) and the peduncle width averages approximately 2.0 mm (observed range approximately 1.5 to 2.5 mm). The general shape of the fruit is spheroid although the cross-section at the median of the fruit is oblate in shape. The stylar end of the fruit is generally rounded and the shape of the shoulder on the stalk end is generally square. The fruit skin color at harvest (fruit still hard) is medium green. There is no skin color change during ripening and the skin color at maturity for consumption is between near Green 141C and near Green 143C. The fruit skin is absent of hairs.
The fruit core is large in diameter, is oblate in shape in cross-section, and is between near Yellow-green 150D and near Green-white 157B in color at harvest. There is no woody spike. Both the color of the outer pericarp, and the inner pericarp (locules), at maturity for consumption are between near Green 139B and near Green 141B. Fruit sweetness (Brix level) at maturity for consumption averages approximately 20.2% (observed range between approximately 17.2 and 22.0%). The Vitamin C content (sampled from a 45 fruit sample) averages approximately 51 mg/100 g fresh weight (observed range approximately 37 to 67 mg/100 g fresh weight). Fruit aroma is present. Seed is small (maximum averages diameter approximately 1 mm). The seed color at maturity, both in the flesh and when dry, ranges between near Greyed-orange 172B and near Greyed-orange 175C.
Cultivation
Vegetative budbreak occurs about late August in New Zeland, whilst flowering commences about mid-November. The time of fruit maturity for harvest (at nominated Brix level) occurs between approximately late February and early March in New Zealand.
Observations made on cutting-grown plants at Te Puke Research Center, New Zealand demonstrated the following horticultural characteristics:
Cropping.—Young vines of the new variety are precocious, beginning to bear in their second year and are expected to reach full capacity at about 7 years. The storage life of the fruit of the new variety is about 10 to 12 weeks at 0° C., if stored in unventilated containers.
Fruit size.—Data from harvesting all fruit from 6 vines in late February 1999 is as follows: Mean fruit weight: 10.8 g. Maximum: 12.6 g. Minimum: 9.7 g. Mean fruit number: 2087. Maximum: 3610. Minimum: 802. Mean yield: 21.96 kg. Maximum: 35.14 kg. Minimum: 8.42 kg.
These vines were about 3 years old. It is expected that for mature, well-managed vines mean fruit weight will be about 10 g., mean fruit number about 5000 fruit, and mean yield per vine about 50 kg.
No pest and disease resistance has been observed. The plant hardiness range (according to the American zone classification) has not been determined. Under New Zealand conditions, the plants are grown in areas that experience some winter cold and frost, estimated to be equivalent to the minimum temperature range of zones 8 and 9.
We claim:
1. A new and distinct kiwi plant of the species A. arguta substantially as described and illustrated, characterized by small spheroid fruit with green hairless edible skin and green flesh with a sweet aromatic flavor..
| 0.50833
| -0.309277
| 1,456
| 5,728
| 145
| 145
|
Animal Genera
| false
|
99,884
|
1010889_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
林郁智（，），台灣男藝人、演員、主持人，藝名納豆，為金星娛樂旗下簽約藝人。2013年9月26日，納豆和主持搭檔任家萱（Selina）以《小宇宙33號》首次入圍第48屆金鐘獎綜藝節目主持人獎。2016年，以公路電影《一路順風》入圍第53屆金馬獎最佳男配角奬；2020年，以《同學麥娜絲》獲得第57屆金馬獎最佳男配角獎。
個人生活
納豆畢業於臺北市士林區天母國民小學、臺北市立天母國民中學（傑出校友）、國立臺灣師範大學附屬高級中學（參加過該校的野孩子話劇社）、國立臺北藝術大學戲劇學系肄業，現任新北市市長侯友宜為納豆表舅。藝名為劇集《住左邊住右邊》所飾演的角色名，因上《康熙來了》時工作人員名牌誤植而廣為人知，間接變成藝名。
納豆曾和藝人林千又交往，他曾受訪表示，會和女方交往源於之前自己在一家餐廳用餐，發現剛好坐在隔壁桌的林千又一直盯著他看；餐後納豆結帳完過去打招呼，「原來她會看我，是因為我們3年前就同上過《國光幫幫忙》過年特別節目，只是當時沒講到話，用餐那天我是去跟朋友談民宿投資，於是我跟她互留Line，邀她有空來民宿玩。」。3個月後，兩人以男女朋友身分，前往納豆於澎湖縣新開幕的民宿度假。2016年，兩人以「生活習慣不一樣」為由宣布分手。2017年9月左右，納豆因好友張立東介紹後開始和模特兒陳依依交往。
除了演藝事業以外，納豆亦擁有個人副業投資。納豆是飲料手搖店品牌「良辰吉時」以及韓式燒肉餐廳店品牌「滋滋咕嚕」的創業人及老板之一。
2022年1月，藝人納豆突然驚傳腦出血中風，經過3個多月的治療和休養，終於在5月份順利出院回家。密友臉書透露納豆目前手腳肌肉比較無力，甚至穿內褲都會跌倒，醫師說大概還需要半年的復健期。
主持作品
大型晚會
電視节目
廣播節目
星光大道
金鐘獎
金馬獎
頒獎典禮
台北電影獎
演出作品
電視剧
電影
短片
舞台剧
配音
音乐录影带
音樂作品
合作單曲
出版作品
書籍
廣告代言
聯華食品《卡迪那-蒜泥燒/燻干鵝洋芋片》
味丹企業《味味A排骨雞麵》
南山人壽《籃球篇》
新一點靈企業《新一點靈B12》
統一超商
中華網龍《金庸群俠傳online-韋小寶與小龍女篇》
戲谷《戲谷麻將館》
統一企業《統一寶特瓶百萬樂翻天-翻天篇》
2005年
萊爾富《萊爾富樂一夏》
2006年
聲寶股份有限公司《聲寶殺菌光冷氣》
2007年
三星電子《三星串起一家愛》、舞台劇《媽媽咪亞》
2008年
維他露《每朝蔬果汁》
2009年
樂豆《尋仙online-打怪篇》
台北富邦銀行《運動彩劵》
2010年
劍湖山世界、紅心辣椒《迷你格鬥online》
2011年
全家便利商店
2016年
手遊《元素物語》遊戲代言
獎項紀錄
參考資料
外部連結
鏡新聞主持 - 納豆
臺灣電視男演員
臺灣電影男演員
台灣喜劇演員
台灣綜藝節目主持人
國立臺北藝術大學校友
國立臺灣師範大學附屬高級中學校友
臺北市立天母國民中學校友
臺北市士林區天母國民小學校友
士林人
Yu郁
臺灣模仿藝人
华语电影传媒大奖最佳男配角得主
臺灣舞台男演員
台灣脫口秀主持人
金馬獎最佳男配角獲得者
+
電玩節目主持人.
| 0.443276
| -0.388595
| 1,262
| 5,084
| 146
| 146
|
Tohoku/EPisodes and Real Estate
| false
|
99,885
|
github_open_source_100_2_8313
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
#![deny(unreachable_patterns)]
#![allow(unused_variables)]
#![allow(non_snake_case)]
pub enum E {
A,
B,
}
pub mod b {
pub fn key(e: ::E) -> &'static str {
match e {
A => "A",
//~^ WARN pattern binding `A` is named the same as one of the variants of the type `E`
B => "B", //~ ERROR: unreachable pattern
//~^ WARN pattern binding `B` is named the same as one of the variants of the type `E`
}
}
}
fn main() {}
| 0.494627
| 0.639479
| 3,375
| 13,407
| 292
| 292
|
Code Snippets & Parsing
| false
|
99,886
|
github_open_source_100_2_8314
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<?php
namespace Acacha\AdminLTETemplateLaravel\Http\Controllers;
use App\User;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\RedirectsUsers;
use\Illuminate\Routing\Controller as BaseController;
class RegistrationController extends BaseController
{
use RedirectsUsers;
public function verify($verification_code)
{
$data=['level'=>'danger','message'=>'Invalid verification code'];
if($verification_code) {
$user = User::whereVerificationCode($verification_code)->first();
if($user){
$user->is_verified = 1;
$user->verification_code = null;
$user->save();
$data=['level'=>'success','message'=>'You have successfully verified your account'];
}
}
\Session::flash('flash', $data);
return view('adminlte::auth.verify');
}
}
| 0.306966
| 0.913224
| 3,945
| 15,699
| 248
| 248
|
User Authentication & Control
| false
|
99,887
|
7423719_1
|
Caselaw_Access_Project
|
Public Domain
|
JaSEXTON, Judge.
Rachel Bell, the surviving spouse of Lonnie Bell, appeals a judgment finding that her claim for worker's compensation death benefits under LSA-R.S. 23:1231(A) had prescribed and that she had no right of action. The issue before us is whether the worker's compensation death benefits law at the time of Bell's 1978 injury or at the time of his 1993 death applies. We find that the hearing officer erred in applying the 1978 death benefits law. The judgment is reversed and this matter is remanded for further proceedings.
On February 2,1978, Bell was paralyzed in a work-related accident and received worker's compensation benefits from his employer, Ewing Timber, and its insurer, Silvey Companies, until his death on November 23, 1993. His widow filed a claim for death benefits under LSA-R.S. 23:1231 on September 19,1994.
At the time of Bell's injury in 1978, 23:1231 provided:
For injury causing death within two years after the accident, there shall be paid to the legal dependent of the employee, actually and wholly dependent upon his earnings for support at the time of the accident and death, a weekly sum as hereinafter provided. If the employee leaves legal dependents only partially actually dependent upon his earnings for support at the time of the accident and death, the weekly compensation to be paid shall be equal to the same proportion of the weekly payments for the benefit of persons wholly dependent as the amount contributed by the employee to such partial dependents in the year prior to his death bears to the earnings of the deceased at the time of the accident. [Emphasis ours.]
At the time of Bell's death in 1993, 23:1231 had been amended by Act 431 of 1992. The act was effective June 19, 1992, and reads:
A. For injury causing death within two years after the last treatment resulting from the accident, there shall be paid to the legal dependent of the employee, actually and wholly dependent upon his earnings for support at the time of the accident and death, a weekly sum as provided in this Subpart.
B. (1) If the employee leaves legal dependents only partially actually dependent upon his earnings for support at the time of the 1 ^accident and death, the weekly compensation to be paid shall be equal to the same proportion of the weekly payments for the benefit of persons wholly dependent as the amount contributed by the employee to such partial dependents in the year prior to his death bears to the earnings of the deceased at the time of the accident.
(2) However, if the employee leaves no legal dependents entitled to benefits under any state or federal compensation system, the sum of twenty thousand dollars shall be paid to each surviving parent of the deceased employee, in a lump sum, which shall constitute the sole and exclusive compensation in such cases. [Emphasis ours.]
Generally, in worker's compensation matters, the law in effect on the date of the worker's injury is controlling. Mason v. Auto Convoy, 27,444 (La.App.2d Cir. 11/1/95), 662 So.2d 843, unit denied, 95-2905 (La. 2/2/96) 666 So.2d 1103. The rights and the duties of the parties are fixed according to the law in effect at the date of injury. Bruno v. Harbert International Inc., 593 So.2d 357 (La.1992).
In rejecting Mrs. Bell's claim for death benefits, the hearing officer relied upon Bruno, supra. Bell died more than two years after his 1978 accident. Applying the former version of the statute in effect at the time of Bell's accident, the WCHO found Mrs. Bell was not entitled to recover benefits and dismissed her case. On appeal, Bell's widow contends that the WCHO should have applied LSA-R.S. 23:1231 as it read at the time of Bell's death in 1993. She asserts that he had received treatment for injuries arising out of the 1978 accident within two years before his death. Therefore, she is entitled to recover death benefits under the statute. We agree.
In Estate of Williams v. Louisiana Office of Risk Management, 93-795 (La.App. 3d Cir. 3/2/94), 634 So.2d 1260, 1263-1264, writ denied, 94-0793 (La. 5/6/94), 637 So.2d 1054, LSA-R.S. 23:1231(A) was applied retroactively to award death benefits. Employed as a correction sergeant since 1986, Williams broke up a fight on May 6, 1987. He began having chest pains and was admitted Uto the hospital with a massive heart attack which left him totally and permanently disabled as a result of a work-related injury. Williams never returned to work and the heart condition was inoperable. Therefore, he took medication and saw doctors. Williams had a second heart attack and died September 9, 1991. Williams received worker's compensation benefits until his death. At the time of his death, the law provided benefits for death occurring within two years after the accident. On September 6, 1992, his spouse and heirs sought retroactive application of the death benefit provisions under LSA-R.S. 23:1231 as amended in 1992. In retroactively applying LSA-R.S. 23:1231, the court stated at page 1263:
The requirement of LSA-R.S. 23:1231 that death occur within a specified time does not stipulate the delay within which a right is to be executed and does not limit the time within which the cause of action expires. Rather, the statute creates a right of action itself and defines its existence with reference to a specific time period within which death of the worker must occur. Accordingly, we find that it is neither a prescriptive nor preemptive period. Rather, as stated in W. Malone & H.A. Johnson, Workers' Compensation Law and Practice, Section 302 (La. Civ.L.Tr. vol. 14 1980), it is "a condition precedent to the accrual of the right of action for the dependents_".
Thus, if the injured worker's death occurred within two years of the accident, LSA-R.S. 23:1231 prior to the 1992 amendment, or within two years after the last treatment resulting from the work related accident, LSA-R.S. 23:1231 as amended in 1992, the employee's dependents had a right of action for death benefits. (Citations omitted.) [Emphasis ours.]
In Tran v. Avondale Shipyards, Inc., 95-542 (La.App. 5th Cir. 11/15/95), 665 So.2d 507, the plaintiff sustained a work-related injury in 1985, but was not immediately disabled as a result of that accident. However, in 1986 the plaintiff received another injury and as a result became permanently and totally disabled, receiving benefits thereafter until his death on November 11, 1992. A claim for death benefits was filed by worker's wife under LSA-R.S. 23:1231. The trial judge applied LSA-R.S. 23:1231 as it. read in 1985 in response to an exception of prescription filed by employer. Because the worker died more than two years after |sthe accident, the trial judge sustained the exception. The worker's wife appealed arguing that the cause of action for death benefits occurs at the time of death rather than on the date of the accident, and because worker had received medical treatment for the work-related injuries within two years of the death, that the cause of action for death benefits still existed.
The Fifth Circuit agreed, reasoning:
"And this Court has previously held: Until the death of the worker, no cause of action exists in favor of those beneficiaries. Ponthierv. Insurance Co. Of North America, 522 So.2d 188 (La.App. 5th Cir.1988).
Plaintiffs in the instant case could not have instituted a cause of action for the death of Mr. Nguyen prior to the date on which he actually died. Therefore, their cause of action could not have prescribed in 1987 as the trial court found. Rather we agree, at least in part, with the analysis made by our brothers in the Third Circuit in Estate of Williams v. Louisiana Office of Risk Management, 93-795 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/2/94), 634 So.2d 1260."
The court determined that pursuant to the provisions of LSA-R.S. 23:1209, the applicable prescriptive period in which to file suit for the benefits was one year from the date of death.
We agree with the 3rd and 5th circuit panels that the provisions of LSA-R.S. 23:1231 create a cause of action for death benefits and "defines its existence with reference to a specific time period within which death of the worker must occur." Estate of Williams, supra, at page 1263. The death of the worker is a condition precedent to the creation of the cause of action. Therefore, LSA-R.S. 23:1231 does not create a prescriptive period in which to file suit for death benefits. Rather, LSA-R.S. 23:1209 is the applicable prescriptive period in which suit must be filed after the cause of action for death benefits arises. Even though Bell was injured in 1978, the cause of action for death benefits did not arise until his death on November 23,1993. On that date, LSA-R.S. 23:1231, as amended in |61992, was the applicable provision governing the existence of a cause of action for death benefits. Pursuant to those provisions, if Bell died within two years after the last treatment resulting from the 1978 accident, the cause of action for death benefits was available to Rachel Bell. Further, because the claim was filed within one year of the existence of the cause of action for death benefits, it has not prescribed.
The hearing officer's judgment which found plaintiff had no right of action and a prescribed claim is reversed. The matter is remanded for further proceedings. Costs of the appeal are assessed to defendants.
REVERSED AND REMANDED..
| 0.368071
| -0.875689
| 235
| 983
| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,888
|
github_open_source_100_2_8315
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package io.opensphere.core.dialog.alertviewer.event;
/** A message with severity. */
public class Message
{
/** The message. */
private final String myMessage;
/** The severity. */
private final Type mySeverity;
/** The title. */
private final String myTitle;
/**
* Constructor.
*
* @param message The message.
* @param severity The severity
*/
public Message(String message, Type severity)
{
this(message, severity, getDefaultTitle(severity));
}
/**
* Constructor.
*
* @param message The message.
* @param severity The severity
* @param title The title
*/
public Message(String message, Type severity, String title)
{
myMessage = message;
mySeverity = severity;
myTitle = title;
}
/**
* Gets the message.
*
* @return the message
*/
public String getMessage()
{
return myMessage;
}
/**
* Gets the severity.
*
* @return the severity
*/
public Type getSeverity()
{
return mySeverity;
}
/**
* Gets the title.
*
* @return the title
*/
public String getTitle()
{
return myTitle;
}
/**
* Gets the default title for the severity.
*
* @param severity the severity
* @return the title
*/
private static String getDefaultTitle(Type severity)
{
return severity == Type.ERROR ? "Error" : severity == Type.WARNING ? "Warning" : "Information";
}
}
| 0.410363
| 0.793328
| 3,693
| 14,682
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,889
|
6115959_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Point May é uma pequena cidade localizada na província canadense de Terra Nova e Labrador. De acordo com o censo canadense de 2016, a cidade tinha uma população de 231 habitantes.
Cidades de Terra Nova e Labrador.
| 0.445558
| -0.415338
| 1,198
| 4,828
| 190
| 190
|
Movie & Music
| false
|
99,890
|
bpt6k69867v_5
|
French-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Quand on eut travaillé pendant deux ans a ce temple, il fut terminé, et Moctezuma dit àC~haacoati et à TIacaeÏtzin « M est temps d'inaugurer ce temple par le sacrifice des esclaves de Cuextian et de Tuzpan, provinces situées sur Ie& rives de la mer; qu'on leur ouvre la poitrine, e TIacaeItzin propoM de remettre la cérémonie à quatre jours, et 6t aus. sitôt enfermer tous les prisonniers. dans une grande cage faite de madriers, qui servait à cette usage.Moctezuma St ensuite appeler les y~NMt<KM'yHM on prêtres et leur dit: « Allez vous enivrer, et exercez-vous à fendre la poitrine des victimes, car nous sommes arrivés à l'époque de l'année appelée j?V<t. <MME~peÂM<~M;~t, époque où l'on sacrifie et où l'oa écorche des victimes. Prenez garde de vous montrer maladroits car toutes les nations, de trente ou quarante-lieues à la ronde, viendront assister a ce sacrifice. » Moctezuma fit aussi apporter des montagnes de gros troncs de chêne qui devaient brûler jour et nuit dans le temple en l'honneur du dieu Huitzilopochtli. Pendant ce temps les prêtres s'exerçaient à fendre la poitrine des victimes sur la pierre sculptée, et à faire rejaillir leur sang sur l'idole, dans la main de laquelle ils plaçaient ensuite le cœur, afin de se montrer adroits le jour de la grande cérémonie. Moctezuma envoya des messagers à tous les peu. pies voisins de Mexico, qu'ils fussent ou non ses sujets, pour les engager à assister au grand sacri-.fice ~«~M:A<«MM/M~t. Il ordonna à tous les chefs ¡f>¡j F,ï Squi!ui étaient soumis de s'y rendre, sous peine ~d'être sacrinés comme des esclaves. Tous obéirent, ~et quand le jour des sacri6ces fut arrivé, H comSmença à leur distribuer des présents tels que de Sriches étoHes des fleurs et des parfums. Aussitôt que le repas du matin fut terminé, on conduisit les ~esctaves au temple et on les rangea enfile sur la ~plate-forme. Ils avaient les cheveux tressés, le corps peint en noir, et un n!<Mct/<t~ ou pagne était leur seul vêtement. On tes nt chanter et danser au son §du <epoM<tz~t autour de l'amalocoyo ou pierre ~des sacrifices. Des vieillards mexicains chantèrent iA'xs et dansèrent ensuite. D'autres vieillards représen$ taient divers dieux sujets & Huitzi!opocht!i, tels que ~Itzpapaiott~M~/oM~F~t), Opochtli (c~Mt~Kt M< A ~KC&e), Quetzalcoat! (serpent couvert de plumM ), Tocaztozi ( <t de roses); d'autres étaient couverts de peaux de tigre et de lion. Tous tenaient une épée et un bouclier. L'esclave huastèque montait le premier sur la pierre circulaire et était suivi par un sacrincateur désigné sous le nom de Jobuatahua ( celui qui combat la nM«). Après avoir dansé autour du Huastèque, on lui donna une peau de loup pour pnrer les coups, et une épée de bois qui n'était pas garnie de cailloux tranchants comme celle de son adversaire. Ils commençaient ensuite à combattre en dansant; mais aupar:'vant on avait fait boire au Huastèque une boisson fermentée, appelée teoe~t et on l'avait attaché au moyen d'une corde blanche, nommée aztacamecatl. Quelque vainant que fut le prisonnier. il allait qu'il mourut sur cette pierre; car quandIeMexicam quile combattaitétait fatigué, il était remplacé par un autre jusqu'à ce que le prisonnier reçut un coup qui le renversAt. Quatre hommes le saisissaient alors, l'étendaient sur la pierre et le Jbauatlahuan (ce~ qui s'enivre la MMt) lui ouwait la poitrine avec un couteau de pierre et lui arrachait le cœur qu'il ocrait tout fumant a l'idole. On frottait ensuite de son sang l'idole de Huitzilopochtli. ( La suite à un cahier prochain. EXPLORATION OJËOt.OfUQtlB D'UNE PARTIE TRËS.PEU CONNUE DE LA TURQUIE D'ASIE. KM*)T tt'OM LMTM M M. CWH.B DE cntNCOOMQM, )H&VE M< MmBB A tt. <UB DE BBAMtMT, L'approche de l'hiver m'ayant empêche Je con)pléter, autant que je l'aurais désiré, l'exploration des bords du lac de Van, j'ai pris ma route au sud pour me rendre a Djézireh sur ie Tigre. Le lac de Van est borné au sud par une chatne de montagnes fort élevées et abruptes qui fait suite à celle de Moucb. Elle se forme de plusieurs chaînons parallèles dirigés à l'est, un peu au nord et présente cette particularité que la ligne de séparation des eaux se trouve précisément sur celui qui est contigu au lac, de manière que les cours d'ean importants Mat t8t4. TOME tt. M NOUVE~USS AtMMES qui y prennent leur source, vont tous aSueraa Tigre. Ce chaînon n'est cependant pas l'axe de la chatne; sa composition, qui est constante sur toute la longueur que j'ai pu observer, c'est-à-dire environ i20 kilomètres .est an cah-aîré gris compacte, superposé au grès micacé ou tatqucuxverdatrë, passant quelquefois auvé~Me micascuiste et pbngeant fortement vers le nord. A l'angle sud-est du tac~ il y a une espèce de hrouillement par suite duquel ïa chatne est assez abaissée, et c'est là que je l'ai passée malheureusement, a.u second cet, hOM avons été mouiUéspar une neit,e fort épaisse, et je n'ai pu reconnattre la namr~d&Fa~e. A partir de ce moment, noms avons commencé à descendre d'une manière continue jusqu'a Djézireh, en suivant un des principaux aNuents du Tigre, qu'on appelle Djennet-Soui (eau du pa. radis). Cette rivière, dont le nom contraste singulièrement avec la nature sauvage du pays, coule presque constamment dans une vaUée excessivement Maserrée et très-profonde dans quelques endroits, tes nanc& sont tellement escarpés, que l'on estobugé de s'élever à une grande hauteur, et alors on décou.we un horizon montagneux immense, dans lequel U est très-dimcile de distinguer quelques lignes saillantes. Quant à la nature des rochers, dans ie voisinage de lavaMée, ce sont toujours des calcaires et des schistes plus ou moins métamorphiques et dont les couches ont été fortement bouleversées. L'orienta tion de ces couches indique )e plus souvent un ridement dont t'axe serait dirige de t'est à l'ouest. Néanmoins, dans beaucoup d'endroits, elle est totalement di!!érente. Ainsi, l'aspect de cette contrée présente de l'analogie avec tes Alpes pour la multiplicité des soulèvements et les eHets métamorphiques qu'Us ont produits, mais l'intensité de faction a du être moindre, les roches éruptives ne s'y montrent que rarement, et il n'y a pas de ces chaînes bien dessinées qui pourraient guider utilement dans les recherches et servir de cadre aux observations. Trois journées avant d'arriver a Djézireh, les montagnes métamorphiques cessent tout à fait, et l'on entre dans un immense bassin de grès marneux verdâtres, contenant de nombreuses couches subordonnées de calcaire argileux compacte, d'un gris clair. Ce bassin présente une surface très-accidentée par l'action des eaux plus encore que par celle des soulèvements, mais toujours à un niveau de beaucoup inférieur aux montagnes environnantes. Audessus des grès) dans certains endroits, on rencontre des bancs puissants de calcaire grisâtre avec des nummulites, des pectens et des oursins, qui forment comme des espèces (le chapeaux, également peu dérangés, comparativement aux rochers métamorphiques. Eniin, au sud. on voit une chaîne rét~ulière de calcaire relevée fortement au nord et qui forme une véritnhte muraiUe purcée d'une seule porte; c'est It: défité par tequel s échappe le DjennetSoui, et au deta duquel commence le désert. Voici ce qtt'it y a de ptus frappant dans f aspect du pays au point de vuogéognostique; je pourrais difficilement entrer ici dans plus de détails et j'ajouterai que!q))e chose sur tes habitants. L'espace que j'ai parcouru entre Van et Djézireh, est le ccsur du Kurdistan. On n'y parle pas le turc et l'on peut dire que c'est un pays indépendant, puisqu'il y a un bey qui ne paye aucun tribut, et aucun employé turc Le costume et les moeurs des Kurdes sont aussi très-distincts. !!s sont en généra! très' intelligents et industrieux. La meilleure preuve que l'on en puisse donner, c'est qu'ils fabriquent tout ce qui leur est nécessaire, et ne tirent presque rien des provinces environnantes. Avec ces bonnes dispositions, ils ne sont cependant pas riches, et je crois que cela tient a la passion du vol, qui est dévetoppée chez eux à un très-haut degré. A chaque instant un bey en dépouiUe un autre moins fort et ruine tousses villages. Dans le moment :'ctuet pourtant ils sonttrès-tranquines, parce qu'ils sont gouvernée par un homme de fer, qui a réussi se faire craindre de tous et veut que l'on nevote pf's, pour voler à lui toutseut; et quelle que soit la moralité de ce genre de gouvernement, je ne lui en ai pas moins beaucoup d'obligations puisque j'ai pu ainsi traverser avec sécurité un pays où peu d'Européens M sont hasardés. Comme je quittais Djézireh, le 38 décembre 18M, le campement des Kurdes nomades qui venaient en grande hâ te grouper leurs tentes nombreuses auprès de la ville pour y passer l'hiver présentait un spectacle très pittoresque, mais était en même temps l'annonce des froicls anticipés que j'avais a redouter. Je devais d'abord aller à DiarbéMr. éloigné de six journées pendant les deux premiers jours, je marchai dans une plaine en suivant une ligne pa.ralléle à ce!~e des montagnes que je venais de traverser. Cette plaine est de très-peu supérieure au niveau du Tigre qui suit exactement ce dernier versant. De grands ravins qui la coupent fréquemment laissent voir la nature du sol. En général, on remarque une roche grise, caverneuse, souvent fissurée comme tes basaltes, et dont les cavités sont pour la plupart remplies <!e zéolithes. Dans d'autres parties, on voit un calcaire blanc, sacchnroïde, et aussi excessivement caverneux, qui semble comme le témoin de la roche, couverte par la coulée ignée. La Iii:ne des montagnes est dirigée à peu près de l'est à l'ouest, et je marchais vers le nord-ouest; ainsi je me rapprochais peu a peu de cette ligne et le terrain devenait de plus en plus onduleux sans changer toutefois de nature. Enfin nous sommes rentrés dans la région montagneuse, en franchissant trois plis de calcaire siliceux qui sort de dessous la roche basaltique. Une journée après, nous quittions de nouveau les hauteurs, pour descendre dans la plaine de Di:'rM. · kir, d'une nature complétement identique a celle de la plaine de Djézireh, mais d'ailleurs entièrement entourée de moatagnes. Sur toute cette router viHages sont tres-pares; et leur emplacement paraît avoir été tou~ou~s dé tefminéparjeptusgrandnombrc de casernes nature~esq.ue !'on a trouvées dans le sol. Çea vi!iage8 sSQntasseznches! car sur tes points où !:t terre peut. être cultivée elle est très-productive; niais,en géné)'nt, lemanqued'eau se fait sentir, et, dans les grands intervalles sana culture, qui réparent les lieux habitéa. des citernes suSsent à peine aux besoins des vayageurs. et des caravanes. La population que ron rencontre est presque entièrement composée de chrétiens portant !e costume arabe, et parlant t'arabe de Syrie. En arrivant à Diarbékir, je dus y subir toutes les. tribulations des quarantaines turques. Ayant traversé précédenmtent un pays o& la peste sévissait avec violence, on me fit rester pendant dix jours dans un prétendu lazaret, maison sans portes ni fenêtres où la pluie pénétrait de tous côtés à travers un toit dégradé, et qui ne contenait pour tout mobilier que de la paille fangeuse; et cependant on laissa entrer dans la ville le Mtevas qui m'escortait, 1 preuve du discernement que les Turcs apportent dans !euTs mesures sanitaires. Lorsque je pénétrai dans ce lieu, je soniEnais de plaies aux jambes, résultant du frottement des courroies de mes étriers pendant une marche forcée, et je n'osais cependant me soigner, dans la crainte que, se méprenant sur la nature du ma!, on ne m'imposât le maximum de la quarantaine. Je dus mon séiour dans cet endroit malsain un rhumatisme articulaire et Lursqae je fMadtNM A Mbre pratique, il faHut, a «nà~fande contfainte, attende, pour m<e remettre on route, ïerétabtissemeBtdemasanté. i L'hiver venait de se dëctarerdéaaitivempnt; oa éprouvait ptosieurs degrés de froid une neige abondante couvrait la. terre, et les observations géoto~ giqnea devemuent par conséqtnent iMpMsibtea~tHaia j'avais & visHer les tnmes d'Anna et de Ke~n, comme aussi les ~nderies de To~t, et ce fut vers ces points que je me dirigeai aussitôt qu'il Me fat possible de remonter à <hev~ En quittant Diarbe~ir, j'eus lieu d'observer, nonobetaint la neige, que la ptaine'que noua traveMions ne changeait pas de nature; et avant d'iarriver à Argua je pus reconnattre deux rid~ments calcaires très-nets, et d'une formation qui m'a parure<ente, mais qu'~) ne m'a pas été possible de déterminer. Argana est bâtie en gradins sur tes Jïancs d'un immense rocher, Ici l'exposition au midi, de pentes d'aiHeurs très-inclinées, s~était opposée à ce que la neige demeurât, et j'ai pu reconnattre ce même étage de craie a nummu!ite9 que j'avais dé~à observé deux fois; mais d'Argana à Argana-Maden, ta neige arrêta mes observations, et je n'ai pu m'occuper, en arrivant dans ce dernier lieu, que des mines et des fonderies. Là s'établissent, sous ia directton d'ingénieurs aUemands, envoyés par suite d'un <!on<trat passé entre le gouvernement autrichien et ia Porter de aouveïieN coaa~uctions deatinëes rempta cer les anciens tburneaux. Onne traite encore a Argona-Madenque des minëraux de prétoire qualité, et on recette <!eux qui ne contiennent que de cinq & six pour cent. La rigueur de l'hiver persistait, et les neiges aug. mentaient d'épaisseur mais, au delà d'Argana, ta forme abrupte des montagnes ne m'a pas moins permis d'observer leur nature avec exactitude et de reconnattre qu'elles présentent généralement le calcaire saecharoïde superposé à des micaschistes très-quartzeux, les deux roches étant fréquemment coupées par des filons porphyriques, mais trèsprès des trachytes. J'ai profité à Kéban des moyens de rétablir mon baromètre déjà cassé deux fois, et j'ai pu ainsi obtenir des données sur le niveau de l'Euphrate. Quand je voulus partir de Kéban, ta route se tr~va~Scomplétement interceptée, et ce ne fut que quinze jours après, lorsque l'on ouvrit un étroit sentier pour le passage du Tartare ( courrier ) qu'il me fut possible d'avancer. La marche était fort pénible nos chevaux s'abattaient à tout instant, et mon baromètre fut de nouveau brisé. Le ciel était alors très-pur, et c'était là un mal plutôt qu'un bien; car la réflexion du soleil sur la neige était fort pénible à supporter; elle eut pour euet, le premier jour, de me rendre la figure couleur de suie, en même temps qu'elle m'occasionna un mal d'yeux assez grave. Malgré ces inconvénients, j'eus lieu d'être assez satisfait de cette partie de mon voyage. Nous nous élevions de plus en plus et un immense horizon montagneux et des plus imposants se développait devant nous. D'ailleurs la nature du terrain, de grés et de conglomérats en grande partie, favorisait beaucoup la fonte des neiges et facilitait les observations sur les versants méridionaux, tandis que, de l'autre côté, la terre restait entièrement couverte. Je n'ai pas encore assez comparé les remarques que j'ai faites pour présenter une opinion sur cette formation; mais j'ai lieu de penser que teur résultat ne <era pas dënu~ d'intérêt. Apres être parvenu sur untres'vastep!ateau,ap. pelé DétiHitach, on descend rapidement vers ht val.. Me de Sivas, dont l'analogie topographique est frap. pante avec ceue d'Erzeroum aussi éJevée que ceÏ!e'ci; elle est parcourue dans sa longueur par le. Kesil~naft~u fleuve rouge, !e plus grand cours d'eau de t'Aste Mineure après l'Euphrate. En quittant Sivas pour marcher vers Tokat on rencontre une grande formation de gréa et de conghjmérats d'un gris verdâtre bien distincts de ]tt formation crayeuse des montagnes d'Erzeroum< Ensuite on arrive par des vaHéessucceasives jusqu'au sommet d'une créte presque complétement serpeoUneuse, appelée le Tchamlubel. A cet endroit, je pus jouir d'un spectacle vraiment magnifique. Toute la con< trée que je venais de traverser depuis Sivas, présentait l'nspect de l'hiver dans toute sa rigueur; et, tout à coup, du commet éievé où je me trouvais p!aeé, se developpait devant moi une immense série de montagnes, couvertes des plus beUes toréts d'arb~es verts. Plus de tMce de neige, et partout ies travaux de la terre en pteine activité. Je ne pense pas qu'il soit possible de rencontrer une transition plus tranchée. Les fatigues et Jes contrariétés que je supportais depuis plus de trois mois furent bientôt oubliées, et j'arrivai a Tokat dans des dispositions aussi favorables que ceues où je me trouvais au début de mon voyage. Depuis que je suie à Tokat j'ai mis ie temps à profit eti étudiant avec détait l'amnage d'après les procédés que les ingénieurs allemands ont introduits, et qu'Us apptiqneat aounoyen des fourneaux à réverbère et d'un fourneau à manche, construit sur les modèles de la Hongrie. Ces procédés dont je m'occupe à comparer les résultats avec ceux précédemment en usage, et que l'on continue à pratiquer en utilisa'attestburneaux anciens ~ai subsistent encore, sont tout à fait européens, sauf quelques modifications nécessitées par !a mauvaise qualité du cuivre noir provenant d'Argana et que l'on apporte brut à dos de chameau. Ce cuivre, après J'affinage, est généra~meat vendu àdes négociants français et totalement dirigé sur la France. Cette circonstance m'a para jouter de l'intérêt a une étude que je compte présenter avec tous les détails Nécessaires. De Tc!tat je me rendrai a Samsour et visiterai, dans les environs, les forges des Turm:)ns nomades ¡ puis je m'embarquerai pourHérekhe, où j'aurai à voir les mines de charbon et ta formation houiHerë de cet endroit. ( Comptes l'endus hebdonaadarres de f~ca<?eMttc des sciences. ) DES CARACTÈRES BïSTtNCTtM DES TROtS RACES DU NORD DE L'AFRtQUE, L'ARABE, LE KABYLE ET LE MOZABITE PAR M. OCYON. Ca~VMtMM ~<MC~ de f~M~C. Corps sec, élancé cou long, taille au-dessus de la moyenne yeux noirs, cheveux de même couleur, tendant à se boucler peau un peu basanée; face oblongue, déprimée latéralement; crâne ovoïde d'avant en arrière front étroit, oblique; nez long, arque, sec dents longues, trés-beUes. Les os du crâne sont remarquables par leur peu d'épaisseur. Hérodote signale un caractère semblable chez les Perses (4). Cette conformité organique conduira peut-être plus tard, avec le concours d'autres éléments à étaMir entre les deux peuples une communauté d'origine. Tous deux, du ()) Livre Ht, $ ta. Ce grand historien attribue cette particularité à t'asage des Perses de vivre à l'ombre dès leur plus tendre jeunesse, et d'avoir toujours h tête couverte d'une tiare. L'Arabe ne vit pas à l'ombre, mais sa tête est constamment coiffée d'une catotte. E.t. reste, habitent des contrées limitrophes, et cette <eu!e circonstance sumrait déjà pour faire soupçon* ner qu'ils ne sont que deux branches d'un même tronc. On sait que rétablissement des Arabes en Afrique commença à s'opérer, dès l'origine même de l'islamisme. Ce grand événement était accompli dans les premières années du vm* siècle, époque à laquelle l'Arabe passa de l'Afrique en Espagne, en s'aidant, pour cette nouvelle conquête des deux peuples qu'il avait trouvés dans !a première de ces contrées le Maure et le Berbère. Ce dernier nom, comme on sait, est celui du Kabyle dans les montagnes du Maroc. C<<ïc<c/'M distinctifs </« Kabyle. Corps trapu, musclé; cou court; taitie peu élevée yeux et cheveux noirs parfois yeux bruns avec cheveux châtains peau d'une teinte moins foncée que celle de l'Arabe; face ovale, pleine crâne globuleux conique en arrière front moins étroit et moins oblique que celui de l'Arabe nez moyen, épais; dents moins longues et moins belles que chez t'Arabe. Le Kabyle habite les montagnes, et son organisation, comme celle de tous les peuples montagnards, se modifie selon les localités. Ainsi, dans les vallées, il est sujet au goitre et par suite au crétinisme, et ce n'est pas là qu'il faudrait aller chercher le type de la race. Dcjà, dans une autre circonstance, nous avons fait une remarque semblable a l'égard des Gotbs qui, sous !e nom de cagots, bitentaujourd'bui les Pyrénées. Généralement la t~ce~abyle est bélier c'est elle qui prédomine dans une race que nous désignent à, son insu sous le japm de ~atMfe, et qui ce rappelle du Maure d'autrelois que les lieux ou elle lui a succédé. Le Maure d'aujourd'hui est un produit de croisements multipliés, son organisation est des p!us belles, et nous nous en occuperons ailleurs. C'est !ui, comme on le sait, qui constitue eo tr~sgrande partie la population delà plupart desviUes duaordderAû'ique. Le Kabyle est, comme l'AMbc,étranger a l'Afrique mais il lui est, dans ce pays, de beaucoup antérieur. Son origine paraît phénicienne aussi je vois en lui l'ancien Numide leque! n'est pas selon moi, le Maure d'autrefois celui des Grecs et des Romains. Celui-ci me parait avoir été le peuple aborigène r sinon de tout le nord de l'Afrique, du moins des contrées où il existait du temps de Satluste. C'est ce que j,e me propose d'établir d'ailleurs sur des données qui me paraissent devoir porter la coBjviction dans tous les esprits (1). (t) Les K.abytea appartiennent à la nombrcme famiHe des Betbéres, dout ia tengae est pariée dam) le nord de l'Afrique, depnio les montagnes de Sotts, voisines de l'océan Atlantique, jusqa'a eettea de Mctetis qui dominent sar tes ptaines de Kaïronan, dons t'Ëtat de Tunis, et depnis tes c6te< de la Mëditermnnëe jtsqa'aa SMd dtt Sahara. U eat.done très Mnpattant poor les Français qui sont, avec raison, deodës à rester possesseurs de t'Atgërie, de se familiariser avec âne langue dont la connaissance teaf &ciHteM le moyen d'ëtaMi)'dey relationsavec M)e partie considérable de tapopth Caractères distinctifs du ~b~a&ttO. Corps plus ramassé et plus charnu que celui de l'Arabe; t:'itie moyenne yeux noirs, cheveux de tion de cette fontree. Un peuple. qui peut supposer que l'on a du dédain pour le langage par lequel il exprime sa pensée, est natareUentcnt disposé à vouer sa haine aux hommes qu'it soupçonne coupables de cette négligence i) est au contraire porté à voir d'un bon ceil ceux qu'il voit s'efïbrcer de converser avec lui sans )e secours des interprètes. Les moyens nous manquaient pour nous aider dans cette étude essentielle et nécessaire de l'idiome des Kabyles; nous n'avions pas de livre qui nous les fourntt cependant it existait à la BiNiotheqae du roi une grammaire et un dictionnaire berbéres, composés par ft'a Venture de Paradis il y a ptus d'un demi.siècle, alors que rien ttp faisait pressentir l'utilité dont pourrait étre un travail de ce genre. La Société de géographie prit la résolution de taire imprimer le manuscrit de Venture Charger du soin de cette publication nn ttuotme versé dans ta connaissance et habitué aux usages des peuples de t'Orient, était tout simple; eUe s'adressa donc à an de ses membres, M. le chevalier Amédée Jaubert, membre de t'tnstitnt Ce savant s'est acquitté de ?a tâche en homme de conscience. M. le maréchal Soatt, ministre de la guerre et président du conseil des ministres, et M. Cnnin-Gridaine, ministre de t'agricattxre et du commerce, ont apprécié, en hommes d'État, l'entreprise de la Société de géographie ils ont fourni une partie de ta somme nécessaire pour l'impression du livre. Grâces leur en soient rendues au nom de tons les Français qui aiment franchement et sincèrement tenr patrie. L'ouvrage, sorti des presses de l'imprimerie royale, est intitulé GfanxtMt) et .C«'<<OHnafre a&rcg~ de la ~tng~e berbère, coM~Ot~ par feu ~<*K(Mr<t <~e .P<tfn<~«, «ttCteM pro/eitettf de <uf~ à ~'eco~e ny<e et ~f/ft~e /<tf<~e< o<'teM<e/e< vivantes, premier ~ee~<'M« /~e<'pfe<)) </M~B<tera< «t chef de <'<tnMea <<'0«e<t(; reftM par ~M<<Me 7aK~f, p<t/r<7<r<!Mee, coMf~/fr <f~fa(, membre m~me codeur, bouc!ës; peau ofivAtre, face ovate, ..moins ahgutedse que celle de !'Àrabe crâne ovoïde d'avant en arri~, déprimé tatéraiementeomme ~~M~c~ yot {~. ~< bien fait d'insérer dans son avartuaement une nota ecnte par Veniore, sar la manière dont il t'y prit pour rédiger son ouvrage. Un hasard heureux'a fait tomber ce morceau prë. cteax dans les main. de M. Jaubert. Ventare y parle de mnvo. cabalaire avec cette modestie qui honore et rehausse le tatent il. réconnatt qae son o.vMge eetdpfectoeMMusptMMNMMp.o~. .Te q~ est cependant, ajo.te.t-it. ce travail suffira poarin:~ertMptuto!og~4 'ae.nn.issat.ce de cette tan~e. et i~e t,endraqu. un Européen studieux, appelé en Barbarie par des a~rea de commerce ou de poMtiq.e, de perfectionner, MM se donner trop de peine, ceq.i m'en a donné beaucoup à ébaucher. Espérons donc que le livre de Ventre obtiendra le s.cce. qu'il mérite etprodatratefr~tqMcet homme estirnable en eapérait. Q.etq.e. mots sur sa vie et sur ses travaux. qui consistent en services MndM à soit pays. ne seront pas ici hors de propos. f"if"~ Marseille, le S '.ai ,739, et appartenait a une famille noble de laquelle étaient sortis des militaires distingués, des drogmans des consuls Ëievë à Paris, à l'école des jeane. <tc langues, ses progrès furent si MmorqMbtes q.e, dès l'âge de q.~ans.Hf.f envoyé.Constantin.~ pour s'y fortifier dans i étude de la langue turque. A vingt-deux il remplissait dë{a au consulat de S.ydet'.mptoi d'interprète ou :)rogma~ En ,7? il passa au Caire dans ia même qu~e Q,e temp, ap~ l'état d'anarchie de !'Ëgypte causait un si grand préjudice à notre commerce, que le jeune drogmanfutcharge, en ~o. de passer: en France pour fixer r.ttent.on du ministère sur tes risques imminents auxquels nos intérêts étaient On fut si content de la manière dont .acquitta de sa mission, qa'en ,~7 on l'adjoignit au baron de Tott à qui ion avait confié celle de visiter les échelles du Levant. En ,778, Venture va négocie,. En ~88. un différend très-gravo entre ta France et Alger, amène Venture dans ce repaire de pirates dont t'existence faisait honte à toate la chrétienté le dey entend raison. Venture compose à At. ger même, à l'aide de plusieurs indigénesda mont Atlas, l'ouvrage dont nous avons parlé précédemment. Il en remet des extraits à Volney, ce savant si dévoué à l'étude philosophique des tangaes i enfin it dépose son manuscrit à la Bibtiothèqnc da roi. En t~g3, il est chargé d'âne mission secrète pour Constantinople, et en même temps reçoit le brevet de consul générât de France a Smyrne. L'année suivante, it accompagne M. Verrinae, notre ambassadeur près de la Porte; puis y reste jusqu'où tygy comme premier interprète de la tégation française. Alors il vient à Paris avec l'ambassadeur ottoman. Le repos qu'il comptait pren.dre fat an loisir oecopé, rien ne tni convcn ut mieax. Dés t~a5, le gouvernement l'avdit nommé professeur de turc à t'Ëcote spé*ciate des langues vivantes, qui venait d'être créée. Lorsque l'idée de t expédition d'Egypte fut conçue, on jeta natareHement tes yeux sur Venture, pour être premier interprète de t'armée quoique sexagénaire, it accepta sans hésiter cet emploi fatigant. Il se borna, en répondant au ministre, à recom mander sa famille an gouvernement. Son expérience et ses services furent d'un secours bien précieux lorsque après la prise d'Alexandrie on marcha sur te Caire. Quand Mai tMt. ToMK tt. H t?8 !<0]0~<MM A!tNM.M graad, <~Mtu. pac~ terMioée~ peinte; dents assez!Qagueft,he!Iea. LeMozaMte vient de l'Orient, comme l'Arabe et le Kabyle; màM l'époque de son passage en Afrique e~t tncoBtnue. Pouf quetques-aoa, l'~mgt'atten des Mozabites sur l'Afnque ne remonterait qu'à t'epoque de Fétabtissemcot d~ Mbiame qui tes sépare des autres ntMStdtaans. L'opimon contraire pourrait s'etayer deia posHion géographique qu'Us occupent au sud-ouest de l'Aïgëne, où l'on peut supposer qu'its ont été retoutéa par les poputaUdM arrivées après eux sur le sol étranger. ( ~.et~tt des cowphM .~M~tM <~ f.~C<M~HMe des <ScMMCM. ) cette capitale eut ollvert ses portes, !a coopération de Venture à tout ce qai fut Tegté pour l'administration du pays, en MMM le :)Mcéa, et il fut consomment consulté. La campagne de Syrie teeatue, Bonaptufte im~it~Ventnte à le suivre; ce fat lé dernier acte de dévMemeDt de ce citoyen recommandable. Attttqae de la AyMentene au eiege de Samt-Jean~'Acre, il e't transporte, a oadewnde, aucoaventdeNaMïeth;eB!)iite. quand t'armée fait sa Mtraite, N eet porté aa camp français sur un brancard. Tantd'ëpfeaves pénibles épuisèrent le peu qui lui restait de forces paydtptM! il expira pendant )a marche au mois de mai )~, hitsaut lit Mpntation d'un homme savant, probe bon ~nefeux et <té<ihteMMë. Les fonctiom difficiles qa'il MmpUeMtt a l'anale tment d<vetueo & M. Am~dée Jottbert. ~pM avons emptanté CM detaNa de la notMe~MgmpMqae sur Ventare, qni est placée en tête de son ouvrage. Elle a pont an. tearM. Joma)-d,membre denMtitat, etc. Ï! yajointia litte des man<Modt< de Ventare qae t'en poMède encore, et a fait imprimer, à ta &a dn vphune, des Itinéraires de l'A&iqae MptenttMaate < MMeStM et aanote~ pat Venture. E–s. DftT T lE'~TtTM JO'UJLLi~iB.J~. ANALYSES CRiTIQUES. Le nord de la Sibérie. ~<y«g'eB<t~~H les peuplades de la ~M~t« asiatique et dans la mer G/ae~e e~t/e~'M par ordre ~M gouvernement russe et exécuté ~air MM. de Wrangel ( aM/oMt~Kt amiral), cAe/e l'expédition, Matiouchkineet Kozmine o~c<c/ de la nMrwe impériale russe; traduit du russe par le jpnnce Emmanuel Galitzin. Paris, i8~3. 2 vol. in-8°, accompagnés d'une carte donnant le résultat géographique de l'expédition, et ornés de deux dessins. Chez Amyot, 6, rue de la Paix. Le titre de ce livre suffit pour causer un violent frisson Le nord de la Sibérie Ce pays eat bien mal tarné pour l'inclémence de son climat on vetfa par la rotation de M. de Wranget, que c'est avec raison et que la partie septentrionale de cette cca. trée inhospitalière est bien pire. C'est pour vériner et constater les découvertes faites précédemment dans la mer Glaciale .au nord d6 FAsie, que i'em. pereur Alexandre ordonna l'expédition dirigée et exécutée par M. de Wrangel. En iS60, sous le règne du tsar Ivan !V, Vasiliévhh, le coaaquè Termalt~ auque! diverses actions condamnables faisaient craindre d'être poursuivi par la justice de son souverain très-redouté pour sa sévérité, franchit les monts Oura!s avec une bande nombreuse de ses compagnons, pénétra dans la Si. bérie occidentale et en fit la conquête. Vers la même époque, des navigateurs anglais avaient voulu arriver par mer à la Chine en passant par le nord de l'Asie ils ne purent atteindre qu'une baie de la mer de Kara située a t'ouest de rembouchuredet'Obi, alaquelte ils croyaient déjft être parvenus. Btentôt les Russes descendinntdt-s Neuves de la Sibérie dans là mer Glaciale; leurs tentatives répétées leur firent connaître tes côtes qui la bordent jusqu'au détroit de Bering à l'ouest, et quelques Mes éparses sur cette longue étendue; mais, matgré ces éSorts continuets, cette ligne immense, quoique visitée dans divers parages par des officicrs de la marine impériale, munis d'instructions très bien rédigées, n'avait pas encore été parcourue d'une manière a ce que 'le résultat des tra. vaux encctués satisHt comp!étement tes géographes. En conséquence les cartes des côtes de la Sibérie présentaient des dinérences conBidérabtes, parce que quetques parties de la côte n'avaient pas encore été visitées et que mainte relation était teti'ement vague et incertaine, que Burney, coMpagnon de Cook dans son second et son troisième voyage, et ba. bile hydrographe (i), avait constamment persisté à croire à l'existence d'un isthme voisin du cap Chélagsk et unissant l'Asie à l'Amérique, au nord du détroit de Bering. Te!s furent les motifs qui décidèrent l'empereur Alexandre à donner rordre que deux officiers de la marine fussent envoyés, l'un à l'embouchure de la Yana l'autre à celle de la Kolima pour reconnattre et relever les c6tes de l'Asie le long de la mer Gla~.ie, les Mes voisines des bouches de Ja Léna dans l'ouest, jusqu'au delà du cap Nord (de Sibérie) vers l'est. M.. Anjou fut chargé de la première expédition M. de Wrangel, de la seconde; tous deux étaient lieutenants de vaisseau. On adjoignit au dernier MM. MaUoucbMne et Kozmine, éga!ement officiers de la marine et M. le docteur Kiber, comme naturaliste. _.)J.cq.e, Burney n.en t, ~t~marine ~t''c.. a écrit dans sa tang. mer du Sud. L. .8.4 .,8,6. vol. i~ Histoire A''<«. Londres, '<'<9. t wot. )n*8*. Nous avons dé{& dbnné dans tes ~«~~ M/M ~M ~<y4jg'M (i), un aperçu treMOcotBCt des beaux travaux de M. de Wfangd. Cette eaqu~e n'a pu qu'inspirer à nos lecteurs un. vif désir d'en connaître Jes détails. M. de Wrangel partit de Pétersbourg le 23 mai 1830 .avec teadeu-KoStCMra qui devaient raccompagna, et avec M. Anjou te 3 avril, on était a Moscou, M. Anjou y resta pour y attendre i'epaqu~ où les chennas seraient entièrement debarrasséa de glaces. M. de Wrangel se hâta de poursuivre m route. De Moscou a Moutsk, dit-it, dans un espace de ~,317 verst ( 5,630 kilomètres ), formant & peine le tiers de la Russie d'occident en <inent nous éprouvAmes ptuaieurs fois le printemps, et plusieurs ~is l'hiver. En nous détournant tant soit peu de notre chemin, nous aurions pu facilement rencontrer le véritable été. A Kazan les arbres M couvraient alors de feuilles et les prés se paraient de Neurs ~nees, tandis q~e les mMïtsOurai et leurs vaHées étaient encore couverts d'un épais tapis de neige. Dans les environs deTobotsk, une herbe-d'un vert paie pointait & peine sur les versants des collines tandis que te printemps embaumé nous souriait dans le romantique Krasnoyarsk qui est plus à i'est, etqu'aÏrkoutsk les jardins étaient entièrement en fleur. Aussitôt que le voyageur a franchi le sommet de FOural, ou, suivant l'expression des Sibériens, la «) Tome l, pagM t5 et )6 de 4' série, ceinture du Mt0~<<e, il se trouve en Sibérie et non moins frappé que surpris de la bonté hospitalière des habitants de ce pays que tant de gens et les étrangers notamment, se représentent comme n'étant, d'une extrémité à l'autre, qu'un désert affreux et peuplé de scélérats. Au contraire, le voyageur qui en visite la partie occidentale y rencontre une riche végétation, des champs bien cultivés, des villages grands et bien faits enfin une s&reté complète et telle qu'on la rencontre rarement dans les états de l'Europe qui s'enorgueillissent le plus de leur civilisation. On nous recevait partout avec une cordialité et un désintéressement parfaits jamais nous n'éprouvâmes de retard aux relais. Tandis que l'on attelait des chevaux frais et que nous nous chauffions dans l'intérieur de !a maison de poste, nos effets demeuraient abandonnés sur le grand chemin, et s'il nous arrivait de témoigner la moindre inquiétude à leur sujet, a 7?a~, nous répondait-on, vous n'avez rien à craindre parmi nous. e Nous citons ces passages avec d'autant ptus de plaisir qu'ils sont d'accord. en tout point, avec les témoignages que nous avons lus dans d'autres relations écrites par des étrangers judicieux et consciencieux. Le 18 mai, M. de Wrangel atteigBitIrkoutsh, capitale de la Sibérie. Il y eut dft fntret!ens avec Hedenstrœm, employé du gouvernement, qui, de 1808 à 1810, avait visité la Nouvelte-Sibérie et reconnu une partie des côtes de la mer Glaciale. Cette expédition fut entreprise aux frais du comte Romanzof, chancelier de l'empire. Ce grand citoyen avait fait précédemment les frais du voyage autour du monde, eue~tué par le navire /e ~M/'tJt commencé par M. Qtton de Kotzebue, oSïcierde la marine impériale. A u commencement de j uin, on vit arriver M. An. jou a~eote porapane!dea deux expéditions et les inatrumeuts ~e 38, Les deux chefs quitteront ensemble Irkoutsk les agrémenta dont ils' y avaient joui firent une impression d'autant plus vive sur leur esprit, que cette ville est la limite du monde civilise, et qu'it a'agiasai~de passer quatre ans dans des déserts glacés. Irkoutsk est au conQuent de rirkout et de FAngora qui vase joindre au leniseî. On chemina par terre jusqu'à Tchagousk, à 66 lieues plus loin sur la rive gauche de la Léna, qui là commence à être navigable. Ce fleuve, dont le cours est de plus de 700 lieues, forme la grande artère qui donne du mouvement à l'intérieur de la Sibérie. Le village de Tchagousk offre l'apparence d'un port, parce que c'est là que s'embarquent les marchandisea et les vivres expédiés -par te gouvernement aux lieux siv tués plus au. nord. Des bateaux de diverses grandeurs servent à cettenavigation; les uns ne peuvent aller qu~t la rame et se font hâter, d'autres mar~ chent aussi à la voile, enfin les plus petits sont destinés aux voyageurs qui peuvent prendre à des relais établis à des distances déterminées, autant de rameurs qu'il y a de chevaux marqués sur la feuille de poste; par ce moyen, on chemine assez vite, surtout en descendant. Ces moyens de communication sont d'autant plus imparfaits que le pays est très-peu peuplé, les. villages étant souvent éloignés les uns des autres de plusieurs centaines de verst. Les établissements les plus septentrionaux en souflrent le plus, car ils n'existent qu'au moyen des approvisionnements qui leur sont amenés du sud une fois par an. Trois fleuves gigantesques, l'Obi, le léniseï, la Lena~ traversant la Sibérie du sud au nord, semblent destinés à porter les denrées et les marchandises des contrées méridionales vers les cantons sep. tentrionaux qui manquent de tout. Ces principales rivières et d'autres moins considérables, qui arrivent également à la mer, reçoivent un nombre prodi" gieux d'affluents au cours sinueux qui généralement sont navigables et se rapprochent beaucoup les uns des autres; de sorte que l'on trouve difficilement, dans le nord de la Sibérie, un seul !ieu habité où il serait impossible d'arriver par eau; cependant quoique l'on mette jusqu'à un certain point ces rivières h profit, la mauvaise construction des bateaux et la quantité insu<Bsante des bateliers sont cause que la navigation est très-lente, et que fréquemment ils font, en hiver, des haltes prolongées. En pareil cas, on transporte en partie par terre une portion des choses les plus nécessaires mais cela est si difficile et si dispendieux, que le prix du peu de marchandises amenées de cette manière, s'accroît & un taux exorbitant et inaccessiMe & la plus grande partie des habitants aussi passent-ils leur vie d!)M des appréhensions continuelles, prévoyant sans cesse ~e moment où Ha souffriront la disette pht: horrible en Sibérie qu'ailleurs. M. deWrange! penss qu'un ba~aH & vapeur éviterait ces inconvénients. Lea forêts de la rive droite de la Lena abondent généralement en animaux à fourrures d'exceUeot~ qualité, tandis qu'Us sont bien moins communs sur la rive gauche, et leurs dépouilles moins iestimees. Cela ytent de l'épaisseur des jtbrAta de la rive droite qui se réunissent aux forêts vierges de la chatne des monts Yablonoy-Stolbovoy, s'étendant de ï'est à Fouest, ïe iong du fleuve et ae rattachant aux monts BaïkaÏs les plus hardis chasseurs n'y ont pas encore pénétre. La rive gauche, au contraire, plus découverte, renferme un plus grand nombre d'établissements, et par conséquent est plus fré'quentée. On donne le nom de pf<MMjfcA/<M<A à ces chasseurs qui font en même temps le commerce et vont à la recherche des dents de mammouth. Malgré la pluie qui, le 9 juiUet tombait par torrents depuis plusieurs heures, les voyageurs virent des forêts en feu; les flammes en dévoraient de longs espaces te long du rivage. Les taillis et les arbres abattus par Je vent étaient déjà consumés en grande partie, mais des pins et des mèlézes gi~anteeques s'élevaient en rangs serrés comme d< piliers embrasés. Plus on s'avançait vers te nord et plus les bords de la Léna devenaient déserts. Les dernières traces d'agriculture et de jardinage disparaissent au delà d'Olekma. Là les habitants n'ont plus pour ressources que l'élève du bétail et la pêche. Excepté les stations, on ne rencontre plus que de misérables villages; l'aspect de leur chétive population est aNigeant les rameurs fournis par les relais étaient cou verts de baillons et étiolés par te besoin et la misère cette remarqué s'<<ppliqMprïh<:ipalement aux paysans ruades que l'on trouve jusqu'à Oulakbani, élotgné de 60 verst de Yakoutsk. Plus loin le paya est baMté par dea Yakouts qui, en étant indigent supportent mieux les rigueurs du climat et les privations de toute espèce triste partage de l'homme qui vit dans ces contrées désolées. Le26 juillet, on entra dans Yakoutsk, après avoir parcouru 366 myriametres depuis Katchgousk. « Ya. koutsk est, dans toute la force du terme, une ville du septentrion. Bâtie sur une plaine aride, à la gauche de la Léna on ne voit dans ses larges rues, aussi froides que leur aspect est morne, quede misérables maisonnettes et de vieilles maisons renfermées entre de hautes clôtures en bois. L'oeil avide d'impressions quelconques a beau errer, il n'aperçoit que poutres et planches, mais pas un arbre, ni le moindre buisson verdoyant t Rien, à notre.arrivée, n'indiquait l'existence d'un été passager sinon l'absence de la neige que l'on est obligé de regretter, car sa blancheur, en hiver fait du moins un contraste avec la teinte grisâtre et unMbrme de tous les objets. Cependant cette ville a fait des progrés depuis trente ans il sunït, pour s'en convaincre, de lire la description que Biltings en a donnée ce navigateur y passa au mois de juin 1786 (t). (') P<~ 4~' ~<y<~Bff<tM n<M~<~ la A<M~ <M<.t<~«e, etc. (T)fàdccti<Mt f~a~uM.) a vot. in.a., <Kec athts; chez etc. (Traduction française.) 2 vol. in. 8. avec. chez Arthu BotMnd. M. de Wrangel fait une description très-piquante de la population de Yakoutsk qui est exclusivement adonnée au trafic des pelleteries. « On m'a assuré, dit-il, qu'il ne se trouve point parmi eux un seul artisan. Au contraire, lesYakouts qui t'habitent et qui autrefois se bornaient à élever du bétail et à pécher, sont devenus des ouvriers très-habUcs. Ils vendent le produit de leur industrie à ces mêmes Russes qui furent jadis leurs mahres, et sous le point de vue moral ils se distinguent par leur intelligence, comme par leur amour de l'ordre et du travail. Les observations de notre voyageur sur les mœurs des habitants d'Yakoutsk ne sont pas moins intéressantes que les précédentes. Comme partout ailleurs, leur existence est monotone, à moins que l'ar rivée d'une parure nouvelle pour cette ville, mais vieille pour le reste de l'univers, ne mette enjeu la passion des dames pour la toilette. Les voyageurs purent, avant la fin de l'été, songer à entreprendre leur pérégrination à la mer G!aciale. M. Anjou et sa troupe s'embarquèrent au commencement d'août sur ta Léna. M. de Wrangel fit prendre les devants à M. Matiouchine, afin qu'il s'occupât a Nijué-Kotimsk des préparatifs de la première expédition. M. Kozmine fut chargé de surveiller, à Yakoutsk, les transports de vivres envoyés à Nijné-Kolimsk, qui devait être le centre des opérations futures. Ensuite M. de Wrangel partit le i2 septembre. Les féftexiona par lesquelles il com~enc~ <?? re. cit sont curieuses; <tïJa route, en sortant 4e têt. koùtst, h'~st praticaMe Ni aux voitures ni m&ne aux traineaux. On né rencontre jusqu'à Ko!~ms~, cotame en général sur toute la snrtao&d~Mmtaenser d~ert~ui embrasse le nord de ta Sibéne~~ûede temps en temps que!què8Bentiera trayés qui tra~ versent tour à tour des terrains marécageux, d'imttx~ioses forêts, de vastes espaces couverts de buissons touffus et serrés, des collines et des montagnes escarpées. C'est donc à cheval seulement que l'on peut atteindre de~ lieux où ie terrain est plus uni, et que des tratneanx, atte!és de rennes ou de chiens, parcourent rapidement. Des relais de chevaux sont étaNis sur la rive droite de la Léna, depuis Yakoutsk jusqu'à A!sana. » Le récit du voyageur fait connaître tous les désagréments auxquels est exposé l'homme qui pénètre dans ces régions inhospitalières. Plus d'une fois it préfera de passer la nuit à l'ombre d'une forêt plutôt que dans une habitation dont la malpropreté révoltait à ta fois la vue et l'odorat. Dés la fin de la première journée, il dormait passablement bien étendu sur une peau d'ours, sous une épaisse cou' · verture fourrée auprès d'un bon feu. Le soleil levant colorait l'horizon~ lorsque M. de Wrangel se réveilla l'air était pur et frais, mais le thermomètre marquait 2 degrés au-dessous de zéro; température qui, pour une toilette faite en plein air, lui parut extrêmement dure, et il frémit en tongeantau froid rigoureux qui l'attendait sur les bords de ta mer Glaciale. Dans divers endroit les chemins étaient devenus presque impraticables à la suite de pluies continuelles on en était dédommagé par la variété des points de vue. La multitude de petits lacs obligeait à faire de longs détours mais, en revanche, elle contribuait à embellir le tableau. Tout dans ces cantons est calme et silencieux; à peine entend-on de temps en temps le sifflement de l'air fendu par le vol rapide de quelque oiseau ou le bruit du feuillage frôlé par un écureuil qui vole de branche en branche. Malgré l'inclémence du climat, cette contrée, qui semble repousser toute tentative de l'homme pour s'y fixer, a été l'objet de disputes acharnées. Un Tongouse, fondateur d'un établissement nommé Miouri d'après lui fut contraint par des Yakoutes, venus du sud, de déguerpir et de se transporter plus au nord. Du reste, ces conquérants ont fait un bon usage de leur succès. On est frappé de la diuérence que l'on remarque entre ce village et le désert qui l'entoure. La prospérité de ce lieu est due en partie à un riche Yakoute, qui y a construit à ses frais deux églises, quoique l'on assure qu'il possède plus de 500,000 roubles, il n'en est pas moins resté fidèle aux coutumes de sa peuplade. On a tant de fois décrit les moeurs desYakoutes, que M. de Wrangel se borne à augmenter de quelques détails très-agréables ce que l'on sait de ce peuple resserré en Sibérie entre d'autres qui n'ont avec tui atK:anea~Mté. M appartient, comme t'en aait, & !a grande famiUe des Turcs qui occupent p!usieUM vastes paya de l'Asie, et dont une branche a fbnde l'empire ottoman a l'extrémité orientale de l'Europe. Le relai d'Atdansh on Gélézinsk est a iaMnute des terrea habitées par lea Yakoutes. On ne lea retrouve ensuite qu'au de!a des monts Verkho-Yaosk, a %0 tnyrtamÈt.rea ptusiom. Tout l'espace intermedtaire est un désert sur tequels'étèvept des montagnes séparées par des vaHées marécageuses, communiquant les unes avec les autres, et dont le trajet est tres-dHBcite. Le i8 septembre, on suivait un sentier à peine frayé a travers un marécage, sur lequel l'ceit attristé cherchait vainement un arbre quelques tertres ) couverts d'une herbe verte, mais rare, en variaient seuls l'uniformité; c'étaient les derniers vestiges de végétation. Jusqu'alors te temps avait été beau; ce jour-là, de longs nuages s'amoncelèrent, il neigea, il grêla, et le thermomètre des. cendit a 2 degrés au-dessous de zéro, Leiendemain~apress'étretiréa grand'peinede~ marais, on s'enfonça dans une forêt de mélêses, de saules et de trembtes; il fallut s'y frayer un passage au milieu dès arbres abattus et des branches entrelacées de ceux qui poussaient vigoureusement. C'était la voie qui conduisait à l'unique endroit où t'en pût passer la rivière gué. Au nord, s~étendaient des montagnes a cimes neigeuses. Le 20, on traversa plusieurs autres rivières moins larges, mais tout aussi rapides. Leurs bords, généralement plats, sont couverts d'arbres déracinés et d'énormes blocs de pierres que les eaux arrachent des hauteurs et entratnent avec violence, surtout en automne. Tout annonçait que l'hiver allait commencer, le thermomètre marquait & degrés au-dessous de zéro; la neige tomba en abondance, bientôt elle revêtit toute la surface de la terre. Cette vue causa de ia joie à M. de Wrangel. a Nos journées, dit-il, étaient tellement ennuyeuses par leur monotonie, que je me réjouis de ce changement si peu agréable d'ailleurs et qui nous donnait un échantillon de la vie nomade ( en hiver ) qui nous était réservée » » Cependant on parvint au pied des monts VerkhoYansk, dont le passage est regardé comme la plus dimcile partie du voyage de Yakoutsk à Nijné-Kolimsk.
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Biographies of People from History
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99,891
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github_open_source_100_2_8316
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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const fs = require("fs");
const path = require('path');
// Hack, we cant import without babel
const js = fs.readFileSync(path.join(__dirname, './darkside.js'), 'utf8');
const str = js.slice(js.indexOf('{'));
const obj = eval('(' + str + ')');
fs.writeFileSync(path.join(__dirname, './darkside.json'), JSON.stringify(obj.colors));
console.log('Done!');
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US-201313789129-A_1
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USPTO
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Public Domain
|
Sectional palletizer with conveyer system
ABSTRACT
An apparatus for stacking and retaining goods such as Christmas trees on a pallet includes a conveyor moving pallets from one end of the conveyor to an opposite end of the conveyor. The conveyor has a stacking section, a clamping section, and an unload section. The stacking section has a stacking bin receiving trees on a pallet positioned within the stacking section, and the clamping section is positioned between the stacking section and the unload section of the conveyor. The clamping sections provides stabilizers for placing a case about the trees and banding reels for wrapping a band about a pallet of trees within the case. The unload section of the conveyor extends from the clamping section and positions a completely stacked and banded pallet of trees thereon while a different pallet is in the clamping section and yet another pallet is in the stacking section.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to the field of conveyor systems, particularly systems that arrange bulky items on a pallet for shipping.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Numerous industries ship goods on pallets, such as simple wood planks connected to either side of supporting risers so that the pallets each have a base that touches the ground and a support surface bearing a load. A space in between the base and the support surface provides an opening through which a fork lift can carry the pallet and load. Utilizing a fork lift to carry pallets of goods from one place to another, however, assumes that the goods are neatly stacked on the pallet and conveniently wrapped in plastic or other strapping material to hold the goods in place during transit.
Certain goods, however, are not amenable to neat stacks on a pallet and may not fit entirely on the pallet at all. Goods that come in non-standard or varying shapes and sizes require particular efforts in packing for transit. One product that is particularly difficult to pack is a Christmas tree that has been cut for seasonal decoration. Christmas trees are shipped long distances after harvesting and require a pallet to support stacks of trees and bands wrapped around the trees and pallets to hold the trees in place. Placing trees on a pallet in a horizontal position and then stretching a banding material around the trees is a time consuming and laborious task.
In systems of the prior art, palletizers that arrange goods on a pallet require extreme amounts of manual labor, especially in the case of a Christmas tree palletizer because the trees are unwieldy yet need to arrive at numerous destinations with limbs intact. The prior art systems, particularly systems packing Christmas trees, require operators to arrange the trees on a single pallet and then slide that pallet to a different area for strapping before being moved by a fork lift to a loading area for shipping. The use of manual labor limits processing to one pallet at a time with no efficiency in processing multiple pallets at once.
There is a need in the art of packing systems for a palletizer that arranges and secures goods of varying shapes and sizes, such as Christmas trees, on a pallet with the option of processing more than one pallet at a time.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An apparatus for packaging Christmas trees on a pallet includes a stacking bin attached to a rail such that the stacking bin slides along the rail, wherein the stacking bin defines a pallet receptacle within the stacking bin for receiving a portable pallet thereon. The apparatus further includes a clamping section attached to the rail at an end opposite the stacking bin, wherein the stacking bin moves back and forth along the rail to and from the clamping section. The stacking bin deposits a pallet of trees into the clamping section. The clamping section defines first slat receptacles for positioning vertical slats onto the pallet of trees and second slat receptacles for positioning horizontal slats onto the pallet of trees. The vertical and horizontal slats form a case about the trees on the pallet.
In another embodiment, an apparatus for stacking and retaining Christmas trees on a pallet includes a stacking bin at a first end of a conveyor, a clamping section at a second end of said conveyor, and a rail on the conveyor receiving casters attached to the stacking bin, allowing the stacking bin to slide along the conveyor to and from the clamping section.
In yet another embodiment, an apparatus for stacking and retaining Christmas trees on a pallet includes a conveyor moving pallets from one end of the conveyor to an opposite end of the conveyor. The conveyor includes a stacking section, a clamping section, and an unload section. The clamping section is positioned between the stacking section and the unload section of the conveyor for wrapping a band about a first pallet of trees. The stacking bin receiving trees on a second pallet positioned within the stacking section while the first pallet is positioned within the clamping section. The unload section of the conveyor extends from the clamping section and positions a third pallet of trees thereon while the first pallet is in the clamping section and the second pallet is in the stacking section.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to the disclosure herein.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 1 with a pallet positioned within the pallet receptacle of a stacking bin.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 2 with a load of Christmas trees stacking onto the pallet.
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 4 with the stacking bin sliding along a rail toward a clamping section of the palletizer.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 4 with the stacking bin positioned over bands within the clamping section of a palletizer as disclosed herein.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 5 receiving vertical slats for forming a case about the load on a pallet.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 6 with the stacking bin retracting from the clamping section.
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 7 with the clamping section compressing the load of Christmas trees and receiving horizontal slats for completing a case about the load on the pallet.
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 8 with the first pallet being banded while a second pallet receives an additional load of trees.
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a palletizer according to FIG. 9 with the first load of trees moving to an unload section of the conveyor and the stacking bin delivering a second load of trees to the clamping section simultaneously.
FIG. 11 is an inset view of the clamping section of a palletizer as disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIGS. 1-10 associated with this disclosure are particularly useful when viewed as time lapse images of the apparatus in use. Each step of each figure illustrates not only a particular function but also particular components that add to the unique construction. Terms used to describe each figure should be construed in their broadest sense and without limitation. The term “palletizer” encompasses all production equipment fitting the description herein without regard for the exact kind of pallet used therein or the product being packaged. Generally, a palletizer is a system that arranges goods on a pallet. Although the system is described as a Christmas tree palletizer in certain examples, such use is not limiting of the invention in any way, and the claims below may be applied to any palletizing equipment used for other goods as well.
Beginning with FIG. 1, the palletizer disclosed herein includes three sections—a stacking section (15), a banding section (25) and an unload section (50). The palletizer (5) includes a conveyor (10), such as, for example, a conveyor belt engaging a rail (23). The term “conveyor” as used in this disclosure is intended to encompass any component that allows a pallet to be moved with reduced friction across a plane. A conveyor, therefore, encompasses rotating belts, chains, or rolling cylinders across which a pallet moves with increased efficiency. Pallets (12) used with the palletizer (5) move along the conveyor from one end (24) to an opposite end (30) of the conveyor (10). At one end (24) of the conveyor (10) oddly shaped, bulky goods such as Christmas trees (46) are placed within a stacking bin (17) that retains the goods in a particular arrangement for moving on a pallet (12) down the conveyor (10).
The stacking bin (17) is within the stacking section (15) at one end (24) of the conveyor (10). The stacking bin (17) includes casters (22), such as wheels, connected to a rail (23) supporting the conveyor (10). The engagement of the casters (22) and the rail (23) allows the stacking bin (17) to move along the rail and therefore along the conveyor. The stacking bin (17) defines a pallet receptacle (20) in which a pallet is placed to receive goods such as, for example, Christmas trees (46). The pallet (12), of course, is portable and removable from the receptacle (20). The stacking bin (17) includes wall sections (14), which, in one non-limiting example, are angled and extend from the pallet receptacle (20). The angled wall sections (14A, 14B) may be pivoted along a base (16) of the stacking bin (17) so that the wall sections are disposed about the goods, such as Christmas trees, and can compress the Christmas trees into a reasonable size and shape for shipping.
The stacking bin (17) slides along the rail (23) toward an opposite end (30) of the conveyor (10) to deposit a pallet (12) into the banding section (25). Because the stacking bin (17) must retract from the banding section (25), the wall sections (14) include open ended extensions (18) that form outwardly extending prongs or fork-like projections that are unobstructed from top to bottom. In other words, the open ended extensions (18) connect at one end to the support beams (13) of the angled wall sections (14A, 14B) and are not connected to anything at an opposite end.
FIG. 1 also shows the details of the clamping section (25). The clamping section receives a pallet (12) along the conveyor (10) at an opposite end of the conveyor (30) compared to the one end (24) discussed above regarding the stacking section (15). The clamping section (25) receives the open ended extensions (18) of the stacking bin (17) and allows the conveyor (10) to position the pallet (12) bearing goods such as Christmas trees such that the pallet receives bands (35) about the pallet (12) and the Christmas trees (46).
Instead of placing the bands (35) directly onto the Christmas trees, the clamping section assists in forming a case about the goods. The palletizer (5) builds a case (FIG. 10, Ref. 52) about the goods by receiving vertical slats (44) and horizontal slats (45) that are stabilized about the pallet (12) and the Christmas trees (46). The clamping section (25), therefore, defines first slat receptacles (26) for positioning the vertical slats (45) therein and second slat receptacles (37) for placing the horizontal slats (45) therein. The slats may be wooden slats, such as 2-by-4 planks or any other elongated structure that can fit around the goods on the pallet (12).
In operation, the pallet (12) of goods such as Christmas trees (46) fits within the banding section (25) on the conveyor (10) after being deposited there by the stacking bin (17) sliding along the rail (23). The banding section (25) includes angled barricades (36A, 36B) on either side of the conveyor (10). The angled barricades (36) pivot in and out toward and away from the conveyor to allow operators to position the horizontal slats (45) and vertical slats (46) in the unit.
The clamping section (25), therefore, defines a passage way (26) serving as a vertical slat receptacle (26). The operator slides the vertical slats (44) into respective vertical slat receptacles (26A, 26B, 26C, 26D) that ultimately are pivoted along with the angled barricades (36A, 36B) toward the pallet of Christmas trees. The four vertical slats (44) are positioned alongside the pallet (12) and squeeze into the goods, or Christmas trees (46). The upper end of each vertical slat receptacle (26A-D), serves as a horizontal slat rest (37A, 37B, 37C, 37D) receiving the horizontal slats (45) forming an upper section of a case about the Christmas trees (46).
The clamping section (25) allows for proper movement of the components of the angled barricades (36A, 36B) so that the banding and case (FIG. 10, Ref. 52) construction can be completed before transporting a pallet of Christmas trees. In this regard, the angled barricades (36A, 36B) are pivoted toward and away from the conveyor (10) via the hydraulic pivot source (32) connected to a riser bar (39). Reference Nos. 36A and 36B denote each entire side of the clamping apparatus (i.e., the composite structures on either side of the conveyor are the “angled barricades (36A, 36B) within the clamping section (25)). The angled barricades (36A, 36B) are each connected to pivots at a lower end adjacent the conveyor. On each side of the conveyor, a respective pair of hydraulic pivot sources (32A, 32C; 32B, 32D) advance and retract a respective riser bar (39A, 39B) by moving the riser bar up and down relative to the conveyor. The riser bars (39A, 39B) push against a respective angled barricade (36A, 36B) to pivot each of the overall angled barricades (36A, 36B) so that upper portions of the angled barricades (36A, 36B) move inward closer to the center of the conveyor (10) as a respective riser bar (39A, 39B) elevates relative to the conveyor. The tops of the angled barricades (36A, 36B) move outward away from the center of the conveyor as the riser bar moves downward toward the conveyor (10).
Each of the barricades (36A, 36B) includes a pair of sliding uprights (28A, 28B, 28C, 28D) that has the freedom to move up and down away from and toward the conveyor (10). Each sliding upright (36A, 36B) is operatively connected to an hydraulic compressor source (31A, 31B) that moves the sliding upright (28A, 28B, 28C, 28D) up and down relative to the conveyor. The sliding uprights (28) mate with and slide relatively to the companion uprights (29A, 29B, 29C, 29D). The sliding uprights connect with compression bars (38A, 38B, 38C, 38D) extending perpendicularly from the sliding uprights so that as the sliding uprights (28A, 28B, 28C, 28D) move up and down toward and away from the conveyor (10), the perpendicular uprights compress the load of Christmas trees on the pallet (12). Compressing the load of trees allows for the banding process to begin.
As shown best in FIG. 2, the clamping section (25) incorporates banding reels (40A, 40B) dispensing bands that wrap around and connect to the case formed by the pallet (12), the vertical slats (44), and the horizontal slats (45). The band (35) extends from the banding reels (40) with one end (42) wrapped around the pallet (12) and the Christmas trees (46).
FIG. 2 further shows a pallet (12) within the pallet receptacle (20) and ready to receive Christmas trees (46). The pallet (12) extends within the stacking bin (17) from a first open section of the stacking bin to a pallet stop (21). A back stop (19) completes the structure of the stacking bin. Also, the band (35A, 35B) for wrapping the pallet (12) and the load of trees extends from the banding reels (40) through band guides (33A, 33B) which are trench structures extending across the conveyor (10) from one of the angled barricades (36A) to an opposite angled barricade (36B). FIG. 3 illustrates the Christmas trees (46) being loaded into the stacking bin (17). As noted above, however, this invention is not limited to stacking only Christmas trees but can be used for other goods that are packed on a pallet for shipping.
FIG. 4 illustrates the stacking bin (17) sliding along the rail (23) via casters (22) to deliver the pallet (12) of Christmas trees to the clamping section (25). In the example shown in FIG. 4, the conveyor (10) moves the pallet (12) toward the clamping section (25), but as noted above the conveyor is just one apparatus used to move the pallet as other instruments (chains, rolling cylinders, and the like) may also be used instead of the conveyor. The pallet (12) slides over the bands (35A, 35B) tucked into the band guides (33A, 33B) extending parallel to one another along respective sections of the conveyor (10). Ultimately, the pallet (12) is positioned over both bands (35A, 35B). A sufficient length of each band (35A, 35B) is dispensed from the banding reels (40A, 40B) to wrap the bands entirely around the pallet (12) and the load of Christmas trees (46). As discussed below, the bands are connected to the case (FIG. 10, Ref. 52) surrounding the load of trees by fastening the bands (35A, 35B) to the vertical and horizontal slats (44A, 44B, 44C, 44D, 45A, 45B) that form the case (52). The fasteners may be staples, nails, screws, or the like and applied either by hand or mechanically to hold the band (35) to the slats of the case that is built about the load of trees.
FIG. 5 illustrates the pallet (12) of Christmas trees (46) positioned entirely within the clamping section (25). In FIG. 5, the angled barricades (36A, 36B) are pivoted outward and away from the conveyor to receive the stacking bin (17) and the pallet (12) of trees. FIG. 6 shows the first step of the process of building a case (FIG. 10, Ref. 52) around the Christmas trees to hold them on the pallet (12) during moving and transit. In the example of FIG. 6, vertical slats (44A-44D) are placed within the vertical slat receptacles (26A-26D). Once the vertical slats are in place within the clamping section, the stacking bin (17) retracts via the casters (22) and rail (23) along the conveyor (10). Full retraction is available because the open ended extensions (18) have no barrier (i.e., the open ended extensions (18) are amenable to slide back out of the stack of trees while leaving the pallet (12) within the clamping section (25). The open ended extensions (18) are removable from the load of Christmas trees without damaging the trees, as shown in FIG. 7. When the stacking section (17) and the open ended projections (18) retract along the conveyor (10) back toward the stacking section (15) of FIG. 1, the pallet of trees is maintained within the clamping section (25) of FIG. 1 and within the angled barricades (36A, 36B).
FIG. 8 shows that the stacking bin (17) moves all the way back to an original position at one end (24) of the conveyor (10). The first pallet (12A) remains in the banding section (25), and the stacking bin (17) receives an empty pallet (12B) for stacking another load of Christmas trees. FIG. 8 also shows that the angled barricades (36) pivot to a substantially vertical position about the first load of Christmas trees on the first pallet (12A) to position the vertical slats (44) about four corners of the first pallet (12A). The compression bars (48A, 48B, 48C, 48D) meet and slide downwardly to compress the load of trees to a uniform shape for building a case about the trees and the pallet. The four vertical slats (44A, 44B, 44C, 44D) provide upright portions of the case (52), and, as shown in FIG. 9, horizontal slats (45A, 45B) provide two cross sections over the top of the load of Christmas trees. The compression bars (48A, 48B, 48C, 48D) press down onto the load of Christmas trees and position the horizontal slats (45A, 45B) over the trees. Ultimately, the bands (35A, 35B) are applied to the case formed by the four vertical slats (44A, 44B, 44C, 44D), the two horizontal slats (45A, 45B), and the pallet (12). Once the bands (35A, 35B) are in place about the pallet (12), the vertical slats (44A, 44B, 44C, 44D), and the horizontal slats (45A, 45B) the banded, cased load on the pallet (12) is moved down the conveyor to an unload section (50) of the conveyer body. As shown in FIG. 10, the next load of trees on a second pallet (12B) is ready to move into the clamping section. Depending on the scenario, the conveyor (10) may hold a pallet in the stacking bin, a different pallet in the clamping section, and a final pallet on the unload section simultaneously.
Given the details above, the clamping section (25) is shown in an inset view in FIG. 11. The sides of the stacking bin (17) and the sides of the angled barricades (36A, 36B) can be moved in and out across the width of the conveyor (10) to accommodate pallets of varying sizes. As shown in FIG. 1, the conveyor assembly includes a first end (24), an opposite end (30), a first side (27), and a second side (34). In one non-limiting example, the first end (24) and opposite end (30) generally define the length dimension of the apparatus, and the first side (27) and the second side (34) generally define the width dimension of the apparatus.
The respective pivot points connecting the conveyor (10) to the stacking bin (17) and the angled barricades (36A, 36B) may be moved relative to the first side (27) and the second side (34) of the conveyor (10) so that the width dimension of the stacking section and the clamping section relative to the width dimension of the conveyor accommodates pallets of varying size. This feature further allows the user to decide whether to orient the pallet (12) on the conveyor so that the runners (11) of the pallet are parallel to the conveyor or perpendicular to the conveyor.
The embodiments of the invention shown in the Figures and discussed above are not intended to be limiting of the invention in any way. The invention is described in more detail through the claims below which are not exhaustive of the overall concept described herein.
The invention claimed is:
1. An apparatus for stacking and retaining Christmas trees on a pallet, the apparatus comprising: a conveyor moving pallets from one end of said conveyor to an opposite end of said conveyor, wherein said conveyor comprises a stacking section, a clamping section, and an unload section, said clamping section positioned between said stacking section and said unload section of said conveyor for wrapping a band about a first pallet of trees; a stacking bin secured to said conveyor and being structured and disposed for receiving trees on a second pallet positioned within said stacking section while the first pallet is positioned within said clamping section, the stacking bin is configured to slide along the conveyor to deliver the second pallet to the clamping section and retract all the way back to the stacking section leaving the second pallet in the clamping section; wherein said unload section of said conveyor extends from said clamping section and positions a third pallet of trees thereon while said first pallet is in said clamping section and said second pallet is in said stacking section; and wherein wrapping a band about the first pallet in the clamping section, receiving trees on the second pallet in the stacking section, and positioning the third pallet in the unload section are simultaneous processes on said conveyor.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a rail on said conveyor receiving casters attached to said stacking bin, allowing said stacking bin to slide along said conveyor to and from said clamping section.
3. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising a pair of banding reels for wrapping said pallet of trees with a band.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the band extends from one side of said clamping section, under the first pallet of trees, and to an opposite side of said clamping section.
5. An apparatus according to claim 4, wherein said stacking bin comprises angled wall sections extending from a pallet receptacle.
6. An apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said angled wall sections pivot about the pallet receptacle to arrange the trees on a pallet into a compressed form..
| 0.815509
| -0.091583
| 1,914
| 7,540
| 118
| 118
|
Mechanical fasteners
| false
|
99,893
|
768162_2001_2
|
SEC
|
Public Domain
|
Ms. Olivia F. Kirtley has served as a director of the Company since 1999. She is a Certified Public Accountant, and is currently Chair of the Board of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Board of Examiners, which oversees the uniform CPA Examination for the United States. The AICPA is the national professional organization for over 350,000 CPAs in business and industry, public practice, government and education. From 1998-1999, Ms. Kirtley served as Chair of the AICPA. Until 2000, Ms. Kirtley was Vice President of Vermont American Corporation, a leading global manufacturer and marketer of power tool accessories, headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky. Ms. Kirtley was with Vermont American over 20 years and held the positions of Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Director of Tax. Ms. Kirtley has served on the Board of Directors of Res Care, Inc. since 1998. She has served on the Board of Directors of Alderwoods Group, Inc. since 2002.
Mr. Richard C. Osborne has served as a director of the Company since 2001. He has been a private equity investor since 2000. From 1989-1999, Mr. Osborne served as Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President of Scotsman Industries, a manufacturer of beverage dispensing equipment, ice machines, display cases, walk-in coolers and refrigeration equipment. He worked in a variety of positions with Scotsman from 1979-1989. Prior to joining Scotsman, Mr. Osborne worked with The Pillsbury Company and General Motors.
All directors of the Company are elected annually. The executive officers are elected annually by, and serve at the discretion of, the Company's Board of Directors. During 2001, the Board of Directors of the Company maintained an Audit Committee, a Compensation Committee and a Stock Option Committee. The members of the Audit Committee were Olivia F. Kirtley, Walter J. Biegler, and Norborne P. Cole, Jr. The Audit Committee met seven times in 2001. The members of the Compensation Committee were Richard C. Osborne, Jean M. Braley, and Norborne P. Cole, Jr. No member of the Compensation Committee was an executive officer of the Company. The Compensation Committee met three times in 2001.
ITEM 11.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information set forth under the caption "Compensation and Certain Transactions" in the Company's proxy statement for its May 15, 2002 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is to be filed with the Commission, sets forth information regarding executive compensation and certain transactions as required in response to this item and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 12.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The information set forth under the captions "Principal Shareholders" and "Election of Directors" in the Company's proxy statement for its May 15, 2002 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is to be filed with the Commission, describes the security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management as required in response to this item and is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 13.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
The information set forth under the caption "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" in the Company's proxy statement for its May 15, 2002 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which is to be filed with the Commission, sets forth information regarding certain relationships and related transactions as required in response to this item and is incorporated herein by reference.
PART IV
ITEM 14.
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K
(a) 1. The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
(1) Financial statements:
The financial statements filed as a part of this report are listed in the "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule" referenced in Item 8.
(2) Financial statement schedule:
The financial statement schedule filed as a part of this report is listed in the "Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Schedule" referenced in Item 8.
(3) Exhibits:
3.1* Registrants Articles of Incorporation and amendments thereto
3.2* Bylaws of the Registrant
4.1* Specimen Common Stock Certificate, $0.01 par value, of Registrant
10.1* Lancer Corporation Profit Sharing Plan
10.2* 1992 Non-Statutory Stock Option Plan
10.3* 1987 Incentive Stock Option Plan
10.4* Master Development Agreement, dated January 12, 1984, between Lancer Corporation and The Coca-Cola Company
10.5* Net Lease Agreement, dated July 1, 1974, between Lancer Corporation and Lancer Properties dated as of June 3, 1977
10.13* Development and Manufacturing Agreement, dated April 13, 1993, between Lancer Corporation and Packaged Ice, Inc.
10.14* Manufacturer's Representation Agreement, dated June 1993, between Lancer Corporation and Middleby Marshall Inc., doing business as Victory - A Middleby Company
10.15* Form of Notice of Grant of Stock Option under the 1987 Incentive Stock Option Plan
10.16* Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the 1992 Non-Statutory Stock Option Plan
10.27++ Credit Agreement, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
10.28++ Term A Note, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
10.29++ Term B Note, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
10.30++ Revolving Note, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
10.31++ Acquisition Note, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and The Boatmen's National Bank of St. Louis
10.32++ Stock Pledge, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank
10.33++ Parent and Affiliate Guaranties, dated July 15,1996, between Lancer Corporation or its subsidiaries and The Frost National Bank
10.34# Lancer Corporation Stock Incentive Plan, Effective Date March 1, 1996
10.35+++ Master Lease Agreement dated September 4, 1996 between Lancer Partnership, Ltd. and CCA Financial, Inc.
10.36## First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated May 12, 1997 between Lancer Partnership, Ltd. and The Frost National Bank and NationsBank, N.A.
10.37## Second Amendment to Credit Agreement dated December 31, 1997 between Lancer Partnership, Ltd. and The Frost National Bank and NationsBank, N.A.
10.38### Third Amendment to Credit Agreement dated July 15, 1998 between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and NationsBank, N.A.
10.39** Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement dated March 15, 1999 between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank and NationsBank, N.A.
10.40*** Seventh Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement dated October 26, 2000 between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, and Whitney National Bank.
10.41*** Security Agreement between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, and Whitney National Bank.
10.42 First Amendment to Seventh Amendment and Restated Credit Agreement between Lancer Corporation and The Frost National Bank, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, and Whitney National Bank.
10.43 Master Lease and Supplement between The Frost National Bank and Lancer Partnership, Ltd.
21.1 List of Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1 Consent of KPMG LLP
* These exhibits are incorporated by reference to the same Exhibit to the Registrant's Registration Statement No. 33-82434 filed on Form S-1 with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission") on August 5, 1994, as amended by Amendment No. 1 to Form S-1 Registration Statement with the Commission on August 23, 1994.
++ These exhibits are incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1995.
+++ This exhibit is incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1996.
# This exhibit is incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Proxy dated April 22, 1996.
## These exhibits are incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1997.
### This exhibit is incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1998.
** This exhibit is incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 1999.
*** This exhibit is incorporated by reference to the Exhibit to the Registrant's Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000.
(b) Reports on Form 8-K: None
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
LANCER CORPORATION
by: /s/ GEORGE F. SCHROEDER George F. Schroeder March 25, 2002 President and CEO
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature Title Date - ------------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------
/s/ ALFRED A. SCHROEDER Chairman of the Board March 25, 2002 - ----------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------- Alfred A. Schroeder Date
/s/ GEORGE F. SCHROEDER President and Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- George F. Schroeder (principal executive officer) Date
/s/ WALTER J. BIEGLER Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- Walter J. Biegler Date
/s/ JEAN M. BRALEY Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- Jean M. Braley Date
/s/ NORBORNE P. COLE, JR. Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ------------------------------ ----------------- Norborne P. Cole, Jr. Date
/s/ OLIVIA F. KIRTLEY Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- Olivia F. Kirtley Date
/s/ RICHARD C. OSBORNE Director March 25, 2002 - ------------------------ ----------------------------- ----------------- Richard C. Osborne Date
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission have been omitted as the schedule are not required under the related instructions, are not applicable,or the information required thereby is set forth in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Board of Directors and Shareholders Lancer Corporation:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lancer Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001 and 2000, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders' equity and comprehensive income (loss), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2001. These consolidated financial statements and consolidated financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and consolidated financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lancer Corporation and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001 and 2000 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2001, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related consolidated financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, effective January 1, 2001, the Company changed its method of accounting for derivative instruments and hedging activities.
KPMG LLP
San Antonio, Texas March 7, 2002
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS December 31, 2001 and 2000
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
ASSETS
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Continued) December 31, 2001 and 2000
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) Years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999
(Amounts in thousands, except share data)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS Years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999
(Amounts in thousands)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
Lancer Corporation (the "Company") designs, engineers, manufactures and markets fountain soft drink and other beverage dispensing systems and related equipment for use in the food service and beverage industry. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its majority-owned subsidiaries, with intercompany balances and transactions eliminated in consolidation.
INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market on a first-in, first-out basis (average cost as to raw materials and supplies) or market (net realizable value).
Certain items in inventory have become obsolete due to technological advances and discontinuation of products. The Company has taken these items into consideration in valuing its inventory.
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives ranging from 5 to 39 years. Long-lived assets are evaluated annually for possible impairment adjustments which may be required. See note 2 for discussion of impairment of Brazilian assets in 1999.
Maintenance, repair and purchases of small tools and dies are expensed as incurred.
INTANGIBLES AND OTHER ASSETS
Intangibles and other assets consist principally of patents and goodwill. Patents are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets using the straight-line method. Goodwill is being amortized using the straight-line method over twenty to thirty years. The Company continually evaluates the carrying value of goodwill as well as the amortization period to determine whether adjustments are required. See note 2 for discussion of impairment of Brazilian assets in 1999.
LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS
The Company owns a 50% interest in a joint venture, Lancer FBD Partnership, Ltd., which manufactures frozen beverage dispensing systems. The investment is accounted for under the equity method. The remaining 50% is owned by the developer of the technology utilized by the joint venture. The joint venture now owns the rights to that technology. (See note 3.)
Also included in long-term investments is an investment in the common stock of Packaged Ice, Inc., a company which sells ice bagger machines manufactured by the Company. Lancer owns less than 10% of the common stock of Packaged Ice, Inc. The investment, accounted for as an available-for-sale security, is recorded at fair value with net unrealized gains and losses reported, net of tax, in other comprehensive income. The fair value is determined by quoted market prices.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
The Company accounts for derivative instruments using the principles of Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities." SFAS No. 133 provides guidance on accounting and financial reporting for derivative instruments and hedging activities. SFAS No. 133 requires the recognition of all derivatives as either assets or liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet, and the periodic measurement of those instruments at fair value. The Company has determined that hedge accounting will not be elected for derivatives existing at January 1, 2001, which consist of interest rate swap agreements. The Company entered into the swap agreements to effectively fix the interest rate on a portion of its debt in order to lessen the Company's exposure to floating rate debt. Future changes in the fair value of those derivatives will be recorded in income. The adoption of SFAS No. 133 as of January 1, 2001, resulted in a cumulative-effect-type expense to other comprehensive income of $51,000 which will be recognized in interest expense over the term of the interest rate swap agreements ranging from 11 months to 24 months. As of December 31, 2001, the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements was a liability of $379,000, which is included in accrued expenses in the accompanying financial statements. During 2001, the Company recognized in interest expense $37,000 relating to the transition adjustment and $328,000 relating to the change in the fair value of the interest rate swap agreements, respectively.
NET EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share is calculated using the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and diluted earnings per share is calculated assuming the issuance of common shares for all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the reporting period. The dilutive effect of stock options approximated 187,727, 165,146, and 0 shares in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively. Options to purchase approximately 132,250, 293,875 and 110,750, shares in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively, were outstanding but were not included in the computation because the exercise price is greater than the average market price of the common shares.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
Revenue is recognized in accordance with the following methods:
(a) At time of shipment for all products except for those sold under agreements described in (b); (b) As produced and at time of title transfer, for certain products manufactured and warehoused under production and warehousing agreements with certain customers.
The Company has entered into an agreement with its major customer to receive partial reimbursement for design and development. The reimbursement is offset against cost on a percentage of completion basis. In addition, the Company has agreed to provide exclusive rights for use of certain tools to its major customer. These tools are included in fixed assets and are depreciated over the life of the asset. The corresponding license and maintenance fees are recorded as deferred income and recognized over the life of the agreement which approximates the life of the corresponding asset.
INCOME TAXES
Amounts in the financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles SFAS No. 109, "Accounting for Income Taxes." Under SFAS No. 109, deferred taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recognized for tax purposes. These deferred taxes are measured by applying currently enacted tax rates.
Provision for U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries is made only on those amounts in excess of the funds considered to be permanently reinvested.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Company-sponsored research and development costs are expensed as incurred and totaled approximately $2.4 million, $2.9 million and $2.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSLATION
Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in a local currency environment are translated to U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates. Income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. Translation adjustments are accumulated in a separate component of shareholders' equity. Inventories, plant and equipment and other non-monetary assets and liabilities of non-U.S. subsidiaries that operate in U.S. dollars are translated at approximate exchange rates prevailing when acquired. All other assets and liabilities are translated at year-end exchange rates. Inventories charged to cost of sales and depreciation are translated at historical exchange rates. All other income and expense items are translated at average rates of exchange prevailing during the year. For those companies that operate in U.S. dollars, gains and losses that result from translation are included in earnings.
STOCK COMPENSATION PLANS
The Company utilizes the intrinsic value method required under provisions of APB Opinion No. 25 and related interpretations in measuring stock-based compensation for employees. In addition, the required pro forma disclosures of net income and net income per share as if the fair value method of accounting for stock based compensation had been applied under SFAS No. 123 "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" are made in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. (See note 6.)
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The Company has adopted SFAS No. 130, "Reporting Comprehensive Income." SFAS No. 130 establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income and its components in a full set of financial statements. Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net earnings (loss), currency translation adjustment, unrealized gain (loss) on investment, and unrealized loss on derivative instruments and is presented in the consolidated statements of shareholders' equity and comprehensive income. The Statement requires additional disclosures in the consolidated financial statements but it does not affect the Company's financial position or results of operations.
USE OF ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
RECLASSIFICATIONS
Certain amounts in the consolidated financial statements for prior years have been reclassified to conform with the current year's presentation.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
SFAS No. 141, "Business Combinations," issued in June 2001, establishes accounting and reporting standards for business combinations. This statement eliminates the pooling-of-interests method of accounting for business combinations and requires all business combinations to be accounted for using the purchase method. The Company adopted SFAS No. 141 on July 1, 2001. The adoption of SFAS No. 141 did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
SFAS No. 142, "Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets," issued in June 2001, establishes accounting and reporting standards for acquired goodwill and other intangible assets. This statement addresses how goodwill and other intangible assets that are acquired or have already been recognized in the financial statements should be accounted for. Under this statement goodwill and certain other intangible assets will no longer be amortized, but will be required to be reviewed periodically for impairment of value. The Company has approximately $1.6 million of goodwill, net of accumulated amortization, at December 31,2001. Amortization expense related to goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2001 was $163,000. The Company will adopt SFAS No. 142 on January 1, 2002. The Company is assessing the impact of SFAS No. 142 on its financial statements and believes the adoption of SFAS No. 142 will not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
SFAS No. 143, "Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations," issued in June 2001, establishes financial accounting and reporting for obligations associated with the retirement of tangible long-lived assets and the associated asset retirement costs. The standard applies to legal obligations associated with the retirement of long-lived assets that result from the acquisition, construction, development and (or) normal use of the asset. The Company is required and plans to adopt the provisions of SFAS No. 143 for the quarter ending March 31, 2003. To accomplish this, the Company must identify all legal obligations for asset retirement obligations, if any, and determine the fair value of these obligations on the date of adoption. The Company believes the adoption of SFAS No. 143 will not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
SFAS No. 144, "Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets," issued in August 2001, addresses financial accounting and reporting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. This Statement supersedes SFAS No. 121, "Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of". However, it retains the fundamental provisions of Statement 121 for (a) recognition and measurement of the impairment of long-lived assets to be held and used and (b) measurement of long-lived assets to be disposed of by sale. The Company is required and plans to adopt the provisions of SFAS No. 144 beginning January 1, 2002. The Company believes the adoption of SFAS No. 144 will not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.
2. IMPAIRMENT OF BRAZILIAN ASSETS
As a result of the continuing poor business conditions in much of Latin America, the Company has substantially reduced its manufacturing operations in Brazil. Accordingly, the Company's inventory, manufacturing equipment and goodwill in Brazil has been written-down to net realizable value. The write-down resulted in a pre-tax charge of approximately $6.0 million during 1999. The amount of the write-down was determined based on both internal and external independent valuations.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
3. INVESTMENT IN JOINT VENTURE
Summarized financial data for investment in joint venture is as follows (amounts in thousands):
The Company's 50% share of net earnings, after elimination of profit in ending inventory, is included in other income. The Company purchases substantially all equipment manufactured by the joint venture as it is produced.
4. INCOME TAXES
An analysis of income tax expense (benefit) follows (amounts in thousands):
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities that give rise to significant portions of the net deferred tax liability relate to the following (amounts in thousands):
In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Based on the expectation of future taxable income and that the deductible temporary differences will offset existing taxable temporary differences, management believes it is more likely than not the Company will realize the benefits of these deductible differences at December 31, 2001.
The actual tax expense (benefit) differs from the "expected" tax expense (benefit) (computed by applying U.S. Federal corporate rate of 34% to earnings before income taxes) as follows (amounts in thousands):
In accordance with SFAS No. 109, no federal and state income taxes have been provided for the accumulated undistributed earnings of the DISC as of December 31, 1992. On December 31, 1992, the accumulated undistributed earnings of the DISC totaled $2.4 million. Should the DISC terminate in the future, SFAS No. 109 would require federal and state income taxes to be provided. Such a provision would result in a federal and state income tax charge to the financial statements, thereby increasing the Company's effective tax rate.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company elected to treat the Brazilian subsidiary as a partnership for U.S. tax purposes for the year ended December 31, 1999. This election has enabled the Company to recognize for U.S. income tax purposes a loss of $7.7 million on its investment in the Brazilian operation. The Internal Revenue Service (the "Service") is examining the Company's U.S. income tax return for 1999 including the deduction of the loss on its investment in the Brazilian operation, and has proposed the disallowance of the deduction. The Company believes that the Service's proposal is without merit, and intends to vigorously defend its position. The Company does not believe that any significant adjustments will be required as a result of this examination.
Actual net Federal income taxes (refunded) paid were approximately $0.0, ($3.0) million, and ($0.3) million for 2001, 2000, and 1999, respectively.
5. LONG-TERM DEBT AND LINE OF CREDIT WITH BANKS
The Company also has a $30.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Facility") from three banks. Borrowings under the Revolving Facility are based on certain percentages of accounts receivable and inventories. The Revolving Facility is collateralized by substantially all of the Company's assets in the United States. Amounts outstanding under the revolving facility were $15.6 million at December 31, 2001 and $21.0 million at December 31, 2000. There was $5.4 million available under the Revolving Facility on December 31, 2001. Interest accrues at a rate based upon either LIBOR or upon the Banks' prime rate. The weighted average interest rate was 4.24% as of December 31, 2001. The Revolving Facility expires July 15, 2003.
The note payable to the seller of the Company's Brazil subsidiary was due on December 31, 2001. Because of the unfavorable business conditions in Brazil, the holder of the note has not demanded payment of the amount due. The Company has not repaid the $1.196 million balance pending discussions with the holder of the note to restructure the debt.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Annual maturities on long-term debt outstanding at December 31, 2001 are as follows (amounts in thousands):
To manage its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, the Company has entered into interest rate swap agreements (the "Swap Agreements") for a combined notional principal amount of $10.0 million. Interest rate swap agreements involve the exchange of interest obligations on fixed and floating rate debt without the exchange of the underlying principal amounts. The difference paid or received on the swap agreement is recognized as an adjustment to interest expense. The Company's Swap Agreements provide that the Company pay fixed interest rates ranging from 5.98% to 6.23%, while receiving a floating rate payment equal to the three month LIBOR rate determined on a quarterly basis with settlement occurring on specific dates. While the Company has credit risk associated with this financial instrument, no loss is anticipated due to nonperformance by the counterparties to these agreements because of the financial strength of the financial institution involved.
The Credit Facilities and the Revolving Credit Facility require that the Company maintain certain financial ratios and other covenants. The Company is in compliance with all of these financial ratios and covenants as of December 31, 2001.
Actual interest paid was approximately $3.0 million, $3.2 million and $3.6 million in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
6. EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
COMMON STOCK OPTIONS
The Company has stock option plans under which incentive and non-qualified options may be granted. Options are granted at the market price per share at the grant date. Options generally become exercisable in 20% increments beginning on the grant date and expire five years from the grant date.
A summary of transactions for all options follows:
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
A summary of exercisable options follows:
The Company has adopted the disclosure-only provisions of SFAS No. 123. Accordingly, no compensation has been recognized for the stock option plans. If the Company had elected to recognize compensation cost based on the fair value of the options granted at grant date as prescribed by SFAS No. 123, net earnings (loss) and net earnings (loss) per share would have been adjusted to the pro forma amounts indicated in the table below (amounts in thousands, except share data):
The fair value of each option granted in 2001, 2000 and 1999 is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SELF-INSURED MEDICAL PLAN
The Company maintains a self-insurance program for major medical and hospitalization coverage for employees and their dependents which is partially funded by payroll deductions. The Company has provided for both reported, and incurred but not reported, medical costs in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company has a maximum liability of $75,000 per employee / dependent per year. Amounts in excess of the stated maximum are covered under a separate policy provided by an insurance company.
WORKERS' COMPENSATION COVERAGE
The Company is self-insured for all workers' compensation claims submitted by employees for on-the-job injuries. The Company has provided for both reported, and incurred but not reported, costs of workers' compensation coverage in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
In an effort to provide for catastrophic events, the Company carries an excess indemnity policy for workers' compensation claims. All claims paid under the policy are subject to a deductible of $500,000 to be paid by the Company. Based upon the Company's past experience, management believes that the Company has adequately provided for potential losses. However, multiple occurrences of serious injuries to employees could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position or its results of operations.
EMPLOYEE PROFIT SHARING PLAN
The Company has established an employee profit sharing and 401(k) plan, which covers substantially all United States employees who meet the eligibility requirements. Participants may elect to contribute up to 15% of their annual wages, subject to certain IRS limitations. The Company matches employee 401(k) contributions to the plan at a rate of 50% of the first 6% of the salary contributed to the plan through salary deferral. In addition, the Company, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, may make profit sharing contributions to the plan. The accompanying consolidated statements of income for the years ended December 31, 2001, 2000 and 1999 include Company contributions to the plan of approximately $0.2 million, $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively.
The Company is also required to make contributions to a defined contribution plan for the employees of Lancer Pacific Pty. Ltd. Contributions during 2001, 2000 and 1999 totaled approximately $0.1 million, $0.2 million, and $0.1 million, respectively.
7. LEASES
The Company rents a building, in which a portion of its manufacturing facilities are located, under an operating lease from a partnership controlled by certain shareholders. The month-to-month agreement provides for monthly rental payments of $7,400, and the payment of real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance expenses.
At December 31, 2001, future minimum lease payments required under all noncancelable operating leases are as follows (amounts in thousands):
Total rental expense was approximately $1.3 million, $2.5 million and $2.8 million in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The Company is party to agreements to provide warehousing space and services for certain of its customers. Rental income related to the warehousing agreements totaled approximately $1.7 million, $1.2 million and $1.1 million in 2001, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
8. LONG-TERM RECEIVABLES
Long-term receivables are interest bearing and include approximately $0.4 million and $0.5 million due from officers as of December 31, 2001 and 2000, respectively.
9. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The Company is required to disclose estimated fair value of its financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for which it is practicable to estimate fair value. The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair market value of each class of financial instrument for which it is practicable to estimate that value.
CASH, TRADE RECEIVABLES, AND TRADE PAYABLES
The carrying amounts of the Company's cash, trade receivables and trade payables approximate market value.
LONG-TERM RECEIVABLES
The carrying amount of the Company's notes receivable approximates fair market value based on the actual interest rates paid on the interest bearing notes.
LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS
Long-term investments, excluding investment in joint venture, are stated at approximate market value based upon the current nature of the investments. The Company's investment in Packaged Ice, Inc. was written-down by $279,000 to the fair market value at December 31, 2001.
DEBT
The carrying amount of the Company's long-term debt and short-term debt approximate market value as the rates are variable or are fixed at current market rates.
SWAP AGREEMENTS
The carrying amount of the Company's interest rate swap agreements approximate market value. The fair market value of interest rate swap agreements was approximately $(0.4) million as of December 31, 2001.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
10. ACQUISITIONS
During the second quarter of 1999, the Company acquired certain assets and liabilities of Allbar Manufacturing, an Australian company, for approximately $1.7 million. The Company funded the purchase with $1.5 million of bank borrowings denominated in Australian dollars, and with cash on hand. The acquisition has been accounted for by the purchase method, and accordingly, the results of operations of Allbar have been included in the Company's consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired $0.5 million has been recorded as goodwill, and is being amortized over 20 years. The operating results of the Company would not have been significantly different had the acquisition occurred at the beginning of 1999.
During the third quarter of 1999, the Company formed Lancer Ice Link, LLC. Lancer Ice Link is a joint venture formed to develop and commercialize ice transport technology. The Company's partner contributed intellectual property rights in return for a 40% ownership interest. The Company owns the remaining 60%, and has agreed to fund certain development costs incurred by the joint venture. Lancer Ice Link's financial statements are consolidated with those of the Company. 40% of the losses of Lancer Ice Link have been recorded as income from minority interest in the Company's Consolidated Statements of Operations.
11. SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET AND INCOME STATEMENT INFORMATION
Inventory components are as follows (amounts in thousands):
Accrued expenses consist of the following (amounts in thousands):
12. CONTINGENCIES
The Company is a party to various lawsuits and claims generally incidental to its business. The ultimate disposition of these matters is not expected to have a significant adverse effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
13. QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION (UNAUDITED)
The fourth quarter of 2001 includes an impairment loss of $0.3 million related to the Company's investment in Packaged Ice, Inc. The following table reflects the quarterly results for 2001 and 2000 (in thousands except for share data):
14. SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The Company and its subsidiaries are engaged in the manufacture and distribution of beverage dispensing equipment and related parts and components. The Company manages its operations geographically. Sales are attributed to a region based on the ordering location of the customer.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
All intercompany revenues are eliminated in computing revenues and operating income. The corporate component of operating income represents corporate general and administrative expenses. Identifiable assets are those assets identified with the operations in each geographic area.
Substantially all revenues result from the sales of products and services associated with beverage dispensing. The products can be divided into four major categories: (i) fountain soft drink and citrus dispensers; (ii) post-mix dispensing valves; (iii) beer dispensing systems; and (iv) other products and services as follows (Amounts in thousands):
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following provides information regarding net sales to major customers, domestically and internationally (amounts in thousands):
In addition to sales made directly to The Coca-Cola Company, substantially all sales to other entities are significantly influenced by The Coca-Cola Company. Any disruption or change in the relationship with The Coca-Cola Company could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations of the Company.
LANCER CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SCHEDULE II
RESERVE ACCOUNT.
| 0.056682
| -0.52174
| 993
| 3,907
| 29
| 29
|
Financials & Corporate Structure
| false
|
99,894
|
379688_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Vlastimil Babula (* 2. října, 1973, Uherský Brod) je český mezinárodní šachový velmistr (od roku 1998), mistr České republiky z roku 1993 a 2008.
Vlastimil Babula obsadil roku 1993 čtvrté místo na juniorském mistrovství Evropy a druhé na juniorském mistrovství světa. Zvítězil na velmistrovských turnajích ve Zlíně (1995), v Lázních Bohdaneč (1995), v Zalakarosu (1998), v Štýrském Hradci (2002 a 2003), v Pardubicích (2003), a v Olomouci (2004). Na vyřazovacím mistrovství světa v šachu roku 1999 v Las Vegas, kam se probojoval po vítězství v pásmovém turnaji v Krynici 1998, prohrál již v prvním kole. V letech 1994 až 2008 reprezentoval Českou republiku na osmi šachových olympiádách.
V roce 2013 obsadil druhé místo v mezinárodním šachovém turnaji Open Teplice.
Reference
Externí odkazy
Šachoví velmistři
Čeští šachisté
Šachisté České šachové extraligy
Narození v roce 1973
Žijící lidé
Muži
Narození 2. října
Narození v Uherském Brodě
Sportovci z Uherského Brodu.
| 0.376249
| -0.31739
| 1,388
| 5,592
| 222
| 222
|
People Profiles
| false
|
99,895
|
github_open_source_100_2_8317
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package com.jamie.im.admin.dto;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.experimental.Accessors;
/**
* @author: jamie
* @since v:1.0.0
**/
@Data
@Accessors(chain = true)
public class Role{
/**
* id
*/
private String id;
/**
* 名称
*/
private String name;
/**
* 描述
*/
private String description;
/**
* 后台用户数量
*/
private Integer adminCount;
/**
* 启用状态：0->禁用；1->启用
*/
private Integer status;
private Integer sort;
}
| 0.458127
| 0.851491
| 3,822
| 15,197
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,896
|
sn98060266_1944-05-19_1_3_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
EXTENSION HEWS 4.-3 GLIB--This has been 4-H Club Mobilization Week for the Matanuska Valley. Enthusiasm is running unusually high this year for participation in the various projects offered; specifically, these are: Baking (first, second, and third year): Clothing (first, second, third, fourth, and fifth year) Meal Preparation (first and second year); Canning; Room Improvement; Health; Camp Cookery; Wild Flower; Land Improvement; Handicraft; Rural Electrification; Potato; Garden; Livestock; Poultry; and Rabbit. Mrs. Anna H. Diamond and Mr. William M. Rogers are in charge of the enrollment. Work on the following projects, under capable leadership, is already under way; Rural Electrification; Garden; Poultry; Camp Cookery; Baking; Handicraft; Cloth; and Health. In connection with the Baking Project, Mr. Diamond offers the following helpful hints, learned through her own experience and proved by post satisfactory results: In baking pumpkin and custard pies, the oven should be kept at a moderate temperature and the filling should never be allowed to boil but should be cooked just long enough to result in a creamy consistency. WAS.ELLA HANDICAP CLUB meets on Tuesday, May 22 at the home of Mrs. Broun. Boys and girls 14 to 21 years who have... had two years of 4-K Club.” Work are eligible and can now sign up for the RURAL ELECTRICIFICATION PROJECT. See Mr. Rogers, Extension Agent or VJ.CJtlau, group leader. S:oker POSTPOINT The smoker that was scheduled for May 20 has been postponed. It will probably be held later in the summer. A L. ICING-7AAI SPECIAL COURTEOUS SERVICE TH A COMFORTABLE CAP FULLY UlSulSuD SOUPED DRIVER AI3ULAITCE SERVICE STAMD AT THE HON-DA-VOO OAF, ?£ A EL WHITE LAUNC ,Y PATRONISE YOUR HOME SERVICE VE A.% ‘PREPARED TO TAEL CaR>; OF 'MR LttTODHY Al© DO IT THE RIGHT WAY. WE WILL CALL FOR AMD DELIVER HURDLES. >J< V jjc if. >,: r> n r. ■' ' \Ub Cl CLEAN CLOTHES LIST LO' Ti ' R C5,EA!I OUT YOUR CLOSLT ,Ji LEAVE CLOTHES AT THE PEARL WHITE LAUNDRY PROMPT AND CAREFUL SERVICE OLSEN BROS. CLEANERS Ai CHORAGE r jr»/ hlk Walter cooper, owner DAILY ROUND TRIPS TO ANCHORAGE Lof ve P&il ’.or----O'. J A. M. Leave Anc' arage----r--—j:j0 F. M. r> r DI A U 7 Y See Lou for the latest Koir-c'o. (* - /KAtfSFiK C.H. jVIEJHK PA i jVJ £ ft' «TftU(r'Klj% BO>; 1745 ALASKA.
| 0.557114
| -0.571559
| 881
| 3,555
| 233
| 233
|
Mining & Industry
| false
|
99,897
|
github_open_source_100_2_8318
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
(function () {
'use strict';
describe('organization-summary-tile directive', function () {
var $httpBackend, element, controller, notificationCalled;
var clusterGuid = 'guid';
var organizationGuid = 'organizationGuid';
var organization = {
metadata: {
guid: organizationGuid,
created_at: '2016-10-28T14:48:48Z',
updated_at: null
},
entity: {
name: organizationGuid,
billing_enabled: false,
quota_definition_guid: '84f213bb-ef1f-49ce-913b-3794905e32ee',
status: 'active',
quota_definition: {
metadata: {
guid: '84f213bb-ef1f-49ce-913b-3794905e32ee',
created_at: '2016-10-28T12:54:11Z',
updated_at: null
},
entity: {
name: 'default',
non_basic_services_allowed: true,
total_services: 100,
total_routes: 1000,
total_private_domains: -1,
memory_limit: 10240,
trial_db_allowed: false,
instance_memory_limit: -1,
app_instance_limit: -1,
app_task_limit: -1,
total_service_keys: -1,
total_reserved_route_ports: 0
}
},
spaces: [],
users: [],
managers: [],
billing_managers: [],
auditors: []
}
};
var modelOrganization = {
details: {
guid: organizationGuid,
org: organization
},
spaces: ['test']
};
var organizationNames = [];
var userGuid = 'userGuid';
beforeEach(module('templates'));
beforeEach(module('console-app'));
beforeEach(module({
frameworkAsyncTaskDialog: function (content, context, actionTask) {
return {
content: content,
context: context,
actionTask: actionTask
};
},
frameworkDialogConfirm: function (spec) {
return spec.callback();
},
appNotificationsService: {
notify: function () {
notificationCalled = true;
}
},
$state: {
go: angular.noop,
get: function () {
return {data: {}};
},
current:{
ncyBreadcrumb: {
parent: angular.noop
}
}
}
}));
function initController($injector, role) {
$httpBackend = $injector.get('$httpBackend');
var $stateParams = $injector.get('$stateParams');
$stateParams.guid = clusterGuid;
$stateParams.organization = organizationGuid;
var cfOrganizationModel = $injector.get('cfOrganizationModel');
_.set(cfOrganizationModel, 'organizations.' + clusterGuid + '.' + organizationGuid, modelOrganization);
_.set(cfOrganizationModel, 'organizationNames.' + clusterGuid, [organizationGuid]);
var spaceGuid = 'spaceGuid';
var authModelOpts = {
role: role,
userGuid: userGuid,
cnsiGuid: clusterGuid,
spaceGuid: spaceGuid,
orgGuid: organizationGuid
};
mock.cloudFoundryModel.Auth.initAuthModel($injector, authModelOpts);
var $compile = $injector.get('$compile');
var contextScope = $injector.get('$rootScope').$new();
contextScope.clusterGuid = clusterGuid;
contextScope.organization = modelOrganization;
contextScope.organizationNames = organizationNames;
var markup = '<organization-summary-tile ' +
'cluster-guid="clusterGuid" ' +
'organization="organization" ' +
'organization-names="organizationNames">' +
'</organization-summary-tile>';
element = angular.element(markup);
$compile(element)(contextScope);
contextScope.$apply();
controller = element.controller('organizationSummaryTile');
}
afterEach(function () {
$httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingExpectation();
$httpBackend.verifyNoOutstandingRequest();
});
describe('admin user', function () {
beforeEach(inject(function ($injector) {
initController($injector, 'admin');
}));
it('init', function () {
expect(element).toBeDefined();
expect(controller).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.clusterGuid).toBe(clusterGuid);
expect(controller.organizationGuid).toBe(organizationGuid);
expect(controller.organization).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.appUtilsService).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.showCliCommands).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.cardData).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.getEndpoint).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.keys).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.actions).toBeDefined();
expect(controller.actions.length).toEqual(2);
});
it('should have edit organization enabled', function () {
expect(controller.actions[0].disabled).toBe(false);
});
it('should have delete organization disabled', function () {
expect(controller.actions[1].disabled).toBe(true);
});
it('should send request when user edited organization', function () {
$httpBackend.expectPUT('/pp/v1/proxy/v2/organizations/organizationGuid').respond(201, organization);
$httpBackend.expectGET('/pp/v1/proxy/v2/organizations/organizationGuid/spaces?inline-relations-depth=1').respond(200, {resources: [] });
var editOrgAction = controller.actions[0];
var asynTaskDialog = editOrgAction.execute();
asynTaskDialog.actionTask({
name: 'org1'
});
$httpBackend.flush();
});
it('should send request when user deleted organization', function () {
$httpBackend.expectDELETE('/pp/v1/proxy/v2/organizations/organizationGuid').respond(200, {});
var deleteOrgAction = controller.actions[1];
deleteOrgAction.execute();
$httpBackend.flush();
expect(notificationCalled).toBe(true);
});
});
describe('non admin user', function () {
beforeEach(inject(function ($injector) {
initController($injector, 'space_developer');
}));
it('should have no actions', function () {
if (controller.actions) {
expect(controller.actions.length).toBe(0);
} else {
expect(controller.actions).not.toBeDefined();
}
});
});
});
})();
| 0.291147
| 0.832666
| 3,753
| 15,058
| 291
| -1
|
Web Application/Server
| false
|
99,898
|
2254768_1
|
courtlistener
|
Public Domain
|
58 Cal. Rptr. 3d 662 (2007)
150 Cal. App. 4th 622
Paul ORR, Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.
CITY OF STOCKTON, Defendant and Appellant.
No. C050196.
Court of Appeal of California, Third District.
May 4, 2007.
*664 Richard E. Nosky, Jr., City Attorney, Shelley L. Green, Deputy City Attorney, for Defendant and Appellant.
Tabak Law Firm and Stewart M. Tabak for Plaintiff and Respondent.
*663 DAVIS, Acting P.J.
In this appeal, we conclude that the filing of a petition to perpetuate testimony or preserve evidence under Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 et seq. does not constitute the filing of a "suit" for purposes of satisfying the six-month statute of limitations set forth in Government Code section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), of the California Tort Claims Act. (Gov.Code, § 900 et seq.; hereafter, the Tort Claims Act.) Consequently, we reverse.
Background
On May 12, 2002, plaintiff Paul Orr (Orr) was involved in an automobile collision with a City of Stockton (City) police officer who was driving a patrol car.
On October 16, 2002, Orr filed a petition to perpetuate testimony and/or preserve evidence (Petition to Preserve Evidence or Petition) related to the collision. (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.010 et seq.; formerly, the substantively identical Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.)[1] Orr sought evidence of police radio communications around the time of the collision. A hearing on the Petition was slated for November 26, 2002. Orr took the Petition off calendar, without prejudice, after the City agreed to provide Orr the requested information (the City provided this information on January 14, 2003, after Orr sent the City a reminder letter a week earlier).
On October 17, 2002, Orr presented a claim to the City under the Tort Claims Act. (Gov.Code, §§ 905, 910.)[2] The City notified Orr on December 5, 2002, that it had rejected his claim. This notice contained a "Warning," that stated: "Subject to certain exceptions, you will have only six (6) months from the date this notice was personally delivered or deposited in the mail to file a court action on your state law claims. See Government Code section 945.6."
Orr filed a document entitled "First Amended Complaint for Damages and to Perpetuate Testimony" (First Amended Complaint) on August 4, 2003, which was nearly two months after the six-month statute of limitations (§ 945.6) specified in the claim rejection notice. This was the first pleading denominated a complaint that Orr filed.
The City demurred to the First Amended Complaint, citing the six-month statute of limitations set forth in section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1). Orr countered that his Petition to Preserve Evidence constituted an "action" that satisfied this statute of limitations. Orr also stated that, should it be necessary, he could amend the complaint to allege waiver and/or estoppel against the City. The trial court sustained the City's demurrer with leave to amend.
Orr then filed a second amended complaint and the City similarly demurred on *665 statute of limitations grounds. This time, though, the trial court overruled the City's demurrer, concluding that "[u]nder Code of Civil Procedure section 363 a special proceeding is included in the statutory use of the word `action.' Government Code section 945.6 utilizes the word `action' relating to a civil proceeding. The cases have allowed prematurely filed actions against public entities to be deemed timely filed for purposes of compliance with the statute of limitations. [Citations.] The Petition to [Preserve Evidence] filed October 16, 2002[,] was sufficient to meet the purposes of Government Code § 945.6; use of a `petition' versus `a complaint' does not constitute a fatal defect to Plaintiffs' claim."
The City then answered Orr's second amended complaint, trial occurred, and the jury returned a verdict against the City for $221,218.62.
Based on the statute of limitations issue, the City appealed.[3]
Discussion
The dispositive issue in this appeal is whether the filing of a petition to perpetuate testimony or preserve evidence under Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 et seq. (formerly Code of Civil Procedure section 2035) constitutes the filing of a "suit" for purposes of satisfying the six-month statute of limitations set forth in section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), of the Tort Claims Act. We conclude it does not.
Our analysis turns solely on the interpretation of section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), a question of law which we determine independently. (See Librers v. Black (2005) 129 Cal. App. 4th 114, 124, 28 Cal. Rptr. 3d 188.)
Our analysis, then, must begin with the words of section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1). Our objective in interpreting a statute is to determine the Legislature's intent so as to effectuate the law's purpose. (Professional Engineers v. Wilson (1998) 61 Cal. App. 4th 1013, 1019, 72 Cal. Rptr. 2d 111.) We turn first to the words of the statute at issue, and give those words their usual and ordinary meaning unless special definitions are provided. (Id. at pp. 1019-1020, 72 Cal. Rptr. 2d 111.) If the meaning of the words is clear, then the language controls; if not, we may use various interpretative aids. (Id. at p. 1020, 72 Cal. Rptr. 2d 111.)
Section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), provides in relevant part:
"(a) [A]ny suit brought against a public entity on a cause of action for which a claim is required to be presented in accordance with [the Tort Claims Act] must be commenced:
"(1) If written notice is given in accordance with section 913 [i.e., written notice *666 of claim rejection], not later than six months after the date such notice is personally delivered or deposited in the mail." (§ 945.6, subd. (a)(1), italics added.)
The Government Code does not provide a special definition for the word "suit," so we look to that word's ordinary meaning. The word "suit," in the legal world, is commonly understood to mean "lawsuit." A civil lawsuit is generally commenced by the filing of a complaint, asserted by one party against another, alleging facts sufficient to state a cause of action. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 350, 425.10, subd. (a).) As our state Supreme Court has remarked, "[t]he primary attribute of a 'suit,' as that term is commonly understood, is that parties to an action are involved in actual court proceedings initiated by the filing of a complaint." (Foster-Gardner, Inc. v. National Union Fire Ins. Co. (1998) 18 Cal. 4th 857, 878, 77 Cal. Rptr. 2d 107, 959 P.2d 265 (Foster-Gardner ), italics in original.)
Assuming, however, that the meaning of "suit" in section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), is not entirely clear on its face, we look to interpretive aids for further clarification. The proceeding initiated by a petition to preserve evidence under Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 et seq. does not constitute a "suit" because it is not an adversarial proceeding to enforce a right or redress an injury. Such a petition merely allows the petitioner to obtain discovery for the limited purpose of perpetuating testimony or preserving evidence, "for use in the event an action is subsequently filed." (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.010, subd. (a); formerly § 2035, subd. (a).) This petition proceeding requests "the court to enter an order authorizing the petitioner to engage in discovery" (Code.Civ.Proc., § 2035.030, subd. (c); formerly § 2035, subd. (d)); it is not an adversarial proceeding directed against any other "party." The petition proceeding does not provide the petitioner with any further relief beyond obtaining discovery materials. It does not attempt to redress any injury or enforce any substantive right against another party.
Furthermore, section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), requires a "suit" to be "commenced" no later than six months after written notice of the rejected claim. (Italics added.) A petition to preserve evidence simply does not serve to commence a suit. In fact, as evident from the language in Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 et seq. (and former section 2035), a petition to preserve evidence may only be employed prior to the commencement of a suit. For example, Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010, subdivision (a), states, "[o]ne who expects to be a party ... *667 to any action" may file a petition to preserve evidence. (Code Civ. Proc. § 2035.010, subd. (a), italics added; see also, § 2035.030, subd. (a); formerly § 2035, subds. (a), (c).) Thus, the individual who files a petition to preserve evidence is not yet a party to any action, because no action has yet been commenced. Furthermore, a petition to preserve evidence will not lie once a lawsuit is pending and traditional discovery methods are available. (See New York etc. Co. v. Superior Court (1938) 30 Cal. App. 2d 130, 133, 85 P.2d 965.)
Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 (and former section 2035) also states that the purpose of the petition is to perpetuate testimony or preserve evidence "for use in the event an action is subsequently filed." (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.010, subd. (a), italics added; formerly § 2035, subd. (a).) Similarly, the statute states that such a petition may not be used to ascertain the possible existence of a cause of action or defense, or for "identifying those who might be made parties to an action not yet filed" (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.010, subd. (b), italics added; formerly § 2035, subd. (a).) Thus, from the language of Code of Civil Procedure section 2035.010 et seq. (and former section 2035), a petition to preserve evidence does not indicate that a suit has been commenced but instead allows the petitioner to preserve evidence in anticipation of a suit being commenced.
The purpose of commencing a "suit" becomes more clear when we analyze section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), as a part of its statutory scheme, the Tort Claims Act. We are obligated to consider a statute in the context of its entire statutory scheme, in order to achieve harmony among the parts. (DuBois v. Workers' Comp. Appeals Bd. (1993) 5 Cal. 4th 382, 388, 20 Cal. Rptr. 2d 523, 853 P.2d 978.) The Tort Claims Act allows injured plaintiffs to bring "suit" against public entities only after presenting a timely "claim" to the public entity allegedly responsible for the injury. (§§ 911.2, 945.4, 945.6, subd. (a)(1).) The claims presentation requirement: (1) gives the public entity prompt notice of a claim so the claim can be investigated while evidence is fresh and witnesses are available; (2) allows the public entity to settle meritorious claims without litigation; and (3) informs the public entity of potential liability so it can better prepare for the upcoming fiscal year. (Renteria v. Juvenile Justice, Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (2006) 135 Cal. App. 4th 903, 909, 37 Cal. Rptr. 3d 777.)
If the public entity finds that the claim lacks merit, the entity will reject the claim. (§ 913.) However, even if a claimant's first avenue of relief is cut off via a rejected claim, the claimant may still pursue a second avenue of relief: a suit against the public entity in state court. (§ 945.6, subd. (a)(1).) Thus, under the statutory scheme of the Tort Claims Act, the administrative form of relief is a "claim"; the legal form of relief is a "suit."
The public entity that rejects a "claim" will not be on notice that the claimant is choosing to exercise his or her right to the second avenue of relief until the claimant (now, plaintiff) files a "suit" (i.e., a complaint) against the public entity. If a complaint is not filed within six months of notice of the rejected claim, the public entity may fairly assume that the claimant has decided not to pursue the second avenue of relief and may deem the matter closed.
In contrast, the filing of a petition to preserve evidence puts the public entity on notice that the petitioner is merely seeking discovery materials. While the petition may indicate that a subsequent suit is likely, it does not guarantee that a suit will be filed, and it does not serve to actually commence that suit. Thus, a petition to preserve evidence, unlike a suit, does not *668 serve as the legal counterpart to an administrative claim.
A form of relief available to late claimants within the Tort Claims Act further bolsters our conclusion that the filing of a petition to preserve evidence cannot be equated with the filing (commencement) of a suit. If a claimant fails to present a timely claim, he or she may apply to the public entity for leave to present that claim. (§§ 911.2, 911.4, subd. (a).) If the public entity denies the claimant's application, he or she may petition the court for an order of relief from the claim requirement. (§ 946.6, subd. (a).) This petition for late claim relief must disclose: that an application to present a claim was made to the public entity and was denied; the reason for failing to timely present the claim; and the substantive facts of the claim, as delineated by section 910. (§ 946.6, subd. (b).)
Therefore, a petition for late claim relief is a procedure within the Tort Claims Act that consists of a court-filed pleading that contains all the information that would have been presented in a timely filed claim. However, even if the petitioner successfully asserts such a petition, he or she is still required to file "suit" on the cause of action to which the claim relates within 30 days. (§ 946.6, subd. (f).) In other words, notwithstanding that a petition for late claim relief is a Tort Claims Act-based, suit-oriented pleading in court for relief from the administrative claim presentation requirement, if such a petition is granted, the petitioner must still file "suit" within an applicable statute of limitations period. If a petition for late claim relief does not constitute commencement of a "suit," certainly the Civil Discovery Act-based petition to preserve evidence does not. (See §§ 946.6, subd. (f), 945.6, subd. (a); Code Civ. Proc., §§ 2016.010, 2035.010 et seq.) The mere fact that a petition for late claim relief and a petition to preserve evidence are pleadings filed in court does not automatically make such pleadings "suits."
Allowing the filing of a petition to preserve evidence to constitute the filing of a "suit" equates such a petition with a complaint, or other equivalent form of pleading that formally commences a suit. (See Foster-Gardner, supra, 18 Cal.4th at p. 878, 77 Cal. Rptr. A petition to preserve evidence merely sets forth the name or description of those whom petitioner expects to be adverse parties, so far as known, but the petition itself is not asserted against any particular "party." (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.030, subd. (b)(7); formerly § 2035, subd. (d)(7).) In contrast, a complaint initiates a suit against a particular party, as set out in the required caption on the complaint itself.[4] (Code Civ. Proc., § 422.30.)
*669 A petition to preserve evidence does not require the petitioner to set forth any factual allegations constituting a cause of action. In this respect, the petition merely requires that the following be set forth: the "subject matter of the expected action and the petitioner's involvement"; the "substance of the information expected" to be perpetuated or preserved; and the "reasons for" perpetuation or preservation. (Code Civ. Proc., § 2035.030, subd. (b)(3), (b)(6), (b)(9); formerly § 2035, subd. (d)(3), (d)(6), (d)(9).) A complaint, by contrast, requires the plaintiff to set forth "[a] statement of the facts constituting the cause of action." (Code Civ. Proc., § 425.10, subd. (a)(1).) Additionally, a complaint under the Tort Claims Act requires facts to be pleaded with particularity showing every fact essential to the existence of statutory liability as well as the nonexistence of statutory immunity. (Lopez v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1985) 40 Cal. 3d 780, 795, 221 Cal. Rptr. 840, 710 P.2d 907; Keyes v. Santa Clara Valley Water Dist. (1982) 128 Cal. App. 3d 882, 885, 180 Cal. Rptr. 586.)
And a petition to preserve evidence does not envision any prayer for remedy, but a complaint requires one. (Code Civ. Proc., § 425.10, subd. (a)(2).)
By its very structure and content, then, a petition to preserve evidence indicates that a suit may be forthcoming but has not yet been commenced. A complaint formally commences a suit. (See Code Civ. Proc., §§ 350, 411.10.)
Quoting Cory v. City of Huntington Beach (1974) 43 Cal. App. 3d 131, 136, 117 Cal. Rptr. 475 (Cory), Orr counters that substance must control over technical form to avoid "`the kind of legalistic myopia which brings the law into disrepute.'" As we have seen, however, the difference between a petition to preserve evidence and a complaint is not merely one of technical form; it is one of substance.
Comparing Orr's Petition to Preserve Evidence with his First Amended Complaint illustrates this substantive distinction in practical terms. The caption of Orr's Petition to Preserve Evidence listed Paul Orr and his wife, Darla Orr, as "Petitioners," but did not list any opposing parties. The caption of Orr's First Amended Complaint listed Paul Orr and Darla Orr as "Plaintiffs," and named the City of Stockton and Scott Graviette (the police officer) as "Defendants."
Orr's Petition did not allege any facts to state a cause of action beyond the fact that Orr was injured when his car was struck by a police car driven by an on-duty officer in the course and scope of his employment with the City. Orr's Petition did not plead facts with particularity showing every fact essential to the existence of statutory liability as well as the nonexistence of statutory immunity, because such particularity is not required of a petition to preserve evidence. In contrast, Orr's First Amended Complaint did plead facts with particularity and alleged the nonexistence of statutory immunity. The complaint set forth facts of the collision and facts as to how Orr satisfied the claims presentation requirement of the Tort Claims Act. The complaint also identified the statutory grounds for the City's liability: Vehicle Code section 17001 et seq. The complaint further stated that the defendant police officer was not operating the City's police vehicle in an emergency situation at the time of the collision; this related to the nonexistence of statutory immunity.
Orr's Petition did not contain a prayer for relief. His First Amended Complaint, however, prayed for judgment against the defendants, including special damages, general damages, costs of suit, prejudgment interest and other allowable interest, and any further relief deemed just and proper.
*670 Orr's Petition to Preserve Evidence stated that the petitioners "expect to be plaintiffs in an action," "are presently unable to bring the action or cause the action to be brought," and "seek to preserve [certain specified] evidence for use in the event an action is subsequently filed." Thus, the language in Orr's own Petition to Preserve Evidence indicated that an action had not yet been commenced. In contrast, his First Amended Complaint prayed for judgment against the defendants, who were specified in the caption. Thus, the complaint expressly indicated that Orr was commencing an adversarial proceeding to enforce a substantive right or redress an injurya suit.
Orr cites several cases that have held that actions filed before a public entity has rejected a claim are timely for statute of limitations purposes. (Bell v. Tri-City Hospital Dist. (1987) 196 Cal. App. 3d 438, 443-444, 241 Cal. Rptr. 796; Bahten v. County of Merced (1976) 59 Cal. App. 3d 101, 106-107, 112-113, 130 Cal. Rptr. 539 [Bell and Bahten were disapproved on other grounds in State of California v. Superior Court (2004) 32 Cal. 4th 1234, 1243-1244, 13 Cal. Rptr. 3d 534, 90 P.3d 116]; Cory, supra, 43 Cal.App.3d at pp. 135-136, 117 Cal. Rptr. 475; Radar v. Rogers (1957) 49 Cal. 2d 243, 249, 317 P.2d 17.) Orr argues that since a prematurely filed action may satisfy the statute of limitations of section 945.6, a petition to preserve evidence filed before the public entity has rejected a claim should also satisfy this statute of limitations. We disagree. In all of the above-cited cases, the prematurely filed actions were commenced by prematurely filed complaints. Since we have concluded that a complaint is substantively different from a petition to preserve evidence, we cannot extend the rationale of these cases to a case involving a petition to preserve evidence filed before rejection of a claim.
Orr also looks to several cases where noncompliance with the six-month statute of limitations of section 945.6 did not bar the plaintiffs cause of action. (See Wheeler v. County of San Bernardino (1978) 76 Cal. App. 3d 841, 848, 143 Cal. Rptr. 295; Nicholson-Brown, Inc. v. City of San Jose (1976) 62 Cal. App. 3d 526, 531-532, 133 Cal. Rptr. 159; Potstada v. City of Oakland (1973) 30 Cal. App. 3d 1022, 1028, 106 Cal. Rptr. 705; Sumrall v. City of Cypress (1968) 258 Cal. App. 2d 565, 566, 65 Cal. Rptr. 755.) However, the defendant in each of these cases was estopped from asserting the statute of limitations defense.
Orr contends the City should be estopped from asserting the statute of limitations defense against him. We disagree. In the trial court, Orr argued for estoppel based essentially on his Petition to Preserve Evidence and on the fact the City responded to that petition and provided him with the requested information, even after it had rejected his claim.
The elements of estoppel are: "the party to be estopped must be apprised of the facts; the other party must be ignorant of the true state of the facts; the party to be estopped must have intended that its conduct be acted upon, or so act that the other party had a right to believe that it was so intended; and the other party must rely on the conduct to its prejudice." (Cal. Cigarette Concessions v. City of L.A. (1960) 53 Cal. 2d 865, 869, 3 Cal. Rptr. 675, 350 P.2d 715.) We find that Orr failed to show, as a matter of law, that he satisfied these elements.
First, Orr made no showing of facts that were known to the City but unknown to him. Orr was not ignorant of the fact that a suit on a cause of action against a public entity must be filed within six months of a rejected claim. He received a written warning, from the City, in its December 5, 2002, rejection of his claim that stated:
*671 "[Y]ou will have only six (6) months from the date this notice was personally delivered or deposited in the mail to file a court action on your state law claims. See Government Code section 945.6." Further, since Orr's attorney presented a claim to the City on Orr's behalf, that attorney was charged with knowledge of the six-month statute of limitations to file suit following rejection of the claim. (See County of Los Angeles v. Superior Court (2005) 127 Cal. App. 4th 1263, 1271, 26 Cal. Rptr. 3d 445; Dowell v. County of Contra Costa (1985) 173 Cal. App. 3d 896, 901, 219 Cal. Rptr. 341.) Having undertaken to represent Orr's interests, Orr's attorney was obligated to protect Orr's rights.
Second, Orr made no showing that the City made a representation or concealed material facts that Orr relied on to his detriment. The City did not conduct itself in any way that could have led Orr to believe he had satisfied, or did not need to satisfy, the section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), statute of limitations. On January 14, 2003, pursuant to Orr's Petition to Preserve Evidence, the City sent Orr the information he had requested. Orr asserts that this conduct induced him and his counsel into believing that no further pleadings were necessary. We do not see how. The City was merely complying with a presuit discovery request. The City's conduct was not compelled by any suit, since the requested evidence was listed in Orr's Petition to Preserve Evidence prior to the commencement of any suit. The City had no affirmative duty to remind Orr that he had not yet commenced suit. Orr simply has not pleaded or shown any facts to support his contention that the City induced him into believing no further pleadings needed to be filed to commence a suit. In short, Orr attempted to plead and prove estoppel in the trial court, but failed, as a matter of law, to allege facts sufficient to constitute an estoppel claim, even after given leave to amend his complaint.
In conclusion, the filing of a petition to preserve evidence does not constitute the filing of a "suit" for statute of limitations purposes under section 945.6, subdivision (a)(1), of the Tort Claims Act. Orr failed to file suit within the six-month statute of limitations following notice of his claim's rejection, as required by this statute, and his action is therefore time-barred. (See Hunter v. County of Los Angeles (1968) 262 Cal. App. 2d 820, 821-822, 69 Cal. Rptr. 288 [the statute of limitations set forth in section 945.6 is not subject to substantial compliance].)
Disposition
The judgment is reversed. The City is awarded its costs on appeal.
We concur: ROBIE and CONTILSAKAUYE, JJ.
NOTES
[1] Orr filed the Petition and his subsequent pleadings together with a coparty, his wife, Darla Orr. We will refer to "Orr" in the masculine singular for simplicity. The City of Stockton and its police officer were named defendants, but judgment was obtained only against the City.
[2] Hereafter, undesignated section references are to the Government Code.
[3] Orr contends that the City waived this statute of limitations affirmative defense, because in its answer to Orr's second amended complaint, the City asserted that "[t]he causes of action alleged in the Second Amended Complaint are barred by the applicable statutes of limitation," but failed to specify the applicable statute of limitation. We conclude the City has not waived the statute of limitations defense on this basis. The City did set out Orr's noncompliance with the requirements of section 945.6 in its answer to Orr's second amended complaint, under the heading "Failure to File a Claim." The City also asserted the defense with the applicable section number in its other responsive pleadings: its amended demurrer, its reply to Orr's opposition to the amended demurrer to first amended complaint, its demurrer to Orr's second amended complaint, and its reply to Orr's opposition to demurrer to second amended complaint (along with its motion in limine to exclude all evidence based on the statute of limitations). It is evident that only one subdivision of section 945.6 applies to Orr's case failure to specify the subdivision does not constitute a waiver of the statute of limitations defense here.
[4] We note that another California appellate court has held that even an initial complaint that (1) did not name the opposing party as a defendant and (2) did not allege any liability against that opposing party, did not satisfy the 30-day statute of limitations period to file a "suit" following a court order relieving the plaintiff from the claims presentation requirement under section 946.6, subdivision (f). (Ard v. County of Contra Costa (2001) 93 Cal. App. 4th 339, 346, 112 Cal. Rptr. 2d 886.).
| 0.331194
| -0.901273
| 234
| 853
| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,899
|
github_open_source_100_2_8319
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/**************************************************************************************************
Filename: ubl_exec.h
Revised: $Date: 2012-08-31 11:31:40 -0700 (Fri, 31 Aug 2012) $
Revision: $Revision: 31449 $
Description:
This module defines the executive functionality of a Universal Boot Loader
for an 8051-based SOC using the USB transport by MSD.
Copyright 2011-2012 Texas Instruments Incorporated. All rights reserved.
IMPORTANT: Your use of this Software is limited to those specific rights
granted under the terms of a software license agreement between the user
who downloaded the software, his/her employer (which must be your employer)
and Texas Instruments Incorporated (the "License"). You may not use this
Software unless you agree to abide by the terms of the License. The License
limits your use, and you acknowledge, that the Software may not be modified,
copied or distributed unless embedded on a Texas Instruments microcontroller
or used solely and exclusively in conjunction with a Texas Instruments radio
frequency transceiver, which is integrated into your product. Other than for
the foregoing purpose, you may not use, reproduce, copy, prepare derivative
works of, modify, distribute, perform, display or sell this Software and/or
its documentation for any purpose.
YOU FURTHER ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT THE SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION ARE
PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE,
NON-INFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT SHALL
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE OR OBLIGATED UNDER CONTRACT,
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, CONTRIBUTION, BREACH OF WARRANTY, OR OTHER
LEGAL EQUITABLE THEORY ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT DAMAGES OR EXPENSES
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOST PROFITS OR LOST DATA, COST OF PROCUREMENT
OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS, TECHNOLOGY, SERVICES, OR ANY CLAIMS BY THIRD PARTIES
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY DEFENSE THEREOF), OR OTHER SIMILAR COSTS.
Should you have any questions regarding your right to use this Software,
contact Texas Instruments Incorporated at www.TI.com.
**************************************************************************************************/
#ifndef UBL_EXEC_H
#define UBL_EXEC_H
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Includes
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#include "hal_types.h"
#include "ubl_app.h"
#include "usb_msd.h"
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Constants
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
// Place the filename space on the last 256 bytes of the 1st available page in Bank-0.
#define UBL_FILE_NAME_PAGE UBL_RC_IMG_PG_BEG
#define UBL_FILE_NAME_IDX (HAL_FLASH_PAGE_SIZE - USB_MSD_FILENAME_MAX)
// Place the Meta Data immediately before the filename.
#define UBL_META_DATA_PAGE UBL_FILE_NAME_PAGE
#define UBL_META_DATA_IDX (UBL_FILE_NAME_IDX - sizeof(ublMetaData_t))
#define UBL_META_DATA_ADDR \
((uint16)(UBL_META_DATA_PAGE * HAL_FLASH_PAGE_SIZE) + UBL_META_DATA_IDX)
// Define uint16 values for this UBL.
#define UBL_CRC_ERASED 0xFFFF
#define UBL_CRC_ZEROED 0x0000
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Macros
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#define UBL_RC_VALID ( \
(((ublMD.crcRC == ublMD.crcShdw) && \
(ublMD.crcRC != UBL_CRC_ERASED) && \
(ublMD.crcRC != UBL_CRC_ZEROED)) ? TRUE : FALSE) \
)
#define UBL_UNLOCKED (ublMD.wordPad2[2] == 0)
#define UBL_UNLOCK() ublMD.wordPad2[2] = 0
#define UBL_LOCK() ublMD.wordPad2[2] = 255
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Global Variables
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
extern const uint8 UBL_RC_IMG_PG_BEG;
extern const uint8 UBL_RC_IMG_PG_END;
extern uint8 pgBuf[HAL_FLASH_PAGE_SIZE]; // RAM (XDATA) buffer for an Rx/Tx flash page.
extern ublMetaData_t ublMD;
/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Global Functions
* ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublAesAuth
*
* @brief Run the AES CRC-MAC authentication calculation over the RC image according to the
* AES Control Block parameters and update the control block accordingly.
* Just set CRC shadow equal to CRC when no valid security key built into the UBL.
*
* input parameters
*
* None.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return TRUE or FALSE whether the AES signature of the image in flash is valid.
*/
uint8 ublAesAuth(void);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublAesCrypt
*
* @brief UBL AES encryption/decyption for the low-level transport driver.
* Just return when no valid security key built into the UBL.
*
* input parameters
*
* @param pgNum - HAL Flash page number corresponding to the pgBuf.
* @param pgBuf - Pointer to the page buffer to crypt in place.
*
* output parameters
*
* @param pgBuf - Pointer to the page buffer of crypted bytes.
*
* @return TRUE or FALSE whether the AES image page is valid (i.e. the ctrl block on 1st page).
*/
uint8 ublAesCrypt(uint8 pgNum, uint8 *pgBuf);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublCfg
*
* @brief Configure according to the received meta-data file if it checks out.
*
* input parameters
*
* @param pMD - Pointer to the received meta-data file.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return true if the cfg file is acceptable; false otherwise.
*/
bool ublCfg(ublMetaData_t *pMD);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublExec
*
* @brief UBL executive loop for polling and managing environment.
*
* input parameters
*
* None.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return None.
*/
void ublExec(void);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublInit
*
* @brief UBL environment initialization in preparation for running.
*
* input parameters
*
* None.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return None.
*/
void ublInit(void);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublJump
*
* @brief Execute a simple long jump from non-banked UBL code to non-banked RC code space.
*
* input parameters
*
* None.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return None.
*/
void ublJump(void);
/**************************************************************************************************
* @fn ublMassErase
*
* @brief Erase all pages enabled for mass-erase (not including UBL pages or lock bits page).
*
* input parameters
*
* @param eraseAll - Flag to override the 'eraseEn' bits of the Meta Data.
*
* output parameters
*
* None.
*
* @return None.
*/
void ublMassErase(bool eraseAll);
#endif
/**************************************************************************************************
*/
| 0.421425
| 0.550308
| 3,181
| 12,762
| 200
| -1
|
List Items for NLP
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