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int64 0
100k
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stringlengths 4
11.3k
| collection
stringclasses 45
values | license
stringclasses 6
values | text
stringlengths 1
601k
| x
float32 -1
1
| y
float32 -1
1
| tile_index_64
int64 42
4.08k
| tile_index_128
int64 85
16.3k
| cluster
int64 0
293
| raw_cluster
int64 -1
293
| label
stringclasses 288
values | deleted
bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
99,500
|
15731_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
材料加工工程是将原料、原材料（有时加入各种添加剂、助剂或改性材料）转变成实用材料或制品的一种工程技术。目前在中国学术界更多的指向聚合物加工。
可以分为金属材料加工工程如各种机械设备的制造生产，金属制品零部件加工生产等和非金属材料加工工程如水泥沙石制品耐磨地坪，化工涂料原材料助剂生产加工如赛为斯 环氧地坪。
材料科學.
| 0.613306
| -0.295226
| 1,459
| 5,863
| 115
| -1
|
physical phenomena water effects chemistry
| false
|
99,501
|
github_open_source_100_2_8135
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/**
* Tencent is pleased to support the open source community by making Tars available.
*
* Copyright (C) 2016 THL A29 Limited, a Tencent company. All rights reserved.
*
* Licensed under the BSD 3-Clause License (the "License"); you may not use this file except
* in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed
* under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR
* CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
package com.qq.tars.server.common;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import com.qq.tars.support.log.Logger;
import com.qq.tars.support.log.LoggingOutputStream;
public final class ServerLogger {
private static final String STDOUT_log_NAME = "stdout.log";
private static final String STDERR_LOG_NAME = "stderr.log";
private static final String SERVER_LOG_NAME = "tarsserver.log";
public static void init() {
System.setOut(new PrintStream(new LoggingOutputStream(Logger.getLogger(STDOUT_log_NAME)), true));
System.setErr(new PrintStream(new LoggingOutputStream(Logger.getLogger(STDERR_LOG_NAME)), true));
}
public static void initNamiCoreLog(String logPath, String logLevel) {
}
public static Logger stdout() {
return Logger.getLogger(STDOUT_log_NAME);
}
public static Logger stderr() {
return Logger.getLogger(STDERR_LOG_NAME);
}
public static Logger flow() {
return Logger.getLogger(SERVER_LOG_NAME);
}
}
| 0.467729
| 0.730994
| 3,566
| 14,173
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,502
|
github_open_source_100_2_8136
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
local rspamd_regexp = require "rspamd_regexp";
local log = require "rspamd_logger";
local reconf = config['regexp'];
local group = "custom";
local bmevent_re = "/prodid....bluemind..bluemind calendar/im";
local is_bm_event = rspamd_regexp.create_cached(bmevent_re);
local cops_disabled_symbols = {
{% for i in cops_mailer_rspamd_disabled_symbols %}{{i}},
{%- endfor %}
};
--
for k, symbol in pairs(cops_disabled_symbols) do
rspamd_config:add_condition(symbol, function(task) return false end);
end
--
--
{% if cops_mailer_rspamd_lua_blacklisted %}
local blacklistedsenders = {
{% for i in cops_mailer_rspamd_lua_blacklisted%}
"{{i}}",
{% endfor %}
};
reconf['BLACKLISTED_SENDERS'] = {
re = string.format("(%s)", table.concat(blacklistedsenders, ") | (")),
group = group,
description = "not authorized senders",
score = 30000.0,
}
{% endif %}
{% if cops_mailer_rspamd_lua_whitelisted %}
local whitelistedsenders = {
{% for i in cops_mailer_rspamd_lua_whitelisted%}
"{{i}}",
{% endfor %}
};
reconf['WHITELIST_CUSTOMERS'] = {
re = string.format("(%s)", table.concat(whitelistedsenders, ") | (")),
group = group,
description = "authorized senders",
score = -30000.0,
}
{% endif %}
--
--
rspamd_config.WHITELIST_BMEVENT = {
callback = function(task)
local mh = tostring(task:get_raw_headers());
local mc = tostring(task:get_content())
local is_a_bmevent = is_bm_event:match(mh) or is_bm_event:match(mc);
return is_a_bmevent;
end,
group = group,
description = "authorized bm events outputs2",
type = 'prefilter',
score = -40.0,
}
--
reconf['testspam'] = {
re="/(?:{{cops_mailer_rspamd_testspam_token}})/im{all_header}",
group = group,
description = "spamtest",
score = 15.0,
}
-- if dest is not on delivered domains and X-SPAM is y
-- we add a flag that will be catched by postfix header_filters routing to
-- redirect outgoing spam to a specific address for further manual processing by sysadmins
local cusourdomains = {
rspamd_regexp.create_cached('/[a-zA-Z0-9_.+-]+@{{cops_mailer_rspamdourdomains.replace('\\', '')}}/im'),
};
local cusourdomainswhitelistdest = {
{% for i in cops_mailer_sentry_dests%}
rspamd_regexp.create_cached('/{{i}}|/im'),
{% endfor %}
};
local cusourdomainswhitelistexp = {
{% for i in cops_mailer_sentry_dests%}
rspamd_regexp.create_cached('/{{i}}/im'),
{% endfor %}
};
local is_on = rspamd_regexp.create_cached('/^(?:1|y(?:es)?)$/im');
rspamd_config:register_symbol({
name = 'ADD_X_OUTGOING_SPAM',
type = 'idempotent',
callback = function(task)
local parts = task:get_text_parts();
local is_domain = false;
local pr = task:get_principal_recipient();
local spam_action = task:get_metric_action('default');
local is_spam = (spam_action ~= 'no action' and action ~= 'greylist')
local mc = tostring(task:get_content())
local mh = tostring(task:get_raw_headers())
local is_a_bmevent = is_bm_event:match(mh) or is_bm_event:match(mc);
for i, pat in ipairs(cusourdomains) do
if pat:match(pr) then
is_domain = true;
break
end
end
aheaders = {
['X-Cops-OutSpam-isdomain'] = tostring(is_domain),
['X-Cops-OutSpam-Spam-pr'] = pr,
['X-Cops-OutSpam-SpamH'] = is_bm_event:match(mh),
['X-Cops-OutSpam-SpamC'] = is_bm_event:match(mc),
};
if is_spam and not is_domain and not is_a_bmevent then
aheaders['X-Outgoing-Spam'] = '1';
end
task:set_milter_reply({add_headers = aheaders});
end
});
--
{{cops_mailer_rspamd_lua_custom}}
| 0.34319
| 0.825014
| 3,754
| 14,933
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,503
|
github_open_source_100_2_8137
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
*
box-sizing: border-box
-webkit-appearance: none
body
font-family: -apple-system, sans-serif
strong
font-weight: bold
em
font-style: italic
| 0.148309
| 0.777522
| 3,620
| 14,537
| 63
| 63
|
CSS Styles and Form Design
| false
|
99,504
|
github_open_source_100_2_8138
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
using System.Linq;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace Tests.LINQMethods
{
[TestFixture]
public class Count_Predicate : LINQSingularMethodTestBase<int>
{
protected override int GetResult(IQueryable<InventorySelect> source)
{
return source.Count(i => i.Quantity > 0);
}
}
}
| 0.587879
| 0.683861
| 3,442
| 13,797
| 270
| 270
|
Testing Item Definitions
| false
|
99,505
|
bub_gb_eQ5CAAAAcAAJ_63
|
German-PD
|
Public Domain
|
Nur einige Beamte, welche feine Zalente zu fhägen mußten, bewahrten ihn vor dem Hungertode, big er einen geringen Önadengehalt befam; auch der Fürft von Kaunig nahm fich nach dem Tode der Kaiferin feiner an und befoldete ihn als feinen Vorlefer, aber R.'s Geift war durch fein unregelmäßiges Reben, fo wie durch fein Unglüd ſchon gänzlich zerrlittet; feine Hypochondrie ging zulegt in völligen Wahn- finn über und er endete am 2, März 1785 in dem Marcushospitale. R.’s Geiſt und Talente waren nicht unbedeutend und hätten ihn vielleicht in anderen Lebens⸗ verhältniffen zu einem der beften deutfchen Schriftfteller erhoben; eine ungewoͤhn⸗ liche Beobachtungsgabe, treffender- und rafcher Wig und Reichtigkeit und Gewandt⸗ heit der Darftellung verfchafften feinen Werken bei der Leſewelt ſchnellen Eingang. Seine vorzüglichften Keiftungen find unftreitig feine Satyren, die nur häufig an allzuderber Bitterkeit leiden, und feine „Theorie der fchönen Künfte und Wiffen- ſchaften“ (Jena 1767. N. X. 1774. 8.), das erfte leibliche und nicht geſchmack⸗ fofe Compendium ber Äſthetik, welches in Deutfchland erfchien. Seine übrigen Leiſtungen verrathen fchon zu fehr ein mit fich felbft zerfallenes und durch Ungtüd zerrüttetes Gemüth, „F. 3. Riedel’8 ſaͤmmliche Schriften” (Wien 1786— 1787. 5 Bde. 8.). 67. Riedels (Gottfried Friedrich), ein namhafter Porzellanmaler, geb. im Fahre 1724 zu Dresden, erhielt den erften Unterricht bei dem heffen » darmftädtifchen Hof s und Gabinetsmaler Fiedler und ging dann nach Dresden zurüd, wo er un ter Sitvefter’s befonderer Leitung feine Ausbildung vollendete. Durch Fleiß und Geſchicklichkeit erwarb er fich die Gunft des Grafen Brühl in fo hohem Grade, daß er bereit81743 erfter Maler ander Porzellanfabrit zu Meißen wurbe doch verließ er Sachſen im Jahre 1756 wegen der Kriegsunruhen und nahm eine Anftellung an ber Frankenthaler Porzellanfabrit. Von hier aus erhielter 1759 einen Ruf als Ober» maler an die neuangelegte Porzellanfabrit Ludwigsburg (in Wuͤrtemberg), den er auch annahm. Im Fahre 1779 endlich ließ er fich zu Augsburg nieder und ftarb bier im Jahre 1784. — N. hat das wichtige Verdienft, zuerft die Kunft in Kupfer und Gold zu emailliren und zwar mit neuen Entdedungen bereichert auf die Porzellanmalerei angewendet zu haben. Auch malte er in DI: und Waſſer⸗ farben ſchoͤne Landfchaften und gab ein Werk „Abbildungen der Knochen und Mus Bein für junge Künftier” heraus. 36. u DVO— — — — ————— ee 39: Riedinger — Riego y Nunez — Riedinger (Johann Elias), einer der ausgezeichnetſten Thiermaler und — pferſtecher des XVIM. Jahrhunderts, wurde im Jahre 1695 zu Ulm bore Unter der Zeitung Ehriftoph Reſch's legte er ſich ſchon frühzeitig ir die Mater + * wäbrend er von feinem Vater trefflichen Unterricht im Zeichnen erhielt. DUFT eine fpäter ihm eigen gewordene leidenfchaftliche Liebe zur Jagd wurde er vorzu I weife zum Studium der Natur, befonders des Wildes, Hingeführt, fo daß park die Fhiermalerei fein ausfchließtiches Fach wurde. Seine Leiftungen darin, pe fonders die Darftellungen von Jagden, wilden Schweinen, Füchſen, Woͤlfe * vor allen aber von Hirſchen, deren Eigenthuͤmlichkeiten, Leben und Charakter = bis in das geringfte Detail ſtudirt hatte, übertreffen faft Alles, mas in diefer Hirr= fiht nur Gelungenes vorhanden ift, und mit Recht fagt man von manchen fine Urbeiten, daß fie bie Naturgefehichte der dargeftellten Thiere find. An feinen Ge— mälben bemunbert man bie ſchoͤnen Lichter der Stellungen und Locale und ein na tirrliches (obwohl ſchwaches) Colorit, an feinen Rupferftichen, deren eine große Art zahl vorhanden ift, unter Anderem Betrachtungen ber wilden Thiere in 40 Blätterst,— von Dunben getriebenes Wild aller Art in 28 Blättern u. a. m., eine höchft forg= fältige Ausführung; in feinen nicht minder zahlreichen Zeichnungen endlich (Mei get in Zeipalg befige deren über 1300) eine feltene Genauigkeit, Wahrheit unt» Sefchmad. — NR. ward 1759 Dirctor der Akademie zu Yugsburg und ſtarb hie im Sabre 1767 _ 36, Riego y Yrunez (Don Rafael del), ein dur, feine Vaterlandsliebe be— rüubhmter fpanifcher Feldherr, war der Sohn des Oberpoftdirectord R. zu Ovie d S unb mwurbe im Jahre 1783 in Tuña, einem Dorfe Afturiens, geboren. Erwid- garde ein. Da er an dem Aufftande zu, Aranjuez Theil genommen hatte, wur« er. auf Murat s Befehl verhaftet und war nun nad) feiner Entlaffung mit feinexme Bruder, einem Domherrn, zur Befreiung feines Vaterlandes von franzoͤſiſch ⸗ Serrſchaft unermüdet thätig; allein er hatte das Unglüd, von den Sranzofen & < fangen und nach Srankreich abgeführt zu werden, wo er fich in der Einfamkeit S fonders mit wiflenfhaftlihen Gegenftänden beſchaͤftigte. Nach dem Abſchlue F Er ſiellte ſich nun an bie Spige der Unzufriedenen, rief den J. Jan. Ackkehrten · Da aber die Unternehmung der Verbündeten in einem großen Theci Spaniens bie ten Beifall fanden, fo Eonnte R. ſchon im Sept. 1820 unter Dex ubel des Volkes in Madrid einziehen, wo er von dem Könige mit großer Lız« zeichnung man ihn 896 Rienzo wollen. Nach kurzer Zeit wurde er jedoch zuruͤckgerufen, zum Generalcapitain von Aragonien ernannt, bald darauf aber wieder abgeſetzt und nachher von ber Provinz Afturien zum Deputirten bei der Verfammlung der Cortes erwählt. Im Anfange des Jahres 1822 wurde er zu Madrid mit ausgezeichneten Ehrenbezeu⸗ * gungen empfangen, zum Präfidenten der Cortes ernannt und ihm ein Gefchent von 80000 Realen (5000 Thalern) aus den Einkünften der Nationalgliter ange tragen, welches er aber ausfchlug. Beim Eindringen der Franzofen in Spanien im Jahre 1823 ernannte ihn der König, dem er zu feiner Reife nach Sevilla ge: rathen hatte, zum 2, Befehlshaber der Armee unter dem Generale Ballefteros. R. übernahm die Anführung der Truppen in Malaga, welches er aber nach der Gapitulation des Ballefteros mit den Franzoſen verlaffen und ſich nach Jaen zurüd: ziehen mußte. Als feine Truppen hier von der Übermacht der Franzoſen zerftreut wurden, wollte er fich troß der Gefahr zu Mina nach Gatalonien begeben, wurde aber unterwegs von Bauern, bie ihn erfannten, gefangen genommen und an bie nn ausgeliefert. Der Herzog von Angouldme übergab ihm der ſpaniſchen egierung, welche ihn zum Galgen verurtheilte und am 7. Nov. 1823 in Mabdrid binrichten ließ. Seine Gattin flarb einige Jahre nad) ihm in London. R. mar ein treuer, anfpruchslofer Kämpfer für gefegliche Freiheit, ohne die überfpannten Anfichten mehrerer feiner Landsleute zu theilen und fiel als ein Opfer feines edlem Strebend. ine auf ihn gedichtete Hymne war damals der allgemeine Freiheits⸗ gefang aller freifinnigen Spanier.. Rienso (Colas), eigentlich YTicolas Babrind, ein bekannter Demagog des XIV. Jahrh., der Sohn eines Schenkwirths zu Rom, zeichnete ſich ſchon in früher Jugend durch einen hochftrebenden Geift, durch große Talente und durch ungemöhnliche Fortfchritte aus und erwarb ſich, nachdem er feine juriftifhen Stu dien beendigt hatte, durch feine eindringliche Berebfamkeit den allgemeinften Bei⸗ fall. Die alten Hiftoriker hatten in ihm eine hohe Begeifterung für die republitas nifchen Ideen und Einrichtungen erweckt und ihn bewogen, diefe Begeifterung ſei⸗ nen Mitbürgern mitzutheilen und fie zur frühern Einfalt und Größe der römifdyen Sitten zurüdzuführen. Wie fehr fein Benehmen und feine Beredſamkeit zu de ftechen mußten , beweiſt die Bereitwilligkeit, mit welcher ſich Petrarca mährend feines Aufenthalts zu Rom (1340) der gefährlichen Freundſchaft des Demagogen bingab, zur Genüge. Rom, von dem Papfte und von dem Kaifer vernachläf: figt, hatte feine republifanifchen Einrichtungen faft gänzlich verloren und war in einen jämmerlichen Zuftand von Anarchie verfunfen, welchen einige Barone, die ſich in ihren Häufern und in ben Reften des Alterthums wie in Feſtungen verfchanit hatten, benugten, um ſich mit dem Raube ihrer wehrlofen Mitbürger zu bereis chern. R., diefes fhändlichen Treibens des Adels müde, fuchte auf jede Weile durch bildlihe Darftellungen fowohl, als auch durch feine feurigen Reden dem Volke fein ſchlimmes Loos recht fühlbar zu machen und 88 zur Verbefferung deſſe⸗ ben zu ermuntern, Nachdem er bei dem Papfte, welcher in Avignon refidiriz über den römifchen Adel im Namen des römifchen Volks Befchwerde geführt und um Abhülfe des Unfugs gebeten hatte, kam er mit den freundfchaftlichiten Verſ cherungen und BVerfprehungen nad) Rom zurüd und erwartete von dem Papür eine Umänberung der Verwaltung. Als er aber aud) auf diefer Seite keinen Ernit ſah, verfammelte er am 20. Mai 1347 ruhig den größten Theil feiner Mitbürger, zog mit ihnen auf das Capitol und ließ ſich mit Beiftimmung des päpftlichen Leg» ten zum Volfstribun ausrufen. Mit Kraft ergriff er fogleich die Zügel der Ro gierung, ftellte die republikanifche Verwaltung her, bildete eine Stadtmiliz, wer durch er den Adel zur Flucht oder zur Unterwürfigfeit zwang, führte firenge und fchnelle Gerechtigkeitspflege ein und fchien die Weltſtadt wieder auf den Gipfel ihres frühern Glanzes erheben zu wollen. Seine Zeitgenoffen jauchzten ihm Beifall zu u zw nz un > m 13 a en m ee wm MT We Riepenhaufen — Mies = und die meiften Fürften Europa’s bew \ p ne ee ne fo wie vie Teigheit, ſich mit feiner ſtarken Leibwache zu umgeben nee int De Haß des Adels und bes Volkes zu und bald mußte er, als der Adel mit gemorbe FF - Zruppen in Rom eindrang, heimlich die Flucht ergreifen (1348). Kaifer Kart I v gu welchem er floh, fhicte ihn gefeflelt zum Papfte Clemens VI. nad) Avigs? © und nur der Sürfprache Petrarca’s hatte er feine gelinde Behandlung zu verda us Snnocenz VI. ben päpftlihen Stuhl beftieg, fuchte er R.'s Einfluß bei DE Unterwerfung bes Kirchenftaates zu benugen und ſchickte ihn mit dem Titel ist Senators nad) Rom, mo er von dem leichtbeweglichen Volke mit Jubel auf g nommen ward (1354). Aber Rs Enthuſiasmus war fhon größtentheilg ve raucht und er mußte den Befehlen des Papftes gehorchen. Um deffen ftetes Bez- Langen nach Gelb befriedigen zu können, mußte er neue Auflagen erfinnen, wel di>e den Pöbet in fo hohem Grade gegen ihn aufbrachten, daß er ihn noch im naͤmliche sm Zabre, in welchem er fich feiner Ruͤckkehr gefreut hatte, im Gapitole belagerte un & feinen Tod verlangte. Verkleidet ſuchte er zu entfliehen, wurde aber erfannt un > von einem Diener der gegen ihn aufs Hoͤchſte erbitterten Familie Colonna, weE= cher ben Einfluß feiner Berebfamkeit auf das Volk fücchtete, fogleich, als er zu pre= chen. anfing. niedergeftoßen. So endete diefer,mit einem feurigen und unterne> = menben Geifte begabte Demagog 3 wäre er eben fo feft und Eräftig in feinem Ure- glücke, als ftolz und übermüthig in feinem Gluͤcke geweſen, hätte er feine Gefdic® = lichkeit , ehrgeizige Abfichten unter der Ägide der Religion und des Patriorieman.t zu verbergen, nicht zu fehnell verrathen, fo würde ihm der Befig der Herrn; KRoms nicht fo leicht zu entreißen geweſen fein. (Vergl. „Rienzi, Despot 5 = Mom , eine tragitomifhe Gefhichte”, Quedlinb. 1798. 8.5 „„La vita di Cola a KRienzi““ Forli 1828. 2 Voll. 4.) , 3 iepenbaufen (Sranz und Johannes), zwei Brüder, ausgezeichnete DE — fer und Kupferſtecher, der exfiere geb. 1786 zu Göttingen, dieſer 1789 ebent> feibſt/ erhielten den erſten Unterricht von ihrem Vater, dem durch feine Sti zu ber Lichtenbergifchen Erklärung Hogarth's als tlichtiger Künftier bekannten Umeme verfirätsfupferfleher Ernft Ludwig. pannes R- re gab 1834 14 Blätter zur „Vita di Rafaello‘« Heraus (Gb. ting. 1835)- ud) hat man von ihnen eine „Geſchichte der Malerei in Stallera — (Z bingen 1820, mit 24 Kpfen. 3 Hfte.). 36. Ries (Berdinand), ein bekannter veutfcher Componift und Birtuos, De: AUg- deutſch · Conv.⸗ Cex. VIII. 57 898 Riesbeck — Rieſen Sohn des als Violinſpieler und tuͤchtiger Theoretiker geſchaͤzten Franz R. (geb 1755), wurde im Jahre 1784 zu Bonn geboren. Den erſten Unterricht erhielt er von feinem Vater, feine höhere Ausbildung aber feit 1799 vorzugsweife von Beethoven, ging dann nach Petersburg (1806), wo er bereits als Clavierfpieler großes Auffehn erregte, und fpäter nach. London. . Hatten fchon früher feine Com⸗ poſitionen auch in Deutfchland verdiente Anerkennung gefunden, fo wurden bes fonders hier feine Arbeiten, welche jest ſchnell auf einander folgten, der Gegenſtand allgemeiner Bewunderung, vor allen feine Glavierconcerte und Spmphonien. So trat er nach und nad) in die Reihe der gefchägteften Componiſten unferer Zeit ein, um fo mehr, als er fich in den vorzüglichiten Gattungen der Muſik zu gleicher Zeit mit Glüd bewegte, Nach A2jährigem Aufenthalte in London kehrte er nad Deutfcland zuruͤck und ließ ſich 1825 auf einem eigenthüumlich erworbenen. Gute zu Godesberg bei Bonn nieder. Doc; nahm er fpäter feinen Aufenthalt zu Frank * a. M. Von hier aus machte er eine zweite Reife nach England, ſchrieb zu ondon die Oper: „Liska oder die Here von Gyllenſteen“, und dirigirte das Rus fiefeft zu Dublin, auch unternahm er im Jahre 1832 eine Reife nach Stalien, Gegenwärtig ift er wieder auf einer Reife nad) Paris und London begriffen. Ms ter den Compofitionen R.'s ftehen feine Symphonien, Quartett8 und Claviercoms pofitionen oben am, Letztere find theild Etuden und Variationen (z. B. die ſchoͤ⸗ nen über das Thema „Bekränzt mit Laub ꝛc.“), theil® Concerts (7, darunter eim treffliches in eis · moll), Sonaten und (vorzügliche) Märfche. Als tüchtigen DOperncomponiften hat fih R. in der „Räuberbraut” bewährt, als nift u. a. in dem Oratorium „Sieg bed Glaubens”; doch fcheint der gerade diejenige Gattung zu fein, im welcher er fich am wenigſten mit bes wegt. Mehrere Gefangftüde haben ebenfalls verdienten Beifall gefunden. Aus Virtuog gehört R. unter die gefchägteften, doch nicht unter die erften. 36. Riesbeck (Kaspar), ein beliebter deutſcher Schriftſteller des vorigen Jahr⸗ hunderts, am 19. Mai 1749 zu Höchft bei Frankfurt geboren, widmete fich mit geringem Erfolge auf den Univerfitäten Mainz und Gießen den Rechten und vers reiſte, da ihm die Jurisprudenz nicht zufagte, fein väterliches Erbtheil in kurzer Zeit." Nachdem er fich zu Wien ohne Beifall als Schaufpieler verſucht hatte, ging er nach der Schweiß und ließ ſich zuerft zu Zürich und bann zu Aarau nieder, wo er am 9, Febr. 1786 in ärmlichen Umfländen ftarb. Sein befannteftes Werk find die keden „Briefe eines veifenden Sranzofen über Deutſchland“ (Züridy 1782, N. A. 1783. 2 Thle. 8,), worin er die Mißbräuche der damaligeri Regierungen ſchonungslos aufdedt und welche durch ihre wigige, heitere Darftellung , fo wie durch eine Menge trefflicher flatiftifcher Notizen und politifcher Bemerkungen all gemeinen Beifall fanden. Außer feinen Überfegungen aus dem Franzöfifchen und Englifchen nennen wir noch feine defben „Briefe über das Moͤnchsweſen“ (Zürich 1779—1781.R.%. 1787. 4Bde. 8.) und feine nicht fehr vorzüigliche „Befchichte ber Deutſchen“, fortgefegt von Milbiiler (Zürich.1787 — 1790. 4 The. 8.). 67. Rieje oder Ries (Adam), ein Mathematiter und berühmter Rechenmeifter bes XVI. Jahrh., war geboren zu Annaberg im fächfifchen Erzgebirge 1492 und lebte als Bergfchreiber in Marienberg. Er ftarb zu Annaberg 1552, Er ift ie Eannt durd) fein Rechenbuch, welches, eines der erften in Deutfchland, wegen feis ner vielen Eünftlichen und finnreichen Erempel ein ſolches Anfehen erlangt hat, daß es fpäter zum Sprüchwort geworden ift. Es hat feitdem unzählige Auflagen er» lebt, auch iſt e8 vermehrt worden von Sebaftian Kurz (Nürnberg 1610,. 1629 und öfter). Das Manufcript davon liegt noch auf der Schuibibliothet zu Ra rienberg. Zr 2 Rieſen find mythiſche Weſen in der nordiſchen Sage, welche meiſtentheils als das mit den Göttern feindliche Princip gedacht werden, daher denn auch dieſe be: ‚Erde, fo tie der Himmel aus der Hirnfhale, die Wolken aus dem Ghirne das PBaffer aus dem Blute hervorgebracht wurden, Die Be sa Rieſenbetten — Riefengebirge = ftändig mie ihnen im Kampfe leben. Die erften R. entftanden aus dem CHF I; Urwelt und murben bis auf einen, von welchem die fpäteren Riefengefchlechee € * abffammen, im Blute Ymin's bei der Erdſchoͤpfung getoͤdtet, aus deffen gib — focht Thor, der Donnergott, mit ihnen. Beim Weltbrande werden ſich die mit den Muspelsheimern verbinden und die große Schlacht gegen die Götter FO FF" geg tte gen, doch auch ſelber untergehn. 82⸗ ri — re ‚ 1. Dünen, er 2Zeſendamm, engl. giants-causeway, heißt eine weftlich von Balyceaf in der Grafſchaft Antrim in Irland gegen 6008. weit in das Dec hinausreihere © Heide von Bafaltfäulen. Sie ftehen in gefchloffenen Linien dicht neben einnde ® find 5=, 6», felbft 7,, 8 und Yedig und aus Gliedern oder Gelenken von S—— 2O Zoll Durdmeffer zufammengefegt, welche genau in einander paffen, fat m gelmäfige Stufen bilden und leicht abgelöft werden können. Die regelmägigfte spfeiter ftehen auf der Weftfeite, die höchften (30—38 F.) auf der Oftfeite. EIE Breite des Dammes beträgt 100 — 1605. Übrigens hält man für wahrfheizm ich, daß diele Bafaltbildung mit den ähnlichen Formationen auf den nahegeleg nen fchottifcen Inſeln, befonders auf Staffa, unter dem Meere hin in Berbinduuz=- ſteht; we nigſtens ſpricht dafür der Umſtand, daß man bei der Ebbe die Pfeiler ei Strecke deutlich unter dem Waffer hinlaufen ſieht. A ief engebirge heißt der mittlere und hoͤchſte Theil der Sudeten (f.d. Art 7 Es bildet die Grenze zwifchen Böhmen und Schlefien und erftredt fih ung FE 5 Dt. lang und LM. gen beftanben; weiter hinauf an den Abhängen findet fihNadelholz bis zu 83200 öhe, mo bann die Waldungen aufhören, und nur noch die Zwergkiefer, bau genannte Knie: ober Krummbholz fortfommt. Noch höher findet man auh bi nicht mehr, fondern nur zwiſchen den beiden Hauptkaͤmmen jene bereits era. Fr ten Brüche, welche mehreren Ziüffen, unter andern auch der Eibe, ihren Urfpraz geben. Auf dem Gebirge zerftreut finden ſich gewoͤhnlich geuppenweis ſtehe — FRohnungen, fogenannte Bauden, welche Viehzüchtern zum Aufenthalte tiere lnter ihrıen ift die Hampelbaude, auf der Nordfeite des Gebirge 32860 3. hoch — jegen, bie befuchtefie und das gewöhnliche Nachtquartier der Reifenden, we von ber fchlefifhen Seite (Schmiedeberg, Hirſchberg, MWarmbeunn) aus x Schneekoppe beſteigen. Die intereſſanteſten Punkte des Riefengebirges, und zum. irerft auf bem nordieftlichen Zheite, find folgende: der Reifträger, ein 2280 - ober, aus Granitmaffen zufammengefegter Berg mit einer weiten Ausfiht —. einen großen Theil Schlefiens, der Laufis, Boͤhmens umd des Iſergebirgs; fecan ‚die Beiden Schneegruben öftlich vom Spigberge, bie Heine und große, SU 1000 3- tiefe Abgründe, aus denen in ſchauerlichet Tiefe fenkrecht ftehende SS m nitmauern hervorſtarren. Die Höhe des obern Randes der sis Schnegse 22 IE EREIGNETE 22 ———— nun, a u 900 Rifaud — Rigas iſt 4486 F. Uber der Meeresflaͤche. In beiden haͤuft ſich waͤhrend bes. Winters eine dichte Schneemaſſe, die ſelbſt im Sommer nicht ganz wegſchmilzt. Der dritte bemerkenswerthe Punkt auf dieſem Theile des Gebirgs iſt das große Rad, ein in Geſtalt einer flachen Kuppel bis 4707 F. hoch emporſteigender Berg mit nacktem granitbedeckten Gipfel, von welchem aus ſich dem Auge eine herrliche Ausſicht in die Schneegruben und die Siebengruͤnde darbietet. Oſtlich von ihm durch eine Miederung getrennt liegt die fpigige und Fegelförmige große Sturmhaube, 4540 5. hoch, und weiter hin der Mädelftein, ein 4060 $. hoher mauerartiger Granitfels. Auf dem füdöfttichen Theile des Gebirge begegnen wir zuerft ber Eleis nen Sturmhaube (3500, nach Anderen jedoch 3. hoch) mit einer der reis zendften Ausfichten, dann dem Eleinen Rad, von hier aus der Zeufelswiefe und zulegt dem 4480 5. hohen Seifenberge. Auf dem Rüden deffelben ex» hebt fich die Höchfte Bergfpige des ganzen Riefengebirgs und zugleich des nörblichen * Deutfchlande, die Schnee» oder Riefenkoppe als ein 500 $. hoher fteiler Fels. ( Uber fie ſ. d. Art. Schneekoppe.) Nordöfttich folgt der For ftfamm mit der 4260 5. hohen ſchwarzen Koppe, dann jenfeits eines tiefen Grundes ber Sorftberg, mit welchem der [dmiedeberger Kamm beginnt, beffen füdliche Bortfegung unter dem Namen des Rabengebirges bekannt iftl. — In dem ganzen R. iſt Granitbildung vorherrfchend; daneben finden fid) Gneis, Glimmer: fchiefer, Sandftein, Kalk und Porphyr. Alpenpflanzen werben viele getroffen, auf den hoͤchſten Höhen auch ispändifches Moos. (Vergl. d. Art. Subeten.) 15. Rifaud (fpr. Rifo) (Ritter), gehört unter die unermüdlichften franzöfifchen Reifenden der neuern Zeit, 22 Jahre lang, von 1805— 1827, durchreifte er den Eden Europas, Kleinafien, Arabien, Nubien und die angrenzenden Laͤnder, Agypten u, a. m. und widmete ſich während diefer Zeit den wichtigften und intereſ⸗ fanteften Forſchungen im Gebiete der Natur⸗ und Völkergefchichte der Gegenden, die er bereifte, Er ſchenkte unter andern den Denkmalen Nubiens und Xgpptens feine befondere Aufmerkſamkeit, ftellte Ausgrabungen an, bie ihm eine Ausbeute von 66 großen Statuen gaben, copirte Infchriften und Tafeln mit Hieroglyphen, und fammelte eine Menge der wichtigften meteorologifchen Beobadhtungen und umfaffende Notizen über Sitten, Gewohnheiten, philofophifche Spfteme, Secten x, befonders ber Araber. Die Anzahl ber von ihm gefertigten Zeichnungen von Mes numenten, Perfonen, Coftimen, Gebäuden und Gegenftänden aus allen Zwei⸗ gen der Naturgefchichte beläuft fich weit ber 6000, und felbft die größten Naturs forfcher Haben die außerordentliche Reichhaltigkeit diefer Sammlung anerkannt, wie z. B. Cuvier, welcher derfelben 20 neue Arten von Nilfifchen verdankt. Ger genmwärtig ift R., der fich noch 1835 zu Amfterdbam aufhielt und im Sommer 1836 in Dresden war, mit der Herausgabe feines großen Werkes befchäftigt, von * bereits ein Theil erſchienen, und deſſen Text allein auf 5 Bände berech⸗ net ift. Rigas (Konftantin), der Haupturheber des Zufammentritts der Griechen, welcher die Revolution und die nachherige Unabhängigkeit derfelben vom türkifchen Joche vorbereitete, wurde ums Jahr 1753 zu Veleftini (ehemals Pherä), einer Eleinen Stadt Theffaliens, geboren. In den Schulen feines Vaterlandes erwarb er fich zwar treffliche Kenntniffe in den Wiffenfchaften, widmete fich aber nachmals dem Handel, um ſich eine unabhängige Eriftenz zu bereiten. Er ging, noch jung, nad Bufareft, wo er anfangs Lehrer, dann Secretair bes Bojaren Nikolo Brans kovano wurde und bier bis 1790 theild Handelsgefchäfte trieb, theils feine Stu» dien fortfegte. Er erwarb fich eine genaue Bekanntſchaft der lateinifhen, Frans zöfifchen,, italienifchen und deutſchen Sprache und Literatur, verabfäumte dabei aber nicht die Glaffiter feines eigenen Vaterlandes zu fludiren; trieb daneben Dichtkunſt und Mufit und befcyäftigte fich befonders mit dem Studium der vergleis eK 00000 We Mh An MH — — ——— = rn — 8 VF Nr TILL HH Vu Rigaud — Righini = chenden Erbbefcpreibung. Mit allen diefen Kenntniffen verband er eine gli en Liebe zu feinem Bateriande, defen Befreiung aus der Stier fiten den fein ſehnlichſter Wunfd war. Zu deffen Verwirklichung faßte er den pt & einen. — Bund aller Patrioten im Geheimen zu ftiften und mit deffen Da sarız riechenlandb gegen die Pforte aufzuwiegeln und zu bewaffnen. paee‘ KRiugheit und Anfehen gewann er die bedeutendften Griechen für feinen Pfarr 24 # wußte auch Einzelne aus anderen Nationen , ja felbft Türken, unter ander DO” ‚berühmten Paßwan Oglu, für feine Ideen zu begeiftern. Bon Wien aus, 7? Bin fich M., nachdem der Bund zufammengetreten war, wendete, unterhielt den Briefwechſel mit ben Verſchworenen, ohne dabei feine Studien zu — f figen.-. Bon feinem Eifer für die Wiffenfchaften zeugen bie Überfegung von = „‚Ecole des amants delicats““ (Wien 1790); von den „Reifen des jungen Arr ⸗ charfis”” (Wien 1797); von Marmontel's „Schäferin der Alpen“; Metaftafto "= „Dipompifche Spiele” (Wien 1797); eine „Abhandlung über die militairifeH9« Zaktik’’; eine „Über bie Grundzüge der Naturlehre für Nichtgelehrte ꝛc.“ Dert größten Namen in Griechenland Hat ſich jedoch N. durch feine patriotifhen Gefineg € erworben, bie eben fo glühende Vaterlandsliebe des Dichters athmen, als fie gar 2 geeignet maren, Haß und Rache gegen die Unterdrüͤcker Griechenlands zu erwecke m" und zu fühlen. Seine Nachahmung des marfeiller Marfches wurde noch im legs = ten Sreiheitsfampfe der Griechen als Schlachtgefang angeftimmt. NRigaud (fpr. Rigo) (Hyacinthe) , einer der berühmteften franzöfifchen II traitmaler, geb. den 25, Juli 1659 zu Perpignan, erhielt den erften Untere c von feinem Vater, einem nicht ungefchickten Kuͤnſtler, arbeitete dann unter >. Zeitung verſchiedener Meifter, unter andern Ranc’s, und ging zulegt zur Voll, dung feiner Ausbildung im Sahre 1681 nad) Paris. Hier erhielt er bald den r TEz Preis, doch benutzte er die damit verbundene Penſion zu einer Reiſe nach Ita xyz nicht, fondern blieb auf Lebrun's Veranlaſfung in Paris und widmete fih an. fchtießlich ber Portraitmalerei, zu der er in dem Bilde Girardon’s, feinem er * Werke von Bedeutung, eine ſeltene Anlage gezeigt hatte. Ein überaus WobL lungenes Portrait des Bildhauers Desjarding und eine Kreuzigung, eines der nigen größeren Hiftoriengempälde, bie er gefertigt hat, verfchaffte ihm fpäter die Ca» nahme in die Akademie und die Portraits des Königs und der Eöniglichen Janazr die Gunft des Hofs. Er ward Eöniglicher Penfionair, Profeffor der Adern ; und zuleßt Mector derfelben. Als ſolcher ſtarb er am 29, Dec. 1743. Seine Do traits find in ganz Europa zerftreut, denn fein Ruf war fo verbreitet, daß ſich ü meiften der damals regierenden Häupter und andere hohe Prerfonen von ihm mare; ließen- Er arbeitete im Gefchmade Vandyk's, hatte eine richtige und gefältz Zeichnung, drappirte gut und wußte feinem Colorit eine ungewöhnliche Natürgä £eit und Srifche zu geben; doch gelangen ihm weibliche Portraits weniger, Gr, männliche- Wenn ihn Übrigens die Franzoſen ihren Vandyk nennen, fo farız man bieß in getwiffer Beziehung wohl gut heißen; im Allgemeinen jedoch hat — biefen großen Meifter nicht erreicht. 36. - Rigbini (Bincenzo), einer der ausgezeichnetften italtenifchen Componifte a geb. 1758 zu Bologna, bildete ſich in dem Gonfervatorium feiner Waterftade a. ’ v02 Rigi einem trefflichen Sopranſaͤnger und ging ſpaͤter als Tenoriſt nach machte er als Saͤnger wegen der Heiſerkeit ſeiner Stimme Gi ſich aber als Rehrer in Kurzem defto größern Ruf. Der Aufenthalt in | gend, mo damals die Muſik in ihrer höchften Bluͤthe ftand, äußerte auf MR. « höchft mohlthätigen Einfluß, da er bier die ſchoͤnſte Gelegenheit fand, ich, die Vorzüge der deutſchen Schule anzueignen und fo die Klippen, an welchen bie Stk liener gewöhnlich fcheitern, glüclich zu vermeiden. Die Compofition theils unter der Leitung Martini’s, theils und vorzugsweife aus den Meifteriver Een ber vorzüglichften deutfchen und italienifchen Muſiker. Doc) fanden feine er ften Arbeiten, zwei komiſche Opern, wenig Beifall, befto größern aber fein „uE morgone“‘, eine ernfte Oper, und bie folgenden „„Armida‘“, „Alcide*s ‚„Arianna‘, „‚Atalanta‘‘, „Enea nel Lazio‘, ‚‚Tigrane**, „La selvaiı eantata‘ und „Gerusalemme liherata.°* Außerdem fchrieb er treffliche Solfes gien, Lieder und einige Concertſtucke, aud) zwei Kirchenftüde, eine Mef Kaiferkrönung im Jahre 1790 und ein Te deum zum Geburtstage ber Königii von Preußen im Jahre 1810, Bereits im Jahre 1788 war R. Kapellmeifter de - Churfürften von Mainz geworden und feit 1793 lebte er in berfelben Eigenfchaf zu Berlin... Sein Tod erfolgte während einer nach Italien unternommenen Ra zu Bologna am 19. Auguft 1812, R. ift einer von den wenigen Stalin welche mit Erfolg die Vorzüge der italienifchen und deutfchen Muſik vereinig ben, und vielleicht derjenige, welcher am Vollkommenſten die deutſche Kraft und. Gruͤndlichkeit begriffen hat. Einfach und doch melodiereich erfcheint er als wärbis ger, weil felbftftändiger, Nachachmer Mozart’s und zugleich als Meifler der itas lienifchen Gefangstunft, deren Verbreitung in Deutfchland beiläufig ihm vorzugt weife mit zugufchreiben ift, Leider find nur wenige Jtaliener in feine $ > getreten; bie meiften haben es vorgezogen, die Modemanier beisubehalten oder fElavifch nachzuahmen. > Rigi, ein bemerfenswerther Berg in dem ſchweitzeriſchen Canton Schwrt, zwiſchen den vierwaldftätter,. zuger und lauerzer Seen, erhebt ſich t nur 5676 5. (nad) den Angaben Anderer 5555 $.) hoch Uber das Meer, aber gleich einem Kegel in einem weiten Keffel ganz ifolirt da und gewährt defhalb eine der weiteften und zugleich fhönften Sernfichten. Sein Umfang beträgt 10 Stuns den. Im Norden ift er rauh und fteil, im Süden aber mild, flady a und von mehreren Dörfern mit wuchernden Getreidefluren, Obft: und Gemäf gärten und üppigen Wiefengründen befegt, welche von zahlreichen Viehheerben b mweidet werden. In den zerftreut liegenden Sennhütten werben Käfe und Butter bereitet. Zwar ift er von allen Seiten befteigbar, doch finb die zwei Wege über Lauerz und Arth die bequemften. Beide laufen am Abhange des Berges zufam: men und führen zu dem Hospiz, einem von einigen Gapuzinermöndyen | Klofter mit 4 Wirthshäufern, dem fonntägigen Beluftigungsorte der ( ner. Auch wird hier jährlich am 22. Juli ein Volksfeſt, die Sonnenkilbe, 8 feiert, da® zum größern Theile in gumnaftifchen Übungen des Landvolks Von hier aus fleigt man höher zu einem Denkmale des Herzogs Ernft IH. vom Sachſen-Gotha, erreicht dann die fogenannte Rigiftaffel, wo ſich alle Wege vet» einigen, um den Kulm, den hoͤchſten Punft des R., zu betreten; von ibm aus genießt man die Ausfiht vom Jura bis zu dem Berge Bußen bei Biberach im Schwaben, eine Durhfchnittslinie von 70 Stunden und über 11 Cantone mit 14 Seen. Weſtlich fpiegelt fi das Auge in den Schneefuppen — des Eider, des Schreckhorn, Wetterhorn und Finſteraarhorn. Der ®. ift aus . Kirfet und Sandftein gebildet und feine Schichten follen am Fuße 50— 605. und weiter hinauf über 30%. mächtig fein. Am 2, Juni 1806 trennte fich ein 10008. breiter und 100 F. dicker Abhang (08 und bedeckte das geldauer und bußinger hat, —— einbüßten. S. Fuͤßli und Meyer, „Der Nigt in Beichnungen” (Zürich 1807). 3. ‚Rigny (Henri, Graf von), franzöfifcher Viceadmiral, Mitglied ber Der putirtenfammer und des Minifterconfeild, ward am 2: $ebruar 1782 zu Zoul geboren. Frühzeitig feines Vaters, eines ehemaligen Gapitains von ber Armee, beraubt mußte er beim Ausbruche der Revolution in dem Haufe feiner Zante Zus flucht fuchen, da feine Mutter zur Auswanderung genöthigt worden war. Eine Ältere Schwefter leitete nothdürftig feine Erziehung, Bereits 1796 kam er auf die Sregatte Sirene und befuchte Cayenne; bald darauf nahm er auf der Sregatte VEmbuscade Theil an einem Kreuzzuge längs der englifchen Küfte und 1799 wohnte er als Afpirant zweiter Glaffe der Blokade von Porto Ferraſo und dem Ge⸗ -fechte von Algefiras bei; auch in Ägypten, auf St. Domingo, Corfica und in - Epanien zeichnete er fich rühmlich aus. Won 1806 — 1809 nahm er unter ben Seeleuten, welche Napoleon der Landarmee einverleibt hatte, Theil an den Feld⸗ zügen in Preußen und Polen, war bei den Belagerungen von Stralfund und Graudenz, bei welcher legtern er fchwer verwundet ward, und diente dann als Aide de Champ unter Befjieres in Spanien, Im Jahre 1809 ward er Schiffs: lieutenant und 1811 Fregattencapitain. Als folcher nahm er im Jahre 1813 das von zwei englifchen Batterien vertheidigte Dorf Borfelen. Nach der Reftauration avancirte er allmählig bis zum Gontreadmiralund erhielt im Jahre 1824 das Com- mando ber franzöfifchen Seemacht im Mittelmeere. In diefer wegen ber griechi⸗ fhen Angelegenheiten damals fchwierigen Stellung benahm er ſich nad) einſtimmi⸗ gem Zeugniffe aller Parteien mit eben fo großer Umficht als Menſchenfreundlichkeit und trug am Schlachttage von Navarin (20.Dct. 1827) wefentlich mit zum Siege bei. Die Popularität, welche er dadurch erhalten hatte, beftimmte Das Minifte- rium Polignac, ihm das Seeminifterium anzubieten, allein er zeigte wenig Mei= gung fich diefem verhaßten Minifterium aufzuopfern und begnügte fi mit der Serpräfectur von Toulon. Als einer.der erften, der fich 1830 aufrichtig an die Suliusregierung angefchloffen hatte, wurde er im Jahre 1831 Minifter der Ma= tinez 1832 wählte ihn Boulogne in die Deputirtentammer und 1834 im April übernahm er das Minifterium der auswärtigen Angelegenheiten, welches er mit £urzer, durch das Stägige Miniftertum Baffano herbeigeführter Unterbrechung bis zum Austritte des Herzogs von Zrevifo im Febr. 1835 behielt, Bon da an bis zum April des genannten Jahres verwaltete er bis zur Ankunft des Marfhalls Maifon interimiftifch das Miniftertum des Kriege. Seitdem lebte er ohne Theilnahme an den öffentlichen Angelegenheiten und ſtarb ‚plöglich zu Paris am 7. Nov, 1835. Von Charakter war R. mohlwollend, offen und rediich und in feinen Anſichten gemaͤßigt, als Staatsmann aber ohne Tiefe und niefelbjtftändig, weßhalb er auch ftets nur ein Werkzeug der Geübteren blieb. Als Redner hat er nie geglaͤnzt. 22. Rigorismus, franz. rigorisme ; engl, rigorism (von dem Ältern lateini= fen Worte rigor, Härte, Strenge) , ift im vorzüglichen Sinne der Sehler der= jenigen Denfungsart, nach welcher man die Beweggründe des Wohlmwollens und der fanfteren Gefühle gänzlich ausſchließt und ſich nur von Motiven der kalten, ver= nünftigen Sittlichkeit leiten läßt. Diefe überfpannte Serbftverläugnung ift theils theoretifeh, theils praftifch, in twiefern man entiseder die Erfüllung feiner Plich⸗ ten ohne Rüdficht auf eignes Wohtfein erflrebt, oder an der gänzlichen Ausroftung feiner finnlichen Neigungen und Vernichtung derfelben im ſchwaͤrmeriſchen Wahn⸗ ſinne arbeitet. Jene nennt man auch xar LEoyne R., dieſe Rigoro ſitaͤt, ſo wie rigoroͤs, was ſtarr, ſtreng und rauh in Geſinnung und Handlung zugleich iſt. 904 Nikoſchettſchuß — Winderpeft Dem R. ſteht gewiſſermaßen die Denkungsart und das Verhalten der Indifferen⸗ tiſten, Synkretiſten und Latitudinarier entgegen, Ob nun gleich zu laxe Grund⸗ fäge in der Moral der Unſittlichkeit Thor und Thlır öffnen, fo beweiſt doch auch dic Geſchichte der Moral, daß allzuftrenge Sittenvorfchriften weder brauchbar noch wohlthätig find; ja der nothiwendige Widerftreit der Grundfäge mit dem Leben die: fer ftreng Denkenden (Rigoriften) führt jedesmal zur Inconſequenz und gemäßig: teren Anſichten. Unter den alten Meraliften find die Cyniker und Stoifer und unter ben fpäteren die Mönche mit ihren Kafteiungen und fonderbaren Ausfchmweis fungen als Rigoriften befarfnt. Diefe behaupteten, es gebe keine Mitteldinge, bie weder gut noch bös find, und derMoralift Eönne nichtzu viel und nicht ffreng genug fordern, während die Sefuiten, im offenbaren Gegenfage zu ihnen, theoretifch und praftifch dem Syſteme der Indifferentiften und Latitudinarier huldigten. - Außer der Moral wird dee R. auch noch in der Politik, Pädagogik ıc. angetroffen und übers haupt überall, wo uͤberſpannte Forderungen gemacht werben, Rikoſchettſchuß, Prellſchuß, nennt man die Schußart, welche bei Beia—⸗ gerung der Feſtungen angewendet wird und den Zweck hat, bie langen kinien der Feſtungswerke durch niedrige Sprünge der Gefchoffe, welche auf denfelben mehrere Auffchläge machen follen, zu beftreihen. Um bieß zu erlangen gibt man bem Ger (hüße eine ſolche Elevation, daß das Geſchoß dicht hinter der Bruſtwehr des feinds lichen Werkes den eriten Auffchlag macht; damit daffelbe aber mit dem zweiten Auffchlage wicht gleich wieder aus dem Werke hinausfpringe, fo erhalten die Ges ſchuͤtze eine ſchwaͤchere als die gewöhnliche Ladung. Der Erfinder des Rikoſchett⸗ ſchuſſes iſt Vauban, welcher denfelben zuerft bei der Belagerung von Ath 1697 ans wandte. Man verwendet zum Ritofchettiren zwölfpfündige Kanonen und auch Haubigen. Der mit Schanzkörben oder Faſchinen bekleidete Aufwurf, Brufts wehr, hinter welchen bie zum Rikofchettiren beftimmten Gefchlge zum Schutze gegen das Feuer der Feftung aufgeftellt werben, heißt Rikofhettbatterie Diefe Rikofhettbatterien werden, wie die Wurfbatterien, bei einem förmlichen Ans griffe der Feſtung zuerft erbaut, meil fie im Allgemeinen ben Zwed haben, ben Aufenthalt in den angegriffenen Werken unficher zu machen, die Armirung derfel ben zu erſchweren und die fchon aufgeftellten Gefchüge zu beſchaͤdigen. Die Ents fernung der Batterien vom Anfangspunfte der feindlichen Linie kann fehr verfchieden fein, wird jedoch nicht über 8OO Schritte angenommen. Dabei müfjen diefe Bat: terien fo gelegt werden, daß die Mittellinien der Scharten, hinter denen die Gefüge ftehen, in der Verlängerung der zu befchießenden Linie liegen. Rinderpeft oder Kindviehſeuche, auch Hornviehſeuche, Vichbpeit, Diebfterben, Uebergaͤlle, Gallenſeuche, Köferdürre, lat. pestis boum, bovilla, typhus boum contagiosus; franz. peste ou fievre pestilentielle du gros betail; engl. murrain, ift eine den Rindern eigenthümlicye, febr gefährliche Seuche, eine Art von fauligem Mervenfieber, das aus dem fübölt lichen und öfttichen Europa und aus Afien zu ung gefommen tft, die Thiere nur einmal befällt und fic) auf andere Xhiergattungen nicht überträgt. Obwohl bie R. dem Alterthume nicht unbefannt war, fo finden fich genaue Beobachtungen der wirklichen R. doch erft in Bernd. Ramazzini’s „„Dissertatio de contagiosa ‚ epidemica ete.“ (Padua 1711), da die Seuche feit 1709 durch ganz Europa wuͤthete. Auch nachher ift diefe Seuche zu verfchiedenen Zeiten immer wieder eins aefchleppt worden, fo 1772— 1776 in Holland, 1795 — 1801 in Deutfchland, 1805, 1809 und 1813 vorzüglich in Preußen, Sachſen und in ber Mark ıc., fo wie auch 1814 in $ranfreih, 1828 an den preußifc) : polnifchen Grenzen und in den Fahren 1829 und 1830 in Öjtreih. Man hat berechnet, daß nur allein im Laufe des vorigen Jahrhunderts in Deutfchland 28 und in Europa Überhaupt gegen Rinderpeſt 905 200 Mill. Rinder an der R. gefallen ſind. — In Ruͤckſicht der Symptome nimmt man an: 1) die Periode der Anſteckung. Dieſe dauert bis zum 7. Tage nach ber Anſteckung und gibt ſich, aber erſt den Z. oder 4. Tag, durch fieberhafte Zufaͤlle Sträuben des Hauthaars auf dem Rüden, befondere Empfindlichkeit in der Lens bengegend, Zrägheit, Mattigkeit und ſchwankenden Gang, durch Reden, Gähnen und Zähneknirfchen, bisweilen mit untermiſchtem Brülfen und Unruhe zu erkennen; dabei find Nafe und Maul troden, die Augen trübe und das Weiße derfelben ges röthet. Das Wiederkaͤuen, Selbft: und Nafeleden find träge getworben, bei nicht ganz regelmäfigem Milchertrag und einigem Huſten. 2) Die Periode des Aus bruchs. Hier bemerkt man heftiges Fieber, Sträuben des Hauthaars, Schau: bern des Körpers und der Haut, Zittern der Gliedmaßen, befonder® des ganzen Dintertheils des Körpers, öftere Temperaturveränderung ber Haut, Abwechfelung von Wärme und Kälte an den Hörnern und Klauen, lebhaften Bli der Augen, ſtatke Röthung der Bindehaut derfelben, Trodenheit, Röthe und Hige der innern und Außern Nafe, Eleine rothe Flecken hier und da am Zahnfleifche und am Maule mit Seifen; nach einigen Tagen Verwandelung diefer Flecke in Bläschen und nad) Abftreifung der Haut Zurüdlaffung von wunden Stellen, die leicht biuten und von denen fich die Haut in den Maulwinfeln als eine talgartige, weiße Schmiere anfammelt. Die wunden Stellen im Maule nehmen an Umfange zu; heftiger Durchfall mit fortwährendem Zwaͤngen ftellt fich ein, der fehe ſtinkend ift und immer ſtinkender wird. Mit legterm erreicht die Krankheit 3) die Periode ihrer Höhe, welche durch einen allgemeinen typhoͤſen Zuftand bezeichnet wird, wozu noch fchnelles, | fchnaubendes Athmen, mit Schmerz andeutendem Stöhnen, fehnelle pochende Herzfchläge, bis auf 90 und 100 in der Minute, gefteigerter Puls, fo wie ent⸗ artete vermehrte Ausflüffe und Ausleerungen aller Art als conftante Zeichen dieſes Zeitraums gehören, bis endlich die Thiere vom 6. bis 9. Tage des Ausbruces an unter Verdrehungen des Halfes, Zähneknirfchen, Verdrehen der Augen, aͤngſtlichem Stöhnen, kaltem Athen, fehr abgezehrt und alle Ausmwürfe einen peftilentialen Geſtank verbreitend, fterben. — Bon biefem Verlaufe weicht bie Krankheit bis⸗ teilen darin ab, daß kein Durchfall eintritt, fondern das Zhier bei aufgetriebenem Leibe bis Eurzvor feinem Tode verftopft bleibt und dann gewoͤhnlich ſchon am 5. oder 6. Tage nach dem Ausbruche ſtirbt. Je Eräftiger das Thier ift, befto heftiger und fchneller verläuft gewöhnlich die Krankheit und es flirbt dann fogar unter heftigen Brüllen und Convulfionen, ohne daß ſich alle Symptome eines tpphöfen Zuftandes eingefunden haben. Manche Thiere Üüberftchen jedoch auch die Seuche. Um fie bald völlig wiederherzuftellen, müffen fie mit fehr nährendem, aber Leicht verdaulichem Sutter, mit Schroot: und Mehltraͤnken unterftügt werden, wobei ihnen noch über: dieß flüchtig und permanent reigende Arzneien, z. B. Chamillenblüthen, Calmuss wurzel und Wermuthkraut, zu verabteichen find. Die ganze Kunft, die R. mit 906 King — Ringwaldt Erfolge zu bekaͤmpfen und jedesmal unfehlbar zu beſiegen, hat nur einen einzigen Beſtrebungspunkt, naͤmlich den, „der Seuche alle Mittel zu ihrer Fo zu benehmen,“ was lediglich nur durch wohl geordnete und zweckmaͤßig veterinärifch=polizeiliche- Maßregeln bewerkſtelligt werden kann. In dieſer ziehung vergleiche man Lor in ſer, „Uber die Rinderpeſt ıc.” und in Betreff ber bis jegt dagegen geruͤhmten Mittel: Wilhelmi’s „Vollfländiges Receptbuch (Leipzig 1832). 28, Ring heißt in der Mathematik der Flächenraum zwifchen zwei | Kreifen. Der Raum zwifchen zwei gleich hohen Cylindern mit einer lichen Achfe heißt ein cylindeifcher R. und ein Körper, ber durch eine einge fchloffene Figur, als einen Kreis, eine Ellipfe, oder aud) von dem Abfchnitte eimer ſchicklichen Figur durch die Umdrehung ihrer Ebene um eine in dieſer Achſe erzeugt wird, heißt ein ringförmiger Körper.. Ringelgediht, Rundgedicht, Rondeau, nennt man eine dem Gometie verwandte Iprifche Form, die aus 13 zehn» und eilffplbigen jambifchen Berfen und zwar nur mit zwei Reimen, einem männlichen und einem weiblichen, Ent: weder muß der männliche Reim achtmal und der weibliche flinfmal, ober ber männ- liche fiebenmal und der weibliche fechsmal wiederkehren; aud) müffen bieerften Worte, gewöhnlic die ganze Hälfte des erften Verfes, als Refrain nad dem achten und nach dem dreizehnten Verſe wiederholt werden. Won diefer urfprünglichen Geftalt bes Rondeau find die Dichter jedoch vielfach abgewichen und haben ſich mandherlei greiber ten und Erweiterungen erlaubt. Als Beifpieleines deutfchen Ringelgedichts in Manchem von der urfprünglichen Form abweicht, diene folgendes von Dagebom: „Du Schmelz der bunten Wiefen, Du Stille voller Freuden, Du neubegrunte dur, Du Reizung füßer ftets von mir gepriefen, e bift du zu beneiden melz der bunten Wieſen! Du Gtille voller Freuden! Es ſchmuͤckt di und Gephifen Du mebreft in und Beiden Der Lenz und die Natur, "Die Sehnſucht treuer Bruft, Du Sch der bunten Wieſen, Du Stille voller Freuden, Du neubegrünte Flur! Du Reizung füßer Luft.’ 66. Ringelrennen, f. Carrouffel. Ringwaldt (Bartholomäus), einer der beften beutfchen didaktiſchen Dichter bes XVI. Jahrh., 1531 zu Frankfurt an der Oder geboren, widmete fi) der Thee⸗ logie und ward um 1578 Prediger zu Langfeld in der Mark Brandenburg, wor nad) dem Jahre 1595 ſtarb. Diefes Wenige ift Alles, was man bis jegt von feinen Lebensumftänden in Erfahrung gebracht hat. Unter feinen vielgelefenen Lehtge⸗ dichten behauptet fein älteftes: „Die lautere Wahrheit, darinnen angezeiget, mie fich ein weltlicher und geiftlicher Kriegsmann in feinem Berufe verhalten ſoll“ (Erf. 1585. 8. u. öft.; zulegt, jedod) etwas geändert, von J. W. Brodtkorb, Langen ſalza 1700.8.) den erften Rang. Weit eritfernt fidy auf gemeine Neimerei nüglicher Lehren zu befchränfen, zeigt der Dichter in dem Ganzen, welches fi um die Vers gleichung eines eifrigen Chriften mit einem Krieger dreht, aus welcher er manche treffende und ſchoͤne Bilder bervorzuloden weiß, eine zu jener Zeit feltene Energie bes gefunden Menfchenverftandes. Mehr Phantafie, aber weniger Kunft in ber Ausführung beurfundet fein anderes bidaktifhes Gedidht: „Der treue Edart“ (Frankf. 1590. 8. u. öft.; zulegt Bert. 1738. 8.), eine moralifche Vifion, nad welcher der treue Eckart eine kleine Reife durc) den Himmel und die Höue macht. In der Beſchteibung des Großen, Feierlichen und Schauderhaften iſt der Dichter Rink — Mio de Janeiro 907 nicht glücklich; wird aber die Darftellung ſatyriſch, fo gelingt fie ihm nicht ſelten trefflich. Weit unter dieſen Lehrgedichten fteht dag —— „Epithalamium, vyom Zuſtande eines betrübten Widtwerd“ (Frankf. 1595. 8. N. X. von E. F. Eber⸗ hard, Leipz. 1797. 8.), welches jedoch als Beitrag zur Geſchichte deutſcher Gebräuche bei Privatfeſten jener Zeit ſchaͤtzenswerth iſt. R.s geiſtliche Gedichte (Ruͤrnb. 1598. 12,), die zum Theil auch in die@efangbücher aufgenommen find, beweiſen des Ver⸗ faffers geringes Talent zu dieſer Gattung der Poefie. (Vgl. Hoffmann’svon Fallers⸗ leben, „Barth. Ringwaldt und Benj.Schmolde; ein Beitrag zur deutfchen Literatur⸗ gefchichte des XVI. und XVIII. Jahrhunderts“ [Breslau 1833. 8.]). 67. .. Rint (Johann Chriftian Heinrich), ein tüchtiger Orgelfpieler und Compo⸗ nift, ward den 18. Febr. 1770 zu Eigersburg im Gothaifchen geboren und erhielt ben erften Unterricht von feinem Vater, dem dortigen Schullehrer, Später machte er Ducch eigenen Fleiß ſowohl als unter Kittel's Leitung in der Theorie und Praris der Muſik, befonders aber im Orgelfpiele, fo bedeutende Fortfchritte, daß er ſchon 1790 als Stadtorganift nach Gießen berufen wurde. Obgleich er fich nun hier wegen feines höchft geringen Einkommens unausgefegt mit Unterrichtgeben befaſſen mußte, fo behielt er doch noch Zeit genug uͤbrig, emfig an feiner Ausbildung fort» zuarbeiten und die Werke der berühmteften Tonkünftter durchzuftudiren. Mache dem er feit 1792 an der Stadtfchule und fpäter am Gpmnafium zu Gießen ange⸗ ftellt gemefen war, folgte ee 1805 einem Rufe ald Organift und Cantor am Gym⸗ nafium zu Darmftadt, wo er jest noch (feit 1813 als Hoforganift) lebt. R.'s Leiftungen find anerkannt. Er ift ein ebenfo braver Lehrer als Künftler und Com⸗ ponifl, Das Fach, in dem er fich vorzugsmeife mit Gluͤck bewegt, ift die Orgel⸗ mufif, welche ihm in der neueren Zeit am meijten mit verdankt. Er ſchrieb unter Anderm mehrere Sammlungen Orgelvorfpiele, eine Orgelfchule, ein Choralbuch und feit einigen Jahren den fo beliebten Choralfreund, von welchem bis jegt 4Jahr⸗ gänge (1832 — 1835) vollftändig erfchienen find. Unter feinen neueften Arbeiter hat Klopftod’s Lied: „Auferftehn 20.” für 4 Singftimmen mit Orgelbegleitung verdiente Anerkennung gefunden. 36. Rinkfart (Martin), ein nicht unbebeutender religiöfer Kiederbichter,geb. 1585 zu Eilenburg in Sachſen, ftudirte zu Leipzig, ward dann 1610 Gantor und 1611 Diaconus in Eisleben, 1613 Paftor zu Erdeborn im Mangfeldifchen, 1617 Archi⸗ diaconus zu Eilenburg und ftarb. hier den 2, Dec. 1643. Ohne feiner mannigfals tigen religiöfen dichterifchen Leiſtungen weiter zu gedenken, bemerken wir nur, daß er als Verfaſſer des fchönen Liedes: „Nun danket Alle Gott” der Vergeflenheit ent⸗ zogen zu werben verdient. Vergl. Plato, „M. Rinkart“ (Leipz.1830). 16. Rio de Janeiro (San Sebaftian, auch nur einfach Rio), Hauptftadt des Kaiſerthums Brafilien, ift an einer geräumigen Bat erbaut, melche einen ber fhönften Häfen in Amerika bildet. Der Eingang wird durch mehrere Forts ver- theidigt, von welchen Santa-Eruz, am Abhange des Berges Pico, und Villagaga non und die Ilha das Cobras (Schlangeninſel), beide auf zwei Eleinen Inſeln im Innern ber Bat, die wichtigften find. Man muß die eigentliche oder die Alt⸗ ſtadt von der Neuftadt unterfcheiden; die legtere iſt, weſtlich von der erfieren, feit dem Jahre 1808 erbaut worden und wird von derfelben durch den großen Plag oder eigentlich das Campo de Santa-Anna getrennt. Breite und gerade, «mit Sandftein gepflafterte und mit Fußpfaden verfehene Straßen, ſchoͤne und größten= theils von Granit erbaute Häufer, mehrere große Pläge und einige vecht huͤbſche öffentliche Gebäude rechtfertigen das günftige Urtheil, welches mehrere Reifende über diefe Stadt gefaͤllt haben. Nur die Altſtadt enthält manche fchlechte Gebäude und mehrere krumme und ſchmale Straßen, Die ganze Stabt enthält 18 Kirchen, 8 Kıöfter, 16000 Häufer, 91 Hauptſtraßen, 2 große und 11 Eleinere Pläge und 210000 Einw., darunter 100000. Neger und viele Fremde. Die merfwürdigften 903 Rio de Janeiro Gebäude find: der Baiferliche Palaft, ehemals die Reſidenz des Vicekönigreiches, von Granit aufgeführt und eigentlich aus drei verfchiedenen Gebäuden beftebenb, twelche durch bedeckte Gaͤnge mit einander zufammenhängen ; ber bifchöfliche Palaſt; die Münze; das Zeughaus für die Landmacht; das Seearfenal; die Kriegskanzlei (Trem oder Casa do Exerecito); das Zollhaus; das ehemalige Sefuitencollegium; die 1820 erbaute Börfe; das prächtige Theater San⸗Joao, mo italienifche Opern gegeben werden; bie Findels und Waifenhäufer. Unter ben Kirchen, die ſich mehr durch ihre Verzierungen und inneren Reichthlimer, als durch ihre Bauart auszeich⸗ nen, find zu erwähnen: die Kathedrale, bei ber ſich die Dofkapelle befindet; bie Kirche Noffa Senhora da Candelariaz die Kapellen zu St. Peter und Santa-Eruz. Das Benedictinerklofter ift um feiner ſchoͤnen Lage willen berühmt und die im Fahre 1740 vollendete prachtvolle Wafferleitung da Garioca, eine Nachahmung der von Liſſabon, ift unftreitig eine der fchönften in Amerika, von einer Länge von beinahe 1200 wiener Kiafter. Die fhönften Pläge find: der Schlofiplak vor dem kaiſer⸗ lichen Palafte, nad) derBai zu offen und mit einem herrlichen Brunnen geſchmuͤckt; der Platz Rocio, noch größer al® der vorige; der Plag Peloirinho, ehemals Capim genannt; der Plag San» Domingo; endlich das Campo de Santa: Anna, durd feine Größe und feinen Brunnen merkwürdig, Übrigens noch ein ganz offener freier Raum, aber beftimmt, einer der fchönften öffentlichen Pläge der Welt zu werben, Seit dem Fahre 1808 find mehrere mwiffenfchaftliche Anftalten hier errichtet worben, nämlich: die mebicinifche und chirurgifche Schule mit dem Militairhospital verbuns den; die Schule der fchönen Künfte; die Schifffahrtsfchule; das Seminar ©t. Joaquim; das Lyceum Et. Johann; die Militairfchule; die Nechtäfhule; die Schule fr Naturgefchichte; das Handelsinftitut und die erft vor Kurzem gearlın bete Univerfität oder Lehranftalt für die ſchoͤnen Wiffenfchaften, griechifche, Iatei- nifche und lebende Sprachen, Rhetorik, Philofophie und Handel; die Akademie für das Seewefen ; bie kaiferliche Bibliothef mit 60000 Bänden; das Mineralien: cabinet; der außerhalb der Stadt liegende botanifche Garten und eine Sternwarte. Die legtgenannte unter fehr forgfältiger Leitung ftehende Anftalt kann für ganz Brafilien höchft wichtig werden. Man hat hier die (yinefifche) Theeflaube, die fehr gut fortlommt, den Zimmt:, Nelken⸗, Muskat: und Campherlorbeerftraud fo wie eine Menge anderer erotifcher Pflanzen einheimiſch gemacht, deren Gultur in wenig Jahren Über ganz Brafilien verbreitet fein dürfte. Vor 60 Jahren mar in der ganzen Provinz Rio de Janeiro noch nicht ein einziger Caffeebaum vorbans den und jet ift der Gaffee ein Hauptausfuhrartifel. Vor wenig Fahren hatte R. nur Eine Buchdruderei, gegenwärtig find deren fhon mehrere vorhanden; eben fe erfchien hier im Jahre 1820 erft eine periodifche Schrift, während im Jahre 1828 fchon 10 herausfamen. R. hat eine Menge Marktpläge, wo nicht nur große Vor⸗ räthe von Lebensmitteln und allerlei Waaren, fondern auch bisher zahlreiche Neger⸗ fElaven verkauft wurden. Wenige Städte haben fchönere Spaziergänge als biele Hauptftadt Brafiliens. Außer den ſchon oben angeführten Plägen beſteht noch eigens fuͤr diefen Zweck der Paffejo publico , welcher die öffentliche Promenade bil det, und eine Eleine Abtheilung deffelben ift den botanifchen Vorlefungen gereibmet, da der botanifche Garten felbft zu weit entfernt liegt. Die Zuders, Leder: und Baummwollfabriten, die Segeltuchtwebereien, Rumbrennereien, Thranfiedereien, Gerbereien, Fifchbeinreißereien, thönerne und fteinerne Gefäfbereitungen, Schiff“ mwerfte und Juwelier⸗ und Steinfchleifereien find nicht unbedeutend ; viel wichtiger aber der Handel mit Zuder, Reis, Tabak, Ipecacuanha, Tapioca (brauner Sago), Baumwolle, Rindshäuten, Hörnern, Gold, Edelfteinen, Faͤrbe und Tiſchlerholz. Sie hat zu dieſem Behufe ein Seearfenal und hält jährlich 2 Meffen. In den Hafen laufen jährlich an 1700 Schiffe ein und aus. Überdieh hat bie Auf: hebung von mandherlei Beſchraͤnkungen, welche der Handelsfreibeit im Wege ftans Ki.
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The Hudson Bay Company have a fort at that point, called Fort Liard. Think of it as a city with a million inhabitants. Change the name of the Mackenzie to Neva. Rear upon its banks regal palaces and golden-domed churches. Span its waters with NA Via A TION TO THE B 0 CRY MO UNTAINS. 125 magnificent arches. Behold the residences of nobles in the surrounding country. Think of a railway, straight and wide, running over the plain four hundred miles, with scarcely a curve, connecting the new with the old capital of the Empire. The old capital has a population of fifteen hundred thousand, more than in New York and Brooklyn together. We think of New York as the metropolis of the New World, but Moscow surpasses it in the number of inhabitants and in gorgeous- ness of architecture. The golden domes and gilded spires of four hundred churches pierce the sky above the old Muscovite city. Its Kremlin is still one of the wonders of Europe. If such capitals can exist in Europe, why may not all this region, possessing a fertile soil and equable clime, be the abode of a mighty race in the future? Why may there not be great cities, towns, villages, manufactures, railroads, telegraphs, school houses and churches all over this region, now the home of the buffalo, and the last hunting ground of the Indians ? We have been looking at the region in the far Northwest, and now let us travel westward, along the line of the North Pacific Railroad, which is to start from some point on Lake Superior. When it reaches the Mississippi it will be connected with all the network of railroads leading to Chicago and other points south It will leave the valley of the Red River of the North, reach the Missouri at the Great Bend, follow up the Yellow¬ stone, cross the Rocky Mountains, and reach the Pacific at Puget’s Sound, with a branch down the Columbia to Portland. The most northern point of the line will be near the Great Bend of the Missouri, in the latitude of Vienna and Central Erance. Yet the public somehow have obtained the idea that the country along the line cannot be inhabited on account of cold, and that the railroad never can be operated on account of snow. Navigation nearly to the Rocky Mountains. — Capt. Blakiston (quoted by Mr. Rawlings) says : “ Taking either branch of the Sascatchewan River, it is navigable for boats from Lake Winnepeg to near the base of the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 1200 miles.” He says he travelled 1000 miles up it to Fort Edmund- ton at a time of year when the water was lowest. 126 BED BIVEB SETTLEMENT. Homes for the Immigrant. — Mr. Rawlings says of this country : “ The splendid landscapes of the Assiniboine that adorn the great picture gallery of nature cannot be closed for ever. The measureless prairies that stretch in vast waves of beauty from the Lake of the Woods to the base of the Rocky Mountains, redolent and gorgeous with the richest profusion of rose bushes, blue bells, woodbine, convolvulus, helianthii, and thousands of name¬ less and delicate flowers, tell the beholder the wealth of soil that supports them in their entangled and untrained luxuriance of variety and numbers. The thousands of small lakes — sweet eyes of earth that dot the vallej^s — invite him with their clear waters and fisheries ; the rivers that spread, interlace and ramify for thousands of miles, tell of a well-watered soil. * * * Game, such as the buffalo, swarm over the plains, while the stately cariboo, the prowling bear, the wily fox, the pretty mink, the busy otter, the nimble squirrel, and the scented rat, are swarming through the forest and by lake and river. Of birds, there is the majestic eagle and the blue- winged jay, the murderous hawk and the little jewelled humming bird ; together with duck and pigeon, sandpiper and cherry bird, loon and partridge, magpie and blackcap, nightingale and swallow, grouse and snipe, kingfisher and plover.” The Red River Settlement. — 14,000 People North of Minnesota. — What is called the Selkirk Settlement, sixty miles north of Pembina, numbers about 14,000 souls — Europeans, French-Canadians, and half-breeds. “ One- half the population are hunters and the other half far¬ mers. The hunters, mostly half-breeds, do nothing but hunt buffalo. They make two grand excursions each year, one commencing on the 20th of June and lasting two months, and the other on the 10th of September and LIFE AT WINNEPEG. 127 lasting till the 10th of November. The hunters lead a free, happy, wild, romantic life, and are, when in the settlement, temperate and well behaved.” The number of acres of land under cultivation in 1864 was 22,000. There is quite a trade carried on between St. Paul and this settlement, in furs brought down and merchandise and agricultural implements taken back. There is quite a town at Fort Garry, where a newspaper is printed, churches and schools supported, and the refinements and cultivation of city life sustained. Pianos and music are not unfrequent items in an invoice of merchandise from St. Paul to Fort Garry. All this nearly 600 miles north of St. Paul. The newspaper is published b}7. Dr. Walter R. Bown, formerly of St. Paul, and has twenty-four columns, filled with reading matter, St. Paul, St. Cloud, and Winnepeg advertisements — the number before us is dated July 3rd, 1869. The town is now called “Winnepeg.” We have only room for a few extracts. LIFE AT WINNEPEG. ( Local Items from the “ Nor'- Wester.") The carts are beginning to return from St. Paul. Flour has falleo to twenty-five shillings per 100 lbs. The parties who are coming tnrough by way ox Superior City are reported close at hand. The weather has been exceedingly hot during the last two or three days. Frost. — The customary June frost has done but slight damage in this section, the tenderest plants only being “ scorched ” to a limited extent. A good many of our farmers sowed their wheat too thickly, and they are getting sorry for it. Work commences immediately upon the Lake of the Woods section of the Red River and Lake Superior Road. Mr. Mail* has succeeded in engaging fifty laborers. Departure. — Dr. Schubz leaves to-day with horses, as far as Abercrombie. The Doctor will visit Montreal and Ottawa before his return, which will be in about five weeks. Immigration — Preparations are being made in all parts of Ontario and a portion of Quebec to inaugurate a lively emigration h’ther during the present summer and fall. Companies are being formed in many localities to come in and take possession of the idle prairies which surrounu us, waiting for the occupancy of enterprising and practical agricultural1 sts One correspondent assures us that a large number of families in one locality are making preparations to come in as soon as possible ; and another writes from Montreal that a “ party of about one hundred young men is forming to leave for this country as soon as arrangements can be completed.” 128 NOB THE BN PACIFIC BAILBOAD. CHURCH DIRECTORY. R. Catholic Church.— Cathedral of St. Boniface. Mass 6 A. M. and 7 A.M.; Solemn Mass and Sermon J A. M. ; Vespers 3 F. M. On week days, Mass 6 A. M. and 8.30 A. M. All of the Priests resident in the Bishopric officiate according to appointment. Chukch of England.— St. John’s Cathedral. The Venerable Archdeacon McLean, M. A., Rector. Sabbath services at 10.30 A. M. and 3 P. M. Sunday School at 2 P M. - Churoli or the Holy Trinity. Service by Archdeacon McLean every Sunday evening, at 6.30 P. M. Sun¬ day School at 3P.M Presbyterian.— Kildonan Church. Sabbath Service at 10 A. M., Rev. John Black: and Prayer Meeting at 2.30 P. M. Rev. Wm. Fletcher first Sabbath of every month, at 6 P. M. - Knox Church, in this town. Rev. Wm. Fletcher second Sabbath of every month, at 3 P. M. Rev. John Black first and third Sabbaths, at 3 P. M. Pews open and free to all. Sabbath School at 2 P. M. Weslevan Methodist. — At Larsen’s building every Sabbath, at 10.30 A. M. Rev. George Young, Minister. “The citizens of Winnepe’gare cordially invited to attend.” Northern Pacific Railroad. — Its future Business. — “But,” says Mr. Rawlings, after further glowing de¬ scriptions of the coal, salt springs, timber, natural grasses, enormous yields of wheat, &c., &c., for which we have not space, “ all this land has been shut out from the knowledge of the world. A new era is at hand. The people of the Atlantic are wooing the people of the Pacific ; they would be united by an iron band. * * Starting from La Crosse to St. Paul, Minnesota ; from Fon du Lac, at the head of Lake Superior ; and from St. Paul, — we have a system of railways, which are partly built and which are now under contract and construction, to the Red River of the North. * * Carry out the project of a railroad to the Pacific Ocean, at whatever cost to the British Government or people, and the future of that country will present a panorama of magnificence unexampled in history, and before which the splendor of Roman wealth, in the days of Augustus, will sink into insignificance. The silks, teas, and opium of China will swiftly speed over the Rocky Mountains to the warehouses of Europe ; the spices and Oriental luxuries of India will be transported over lands where the red race but an age since had trapped the beaver and the ermine ; the re-awakened commerce of Japan would find a way across the prairie land of Hudson’s Bay Territory ; the gold of California, of British Columbia and the Sascatchewan Valley, would find a safe passage, by the great lakes, to TIIOMAS D'ARCY McGEE. 129 the Atlantic ; the wool of California would find a more direct route to England ; and the homeward and outward bound would cross the Atlantic on their way to India, China, Australia, California, British Columbia, British North America, and the United States, in social com¬ panionship. ’’ The Northern Route the Shortest and most Available. — Its Effect on Minnesota. — The applicability of this glow¬ ing language to Minnesota becomes apparent when we consider that Minnesota is the mouth of the funnel through which all this traffic and travel must pass — where bulk must be broken and cars changed. The single fact which fixes this destiny and crystalizes it as a logical conclusion sure as fate, is found in the fol¬ lowing figures from the Message of Gov. Marshall, Jan¬ uary, 1869 : “ The distance from New York to Puget’s Sound, via the Northern Pacific Railroad, is 2892 miles ; from New York to San Francisco, via the Union Pacific Railroad, 3417, a difference of 525 in favor of the Northern Route. From Chicago to San Francisco, by the Union Pacific Road, the distance is 2448 ; from west end of Lake Su¬ perior to Puget’s Sound, by the Northern Pacific route, the distance is 1775 miles, a difference in favor of the northern route of 673 miles, or more than one-fourth ; while Puget’s Sound is nearer by from 700 to 1000 miles to Japan, China, and India, than San Francisco is.” Also in the following from Thomas D’Arcy McGee, (quoted by Mr. Rawlings in “America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific :”) “Every one can understand that the American route from Western Europe to Asia, which lies farthest to the north, must be the most direct. Any one glancing at a globe will see where the 46° parallel leads the eye, from 130 NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD. the heart of Germany, through the British Channel, across to the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and from our Gulf westward to the Sascatehewan, to Vancouver’s Island — the Cuba of the North Pacific ; and from Vancouver to the rich and populous archipelago of Japan. This course was demonstrated by Capt. Synge to be 2000 miles shor¬ ter between London and Hong Kong than any other in existence.” The Chicago Tribune , noticing the movements of the company to survey and commence building the North Pacific Railroad across American territory, admits the superiority of the route over all others. It says : “ If the company build the road in good faith, they will become the largest landed proprietors in the world. Congress has granted them every other section for forty miles on each side of it from the head of Lake Superior to Puget’s Sound or the Pacific Ocean — that is, a belt of country west from Lake Superior entirely across the con¬ tinent forty miles wide. The distance is, in round num¬ bers, seventeen hundred miles, in all 68,000 square miles — territory enough to make three States as large as Illinois, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Nor is this land, like nine-tenths of that along the Union and Central Pacific Railways , worthless. The surveys made years ago, and the accounts of all travelers, agree that the country along nearly the entire line of this road is capable not only of cultivation , but of sustaining a large and highly prosperous population .” After further noticing the facts that there are less ob¬ structions from snow on this route, Capt. Mullen having crossed the Rocky Mountains six times in the winter of 1854-5, and never found snow over fifteen inches deep ; that “ steam communication can be opened entirely across the Continent by building only 730 miles of track f the remain- WORK TO GO FORWARD. 131 ing distance of a thousand miles being occupied with navi¬ gable rivers ; that the grades are easier, having only two summits to cross, while the Union Pacific had six, the northern route lying up the valley of the Missouri and down that of the Columbia, the Tribune concludes : “It is a thousand miles nearer, perhaps more, from Chicago and the great Atlantic cities to Japan and China by the Puget’s Sound route than it is by San Francisco. Ships passing between that city and Asia always sail north of the Straits of Fuca in order to follow the shortest great circle to their destination. Hence the northern line would have most important advantages in competing for the through trade and traffic between Eastern Asia and America. On every consideration, therefore, of national development and personal pecuniary advantage, it is to be hoped the Northern Pacific Railway Company will push forward their great work to completion as fast as men and money can do it.” The Work to go Forward. — The Philadelphia Press , of May 22d, 1869, had the following : “Mr. Ogden, in his speech night before last at the Cooper Institute, said he had been for the last two weeks, particularly for the last few days, engaged in negotiating with Jay Cooke & Co., of Philadelphia, by which Mr. Cooke would become the financial agent for the construc¬ tion of the great northern railroad from Lake Superior, through Minnesota and across the Plains, to Columbia River, bringing us 800 miles nearer the empire of Japan than the present Pacific Railroad. The negotiation was substantially closed, and most satisfactorily too, and he hoped the work would soon be commenced and completed. This is a deserved tribute to the financial ability of Mr. Cooke, and no less to the business reputation of Phila¬ delphia. This new road, which is to run from Superior 132 CONDITION OF RAILROADS. to Paget’s Sound, will probably be in the end the great continental railway, on account of the advantages it possesses of being projected across the continent on the isothermal line which secures at all seasons of the year a mild climate, which in turn secures wood and water.” Since then surveys have been going on, and an ex¬ pedition set on foot by Jay Cooke to examine the entire route. “ Carleton” was the Boston correspondent of this expedition. Present Condition of the Railroads of Minnesota. — In January, 1869, the Governor’s Message gave the fol¬ lowing figures : Constructed Whole line in 1868, in opera- Miles. tion, Miles. First Div. St. Paul & Pacific, main line. 35 51 First Div. St. Paul & Pacific, to Sauk Rapids . 81 Minnesota Valley, now St. Paul & Sioux City . 23 90 Milwaukee, St. Paul, & Minneapolis . 131 Winona and St. Peter . 106 Southern Minnesota . 20 50 Lake Superior & Mississippi . 30 30 Hastings & Dakota . 20 20 128 559 A total of 559 miles in operation in the State. (For progress since, see closing pages of Part First.) Land Grants and other Aid. — Each of the first ten roads named below have a Congressional land grant of 6400 acres of land for each mile of road, except the North Pacific, which has 12,800 to the mile. In addition to this, the Lake Superior & Mississippi Railroad has a grant of seven sections to the mile of State lands, and a $250,000 bonus of St. Paul city bonds. 1st. The St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, from St. Paul, via St. Anthonjr, Sauk Rapids, and Crow Wing, to Pembina, on the Red River, 400 miles. LAND GBANTS AND OTHEB AID. 133 2d. First Division of St. Paul & Pacific, main line, from St. Paul, via St. Anthony and Minneapolis, to Breckinridge, on Red River, 200 miles. Also, from St. Paul, via St. Anthony, to Sauk Rapids, 81 miles, with a branch to Lake Superior from some point between Sauk Rapids and Crow Wing, 120 miles. 3d. St. Paul & Sioux City (late Minnesota Valley,) from St. Paul, via Mankato, to the south-western boundary of the State, 170 miles, to connect with a road from Sioux City, 70 miles long. 4th. The Milwaukee, St. Paul, & Minneapolis, from St. Paul and Minneapolis, via Mendota, Faribault, and Owatonna, to the State line nearly due south, intersects the Winona & St. Peter at Owatonna, and gives the only all rail route to Milwaukee and Chicago, 110 miles long. 5th. Lake Superior & Mississippi, from St. Paul, nearly due north to Duluth, 150 miles, with authority to connect with a branch from Superior. 6th. The Hastings & Dakota, from Hastings, via Farmington, through the counties of Scott, Carver, and McLeod, to the Big Stone Lake. 7th. The Winona & St. Peter, from Winona, via Owa¬ tonna, Waseca, and St. Peter, to the western boundary of the State, 250 miles. 8th. The Southern Minnesota Railroad, from La Cre¬ scent, up Root River Valley, through the entire southern tier of counties, via Lanesboro, Austin, Albert Lea, Win¬ nebago City, Fairmount, and Jackson, to the State line, 250 miles ; and thence to the G-reat Bend of the Missouri. 9th. The Northern Pacific Railroad, from Lake Supe¬ rior, either at Superior or Bayfield, via St. Cloud, or above Crow Wing, to Breckinridge — two surveys having been made and the line not yet definitely located. 12 134 PROJECTED ROADS AND CONNECTIONS. 10th. The Stillwater & St. Paul Railroad, via White Bear Lake, 18 miles. 11th. The Chicago & St. Paul Railroad, from St. Paul, via Hastings and other river towns, having a grant of State lands fourteen sections per mile, and graded 20 miles. Projected Hoads and outside Connections. — No less than twelve other roads are chalked out, some of them chartered, others have more or less aid in the way of local bonds, and the aid of the main trunk lines, some of which will be built very soon, and others not so soon. Among these are the following : From Lanesboro, Fill¬ more County, via Chatfield, Rochester, and Hastings, to St. Paul ; from Red Wing, via Cannon Falls and Faribault, to Blue Earth City ; from Wabasha, via Rochester and Lansing, to Omaha, with a branch, via Faribault, to St. Peter ; from Owatonna, via Albert Lea, to the Iowa line ; from St. Cloud to Mankato; from Minneapolis to St. Cloud, and thence to Alexandria, via Sauk Centre ; from Taylor’s Falls to connect with the Lake Superior & Mis¬ sissippi Railroad ; from St. Peter, via Mankato and Blue Earth City, to the Iowa line ; from White Bear Lake, via St. Anthony, Minneapolis, Shakopee, Chaska, Carver, and Henderson, to St. Peter; from St. Paul to St. Anthony and Minneapolis, to run hourly ; from St. Paul to Hudson, Wisconsin ; and from St. Paul to Stillwater and Taylor’s Falls. Connections. — Of the roads finished and running are the Chicago and Galena, Chicago and Prairie du Chien, Chicago and La Crosse, all connecting with boats or railroads. Of those partly finished are the Northern Wisconsin, finished 50 miles from Tomah (on the Milwau¬ kee and St. Paul Road) towards Hudson, rapidly progress¬ ing and expected to reach Eau Claire by January, 1870. S TEAMB OA T NA VIGA TION. 135 This will be the shortest route from St. Paul to Chicago. There are several Iowa roads rapidly progressing towards our southern boundar}^ among which are the Burlington, Cedar Rapids, and Minnesota Railroad ; the St. Louis and St. Paul Railroad, connecting with the coal fields of Iowa ; the Keokuk and Des Moines Railroad, and others. Westward are the North Pacific and the Union Pacific. In Wisconsin, the Hudson and Superior Railroad, with a branch to Bayfield, will give us a competing line to the lake, and the Wabasha and Green Bay Railroad still another ; while more important than all, the improvement of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers by Congress, as recom¬ mended by Gen. Warren, will connect Minnesota by water with the Atlantic and cheapen her freights more than all the projected railroads combined. Rivers and Steamboat Navigation. — As to navigable rivers, see “ Water,” &c., page 20. A steamboat on Leach Lake already traverses 300 miles of the waters of the Upper Mississippi, another plies its vocation on Lake Minnetonka, the steamer International runs from Fort Abercrombie to Fort Garry, on the Red River, and four daily lines employ 61 steamboats and 248 barges on the Lower Mississippi, the Minnesota, and the St. Croix. The following table shows the progress of the steam¬ boat business of the Minnesota for twenty-five years. /Steamboat Arrivals at /St. Paul. — Growth of Commerce. Year. Arr. 1844, 41 1845, 48 1846, 24 1847, 47 1848, 63 1849, 85 1850, 104 1851, 119 1852, 171 Year. Arr. 1853, 235 1854, 310 1855, 563 1856, 759 1857, 965 1858, 1068 1859, 808 1860, 776 Year. Arr. 1861, 927 1862, 1015 1863, 731 1864, 594 1865, 829 1866, 1051 1867, 883 1868, 835 136 EXPOBTS AND TBADE. Tonnage. — Geo. W. Moore, Collector of the Port of St. Paul, gives the registered tonnage of steamboats as 11,104.74, barges 8,956.06. Boats of the Northern line and Diamond Jo line, running to St. Paul, but not regis¬ tered, he estimates as fully equal to the above. This only includes 84 barges of the 248. The Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce reported the tonnage for 1868 as 53,686. Railroads against Steamboats. — The decrease of arrivals is explained by the finishing of our railroads, and the increase of our barge business. At Winona the arrivals for 1868 (up and down) were over 1800. As an instance of how much of the river commerce has been diverted to our railroads, the following table is instructive : Leading Articles of Freight forwarded from St. Paul by the Minnesota Valley Railroad. 1867. 1868. General Merchandise (lbs.) . . . 11,166,420 Machinery (lbs.) . 55,050 Agricultural Implements (lbs.) 112,250 Lime and Cement (bbls.). Lumber (feet).. 14,560,660 363,640 802,330 422,703 908,890 Freight carried during the first Six Months of 1868 and 1869. 1868. 1869. Total Freight (lbs.; . 40,176,978 118,779,088 Wheat (bushels) . 156,483 653,461 Flour (bbls.) . 22,246 28,937 Lumber (feet) . 2,672,733 3,295,727 Earnings of the road (6 mos.) .$79,186.01 $183,646.27 When to this is added the freight and travel entering and leaving the State by the Winona and St. Peter Rail¬ road, the Southern Minnesota Railroad, and the Mil¬ waukee and St. Paul, the wonder is that the arrivals of steamboats at St. Paul are not still more reduced. Exports and Trade. — During 1867, the estimated amount of wheat exported was ten million bushels ; MANUFA C TUBING BESOUBCES. 137 lumber and logs manufactured, according to the Gover¬ nor’s Message, during 1868, 249,889,558 feet, valued at $3,750,000, a large part of which was exported. Amount of fur trade, estimated by Secretary St. Paul Chamber of Commerce, 1867, 1200 bales of furs and 30,000 buffalo robes ; 1868, value of this trade, $600,000. Goods for the Hudson Bay Company pass through St. Paul annually to the amount of $975,000. Winona’s exports of wheat in 1868 were 2,432,086, making her the fourth primary grain market in the United States — Chicago, Milwaukee, and Toledo alone leading her. The wholesale trade of St. Paul is reported by the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce at $15,- 000,000 during 1868. These are the principal articles exported. (For more on this subject see St. Paul and Winona, in Part Second.) CHAPTER X. Water-Power and Manufacturing Resources. — Among the striking and pre-eminent evidences that this -State was made with the natural internal resources to make her great, independent, and self-sustaining, and the home of millions of prosperous people, none are more striking than her inexhaustible water-power unparalleled on the continent in its capacity, and unequalled in any State in its universal distribution over overy part of the State. St. Anthony Falls, with a fall of 64 feet, including her rapids and a hydraulic capacity of 120,000 horse power, “ more than sufficient to drive all the 25,000,000 spindles and 4000 mills of England and 138 MANUFACTURING RESOURCES. Scotland combined,” ‘‘greater than the whole motive power — steam and water — employed in textile manufac¬ tures in England in 1850, and nearly seven times as great as the water-power so employed St. Croix and St. Louis River Falls, second only to St. Anthony, and equally well located ; Pokegama Falls, Little Falls, Sauk Rapids, Cannon Falls, Vermillion Falls, the Rum, Elk, Crow, Sauk, Zumbro, Root, and Minneiska rivers with their tributaries, the forty-three rivers and creeks on the north shore of Lake Superior, “ the volume of water in the least of which is sufficient if properly appropriated, to wash fifty tons of stamped rock per day, and the majority of which find their way to the lake over frowning precipices magnificently high ;”f and the hundreds of smaller cas¬ cades and rapids that chequer the scenery and adorn the beauty of almost every lake and rivulet, combine to give to Minnesota a water-power for the State at large, and for almost every county, which challenges the world for a parallel. When we add to this’ her inexhaustible raw material of wheat, corn, and barley, whose average yields we have shown compare with the best States in the Union ; her thousands of square miles of pine lumber and hard wood ; her rich fleeces of the finest wools ; her mountains of granite, iron, and copper ore ; her quarries of slate, limestone, and brown stone ; her beds of clay, tripoli, mineral paint, peat, and white sand for glass ; her num¬ erous salt springs ; her just developing coal fields ; her promising but yet to be assured mines of silver and gold ; and her easy access by lake, river, and railroad, by which these resources may be supplemented to any extent by the raw materials of the outside world, — when all these advantages are grouped with her water-powers, we feel Wheelock’s Report. f Hanchette, State Geologist. MATERIALS FOR MAN UF AC TUBING. 139 that we are safe in entering her as a manufacturing State against the world, and in claiming for her the champion’s belt, whose inscription shall be Excelsior. The Raw Materials for Manufacturing. Coal has just this summer been discovered in Redwood County, on the Minnesota River. Its existence is un¬ doubted. Whether it can be worked to advantage is now being tested, and remains to be seen. Peat. — Prof. Henry H. Eames, State Geologist, 1866, says, in his official report : u In nearly every portion of the State are immense deposits of peat, and the supply for all practical purposes is inexhaustible.” Iron , Copper , Gold, and Silver. — Speaking of North¬ eastern Minnesota, he says : “ The metals occurring in this portion of the State are iron, copper, gold, and silver.” Tripoli. — He describes a bed of tripoli near Stillwater as of “ very fine quality,” u inexhaustible for all prac¬ tical purposes,” and “ a source of wealth to the State.” Granite. — “ The most prevalent rocks,” he says, “ in the northern part of the State are granite, porphyry, hornblendic, silicious and talcose slate,” &c. White Sand for Glass. — He says of “ the white sand¬ stone forming the banks of the river in Ramsey County, I have made some trials in regard to its adaptability for the manufacture of glassware, and find it produces glass of good quality, nearly colorless.” Dr. Owen’s (U. S. Geologist) report says : “ The St. Peter’s (Minnesota River) country certainly can afford as pure a quality of sand as that obtained in Missouri, and now, I believe, extensively used in the glass houses of Pittsburg.” Slate. — Described by Dr. Owen and Clarke, geologists, on the north shore of Lake Superior, as “ literally inex- 140 IB ON AND COPPEB. haustible.” Clarke says : “If one-fourth of this slate area in the St. Louis Valley proves available — and doubtless one-half will — we have ten sections of land producing slates which may be quarried to advantage fifty feet in depth, and will yield a thousand millions of tons.” Pine and Hard Woods. — For agricultural implements, tubs, buckets, barrels, furniture, matches, &c., the supply of hard wood is ample. For lumber, our pineries are inexhaustible. (For the location and extent of these see “ Pineries,” pages 19 -and 143.) Manufactures. — By the census of 1860, the number of establishments in the State was 511 ; capital invested, $2,007,551 ; annual product, $4,295,208. We have no report from the State, but at the Falls of St. Anthony alone the Secretary of the Board of Trade reports for 1868: Capital invested, $2,563,050; annual product, $5,019,032. From this report of one point only, the immense increase in the State in eight years rna}7 be estimated, there being manufactories of flour in almost every county, of lumber at Stillwater, Anoka, and man}7 other points, and other manufactories in every principal town. Flour is manufactured largely for export. Lumber. — In 1861 the total product of the pine lumber manufacture of the State was, according to the Commis¬ sioner of Statistics, 69,950,000 feet. In 1868, according to the Governor's Message, 121,000,000 feet. In 1861 there were logs surveyed, 92,590,528 feet. In 1868, 249,267,- 918 feet. Value of the lumber product, $3,750,000. Iron and Copper. — Of these minerals, whose presence in the Lake Superior country all our geologists have testified to, the report of the Commissioner of Statistics for 1860, says : CHIEF JUSTICE CHASE. 141 “We possess in the mineral ranges of Lake Superior deposits of iron and copper which have been shown by the severest tests to be superior to any on the continent, and fully equal in tenacity and malleability to the best Swedish and Russian Iron.” Mr. Rawlings , the English author of “ America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific,” says : “ The whole basin of Lake Superior indicates the pres¬ ence of iron and copper. * * * On the north shore of the lake, in Minnesota, near the western extremity of the lake, and in Canada, for a distance of 200 miles northwest from the Saut St. Marie, are well defined cop¬ per regions which are now attracting the attention of capitalists and will prove as productive as the Keewenaw, Portage Lake, Ontonagon and Cass Lake Districts ” in Michigan. Chief Justice Chase , Secretary of the United States Treasury for 1864, in his report, says : “ In 1862, the number of vessels engaged in the trade of Lake Superior was, schooners, 543; tons, 175,595. Propellers, 121; tons, 65,124. Steamers, 174; tons, 124,833. Total, 365,552 tons. These vessels carried outward 150,000 tons of iron and iron ore, and 9300 tons of pure or native copper, valued together at $12,000,000. Shipments of copper from Lake Superior from 1858 to 1862. Tons. Value. 1858, 5,896 $! ,610,000 1859, 6,041 1,932,000 1860, 8,614 2,520,000 1861, 10,847 3,180,000 1862, 10,000 4,000,000 Products of Iron Ore in Lake Superior Region. Tons Or.'. Tons Pig. Value. 1855, 1,445 $14,470 1860, 116,998 5,660 736,490 1861, 45,430 7,970 410,460 1862, 115,721 8,590 984,976 142 SLATE QUARRIES. This of course is not given as Minnesota statistics, but as showing the capacity of the Lake Superior mineral ranges, which extend from Fond du Lac to Pigeon Point, nearly 200 miles within the limits of Minnesota. Thomas Clarke , Assistant State Geologist (1864,) says : “To Minnesota belongs the furnishing of the entire Mississippi Valley demand for copper, and the upper portion with iron. 5000 tons of the former, and 25,000 of the latter, is estimated as the demand at the ordinal rates of consumption. To Minnesota belongs the manu¬ facturing of these crude materials.” Slate Quarries. — Clarke’s Geological Report locates the St. Louis quarries in sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, town 48, range 16, and the unsurveyed region north for two or three townships. Aug. H. Hanchette , State Geologist, in his Report for 1864, says : “ An inexhaustible quarry of argillaceous slate occurs above the falls of Pigeon River, that with trifling expense can be quarried and placed at a point of shipment thence to any point on the chain of lakes.” He speaks of the same quality of slates at other points, all “ admirably adapted for tiling and other purposes, and susceptible of being economically wrought.” Cost of Quarrying and Value of Slate. — Mr. Clarke’s report (1864,) says: “The cost of quarrying and dress¬ ing at the Vermont quarries is about $2.50 per square (100 feet,) or $7.50 per ton. The market value at Chicago is from $5.50 to $7.50 per square, or $18 per ton. At St. Louis it is third class freight higher.” “A ton (about four squares) may be transported from the St. Louis River Quarry to the Mississippi by railway at $3.” It may be taken to all points in this State ac¬ cessible by boats or railway at an average cost of fifteen dollars per ton, or at most $4 per square — little, if any, THE PINEBIES. 14^ more than pine shingles : the former as good for a century as the latter for a decade.” He estimates the annual demand for slates in the Mississippi Valley at one hundred thousand tons. Brown Stone , which has been tested in the fire and found capable of resisting its influence, abounds in the Lake Superior country, and is already being exported to Chicago and Milwaukee. Granite. — A company is incorporated in St. Paul, and is supplying the material from quarries near Sauk Rapids for building the United States Custom House. Mineral Paint , equal to the best in use, has lately been developed in Redwood County ; Marl exists near Minneapolis and other places ; Porcelain Clay in Waba¬ sha County. Salt Springs abound in the Red River country, of which twelve have been located by the State. (See map.) Gold and Silver. — The most to be said of these is that capitalists from St. Paul and New York are now operating with quartz mills at Vermillion Lake, the tests that have been made being satisfactory to them. The Pineries. — In addition to what has been said as to their extent and location, and their annual products, something as to their ability to stand the drafts of the future and the manner and st}de of working them may not be uninteresting. Will They Fail f — Of the St. Croix Pineries — only one section of the pine area — a correspondent of the Daily Wisconsin, estimating the amount of lumber already cut at one billion feet, says : “ Old pine land explorers vary their estimates of the pine timber remaining from three to eight times the amount already cut. A mean estimate would bring it to five and a half billions. The present 144 LIFE IN THE PINEBIES. average of one hundred millions yearly cutting would exhaust the St. Croix pineries in fifty-five years. Two per cent, of growth would extend the measure to one hundred years. The amount of hard wood timber in the St. Croix is treble the amount of pine.” Capt. John P. Owens , for twenty years a resident of Minnesota, says, in a letter to the St. Paul Press, in February, 1869 : “ It must be remembered that tracts from which all the suitable timber was cut ten or twelve years ago, are now ready to cut over again, so rapid is the growth of the younger pines. A man who owns pine land may, as a general thing, calculate that it is gaining in value ten per cent, annually by the growth. We don’t hear so much now-a-days about the pineries giving out in a few years as we did twenty years ago.” LIFE IN THE PINERIES. BY II. M. ATKINS, ESQ., PRINCETON. Going in. — In November the “teams” and “crews” start into the woods. Large and strong wagons, drawn by two, four, or six horses, or four, six, or eight oxen to each, heavily laden with “ supplies,” which term, in lumberman’s language, means all the necessaries, and some luxuries, for the support of the men, and “feed” for teams, escorted by crews of men, who are to cut the trees and prepare the logs, go winding their way up .among the pine forests of the St. Croix, the Rum, and the Upper Mississippi rivers. The land has been pre¬ viously explored, and, arrived at the selected spot, the work of building a “ camp” for the men and a stable for the teams at once begins. Stumpage. — The lumbermen are not often the owners of the land operated upon. They usually buy the “ stumpage” of the land owners, at a specified price per H. M. ATKINS. 145 thousand feet of lumber cut, the amount being ascer¬ tained by “ scaling,” or measuring, after the logs are cut. The price paid for “ stumpage” varies from $1 to $3 per thousand feet, according to the quality of the trees and their distance from streams of drivable water. Camp. — The “ camp” is usually placed near a river or stream for convenience in procuring water. The mate¬ rials for building, pine and oak, are always near by. The camp is a large and well-built log house, with roof of pine or oak “ splits ” instead of shingles, and floor of small pines, hewed flat and smooth, or in some cases of boards. It is heated by a large box stove, while a large cooking stove at one side or end is managed by the cook. A large table is a fixture in the house, and the dishes for eating and drinking are of tin instead of crockery. Along one, or if the crew is large, along both sides of the camp, are the “ bunks ” for sleeping. These are shelves or stagings elevated a foot or two above the ground, six or seven feet wide, and as long as the length of the camp will allow them to be : usually nearly the whole length. Along the side towards the center of the camp is placed a board, plank, or timber, on edge, and rising nearly a foot above the staging. On this staging or “ bunk,” hay is spread to the depth of a foot, or more ; over this are spread, “ spreads ” so called, being heavy bed coverings like the “ comforters ” of old times. With one thickness of these the hay is covered, the men lie on this ; heads to the wall, feet towards the centre of the camp, as near together as they can lie, and are all covered by one heavy and thick “ spread,” as wide as the men are long, and as long as may be necessary. The day cloth¬ ing is not removed upon going to bed, and of course you see from the above, that they all sleep in one bed. There are from six to forty men in a crew. There are no 13 146 LIFE IN THE PINERIES. chairs ; only benches made on the spot. At night the camp is lighted with kerosene lamps. i Stables , &c. — The stables are located near the camp ; are built of logs, the cracks tightly chinked, and the roof of poles covered with hay. They are well built, warm and comfortable. The teams are fed with hay which has been cut and stacked ready on some natural meadow near, the previous summer, and for provender, ground wheat, corn, rye, oats and barley and unground oats. Many a farmer might profitably take lessons in the art of stock-feeding from these lumbermen. The Work. — Long before light in the morning, the “ cook ” and the “ teamster ” are astir — the former getting breakfast, the latter feeding his teavis. All hands are called to breakfast ; not much time is needed for making toilet ; and the breakfast being eaten, all hands, except the cook, are off into the timber, the intention being to be on the spot ready for work as soon as it is light enough to see. Every man has his particular work to do, and every one knows his place. The “ choppers ” chop down the timber pines, trim off the branches, and cut off the tops; the “sled-tenders” clear away around the tree- trunks and logs, fix the ropes, “tackles” and chains for loading, and help the teamster in that ; the “ sawyers ” with long, cross-cut saws, saw the tree-trunks into logs of suitable length, and cut into them with axes the let¬ ters, signs and symbols that constitute the proprietor’s recorded “ mark,” and by which each log can be identified wherever it may be ; the “ swampers ” cut out roads for the teams and clear them of all undergrowth ; the “ teamsters ” manage the teams and the loading and un¬ loading of logs. Large, wide and strong sleds are used, commonly called “ bobs,” they are short and used in pairs ; one hitched be- II. M. ATKINS.
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IS NOBLE WORK. No Prevention of Cruelty to Children Society. CHILDREN SAVED IN '3 From Brutal Parents and Life of Crime, MORE HEARTY SUPPORT NEEDED. Detailed Report of Cases That Will Make the Hearts of the Fathers and Mothers of Providence Ache with Pity for the Unfortunate Little Ones and Throb with Indignation That in This Christian Era Such Brutality, Vice and Crime Against Little Children Can Go On Under Our Very Eyes. The annual report of Agent Charles H. ~ Thurber to the Society for the Prevention -of Cruelty to Children submitted this - afternoon contains some startling statis ~ ties not only as to the rescue of little ones - from harsh cruelty and vicious surround but a vigorous plea for - serious consideration of prevention of g debauchment of little girls. He has b shocked by recent disclosures. In " of ill repute he found two sisters aged 12 and 14. The younger was ina " delicate condition and to hide her shame " ghe fled from her parents after the agent ‘Bad taken her home. The parents refused ‘2O send them to the Oaklawn school “for girls. Subsequently he removed two - other girls, one only nine years of age from - houses of prostitution. These cases took h m not only to resorts of recognized bad el pter but to business establishments 'in the heart of the city. These were " not stores employing counter girls nor oA ng on & general trade. The iden tity ‘of the offenders is known to other ‘Officers of the law and they are practi “eally under surveillance at the present ‘time. Mr. Thurber adds that these girls drifted into vile surroundings not because ‘of extreme cruelty at home, but in con- ence of Eflmmm at= ng their daughters the freedom of the its and association with male acquaint # of doubtful character. He says 8 terrible responsibility rests ) the parents. In answer to the ques as to why he did not take more ag pive action under the law, he states it required overpowering testimony &m were thwarted by news rpn y which exposed his move- ~ Amo w,'mon ageravated cases of cruelt; lect he cites the following: EL of eight years recently res ue mflh society, was for quite a while B one of the lowest houses of prostitution 1: pis gity, it being her mother’s home. Anot time I found a girl three years old and a baby eight months old stupidly drunk, their mother being in the same condition and their father being not much better off. In another home I found a girl of 6 years whose mother was the companion of a negro, and who surroundings where improper persons of a beast. I might mention a half a dozen similar cases, but perhaps these will suffice, partly when I add that one other girl, 34 years old, was found to be of such low character when taken to the society’s home, that she had been sent to the Oaklawn school. As I have said in previous reports, the work of this society has borne noble fruit, and while the routine yearly becomes the number of prosecutions do not keep with it, for the power of "too organization is appreciated by those in whom the fear of fear is keen, but in whom the fear of mercy does not exist. During the year 1883, we had 124 new cases, involving 244 children, and re-investigated 7 cases, involving 14 children under investigation during the year, or an average of nearly one a day during the entire period. Of the children taken in charge by us, 113 have been transferred to better homes than those wherein they were found, or in other words, nearly 80 percent of the whole number this year have been wholly removed from immoral society. To what depth of degradation might not they have sunk, to what terrible cruelty or exposure might not they have succumbed, or what a stain might not they have added to the criminal annals of this state, but for the intervention of this society. The Report in Detail, 1081, Frank 9 years, Mary 6 years, mother dead. Father drunk most of the time. House the resort of the lowest class. Children without food or clothing and covered with vermin; no fire in the house, children had to go to the neighbors for warmth. The house was filthy as well as the bed. Windows broken and ice on the floor. At hearing before Judge Spink of the municipal court, the children were ordered to the custody of the society. Annie 156 years, Willie 14 years, Rose 9 years, Frank 6 years, Levi 3 years, Theresa 1 year. Father in jail, mother drunk most of the time. Family found in a miserable basement, without fire or food. The children were destitute of clothing, and had to be wrapped in blankets to be taken away. They were covered with vermin. The little babe was covered with sores. The two oldest were sent for liquor, and beaten if they were of the Judge Spink court. William 7 years, 2 years, and 2 years. These children were found in a cellar with food. The mother was drunk most of the time. The court was ordered to see the most vile acts. They were continually sent for liquor and compelled to beg. At a hearing before Judge Spink of the municipal court, they were ordered to the custody of the society. Case 1088, Eva, 8 years. The mother, a common prostitute with no particular abiding place. The child has been taken from place to place, and for quite a while was in one of the lowest houses of prostitution. She was found in a miserable attic on South Main street with a very low woman. Child placed at St. Aloysius Orphan asylum. Case 1089, Judge 6 years. The boy has been compelled by his parents to sell papers, and would remain on the street until one and two o’clock in the morning. He was returned home twice by the agent and the parents warned. A cold night in January he was again found, and taken to the home of the society. At a hearing before Judge Spink of the municipal court he was ordered to the custody of the society. Case 1092, The agent was notified that his presence was needed at 158 Washington street. answering the summons, and after repeated knocking the door of the room was opened by the father and a most sickening sight was presented. The father was drunk, the mother lay on the floor in stupid drunk. The oldest child, a girl of three years, lay in one corner of the room under the influence of liquor, the babe eight months old lay on some chairs almost starved and stupid with liquor. A warrant was procured and the children removed to the home of the society. For a long time, the babe lingered between life and death, and with the tenderest of nursing, her life was saved. At a hearing before Judge Spink of the municipal court, the children were ordered to the custody of the society. Case 1003, Susan, 12 years, father dead, the mother drunk most of the time. The child is cruelly beaten, deprived of food, and clothing. The mother lived in a miserable attic. There was a little furniture in the room and no fire. On a cold and stormy night in February, the mother cruelly beat the child and drove her from home, she was found crying on the street by a lady who took her to the police station. She was cared for during the night at the charity building, and the next morning taken in charge by the agent and placed at the home of the society. March 30, was ordered to the custody of the society. Case 104, George 6, son of George, father dead. The mother is a drunken, worthless person; has been arrested a number of times, and is now serving time at the state farm. The boy has been sadly neglected, and when found was suffering from a chronic disease, the result of neglect. The mother abandons the boy about two weeks before her arrest. The boy was placed at the home of the society and later sent to the St. Aloysius Orphan asylum. Case 1121. Rosanpa, 6 years. Parents divorced, mother keeping the girl. The mother a drunken, worthless woman, living with a negro. The home was the resort of the lowest class. Child deprived of proper food and clothes. The father of the child was found and took charge of the girl. Case 1131, Nellie and Parents dead; found wandering around the streets; was taken in charge by the Young Women’s Christian Association and the notified. The girl was placed at the home of the society; after remaining there a short time was found to be of such low character she was taken before the sixth district court and sentenced to the Oaklawn school for girls during minority. Case 1132, Fred 3 years of age. Mother dead, father in Sweden. The brother of the girl took her to bring up. Last February the brother and his family moved on Franklin Avenue. Daily the brother’s wife beat the child and threatened to kill her, at times jumping on the child. The neighbors being Swedes, not knowing what steps to take, finally reported the case to their pastor, and he to the agent. The sister hearing the case had been reported sent the child away and refused to tell where she was. A half day’s search revealed the hiding place of the child, and a more pitiful sight has never been presented, at least in so young a child. From the top of her head to the soles of her feet were black and black marks and in many places raw sores were found. The child was removed to the home of the society and a Warrant is issued for the sister’s arrest. Knowing that a warrant had been procured, the sister left the state. Case 1140, Charles, 13 years of age, found by the police wandering about the streets. Said he had been driven from home by drunken father, and had been roaming around the country for three months, sleeping in barns and outbuildings. When at home was cruelly beaten and deprived of food and clothes, A letter from the town sergeant of Warren confirmed the boy's statement. He was placed at the home of the society, and later sent to the state home and school. Case 1149, Arthur, 12 years, Eugene, 10 years, father dead, mother drunk most of the time; children lieged out of the house, deprived of food and clothes, and compelled to beg. Placed at the home of the society and later sent to the State Home and school. Case 1157, Alice 6 years, John 4 years, Charles 1 year; parents drunk most of the time; home, the resort of the lowest class. Children without proper food or clothing; house and children filthy; children covered with vermin. At a hearing before the probate court of Gloucester the children were ordered to the custody of the society. Case 1167, Two girls 14 and 16 years of age were found by the agent in one of the lowest houses of ill fame in this city. Removed to home of the society and later returned to their parents. Case 1169, Lena 13 years of age, Mother dead; child roaming the streets; no one to care for her; father surrendered. The children, the child to the society and a good home was found for her. Case 1177. Grace, 14 years. Parents dead; 1 stepfather a miserable drunkard and abandoned the girl; she found a home with a family who cruelly beat her and she applied to the police of Pawtucket for protection. At a hearing before the probate court of Pawtucket, the girl was ordered to the custody of the society and placed in a good home. Case 1178. Hester, 8 years; Mabel 6 years; mother dead; abandoned by their father; ordered to the custody of the society by Judge Spink of the municipal court and placed at the Providence Bhelter for Colored Children. Case — Catarina 14 years of age; father dead. The mother tried to compel the girl to marry a man thirty-nine years old, and because the girl refused, was cruelly beaten, dragged around the house by the hair and slashed with a knife. The girl broke away from her mother who threatened to kill her and ran to the neighbors for protection, being chased by the mother with a knife. The agent was notified and removed the girl to the home of the society. At a hearing before Judge Spink of the municipal court she was ordered to the custody of the society. Tabular Statement for 1893. DEOW GOPOB.. icisiesissssnsmsnsmsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns Their expulsion from one locality only drives them to another. They are good citizens from a financial point of view and the only way to purify the town is to make odious the rental of houses to this class of people. BOMBS AT GOTHAM, A Deliberate Attempt to Blow Up a Three-Story Tenement House. NEW YORK, Jan. 12.—An attempt to blow up with two bombs the tenement house at 54 avenue D was made, and it is a miracle that a great catastrophe involving several deaths was averted. Pincus Gans had a tailor shop on the first floor and lived with his family on the third floor: on the second floor Henry Davis and family lived. The tailor shop had been closed for over a month, at 10 o'clock at night there was a terrific explosion in the house and an alarm of fire was turned in by someone who saw flames bursting forth. The whole front of the house had been blown out by the explosion, which occurred on the first floor. All the glass in the building was shattered, and the shock aroused the whole neighborhood. Chief Ahearn of the fire department said: "We discovered that the gas meter had exploded, but the principal explosion was due to some other cause. We went down cellar. On entering we at once observed a trail of kerosene oil all the way to the door. There was a lot of kerosene soaked cotton batting all over the cellar floor, and we came upon a long piece of lead pipe, which had a fuse composed of some gauze matter attached, and the fuse was half burned, indicating that it had been lighted and gone out before reaching the bomb. "It was undoubtedly a bomb, the pipe being about 15 inches long, 2 1-2 inches in diameter, about three pounds of powder seen to be stuffed into it. The theory of the fire department is that the other bomb, which exploded upstairs, was placed on the little shelf behind the gas meter, evidently with the intent of disguising the real cause of the explosion." The Gans family were at the theater when the explosion occurred and the other occupants of the house got out safely. Casting Lots Legal, Boston, Jan. 12~ A decision was rendered by the full bench of the supreme Judicial court that verdicts arrived at by casting lots will not stand. The case at the bar was an action to recover possession of a horse, and the verdict was obtained for the plaintiff by casting lots. The defendant filed a motion for a new trial for alleged misconduct of jury, with the above results. A Broken Home, Cavendish, Mass., Jan. 12 -Samuel Oakes of 88 Green street was unable to place the whereabouts of his wife, bankbook, furniture, and boarder since Tuesday. On that day he returned home from work and found the house locked up and his wife's and boarder's trunks, together with the best part of the furniture, miss War Clouds Dispelied. ROME, Jan. 12 The military journals have been authorized to deny the story that the government had ordered the immediate completion of batteries on the Tyrhenian sea coast and that several army corps had been ordered to hold themselves in readiness. ADVOCATES THIEVING. A Loud-loued Agitator Makes a Slastling Address, Loxpox, Jan. 12. At a meeting of the unemployed on Tower Hill, the organizer of the meeting, an agitator named Williams, made a violent speech, during which he said that the workmen could only obtain employment by frightening every proprietor in the country, and that they should follow the example of the Sicilians and refuse to respect property. Continuing, Williams said: “We must terrorize the capitalists, Are you willing?” Shouts of “Yes.” “Then on the occasion of our demonstration on Trafalgar square, the first Saturday in February, watch the quarters from which the police are drawn, and go to the unprotected districts and take the things you want, I take it that a skirmish will create a diversion, and after the skirmish something will be done.” TO HIDE HIS GUILT, Professor Hartshorn Alleged to Have Attempted Double Murder, NEWCASTLE, Pa., Jan. 12.—A sensation was created here yesterday by the arrest of Professor R. C. Hartshorn, principal of the high school of Chicago, for attempting to murder two young women, Alda and Maggie Robinson, by the use of chloroform. It is alleged that a criminal operation had been performed on Miss Alda recently and that the child had been cremated in a cooking stove on New Year's day. To conceal the evidence of his guilt the attempted double murder was made. Alda is still unconscious from the effects of The chloroform and may die. A prominent physician, who is said to have been implicated, has disappeared. DANEURY'S TROUBLES Manufacturers Appear to Be Determined to Run “Free” Shops. DAXBURY, Conn., Jan. 12.—Chances for a settlement of the labor trouble are now decidedly slim. Communications from the manufacturers to the leaders in the trade and to Mayor Andrews show their hand, which is strong for independent shops. A long communication was addressed to the mayor by 17 manufacturers, in which they state that they are about to resume the manufacture of hats. They state that advantageous offers have been made to them to remove elsewhere, but being closely identified with the city by social and financial ties, they are reluctant to go away. They will make an attempt to conduct their business, provided they can be assured of protection in their undoubted right to conduct their factories as seams to them proper. Doctor Charged With Abortion, New York, Jan. 12.—Mrs. Mary Ann Wright lies at death’s door at Newton cottage hospital from blood poisoning, the result of an alleged criminal operation performed on her at the house of Dr. John F. Canning of 4½ Howard street, rested and has been identified by the woman. Story Pronounced Untrue. NEW HAVEN, Jan. 12.—First Vice President Hall of the Consolidated road pronounces as unfounded the statement that the Consolidated is to acquire the New England shortly. He also emphatically denies that there has been any amicable arrangement entered into between the Consolidated and the New England. Were Valued at Six Millions. MILWAUKEE, Jan. 12.—The Ponokee and Gogebic Consolidated mines, capitalized for $6,000,000, have passed into The hands of receivers. The group of mines included in the company comprises the Colby, Tilden, Palmer and Cemet in Michigan, and the Superior in Wisconsin on the Gogebic range. Gourko is the mine. Berlin, Jan. 12.—A dispatch to the Cologne Gazette says: It has been found necessary to amputate one of General Gourko’s toes. The operation was successful. General Gourko’s condition is improving and the czar has offered him a palace in the Crimea for his convalescence. Embezzler Redwine's Case, ATLANTA, Jan. 12.—At the trial of Lewis Redwine yesterday the defense entered a plea of guilty on the charge of embezzling $100,000 from the Gate City National bank. The judge instructed the jury to find the defendant guilty of the three remaining indictments. Thief Was Swift. CricAGO, Jan. 12, —George B. Hennessy, employed in the retail stamp department of the post office, was robbed of stamps to the amount of £60. He turned his back on the window for an instant and turned around just in time to see the stamps disappear. Robbers His Employers, HARTFORD, Jan. 12.—Henry Goldsmith, aged 21, salesman at the dry goods store of Cook & Hills, was arrested last evening for stealing money from his employers. The firm refuses to state the extent of his peculations, and his family will probably make the losses good. Grangers Elect Officers. Hartford, Jan. 12.—The Connecticut grange re-elected officers as follows: Master, George A. Bowen, Woodstock; overseer, Orson S. Wood, Ellington; lecturer, George A. Hopson, East Wallingford. The state annual convention. will close this evening with a banquet. New Bedford's Poor, New Bedford, Mass., Jan. 12.—At a meeting of the city government last night, Councilman Prescott introduced an order appropriating £10,000 for the poor, to be expended through the board of public works. Order was referred to a special committee. Harrison Rejected, Washington, Jan, 12, The senate committee on commerce agreed to report unfavorably the nomination of Scott Harrison, a brother of ex-President Harrison, to be surveyor of customs of the port of Kansas City. Valiant Weakens, Pants, Jan., 12. —Valiant has thought better of his decision not to make an appeal against his sentence to the court of cassation, and he is understood to have signed the necessary document. Pierce Massn't Resigned, Pierce, Mass., Jan, 12, —There is no truth in the reported resignation of President Peixoto, The insurgents in Rio Grande do Sul have seized Cuareim. Three Men Instantly Killed. ADELPHIA, O., Jan. 12, —A boiler in a sawmill near this place exploded and three men were killed outright. Another was probably fatally injured. A Great Advance in Baking Powders The New York Times, Not in price, but in quality. It is far better than the best heretofore made, It is 18 strength, purity and healthiness, 41 in MR. CARTER STEPS ON Manley Is Chairman of Republican Committee. PRESIDENTIAL TIMBER IN 1896. Harrison May Once More Lead Republicans, but Reed Is Looked Upon as a Stronger Candidate - Why McKinley Is Disposed of - Other Talk. By The Associated Press. Washington, Jan. 12.—Every member of the national executive committee was present or represented by a proxy at the first session, which began at noon yesterday. Myr. Carter tendered his resignation of the chairmanship of the executive committee, giving as reasons for his action his private business and the distance of his home from the center of political interest, which makes it impossible for him to attend the meetings of the committee. Mr. Manley of Maine was elected temporary chairman of the meeting and afterward elected chairman of the executive committee. A resolution of thanks to ex-Chairman Carter for his “superior and faithful service” was adopted. The report of Treasurer Bliss was read and a vote of thanks tendered him. Much of the afternoon session was devoted to a discussion of the question of maintaining headquarters for the coming congressional campaign. Senator Quay of Pennsylvania took the stand that the committee should first raise the necessary funds to support its establishment before starting headquarters. William M. Hahn of Ohio was elected secretary of the executive committee, and it was decided that five members should constitute a quorum. Looking Over the Field. The purpose of the meeting is to look over the political situation and to map out a line of operations for the congressional campaign of the coming summer and fall. The members of the executive committee report that the conditions never were more favorable for the Republican party than at the present time. The Republican party, they claim, is united and harmonious, and proposes to take advantage of every opportunity which will strengthen it with the business and industrial interests of the country. With this idea in view, they propose to make a very thorough organization, and will establish permanent quarters in this city. The members of the committee, alleging to the presidential question, say that it is rather early to discuss that question, as nearly three years must elapse before the holding of a national convention. The statement of ex-Senator Palmer of Michigan, that ex-President Harrison was not a candidate in any sense of the term and would not accept a nomination in 1896, is not regarded here as speaking for the ex-president. General Harrison may have had a conversation with ex-Senator Palmer, as the latter alleges, at Cape May last summer, on this subject, but those who have conversed with him, then and later, concerning presidential candidates put a different construction on the language used by General Harrison. Shortly before General Harrison left the seashore, in conversation with two prominent gentlemen, the subject of candidates came up. The remark was made that presidential timber of available character was very scarce. McKinley, Reed, and Morton. The ex-president replied to this that there were several gentlemen whose names would occur in that connection. He mentioned first Governor McKinley. To this one of the gentlemen present replied that the Republican party was not yet ready to nominate a candidate whose sole strength was that he was the author of a high protective tariff bill. Then the ex-president said, “What is the matter with Reed?” It was answered that he was too much identified with the passage of the force bill in the house, accomplished by methods which were much criticized and also upon which subject there was considerable division in his own party. The ex-president then proposed the name of ex-Vice President Morton, who had won much distinction in presiding over the senate, had made many friends and no enemies, and was a tower of strength in his own state. “All this is true,” said the gentleman, “but he is rather beyond the years of an active candidate; by 1868 he will be nearly 70 years of age.” The ex-president said, “That is very true, but still he is very well preserved.” “You will observe,” remarked the gentleman, “all the available men have their points of objection, so that, as observed in the first instance, presidential timber is exceedingly scarce, and there appears but one or two names left.” The ex-president was left to draw his own inference. A significant smile passed over his countenance when he remarked: “The conditions may all be changed within the next three years, and no one can tell what may be the issues in 1806.” The national executive committee intends to cooperate with the congressional committee and both will vote harmlessly. en lously in getting the machinery in order for a vigorous and aggressive campaign. The outlook in the judgment of all of the leaders was never more auspicious than during the present year. A Long Session, The committee adjourned at midnight after 11 hours of nearly continuous session. The evening meeting was a joint affair, Plans of organization were outlined by the chairman. The congressional committee, with headquarters at Washington, will furnish campaign documents; the league of clubs, with headquarters in Chicago, will be depended on to distribute documents, organize the voters, and with the congressional committee will supply speakers. Another meeting of the executive committee will be held this afternoon, when the location of headquarters will be decided, although New York is practically agreed upon. Rough Weather at New York, Jan. 12.-All the incoming transatlantic steamers report stormy weather. Seamen Juling Dickler, an Austrian, was lost on Dec. 4 from the deamer Minskoka. Sensational Yarn Was struck, St. Petersburg, Jan. 12.--The report circulated that an attempt to poison the war had been made at the recent banquet of Yoberau soldiers' graves Saturday’s News for one cent will be the best paper in this vicinity. Aside from the full reports from the world-wide service of the Associated Press and the most complete and accurate consensus of local events, tomorrow’s edition will comprise many new and special features besides the departmental columns which will be found full of good things. Notes on Dramatic and Musical topics will as usual be interesting and newsy. The “Studio” will consider some of the work of a young and talented Providence sculptor. The news of Secret Societies will be given in full. M. Quad’s quaint sayings will contribute to the smiles. Rev. Dr. Court will review the International Sunday School Lesson for the week. “Jack Stone's” clever bits of verse and prose will be brighter than ever. Specially selected miscellany will appeal to the student of current literature. Every buyer of Saturday's News will receive A PIECE OF MUSIC. This week it is a beautiful song—“A Valentine Song,” one of Herrick’s quaint ballads with music by Ella Dickson. This pretty A piece is just issued and has received the encomiums of musicians everywhere. Mr. Sousa, late leader of the United States Marine Band, gives it the highest praise. It is FREE to News readers. The Price will remain at ONE CENT A TOKEN OF ESTEEM. Bishop-Elect Hall Peceives a Present From His Parishioners. Loxpox, Jan. 12.—At St. John's vicarage in Kensington, Canon Holland presented to Father Hall, bishop-elect of Vermont, an illuminated address and a check for 150 pounds sterling, which had been subscribed in small amounts in the parishes throughout the country where Father Hall had conducted missions. In making the presentation, Canon Holland made a speech in which he testified to the esteem with which Father Hall was regarded. In reply, Father Hall asked to be allowed to accept the gift as a token of sympathy, affection, and cordial sisterly feeling with the church to which he had been called in America. He dwelt upon the value of the two years’ experience he had had here, and said that it would enable him to interpret England to America and America to England. He thanked them with his whole heart and for the reminder that there were loving hearts in England praying for him and his work in America. He remarked that he had only been allowed to leave the hospital for this occasion and he must return there immediately. On the advice of the doctors, he had postponed the date of his sailing for America from Jan. 10 to Jan. 17, and said he would let them know the date for his consecration in Vermont, so that they might pray for him especially. LOCATED IN CANADA. Samuel Thurston's Creditors Would Like to Mear From Him. PORTLAND, Me., Jan. 12. Samuel Hood’s Cures Mrs. Lizzie Smith Wellsville, N. Y., was unable to do her household duties, was thin in flesh and felt languid. A friend gave her a bottle of Hood's Sarsaparilla. New life came back into her system, her weight increased from 98 to 135 pounds, the lameness had gone and she was well. Her face resumed its former smooth appearance, and the rosecolored flush came back into her cheeks. She says that but for Hood's Sarsaparilla, she would now be in her grave. Hood's Sarsaparilla is sold by all druggists. $1, $5 for $5. Hood's Pills cure liver ills, constipation, biliousness, jaundice, sick headaches, indigestion. Thurston, a man of 70 years, well-known in musical circles in this city, mysteriously disappeared from his home last August. He was supposed to have been lost in the White Mountains or to have committed suicide. His relatives and friends caused search parties to be organized, and for several weeks great excitement prevailed in this city by reason of his disappearance. Three weeks after he was last heard of, it was found that he owed nearly $20,000 to Boston and New York piano manufacturers. Nothing has been heard of him from that time until yesterday, when one of his friends gave out the information that Thurston was alive and living in Canada. His family denies this and state that they are sure he is dead. He is supposed to be in the music business on the other side of the line and is reported to be doing well. Thurston had swindled many people in this state and the information of his business. Prosperity will be welcome news to them, Will Not Be Prosecuted. Pon TrLAXND, Me., Jan, 12.—Charles Paine, the defaulting financial secretary of the Odd Fellows, returned to his home in this city last night. He left here a week ago and went to Montreal, where he stayed until his money was exhausted, and then determined to return and face the music. Although he is unable to account for some $500 entrusted to him by the Odd Fellows, the society will not prosecute him, and he will not be arrested. It is Least Four Drowned, LoxpoN, Jan. 12.—The Norwegian steamer Edison and the Norwegian bark Ran came in collision in the channel during a fog. The Edison soon foundered, her crew and the men from the Ran took to the boats. One of the boats was capsized and four of the occupants were drowned. The Ran was afterwards found abandoned and towed to Portland. The fate of the remainder of her crew is not known, perhaps. Explained. Mr. Prime—Mrs. Dawson fairly worships that son of hers, Miss Spiteful—Yes, he is so unlike his father and Drama, Rich and Artistic Designs. PICTURE FRAMING FANCY MIRRORS! L. M. JACKSON, 504 West Main Street.
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who does not seem to feel that he is m God's presence, or who, if he does, has none of that subdned air which is so appropriate to sinners standing before God, has a vital want. How can we expect to conduct onr people into God's presence if we do not enter it onrselTes, or to lead them to stand in awe before Him if onr own air is that of self-satisfied indifference ? The nndertone of condition need not hinder the right ex- pression of that gladness and sarene satisfaction which the experience of God's grace is fitted to bring. Our confidence indeed will be all the greater, that we can draw the line so clearly between oar deserts and God's grace — can say, " Thon wast angry with ns, but thine anger is turned away, and thou comfortest us." It may be useful, with equal brevity, to advert to some of the most common faults in public prayer. One of these is excessive length. Nothing is more clearly sbown by experience than the impossibility of continuing to join', heartily in very long prayers. For people to throw them- selves into the current of another man's devotions involves a great mental effort, and in proportion to the greatness of the effort is their liability to &tigue. It is quite Certain that attention cannot be given beyond a certain point, and when attention fails devotion ends. Whiteficld is said to have remarked to an excellent minister, whose prayer was unreason- ably long, " You prayed me into a good frame, and you prayed me out of it." A minister is not, of course, to have regard to the outcry of every worldly-minded person who sighs for short prayers, short sermons, short services, and, as some one pro- posed to add, short relif^on in general. But if it be the case that from five to ten minutes is the longest period during which the average capacity of a congregation can join in prayer, let him accommodate himself to their capacity, and if more time for prayer should be deemed necessary, let him rather increase the number of prayers than lengthen out any to an undue degree. It is to be observed that long prayers are not the usual characteristic of a very vital condition of Christianity, but rather of a time when formal services are substituted for true spiritual worship. Another evil to be avoided is inaccurate quotation. We mean, of course, quotation from Scripture, for hardly any other quotation is endurable in public prayer. How many erroneous quotations, as from Scripture, have become stereotyped, and ai'o reproduced by minister after minui^er taking them up DEVOTIONAL SBRVICBS. 179 thoaghtlessly from some one whom he has been in the habit of hearing, wonld be ahnost incredible, if the facts were not very clear. Dr. Brown has called attention to the extraordinary physical attitude in which the minister sometimes proposes to place himself and his people by a blending of no fewer than four several passages : " We would put our hand on oar mouth, and our mouth in the dust, and cry out, Unclean, unclean 1 God be merciful to us sinners." Often we hoar it said, " There is forgiveness with thoo that thou mayest be feared, and plen- teous redemption that thou mayest be souijht unto " — those last words being an unwarranted addition. So it is often said, " Thou art of purer eyes than to behold iniquity, and canst not look on sin mtliout abhorrence," the last two words, which are meant to strengthen, really serving to dilute and weaken the sense. God is called " the hearer and answerer of prayer ; " "the dark places of the earth are full of the habitations of horrid cmelty ; " and where two or throe are mot together, God is asked to be " in the midst of them, to bless them and to do them good," as if God could bless them without doing them good. Expletives, repetitions, and redundancies are blemishes in prayer. It is not seemly to be throwing in Oh's and Ah's at I all points ; they have at least an artificial look, and it is far l better that the earnestness of the heart should show itself by pthe deep soul-fervour of the tone^ than by words which are pertainlyan offence to many, and probably an advantage to none. The Catechism gives another instruction, admirably adapted ' to public as well as private prayer, when it exhorts us " to draw : near to God with all holy reverence and confidence, as children i to a father." To draw near ; to be intimato, close, fearless, as i 18 the privilege of children ; yet reverential, as in presence of i the Infinite, before whom the seraphim cover their faces with ' their wings. Let our dealings with God be direct and simple, W. and such as to invite the co-operation of our people and almost I constrain them to utter their responsive "Amen." Lot the voice be equally removed from the cold tone of indifference and the sharp notes of excitement; let our tone be neither an affectod whine nor a thundering roar ; but the humble, plaintive tone of earnest appeal, in which the sense of nnworthinoss and our confidence in God's grace blend in a kind of heavenly music. The strength of prayer is not in the earthquake nor in the thunder, but in the still small voice. " In quietness and in confidence shall be your strength." i8o DEVOTIONAL SERVICES. Nor mnst we forget that to qualify ns for prayer in public, we need mnch experience of it in Beoret. The preparation of onr own spirit, the exciting of earnest thoughts and feelings there, the appeal, " Awake, 0 north wind, and come, thon south," are iq^ispensable to the right discharge of this duty. How can one be a leader in anything, if one is not even a doer ? How can one lead the devotions of a congregation, if one has on devotion of one's own f ■'iJS:--. CHAPTER XV. PASTOBAIi nnEBOOUBSE. TTITHERTO we have considered the Christian minister ■LL mainly as a preacher, a public teacher, addressing his people from the pnlpit, or leading ^eir devotions when they are assembled to worship God. It must be remembered, how- ever, that ordinarily the minister is a pastor as well as a preacher. He is called to deal with individaal sonls, as well as to proclaim to an assembled congregation the message of the gospel. Between these two functions of the ministry there need bo no opposition, though sometimes the impression prevails that diligence in the one is incompatible with success in the other. The fact, however, is, that where this has seemed to be the case, it has generally been due to the fact of the minister giving himself too exclusively to that department of work for which he has the greatest aptitude and inclination. Some have a liking for society; it is pleasant for them to be with their fellows, conversation is their element, they like to move about among their people ; and owing to this inclination they are led to devote to this branch of duty a dis- proportionate amount of time, and to leave too little for pulpit preparation. To others, again, owing to difference of tempera- ment, it is difficult and irksome to pay visits ; conversation with uncongenial minds is a toil that oppresses them ; the communi- cation of thought and feeling by that channel is always con- sciously feeble, if not consciously a failure ; it suits them better te address large numbers of persons ; for that they can summon tip and concentrate their powers of thought and feeling ; con- sequently their temptation is to neglect Uie duties of ^e pas- torate, and confine themselves to those of the pnlpit. But in point of fact there is no real antagonism between the pastorate and the pulpit, nor does it appear a very impracticable achievement that the one should be made the useful, happy ■m PASTORAL INTERCOURSE. handmaid uf the other. The pastoral dnty of the minister may .easily he made a most valnable auxiliary to his pnlpit work, and the pnlpit duty, rightly performed, will seek its natural outlet and application in the pastoral. It ia only by personal intercourse with his people that the minister can gain a true knowledge of them, their errors, sins, temptations, difiSculties, the kind of guidance which thoy need, and the style of preaching that comes home to them and helps them. It is only by this means, too, that he can thoroughly learn the effect of his preachiDg — who are awakened, who are perplexed, who are at rest. Often, in pastoral intercourse, he will have texts and topics suggested to him, on which his preaching will have a life-like earnestness and power ; nay, like Paul at Athens, he will sometimes have his spirit stirred within him, and feel God's Word working like a fire in his bosom, which will not endure to be restrained. On the other hand, when the preacher is earnest in his pnlpit, when, looking round, he sees unwonted interest expressed in this face or in that, some young person evidently arrested and beginning to look wistfully towards the gate of the kingdom of heaven, or some careworn countenance relaxing under the dawn of Christian hope, it is impossible not to desire to watch the change at a nearer point, and endeavour to be more immediately helpful to those who seem as if they would enter into the kingdom, if only some one would take them by the hand. The pastoral functions of the Christian minister are not only fully recognised in Scripture, but are placed in a light at once interesting and beautiful. The emblems which shadow it forth are those which are most expressive of a relation of great affection, such as a nurse, a shepherd, a physician, a father. " We were gentle among yon, even as a nurse chcrisheth her children; so being affectionately desirous of you, we were willing to have imparted unto you, not the Gospel of God only, but also our own souls, because ye were detiv unto us " (1 Thess. ii. 7, 8). The model of the faithful and affectionate pastor is presented to us by God in his own person : " I will seek that which was lost, and bring agam that which was driven away, and will bind up that which was broken, and will strengthen that which was sick : but I will destroy the fat and the strong ; I will feed them with judgment" (Ezek. xxxiv. 16). In the New Testament the same figure recurs, applied by Christ, the good Shepherd, to denote Uie relation between Him and his flock : " My sheep^iear my voice, and I know them, and they PASTORAL INTBRCOURSM. 183 follow me ; " " but a stranger will they not follow, but will flee from him : for they know not the voice of strangers " (John x. 27 and 6). In Paul the Apostle we have the model at once of the great preacher and the a£fectionate and painstaking pastor. He conld remind the Ephesian elders how he had taught them not only " publicly," but " from house to house " (Acts xx. 20) ; and in writing to the Church of Rome he fills a whole chapter with personal messages, showing not only his interest in indi- viduals, but his acquaintance with the spiritual history of each (jKom. xvi.). If we seek in modern times for an instance of a great preacher moulded after the same type, we find it in our own Chalmers, so incomparable in the pulpit, and yet the founder of territorial missions, the reviver, in a great degree, of the parochial organization, and the unwearied searcher out of the lost and fallen* The practice of pastoral intercourse between a minister and his people has received the strongest commendations from the earliest to the latest times. Ignatius, in bis epistle to Polycarp. urges his friend to be the protector and friend of the widows ; not to despise male or female slaves ; to speak to the sisters, exhorting them to love the Lord and to be satisfied with their husbands both in flesh and spirit^ in like manner to exhort the brothers to love their wives ; and to seek after all ijr name. * Archbishop Leighton in his last* retirement remarked, "Had I again t6 be a parish minister, I must follow sinners to their homes and even to their alehouse." Dr. Doddridge said that his heart did not upbraid him with having kept back anything that might be profitable to his people, but he feared that he had not followed them sufBciently with domestic and personal exhortations, f There are few earnest men who, on a review of their ministry from the close of life, will not in some degree share this feeling. Archbishop Whately begins his lectures to " The Parish Pastor " by strenuously urging the diligent and unwearied performance of this branch of duty. Been in the lowest point of view,' the advantages to a minister of n personal acquaintance with the flock to whom he preaches are remarkaUy great. It is in every way a benefit to the shepherd to know^ his sheep, and to call them each by name. A subtle but-powerful sympathy is established between them, especially in the case of the young and the less eda- • "Epirt. to Polycarp," ch. It. t. ♦ Seo Bridge's " OhrUitian Ministry," partr. i84 PASTORAL INTBRCOURSB. cated olasseB. No one can well estimate the benefit which a young person derives, in a religions point of view, from personal acquaintance with his minister, if the minister b« not only a good but a friendly^ man. A yonng man who has no religions parents, no religions associates, and no personal ac- quaintance with a Ghristian minister, is extremely apt to fall under the impression that religion is a matter with which personally he has little or nothing to do. But should a minister know him, show an interest in him, speak to him serionsly but kindly, and urge on him his personal responsibility in regard to the gospel, he is far more likely to respond to his appeals. The subtlest and strongest human bond that draws the feelings of men is that of sympathy. Now, friendly knowledge of a person, the habit of speaking to him and inquiring for his welfare when yon meet, or of calling at his honse with a friendly purpose, is a oontribntion, though not a very large one, towards the establishment of sympathy. So long as you labotu^ to do good from the pulpit among those whom yon do no^ know, yon labour under the manifest disadvantage of having little or no hold, at least no necessary hold, on their sympathies. Get aoqnainted with them and interested in them ; a new force begins to operate on your side. * We are not, therefore, to set down the craving which some worthy people have for frequent visits from their miniJter as wholly unreasonable and without foundation. No doubt there are cases in which it arises from a low motive, from the love of attention, from a poor desire to be made much of; bnt, on the other hand, it may be the expression of that craving for sym- pathy and personal interest vrhich makes the relation between minister and people so much more pleasant and so much mors profitable. If, therefore, in the course of visitation, you can do no more than get into personal sympathy with your people, an important end is gained, provided the time yon spend together is not spent in a quite frivolous way. But this is very far from the only benefit that pastoral visitation may confer. If it can be made subservient to spiritual acquaintance, if by means of it, whether directly or indirectly, the pastor can learn what is passing in the hearts of his people and adapt his instruction accordingly, its benefits will plainly be of a far higher kind. We have no hesitation, therefore, in pressing upon yon, when you are settled as ministers of congregations, and espe- cially if thoy be small charges in the country, to give its dao PASTORAL INTERCOURSB, 185 place to pastoral visiting. If, in the eonrse of time, 70a are translated to large towns, or called to minister to large flocks, and are compelled to engage in a large amoont of misoellaneooB work, yoor dnty in pastoral visitation may not be so pressing. Bnt in other circumstances it is quite necessary. And in order that yon may do it effectually and thoroughly, the first requisite is that you do it tystematicaUy. There are two kmds of pastoral visits to be^'lept in view, namely, the regular visitation of the whole families and adhe- rents of a congregation or a territory, and the visitation of the siok and afiSicted. For each of these purposes it is desirable to have an allotted time, but especially for the first — the visitation I of families. The other cases will in a sense assert their own claims ; bnt without a fixed time set apart for it, the general visitation, as it may be called, is apt to be neglected. It is surely not too much to devote to this purpose the chief part of at least one day in the week. If so, let it be the same day. It is an advantage to the' minister and an advantage to the people when it is known that one particular day is devoted by him to this purpose. To facilitate the work as mu^i as possible, let a plan of visit^ition be constructed, indicating the order in which the people are to be taken, and the time in which it may be expected that the work will be completed, leaving a margin for possible interruptions. Let the minister be careful to have full lists of the people, containing the names, residences, and employments of all, and the ages of the young. He will find it, too, very desirable to keep a record of his visits. If he trust his memory to recall in future years the topics on which he addressed them on former occasions, he will probably find that lie has been leaning on a broken reed. Bach a record will become a most valuable document as a reminiscence of his work, and will greatly help the pastor in planning his visits after a few years have elapsed, when sonf^^ft^ ^dillicultios are apt to present themselves. '*'*'*»»»i We are the more earnest in insisting on the systematic ^Hn«>t,v,, cation of the. work of visitation, because many country charges are small, and in the case of these the necessity of system is less obvious, but not less real, than where the flock is large. In fact, it is one of the greatest snares of a small charge, and one that .. demands to be guarded against with extraordinary vigilance, that, being small, it seems as if there were no need for system in the working of it. There are certain apparent anomalies in life and habit that must be taken into account in connection i86 PASTORAL INTERCOURSB. with SQoh matters. The philoaopher conld say that he was never less idle than when at leisure, nor less lonely than vhen alone. In like manner it may be said of some men, that they never do things so snecessfnlly as when they are busy, and that they never do them so ill as when they have little to dp. There is somethmg in the mental stimnlos, ihe fillip given ' ^ to the whole energies by abundant occupation, that canses every- thing that is undertaken by busy energetic men to be done with vigour, if they are not absolutely crushed by their labours ; and, on the other hand, there is something in the unconcentrated, nnknit-up condition of a mind having little to do, that often causes that little to be done ill. Who has not felt in holiday time, when he was visiting a friend in the country, or spending his time in rambles or picnic tours, thtA it was an e£fort to write a single letter, whereas in his ordinary working mood he might throw off a dozen letters and do four times as much other work without any irksome feeling ? This indicates the danger men incur of turning lazy, mentally as well as physically, in small charges. System is needed in its own way m the small as well as in the large ; the two talents are to be diligently improved as well as the five ; and the rule of the kingdom is, " He that is faithful in that which is least is faithful also in much " (liuke xvi. 10) ; " Unto every one that hath shall be given, and he shall have abundance : but from him that hath not shall be taken away even that which he hath " (Matt xxv. 29). lliere is another great recommendation of system. It has a wonderful effect in reconciling one to what at first is irksome, and even causing one to do it with pleasure. If the work of visitation be naturally irksome, and do systematic method of pro- secuting it be adopted, each time that it is attempted the sense of irksomencBs will be renewed. But if a system be adopted, and conscientiously followed, it will be otherwise. The preli- minary struggle with inclination will hardly be felt. This is the advantage of making up your mind to anything naturally dis- agreeable. ' Yon have settled that the thing must bo, and inclina- tion, as if it were a sentient being, seems to shrink from a contest in which defeat is. inevitable; so, when you work faithfully upon a plan, the fact that it is a settled plan seems to scatter your enemies. And this is not all. " There is no fact," '>*j^^s Dr. Shedd, "m the Christian experience better esta- bhsliMi >tj[^ that faithful performance of labour, from con-. science, ends Iti' its .being performed with relish and pleasure. ^ Conscience is finally w^Ofight into the will in a vital syntheais. .,>>« PASTORAL INTERCOURSE. 187 Lkw in the end becomes an impalso instead of a eommand- ment." * A few observations may now be offered on the practieal following oat of pastoral visitation. First, of the regular visitation of families. How this can be best accomplished in all cases it hardly becomes any one man to attempt to determine. It is one of the points oa which every minister mast become wise through his own experience and the teaching of God's Spirit, and on which brethren who aft accustomed to speak often one to another will advantageously exchange thoughts and experience when they have been for some time engaged in the work. If notice has been given of the minister's intention to visit at a certain hour, it is evident that something more than a mere visit of friendship or courtesy will be looked for. The minister, it will be felt, has come for the purpose of promoting the spi- ritual and eternal welfare of the family, and therefore the sooner he addresses himself to his errand the better. Some ministers are willing to prolong the preliminary conversation, in the hope that they will be able, after a time, to lead off the minds of the family to more serious thoughts, by building on something that comes up casually. And no doubt, if one has skill enongh, this is the best method, provided the members of the family are not stmck with silence the moment one touches what is serious, but are willing to continue the conversation. For, as Archbishop Whately remarks, the true idea of pastoral intercourse implies that the pastor is " not merely to speak, but to listen, and to encourage his people to open their minds freely to him, and that too, not on their spiritual concerns only, but on any others also on which they naturally and allowably feel much interest, and have a craving for sympathy." t But when once he gets into the current of temporal things^ there is a great risk of his being so carried along, that it is only by an abrupt and awkward jerk that he can cross over to the spiritual region ; and in that case whatever he may say or do is apt to be set down as a mere homage to professional propriety, not the spontaneous outcome of a heart charged with its message. To avoid this risk it is often desirable for a minister, after a brief salutation and kindly inquiry after the welfare of the household, to proceed at once, like Abraham's servant at Podan-aram, to tell his errand, to do • " Pastoral Theology," p. 303. t "The Parish Partor," p. ». l8S PASTORAL INTERCOURSB. what he has «oine to do. In speakbg to the honsehold he may find a point of departure by saying why he has oome, adverting to the exceeding solemnity of spiritual things, and to the import- ance not of a me^e general bat of a special application of what is said from the pulpit, so that no one may suffer the appeal to go past him, or think he does right while he fails personally to receive the message of God. Something may be said applicable to the circumstances of the different portions of the family — the parents, the children, older and younger, the servants when there are such. Of the children questions may be asked, and are probably expected to be asked ; but, let this be done in the kindly manner of a &iend, not in the stem tone of a task-master. Generally, too, it will be well to bear in mind that there is a tendency on the part of people to think of ministers as beings awfully solemn, with but little of human sympathy — ^men to be dreaded as stern reprovers, instead of respected and loved as affectionate and sympathetic guides. In pastoral visitation, therefore, let there be shown a frankness, a cordiality, a humility of spirit, a winning brotherly-kindness that shall dissipate such an impression and tend to gain the coiifidence of all. All pastors will admit that to draw out the members of a family into frank conversation on religious subjects is one of the most difficult and rare achievements. It is so difficult that most give it up in despair. It is not mere earnestness that succeeds here. There is needed much tact and knowledge of the human heart, especially of what on the one hand sends it shrinking into its shell, and of what on the other draws it out, like a flower opening to the sun. Among those things which are most useful in drawing men out, the records of other men's struggles and experiences have an important place. Suppose you speak on the duty of the devout daily reading of the Scriptures, yon may get no response. But suppose you speak of Luther, and his best hours given to reading and prayer, or of John Knox reading the whole Psalter onco every month, and a daily portion of the Bible besides, you introduce a medium which makes conversation easier. It is a sort of thread round which it may crystallize. A memory stored with facts derived from Christian biography and similar sources is of great value in promoting pastoral conversation, and making it at once pro- fitable and easy. It must be owned, at the same time, that there is sometimes a crass stolidity about the people whom a pastoir visits, on which it is impossible to make an impression. While some PASTORAL INTERCOURSB. 189 fitmilics exert themselves to meet their minister half-way, and make it both easy and pleasant for him to deal with them in his pastoral capacity, others are singularly apathetic and chilling, respondiag in heartless monosyllables to his efforts to engage them in conversation, as if it were their very object to keep him as far from their heart? as possible. If people generally knew something of the minister's difficulties in pastoral visitation, they would think more how they might practically help to remove them. It may be remarked here in passing, that the art of conversa- tion, and social intercourse at large, is one to which students have need to give special attention. They are so accustomed to conversation within their own circle, that when thrown into social contact with others they find it difficult to get common groond and suitable materials. The art of social intercourse is one of the most important parts of unconventional educa- tion, being the art of getting into contact with minds unlike our own, and forming a bond between them and us that shall dispose them to look more favourably upon our views of spiritual things. To return to pastoral visitation. Indispensable though we hold this practice to be in small congregations, and desirable, where practicable, in large, it is obviously to be regarded at the same time as a duty inferior to that of the pulpit, and not to be allowed to interfere with its efficiency. Some preachers of great mark and efficiency have deliberately, and from a sense gf duty, abstained from undertaking much work of this kind. Among these was President Edwards. His reason for not engaging in it was, not that he did not feel its importance, but that he deemed himself unqualified for it, and considered that his time was spent to greater advantage in his study, to which he usually gave twelve hours a day.* A preacher of a very different type, the late Mr. Jay of Bath, in like manner restricted his pastoral visitation within much narrower limits than was agreeable to his flock. In bis autobiography, Mr. Jay, without wholly justifying himself, says that to some extent this omis- sion was voluntary, as he thought that much more was expected of him than was reasonable, and that it was consequence rather than improvement that was affected by disappointment. He says that he deliberately abstained from following the example of three classes of pastoral visitors. " 1. The tmokers, or smoking ministers, who wore furnished with a pretty pipe and • Dwjghfs''IdfeofEdwaKl»." 190 PASTORAL INTERCOURSB. its nsnal concomitant at every honse of call [thereby setting their people the example of an act of Bel&indul^'ence, which is certainly not the spirit that the minister of Christ is called to poster], 2. The listless, who like to lounge abont people's honses rather than bind themselvog down to diligent stndy. 8. The tmly pious, who wished to do good, bat were often less useful than they wished or imagined. Many of these have not the oily slang of religions phrases ; they are not apt at free and. appropriate address or taming all incidents to profitable account ; yet they might preach to advantage had ^ey time and leisure for reading and meditation.* Mr. Jay saw likewise that the visits of ministers were not always convenient, and, therefore, not always acceptable. As to set dinner and tea entertainments, his observation was, that it was almost im- possible to commence or maintain discourse by which one coald either gain good or do good. Social meetings he deemed use- ful enough for social purposes, for promoting good neighbour- hood and social pleasure, but beyond that he had little faith in them. 2. The visitation of the mk and ajlicted is one of the most interesting, one of the^most blessed, and one of the mosit pre- cious of the duties of a minister. It affords rare opportunities for the formation of most affectionate bonds — ties hallowed by the tenderest associations. He who has ever bien nttracted to their dwellings by the intelligence of any kind of distress or sorrow ; he on whose face they have ever seen the expression of a brother's sympathy and eagerness to help ; he to whom they have always felt encouraged to tell of their sorrows and their burdens, knowing that his heart would be open to the doleful tale ; he who has *Ied them to the throne of grace on every occasion of distress, and sought for them the oil of joy for mourning and the garment of praise for. the spirit of heavi- ness ; he by whose ministrations the deathbed of a dear parent or partner has been cheered, the eye of a stricken son or daughter turned to the Cross, and the chill terror of death has given place to the calm joy and confidence of faith — can never be an object of indifference to those to whom, in the darkest passages of life, he has been the instrument of so much bless- ing. Let a minister have an affectionate Christian heart, and be ready at all times to show iis warm sympathy for those of his flock who are in trouble — such a man will be loved by his people, and will have a degree of influence with them inexpli- • "Autobiography of Bev. Wm. Jay," p. 164. PASTORAL INTERCOURSE. »9' eablo to those who do not know how the burdened heart appre- ciates sympathy in dark and cloudy days. Bat there is a anare to be guarded against in this very &ct. The object of the minister in visiting the sick is not merely to express his sympathy or to show them ordinary kindness. It ia to torn the occasion into one of spiritual good. It is^to show them how (rod is dealing with them and to c^use them to hear the voice of the rod. It is his duty to remind them of the opportunity of meditation and self-examination which the sick- ness affords, and to urge them ^ improve it in the way of con- sidering whether their hearts have ever responded to the call of Qod, and whether thoy hav/ been making a business of their sanctiiication, following pe^e with all men, and holiness, with- out which no man shall se^ the Lord. Where the sickness is likely to be morUl, and there is no | evidence of due preparation ^^the duty of the minister is Bolenm| sick ^nA delicate. How to let th< danger, and the still greater his mind during the few wees hours, of life that remain to great change may be wrought ; conspire best with that of the securing of this glorious result — are only to be resolved in the spirit of person know of the b6dily( ger of the soul ; how to guide or it may be only days at so that by God's blessing thjB ow to get other influences ister himself in order to tlfe uestions of awful solemnity, ost earnest prayer. What magnifies the difficulty is the terror in which relatives often stand lest anything be said fitted to\ agitate the sufferer, and the ii^junctions to the same effect oi\ some medical advisers, who, in their anxiety for the recovery of the body, do not always^ think of the eternal welfare of me soul. > To attain the utmost faithfulness and yet the utmostytendemess in such a case — to leave nothing unsaid that, by God'ii blessmg, may be of use to the soul, and nothing undone in respect of tenderness and gentleness of tone and manner that may prevent undue agitation or opposition — involves a strain upon our best and holiest energies, under which we could not rat sink if we did not fall back on words like these : " My grace is sufficient for thee, for my strengtlrls made perfect in weakness." And there is stiU another difficulty. It is the ^orious doctrine of our religion that the door of mercy is ever open, and that the finished work of Christ is ever available for the sinner. But there ia a way of exhibiting this gloriouB truth that ' is objectionable. The atonement of Christ is sometimes pre- , , aented to the Protestant in much the same way as the crucifix i«» JPASTORAL INTERCOURSE. i8 presented to the Papist. The imprcsBion ia apt to be pro- duced, either on 4he dying'Vian or9n his friends, that there is in that truth a kind of talismanie virtue ; that it forms a sort of " open sesame "to let one into heaven. One needs to be very careful to let it be understood that what yon offer th^ sinner is not a charm, but a living Saviour ; and that what gives value to that "looking unto Jesus" which yon urge is, that spiritually the sinner becomes one with him, and, being emptied of self and filled with Christ, becomes inwardly as well as formally a child of God. The ntmost care must be taken not to let the impres- sion be formed, especially on ignorant minds, that salvation turns on enmething like a mechanical act, something like the signing of a paper, only done with the head instead of the hand. To counteract this, the fulness and spirituality of the Christian salvation needs to be earnestly dwelt on. \ It is nb,doubt an exceeding great privilege for a minister to be the means of saving a dying sinner from the second death, and yefhis harvest work should be regarded only as beginning when the tomb has closed over the departed one. The bereaved family, for the next few weeks or months, will afford a most interesting and hopeful field for his Christian efforts ; for when death enters the family circle and carries ofi one with whom all our lives have been intertwined, there is left on the survivors a peculiarly strong sense of desolation — the vanity of earth, the realities of eternity, the odionsness of sin, the procicusness of redemption, come home with unusual force, and the heart is peculiarly susceptible of impressions that may issue in conver- sion. This is just to siiy that the Holy Spirit is dealing with the heart ; a divine Visitor is at hand : " Behold, I stand at the door and knock." To try to have these impressions confirmed, so as to issue in true and final decision for Christ — to urge a course of Christian habits, of reading and prayer, and, perhaps, some Bpecies of CbriHtian work — is the natural direction of Uie minister's efforts and prayers after some great bereavement. For in point of fact it is commonly found that even those who have been well brought up need the discipline of trial to bring them to decision, and that it is out of such discipline that the greater part of the piety among us actually springs.* Besides sickness and death, there are many other kinds of distress of which the Christian minister may and probably ought to take notice. Sometimes he is made the confidant of his people, and sorrows are poured into his ear preying upon * 8m Appendix A, Section IL PASTORAL INTERCOURSE. 193 their veiy vitals, all the more hard to bear because they have to be locked up in their own bosoms. Sometimes he hoars a tale of domestic onfaithfalness or of family strife ; in trying tu be at once tender and faithful, and not make ;. things worse in the attempt to make them better, his tact and tvisdom are taxed to the uttermost. And sometimes a rovelatioh imsuspected and most horrible is made to him : he is* told how a {atal plague-spot has shown itself in the character of the fine young man that pi-omised to be the joy and pride of his family, u^d the anguish- stricken parents appeal to him for help. Possibly he has the stiti more terrible toak of being called to comfort Sk a case where no comfort, but only submission, is possible — wherosndden death has cut off a loved but erring one in the midst of his sins, and the desolate parents are prostrated under the burden of their very faith — when their clear vivid view of the eternal woi^td, instead of brightening their hopes, is like to drive them to distraction. It may not be often that the Christian minister is brought into contact with such tragedies ; it is not every day that one so tender-hearted as David is called to mourn for a sou killed in the act of rebellion, or that the au: is rent with the cry, " Would God that I had died for thee, 0 Absalom, my eon, my son I " But experience teaches ns that the world is very full of dis- appoiutmeut. Many is the heart where that lump of lead lies at the bottom, though it may not be allowed to show itself.
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VOL. VIII. K C6 SOME REMARKS ON SEALS. Spelman, Sandford, Madox, and other English writers their contemporaries, and the Treatises of Mabillon, Heineccius, and the Benedictine authors of the Nouveau Traite de Diplomatique, show the value and importance that have been attached to them by competent judges in the earher stages of archaeological science. In a critical acquaintance with this interesting subject has been found one of the most eflficient means of deter- mining the genuineness of charters and the Hke, of identifying the persons by whom they were granted T\ith their respective famihes, of appropriating the documents to the proper individuals when there were several of the same name, and of ascertaining the dates of undated instruments. In many cases they have added materially to the information contained in the writings to which they were appended ; as by supplying or explaining a name, or mentioning an office which an individual held, or showing some particular relation in which he stood to others. For, since the execution of the seal was rarely contemporaneous with the seahng of the instrument, they are \'irtually two independent documents brought together, relating to the same person, and serving to explain and elucidate each other. Apart, however, from written documents, and as detached impressions, seals, or the matrices themselves, are also fruitful sources of information. They not only supply what is deficient in impressions elsewhere found attached, but contribute to our knowledge in various ways that might not at first be anticipated. Official seals, and seals of ecclesiastics, bring to light sometimes the names of those who have filled offices, and enjoyed dignities, and been forgotten ; and sometimes revive the knowledge of the existence of offices which had themselves fallen into oblivion. In like manner common seals occasionally attest the existence of communi- ties of which all remembrance had ceased ; while personal seals restore to family trees grafts and scions which had dropped away, and would otherwise have remained wholly unknown. On heraldry, which has proved so serviceable in the investigation of medieval antiquities, they afford most valuable information ; since from them we learn the earliest examples of the art, with few exceptions, and much of the subsequent usages and practice of it until the modern system prevailed. Analogous to brasses and other sepul- SOME IfKMAKKS ON SEALS'. C>1 cliral memorials, tliey furnish evidence of the slate, not only of tlie art by whicli they were executed, but likewise of those of ornamentation and design in general, and also illus- trate the costumes of dilVereut classes of society at vai'ious periods ; and in their legends they exemplify the peculiar kinds of letters, and divers unusual modes of abbreviation and forms of exjiression that were from time to time in use. In addition to which, a large variety of personal seals, remarkable for their allusive and facetious legends and devices, reflect the taste, fancy, humour, and occasionally the superstitions of the age, as well as of the individuals. In an historical point of view, it is not too much to say that seals bear the same relation to subjects, both as indi- viduals and communities, that coins and medals (on whose historical value it is needless to dwell) do to sovereigns and states ; while royal and municipal seals may in this respect rank with coins and medals themselves. Accordingly Peiresc, who had diligentl}'^ studied these things both in France and this country, and corresponded with Camden, was accustomed to say (as ChitHet writes), " Sigilla, niimis- mata, aliaque id genus, testes esse antiquitatis incorruptos, quodquc ex iis addiscerentur. qux frustra rcquireret quis ex historiographis on\nibus." Anastas. Childcric. cap. vii., p. 113. In Germany and France, where diplomatics, or the art of decij)hering charters and the like, and of discriminating the genuine from the false, have for many years been regarded as a science, the subject of seals, which constitutes so important a branch of it, has received a corresponding share of attention, and their history and characteristics have been discussed in a manner unparalleled in this country.'^ But the seals which have been studied by the foreign di}ilomatists have been chiefly those of sovereigns and the higher orders of the nobility and clergy ; while comparatively little con- sideration has been bestowed on the personal seals of the inferior nobles and ecclesiastics, and of the humbler classes of the people ; which may be partly owing to the greater importance belonging to other seals, and partly to the fact of personal seals having been much less extensively used in - I must here mention, as an eminent paper on the G re.it Se.ils of England, exception to the general manner in whieh by Professor Willis, in the sccoud volume sueh subjects have been treated by Eiig- of this Joui'nal. lish writers, the very able and insta'uetive 68 SOME REMAEKS ON SEALS. those countries than in England. There frequent recourse was had to notaries for the attestation of transactions, and the authentication ■ of instruments ; whereas here, so great was the credit given to personal seals, that notaries were rarel}'' employed except in ecclesiastical matters ; and the use of seals prevailed among all grades and classes of persons, male and female, ecclesiastic and lay, whether secular or regular, bond or free. For every one who had occasion to execute a deed, whether in a transaction relating to land or otherwise, though it were a mere agi-eement, or a release from a previous agreement, or an acquittance, had need of a seal. And deeds were then used for the most trifling purposes, not being the formidable looking things they are now, but generally little larger than a bank note, and occasionally not containing many more words than a modern receipt. It is sometimes stated that every man who was liable to be sworn on an inquest was required to have a seal, whether he were a bondman or freeman ; but the record which has been referred to as an authority for this, namely, the so-called statute of 14. Edw. I., or Statutum EcVonicE (which in fact was not an Act of Parhament, nor is the alleged date of it to be rehed on), does not go to that extent. It is confined to those who were to be sworn on certain inquests for inquiring into the conduct of coroners on that particular occasion. It shows, nevertheless, that seals were sometimes used by bondmen ; for, faihng a proper number of fi'eemen, there were to be bondmen sworn, and all were to have seals and affix them to the presentment. A very large number of personal seals of the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, have come down to us ; and of their varieties, I cannot give the reader a better notion than by referring him to the ver}" interesting Paper by Mr. Hudson Turner on the subject in the fifth volume of this Journal. Beside the personal seals of the laity, there were a large number of official seals and common seals of communities, both lay and ecclesiastic ; and the seals of the clergy indi- vidually were also very numerous. For it may be justly sui)posed that they were no less necessary for persons in office and i)odics corporate than for private individuals ; and all the dignities and preferments in the church bore more or less the character of offices, even when they were not strictly SOME UEMAKKS UN SEALS, 09 spcakino- official. Indeed, tlio seals of ecclesiastics constitute a reniarkal)le division of the subject, in the year 12.'J7, when heraldic seals were becoming general among the nobility, Cardinal Otto, the Papal legate in this country, thought it expedient to have some regulations ma<le respect- ing them ; and, accordingly, among divers other constitutions or canons passed at a synod held in London, over which lie presided, was one wliereb}^ after mentioning that, since the use of notaries did not prevail in this kingdom, it was the more necessary to have recourse to authentic seals, in order that there might be a sufficiency of them the synod decreed that not only archbishops and bishops, but likewise their officials, and also abbots, priors, deans, archdeacons, and their officials, and also rural deans, and the chapters of cathedral churches, and other colleges and convents, either together with their rectors (or heads) or separately, according to their usage or statutes, should have seals ; and that, for the sake of distinction, every one of them should have his or their own proper seal, on which »should be engraved in plain characters the name of the dignity, office, or college, and also the name of the person wdio enjoyed any per- manent dignity or office, and that such seals shoidd be deemed authentic ; and those respectively who undertook any temporary office, as rural deans and officials, should, at the termination of their office, resign their seal to him by whom they were appointed, and which seal should have engraved on it only the name of the office. After all tliat has been said respecting these remains of medieval times, it is hardly possible to ap})reciatc the interest which attends the prosecution of the sul)ject, or the assistance in other branches of knowledo-e which is to be derived from it, without inspecting and comijaring a considerable number of examples of various kinds ; nor without such means at ^ See Matli. Paris de anno, 1237; and Wilkin's Concilia, I., pj". (>47, <>55. 70 SOME REMARKS ON SEALS. hand, can the study be advantageously pursued. It is to be reo-retted that there is no extensive and -well-arrancred col- lection to which ready access might be had for the purpose. Fortunately there is something so attractive about them, that some individuals have taken pleasure in bringing many of them together even without regard to any ulterior use to be made of them. The collector of seals may be assured that he renders no inconsiderable service to the cause of archaeology, though he may be prompted solel}^ by the gratification of a natural curiosity ; for there will, I doubt not, be found those who can turn his stores to good account ; and since it is now practicable to multiply examples by means of gutta percha, the more curious and instructive may be placed in their hands without any detriment to the col- lector. Amidst the great diversity and number of the seals which he acquires, he must soon be sensible of the want of some system of classification, if he would observe anything hke an orderly arrangement ; and he probably tries several methods without being able to satisfy himself Should he seek assistance from any publication on seals, he finds the distribution of the subject, however well adapted for a treatise, does not answer his requirements. The author and collector have very diiferent ends in view. The author may class them according to the various descriptions of persons by whom they were used, or the different purposes for which they were employed ; and treat specifically only of such as he can bring within those several heads. He is not bound to find a fitting place for every seal that may occur. This the methodical collector wishes to do ; but the most expe- rienced, however discriminating, must often be ignorant alike of those who used the seals wliich he meets with, and of the particular purposes for which they were employed. A mere chronological arrangement is impracticable ; for to many no date could be assigned with sufl&cient certainty to determine their places. Various modes of classification might be sug- gested, each presenting some advantage ; but most persons who well consider the subject will, I think, be convinced that no scheme will be found really practicable, however specious, that does not depend on such distinctions as appear on the seals themselves. In classification of any kind it is of course of the first importance that the classes should be well defined ; but the great difficulty commonly is, to divide the subject in such a way that the several parts of it taken together shall com- prise the whole ; and so, in like manner, on every sub-division ; a difficulty which is greatly increased when the subject can- not be exhausted, but newly discovered genera and species are continually claiming places. For practical purposes, and it is with them only that w^e are concerned, this object is best effected by always making the last of any number of heads, into which any class is divided, such as will comprise all of that class which are not comprised in the previous heads : so that in every case the last head (whether on the primary division or on any subdivision) will be residuary and miscellaneous. 7:^ SOME REMAKES OX SEALS. The preceding observations will, it is hoped, render more readily intelligible the following Scheme, which has been pre- pared according to the principles of classification that have been suggested, and has been found to answer its purpose as far as it has been hitherto tried. It is capable of being adapted to the size and nature of the collection, existing or contemplated ; for when that is small, the sub-division of some of the classes may be omitted ; and when large or indefinite, further sub-divisions may be made, taking care that the distinctions appear on the seals themselves, and that in every case the last of any number of heads into which any class be sub-divided, comprises all of that class which are not comprehended in the others. SEALS. 1. — Ecclesiastical, I. — Bulls and other seals of individuals referring to their dignities, offices, or preferments. 1. Popes, 2, Cardinals, patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops, 3, Abbots, abbesses, and other heads of houses.'* 4. Other ecclesiastics, secular or regular. II. — Common Seals, secreta, &c., of bodies corporate and the like. 1. Chapters of cathedral or collegiate churches, with or without the head. 2. Religious communities professed, with or without the head. 3. Other bodies or communities. III. — Official Seals, without name of any individual officer, or with name of officer not an ecclesiastic. IV, — Seals purely personal. 1, With name, 2. Without name, V. — Seals unascertained, kc. — i. e., miscellaneous ecclesiastical seals not comprised under any of the above heads. II. — Lay, comprising all that do not appear to be Ecclesiastical, I. — Seals of sovereigns. II. — Seals of consorts and daughters of sovereigns, III. — Seals of male issue of sovereigns, and consorts and daughters of such issue. IV, — Official Seals. 1. In the sovereign's name, 2. With name of officer, 3. Without name of sovereign or officer. * The word "houses" is here intended friars, but also houses or colleges of secu- to comprise, not only regular coniniuni- lar jjriests or eanons, and the like, though ties, such as tliosc of monks, nuns, and not those of cathedral orcollegiatechurches. SOME KEMARKS ON SEALS. 73 V. — Common Seals, sccrcta, itc, of corporations and tlic like. 1. Cities, and towns. 2. Universities, and colleges therein. 3. Guilds, companies, and similar societies. 4. Schools, hospitals, and other communities. VI. — Personal Seals, except those of sovereigns and their male is.suc, and of their respective consorts and daughters, appeariii<r to be such. 1. With effigies seated, equestrian, or standing, with or without heraldry. 2. With heraldry of any kind, but no effigy. 3. With merchants'' marks or initials as principal subjects. 4. With devices of other kinds, and names. 5. Ditto, . . . but no name. 6. With names, but no device. 7. With legends or mottoes, but neither device nor name. 8. Miscellaneous personal seals. VII. — Seals unascertained, iic. — i. e., miscellaneous lay seals not comprised under any of the above heads. After what has been said by ^vay of introduction to the ])receding Scheme, I have Httle to add in explanation of it. In regard to official seals, in every case it is the office, whether ecclesiastical or lay, and not the officer, that is to determine the place of the seal. In like manner our universities and colleges for education are to be considered lay corporations, as in fact they are. See Blackst. Comm. I., p. 471. By device is intended such as constitutes the principal subject, and not mere ornament or accessories. It will be obvious, and it is unavoidable, that a seal difficult to decipher or interpret may sometimes require to be placed under a diffi^rent head when more completely understood : and though the seals themselves are to furnish the distinctions, yet what is found on them will sometimes need explanation ; and hence in those cases it may happen, without any inconsis- tency, that we ascertain, by additional information from other sources, such important facts, for example, as whether an office or community was lay or ecclesiastical, secular or monastic. It is not easy to define precisely certain terms : as, for instance, who is a sovereign, but in the great majority of examples there will be no difficulty ; and in the very few doubtful cases it is not of any great consequence should the seal be placed under some head to which, if not a sovereign's, it would belono;, until the doubt is removed : and so in VOL. VIII. L 74 MEDLEYAL SEALS. similar cases. If the designation of any head should, from its brevity, seem obscure, j)robably such obscurity ^\i\\ be dissipated on caUing to mind, that no head is intended to comprise Tshat is clearly comprehended under any other which is numbered in the same series. For a purpose of this kind, it is not unreasonable, and has been found most convenient, to assume all seals to be lay which do not show themselves to be otherwise ; and therefore the term " lay seals'^ has been made to comprise all seals that do not appear to be ecclesiastical ; and in this sense these words must be understood in the last division of that class. w. s. w. EXAMPLES OF MEDIAEVAL SEALS. It has been proposed to bring together, from time to time, notices of the numerous impressions and matrices of seals communicated at the meetings of the Institute. Such col- lections towards the History of Seals, occasionally illustrated by woodcuts, will, it is hoped, be more acceptable to the readers of the Journal than the incidental mention of them in the Reports of the meetings. They will form a suitable sequel to the foregoing scheme for their classification, the want of which has long been felt by the collector. 1. Common seal of the Benedictine Priory of St. Mary of Hurley, Berks, founded in the reign of the Conqueror by Geoffrey de Magna-villa. The con- ventual church, of which a portion, the western door, with chevrony mouldings, still exists, is said to have been dedicated by Osmond, Bishop of Salisbury, A.D. 1086. The Priory was a cell to the Abbey of Westminster. The impression, from which the accompanying illustration has been taken, is appended to a deed whereby Prior Alexander and the convent granted their manor in Harefield, Middlesex, to Puchard Weltekart of Louth (de Luda), Thomas his son, and Florence the wife of the same Thomas, to hold to them and the heirs of Thomas, of the chief lords of the fee, bj' the accustomed services, for ever. It was found by Mr. William F. Vernon amongst the evidences pertaining to his estate at Harefield, and communicated, by his kind permission, to the Institute. The deed is without date, but it may be assigned to the reign of the first or second Edward. The principal device is the Annunciation ; between the angel Gabriel and the Virgin there is a vase with a lily, placed upon the apex of a pointed arch, which forms a compartment in the lower part of the seal ; within this is a kneeling ILLUSTRATIONS OF MKDIEVAI, SKALS. Seal of the Deanery ol' Pawlett Matrix found near Winchester. Seal cf Hurley ] riory, Berkshire. From an Impression appended to a Deed in tlie possession of William F. Vernon, Ei>q. MEDLi:VAL SKAF.S. 75 figure of the Prior, holding a crosier, his eyes upraised towards the Virgin. On one side of this figure there is a mullet of six points, and on the other u flower of as many petals, the angemme of the Frencii heralds.' The legend is as follows — ►p s' coNMVNE . ca(i'1tvh.) riuoKAT' . HVULEY. It is un- usual to see a Prior represented bearing a erosier. On the seal of Lewes Priory, St. Pancras is introduced, seemingly habited as a Cluniac Prior, and bearing a crosier. (Sussex Arclueol. Coll. vol. ii. p. 20.) Madox, in his " Formulare," p. 25U, noticed two seals of Hurley priory appended to a grant by Prior Ralph de Arundel, promoted to Westminster, A.D. 12()0. This document was " in arch. S. Petri Wostmon." One of the seals bore the head of the Virgin, around it — ^ AVE maria giia' PLENA, and was inscribed — ^ sigill' had' de arvndel puiokis iiekl'. On the reverse a counter-seal impressed with a lion — ^ ecce vicit leo de TRIBV JVDA. The other seal was inscribed — *i* sigillvm eccl'ie sc'e dei GENETRicis DE HERLEiE. Madox does not describe its device. In the Duchy of Lancaster Office there is a document, dated 34 Edw. L, to which is appended the seal of Alexander de Newport, Prior of Hurley — probably the same Prior who is named in Mr. Vernon's deed. 2. Seal of the Rural Deanery of Poulet, or Pawlett, Somersetshire, in the Archdeaconry of Wells. According to the present ecclesiastical divisions, this Deanery comprises the rectories of Bawdrip, Cossington, Greinton, and Huntspill, with the vicarages of Pawlett and Woollavington, with Puriton. These benefices are found, under the head " Decanatus de Poulet," in the Taxation of Pope Nicholas IV. circa 1291, (pp. 198, 202). Under another head, " Decanatus de Poulet, seu Jurisdictio Glaston','' are enumerated certain benefices, with the pensiones therein, appertaining to the Abbot of Glastonbury and the Sacrist. The device of this official seal is a figure of St. Paul, holding a sword in his right hand, and a book in the left ; the legend, — * ^tgtllum lOecanatu^ tit poulet. It is unusual to find a star, in lieu of a cross, at the commence- ment of the legend, on an ecclesiastical seal. There appears evidently to be some connexion between the name of the Apostle and that of the place. The patron saint, however, of the church of Pawlett, according to the obliging information of the vicar, the Rev. J. D. Crosse, is St. .John the Baptist, not St. Paul. The Deanery probably derived its name from the principal place within its jurisdiction ; but Pawlett has no necessary connexion with the office of Rural Dean. It is actually held by the Rector of Huntspill. This matrix was found near Winchester, and presented, in Dec. 1849, to Dr. Mantell, by whom it was communicated to the Society. It is of yellow mixed-metal ; there is a ridge at the back, pierced in the middle for suspension. Its date appears to be the earlier part of the fifteenth century. Dr. Pegge stated, in his remarks on the existence of so many matrices of conventual seals, that "several rural deans' seals are extant."'- Mr. Dansey has described those which had fallen under his notice in his chapter on the " Authentic Seal " of the Dean rural, which, in Bishop Kennett's ' On the seal of Pershore Abbey, api)a- flower of six petals, &c. A curious exatniilc rently of the same pei-iod as that of Hurley, of the use of such foliated oniainenis the crescent appears on one side of the appears on the round seal of Westminster Virgin, with the star on the other ; and in Abbey, other parts are introduced a quatrefoil, a - Archrcologia, vol. v., p 353. 76 MEDIEVAL SEALS. Silver Seal. Deanery of Hengham. opinion, constituted his investiture, by its fonnal receipt from the diocesan.' To the small number, of which Mr. Dansey gives representations, the seal of Pawlett forms an interesting addition. 3. Seal of the Deanery of Hengham. The device is singular, a saltire, or St. Andrew's cross, raguly. — ^tgtllu . iJrconatus : Ut . i)fngt)am. In the Taxation of Pope Nicholas IV. is found an ecclesiastical division in the Diocese of Lon- don, entitled " Decauatus de Hengham," or Hedingham, comprising Toppesfield, Sible Hedingham, (written Hengham,) and many other parishes in Essex. ^ This is now in the Archdeaconry of Colchester, in the Diocese of Rochester. The rural deanery, to which this seal appertained, was doubt- less the " Decanatus de Hengham," in the Diocese of Norwich, which receives its name from the town of Hingham, and comprised forty-three parishes.^ The church was dedi- cated to St. Andrew, and this accounts for the device upon the seal. Blomefield gives a list of deans during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This interesting relic is formed of silver, and it is now preserved in the choice cabinet of Norfolk relics, in the possession of Mr. Robert Fitch, of Norwich. 4. Seal of Henry, Abbot of Revesby, Lincolnshire. This is of pointed oval form, measuring 2i inches by li inch. The device is the Virgin and infant Saviour ; she is seated under a richly crocketed canopy ; a sceptre in her hand, a crown of stars, or of flowers, upon her head. The inscrip- tion is — 5'5^1^"i" • ^fnnci abh'i^ . mon'^tmt tf . riutiSbi). The execu- tion is not very artistic ; the date may be the latter part of the fifteenth century. The Cluniac Abbey of Revesby was dedicated to St. Mary and St. Lawrence. No abbot named Henry is found in the list given in the new edition of the " Monasticon," (vol. v, p. 453). There is, however, a total hiatus during the fifteenth century. The matrix was found on the site of Ewenny Priory, Glamorganshu'C, a cell to Gloucester, and it is in the possession of Colonel Turberville. An impression was produced, with the following seal, by Mr. Franks. 5. Common seal of the Fraternity of the Holy Trinity, Cardiff. A circular seal, of rude execution — diameter, li inch. The device is the conventional representation of the Trinity, the Supreme Being seated, and holding a crucifix between his knees. The holy dove descends upon the Saviour's head. ^. f'riiS trinitatt^ tic feartltf in galia. It was found at Llantwit Major, Glamorganshire, and is in the possession of John Nicholl Came, Esq., LL.D. — Date, fifteenth century. 6. Seal of pointed-oval form, probably the personal seal of an eccle- siastic ; the device is the Virgin seated, and holding the infant Jesus. Legend — *ate maria gracia plen. Date, fourteenth century. The matrix was found amongst the ruins of Reading Abbey, in digging the foundations for the new county prison. It was presented to the Rev. J. Kingrose by the clerk of the works, but was subsequently claimed by the sherifi', and given up. * Horse Decanicae Rurales, vol. i., p. 387. •• Taxatio Eccles., pp. 16, 18, 20. •5 Ibid., pp. 85, 107 ; Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk, vol ii., p. 422. MEDLEVAL SEALS. 77 Impression sent by Miss Julia K. Bockett, of Reading. 7. Personal Seal, with an huralilic device. It is circular ; diameter, nearly 1 inch. The centre is occupied by an escutcheon, a fess, with a denii-lion in chief — >i* secretvm . jievm . Miciii . Date, fourteenth century. The matrix is in the jiosscssion of the Rev. James Lee Warner, and was found near Walsinffham, in 1847. The arms may be those of Esme, or Esmey. 8. Seal of John Bysshe. Circular seal ; diameter, 1-,'j. inch ; in tho centre an escutcheon of the arms of Bysshe, — a chevron between three cinqfoils (or roses) ; a single-headed eagle disjilayed seems to support the shield, and on each side of it is an initial, J. and B. — ^Itjillum lolj.innisf bpsi^IjC anntg;'. Matrix formerly in the possession of the late Mr. Douce. Date, early in the fifteenth century. Kdward Bysshe, in his Notes on Upton, p. 53, remarks that the elder branch of the De la Bisse family, descended from Baldwin de Clare, bore the arms of Clare, 3 chevronels, differenced by a label of five points. But, about t. Rich. II,, on account of an alliance with the Staftbrds, the arms, borne by himself, were adopted, a chevron between 3 roses, as seen on the seal of , Sir Thomas Bysshe, 5 Rich. II. It appears from Manning and Bray's Hist, of Surrey, vol. ii., p. 286, that there was a John de Byshe living t. Edward III., also another John, t. Hen. VI., whose son bore the same name. 9. Seal of Hugh of Bourdeaux. Fourteenth cen- tury. A small circular seal ; diameter, j inch. The matrix was found at Winchester, in 1849, in the fol- lowing singular position. The bark of an old tree having accidentally been struck off by a blow, the seal was discovered underneath the bark. The device is the Holy Lamb. The cross surmounting the banner- staff forms likewise the initial of the legend — s' iivgonis DE BVRDEVS. Communicated by Mr. Hawkins. 10. Personal Seal, with device and motto, of the time of Henry VI. This interesting Signet, of which by the kindness of Dr. Kidd, Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, a representation is given, is one of three small seals appended to a letter of attorney, dated 1433, amongst the curious documents preserved in the charter-chest of Ewelme Hospital, of which the Regius Professor is ex officio the Master.^ The seal is pro- bably the impress of a ring ; it is of red wax. The device is ajiparently a dove, holding in her mouth a scroll inscribed — niCiCU. The rush twisted around the impression to preserve it from being defaced, and seemingly in the form of two interlaced squares, is a peculiarity of interest.'"' The three impressions are made upon separate slips, cut horizontally at the lower margin of the little deed, of which they form part, in lieu of the more customary dependent labels of a separate slip, passed through a slit in the parchment. The uppermost seal of the three bears as a device the stock of a tree, with two boughs; the second, a pelican in piety. The lowest slip bears the little impress here shown. It may be the seal of Andrew Sperlynge, the third named in the instrument. The bird may be a sparrow, with an allusion to his name. * Compare the fashion of squares interlaced, as on Mr. Hami>er's curious seal, Gent. Mag., No. xcv., Pt. ii., pi. 11. 78 MEDIEVAL SEALS. Sir Francis Palgrave observes, in regard to the mass of ancient corre- spondence in the Treasury of the Exchequer, that in the fourteenth century the wax was left uncovered : in the fifteenth it became the practice to cover it by a wrapper of paper; this protected the seal, but necessarily injured the sharpness of the impression. When the seal was not thus covered, other devices were adopted to preserve the fragile wax. A rush ring surrounding the impression was not unfrequently used. Sometimes neat bands of plaited paper were employed for this purpose ; leaves of trees — the beech, tlie bay, and the oak — were also placed over the seals to keep them from injury.' The example given by Sir Francis, in the plates of Illustrations, is of rather late date. It occurs on a letter (written upon paper) from James IV. of Scotland to Henry VII., dated July 12, 1502. The seal is encircled by a twist of rush, like the torse of a crest.^ This peculiar usage commenced possibly rather earlier than has been stated by the eminent antiquary above cited. Specimens are not wanting from about 1380 to the reign of Henry VIII. It prevailed chiefly during the reign of Henry IV. and the two succeeding sovereigns. Several curious examples are given in the plates accompanying the Paston Letters ; for instance, the seals of John, Lord Lovell, t. Henry VI., of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and of William Yelverton, about 1450.^ Another specimen is pointed out by Sir Frederic Madden. It occurs on a warrant signed by Edward V., and countersigned by the Duke of Glou- cester as Protector. It is dated 1483. The impression is unfortunately lost, but the torse of rush remains which had encircled it.^ It has been observed, that seals protected by this " fender" of rush, to prevent the wax being flattened by pressure, are of more frequent occur- rence aflSxed to a plain surface, such as a sheet of paper, than as appended seals, such as that here represented. It is probable that the practice originated with the use of seals thus applied, and their liability to injury by pressure. The document which has supplied this interesting example was commu- nicated by Dr. Kidd, through the kindness of the President of Trinity College, the Rev. J. Wilson. It is a letter of attorney from John Hampdene, of Hampdene, Richard Restwolde, and Andrew Sperlynge, to John Uptone and John Whytyuge, to receive seisin of the manors of Nortone (Somerset), Connoke (Wilts), and Ramrugge (Hants), according to the form and eff'ect of a certain writing from William de la Pole, Earl of Suflolk, to them, John Hampdene, Richard and Andrew. Dated Aug. 6th, II Hen. VI. (1433).) 11. The following seals were communicated by Mr. Majendie. — A brass matrix, of the fourteenth century, recently found at Great Yeldham, Essex, the device a hare blowing a hunting-horn, and mounted on a hound: — *SOHOV ROBIN. Date about 1320. 12. Seal found at East Bourne ; it bears an escutcheon, semy of cross crosslets, fitchv, a lion rampant, the arms of the Sussex family named Levett. Inscription, * SIG'. lOHANNIS- LIVET. The owner of this seal, as Mr. Walford has suggested, was probably the John Livet, certified Lord of the township of Firle, Sussex, in 1316. (Pari. Writs, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 335). A. W. " Kalendars of Exch., Introd., vol. i., p. cxxxvii. ' Ibid., pi. iv. ^ Pa.ston Letters, orig. edit., vol. ii., pi. xiv. ' Archseologia, vol. xxx., p. 545, pi. xxiii. Original Bocumrnts. EXTRACTS FROM TIIF BUKSAKS ACCOINTS, I-RESKRVED AMONG THE MUNIMENTS OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE. TriE rolls of accounts of the household expenditure of the nobles, and of Monastic and other institutions of the middle ages, which have come down to us, contain most valuable information relating to the mode of the daily life, and habits, and customs of our forefathers. Uninteresting and for- bidding as they may at first appear to be, the Archaeologist, who wishes to become acquainted with the inner and more private life of the times which fall within the scope of his inquiry, should by no means neglect them ; and if undeterred by their forbidding aspect, he will have patience to proceed, he may find much to interest him and to reward his labour. My attention was first drawn to the very valuable series of Bursarial Rolls, preserved among the Muniments of Winchester College, by the Rev. Dr. Rock, who requested me to verify a quotation made from one of them by the learned Thomas Warton, in his " History of English Poetry." In searching for the extract in question, I jotted down in my note book many things which excited my interest ; and was led on to continue my investigation, which has now extended from the seventeenth of Richard II., to the eleventh of Henry VI., during which period the series, with a few exceptions, is tolerably perfect. The expenditure is arranged under the heads of the cost of the various departments, such as the Chapel, Hall, Library, Kitchen, Stable, Legal Proceedings, Gifts, Forinsec Expenses, ttc, and the cost of the commons of all the members of the house arranged in Aveeks. The following extracts are taken incidentally from various rolls, and selected as touching upon subjects of more general interest. The first extract which I shall cite, is the one quoted by Thomas Warton, and is taken from the earliest of these rolls, which is thus endorsed, — Collegium beata; Mariie prope Winton, anno viir" ab inceptionc operis. Computus primus post ingressum in idem Collegium, anno reg. Ric. 2'"'' post con- questum xxn". It is interesting, as showing that the practice of writing on waxen tablets was not wholly disused even at a period comparatively late. Et in i. tabula ceranda cum viridi cera pro intitulatione capellanorum et clericorum capellaj, ad missas et alia psallenda viii ''. The following extracts are selected, as showing the cost of making books for the services of the chapel : — 19, 20 Ric. II. Item computat pro quatuor doseyn septera pellibus de velym emptis pro uno graduali inde facto, quod incipit secundo folio, " et dicatur," continent! septem et viginti quaternos cum custodiis, pretium doseyn de velym, v^, pret. pellis, v*^ • • ^^]] ■^' Et in scriptura ejusdem gradualis . • -'^y// Et in notatione ejusdem ' The fly-leaves, probably, o __jw be said, theguai'ds. Citsto in this sense in a description of Books in xuP nil > The fly-leaves, probably, or as might Visit, of Treas. St. Paul's, London, in 1 295. now be said, the guai-ds. Custodia is used (Dugdale.) 80 ORIGINAL DOCL'MENTS. Et in illuminatioiie et ligatione ejusdem . . xiii^ iiii'^ Item in ii dozevn, ii pellibus de veljTii eruptis pro i. col- lectario, quod incipit secundo folio, " Vicio," continenti xiii quaternos, pretium dosejn, iiii ^ pretium pellis, iiii'^ . . viii^ viii** Et in scriptura notatione, illuniinatione et iigatione ejusdem xsi* Item in 51 dozeyu. illl pellibus empt. pro legenda Integra, quae incipit sec. folio, " quia dixerunt," continenti xxxiil quaternos, pretium dozeyn, iiii s vi*!, pret' pellis. iiii'i, ob. . Ii* Et in scriptura ejusdem legendae . . . Ixxii ' Et in ilium, et ligat. ejusdem .... xxx^ Item in sex dozeyn de veljm emptis pro factura sex proces- sioualium, quorum quodlibet continet xv quaternos, pretium dozeyn, iiii ^ vi '^ . . . • . xxvii * Et in scriptura notatione, illuminatione, et ligatione eorumdem xxiiii ' Item in vii pellibus cervinis emptis pro libris prsedictis cooperiendis ...... xiii' iiii" The following are specimens of the cost of other books for the use of the library and school. 10, 11 Henry IV. In I libro grammaticali voc' " Papise " " empto hoc anno de Magistro .Toanni Melton^ in festo Sc'e Katerinse et A.D. mccccix, xxxiii* iii"! In dicto libro et i altero libro voc. " Hugonis" ^ pelle vitulina cooperiendis cum clapsula ad idem, xx ^. 1 Henry V. In soluto cuidam scriptori de Abbatia Sc'e Marie pro scriptura ll qua- ternorum de libro Moralium abbreviato per Magistrum Joannem Elmer : ' capienti pro scriptura cujuslibet quaterni, ii' iiii"!. In soluto eidem scriptori pro scriptura xvi quaternorum et dimidii de libro prjedicto Moralium et al' : qui capit pro quolibet quaterno, ii ' ; simul cum v ', pro ix quaternis pergameni ab eodem emptis pro dictis libris, xxxviii '. The date of the roll, from which the following extracts on the same subject are taken, is obliterated ; but it belongs to the reign of Henry V. In soluto diio Joanni Smyth pro duobus partibus de Lira'' abbre\natis per magistrum Job. Elmer, ix^ vi^ viii'*. In una alia parte de Lira super quatuor evangelistas non abbreviata : emp. Iiii ' iiii ^. In uno libro decre- - This was probably the "Elementarium attend to. He was also one of the execu- doctrinse, sive vocabularium " of Papias tors of the Bishop's Will, the Grammarian, a native of Lombardy, 6 Nicholas de Lira, bom at Lire, in the called VocabuUsta, from this work. He diocese of E^Teux, of Jewish parents, flourished about the middle of the 11th On his conversion to Christianity, he century. assumed the habit of the Minorites in the ^ John Melton was the first Head convent of VemeuiL He was afterwards Master of the School. appointed a Professor of Theology in the ■• Probably a work of Hugo de Sancto University of Paris, where be deUvered Victore. lectures on the Holy Scriptures, in the ' John Elmer was deputed, together with Franciscan convent, and afterwards pub- Dr. Nicholas Wykeham, a.d. 1402 — 3, to lished two commentaries, one on the text administer the affairs of the See of Win- of Scripture ; the other, practical. He was Chester, which the age and infirmities of selected as one of the executors of Joan of Wm. of Wykeham rendered him unable to France. He died a.d. 1 340. Cave. Hist. Lit. iilMClNAI. Doer. Mi: NTS. Rl talium enip. hoc anno xxxiii ** iiii''. In iino alio libro voe. " Innocons ciiin (Iiiobus doctoiibiis," xiii^ iiii''. in uno libro vocato " Mapji-stcr Senton- ti.iiiini," einn i quaterno continent! " Spoouhnn penitentije," " xxiii * iiii ''. In uno alio libro voc. "Soliloquiuni ;"^cum altero libollo vocato " Dialogus, " vii *. In uno libro '^ de sex verbis Dfii in cruce cnipt. vi •* x ''. In uno inissali cinpt. apucl Seinte Cros Juxta Wynton, xxx". In uno manuali cinjit. (pioj liberatur ad ccclcsiam de Titteley, xi '^ iiii**. In soluto j>ro .'^criptura xill quaternoruni de libris moralium abbreviatis per niagistruni .lolianneni Elmer, xxvi^. In soluto pro soriptura vii (juaternoriirn et diinidii unius libri vocati, " Angelicus super Joaiuicm " abbrcviati per dictum Maj^. Job. Elmer una cum xv pcUibus vitulinis enipt. ab codeni, xvii '^ vii'' ob. In soluto pro notatione cujusdam nianualis siniul cum crucifixo in codem faciendo, iii ^. Tlic next extracts which I shall give, relate to the costs incurred in providing materials for, and in the sculpture, painting, ttc, of a set of images for the rood loft of the chapel, in the 3 it 4 Henry IV. In soluto pro sculptura imaginum Crucifixi B. Mariai et Sci Joannis una cum raeremio empt. pro eisdem London,' qua; stare debent in Capclla, Ixviii ^ iiii ''. Et pro factura patibuli Crucifixi, et pro raeremio empt. pro codem, xxii ^. Et pro pictura imaginum et patibuli sive crucis prasdicta), iiii ' x^ iiii''. Et pro poitatione prtedictarum imaginum et crucis ad manus artificum ad diversa loca London,' una cum expensis unius homiuis — pro dictis operibus, vii s. Et pro una dome conducta ad conservandas dictas imagines post depictionem, xii''.
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royalty biographies
| false
|
99,510
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github_open_source_100_2_8139
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Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
from collections import defaultdict
import random
import re
import string
def try_search(p, x):
try:
return bool(p.search(x))
except TypeError:
return False
def set_var(keywords, df):
keywords_list = keywords.split(',')
separator = '|'
joined_keywords = separator.join(keywords_list)
regex_pattern = r'{}'.format(joined_keywords)
p = re.compile(regex_pattern)
df_reduced = df[[try_search(p, x) for x in df['title']]]
titles = df_reduced['title']
abstract = df_reduced['abstract']
return titles, abstract
def create_chain(sentences):
chain = defaultdict(list)
dict = {"(": "", ")": ""}
translator = str.maketrans(dict)
for line in sentences:
line = line.split()
for i,word in enumerate(line):
if (re.search('(\([\w\s]+)', word) or re.search('([\w\s]\)$)', word)) and not re.search('\(.+\)$', word):
word = word.translate(translator)
if i < len(line)-1:
if i == 0 :
chain['START'].append(word)
if (re.search('(\([\w\s]+)', line[i+1]) or re.search('([\w\s]\)$)', line[i+1])) and not re.search('\(.+\)$', line[i+1]):
line[i+1] = line[i+1].translate(translator)
chain[word].append(line[i+1])
else:
chain['END'].append(word)
return chain
def create_sentences(chain, N):
quote = [random.choice(chain['START'])]
i = 0
M = 0
final_quote = quote[0] + " "
while True:
if len(chain[quote[i]]) == 0:
choice = random.choice(chain['START'])
else:
choice = random.choice(chain[quote[i]])
quote.append(choice)
final_quote += choice + " "
if choice not in chain['END'] and M > N:
final_quote += random.choice(chain['END'])
break
elif choice in chain['END'] and M > N:
break
else:
i += 1
M += 1
return final_quote
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NLP Tasks and Concepts
| false
|
99,511
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sn84022871_1890-08-04_1_4_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Institute, overview. Within this scope, The full extent of our mission is to provide superior quality educational programs at an affordable cost to all our students. MONDAY, SCRIPT. The center of our mission is to prepare individuals for professional careers through education and training. We are committed to the pursuit of excellence in all our programs, including those in Information Technology, Business Administration, and Health Sciences. Our faculty are experienced professionals who bring their expertise and practical knowledge into the classroom, ensuring that our students receive a comprehensive education that prepares them for the workforce. Additionally, we are dedicated to providing our students with the necessary skills and tools for lifelong learning and career advancement. Whether you are looking to enhance your existing career or embark on a new path, the Institute offers a variety of programs designed to meet your needs and aspirations. From online courses to on-campus classes, we offer flexible learning options to accommodate your schedule. At the Institute, we believe in the power of education to transform lives and communities. We are proud of our role in supporting individuals and businesses alike in their pursuit of excellence and we look forward to helping you achieve your goals. Sincerely, The Institute. The full extent of our mission is to provide superior quality educational programs at an affordable cost to all our students. Our commitment to excellence is unwavering, and we strive to deliver programs that not only meet but exceed the expectations of our students and the industry we serve. From the moment you enroll in one of our programs, you can be confident that you are receiving a world-class education that will set you apart in your field. Our faculty are not only experts in their respective fields but also passionate educators who are dedicated to your success. They will guide you every step of the way, providing you with the knowledge, skills, and confidence necessary to excel in your chosen profession. Additionally, the Institute is proud to offer a supportive community where students can network, share ideas, and build relationships that will last a lifetime. Whether you are pursuing a certificate, diploma, or degree, the Institute is here to support you in achieving your educational and career goals. We understand the importance of education in transforming individuals, communities, and the world, and we take great pride in our role in contributing to that transformation. Let us help you take the next step in your educational journey and fulfill your dreams. Sincerely, The Institute.
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Port Facilities
| false
|
99,512
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github_open_source_100_2_8140
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/*
Navicat MySQL Data Transfer
Source Server : LOCALHOST
Source Server Version : 50625
Source Host : localhost:3306
Source Database : haianhem
Target Server Type : MYSQL
Target Server Version : 50625
File Encoding : 65001
Date: 2017-03-18 20:00:04
*/
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for web_info
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `web_info`;
CREATE TABLE `web_info` (
`info_id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`uid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`info_title` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`info_keyword` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'keyword',
`info_intro` longtext,
`info_content` longtext,
`info_img` varchar(255) DEFAULT NULL,
`info_created` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
`info_order_no` int(11) DEFAULT '0',
`info_status` tinyint(4) DEFAULT '0' COMMENT 'Item enabled status (1 = enabled, 0 = disabled)',
`meta_title` text COMMENT 'Meta title',
`meta_keywords` text COMMENT 'Meta keywords',
`meta_description` text COMMENT 'Meta description',
PRIMARY KEY (`info_id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=20 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Stores news content.';
-- ----------------------------
-- Records of web_info
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `web_info` VALUES ('2', '1', 'Thông tin giới thiệu', 'SITE_INTRO', '', '<p>Email hợp tác: [email protected]</p>\r\n\r\n<p>Địa chỉ: Số 483 - Nguyễn Khang - Cầu Giấy - Hà Nội<br />\r\nLiên hệ: 094.11.99.656(Mr.Anh)</p>\r\n', null, '1441430611', '2', '1', '', '', '');
INSERT INTO `web_info` VALUES ('9', '1', 'Nội dung meta SEO trang chủ', 'SITE_SEO_HOME', '', '<p>Không cần để nội dung...</p>\r\n', '', '1437450080', '9', '1', 'Manager Chat Fanpage', 'Manager Chat Fanpage', 'Manager Chat Fanpage');
INSERT INTO `web_info` VALUES ('10', '1', 'Hotline đầu trang', 'SITE_HOTLINE', null, '094.11.99.656', null, '1446789341', '10', '1', '', '', '');
INSERT INTO `web_info` VALUES ('18', null, 'Quy định', 'SITE_RULES', '', '<p>Đang cập nhật...</p>\r\n', null, '1473693704', '18', '1', 'Quy định', 'Quy định', 'Quy định');
INSERT INTO `web_info` VALUES ('19', null, 'Tài khoản ngân hàng', 'WEB_UNIT_BANK', '', '<div class=\\\"page-content-box\\\">\r\n<div class=\\\"content-static-wp\\\">\r\n<p><strong>Số TK Vietinbank:</strong>711A.696.8118.1<br />\r\nChủ tài khoản: Nguyễn Xuân Duy<br />\r\nChi nhánh: Đền Hùng - Phú Thọ<br />\r\n<br />\r\n<strong>Số TK Vietcombank</strong> 080.1000.232.076<br />\r\nChủ tài khoản: Nguyễn Xuân Duy<br />\r\nChi nhánh: Việt Trì - Phú Thọ</p>\r\n\r\n<p><br />\r\n<strong>Số TK Vpbank</strong>: 6468.3438<br />\r\nChủ tài khoản:Nguyễn Xuân Duy<br />\r\nChi nhánh: Chương Dương - Hà Nội</p>\r\n</div>\r\n</div>\r\n', null, '1480599433', '19', '1', '', '', '');
| 0.398011
| 0.957067
| 4,012
| 16,089
| 73
| 73
|
phpMyAdmin Dumps
| false
|
99,513
|
github_open_source_100_2_8141
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.netbeans.modules.php.project.ui.actions.support;
import java.io.File;
import org.netbeans.modules.php.api.util.FileUtils;
import org.netbeans.modules.php.project.PhpProject;
import org.netbeans.modules.php.project.ProjectPropertiesSupport;
import org.netbeans.modules.php.project.runconfigs.RunConfigScript;
import org.netbeans.modules.php.project.runconfigs.validation.RunConfigScriptValidator;
import org.openide.filesystems.FileObject;
import org.openide.filesystems.FileUtil;
import org.openide.util.Lookup;
/**
* Action implementation for SCRIPT configuration.
* It means running and debugging scripts.
* @author Tomas Mysik
*/
class ConfigActionScript extends ConfigAction {
private final FileObject sourceRoot;
protected ConfigActionScript(PhpProject project) {
super(project);
sourceRoot = ProjectPropertiesSupport.getSourcesDirectory(project);
assert sourceRoot != null;
}
@Override
public boolean isProjectValid() {
return isValid(RunConfigScriptValidator.validateConfigAction(RunConfigScript.forProject(project), true) == null);
}
@Override
public boolean isFileValid() {
return isValid(RunConfigScriptValidator.validateConfigAction(RunConfigScript.forProject(project), false) == null);
}
private boolean isValid(boolean valid) {
if (!valid) {
showCustomizer();
}
return valid;
}
@Override
public boolean isRunFileEnabled(Lookup context) {
FileObject file = CommandUtils.fileForContextOrSelectedNodes(context, sourceRoot);
return file != null && FileUtils.isPhpFile(file);
}
@Override
public boolean isDebugFileEnabled(Lookup context) {
if (DebugStarterFactory.getInstance() == null) {
return false;
}
return isRunFileEnabled(context);
}
@Override
public void runProject() {
createFileRunner(null).run();
}
@Override
public void debugProject() {
createFileRunner(null).debug();
}
@Override
public void runFile(Lookup context) {
createFileRunner(context).run();
}
@Override
public void debugFile(Lookup context) {
createFileRunner(context).debug();
}
private File getStartFile(Lookup context) {
FileObject file;
if (context == null) {
file = FileUtil.toFileObject(RunConfigScript.forProject(project).getIndexFile());
} else {
file = CommandUtils.fileForContextOrSelectedNodes(context, sourceRoot);
}
assert file != null : "Start file must be found";
return FileUtil.toFile(file);
}
private FileRunner createFileRunner(Lookup context) {
RunConfigScript configScript = RunConfigScript.forProject(project);
return new FileRunner(getStartFile(context))
.project(project)
.command(configScript.getInterpreter())
.workDir(configScript.getWorkDir())
.phpArgs(configScript.getOptions())
.fileArgs(configScript.getArguments());
}
}
| 0.499308
| 0.718608
| 3,503
| 14,047
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,514
|
continentaltrav00wysegoog_6
|
US-PD-Books
|
Public Domain
|
But there is a book which, besides being traveller's oracle. 198 portly and respectable, and lined with as good capon as any of them, contains such sound matter, that I honour it as I do a medicine-chest, and counsel its admission to your coterie, though you were travelling on ass-back. Let me not be supposed to speak of Lady Morgan, or her u Italy." Far be it from me — " Odi — et arced" — I know the colour and curl of an Austrian's mustachios — I know the smell and look of an Italian prison — the name and strength of a Hun- garian fortress. 1 am, as I ought to be, a prostrate admirer of the powers which be, until they be dethroned by something bet- ter, or, which is much the same, stronger. Therefore should I be little less than mad, were I thus ,to risk the happiness of my tra- velling countrymen by placing in their car- riages a woman, or a book, considered by me as little better than a Congreve roeket. Neither speak I of Lord Blayney's Tour : — it is wonderful in its way, and pity is it, I must again repeat, that the noble conqueror did not, like his Gothic ancestors, eat his vol. i. o % J 94 THE CONTINENTAL way much farther " into the Jbowels of the South." But I speak of one who shall yet be canonized, if there be any faith or fel- lowship in travellers, with twenty signs of admiration after her name, — the terror of washerwomen ; the scourge of modistes, the keeper of housekeepers, the Plutus of the poor, the Diana of the bashful, the Minerva of the ignorant — the m plus ultra of low prices — John Bull in lady's attire — the only traveller for travelling sake — in her- self, a corpus viatorum omnium: — but why should I prolong vmy eulogium any farther ? — need I mention, the golden volume of the never-to*be-in-any-way-taken-in, the uncheat- ed and uncheatable Mrs. Starke? — With such a work before you, you have the as triplex of the poet, and may walk amongst hotel-keepers, custom-house officers, and ar- tists, as an innocent man over dragons and basilisks, or an Indian juggler over swords and ploughshares. — In more than one in- stance hath she been my guardian angel ; and happy am I, that at last an opportunity- traveller's oracle. 195 has been offered, though late, to do her jus- tice.— By her counsels have I saved ten pounds and some considerable fractions ; and I should be unworthy of the name of En- glishman, were I not, in the face of an en- lightened public, thus boldly and honestly to proclaim my gratitude. 60. So much for books — now how to carry them. There are three ways. On your car- riage ; where, if not wet in crossing the Alps, or seized by the protectors of the purses and piety of the~people, they may be read at Rome, or Florence, or rather when you leave them. Behind your carriage ; where, if not worn to ashes, or cut off with your trunk by a brigand, they may be read at every great town you stop at, provided neither you nor your servant are lazy, and read and pack up with expedition. In your carriage ; — the best — unless you travel with a vettu- rino or have a curious fellow-traveller, who may borrow and forget : — to obviate which latter evil, take a carriage between you — you in front, the books in rear. If some o 2 196 THE CONTINENTAL object to such a tete, I only answer— Lord Guildford did it — and shall we object? — <c Heu nos homunculi T 61. Now all this I call good preparation ; but I again repeat it, let it be done in time. People talk of going — going — and God knows if they ever intend to be gone. Reen- ter pour mieux sauter is a good French pro- verb ; but a man may reculer so far, as to get tired and find it impossible to leap at all. Three months are enough, — but let me be understood — for a bachelor. If married, three more ; three for himself, and three for his wife : a little effervescence must always arise on the first stirring of such a question — it is right to give sufficient time for the fixed air to explode. If there be children, I would keep on, in a geometrical ratio : the only thing which can excuse a three years' preparation is a nursery — dam les formes. 62. A bachelor can make up his mind for himself; he has no Council, no Upper and Lower House, no Lords Spiritual and Temporal, to consult or humbug, for the traveller's oracle. 197 right of spending, or raising the supplies. He has the best of all advisers constantly at his elbow — himself, si$ xoipavog eareo — and (let me say so without offence to the manes of my Gri- selda) the best of all domestic governments is undoubtedly that where a man is his own governor. He unites in his single person all the three estates, each in their perfection; the vigour of the executive, the wisdom of the deliberative and aristocratic, and the sin- cerity and frankness of the democracy. If there be a bachelor in the case, he has only to give due notice to his servant, or, as circumstances may require, to his creditors. His baggage falls, almost of itself, into marching order; and his bills (if he intend to pay them) may be discharged whilst the married man is adding up his. He partakes of the best qualities of a ghost : he may go into a house, and out of a house, and round about a house, without any one in the house noticing it — except the dogs : he leaves no chasm in society— unless it be now and then in some tender hearts ; but, as Providence 198 THE CONTINENTAL hath ordered every thing wisely, nothing is so easy to penetrate, or to close again, as clear water and the heart of woman. It is & grievous thing to wound, but let them rest assured that no wounds close and cure so easily as those which are called eternal. A bachelor belongs to no state — no country ; he is mere zero in the political scale ; it is marriage only which, by giving the integer, gives the value ; — without house or home, he may live on Caucasus, or die on Hecla ; no one, he may be convinced, will be distressed by his living, or pleased by his death. Such a man is already a cosmopolite, and of ne- cessity a traveller : — locomotion is his mani- he d'itre ; if he must remain at home, he must either die, or live a living death, and marry. 63. Would I could say so much for his antipode, — the Family Man ! Here prepa- ration is indeed necessary, active, incessant, # protracted. If he be poor, or going toward it, how many months to collect, by selling, mortgaging, foreclosing bonds, bills, rent- traveller's oracle. 19§ charges, annuities, &c. &c— evils to which all land proprietors, thank God, are heirs. Your agent, no doubt, is a tall, thin gentleman, who powders* — turned somewhat to the wrong side of sixty, — rather acid, but pru- dent, thinking, or something like it,— a great prophet of evil, and sometimes a realizer thereof; who, feeling we are mortal, looks more to the future than the present, and crawls lest he should stumble, and doubts, like a Chancellor, rather than decide like his Vice, The estate (happy if you have only one) is first, in due form, to be considered unproductive for the next ensuing year, and advances are to be made in the interim. Here alone is an expenditure of three months ; — then all suits during your absence are to be carefully dammed up, or sluiced off; and finally, your tenants, bound hand and foot, delivered over to the secular arm. The monies then must be extracted, by the inter- vention of a third person, from a fourth, and of a fourth from a fifth, who, with every wish to oblige, is a disobliging man, and who 300 THE CONTINENTAL unfortunately has a family, as well as a conscience. To satisfy doubts, which attor- neys know when and how to feel, your family papers, from King Arthur down, are to be inspected, weighed, and of course found wanting,— for with such purpose were tbey weighed; — and thus, the web of half a year ripped up, by some unanswerable query, in a single night. Then come charges, for so much smoke and moonshine ; and insolent letters from men with their hands upon your throat, and a thousand demands, which are soon nursed into a thousand delays. Six or seven heads of the hydra are cut off, but one remains, and it is generally worth the six or seven, and stands as stiffly as the entire number. A flaw is modestly hinted, which you need not doubt will be ripened into a thriving lawsuit before the spring. At last, when possessed of a sum sufficient to pay off floating debts, and to start with some eclat, a claim you had long since laid in Lethe, or its ghost, leaps up and jostles you from your coach : an attorney's letter follows; traveller's oracle. 201 and a Ne exeas regno, after your entire collec- tion of P. P. C. cards had been issued, comes down upon its back, and nails you finally to your home. You have choice of two mea- sures; either to pay off portion with what you had got for better purposes, and thank the robber for his civility, or to remain where you are, under arms, and bear the blockade till next rent-day, with the risk of things becoming worse, instead of better, in the interval. The sickness of hope deferred can scarcely furnish a more grievous ex- ample, or a more wretched victim. The key turning in your prison-door after a long cap- tivity, and then slowly and gratingly taken out, is a faint image of such ups and downs to the expectant traveller ; nor do I more pity the man who is called away from Flo- rence, in the first budding of spring, to enjoy a Chancery suit in the smoke of London — or from the beauties of the Tyrol, to canvass, and perhaps be ousted, (after the loss of a good year's revenue,) in a contested election. These are serious evils,— and I have more 202 THE CONTINENTAL than once, in my love for afflicted humanity, turned my attention to the cause thereof. Let the reader judge whether I have found the remedy. . 64. The chief cause of this, is that your plans are known. How conceal them ? — By talking of them several months before. If people always hear the cry of ' Wolf P they will not believe it, when the wolf comes. If this will not do, measure out some ground for building what you never intend to com- mence : your neighbours, in a fortnight, will be convinced that you are settled in the country for life. No sending off of servants in this interim — no retrenchment in your cellar— no reform in your stud ; — in fine, no hints from the outposts of what you are preparing in the camp. An acquaintance of mine was a true capo cTopera in this way, and dined the very day before his grand Continental tour, which has lasted ever since, on his own plate, kindly lent for the occa- sion by his creditors, and with a retinue of servants equalled only by the number of his traveller's oracle. 203 bailiffs. This I call masterly ; — but few may hope to attain such excellence. Then comes your agent — he may be got rid of by a visit in state to your tenants, and your tenants by beef and porter. When all are asleep, close your door, call yourself up sud- denly to London, dismiss your establish- ment by the next post, and before the week is out, figure amongst the latest departures from Dover. You will be calumniated for a month, and forgotten the next. This is as it should be ; even country gentlemen and their entertainments are not destined to be immortal. 65. If it be a burthen to live, as some philosophers aver, — what must it be to live over-well ?•»— A man with a plethorous and overgrown establishment is like an over-fat man— too much territory to rule, conse- quently impossible to rule it as he ought. One of the greatest advantages I know of in travelling, is the reducing the system to proper diet, and bringing down to whole- some flesh all this pomp and circumstance—' 204 THE CONTINENTAL this much ado about nothing, — in which people love, like silk-worms, to wrap them- selves from the rest of human kind. I never saw a loaded table or a crowded room, — an army of servants or a herd of horses, — with- out straitway thinking of the fleas, gnats, and other less respectable plagues of Egypt : so that I very much congratulate the man who can fling his coronet into the air, as a school- boy does his cap on being let out to play, and, by a single exorcism, get rid of the le- gion (the last are worse than the first) which for so many years succeeded in possessing him. Friends will drop into acquaintances, and acquaintances into visitors, and visitors into men who think they have heard of you : until at last your very housekeeper begins to dream of an alms-house for her old age, and speaks of you already in the preterite. Now this is surely a fine touchstone, and a real pleasure ; — almost as good as dying, like Charles the Fifth, before one's death. The parson looks out for some new occupier of your pew ; — your next traveller's oracle. 205 neighbour eyes your trees, and his tenant cuts them down ;— the hall is voted in ruins ; — and all you want is an epitaph, to place you on the same respectable footing as any of your ancestry. Thus, in one fair sweep, do you clean yourself of all the dross and dregs which cling about every thing, as about gold ; — you are restored once more to yourself ; — you may raise both your hands in thanksgiving to the gods, and reign. You are no longer the servant of this worship, or that worship; you are no longer obliged to do justice by the hour, and oppress people to gain their respect ; no lies to sell to the mi- nister in either House ; none of the pains and penalties of codification to endure, six nights out of the seven, and twelve hours out of the twenty-four ; — you have no relations to cut or beg for ; no yeomanry to force you out of warm saloons on wet Sundays ; — no minister to keep you in a cold church, with an eternal sermon on hell fire ; no steward with bills as long as his face, and as unintelligible as his accent ; no visits to be knocked off, (would 206 THE CONTINENTAL you could always do as much for your visi- tors;)— no gaol committees, road trustee- ships, turnpike wars, county meetings, canal failures, farming experiments, (by which your descendants in the fourth generation will make their fortunes) ; no Foundling fol- lies, Lunatic improvements, Hospital embez- zlements, Emigration grievances, and that which embraceth them all — no electing, no electors, and no elected. Such are the advantages which you are to expect ; — now, how to attain them ? I would have no hocus-pocus in the matter, traveller*^ ORACLE. 207 but simply say to those to whom I dare, " Rascals I have found you, rascals I leave you — go r So far for your court, (I wish Sovereigns would imitate the example,) which compriseth retainers and cameleons of all hues and tempers. The public — I mean your public — I would treat much in the same manner, not doubting they deserve it quite as much; commencing with my acquaintances, and so going on to my enemies, to whom you will have this greater obligation — that they will reiriember you better. All this is to be understood of the Country ; — in Town, who thinks of a duke the day after he is dead ? and, as I have elsewhere shown, travelling is no better than a pro-tempore death. " The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom," hath been well said of parasites ;— I believe it true ; — but when once that fear is found un- necessary, you will soon perceive their wisdom go off with it. But to return : — give away your hounds, if you cannot sell them : it will console your friends for your absence, and the hares and 208 THE CONTINENTAL foxes of the neighbourhood will thank you, if they don't. Lock up your plate in some bank not subject to the epilepsy or falling sick- ness—if such banks exist in a country which from head to foot seems affected by the same malady. Make a present of your pictures, if worth preserving, to some Museum — the family portraits excepted, which may mould- er, and look ugly if they please. Your gamekeeper tolerate ; if he don't shoot your game and sell it, your neighbour's game- keeper will. As to your demesne, farm it ;— • corn is as good as weeds ; — and hedges and ditches are ugly things, but may buy you handsome palaces in Italy. This done — in- stall your alter ego in his office, and exile every one else. Windows shut, silence in the porch, grass in the court, a smokeless chim- ney, a roomy stable, will at once proclaim to the neighbourhood that you will soon be compelled to leave them in utter darkness. Choose a Sunday for, your adieux : this will create a sensation — you will be talked over in the evening, and gazetted the next day. traveller's oracle. 200 So should a great man depart; — he must leave a trail of light behind him. Comets do so — and Kings and Princes are the comets of the earth. 66. So much for external incumbrances; a word or two on domestic. Have you a chaplain a little too much i secretis consiliis ? a solicitor, rather over-zealous for your rights, or a governess somewhat too closely domesti- cated for the happiness of Madame ? — now is the time for decorously accepting their resig- nations, and allowing them the long-wished- for pleasures of retirement. But you have a wife, — and perhaps a family ? They are not so easily unniched : — I shall dispute neither on tastes nor duties ; every one makes them for himself ; — but as I write for mankind, it is proper that each should find something, and that, though a bachelor myself, I should evince that I am far from being insensible to the sufferings of others, whether the victim be already married, or about to be so. 67. And first then of the husband, — first de jure and Dei gratid — if not de facto* vol. i. p 210 THE CONTINENTAL He is uxorious, and philogenitive. This cannot be helped; you cannot rub out a boss when once a man has got it. Consider- ing, therefore, that what may be a luxury or a superfluity to others, is to him a neces- sity— it standeth as a matter which cannot be disputed, that he should travel — were it over the deserts of Arabia — with his insepa- rable, and not-to-be-by-any-means-separated, wife. Not that, being asked my private opinion thereon, I should not say, that the remembrance of Griselda was still more agree- able at times than her presence,— seeing the numerous cares, perils and privations, with which she might have been environed; but herein I am bound to discourse not of any man's personal sensibilities, but of a concern which nearly regardeth the whole human race. It is true, indeed, that wives (I mean travelling ones) may be had easily, both for love and money, in Italy ; — but considering it impartially, there is some advantage, also, in having one that you are sufficiently ac- customed to. Besides, it will keep you traveller's oracle. 211 English, and moral, so that you dash not your foot against a stone ; confine your at- tention to your tour ; double your enjoy- ments,— for what is the enjoyment of the Sim- plon, or the Colosseum, unless reflected from looks that we love ? — in fine, teach your lady, by seeing the world, how proud she ought to be of her Lord, and her Lord of her, and send you both home, ten times fonder of each other than when you first set out There are such monsters as Cavalieri Ser- venii9 and Cicisbei, no doubt, still lurking by your road-side ; but an Englishman may wrap himself up in the great coat of his own merits — " virtute me involvo" — and despise them. He has only to raise his voice into its heroic pitch — which, as it is used seldom, and on just occasions only, like St. Paul's great bell, cannot but impose on the most refractory. Englishmen on the Continent are — as Irishmen in London — men whose very looks are as a sign over a shop of gunpowder. 68. Now as to the children.— It is a, matter which requires pondering. Wives must go, because, 1st, they are wives, and necessary to the comfort of their husbands; and 2ndly, because they have husbands, and their husbands are necessary to theirs. But quaere, whether so much can be said for children P I have not made up my mind, after three-and-twenty years' con- sideration, on the subject : you may thence judge, how much may be said on both sides. Children have fathers and mothers, a good reason why they should wish to travel.— Fathers and mothers have children; the more they have, the more reasons why they should keep them from travelling. Then there are decisions, examples, and prece- dents,— but I am not to be swayed from my duty by authority. Fais le bienf advient qui pourrdy is the best motto, for men or children. 69. If it be an infant, it is bad— if a boy, traveller's oracle. 213 worse — if a girl, worst ; so should I say to any one but the man determined to take them out; — to him, that nothing was so delightful to a father as the forming the education of his family ; and that the only education better than our Universities was running full gallop from one town to another. If your boy is fond of reading, there is French and Italian, which, provided he learns to-day, he may forget to-morrow ; — if idle, lecture him every morning, and show, by you* example, how such indulgences are likely to turn out. If you regret the loss his health and spirits are likely to experience by the want of his field sports, you can have a drag over the Campagna whenever you like it, and races, with your friend's horses, once a quarter. As to morals, what has a boy of eighteen to do with them ? They are only fit for girls and ministers. However, if you insist, you can meet with a moral Italian or French valet in every town, by inquiring from the first innkeeper, and if that will not do, give him for governor one of the oldest 214 THE CONTINENTAL inhabitants, I mean English, of Florence, Tours, or Boulogne. Ladies he of course despises, he cannot understand them, not having yet mastered his verbs. Should he meet with bad examples when in presence of his father abroad, what would he have met with, without him, at home ? This is a great consolation, and reconciles to many mishaps. If he leave his heart behind him in Italy, it might have run away with him in England; and of the two, quaere whether it is not better he be the protegi of a Marchesina than the husband of your femme dechambre ? As to religion, I presume he came out a' Church-of-England man — -he will go back ten times more so, if you take the precaution of showing him the Cardinal's scarlet stock- ings (the beasts of the Apocalypse) and the Pope's cloven toe. 70. This proves there are two sides to every subject, as well as coat. Infants are bores to some, — bijoux to others. Now, every man must decide whether he has got the bore or the bijou. If for the latter, the traveller's oracle. 215 houses are large in Italy, and will afford room for the nursery of a regiment ; a consider- ation—for mamma may have a daughter who may be a mamma herself, and may be bringing up others, all of whom are looking out to be mammas in their turn. I have seen three generations, in not so many carriages. 71. Nurses are nobodies, in travelling:—- patient, silent, obedient, they endure any thing, and will go through fire and water for their charge. If ever they forget their habi- tual temperance in eating, drinking, talking, and other pleasures still less commendable, it is out of zeal ; they have as good a right to exert themselves for the child, as the mother who bore it. Should they sometimes forget they are wives and nurses, from a desire to become mothers, (couriers and valets are great preachers, and sorry am I to add, per- suaders in this way,) you have the remedy in your own hand, — turn them off; — if Eng-, Iish, with a recommendation, in order, to avoid an action for libel, and double wages to prove your magnanimity ; and you are sure 216 THE CONTINENTAL to find in every village, twenty or thirty who will answer as well. A few days delay,-— say a week, — which will give you time to rest, — may be sacrificed. The first trial, it is possible, may not succeed, nor can I guarantee you the second ; but recur to your remedy, — it will be hard, if, out of a dozen, you do not find one good. But I may be asked, what is the child to do all this time ? I answer, doth not Providence feed the raven ? There are goats and asses in every town, a nurse may be caught in every hedge, and if unwilling, must be made to serve upon compulsion. 72. If the child, notwithstanding all these precautions, should die, depend upon it, it ' would have done much the same sort of thing at home. No one can be blamed on earth for the visitation, and a father would be a fool to sacrifice his pleasure for such a possibility. He might as well, from fear of apoplexy, give up dining at Very's. The danger is dubious — the advantage certain, A fine hot climate, lisping in Italian, sucking traveller's oracle. 317 in an instinct for virtH, an eye for painting, and an ear for music,— such are the advan- tages of travelling in one's cradle. 78. There are papas, however, who are not of this mind, and wish to travel as if they were not patriarchs. This has its fair side too ; but let me tell them, they will have the task of a Danaid or Sisyphus, un- less Madame also shall enter into the bond. Of what use to " rajeunir a son beau plaisir" if mamma comes in, in some unseasonable moment, with her " ever dearest duck, or love r This is so coram populo a manner of proving marriage, that I defy all the fine bachelor speeches of the evening to swear it out. 74. But now comes the contra side of the calculation. Let parents consider well, whe- ther, after all, their son, who is a marvel, (like the son of every mother,) is not much happier, and wiser, as an oyster at home, than as a flying fish, abroad. I have known some parents, and sage ones too, who in starting pursued this plan, and leased out 218 THE CONTINENTAL their children to the highest bidder. A country nurse got the infant heir, and was told, in a convincing letter, (which if she could not read, her friend the parish clerk could) that she ought to love him, and feed him, better than her own. I have no doubt she did so ; — nurses are grateful creatures — when paid high. The daughters were cast off in packs, to the boarding-schools, where they learnt virtues with their ABC, and One about as quick as the other. It was hard to say how soon, and how well, they were accomplished in all that boarding- schools can give, and how soon they got rid of all they can take away. Two or three tall lankey nephews were sent out to fatten with an evangelical — no, with a Welsh cu- rate, who required fattening himself as much as they. Public schools, also, are fine reser- voirs, and the Universities still better, unless you are for draughting off your supernume- raries to the army. In no place can a man be flattened, kneaded, trained, hammered, or squared out, into a future something or traveller's oracle. 219 somebody, as in England ; and a father who wishes that every thing should be in prime order on his return, would do well to direct, when he is having his arable thrown into dairy, that one son should be laid down into a churchman, another dipt and mobbed into a lawyer, a third broken up from the fallow rascal he was into a soldier or sailor; and so on till the whole shall turn out into a farm which may do him credit. All this drudgery may be got through, whilst he is profitably delighting himself abroad, and a thriving family in full growth and bearing; with shrubberies, woods, gardens, meadows, &c. will thus meet him on his coming home. 75. But what if Miss will travel ? Na one in such a case can oppose her but mam- ma, for miss is mamma en petite, and has a will of her own, as well as she who gave it. The father is 0 + 0 in the matter, and must watch events, as the Mahomedan the arrow before it attains its mark. Is Miss to be accomplished ? St. George forefend she should remain in England, when St. Cle- 820 THE CONTINENTAL ment's Lane travels. Paris will teach her ta wish for Geneva, and Geneva to like Rome. The world once tasted, she will, of course, ask no more, but return home and ruminate upon its emptiness the remainder of her life. She will learn the difference between late hours, suffocating rooms, eternal visits, thea* tres, dresses, compliments, conquest*, pro~ posals, the never-ending still-beginning busy idleness of high life, — and the serenity and simplicity of grandmamma's company and countenance, and the useful occupations of the tea-table, and early evening prayers, and Sunday visits from this saint or that, and pious dinners relieved by serious suppers, and both by sleep, until wisdom shall steal on with age, and every one learn to live aa if they had Already begun to die. She may. then without difficulty learn to dance from Coulon, and only esteem herself a more' " despicable vessel" for it; may hear plays* to wonder at their vanity of vanities, and listen to protestations, as mere bitterness and vexation of spirit, except when accompanied T&AVELLKB's ORACLE. 221 with something solid, in the shape of an establishment and a jointure. Advice is every thing ; it is like preserving in ice. No mamma should therefore travel without her medicine-chest for the soul also — tracts and treatises, made up into such doses as may be required ; febrifuges princi- pally, and to be administered more copiously as she journeyeth toward the South. But if, after all, the young lady should forget she is an Englishwoman ! . . . . I see no remedy but to make her, in as honest a manner as possible, an Italian. Daughters, for aught you know, may be burthens :— Heaven is wise in its dispensations: — resign yourself, therefore, to its wisdom, and bless it for leaving you with one less. 76. But it is not to every young lady there has been the same " vouchsafing" as to those just mentioned ; and it may so happen, that with all their travelling they may re- main as worldly as when they first went out. Now, how to make the best of this, also, is a question. If she somewhat spurneth, for 222 THE CONTINENTAL instance, our old English formalities, con- sider, whether it may not sit as well on blooming cheeks and laughing lips, to be less austere than her great grandmother's. Our English decencies are hoops and furbe- lows,* and give great grandeur to great and grand-looking' personages; but in your young Misses, a little Continental light- heartedness, and lightheadedness, methinks, kicketh and playeth indifferently well. I can't vouch for what it may turn to, — but surely that is the affair of her husband. If Miss dances, sings, pleases, wins — I had al- most said woos, marries, and what not, — what, in the name of the God Plutus, have you any farther to look to? As to what * See Madame Campan's eulogium. She traces to their disuse much of the evils of the Revolution. The anecdote of the Queen Marguerite and M. de Fresne Forget, quoted by La Place, Recueil, torn. ii. p. 350, is not quite so flattering to the efficacy either of vertugadins (hoops) or /raises (ruffs). My uncle appears to have been a disciple of Madame Campan — supra, Did, 35. traveller's oracle. 228 followeth, you are presumed to know as much and care as little about it, as if it took place in the kingdom of Galway (a part of Ireland), or the Moon. The duty of a fa- ther is clear; that which a farmer hath toper- form toward his sheep ; — to feed them, fat- ten them, and, when the market is good — sell them. I hate your men of super-refine- ment, who talk as if they believed in the sensibility or understanding of any thing fe- male, under five-and-thirty. Turkish ladies, I warrant you, are as happy with one hus- band, as your Irish widows with their three or four. I cannot sufficiently repeat it ; — custom and advice is every thing ; you may make boys girls, and girls boys with it : teach sons the wisdom of loyalty, and daughters the glory of marrying well. Papas and mamas cannot too much incul- cate this first of all lessons — that marriage was intended for no other purpose but to please their parents, to people the earth, to start an establishment, and to show Miss Angelica Greville Grundy that they do not intend to 224 THE CONTINENTAL die old maids. A girl once penetrated with this, will know her interest, particularly if she have no fortune, and be an angel — till she ceases to be marriageable — or is married : in other words, until she obtains one. After that, Providence will take care of them : — you have fulfilled your duty to them, and they to themselves. 77. On considering, therefore, the matter maturely, there is much evil and much good in travelling with a nubile daughter ; but if I were more inclined to decide than to doubt, I should rather say that the good predomi- nates, particularly if the lady had been at most of the watering-places at home. No father so unnatural as not to wish to get rid of his children. Now, a jaunt from Florence to Rome hath done more for the connubial happiness and increasing population of Eng- land than all Moore's songs, together with the Monk. It is impossible to be rumbled about in a travelling carriage over rude pavements, eating, drinking, and complain- ing together, and sleeping almost within TRAVELLER'S ORACLE. 225 sight and hearing of banditti, with half- dosed doors, without wishing " to be blest with such a man," though at the discount of a dozen and a half of children. And what shall I say of a visit to the Colosseum, by moonlight? ..... Nothing now ; but thus far only : that it is worth four thousand pounds of dowry to a good manoeuvress, if properly managed ; and this I hold from an authority as high as any which could be cited in any parlement d'amour now extant. Fathers who have little, and daughters who have always less, time to lose, will do well not to pass lightly over this hint. It has converted more than one old maid of my acquaintance into a young bride. Well may they prefer the moon of Rome to the moon of England ! How few leave Rome who have not good reason to bless its moonlight and Colosseum ! 78. And now as to the temper in which all English travellers should set out. Let every man who leaves England convince him- self well of one thing — that he will see no- thing at all like it till his return. England vol. i. a 226 THE CONTINENTAL was, is, and always shall be, the envy" of sur- rounding nations ; she would cease to be England were it otherwise. She is not only the richest, but the most beautiful, most generous, most enlightened, most powerful, most comfortable island going ; and not only of all islands now existing, but of all possible islands; and he who says to the contrary must be civilly told (for I hate any thing so unchristian as gunpowder) in a metaphor, " quCil ment par la gole." Then her inhabitants are universally al- lowed to be stronger, any one of them, than three of any other nation ; to be of the only true religion, all others being heterodoxies avowed, and damnable by act of Parliament ; to be the bravest soldiers on record, for which reason they bear the lion and unicorn, and affect red for their flag; to be the best pain- ters, sculptors, &c. though their fame in this way has not yet reached the people of the Continent — such is their darkness ; to be the best poets, the mantle of Shakspeare having descended on the whole nation ; to be the travelleb's obacle. If dearer, what of that? you get more for your money. Is an American President to be put in comparison with George IV. ? He costs ,no more than 4000/. per annum — then ten to one he is not worth so much ! Kings must live like kings. Monarchy is the govern- ment of a gentleman; and religion cannot exist without bishops, nor bishops say their prayers without eight or ten thousand a-year. It has been proved again and again, (in figures) that no country is more flourishing: — is it not protected by its white cliffs and its na- tional debt? — and what must the rich possess when the poor have a property of five or six millions a-year ? To conclude : you cannot possibly have too high an opinion of your country, and let me add, in a parenthesis, of traveller's oracle. 229 yourself. Indeed, one means nearly the sarnie thing as the other ; for abroad you are* the representative of your country, and unite in your own person, all that she has of great or good. Convince yourself well of this first', and others will soon be convinced by your conviction. Who ought to know it better than yourself? Any doubt thereon is an in- sinuation upon your honesty, and the doubter should be immediately refuted and knocked down. 79. And having thus made up your mind, now let me advise you to think of making up your body ; and, in a single word", of starting. Depend upon it, that it is not every one who knows how to say, " I will.*" If you are a thinker after the thoughts of others, you may think through five or six- months, when all this time you should not think at all, but have been long since acting. * 80. But you are at last, let me suppose, in the glorious week of your departure. How many sighs, tears, and sobs, it is proper to: use on such an occasion, I shall not pretend £30 THE CONTINENTAL to determine, not having had much ground or cause for such myself— -besides, it being well known, that they depend as much upon a man's eyes as upon his heart: but thus far I may be allowed to hint, that with young ladies, a little exertion of the kind is thought humane, and a man who does not wish to pass for a quadruped, will do well to make his rehearsal the night before* " Farewell !" ought to be said as if it were really a matter of grief. To acquaintances, as probably no one will give himself the trouble of thinking about you any more than if you were dying or dead, I should simply announce my exit with a P. P. C. The master of the hotel is bound to con- gratulate you, and wish you a happy jour- ney : but as the world is to be judged by contraries, depend upon it he would wish you to break your leg on your way down stairs, for the pleasure of resetting it awk* wardly and having you eating in one of his beds for a whole year. I should therefore make him a low bow, and, acting still by con* traveller's oracle. 281 trades, to which you are entitled as much as he, thank him for his high charges and dis- interested courtesies ; this done, as if you had just signed your will and cut off all expectants, throw yourself back in your bed, and fall asleep in Elysian dreams of to-morrow. 81. And now for this morrow — it is not yet come. There is some mistake in your pass- port, (for which take care you do not pay one guinea, for it is not worth it,) or in your carriage, or in your boots, or in any. thing, or every thing. Amend them, and moralize on time and its value; add to your store screws for instance, or fish-sauces, more ne- cessary to fish than their fins, — or patience, or longanimity, or long suffering, or any other virtue which you can get at a short notice. Then bless Castor and Pollux, the gods of sailors,* or Mercury of travellers, for the useful advertisement, and like Mars in hit net, rail in vain against London and its en-* chantments. * " Sic te diva potens Cypri, Sic fratres Helen®, lucida sidera," &c. &c, Hon.
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Public Domain
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Sealed containers and methods of making and filling same
ABSTRACT
Disclosed is a uniquely configured medicament vial assembly which includes a storage vial, a stopper member and a securing ring. The vial assembly is configured to improve healthcare worker safety by providing a shielded gripping location to aid in the reduction of accidental needle sticks. The storage vial has a body portion which defines an interior chamber for storing a predetermined medicament and a neck portion through which medicament is received into and withdrawn from the interior chamber. The stopper member is inserted into the mouth of the vial and establishes a first seal. The securing ring is engaged with the mouth of the vial and adapted and configured for retaining the stopper member within the vial mouth and effectuating a second seal. The securing ring is formed from a thermoplastic and/or elastic material. Preferably, the securing ring is formed by molding the thermoplastic and/or elastic material over a portion of the storage vial and stopper member when engaged within the vial mouth.
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/515,162, filed Sep. 1, 2006, entitled “Sealed Containers and Methods of Making and Filling Same”, which is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/655,455, filed Sep. 3, 2003, entitled “Sealed Containers and Methods of Making and Filling Same”, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,100,646, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/393,966, filed Mar. 21, 2003, entitled “Medicament Vial Having A Heat-Sealable Cap, And Apparatus and Method For Filling The Vial”, which is a divisional of similarly titled U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/781,846, filed Feb. 12, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,604,561, issued Aug. 12, 2003, which, in turn, claims the benefit of similarly titled U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/182,139, filed on Feb. 11, 2000, and further, this application claims priority on U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/408,068, filed Sep. 3, 2002, entitled “Sealed Containers And Methods Of Making And Filling Same”, each of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to sealed devices and containers and, in some embodiments, to containers, such as medicament vials, which have unique spool-like or “diabolo” shaped configurations and/or to containers that include a closure device that hermetically seals the container, that can be sterilized using irradiation, such as laser, gamma, e-beam, x-ray or other forms of ionizing radiation, that can be needle filled when sealed to the container, and that can be thermally resealed after needle filling, such as by applying laser radiation to the needle fill hole.
BACKGROUND OF THE RELATED ART
Medicaments such as vaccines are often stored in vials prior to use. Vials typically include a main body portion that is either cylindrical or spherical in shape and has a neck portion depending therefrom. The neck portion defines a mouth for receiving the medicament into an interior chamber defined in the vial body. Normally, the vials are filled with medicament, and then a pre-sterilized cap or closure device is installed to seal the medicament within the vial.
The vial cap is typically a two-piece assembly that includes a stopper and a securing ring. The stopper is inserted into the mouth of the vial and is configured to effectuate a circumferential seal. The securing ring is engaged with the neck of the vial and at least partially overlies the stopper so as to retain the stopper within the vial mouth. The stopper is made of vulcanized rubber or similar resilient material that neither contaminates nor affects the contained medicament. Vulcanized rubber has been determined to be a safe and effective material for manufacturing vial caps for containing numerous types of medicaments. Vulcanized rubber, however, is infusible, and therefore any needle holes in such caps are not heat-resealable.
The securing ring is typically configured such that a portion of the stopper is exposed and can be accessed by a needle, thereby allowing the medicament to be withdrawn. Traditionally, securing rings are threadably engaged with the vial or affixed therewith by a metal crimping technique. In applications such as healthcare, a crimped metal securing ring is frequently preferred, since a crimped ring provides a mechanism for assuring that the vial has not been opened or compromised subsequent to being filled or sterilized.
Referring to FIG. 1, a prior art cap for a medicament vial is designated generally by reference numeral 10. The cap 10 includes a vulcanized rubber stopper 12, which is slidably received within the open end or mouth 8 of a cylindrical vial body 14. The vial body 14 is made of glass or like material, and it defines a chamber 16 for receiving medicament. An aluminum locking ring 18 surrounds the periphery of the stopper 12 and vial 14, and is crimped in place to secure, connect and seal the cap 10 to the vial body 14. The locking ring 18 includes a central aperture which affords limited access to the stopper 12.
In order to fill such prior art vials with a sterile fluid or other substance, such as a medicament, it is typically necessary to sterilize the unassembled components of the vial, such as by autoclaving the components and/or exposing the components to gamma radiation. The sterilized components then must be filled and assembled in an aseptic isolator of a sterile filling machine. In some cases, the sterilized components are contained within multiple sealed bags or other sterile enclosures for transportation to the sterile filling machine. In other cases, the sterilization equipment is located at the entry to the sterile filling machine. In a filling machine of this type, every component is transferred sterile into the isolator, the storage chamber of the vial is filled with the fluid or other substance, the sterilized stopper is assembled to the vial to plug the fill opening and hermetically seal the fluid or other substance in the vial, and then the crimping ring is assembled to the vial to secure the stopper thereto.
One of the drawbacks associated with such prior art vials, and processes and equipment for filling such vials, is that the filling process is time consuming, and the processes and equipment are expensive. Further, the relatively complex nature of the filling processes and equipment can lead to more defectively filled vials than otherwise desired. For example, typically there are at least as many sources of failure as there are components. In many cases, there are complex assembly machines for assembling the vials or other containers that are located within the aseptic area of the filling machine that must be maintained sterile. This type of machinery can be a significant source of unwanted particles. Further, such isolators are required to maintain sterile air within a barrier enclosure. In closed barrier systems, convection flow is inevitable and thus laminar flow, or substantially laminar flow, cannot be achieved. When operation of an isolator is stopped, a media fill test may have to be performed which can last for several, if not many days, and can lead to repeated interruptions and significant reductions in production output for the pharmaceutical or other product manufacturer that is using the equipment. In order to address such production issues, government-imposed regulations are becoming increasingly sophisticated and are further increasing the cost of already-expensive isolators and like filling equipment. On the other hand, governmental price controls for injectables and vaccines, including, for example, preventative medicines, discourage such major financial investments. Accordingly, there is a concern that fewer companies will be able to afford such increasing levels of investment in sterile filling machines, thus further reducing competition in the injectable and vaccine marketplaces.
In order to address these and other concerns, the present inventor has determined that it would be desirable to manufacture and fill vials by first assembling the stopper to the vial, sterilizing the assembled stopper and vial, such as by irradiation, and then filling the assembled vial by inserting a needle or like injection member through the stopper and introducing the medicament through the needle into the sterilized vial. One problem encountered with this approach, however, is that when the needle or like injection member is inserted through the stopper and then withdrawn, it leaves a tiny hole in the stopper. The material of the stopper is resilient in order to reduce the diameter of the hole, and therefore the hole is usually small enough to keep the medicament from leaking out. However, the hole typically is not small enough to prevent air or other gases from passing through the hole and into the vial, and therefore such holes can allow the medicament to become contaminated or spoiled.
It has been a practice in the pharmaceutical fields to add preservatives to medicaments, such as vaccines, in order to prevent spoilage of the medicaments upon exposure to air or other possible contaminants. Certain preservatives, however, have been determined to cause undesirable effects on patients. Consequently, many medicaments, including vaccines, are preservative free. These preservative-free medicaments, and particularly preservative-free vaccines, are subject to contamination and/or spoilage if contained within a vial wherein the stopper has a needle hole as described above.
As noted above, it is difficult to maintain the sterility of stoppers and vials during the transportation, storage and assembly process. There is a need, therefore, for vials and stoppers which can be assembled and then sterilized as a unit prior to filling the vial assembly with medicament. Although crimped metal rings provide a mechanism for ensuring that the vial has not been compromised, the metal ring does not allow the vial assembly to be easily sterilized as a unit by using a gamma sterilization technique or similar process. A metal ring complicates the gamma sterilization process. Due to the density of the material, shadows (i.e., areas where the gamma radiation is prevented from passing through the material) are created which reduces the assurance that the interior storage cavity has been completely sterilized. Also, the handling of the metal rings during the assembly process can create dust and/or other particulates that can contaminate the clean environment established for vial assembly and filling.
Additionally, the shape of conventional medicament vials can be disadvantageous from a safety and/or handling perspective. For example, when a healthcare worker is withdrawing medicament from the vial, his/her fingers must grasp the cylindrical or spherical vial body. In conventional vials, the vial body has an outer diameter that is greater than the outer diameter of the cap or closure. If the needle slips off of the cap due, for example, to the relative placement of the fingers with respect to the cap, the healthcare worker's fingers are positioned in the slip path of the needle and therefore are likely to be pierced, causing a variety of safety concerns. In addition, such conventional vials have a relatively high center of gravity making them prone to tipping during handling, and further, define shapes and/or configurations that are not always well suited for needle filling and/or automated handling in such needle filling and laser or other thermal resealing machines.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to overcome one or more of the above-described drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
One aspect of the present invention is directed to a vial assembly for storing a substance, such as a medicament, comprising a body defining an opening, and a chamber in fluid communication with the opening for receiving therein the substance. The body defines a base, a mid-portion, and an upper portion axially spaced from the base on an opposite side of the mid-portion relative to the base. Each of the base and upper portion define a laterally-extending dimension that is greater than a maximum laterally-extending dimension of the mid-portion. In a currently preferred embodiment of the present invention, each of the base, mid-portion and upper portion are approximately circular in cross section, and a maximum diameter of each of the base and upper portion is greater than a maximum diameter of the mid-portion to thereby define an approximate diabolo or spool shape. Preferably, the vial assembly includes a plastic tamper-resistant portion that is fixedly secured to the body and extends at least partially over the stopper for preventing unnoticeable removal of the stopper.
In one embodiment, the stopper includes a heat resealable portion overlying a substantially infusible portion. In another embodiment of the present invention, the stopper is a thermoplastic stopper defining a needle penetration region that is pierceable with a needle to form a needle aperture therethrough, and is heat resealable to hermetically seal the needle aperture by applying laser radiation at a predetermined wavelength and power thereto. The stopper comprises a thermoplastic body defining (i) a predetermined wall thickness in an axial direction thereof, (ii) a predetermined color and opacity that substantially absorbs the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and substantially prevents the passage of the radiation through the predetermined wall thickness thereof, and (iii) a predetermined color and opacity that causes the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power to hermetically seal a needle aperture formed in the needle penetration region thereof in a predetermined time period of less than approximately 2 seconds and substantially without burning the needle penetration region.
Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method comprising the following steps:
(i) providing a vial including a body defining an opening, a chamber in fluid communication with the opening for receiving therein a predetermined substance, a base, a mid-portion, and an upper portion axially spaced from the base on an opposite side of the mid-portion relative to the base, wherein each of the base and upper portion define a laterally-extending dimension greater than a maximum laterally-extending dimension of the mid-portion, and a heat-resealable stopper fusible in response to the application of thermal energy thereto;
(ii) prior to filling the vial with substance, assembling the stopper and vial and forming a substantially gas-tight seal between the stopper and vial;
(iii) sterilizing the empty assembled stopper and vial;
(iv) supporting the vial with a vial support including a mounting surface in engagement with the mid-portion of the vial, an upper surface located on one side of the mounting surface, and a lower surface located on another side of the mounting surface;
(v) penetrating the stopper with a needle coupled in fluid communication with a source of predetermined substance;
(vi) introducing the predetermined substance through the needle and into the interior of the vial;
(vii) withdrawing the needle from the stopper; and
(viii) applying sufficient thermal energy to the penetrated region of the stopper to fuse the penetrated region and form a substantially gas-tight seal between the penetrated region and the interior of the vial.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to an assembly, comprising a device defining a chamber, and including a resealable portion for sealing a predetermined substance within the chamber. The resealable portion includes a body defining a predetermined wall thickness, a penetrable region that is penetrable by a filling member and is heat resealable to hermetically seal an aperture therein by applying laser radiation from a laser source at a predetermined wavelength and power thereto to form a gas-tight seal between the resealable portion and the substance in the chamber. The penetrable region further defines a predetermined color and opacity that (i) substantially absorbs the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and substantially prevents the passage of the radiation through the predetermined wall thickness thereof, and (ii) that causes the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power to hermetically seal the aperture in the penetrable region thereof in a predetermined time period. The assembly further comprises a filling assembly including a filling member for penetrating the resealable portion and introducing a substance through the resealable portion and into the chamber, a substance source coupled in fluid communication to the filling assembly for introducing the substance through the filling member and into the chamber, and a laser source connectable in thermal communication with the resealable portion for applying laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power thereto.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to a resealable member for sealing a predetermined substance within a device, wherein the device is usable in a filling assembly that includes a filling member for penetrating the resealable member and introducing a substance therethrough and into the device, a substance source coupled in fluid communication with the filling member for introducing the substance through the filling member and into the device, and a laser source connectable in thermal communication with the resealable member. The resealable member comprises a body defining a predetermined wall thickness, a penetrable region that is penetrable by the filling member and is heat resealable to hermetically seal an aperture therein by applying laser radiation from the laser source at a predetermined wavelength and power thereto, wherein the penetrable region defines a predetermined color and opacity that (i) substantially absorbs the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and substantially prevents the passage of the radiation through the predetermined wall thickness thereof and (ii) that causes the laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power to hermetically seal the aperture formed in the penetrable region thereof in a predetermined time period to, in turn, seal the substance in the chamber from the ambient atmosphere.
Another aspect of the invention is directed to an assembly, comprising a device defining a chamber, and including a resealable portion for sealing a predetermined substance within the chamber. The resealable portion includes: (i) a body defining a predetermined wall thickness, wherein the body defines a penetrable region that is penetrable by the filling member and is heat resealable to hermetically seal an aperture therein by applying laser radiation from a laser source at a predetermined wavelength and power thereto, (ii) first means for substantially absorbing laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and substantially preventing the passage of the radiation through the predetermined wall thickness thereof, and (ii) second means for causing laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power to hermetically seal the aperture formed in the penetrable region thereof in a predetermined time period. The assembly further comprises a filling assembly including a filling member for penetrating the resealable member and introducing a substance through the resealable member and into the chamber, a substance source coupled in fluid communication to the filling member for introducing substance through the filling member and into the chamber, and a laser source connectable in thermal communication with the resealable member for applying laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power thereto.
Yet another aspect of the invention is directed to a resealable member for sealing a predetermined substance within a device, wherein the device is usable in a filling assembly that includes a filling member for penetrating the resealable member and introducing a substance therethrough and into the device, a substance source coupled in fluid communication with the filling member for introducing the substance through the filling member and into the device, and a laser source connectable in thermal communication with the resealable member. The resealable member comprises: (i) a body defining a predetermined wall thickness, wherein the body defines a penetrable region that is penetrable by the filling member and is heat resealable to hermetically seal an aperture therein by applying laser radiation from the laser source at a predetermined wavelength and power thereto, (ii) first means for substantially absorbing laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and substantially preventing the passage of radiation through the predetermined wall thickness thereof, and (iii) second means for causing laser radiation at the predetermined wavelength and power to hermetically seal the aperture in the penetrable region in a predetermined time period to, in turn, seal the substance in the device from the ambient atmosphere.
One advantage of certain embodiments of the invention is that the vial defines a diabolo or spool-like shape, thus facilitating the prevention of accidental needle sticks during use and otherwise facilitating handling of the vial during filling and other processing. Another advantage of certain embodiments of the invention is that the stopper and vial may be assembled without human intervention and prior to filling to thereby form hermetically sealed, empty vials that may be sterilized and maintained in the sterilized condition prior to filling. Another advantage of certain embodiments of the present invention is that the plastic or like tamper-resistant portion allows the empty vials to be sterilized, such as by the application of gamma, e-beam or other radiation thereto. Another advantage of certain embodiments of the invention is that the devices and assemblies provide an empty sterile chamber for storing substance therein that is sealed via a resealable portion, member and/or closure with respect to the ambient atmosphere.
Other advantages of the present invention, and/or the disclosed embodiments thereof, will become more readily apparent in view of the following detailed description of currently preferred embodiments and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
So that those having ordinary skill in the art to which the present application appertains will more readily understand how to make and use the same, reference may be had to the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art cap for a medicament vial;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a resealable stopper that may be employed in vial assemblies embodying the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the resealable stopper of FIG. 2 shown with an injection needle or syringe inserted through the stopper for introducing medicament into the vial, and a venting needle or syringe inserted through the stopper for venting the vial during filling of the medicament;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the resealable stopper and vial;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the crimpable locking member of FIG. 4 for securing the resealable cap to the vial;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the base portion of the resealable stopper of FIG. 4 made of a material compatible with the predetermined medicament to be sealed within the vial, such as vulcanized rubber;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the resealable portion of the stopper of FIG. 4 formed of a material that is fusible in response to the application of thermal energy thereto in order to hermetically re-seal the stopper after inserting and removing a filling needle or like instrument therethrough;
FIG. 8 is an enlarged, partial, cross-sectional view of the resealable portion of FIG. 7 and showing the penetrable portion thereof for receiving a needle or like instrument therethrough;
FIGS. 9A through 9C are somewhat schematic, cross-sectional, sequential views illustrating an exemplary apparatus and method for sterilizing the resealable stoppers of the vials of the present invention by direct heat cauterization prior to introducing the filling needle or like instrument therethrough;
FIG. 10 is a somewhat schematic, partial, cross-sectional view of an apparatus for sterilizing the resealable stoppers of the vials of the present invention by laser cauterization prior to introducing the filling needle or like instrument therethrough;
FIG. 11 is a somewhat schematic, partial, cross-sectional view of an apparatus for needle filling the vial assemblies of the present invention with a predetermined medicament or other substance to be contained therein;
FIGS. 12 a through 12 d are somewhat schematic, cross-sectional, sequential views illustrating an apparatus and method for hermetically sealing the penetrated region of the resealable stoppers of the vials of the present invention by direct heat sealing after withdrawing the filling needle therefrom;
FIGS. 13A through 13C are somewhat schematic, cross-sectional, sequential views illustrating an apparatus and method for hermetically sealing the penetrated region of the resealable stoppers of the vials of the present invention by laser sealing after withdrawing the filling needle therefrom;
FIG. 14A is a side elevational view of a vial embodying the present invention;
FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view of the vial of FIG. 14A taken along line 14B-14B and illustrating a three-piece closure assembly partially inserted into the mouth of the vial, wherein the closure assembly includes a stopper, a heat-resealable portion and an over-molded securing or locking ring;
FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view of the over-molded vial of FIG. 14 taken along line 14C-14C thereof, wherein the vial has a relatively enlarged base portion;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of another vial embodying the present invention, and including a closure or cap wherein the over-molded securing ring is formed in an annular recess defined between the outer periphery of the stopper and the vial body;
FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrate representative sequential views of an exemplary over-molding process for making over-molded vials embodying the present invention;
FIGS. 17A through 17C are cross-sectional, sequential views of an alternate over-molding process for making over-molded vials embodying the present invention, wherein both the vial closure and the base portion of the vial are formed by injection molding;
FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of another vial embodying the present invention wherein the base and locking ring are snap fit to the vial body, and the tamper-resistant cover is snap fit to the locking ring;
FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional view of another vial embodying the present invention wherein the stopper and securing ring are formed using a sequential molding process;
FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the stopper of the vial of FIG. 19;
FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional view of the stopper and securing ring of the vial of FIG. 19;
FIG. 22A is a perspective view of the vial of FIG. 18 with the tamper-resistant cover removed;
FIG. 22B is a perspective view of the vial of FIG. 18 including the tamper-resistant cover fixedly secured thereto;
FIG. 22C is a perspective view of the vial of FIG. 18 illustrating the frangible portion of the tamper-resistant cover flipped upwardly to expose the resealable stopper and allow same to be penetrated with the needle of a syringe to withdraw the medicament of other substance contained within the vial into the syringe;
FIG. 23 is a side elevational view of another vial embodying the present invention wherein the locking ring, cover and base are connected together by ultrasonic welding;
FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the vial of FIG. 23;
FIG. 25 is a partially exploded, perspective view of the vial of FIG. 23;
FIG. 26 is a perspective view of the vial assembly of FIG. 23 with the tamper-resistant cover removed;
FIG. 27 is an exploded, perspective view of the vial of FIG. 23;
FIG. 28 is partially cut-away, perspective view of the vial of FIG. 23;
FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view of another vial embodying the present invention;
FIG. 30 is a perspective, exploded view of the vial of FIG. 30;
FIG. 31 is a perspective, partial, cut-away view of the vial of FIG. 30;
FIG. 32 is a perspective, partly exploded view of a needle manifold used in a needle filling module of a sterile filling machine for needle filling the vials with a medicament or other substance to be contained therein;
FIG. 33 is a front perspective view of the needle manifold of FIG. 32 located in an “up” position within a sterile enclosure of a sterile filling machine, and with a plurality of vials mounted within a transport system including a star wheel and associated guide, that are aligned with the needles and ready for needle filling;
FIG. 34 is a front perspective view of the needle manifold and transport system of FIG. 33 showing the needle manifold in a “down” position with the needles penetrating the resealable stoppers of the vials and filling the interiors of the vials with a medicament or other substance to be contained therein;
FIG. 35 is a rear perspective view of the needle manifold and transport system of FIG. 33 showing the needle in the “down” or fill position;
FIG. 36 is a perspective view of a laser sealing and infrared sense manifold mounted downstream of the needle manifold of FIGS. 32-35 in a sterile enclosure of a sterile filling machine for laser resealing the needle holes in the filled vials;
FIG. 37 is a partly exploded, end elevational view of a module including a needle manifold, laser optic assemblies, and sensors, for needle filling and laser resealing the vials therein, and with some parts removed for clarity;
FIG. 38 is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 37 showing the needle manifold clamped to the drive plate, and with some parts removed for clarity;
FIG. 39A is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 37, with parts removed for clarity, without any vials received within the module, and showing the needles in the “up” position;
FIG. 39B is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 39A showing vials received within the module and ready to be needle pierced and filled;
FIG. 39C is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 39A showing the needle manifold in the “down” position with the needles piercing the resealable stoppers for allowing the medicament or other substance to be pumped through the needles to fill the vials;
FIG. 40A is an end elevational view of the module with parts removed for clarity, and showing an exemplary laser optic assembly and sensor;
FIG. 40B is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 40A showing the needle piercing the resealable stopper to, in turn, fill the interior chamber of the respective vial with a medicament or other substance to be contained therein;
FIG. 40C is an end elevational view of the module of FIG. 40A showing the needle removed from the resealable stopper, the laser beam being transmitted onto the penetration point of the needle, and the IR sensor sensing the temperature of the resealed portion of the stopper to ensure the integrity of the seal;
FIG. 41 is a partly exploded view of the needle manifold of the module with some parts removed for clarity;
FIG. 42 is a perspective view of the module showing an e-beam unit mounted within the module for sterilizing selected surfaces of the vial and needles located within the module chamber, and with the needle manifold and other parts removed for clarity;
FIG. 43 is a top plan, somewhat schematic view of the module mounted adjacent to a screw-type conveyor for driving the vials through the module;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Reference is now made to the accompanying figures for the purpose of describing, in detail, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. The figures and accompanying detailed description are provided as examples of the disclosed subject matter and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.
Turning to FIG. 2, a heat-resealable cap or stopper that may be used in the vials of the present invention is indicated generally by the reference numeral 110. The cap 110 includes a resilient base 112 made of vulcanized rubber or like material which is known to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art, and acceptable for use in the manufacture of end caps or the portions thereof placed in contact with, or otherwise exposed to medicaments or other substances to be contained in the vials, such as vaccines. The base 112 defines a lower peripheral wall 115 shaped and dimensioned to be slidably received within the open end of a vial 114. The vial 114 may be made of any of numerous different types of glass or plastic, or any other material that is currently or later becomes known for use in connection with making vials, such as vials for storing medicaments or other substances. The vial 114 defines therein a chamber 116 for receiving medicament. As described further below, the vial preferably defines a “diabolo” or spool-like shape to, for example, facilitate handling of the vial during sterilization, filling and/or other processing of the vial, and during use of the vial. The base 112 of the cap 110 further defines an upper peripheral wall 117 also shaped and dimensioned to be slidably received within the open end of the vial 114, and a peripheral sealing flange 118 projecting outwardly from the upper end of the peripheral wall 117. The vial 114 defines at its open end a peripheral flange 120. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the peripheral flange 118 of the base 112 sealingly engages the peripheral flange 120 of the vial 114 to seal the interface between the cap and vial. The base 112 further defines an upper recess 122 formed within the upper peripheral wall 117, and an annular rim 124 projecting inwardly from the upper end of the peripheral wall.
A resealable portion 126 is fixedly received within the upper recess 122 of the base 112 to form the assembled cap 110. The resealable portion 126 defines an upper peripheral flange 128, an annular recessed portion or recess 130, and a base 132 located on the opposite side of the annular recess 130 relative to the flange, and projecting outwardly from the recess. As can be seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, the annular recess 130 and base 132 of the resealable portion 126 are dimensioned and shaped complementary to (or define the mirror image of) the interior surfaces of the upper recess 122 and annular rim 124 of the base 112. Accordingly, the resealable portion 126 is pressed, snapped or otherwise received within the upper recess 122 such that the annular rim 124 is received within the annular recess 130 to thereby fixedly secure the resealable portion within the base.
The resealable portion 126 is preferably made of a resilient polymeric material, such as a blend of a first polymeric material sold under the registered trademark KRATON® or DYNAFLEX® and a second material in the form of a low-density polyethylene, such as the polyethylene sold by Dow Chemical Co. under the trademarks ENGAGE™ or EXACT™. In some embodiments, the first and second materials are blended within a range of about 50:50 by weight to about 90:10 by weight (i.e., first material: second material). In one embodiment, the blend of the first and second materials is about 50:50 by weight. The benefits of the preferred blend over the first material by itself are improved water or vapor barrier properties, and thus improved product shelf life; improved heat sealability; a reduced coefficient of friction; improved moldability or mold flow rates; and a reduction in hysteresis losses. As may be recognized by those skilled in the pertinent art, these numbers and materials are only exemplary, however, and may be changed if desired or otherwise required.
An important feature of the resealable portion 126 is that it be resealable to form a gas-tight seal after inserting a needle, syringe or like injection member through the resealable member. Preferably, the resealable portion can be sealed by heating the area punctured by the needle as described further below. One advantage of the blended polymer described above is that it is known to minimize the degree to which the medicament can be absorbed into the polymer in comparison to either KRATON® or DYNAFLEX® itself.
An aluminum locking or crimping ring 134 defining an upper peripheral flange 136 and a lower peripheral flange 138 may be mounted over the end cap 110 and vial 114. The upper and lower flanges 136 and 138, respectively, of the locking ring are crimped or otherwise pressed against the adjacent surfaces of the cap and vial to press the sealing flanges of the cap against the vial and thereby maintain a fluid-tight and/or gas-tight seal between the cap and vial. Alternatively, the locking ring may be formed of a non-metallic material, such as a plastic material, that may be snap-fit to the underside of the peripheral flange 120, or otherwise secured to the flange of the vial body, as described further below.
As shown in FIG. 3, the heat-resealable cap 110 is shown with a hypodermic or other type of needle 140 inserted through the resealable portion 126 and the resilient base 112 in order to dispense medicament into the chamber 116 of the vial. A venting needle 142 likewise may be inserted through the resealable portion 126 and the resilient base 112 in order to allow gas to escape from the vial 114 as the medicament is deposited into the vial. Alternatively, the needle 140 may define one or more axially-elongated grooves in an outer surface thereof to allow gas within the vial to vent therethrough and thereby eliminate the need for the venting needle 142, or the needle may take the form of a “double” or “multi” lumen needle wherein the one lumen of the needle delivers the medicament or other substance to be contained within the vial, and another lumen permits the gas displaced by the medicament or other substance to flow out of the vial. The apparatus and method for dispensing medicament or other substances into the vial may take a form as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,004 to Daniel Py, issued Jun. 24, 1997, and more preferably, may take a form as shown in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/484,204, filed Jun. 30, 2003, entitled “Medicament Vial Having A Heat-Sealable Cap, And Apparatus And Method For Filling The Vial”, each of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure.
In operation, the resealable portion 126 is inserted into the base 112, and the assembled end cap 110 is slidably inserted into the open end of the vial 114. The locking ring 134 is then crimped in place to lock the cap 110 to the vial and maintain the gas-tight seal at the interface of the cap and vial. The assembled cap 110 and vial 114 preferably are then sterilized, such as by exposing the assembly to irradiation, such as laser, beta, gamma or e-beam radiation, in a manner known to those of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. The medicament-dispensing needle 140 is then inserted through the resealable portion 126 and the resilient base 112 until the free end of the needle is received into the chamber 116 of the vial to, in turn, dispense medicament into the chamber. The venting needle 142 is likewise inserted through the resealable portion 126 and the resilient base 112 in order to draw gas from the sealed vial as the liquid medicament is deposited within the chamber of the vial. Once the medicament has been deposited within the chamber of the vial, the needles 140 and 142 are withdrawn from the cap 110, and as described further below, a heat or other energy source is applied to the portions of the resealable portion 126 punctured by the needles 140 and 142 to, in turn, seal the punctured areas and hermetically seal the medicament within the vial.
One advantage of the illustrated vial assemblies is that the stopper may be resealed following the deposit of medicament into the interior of the vials, thereby rendering the vials particularly suitable for use with preservative-free medicaments, such as preservative-free vaccines. Accordingly, a further advantage of the illustrated vial assemblies is that the medicament need not contain a preservative, and therefore the above-described drawbacks and disadvantages of such preservatives can be avoided.
Another advantage of the illustrated vial assemblies is that the medicament within the resealed chambers of the vials is not contaminated or otherwise affected by impurities or other agents in the atmosphere where the vial is stored or transported.
In FIGS. 4 through 8 another resealable stopper or cap that may be employed in the vials of the present invention is indicated generally by the reference numeral 210. The resealable stopper 210 is essentially the same as the stopper 110 described above, and therefore like reference numerals preceded by the numeral “2” instead of the numeral “1” are used to indicate like elements. As shown best in FIGS. 4 and 6, the base 212 of the cap defines on the interior side of its upper peripheral wall 217 an annular groove 230. As shown best in FIGS. 4 and 7, the resealable portion 226 defines on the peripheral surface of its base 232 an annular raised portion or protuberance 224 dimensioned to be frictionally received within the corresponding annular groove 230 of the base 212 to thereby secure the resealable portion to the base. As shown in FIG. 6, the base 212 further defines on the exterior side of its lower peripheral wall 215 a plurality of raised annular portions or protuberances 244 axially spaced relative to each other for frictionally engaging the interior wall of the vial 214 to thereby secure the cap within the vial and facilitate maintaining a hermetic seal between the cap and vial. As shown best in FIGS. 7 and 8, the resealable portion 226 defines on its top surface an annular raised portion or protuberance 246 defining a circular surface portion 248 therein for receiving a filling needle or like instrument, as described further below. As shown in FIG. 5, the locking or crimping ring 234 defines a central aperture 250 in its upper side for receiving therethrough the annular raised portion 246 of the resealable portion 226.
Preferably, the resealable cap 210 and vial 214 are assembled and the locking ring 234 is crimped or otherwise secured in place as described above and shown in FIG. 4 prior to introducing any medicament or other fluid into the vial. Then, one or more of the empty cap/vial assemblies are enclosed, sterilized, and may be transported in accordance with the teachings of the present inventor's commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,186,772, entitled “Method Of Transferring Articles, Transfer Pocket And Enclosure”, and/or U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/241,249, entitled “Transfer Port And Method For Transferring Sterile Items”, filed Sep. 10, 2002, each of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference as part of the present disclosure. The empty cap/vial assemblies may be placed in an internal bag or “pocket” which is closed and, if desired, provided with a sterilization indicator. Then, the internal pocket may be placed within a transfer pocket including a sealing frame defining an annular groove on a peripheral surface thereof. The transfer pocket is stretched over the surface of the frame and closed by an elastic band overlying the transfer pocket and received within the peripheral groove. The transfer pocket likewise may include therein a sterilization indicator. Preferably, the assembled transfer and internal pockets are sealed within an “external” pocket and the assembled pockets are subject to sterilization, such as by exposure to gamma radiation, to sterilize the pockets and the empty cap/vial assemblies within the pockets. The transfer pockets then can be used to store and/or transport the sterilized assemblies to a filling system without contaminating the sterilized assemblies. As further described in the above-mentioned patent and patent application, the filling system is located within a sterile enclosure, and the empty vials are introduced into the enclosure by removing and discarding the external pocket, and connecting the sealing frame of the transfer pocket to a window or transfer port of the enclosure. As further disclosed in the above-mentioned patent and patent application, an adhesive material is preferably superimposed on the sealing frame for securing the transfer pocket to the transfer port of the filling system enclosure. Prior to releasing the vial assemblies into the filling system enclosure, the sterilization indicators may be checked in order to ensure that the sterile condition of the vial assemblies were maintained throughout storage and transfer.
| 0.778947
| -0.10979
| 1,848
| 7,281
| 118
| 118
|
Mechanical fasteners
| false
|
99,516
|
github_open_source_100_2_8142
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.ServiceModel;
namespace Ratcow.Debugging.Server
{
/// <summary>
/// Simple debug interface (I've created this too many times, now a more generic version.)
/// </summary>
[ServiceBehavior(InstanceContextMode = InstanceContextMode.Single)]
public class DebugInterface : IDebugInterface, IDebugConfigurationInterface
{
public List<RegisteredVariableItem> RegisteredVariables { get; set; }
public static Action<DebugInterface> StartupAction { get; set; }
string[] emptyStringArray = new string[0];
public DebugInterface()
{
RegisteredVariables = new List<RegisteredVariableItem>();
//this is statically set externally, used by the code to create
//the service. Not meant to be used outside of that scenario.
StartupAction?.Invoke(this);
StartupAction = null; //release it as we don't want to run it again
}
public DebugInterface(Action<DebugInterface> startupAction) : this()
{
startupAction?.Invoke(this);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers a direct variable reference
/// </summary>
public void RegisterValue<T>(Ref<T> value, string name)
{
RegisteredVariables.Add(
new RegisteredVariableItem
{
Name = name,
IsDirectReference = true,
Reference = value,
RegisteredName = name
});
}
/// <summary>
/// NEW - makes adding muliple values a lof more fluid.
/// </summary>
public void RegisterInstance(object value, string name = null, bool includeNonPublic = false)
{
var type = value?.GetType();
var level = (includeNonPublic ? BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Public : BindingFlags.Public) | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy;
var foundProperties = type?.GetProperties(level)?.Select(p => p.Name)?.ToArray();
if (foundProperties != null)
{
RegisterProperties(value, name ?? type.Name, foundProperties);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers a property
/// </summary>
public void RegisterProperties(object value, string parentName, params string[] properties)
{
foreach (var property in properties)
{
var registeredName = $"{parentName}.{property}";
RegisteredVariables.Add(
new RegisteredVariableItem
{
Name = property,
IsDirectReference = false,
Reference = value,
RegisteredName = registeredName
});
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets all the registered names
/// </summary>
public string[] GetVariableNames()
{
var result = RegisteredVariables?.Select(r => r.RegisteredName);
if (result != null)
{
return result.ToArray();
}
return emptyStringArray;
}
/// <summary>
/// Converts the registered variable to a string
/// </summary>
public string GetVariableValue(string variableName)
{
var result = string.Empty;
if (RegisteredVariables.Any(r => string.Compare(r.RegisteredName, variableName) == 0))
{
var variable = RegisteredVariables.First(r => string.Compare(r.RegisteredName, variableName) == 0);
if (variable.IsDirectReference)
{
result = InstanceAsString(((Ref)variable.Reference).RawValue);
}
else
{
result = InstanceAsString(GetPropertyValue(variable));
}
}
return result;
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets the specific property value
/// </summary>
public bool SetVariableValue(string variableName, string json)
{
var result = string.Empty;
if (RegisteredVariables.Any(r => string.Compare(r.RegisteredName, variableName) == 0))
{
var variable = RegisteredVariables.First(r => string.Compare(r.RegisteredName, variableName) == 0);
if (variable.IsDirectReference)
{
return false; //not done this part yet
}
else
{
return SetPropertyValue(variable, json);
}
}
return false;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the specific property value
/// </summary>
object GetPropertyValue(RegisteredVariableItem item)
{
var type = (item?.Reference is Type) ? item?.Reference as Type : item?.Reference?.GetType();
if (type != null)
{
//TODOL: this is not ideal, but it was what a quick google got me.
var isStatic = false;
var pi = type.GetProperty(item.Name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
if (pi == null)
{
pi = type.GetProperty(item.Name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
isStatic = true;
}
if (pi != null)
{
var result = isStatic ? pi.GetValue(null, null) : pi.GetValue(item.Reference, null);
if (result != null)
{
return result;
}
}
}
return null;
}
/// <summary>
/// Attempts to set a property with a given value.
///
/// Beware!! There are no validations or checks here and it'll completely overwrite the entire structure!
///
/// I'll add in a more granular approach shortly.
/// </summary>
bool SetPropertyValue(RegisteredVariableItem item, string value)
{
var type = (item?.Reference is Type) ? item?.Reference as Type : item?.Reference?.GetType();
if (type != null)
{
//TODOL: this is not ideal, but it was what a quick google got me.
var isStatic = false;
var pi = type.GetProperty(item.Name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
if (pi == null)
{
pi = type.GetProperty(item.Name, BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
isStatic = true;
}
if (pi != null)
{
try
{
var objectValue = StringAsInstance(value, pi.PropertyType);
if (isStatic)
{
pi.SetValue(null, objectValue, null);
}
else
{
pi.SetValue(item.Reference, objectValue, null);
}
}
catch (Exception)
{
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
/// <summary>
/// Simple wrapper around deserialising to an instance
/// </summary>
object StringAsInstance(string value, Type type)
{
return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject(value, type);
}
/// <summary>
/// Simple wrapper around serialising an instance
/// </summary>
string InstanceAsString(object value)
{
return JsonConvert.SerializeObject(value, Formatting.Indented);
}
/// <summary>
/// Simple start-up
/// </summary>
public static ServiceHost Start(DebugInterface contract)
{
try
{
var svcHost = new ServiceHost(contract);
svcHost.Open();
return svcHost;
}
catch //(Exception ex)
{
//TODO - add logging etc
return null;
}
}
[Obsolete]
public static ServiceHost Start(Action<DebugInterface> startup, bool autoConfig = false, string url = "http://127.0.0.1:9001/DebugInterface")
{
return DebugInterfaceFactory.Start<DebugInterface, IDebugInterface>(startup, autoConfig, url);
}
}
}
| 0.448985
| 0.726985
| 3,566
| 14,172
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,517
|
sn85025007_1839-10-25_1_4_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
THIS DAY. FURNITURE SALE. On Friday morning, 25th inst., at 10 o'clock, will be sold in front of my Auction Store, a variety of second-hand Furniture, belonging to a person leaving town, such as Lumber, Tables, Cane-Seat and other Chairs, etc. Sale, cash. THIS DAY. PUBLIC SALE. FOR SALE—Valuable Lands in the Counties of Prince William and Fairfex, in Virginia. In Prince William County. One Tract of Land on Little Bull Run, containing about six hundred Acres, now occupied by Cyrus C. Marsteller; One other Tract of Land in the ne.su of the borough of Bethlehem Meeting House, containing about one hundred and twenty-seven Acres, now occupied by John Godfrey; One other Tract of Land in the same neighborhood, containing about two hundred and forty Acres, now occupied by John Woodson; One other Tract of Land called and known by the name of Bradley, containing about thirteen hundred and seventy-six Acres, now occupied by Alexander Howison; One other Tract of Land, called and known by the name of Bradley, containing about thirteen hundred and seventy-six Acres, now occupied by Alexander Howison; One other Tract of Land, containing Ten Acres, adjoining to the tract called Bradley, One other Tract of Land, containing about twenty Acres, adjoining the Farm on which Howard House, Sr., formerly resided, called "Lazarus plain," now occupied by Mrs. Shackleford. t_ r1 ^ _ P"/mi ♦ 11 1/t rillljllUs One Tract of Land on Cub Run, containing about six hundred and fifty Acres, now oc cupied bv John Lynn; „ One other Tract of Land, called >\ oot! bant), near Centreviile, containing about three hundred and fifty eight Acres, iiotv oc cupied by John Chappell; One other Tract of Land, near Centreviile, containing about lour hundred and twenty • •veu Acres, uotv occupied by Alexanders (■';(> other Tract of Land, near Centreviile, eontaiiiinr about fiiiv-three Acres, now also occmied by tliesaul Alexander i>, Uiipsby. ’! ,ie sale of the above described Lands will |, > made i>v the subscribers, under the autho rity of a decree of the Circuit Superior Court of i ,-rw an 1 Chancery for the County of Fair fix. in the suit of John U. Bernard, executor of Liizabeth iliphin?, deceased, and others, is ratust the administrators and heirs of James if. idooe and Liizabeth T. llooe, deceased, a ml wu!comme:>aeat Fairfax Court-House on Friday, the 25th day of October next, and, if i. Tessa re, be continued on the following day. Terms of Sale—this tenth part of the purchase money to be paid in hand, as a deposit, to be forfeited if the purchasers shall fail to comply with the terms of sale, if the same be approved by the Court; and the remainder in two equal instalments of one and two years, to bear interest from the day of sale, to be secured by the bonds of the purchasers, with satisfactions to be approved of by the Court—the title to the lands to be retained until the deferred instalments shall be paid, and the lands to be liable to be re-sold by the order of the court on default in payment of any of the deferred instalments. BOLLINGER I. TAYLOR, BERNARD 1100E, THIS IS. PUBLIC SILK. virtue of a deed of trust, executed to the subscriber, by John Tucker and his wife, dated on the 6th day of March, 1872, for the purposes therein set forth, recorded in the Clerk's office of Charles County Court, State of Maryland, I shall offer for sale, at public auction, to the highest bidder for cash, on FRIDAY, the 25th day of October next, at noon, (if fair, if not, the next fair day, except Sunday,) on the premises last mentioned, and which are adjacent to the town of Benedict, in Charles County, Maryland, all that Real Estate, described in said deed as “part of a Tract of Land, being in Charles County, and State of Maryland, on the mouth of Mattawan Creek, situated on the mouth of Mattawan Creek, and having within its boundaries a Fishing Shore, known by the name of Rum Point.” This property contains about 100 Acres of valuable land, has on it a good DWELLING HOUSE, Barns, and other out-buildings; besides accommodations for curing fish on the premises, which is an excellent Herring Fisher. Also, as described in said deed, “all the title, title, and interest of said John Tucker and to his Real Estate, Lots and Houses is and joining the town of Benedict, in Charles County. By aforesaid, being a Tract or parcel of land purchased of Clement Dorsey, Esq. With all other, the Mill, Houses, buildings and improvements thereon. This is considered very valuable property, from the quality of the site and improvements. It being presumed, those wishing to purchase either examine for themselves, a more minute inspection is deemed unnecessary. THOMAS MARTIN, Trustee PUBLIC SALE Of thoroughbred Horses, Jennets, Mules, cattle, sheep, and other agricultural implements, house of furniture, etc. See. VYING sold in Windsor Plantation, the subscriber will sell to the highest bidder at 10 o'clock M. on Monday, the 8th day of October next, at his late residence, Windsor, Hampstead, in King George county, Y. on his choice stock (selected with great care) of horses and high bred cattle, sheep, etc., almost without reservation. For all sums above fifty dollars a credit, of six months, on notes satisfactorily endorsed. The stock, both for blood and quality, deserves the attention of distant residents. The horses of the purest lineage are most judiciously bred, embracing the best and dependable qualities of Sir Archibald, Sir Charles, Eclipse, Warr, Rattler, John Richards, Autocrat, Cocker, etc., descended from the most ancient and valuable stock in Maryland and Virginia, by the best imported by Boxer, out of the famed trumpeters dam by Hickory, Chloe by Windover, dam by imported Gabriel, Lindner, and Anna Bloodgood, by John Richards, and Cenius, by Marksman. Yet of the blood, Marcia by Sir Charles, dam by Trafalgar, out of own Sister to the famed Star. Yearling colt by St. Leger, out of Marcia. (Corned by Rattler, dam by Florisel, Medley, Highflyer, etc.) Two yearling fillies of great promise, by imported Getus, out of the good and Cerula. Another by Henry 2d, of Hilo. Two fillies by Autocrat, three years old, out of Chloe and others, by American Eclipse, the brood mares mentioned to Corsair. (See American Turl Register, vol. 3, page 57) The donkeys are of fine size and the best stock, one of the jacks having obtained the The premium. Many of the cattle, in about 50, are of the Durham breed. The sheep, about 12, are equally prized for their breed and quality. For further particulars see bills. The weather be unfavorable, the sale will be made the next fair day. Sept — dts&cp BENJ. OGLE TAYLOR. JOB PRINTING Neatly & expeditiously executed at this office House, Ship, and every description of Ornamental Carving, Gilding, Bronzing, and Enameling on Glass; Picture or Looking Glass Frames Re-gilded, etc. The subscriber respectfully informs his friends and the public in general, that he has commenced the above Branches in all their variety, and is now prepared to execute any orders he may be favored with, at his residence, on Fairfax street, near the intersection of Prince. He will, also, execute Fancy and Plain Sign Painting; ditto, with ornamental or Plain Block Letters of any size, either with or without Boards, so that any required number of letters may be transported to any section of the country at a small expense, and applied as Signs, either on the Fronts of Buildings or on plain boards, and can be re-painted and gilded at a small cost and by an inexperienced workman, when necessity requires it. Also, Fancy and Plain Wood Type; Patterns for Castings or Moulds, for Stucco work. Silk or satin Banners or Aprons painted, etc. oct21—6m_CHARLES GREEN. A HANDSOME ASSORTMENT OF FLATED WARE AND JEWELRY. The subscriber has just received from New York and Philadelphia, a handsome assortment of GOODS in his line, consisting in part, of Plated Candle Sticks and Erasers Britannia Ware, with and without sets Plated Waiters Super plated Castors, different patterns Cake Baskets, of superior quality Ladies and Gentlemen's Gold Chains German Silver Table and Tea Spoons Far Rings, of every variety Finger Rings, do Mosaic and Enamelled Breast-pins Goblet and Silver Spectacles and Pencils German Silver and Steel Busks Gold and Silver Thimbles Penknives and Scissors Together with all the articles usually kept in a Jewelry Store. Also, constantly on hand, of my own manufacture, Silver Table and Tea Spoons, Desert and Earthenware; Sugar Tongs, &c. See. All of the best quality and For sale cheap. JOHN ADAM, oct 23—eo2\v CHINA, glass; and earthenware. TUGH SMITH & CO. have just received by Ships Pioneer and Potomac, from Liverpool, their Fall supply, consisting of 206 Crates and Hogsheads of China, Glass and Earthen Ware. These with their previous large stock on hand make their assortment very complete and will be sold wholesale and retail on fair and moderate terms. Dinner Sets, White, Blue, Dove, &c., on Stone China, Granite China, &c. India China Dinner sets or any article separately Rich plain, Gilt and fancy English and French Tea China Glass Ware Cut, Plain and Pressed Common Ware, a large supply Best English plated and silver mounted Castors Best English Britannia Tea Sets Hall, Wall, Shop and Reading Lamps Window Glass, of all sizes Pipes in boxes Stone Ware, of an excellent quality Pint and quart Wine Bottles Merchants and House-keepers are invited to call and examine stock, ware and prices, sept. 21—eot f FLOUR AND GROCERY STORE. The subscriber has taken the Ware house at the South-East corner of King and Fayette streets, opposite Mr. Joseph Eacers, where he intends buying and selling all kinds of country produce, and keeping on hand a supply of such goods as are generally kept by the Flour dealer. He will receive FLOUR and other produce on storage, and make advances on the same when required. He would respectfully solicit a share from the farmers of the upper country. He will attend to receiving and forwarding goods, and will receive and sell, on Commission, all kinds of Leather as heretofore; and will keep a supply of Tanner's Oil, &c. He will commence business about the 20th of August, v 20—eotf DA.VI, F. HOPE. JOHN AV. SMITH Respectfully informs his friends, and the public generally, that he has fitted up his house in the best style for the accommodation of all who may favor him with their custom. He is now prepared, and will continue throughout the fall and winter, to serve up all the delicacies of the season, consisting of the finest and freshest. TEAS, (cooked in every variety of style.) Blue Wings, Sore, and (at the proper time,) Canvass Backs, and the other descriptions of Wild Fowl. His Poultry, also, supplied with the BEST LIQUORS. Suppers can be furnished, at all times, to private parties, and every exertion will be made to give satisfaction. P. S. Families furnished with Oysters. GOOD NEWS. FOR the comfort and satisfaction of having a keen sharp Razor to shave with, the subscriber offers for sale a Metallic Compound that will, in two minutes, produce such a keen edge to your Razor that surpasses anything ever yet offered to the public.—Only try it, and if it fails, your money will be refunded. Price by single box, 25 cents; to those that purchase to sell again, the price will be reasonable. AVAL HARPER, Druggist. Superior certificates from the most respectable citizens of our town can be shown, of the unparalleled quality of the Metallic Compound. Also, for sale, an innocent and sure remedy for worms in children, (never known to fail.) A fresh supply of Drugs and Medicines received. Sept 26—Gin; YBATES'S GARDEN AND BROOM LAWN FOR RENT, The Lot, at the so it.l i part of the Town, at present, and for many years past, occupied by William Yeates, as a FRUIT AND VEGETABLE GARDEN. Also, the Lot adjoining, known as BROOM LAWN, each containing about thirty acres. The location and quality of the land is generally known—the GARDEN containing a choice variety of Fruit—and the soil of both lots adapted to every purpose of cultivation. The above property will be rented for a term of years, either together or separate. The rent will be moderate. W. M. FOWLE. BELL-TAVERN, HAGERSTOWN, MD. The undersigned has opened this establishment, for the entertainment of his friends and the public generally. He will, in a few days, be prepared to accommodate the traveling public. It is now well stocked—his stable will be furnished with the best the market affords. The best provender will be procured, and his Stable will be attended by experienced Ostlers. This establishment is situated. To all in the center of the business part of the town, on the corner of Washington and Jonathan streets. A frame dwelling house, on Water Street, opposite Joseph Harris's residence. To a good tenant, one year's rent may be expended in repairs. Apply to THOS. VOWELL. FOR RENT, J1—JL ■ ye Store-house, on the south side Hill **! K,n?> between Royal and Fairfax I —8. ■ v,u>t‘,s> »*»'v tinder repairs. The situation is one of the best in town for the Dry goods business. Apply to oct 11- it JA34ES A. CLAGETT. CUT NAILS, SPICES AND BRADS. A :LARGE assortment, comprising every lx. description of Nails and Brads, now landing from the schooner Talma, from Wareham: or sale by A. C. CAGNEY & CO. oct 7 JAYNE’S INJUNCTION EXPECTORANT | S RECOMMENDED as decidedly superior to any other known combination of Medicine, for Coughs, Colds, Influenza, Consumption, Asthma, Setting of Blood, Hoarseness, Difficulty of Breathing, Hooping Cough, Pains and Weakness of the Breast, and all diseases of the Pulmonary organs. This medicine highly and justly recommended, by numerous and respectable individuals, who have found relief from its use by by who have been laboring under protracted Coughs and pains in the breast and have been supposed by themselves and their friends to advanced in consumption, have been happily restored to perfect health by the use of this valuable Expectorant. Persons suffering under chronic or consumptive coughs, will find great advantage "You are carrying a small quantity of the Indian Expectorant with them, while attending to their various avocations, and taking a teaspoonful occasionally. Their cough will be scarcely felt and they will be enabled to expectorate will be the greatest facility, and the irritating matter will thereby soon be removed and a permanent cure effected. Let the afflicted try it. Prepared only by Dr. D. Jayne, of Salem, New Jersey, and none is genuine without his written signature to the label on the outside of the bottle." This is hereby certify that I was cured of a violent cough and pain in the breast by using Doctor Jayne’s Expectorant Medicine. My wife also was afflicted with a bad cough and pain in the breast, attended with so much difficulty of breathing as to prevent her from getting any deep for a number of nights in succession; but by taking two doses of this medicine she was enabled to sleep quietly through the night and in a few days by continuing its use she was perfectly restored. Jacob Longworth. Hancock’s Bridge, N. J. Sept 24, 1836. Last spring my wife was confined to her bed by a distressing cough and pain in her breast and side—Her cough harassed her day and night and her difficulty of breathing was so great that she got very little sleep for many days and nights together—None of the medicines she took appeared to be of any service to her; when Dr Jayne kindly sent her a bottle of Indian Expectorant which soon and completely restored her to health. She firmly believes it the best medicine ever discovered. William Porter. Hancock, N. J. Nov. 21, 1835. From J. H. Smith, Esq. Brooklyn, L. I. I hereby certify that the above valuable medicine has been used in my family with great benefit in several instances. J. H Smith Brooklyn, Dec. 1835. From A. Z. & B. Sands, Druggists, No. 108. Fulton street, New York. Dr. D. Jayne— Dear Sir, Your Indian Expectorant is doing well here. We have but about one dozen left of the gross you sent us. You will please forward on a winter supply as soon as convenient; It seems to give universal satisfaction to all whom we have heard from who have used it— the season is fast approaching when such a medicine will be much needed and as it is well supported by good certificates, it will sell very rapidly. The only objection seems to be to the price; but we have not had one customer who objects to take it on that account as no one doubts its virtues. Your Respectfully, yours, D. B. Sanns. From the Rev. C. C. P. Crosby, late agent of the American Baptist. To Dr. D. Jayne, Dear Sir; I have much of the Indian Expectorant, personally in my family for the last six years with great benefit. Indeed, I may consider my life prolonged by the use of this valuable medicine, under the blessing of God, for several years. I may say almost as much in the case of my wife and also of the Rev. Mr. Tinsley of the Island of Jamaica. For all cases of cough, inflammation of the chest, lungs and throat, I must most sincerely recommend this as the best medicine I have ever tried. My earnest wish is. That other suffered us I have been, truly experience the same relief, which I am persuaded they will by using the Inman Expectorant. C.G P. Ch N.B. Many of my neighbors, on my recommendation, have tried this medicine with uniform success. N. York, June 15, 1855. From the Rev. Jonathan (Doing). D.D. Edmond of the American Baptist. I have used the above medicine with success for a cough and hoarseness. N. York, Dec. 1835, Jonathan Guixo Doc. D. Jayne—Hear sir: I was for along time afflicted with a violent cough and difficulty of breathing, attended with weakness and pain in my breast, but have been restored to perfect health by using one bottle of your Indian Expectorant. I have been subject to a cough and pain in my breast for several years, and have found far greater benefit from this medicine than from any other. I remain, respectfully, yours, Susan Hinkle. Canton, Nov. 21, 1886. Many more certificates might be added but the above are considered sufficient. Salem, N.J. April, 1836 D. JAYNE For sale by agents throughout the United States, where also may be had Jayne's Carmine Balsam, for Bowel Complaints; Jayne's Tonic Vermifuge, for Worms, Fever and Ague, Dyspepsia, Sour Stomach, &c. Agent for Alexandria, 1st mo. 28—lv WM ST MU,HR, BRANDRETH'S PILLS. The New York Sun says: BRANDRETH'S PILL S have been used among many of our friends, and in our own family we have used them nearly four years when we required medicine; in that period, no Doctor save Mr. Brandreth has crossed our threshold, and no medicine besides the Doctor's Pills used. Our best is 'keep your bowels and blood pure,' and every kind of disease will be prevented or cured. The Brandreth Pills are eminently calculated to do this, and thereby much lessen the sum of human misery. The New York Evening Star says: Brandreth's Pills are a medicine which their own intense worth will always secure for them a large and ready sale. They have deservedly a high reputation; and as a family and anti-bilious remedy it would be difficult to equal them among all the patent medicines of the present day. The New York Commercial says: They remove all morbid humors and purify the blood. To the whole family of mankind, we feel both pleasure and satisfaction in recommending to all our readers. Brandreth's Vegetable Pills as the most certain, most safe, and invaluable medicine extant. As antibilious and aperient Pills, we are perfectly convinced they stand the above all others; as a certain cure in all cases of worms, scurvy, scurvy, scrofula humors, erysipelas, and all affections of the skin, dropsy, asthma, stone, gravel, piles, and lumbago, they will be found invaluable. London Times. BEWARE OF COUNTERFEITS. DRUGGISTS NEVER MADE AGENTS! Eliza Kennedy is the only Agent in Alexandria, for the sale of Brandreth's Pills. Baltimore Office, 50 South Charles Street R. R. GREEN may 22—funeral Agent. NEGROES WANTED. CASH and the highest market prices will be paid for any number of likely young negroes of both sexes. All communications addressed to me, at The old established firm of Armstrong, Franklin & Co., west end of Lake Street, Alexandria, D.C., will meet with prompt attention. GEORGE KEPHART. The true riches of life is he who knows that health and the ability to labor constitute the wealth of the great mass of the people in this, as in most other countries. To preserve, therefore, that health by natural means is a grand moral and political scheme, to fulfill which requires our utmost attention. The unprecedented popularity and universal approbation which this medicine has achieved throughout the United States, the Canadas, Texas, Mexico, and the West Indies, fully justify Dr. Peters in warmly and conscientiously recommending them to the special attention of the afflicted. Dr. Peters has spent much time in experimenting with different vegetable medicines for diseases of the liver, and now offers his Vegetable Pills, as the best, most convenient, and cheapest medicine that can be prepared for general use. One great quality of his Vegetable Pills that they have the alternative principle combined with their cathartic, or operative qualities, so that they not only cleanse the stomach and bowels by purging, but they retaliate the liver, change the morbid secretions, strengthen the digestive organs, purify the blood, invigorate the circulation, and give tone and energy to the nervous system. They are mild and pleasant in their operation, and convey almost immediate conviction of their utility from their first dose. They cure, be taken with safety by persons of any age; and the feeble, the infirm, the nervous and the delicate, are strengthened by their operation, because they clear the system of bad humors, quiet nervous irritations. ability, and invariable produce sound health. The vegetable Pdls are a sure remedy fi»r jaundice, sick and nervous hea Uche, dyspep sia, costiveness, sickness of ttie stomach, heart burn, all bilious comp aims, fevers of at. kinds, and if taken at the4com nencemcnt will invariably check their progress, and save the patient from a protracted and dangerous sick ness. They are invaluable in nervous and by* pochondrical affections, loss ot appetite, an;. Ml complaints to which females alone are sub let. 'I hey operate as a mild and speedy purge, :u./l are a sale end certain leme ly foi u orrr.s in chddren For sale by Wm. Stabler, 'Vm. Harper, Cook & Leadbeater, and John i. Sayrs. Alexandria, April 6, 1SV9 MOHLSOVS PILLS. Genuin * *1 orison’s Pills or Um* _5_ vers;*I Vegetable Medicines of the Hrilish Colieire ol Health. Tne>e \lo H cines cure ali diseases which ciHji.il ol cure., 1. Tiiev re nov -* from th- stom ich. liver and .r11«’ stint t ne bio j.V'ti iking organs, ail o »struc lions to the dire perf .rrnunc j oi tb e *r healthy functions. 2. Thev purify t h • hloo 1 hv inc v isi ig ts v. rious exc. eGo.is, an t prevent di^us- b\ cn:t bl'mg toe Only Micce>sf ully t o res.s’ Uie p;\ disposing an t existing causes to d se i->e. 3. Tl.cv inerca-e the action of the ao^or » cuts, by which all morbid, grothsare t.K,,ni*. To circulation and afterwards explicit from the body. They restore the regularity of these processes upon which the blood depends. These are the only medicines known in which small doses have a powerful and beneficial effect; and yet, of which, in every case, such very large doses may be administered fearlessly, and with greatly increased advantage to the patient. The British College of Health, having received, annually, and annually, the public attention, Dr. Horatio Simpson has ceased to be in any manner the agent of the British College of Health. George Baylor, being now, and from here forth, the sole general agent in the United States of the British College of Health, for the sale of Morris's Bills, or the Vegetable Universal Medicine of the British College of Health, must be evident to all, that no person in the said George Baylor has any right or authority to nominate or appoint general agents for the sale of the above medicines. The former General Agent has yet to observe, that since the legal decision has established the course of the German Medicine Company to protection from direct counterfeits, numberless are the schemes of unscrupulous movers to evade the just penalties of the law, and scarcely a single one can be taken up that does not seem with whom the columns of garbled extracts are made. Mr. Mortimer's publications, and by the unbounded faithfulness of his ideas, and even his very words, vainly strive to rob him of his original discovery by which he has rescued himself from the sufferings of their five years' continuance, and led to the foundation of the sound outsupplement of the Hygeian physiology; where had not Mr. Mortimer, propounded his scheme to the English community, and had not it truth to say with a rapidity commensurate with its importance through Great Britain, the Continent of Europe, the Nations the Fast, and the United States of America, and, in fact, having agencies and advocates established in every civilized Nation of the Earth, neither their names nor their ignorant pretensions would ever have been heard of. Caution!—No pills sold in the United States of America are the genuine Morrison's Tills, of Vegetable Universal Medicines of the British College of Health, unless each box, containing such pills, be signed with a facsimile of James Morrison the Hygeists' signature; and also with a facsimile of the signature of the said George Taylor, as such General Agent aforesaid. The label is as follows, and is affixed to each box. James Morrison, Hamilton Place, the Hygeist, King Cross London. The following Agents have been appointed for the above Medicines, of which only the genuine imported Morrison's Bills can be obtained. Wm. Bowley, Sole Agent for the District of Columbia, Bridge Street, Georgetown and of the following Stockmen - Beil Knapp, King Street, Alexandria; B.C. Wright, High Street, Georgetown; R. Wright & McIntyre, Auction Store, opposite the Marsh Market, Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington City. The Bills are sold in packages of 1 and 2, 25 and 53 cents each with directions; in powders in boxes at 25 cents. GROGG'S VILLAGE, 6 Wall Street, V. V. V. (Gen.) CHAIR FACTORY. The subscribers respectfully inform their friends and the public generally, that they have commenced the Chair-Making business in all its various branches, at the well-known stand, formerly occupied by Leonard N. Cook, on King, between Columbus and Washington streets, where they are prepared to execute all orders at the shortest notice, and on the most reasonable terms. They will also add, that Chairs, purchased at this Factory, will be found equal, if not superior, to any in the District, Chairs, purchased here, will be sent to any part of the District, free of charge. PAINTING. House, Sign, Fancy and Ornamental Painting, will be received in all its branches, and in a style which will give general satisfaction; and, by a prompt and liberal patronage, they hope to merit a share of public patronage. LAMP OIL. For sale at the lowest price, by ALBERT TURDY, SALVAGE, TURDY & BROTHER, Dyspeptic Cordial, for Dyspepsia. Sick Headache, Rheumatism, etc. The following diseases, it is recommended as a prompt, and in most cases, an excellent remedy:— Dyspepsia, Rick or Xenosis Headache, Cholera, Cramps or Spasms, in the Stomach, Cholera. Morris, Hysterics and Nervous diseases generally, Chronic Dysentery, Diarrhea or other ailments generally, Chronic Liver Complaints, Female Irregularities of a Chronic character, attended with cold feet, pain in the back, etc. It is also particularly recommended to those who are suffering under debility, languor, depression of spirits, with irregular or defective appetite, restlessness at night, with unsown or disturbed sleep. In these cases, the Complaint will be found an admirable remedy. TESTIMONIALS. V.althour, S. Liberty St., Fenimore, Md. To G. P. Pryor & Co.—Gentlemen:—Having completely cured with your request to furnish a statement of the case in which your Dyspeptic Cordial was used with so much advantage. It is briefly thus:—My niece, Mrs. Wallace, had been suffering for several months under a train of symptoms, such as usually denote the worst form of Dyspepsia, viz: defective appetite, impaired digestion, languor, debility, etc. These symptoms were at length followed by a rapid depression of spirits, sleeplessness and nervous agitation, while every article swallowed, even water, was followed by distressing pain. While in this situation, a friend came through Baltimore. and was familiar with its effects, advised the use of a bottle of "Drs. Divsbach, Kuhn & Pryor's Dyspepsia Cordial," the use of which, in a few days gave great relief, and finally cured her. PHILEMON IOWSON. From the Rev. Leonard B. Gurley.—I have confidence in the Dyspeptic Cordial, prepared by Doctors Dreshach, Kuhn & Pryor. It has been used in my family for Sick Headache and severe Rheumatic Pains, affecting the stomach and chest—and has afforded immediate, and apparently, permanent relief. LEONARD B. GURLEY. Tiffin, Ohio, 1838. Interesting Case.—My wife had been afflicted with a chronic affection of the liver for several years, her suffering severe pain in the side, shoulders, extending across the back of the neck into the head, pain in the stomach, with oppression, had appetite and debility. At this stage of disease, I commenced Drs. Dreshach, Kuhn & Prior’s Dyspeptic Cordial. In the use of two bottles she was restored to better health than for several years, and could again attend to the ordinary duties of the family. I have used in Cholera Morbus, Diarrhea and Cholic with prompt relief. TUGS. R. ELLIS. Seneca Co., Ohio, Dec. 10th, 1838. For the last twenty years I have been subject to frequent, and severe attacks of sick and nervous headaches. These attacks were often so violent as to unfit me for business and confine me to bed. During this long period of suffering, I have never met with a remedy which would afford me more than partial relief until I commenced the use of Drs. Dreshach, Kuhn & Prior’s Dyspeptic Cordial. I had an attack a few days ago, and having found some relief on several occasions, from taking small quantities of this remedy, I now determined to give it a fair trial. I took 3 doses, half an hour apart, one tablespoonful each, and in the course of a short time was so much relieved as to be able to go. About my usual immense stock. JOSEPH OGLE. Seneca county, Ohio, Dec. 6th, 1881 For sale by WALTER STABLER & CO. Alexandria, D. C. And for supplies to C. E. LEWIS, 8th rno 12—! v Frederick, ask me what moots I meet with of the efficacy of your medicine. I can safely say that (never present)- a medicine for bowel complaints that has been my specialty, and my patients speedy and perfect relief as this. When I introduced into a family, it becomes a canning remedy for nose and throat, and is often found again and again, which I thank a pretty good pro of use and usefulness; in summer, how about it has frequently appeared to such a benefit the little victims as they were, from the grave. It saved the life of many children, and of such and such a child. I have repeatedly heard and in different cases of adults, I have found it a charm, and give permanent relief in a few hours— I may say in a few minutes.— In fine it is a valuable medicine, and no doubt should be without it. Respectfully, M. L. Knarr, M.D. D.D.D. Physician to the Baltimore Dispensary, and agent for the Maryland Vaccine institution. From Dr. Win. Bacon, Pastor of the Baptist Church at Wardsville. Alenn county. Drum u long acquaintance with Dr. Jayne's Carminative Balsam, I believe it to be a ver\ j nappy combination, and a useful medicine in j many complaints which almost constantly oc* (cur in our country, such as Bowel Adections I to Children, Cholic, Cramps, l.oo-enei's, Dys peptic Disorders of the Stomach, Coughs, ami j vHectioiisuftlic Breast, together with BI those ; b.-cases 1 (tended with Sourness of tiie Sto each; and oeiieve that physicians wdi otter i»(i • t a useful remedy 111 f iie 1 r hinds, ant on* hat is proper for i.j nestic use. and can be* put uto the liand of persons at large with perfc .t 'afet \ , W v, . B acn v, M . i)„ Auodstown sa emCo., X. j.9 S:h\ 18 )1, l r» [;nni ai:>l soul by Dr. !>. Ja>ne, No. 2:. vmu Hsu i oreet. between Marke: and Ches !ia I he publ ar^ spectfuPy in'orme ! that \\r \a ui. er, Drugg'st, Alexandria, t« m\ \ eiB for the sale of the above meo'icmt. l)A\h; J A Y \ R t>hi‘..(]p]j' hof Jof v) t —v nissoTjTTiox. ^PH13»'o.Pprtnershipheretolore rxistii*?, mT 1. der the firms o( I >aae K ell & i of Thomas Ivel! J* Co., are this day <li><oivrd j hv mutual consent. in ronserjumire oflho with jdrawal of Nathan ivei! from said finu ■. ISA \C KKLT, Sr.. THOMAS KK1 A,t ISA A*1 IvKTT, Jr X Add IAN KFLL. ( _ I The hotness will be continued at the o!d ' shtud. lower end of Kinj* sirert. !>v the sub scribers, under the firm oi Isaac Kel! Sc Sons. ! who wiii li'iuidate all tin* debts against the former concerns. ISA A'* Kr.I.I,. Sr, TIP )\l \s KR[4[ jy*21—tf ISAAC KInLL, Jr. By FRENCH PICTURES. A new selection which thousands have experienced from their use. Mr. Over, they are founded on the wisdom, and experience of the British College in Physicians and Surgeons, of London, and are recommended by the world, and practice of Sir Astley Cooper. Abernathy, and Dr. Bubbington as well, by the greater part of the more eminent practitioners of England and the Continent. The limits of an advertisement will allow of entering upon an expiration of the principle on which this medicine is superior to so many different complaints. It must suffice to mention, that each package of the present containing three boxes, two of which are gently opening, with strengthening quality combined, adds to the most feeble constitution; while the other is purgative, but more or less so according to the dose. Thus, by varying these pills, and altering the doses agreeable to the directions given, it is astonishing to witness the number of cases which are cured or much alleviated by them, while there is no disease whatever which can possibly be injured by their use. They contain no mercury, and may be taken without the inconveniences of caution which other medicines can afford. The particular diseases which their efficacy has been proved as tested in many thousands of individuals can be the following: Dyspepsia, and the whole of those numerous maladies which arise from the following complaints of the bowels; Apoplexy, and all affections of the head; Gout, Rheumatism; Scrofula, with every species of Salt Rheum and Disorder of the Skin; threatening Consumptive Cough; Liver Diseases, whether the effect of impurity or hot climate; Fever and Ague; Common Fever, Ac.; Inflammations, Cholera. era Morbus, Ac.; Jana nee Dropsy; Piles; Gravel; Gieet. and other complaints of the Urinary and other organs, Ac. Ac. This medicine is also eminently useful. In the whole class of disorders, particularly those of the female constitution, especially those of the female. Epilepsy, St. Vitus's Dance, etc.; Sick Headache, certain obstructions, sexual weakness, etc. In such cases, it may be relied on as the best remedy for the disease in pregnancy, and for the common disorders of children. The directions given with these pills are remarkably plain and particular—the proper dose and management of the menstrual cycle, carefully mentioned under the head of each disorder separately. Jos. Ralph, M.D. Graduate of the University of Edinburgh; Member of the Royal Academy of Surgeons, London; Lecturer on Midwifery and the Diseases of Women and Children, etc. and author of the “Domestic Guide to Medicine.” Dr. Ralph's Domestic Guide is a little volume designed for the use of every family, particularly those residing in the country, it is written in the plainest manner, and is intended to encourage individuals, both in life and health, to undertake the management of their own complaints with safety and success. The price is very low, being only 25 cents, though neatly bound in book. Indeed, the object of its publication is rather with a view of spreading useful knowledge on disease, than any profit arising from its use. From its sale. Joseph Ralph, M.D.
| 0.579613
| -0.558552
| 946
| 3,685
| 95
| -1
|
Apartments for Rent
| false
|
99,518
|
github_open_source_100_2_8143
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
# Copyright 2019 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT-0
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this
# software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software
# without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify,
# merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
# INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
# PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
# HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
# SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
#
# This code expects that you have AWS credentials setup per:
# https://boto3.amazonaws.com/v1/documentation/api/latest/guide/quickstart.html
from logging import basicConfig, getLogger, INFO
from pyqldbsamples.constants import Constants
from pyqldbsamples.connect_to_ledger import create_qldb_driver
logger = getLogger(__name__)
basicConfig(level=INFO)
def create_table(driver, table_name):
"""
Create a table with the specified name.
:type driver: :py:class:`pyqldb.driver.qldb_driver.QldbDriver`
:param driver: An instance of the QldbDriver class.
:type table_name: str
:param table_name: Name of the table to create.
:rtype: int
:return: The number of changes to the database.
"""
logger.info("Creating the '{}' table...".format(table_name))
statement = 'CREATE TABLE {}'.format(table_name)
cursor = driver.execute_lambda(lambda executor: executor.execute_statement(statement))
logger.info('{} table created successfully.'.format(table_name))
return len(list(cursor))
def main(ledger_name=Constants.LEDGER_NAME):
"""
Create registrations, vehicles, owners, and licenses tables.
"""
try:
with create_qldb_driver(ledger_name) as driver:
create_table(driver, Constants.DRIVERS_LICENSE_TABLE_NAME)
create_table(driver, Constants.PERSON_TABLE_NAME)
create_table(driver, Constants.VEHICLE_TABLE_NAME)
create_table(driver, Constants.VEHICLE_REGISTRATION_TABLE_NAME)
logger.info('Tables created successfully.')
except Exception as e:
logger.exception('Errors creating tables.')
raise e
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
| 0.41938
| 0.790898
| 3,693
| 14,682
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,519
|
github_open_source_100_2_8144
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package typedecldefault;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import org.checkerframework.common.basetype.BaseAnnotatedTypeFactory;
import org.checkerframework.common.basetype.BaseTypeChecker;
import typedecldefault.quals.*;
public class TypeDeclDefaultAnnotatedTypeFactory extends BaseAnnotatedTypeFactory {
public TypeDeclDefaultAnnotatedTypeFactory(BaseTypeChecker checker) {
super(checker);
this.postInit();
}
@Override
protected Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> createSupportedTypeQualifiers() {
return new HashSet<>(
Arrays.asList(
TypeDeclDefaultTop.class,
TypeDeclDefaultBottom.class,
PolyTypeDeclDefault.class));
}
}
| 0.515531
| 0.725218
| 3,568
| 14,176
| 260
| -1
|
Java Code
| false
|
99,520
|
github_open_source_100_2_8145
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/********************************************************************
created: 2014/12/29
filename: HybridShaderSerializer.h
author: Crazii
purpose: hybrid serializer to save text content and other binary informations(semantics, etc)
*********************************************************************/
#ifndef __Blade_HybridShaderSerializer_h__
#define __Blade_HybridShaderSerializer_h__
#include <ShaderResource.h>
#include "BinaryShaderSerializer.h"
namespace Blade
{
class HybridShaderSerializer : public BinaryShaderSerializer
{
public:
HybridShaderSerializer();
~HybridShaderSerializer();
/************************************************************************/
/* BinaryShaderSerializer overrides */
/************************************************************************/
/*@brief prepare content for saving */
virtual bool getContentBuffer(SubShader* subShader, Buffer& buffer);
/*@brief loading intermediate from content buffer */
virtual HSHADERINTMEDIA loadContentBuffer(const TString& name, const void* data, size_t bytes,
const TString& profile, const TString entrypoint[SHADER_TYPE_COUNT]);
protected:
};
}//namespace Blade
#endif//__Blade_HybridShaderSerializer_h__
| 0.379124
| 0.44397
| 2,988
| 11,864
| 202
| 202
|
Computer Graphics Examples
| false
|
99,521
|
einleitungindiek00john_43
|
German-PD
|
Public Domain
|
Esist ferner nöthig, ehe wiraufdie Sache eingehen, nochmals (vgl.S. 447 — 453) an den Unterschied zwischen Verwandtschaft und Analogie, wie zwischen Homolo- gie und Analogie zu erinnern. Mit einander verwandt sind zwei Thiere in dem Grade, als sie nach einerlei Grundplan ihres Organismus erbaut sind und sich alle einzelnen Theile oder Organe des einen in denen des andern in gleicher Ver- bindung und Lage zu den übrigen vollständig wieder erkennen lassen, welches auch die Funktionen und Formen sein mögen, die das Organ in jedem der beiden Thiere annimmt. Die sich so entsprechenden Theile der zwei Organismen sind sich homolog. — Stellvertretend oder analog können sich Thiere sein, die nach ganz verschiedenen Grundplanen erbaut sind, wenn sie eine ähnliche Lebensweise und ähnliche Formen besitzen und durch diese aneinander erinnern; analog sind sich Organe, welche in verschiedenen Thieren dieselbe Funktion besitzen, dasselbe Ge- schäft verrichten, ohne nach Verbindung und Lage im Gesammt - Organismus mit einander übereinzustimmen. So sind die vielen Augen am Mantelrande der Pecti- neen mit den 2 Augen am Kopfe der Gartenschnecken, oder die baumartigen Kiemen auf dem Rücken der Gymnobranchier mit den paarigen Blätter-Kiemen an den Sei- ten der Muscheln nur analoge, nicht homologe Organe, während die 2 ungleich- grossen und rauh-blättrigen Klappen der Austern mit den 2 gleichgrossen glatten und Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. 659 zierlich gemalten bei Venus ungeachtet dieser Verschiedenheiten homolog und nicht blos analog sind; daher jene Thiere nur eine entfernte, diese letzten eine viel nä- here Verwandtschaft unter sich haben. Die Zusammenordnung im Systeme geschieht nur nach der Verwandtschaft; Analogie’n können in den am wenigsten mit einander verwandten Gliedern desselben wiederkehren. A. Verwandtschafts-Stufen. Der Grad der Verwandtschaft zweier Sippen oder Familien hängt von der Summe überereinstimmender Charaktere in ihrer äusseren Beschaffenheit sowohl als in ihrer inneren Organisation ab. Diese Summe ergibt sich aber nicht aus der blossen Zählung dieser Charaktere in quantitativer Weise, sondern es ist noch weit wichtiger, die übereinstimmenden Charaktere zu wägen und nach ihrem qualitativen Werthe zu würdigen, nach dem Grundsatz der Unterordnung der Charaktere, welchen A. L. de Jussieu zuerst bei Aufstellung der natürlichen Pflanzen-Familien so glücklich in Anwendung gebracht hat. Denn es kann ein übereinstimmender Charakter seiner Wichtigkeit nach mehr werth sein als zehn andere, oder eine Berücksichtigung verdienen, wenn auch eine Verschiedenheit in zehn andern sich ihm entgegen stellt. Diess gilt sowohl da, wo es sich um Bestimmung des Werthes der Merkmale zu Beurtheilung der Verwandt- schaft, wie zu Beurtheilung des Vollkommenheits-Grades handelt. Doch fehlen uns allerdings noch mitunter gute Gewichtssteine zur rechten Bestimmung dieses Ge- wichtes, und es ist vorerst noch nicht unsere Absicht, die Fragen zu einer schliess- lichen Entscheidung su bringen, sondern nur die Regeln aufzustellen, welche bei Entwerfung oder Wahl eines Weichthier-Systemes zu berücksichtigen sein würden. Wir wollen zunächst hiebei mehr das Verhalten der Natur selbst beobachten. Die Haupt-Abtheilungen eines jeden Systemes müssen daher nicht sowohl auf einer Vielzahl von Charakteren, sondern auf Grund-Charakteren beruhen. 1. Man hat nach mancherlei Beobachtungen den Grundsatz aufgestellt, ein Ver- wandtschafts- Charakter falle um so schwerer in die Wage und müsse um so wich- tigeren Gliedern des Systems (Familien, Ordnungen, Klassen) zur Grundlage die- nen, je frühzeitiger derselbe, schon vom frühesten Ey-Leben an gerechnet, an den werdenden Individuen jener System-Glieder (im Vergleich zu anderen Charakteren) kenntlich hervortrete. „Die zoologischen Verwandtschaften“ sagt Milne-Edwards, „sind proportional der Dauer eines gewissen Parallelismus bei den verschiedenen 'Thieren, so dass die entstehenden Wesen um so früher aufhören müssen sich zu gleichen, je verschiedenern Haupt - Abtheilungen unserer Systeme sie angehören, und dass alle leitenden Charaktere einer jeden dieser Gruppen nicht so- wohl in einigen bleibenden Eigenthümlichkeiten der Erwachsenen, als in der mehr 660 Kinige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. oder weniger verlängerten Dauer der gemeinsamen Grundbildung bestehen müssten.“ *) Wir wollen hier, was jedoch eben der hohen Bedeutung wegen nur mit gleichzeiti- ger Berücksichtigung auch der übrigen Thier-Kreise geschehen kann, da man auf ge- nannte Weise gerade für diese sehr gute Charaktere gewonnen hat, eine klassifikato- rische Übersicht von der ersten Entwickelungs-Weise des Embryo’s im Eye nach von Baer, Kölliker und van Beneden mittheilen. Nämlich der Embryo entsteht von einem Primitiv - Theile aus mit dem ganzen Leibe (vergl. S. 446, 447.) zugleich. (Evolulio ex una parle) (Evol. ex omnibus partibus) und wächst in der Fläche nach n 2 Richt. mit 2 symmetr. Seit. allen Richtungen gleichmässig (Ev. bigemina) ; (Ev. radiata.) schnürt sich an der Keimblase||schnürt sich an der Keim-g umschliesst die Keimblase ab, welche in den Embryo blase ab, welche in ganz eintritt den Embryo eintritt vom Bauche f vom Rücken vom Kopfe spät **) sehr früh Gastropoda, Würmer und Wirbelthiere $ Kerbthiere Cephalopoden Limacea Acephala Strahlen-Thiere. rn m Er Hypocotyle- Epicotyle- Allocotyledonea v. Bened, donea donea 2. Untersuchen wir ferner, welche Weichthiere am meisten nach einerlei Grundplane gebaut, und welche schon in der Gesammtform, in der Anwesenheit und gegenseitigen Lage homologer Theile verschieden sind, (was bei den ungeglie- (derten Weichthieren immer schwieriger oder unsicherer, als bei den gegliederten Wirbel- und Kerb-Thieren ist,) so erhalten wir ***): *) A. Wagner u. A. wenden dagegen ein, dass der Zustand eines Thieres in sei- ner Reife und höchsten Entwickelung beachtenswerther seyn müsse, als während sei- ner"unvollkommenen und unbestimmten Embryo-Form (vgl. auch S. 635, Satz 10.) **) Daher ein vorübergehender Dottersack vorhanden ist. ""*) Es sind hiebei jedoch sogleich einige Charaktere mit aufgenommen, welche mehr auf die Gesammt-Organisation als auf den Bau-Plan Bezug haben, wie die Generations- Verhältnisse, Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassiflkation. 661 mtr jprrrrrrree ee ne Kopf mit Zunge, Kopf-Augen, Fühler sind vorhanden (Cephalophora) fehlen (Acephala) a a ne Fe fi IT RI TR RER Abdomen; Neural-Krümmung des Postabdomen ; Unterseite wohl unterschieden ; Unterseite meist Darms (S. 452.) Hämal-Krümmung 2klappige Schaale. nicht unterschie- des Darms; 3 7 : z E den; Greiforgane; Keine Greiforgane ; mit Fuss; Diöeisten; Eenenn je2 seik, urn Mn Az keine Sähanes ohne Fuss:| mit Rus; meist*) asymmet- 2 EEE migen Kiemen am Kein Kume 8 symmetrisch;, asymmetrisch ; riäch mia. fast gleichgek; Mantel ; meist sehr Diöeisten Wechselzwilter Heteropoda u. us [ Srrneris Di nee me | Bieneneet jreh mit ne und BerEDeN ohne 2. Kriechfuss | Schwimm- ropoda (Cteno- IIRRENANBAUgEIE, Ui ENRuEn Rue | Fass Bu ea Inne Meist Diöcisten. Selbstzwitter. Selbstzwilter. I ’ | matobranchia, Cephalo- | Pulmo- Ptero- | Gymnobran- || Lamellibran- | Brachiopoda. Tunicata. poda. | nata. |poda.z.Th. chia.) H chia. *) Symmetrisch sind einige Heleropoden und die Chitonen. Somit wäre (von den Bryozoen immer abgesehen) nach Satz 1 die Kluft zwi- schen den Cephalopoden und den übrigen Weichthieren grösser, als irgend eine andre auffinäbare, was wohl auch in der Natur richtig ist. , Weniger wird man damit ein- verstanden sein, dassdieLimaceen von den übrigen Gastropoden entfernter stehen sol- len, als diese von den Acephalen, und in der That muss die Scheidelinie, welche diese zwei Gruppen trennt, gegen andern gewichtigere zurückstehen, weilsie nicht auf ganz verschiedenen Charakteren, sondern nur auf dem Mehr oder Weniger eines und des- selben Charakters beruhet. Die erste Metamorphose der Pteropoden ist unbekannt (5.428). Berücksichtigen wir aber die Einfachheit ihrer Organisation im Ganzen, den oft unvollkommenen Kopf, die Übereinstimmung ihrer Form mit der im Embryo-Zu- stande der Gastropoden, den öfteren Mangel besondrer Athmungs - Organe, die Beschränkung ihrer Bewegungen auf die unvollkommenste Form, auf Schwimmen in einem gleich-schweren Medium, so werden wir zur Vermuthung geführt, dass ihnen gewöhnlich wie auch hier in der zweiten Tabelle eine zu hohe Stufe ange- wiesen seye. 3. Unterscheiden wir,aber nach demselben Grundsatze sogleich die Weich- thiere in solche, welche einen Theil der (äussern) Metamorphose noch nach dem Austritte aus dem Eye zu durchlaufen haben, und in solche, die schon wesent- lich vollendet daraus hervorgehen und daher keinen grössern Theil ihres Lebens in unvollkommenem Zustande verbringen, so erhalten wir (freilich in einigen Fällen schwankend): mit vollendeter Metamorphose. | mit fortdauernder Metamorphose Cephalopoda; Gastropoda pulmonata. | Gastropoda relig., ? Pteropoda, Acephala. Die Beobachtungen über die Metamorphose der Weichthiere (S. 410—453) liefern uns noch viele Thatsachen über die Entwickelungs-Folge der einzelnen Theile des Körpers, welche oben bei den Klassen (S. 410— 447) meisiens bestimmt hervor- gehoben worden ist. Doch kommen die einzelnen Organe in den verschiedenen Klassen 662 Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. nicht überall in gleicher Ordnung zum Vorscheine, und nicht immer lässt sich die Rei- henfolge des Auftretens von Organen, deren jedes längre Zeıt zu seiner Ausbildung braucht, genau ausdrücken, und ebenso nicht immer mit dem Auftreten eines Orga- nes auch schon dieser oder jener bestimmte Charakter sich daran erkennen. Im Allgemeinen ist die Ordnung folgende: äussre Hülle (Mantel oft erst später abge- schieden); Gestalt mit Vorn und Hinten, Unten und Oben; Schaale; Nahrungs-Ka- nal, Mund- und After-Öffnung und Leber; Fuss; Muskeln; (Kopf und Arme der Cephalopoda); Nerven-System und Sinnes-Organe (zuweilen etwas später, öfter et- was früher); (Kiemen-Sack;) zuletzt Kiemen und Herz; sehr spät die Genitalien. Nur bei den Cephalopoden, wo einige Organe mehr, oder stärker ausgebildet, vor- kommen, ändert sich die Ordnung etwas; die ihnen eigenthümlichen Theile, Kiemen- Trichter und Arme, beginnen sehr frühe ihre ersten Spuren zu zeigen; Flossen, grosser Kopf und Kiemen folgen bald nach. Wäre mithin der unter 1. aufgestellte Grundsatz unbedingt richtig, so wären von den aus Herz, Kiemen und Genitalien hergeleiteten Merkmalen keine sehr wesentli- chen Hülfsmittel für die Hauptabtheilungen des Systems zu erwerben; und doch be- ruhen bis jetzt in allen Systemen die Ordnungen der Weichthiere darauf, ohne dass wir bessere anzugeben wüssten. Andrerseits müsste der Bau des Mundes über- haupt viel mehr in Betracht gezogen werden, als bis jetzt geschehen, wo nur die An- wesenheit oder Abwesenheit der Zunge und etwa seine rüsselartige Verlängerung einige wichtigere Merkmale geliefert haben. 3. Im allgemeinen würde man annehmen wollen, dass ein höheres Organen- System auch werthvollere Charaktere für die Klassifikation abgeben könme, als ein tieferes, wo dann die organischen Systeme sich so ordnen würden: Nerven-System, Bewegungs-System, Fortpflanzungs-System, Ernährungs-System *). Inzwischen sind (die verschiedenen Organen-Systeme bei verschiedenen Kreisen, Klassen, Ordnun- gen u. s. w. gewöhnlich sehr ungleichmässig entwickelt, eines vorherrschend und andere zurückstehend ; und man darf überall hoffen, in dem herrschenden und nicht im unterdrückten Systeme gute Merkmale zu finden. Dann können auch verschie- (dene aus einerlei System zu entnehmende Charaktere selbst von sehr ungleichem Werthe sein. Daher möchte von diesem Grundsatze nur eine sehr bedingte An- wendung gemacht werden. Auch entwickelt sich das Ernährungs-System überall sehr früh, das Nerven-System (bei Wirbellosen Thieren) später, das Generations- System zuletzt, so dass dieser Grundsatz mit einem der vorigen in unmittelbaren Widerspruch gerathen würde. *), In der That charakterisiren diese 4 Systeme gewissermaassen die 4 Kreise des Thierreichs, das vorwaltende Nerven-System die Wirbelthiere, das vorwaltende Be- wegungs-System die (meisten) Kerbthiere, während in den Weichthieren das Assimilations- System neben dem Generations - System am höchst-n entwickelt ist, in vielen Pflan- zeuthieren aber die 3 ersten Systeme sehr unvollkommen sind. Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. 663 B. Vollkommenheits-Stufen. A. (Arbeits-Theilung.) Es ist Milne-Edwards gewesen, der (1823) die Lebens-Verrichtungen des Organismus mit der Lebensthätigkeit der menschlichen Gesellschaft verglich und daraus den Schluss zog, dass in der einen wie in der ar- dern die Arbeit verbessert, die organische Einrichtung vervollkommnet, das Leben gesteigert werde durch gesteigerte Arbeits-Theilung, dort zwischen den Indi- viduen der Gesellschaft, hier zwischen den Organen des Körpers. Je manchfaltiger daher die Lebens - Verrichtungen seien und je grösser die Manchfaltigkeit der Or- gane und ihre Ausbildung, je selbstständiger und ausschliesslicher ein jedes Organ seine besondere Aufgabe verrichte, auf desto höherer Vollkommenheits-Stufe stehe der Organismus in der Reine aller Organismen, im Systeme. Der geistreiche Ver- gleichende Anatom hat diese Ansicht neuerlich (1851) in der oben genannten Schrift ausführlich entwickelt *), und wir stellen sie an die Spitze der Beobachtungen über diesen Gegenstand, glauben jedoch den Inhalt dieser Thesis in mehre Sätze zerlegen zu müssen. Eine allgemeine Ansicht von der Ungleichheit der Lebens-Verrichtun- sen und der Art und Zahl für sie bestimmter Organe wird man inzwischen schon aus der zweiten Tabelle S. 661 schöpfen können. Jedermann wird geneigt sein anzu- erkennen, dass die dort bezeichneten Weichthiere mit Kopf, Zunge, Kopf-Augen und Fühlern, also mit entwickelterem Gehirn, Sinnes-Organen, Greif- und Fress- Werkzeugen (Zunge und Kinnladen) höher stehen als jene, welche diese Organe nicht wahrnehmen lassen; dass ebenso die Bewegungs-fähigen Mollusken mit einem be- stimmt unterschiedenen Vorn und Hinten, Oben und Unten, mit Fuss und Flossen und gar mit Greif-Armen versehen über den Festsitzenden und Festgehefteten ohne vollständig differenzirte Körper-Seiten und ohne Bewegungs-Apparat stehen müssen, wenn auch diese letzten, je unbeweglicher sie sind, desto mehr Mittel zu haben scheinen, um Strömungen des Wassers mit Lebensluft und Nahrungsstoff versehen gegen Kiemen und Mund hin zu bewirken. Ebenso stehen die Diöcisten (als solche) gewiss höher, als die Zwitter, wo die Geschlechts-Organe noch nicht einmal in ver- schiedene Individuen auseinandergetreten, die Spezies noch nicht durch zwei Indi- viduen vertreten ist, wie bei allen Wirbel- und Kerb-Thieren. Wenn aus Vergleichung verschiedener Organisationen die höhere Vollkommen- heits-Stufe einer Thier-Gruppe gefolgert werden soll, so ist es oft wesentlich, vorerst richtig zu beurtheilen, welche Thier-Gruppen innerhalb des Kreises der Verglei- chung liegen, und welche wegen eines mehr abweichenden Bildungs-Typus davon auszuschliessen sind, um nicht zu naturwidrigen Resultaten zu gelangen. 1) Vor Allem würde das Individuum sowohl, als das einzelne Organ um so vollkommener erscheinen müssen, je vollständiger beide individualisirt, je weniger sie mit andern verschmolzen, und je mehr sie in Textur, Form und Thätig- keit von andern unterschieden sind. *) Seit 1850 hat Bronn denselben Gedanken durch „Differenzirung* des Organis- mus und seiner Organe ausgedrückt (in der Allgemeinen Zoologie S. 151—152) und Diess später in einzelne Momente zerlegt, die wir hier aufnehmen. 664 Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. a. Individualitäts-Stufen der Einzelnwesen. Individuen aus Eiern, getrennt . ; & . fast alle Mollusca, (ausser) Individuen durch Sprossung zusammenhängend die meisten Tunicata. b. Männliche und Weibliche Organe Cephalopoda, in 2 Individuen: Diöcisten ; e - - Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Lamellibranchia, einige, Gastropoda Pulmonata et Wechselzwitter ; - Opisthobranchia. in einem Individuum Lamellibranchia, meist, Selbstzwitter Vrchipad, ( Tunicata. Dass indessen diese Unterschiede in den Geschlechts-Verhältnissen nicht sehr eingreifend sein können, erhellt daraus, wie sie sich auf die übrigens gleichen und ungleichen Organisationen vertheilen. c. Vordere Mund- und Kiemen-Öffnung getrennt > ß e . & > . fast alle Mollusca, (ausser) gemeinsam . . \ . - : : R Tunicata. d. Assimilation und Chilification getrennt i R a r Athmung verschieden R . - ; . fast alle Mollusca, (ausser) einerlei ’ ‘ ! : h 2 5 b Pteropoda (zum Theil). f. Werkzeuge der Athmung und Eyer-Entwickelung. Erste unabhängig - - . Ä B . Cephalophora. Lamellibranchia, Erste zugleich für den zweiten Zweck dienend Brachiopoda. 2) Je vollommmener eine Lebens-Verrichtung wird, desto mehr zieht sie sich aus der allgemeinen Körper-Masse in ein bestimmtes Organ und dieses sich auf eine bestimmte Stelle des Körpers zusammen, während bei den niedersten Thieren alle Funktionen (Ernährung, Athmung, Vermehrung, Empfindung) allen Körper- Theilen gleichmässig zustehen; das Organ konzentrirt sich. Bei den Weich- Thieren lassen sich manche Verhältnisse dieser Art nachweisen, z. B. a. Athmung nur an bestimmten Stellen: die meisten Mollusca (ausser) mittelst bestimmter Organe| um den Rücken . Hypobranch., Pomatobranch. über den ganzen Rücken Gymnobranch. Amphipneusta Actaeon, Limapontia, ete. mittelst der Oberfläche des Mantels . s ? Brachiopoda. Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. 665 3) Während bei den niedersten 'Thieren alle Wechselwirkung des Körpers un- mittelbar von der Oberfläche aus mit der Aussenwelt stattfindet, ziehen sich bei höheren Thieren alle Organe, mit Ausnahme der Bewegungs - Werkzeuge, immer mehr ins Innere zurück, interniren sich, um dort theils Schutz und theils die Mittel zu innigerer Konzentration zu finden. So bei den Weichthieren: a. Die Athmungs-Werkzeuge sind Cephalopoda. innerlich unter dem Mantel - Nur Prosobranchia. Tunicata. äusserlich und innerlich » . . P Onchydium. unter dem Mantel-Rande und durch die \Gastropoda Opisthobranchia, inkdklich Schaale geschützt oder schützbar Acephala Lamellibranchia. auf dem Mantelj ter der Schaale . Acephala Brachiopoda, nackt 5 z . Gastropoda Gymnobranchia. b. Der Körper mit seinen sämmtlichen Organen ist im Mantel mehr und weniger ein- und an-geschlossen, nämlich eingeschlossen rundum, AUEREEU BEN Kopfe . . Cephalopoda. am Rücken allein . ; - . Gasiropoda. theilweise frei, nur am Rücken angewachsen. unten geschlossen . - ; e Tubicolae. unten theilweise offen : - viele Lamellibranchia. viele Lamellibranchia. unten ganz offen i B Brachiopoda. 4) Eine Folge dieser Konzentrirung ist dann auch die Verminderung (Redu- zirung) der Zahl gleichwerthiger Organe in einerlei Individuum. Die Vielzahl gleichwerthiger Organe (Zähne, Beine, Augen, Kiefern, Kiemen) ist nur ein Über- gang von gänzlichem Mangel eines besondern Organes für diesen Zweck zur höhe- ren Ausbildung dieses letzten. Wir werden daher bei den Weichthieren schlies- sen müssen, dassStufen der organischen Vollkommenheit in folgenden Verhältnissen angedeutet sind. a. Augen. zwej (gross und die übrigen Acephala. b. Kiemen. ? 2 in der Kiemenhöhle & £ > , j Cephalopoda dibranchia. 2 und mehr in der Kiemenhöhle = . . Gastropoda etenobranchia. 4 in der Kiemenhöhle . . 4 R - Cephalopoda tetrabranchia. 4 paarweise, an den Seiten i - ! - Lamellibranchia. viele freian Rücken u. Seiten (mitunter der ganze Rücken) yon RE ) Cyelobranchia. die/'ganze Kiemensack-Wandung i } Tunicata (viele). 5),So erscheinen uns die mehrzähligen paarweise stehenden Schaalen-Muskeln der Brachiopoden als eine Unvollkommenheit ; die zwei etwas differenten Schaalen- 666 Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. Muskeln der dimyen Lamellibranchier aber, dem nur einzähligen (oft etwas zwei- theiligen, doch indifferenten) Muskel der monomyen Lamellibranchier gegenüber, als vollkommenere Bildung. Muskeln zwei different : 5 5 - ö Dymien. Muskeln einer : x . E . s Monomyen. Muskeln mehrzählig, paarweise gleich “2 - Brachiopoden. 6) Jedes Organen-System, das sich weiter durch den Körper verbreitet, bildet sich zuletzt einen Mittelpunkt, das Gefäss-System im Herzen, das Athmungs- System in den Lungen, das Nerven-System im Gehirn u. s. w. Bei den Weich- thieren indessen geschehen nur einige Schritte in dieser Hinsicht vorwärts. So bildet sich zuerst der Sitz des Gehirns als ein äusserlich unterscheidbarer Körper- Theil, Kopf, aus, welcher insbesondere noch durch seine Zunge charakterisirt ist bei den Cephalophora oder Glossophora, gegenüber den Acephala oder Aglossa; dieser Kopf tritt aus dem Mantel hervor, während das, was früher davon vorhanden gewesen, der Mund, zwischen dem Mantel verborgen lag. Dann umgibt sich der Gehirn-Knoten bei den Cephalopoden, aber nur bei diesen allein, mit einer Art Kapsel, dem Schädel, während das übrige Nerven-System ohne besondern Schutz bleibt. 7) Thiere, welchen eine höhere Funktion oder das Organ dazu mangelt, sind oft mit einem Organe für eine minder vollkommene Verrichtung versehen, um die erste, wenn auch auf eine unvollkommene Weise, zu ersetzen. Oft ist dieses Er- satz-Organ dann auch noch für andre Zwecke bestimmt: die Arbeits-Theilung ist unvollkommen. So vermögen die unbeweglichen Tunicaten eine grosse Menge Was- ser in ihre Lungenhöhle einzuziehen und wieder gewaltsam auszustossen, um bei neuer Aufnahme desselben zugleich eine Menge kleiner Meeresthiere als Nahrung in die Nähe ihres Mundes zu bringen, -— jenes wechselweise Einziehen und Aus- stossen kann also für Ernährung und Athmung (bei den beweglichen selbst noch für Bewegung zugleich) dienen. Die Lamellibranchiaten dagegen, welche meistens ihre Stelle wechseln können, obwohl sie nach getroffener Wahl des Ortes es ohne Noth nicht mehr thun, besitzen zu beiden Seiten des Mundes blattförmige Anhänge, um das Wasser mit seinen kleinen Bewohnern gegen denselben in Bewegung zu setzen; dieses Organ entschädigt sie daher bei ihrer Ernährung für den Mangel an grösserer Beweglichkeit, ohne jedoch auch noch zur Athmung zu dienen. 8) Es ist schon oben (8. 661, Satz 3) auf den Eintritt oder Mangel einer weiteren Metamorphose nach vollendetem Ey-Zustande hingedeutet worden. Man wird zwei- felsohne das Thier als vollkommener zu betrachten berechtigt sein, welches sein ganzes selbstständiges Leben in einem Vollkommenheits -Zustande zubringt, welchen das andere erst nach langen Metamorphosen spät am Ende seines Lebens erreicht. Es werden also die Ametabola als solche höher stehen, als die Metabola oder mit einer Metamorphose versehen Weichthiere? (Die höheren Wirbelthiere sind ametabola). 9) Im Allgemeinen wird eine Harmonie der Entwickelung aller organi- schen Systeme höher anzuschlagen seyn, als die einseitige Entwickelung eines Sy- stems auf Kosten der anderen hiedurch zurückgedrängten (wir erinnern an die Flug- u u Zu he Fi En ne U a Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. 667 Organe der Vögel), es seie denn das vorwaltende zugleich das höchste, das Nerven- System. Eine solche harmonische Entwicklung der Theile liefert auch die typi- schen Formen in jeder Klasse, Ordnung u. s. w., die einseitige die aberranten. 10) In Verbindung mit dem Vorigen scheint der Schluss zu stehen, dass alle Formen, welche ein Thier in den späteren Phasen seiner Metamorphose annimmt, als solche für höher zu halten sind, als diejenigen, welche es in den früheren besitzt und in der späteren ablegt (S. 660). 'Thier-Formen, welche zu diesen späteren gar nicht gelangen, würden dann als unvollkommner, als auf früherer Stufe stehen ge- blieben erschienen. In Folge dieses Grundsatzes würden die grösseren Formen über den kleineren stehen müssen, in dem Falle wenigstens, wo dieses Kriterium das allein entscheidende wäre, und in der That zeigt Milne-Edwards *), dass die Masse nicht ohne Einfluss auf die Entwickelungs-Stufe der Thiere ist. Wir würden dann, wenn wir die Durchschnitts-Grösse in den verschiedenen Weichthier-Ordnungen nur allein berücksichtigen, erhalten 3. Cephalopoden. | Gastropoden. "JAcephalen. 1. Pteropoden. Wir würden dagegen die nackten Weichthiere höher stellen müssen, als die Beschaalten, weil fast alle nackten mit Schaale geboren werden und solche erst spä- ter verlieren. Wir würden dann, wenn wir nur die Sippen je einer Ordnung als miteinander vergleichbar betrachen, erhalten: Sepien. bei den Cephalopoden | ilsan . Land-Pul 5 | Limaceen. bei den Laud-Pulmonaten Pe | Gymnobranchia! (die meisten.) Indessen sind die durch den Mangel einer äusseren Schaale schutzlos erschei- nenden Weichthiere mehr als hinreichend entschädigt durch furchtbare Angriffs- Waffen (Sepiae), schnellere Bewegungstähigkeit (dieselben und Pteropoden), ver- steckteren Aufenthalt oder leichte Rückzugsfähigkeit dahin (Limaceen), durch ein die Entdeckung hinderndes Aussehen (festsitzende Tunicaten). Nur die Gymnobran- chier scheinen vergessen worden zu sein? Wir würden aber ferner nach derselben Schluss-Weise sogar die augenlosen Thiere höher als die mit Augen versehenen, die festgewachsenen höher als die mit Flossen schwimmenden und leicht beweglichen Formen stellen müssen, weil alle festsitzenden Weichthiere in der Jugend frei sind und schwimmen, und sich erst später an einem Orte festsetzen, und weil in ihrem Jugend-Zustande viele mit Au- gen versehen sind, welche später dergleichen nicht mehr bedürfen und haben. Wir müssten die Thiere mit mehren gleichwerthigen Rücken-Kiemen höher stellen, als die mit wenigen, weil die Kiemen während der Entwickelung des Individuums nur allmählich an Zahl zunehmen. bei den Kiemen-Gastropoden *, Gestaltung des Thierreichs, $. 12. 668 Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. Daher dürfen wir jenen Schluss in seiner allgemeinen Form nur mit einiger Vorsicht ziehen, Denn wir sehen in allen grösseren Thier-Gruppen des Systemes Thiere, welche anfangs nach demselben Grund-Plane gebaut sind, nach verschiede- nen Richtungen auseinandertreten, um sich den verschiedenen äusseren Lebens-Be- dingungen anzupassen, in welchen sie fortan zu leben bestimnit sind. Wir dürfen bei deren Vergleichung mit einander nur diejenige Veränderungen für Vervollkomm- nungen halten, welche sie einer vollkommeneren Lebens-Weise entgegen führen. So würden zweifelsohne die Vögel mit vollkommneren und manchfaltigeren Bewegungs- Organen als die Säugthiere versehen sein. Wie aber das Leben im Flüssigen oder im Wasser dem Urzustande, dem Fötus-Leben aller Thiere entspricht, so ist das Leben auf festem Boden und nicht das in der Athmosphäre die Bedingung der höchsten und vollkommensten Ausbildung des Thieres. So ist unter übrigens gleichen Ver- hältnissen und bei sonst nahestehender Entwickelungs-Stufe das Wasser-Thier als un- vollkommner, als auf tieferer Stufe zurückgeblieben zu betrachten, als das Land- thier; und der Süsswasserbewohner bleibt fast überall wieder den Landthieren näher, als der Salzwasser-Bewohner, so dass er als Mittelglied eintreten kann. Mit diesem Aufenthalt in verschiedenen Elementen steht aber auch die Athmungs- und die Be- wegungs-Weise immer in nächster Beziehung. Und schon an sich ist das Schwim- men die leichteste und einfachste Bewegungs-Weise, weil das Wasser-Thier, von gleicher Eigenschwere mit dem es umgebenden Fluidum und von diesem getragen, nur nöthig hat sich voranzubewegen; das Landthier muss sich auf fester Unterlage stützen und vorantragen; das Flugthier sich in leichterem Medium schwebend erhalten und zugleich voranbewegen. Dieses bedarf mithin der vollkommensten Bewegungs- Organe, ohne jedoch mit solcher einseitigen stärkern Entwickelung des Bewegungs- Systems der höchs!en Vervollkommnungs-Stufe sich in gleichem Grade nähern zu können, wie das Landthier auf festen Boden, dessen Bewegungs-System in Harmo- nie bleibt mit den übrigen Systemen. So erhalten wir folgende Abstufungen für ‚die Weichthiere je nach ihrem Aufenthalt. Wohn-Element. Athmuäg. Bewegung. 3. Land-Bewohner. Lungen. Kriecher . . 2» 2 2.2... Gastropoda Pulmon. 2. Süsswasser-Be- | Lungen. Kriecher . »- . Ctenobr. ete. Xriecher ? Fuss unvollkommen.. Heteropoda. 1. Meerbewohner. Schieber » » «0... . Lamellibranchia pars. RE MERNRE mit Flossen . . Pteropoda. d. ausgestoss. Wasser Tunicata (pars). ER Tubulibranchia. Festsitzende . . ENG 1 Tunicata (pars.) Diese Bewegungs-Fähigkeit der meisten Cephalopoden ist zweifelsohne vollkom- mener, als die aller übrigen Gruppen, welche hinsichtlich des Wohn-Elementes und des Athmungs-Systemes z. Th. über ihnen stehen; aLer der Grund-Plan ihrer Organi- sation ist zu abweichend von dem der Gastropoden wie Lamellibranchier und Tuni- Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. 669 caten, um in solcher Beziehung unmittelbar mit ihnen verglichen werden zu können. Die Vergleichung wird nur innerhalb der Klasse der Cephalopoden selbst statt- finden dürfen. Wenn man aber z. B. die Land-, die Süsswasser-, die Meeres- Bewohner je unter sich vergleicht, so entspricht die Vollkommenheit ihres Bewe- gungs-Organes überall der Vollkommenheit ihrer übrigen Organisation in den hier angegebenen Gruppen. Die unvollkommenste aller Bewegungs-Weisen jedoch fin- det sich im Fötal- und Jugend-Zustande der Wasser-Bewohner, das Schwimmen nur mittelst Flimmerhaare, welche zugleich die Athmung vermitteln. Doch ist es immer noch eine Lokomotion, die vielen Tunicaten im reifen Zustande völlig abgeht, weil die Anpassung an die äusseren Lebensbedingungen sulche nicht mehr erheischt. Ohne Giese Rücksicht müsste man folgern, dass die festgehefteten und zusammenge- wachsenen Thiere, weil sie es nur in späterem Alter sind, als solche vollkommner seien als die Schwimmer. 11. In manchen Fällen können wir über das Vollkommnere oder Unvollkomm- nere der Bildung, über die Dignität derselben, nur aus der Analogie urtheilen. Wenn wir daher sehen, dass bei allen über den Weichthieren stehenden Thier- Klassen die abgeschnürte Dotterblase sich (durch den Nabel) in den Embryo hinein zieht, während bei den tiefer stehenden Klassen der Embryo sich sogleich mit dem ganzen Leibe um die Keimblase herumbildet, so wird man auch unter den Weich- thieren selbst diejenigen, wo der Embryo sich an der Keimblase abschnürt, über jene stellen müssen, wo er sie gleich anfangs einschliesst (S. 660). Wenn wir ferner sehen, dass, je höher in der Reihe der Thier-Kreise hinauf, die sphenoide Form des Körpers mit differentem Vorn und Hinten, Unten und Oben, aber gleichem Rechts und Links, sich von der radialen Anordnung der Theile (Echinodermen) an immer vollkommner ausbildet, so werden wir auch die Weich- thiere (unten anfangend) so ordnen müssen: Rechts und links vollkommen gleich . ; i ‚Cephalopoden. Kopf deutlich . . 2 £ b R $ Gastropoden. Kopf oft wenig angedeutet i - ; - Pteropoda, Heteropoda z. Th, Kopf fehlt noch 2 B b : > : Lamellibrauchen. *) Rechts und Links meist ungleich **) Vorn und Hinten verschieden. Vorn u. Hinten fast gleich, Rechts u. Links meist ungleich: Brachiopoden. Radiale Theile fehlen. Radiale Fühler um den Mund, Vorn und Hinten genähert; kein Unten und Oben . : : : & . Sitzende Tunicaten. Wenn endlich die Grundlage aller Pflanzen aus einer ternären chemischen Ver- bindung (aus Kohlen-, Sauer- und Wasser-Stol), aus Cellulose besteht, während die Grund-Gewebe des Thier-Körpers ausser diesen 3 Elementen überall auch noch Stickstoff in sich aufnehmen, so müssen wir denjenigen Thieren, welche ausnahms- weise aus derselben chemischen Grundlage bestehen, wie die Pilanzen — wasim gan- *) Die Monomyen sind wieder in höherem Grade ungleichseitig, als die meisten Dimyen, *) Diese Ungleichheit ist bei den Bivalven oft nur im Schloss zu erkennen. 670 Einige allgemeine Grundsätze der natürlichen Klassifikation. zen 'Thier-Reiche nur bei den Tunicaten der Fall ist — eine unvollkommnere, min- der potenzirte Mischung zuschreiben und sie unter die Verwandten 2 » . . .... Tunicata. 12. Man sieht, dass die meisten Versuche, auf diesem Wege die Rang-Stufen der Vo!lkommenheit der Organisation festzusetzen, die sich leicht noch vermehren liessen, zur gleichen Reihenfolge der Weichthier-Gruppen führen. Da wo sich aber nun widersprechende Resultate zeigen, wird es darauf ankommen, von der S. 659 erwähnten Unterordnung der Charaktere eine richtige Anwendung zu machen. Nach fast allen diesen Versuchen, die Rangordnung zu bestimmen, würden die Pteropoden die tiefste Stelle unter den Cephalophoren einnehmen müssen, während Andre, wie insbesondre Loven (S. 649) und Huxley (S. 450) ihnen eine höhere Stelle mitunter zunächst bei den Cephalopoden anzuweisen geneigt sind. Unsre ge- gentheilige Ansicht haben wir schon 5. 661 zu begründen gesucht. Alphabetisches Register, Die Autoren sind nicht oder nur einmal, zur Geschichte der Malakologie, zilirt, Die Namen der Sippen sind vollständig, doch mit Ausschluss ihrer zahlreichen Wiederholungen in der Geschichte der Systeme (S. 579 ff.) in dieses Register aufgenommen; aus welcher man dagegen diejenigen Familien- und Ordnungs-Namen hier nachge- wiesen findet, welche im früheren Texte keine Erklärung erhalten halten. A. Abrachiopoda d’O. 644, Absonderungen s. Sekretionen. Acardines Rang 626. Acarus: auf Weichthieren lebend 459. Acephala: 98, Eintheilung 106, Kiemen 269, Aufenthalt 290, Cuvier's Klas- sifikation 979, 583, andere Klassifi- kations-Weisen 639. Acephales Lk. 581, Acephalophora 1 Acephalophores (Bi. 595, 598. Acera Blv. 597, 652; Bewegungs - Werk- zeuge 129, 134, Verbreitung 312, Zunge 364. Acerae Rang 625. Achatina. lubriea: Farbe der Eyer; geogr. Ver- breitung 305. octona: Schaalen-Kern 487. perdix: essbar 40, Schaale zu religiö- sen Zwecken 62. variegata: Eyer 497. Achatinella: Heimath 311. Achse der Wendelschnecken 541. Achtarmer 117, krabbeln 118, Achtarmige Kopffüsser‘124, fangen Beute Achtfüsser ) 352, Ackerschnecke (Limax agrestis) schädlich : 11, Gegenmittel 11, Schaden 11, Win- terleben 258, Begattung 400, Eyer wider- stehen der Kälte 404—407, Alter 459. Acochlides Latr. 600. Acrita: 649. Actaeon: Kiemen 266, Entwickelungs - Ge- schichte 419, 424, ohne Herz 636. Actaeonidae (Fam.) Allm. 638. Actaeonina: ohne Herz 636. Actiniae: verzehren Weichthiere 26. Adacna: in Brackwasser 303. Johnston, Konchylivlogie, Adams: genera of Mollusca 656. Adanson: malakologische Verdienste 569. Adelopneumona Gray 611. Adesmacea Blv. 599. Aeolidia: Zunge 363, Leber 367, Enutwi- ckelungs-Geschichte 419, 422. Aeolidiae Tr. 652. Aeolidinaea (Familie): Zunge 363. Aeolis (vgl. Eolis) : Entwickelungsgeschichte 419. Aetheria: bildet Muschel-Ablagerungen in West-Afrika 91, Wohn-Element 290, Heimath 311, 313. Aetheriadae Dsh. 641. After-Siphon der Muscheln 536. Agame Mollusken Latr. 600. Agathinae Dsh.: zuweilen statt Achatinae, Agathistegia (d’O.) Rang 624. Aggregatae (Asecidiae): 109. Aglossa Lov. 690. Ailees Lk. 591 == Alata. Akera s. Acera. Alaria esceulenta (Seetang): von Loligo ge- fressen 369. Alata: 651, Fleischfresser 357, Zunge 364. Albertia vermiculus: lebt in Schnecken 461. Albertus Magnus: S50. Albinos unter den Schnecken: 325. Aleyoneen: 332, Verdauungs-Organe und Nahrung 332. Aleyonium Schlosseri: Geschichte 586. Alder: Arbeiten über die Nacktkiemener 639. Aldrovandi: Konchyliolog. Leistungen 556. Allman: System der Nacktkiemener 638. Alter der Weichthiere 391. Amauroucium: Metamorphose 443. argus: Metamorphose 443 (Fig, 76 b.) proliferum: Metamorphose 443 (Fg. 76b.) Ametystinum: eine besondere Art der Pur- pur-Farbe 68. 43 672 Ametabola Lov. 648. Ammonacea Blv. 596. Ammondes Lk. 592 — Ammonacea und Ammoneae. Ammoneae Rang 625. Ammonitea Trosch. 651. Ammuonites: 98. Ammonitidae Ow. 627. Amphibolidae Gray 631. Amphidesma: Bewegungs-Weise 135. Amphipeplea glutinosa: Entwickelungs-Ge- schichte 412. Amphipneustea Tr. 651, Amphisphyra: Zunge 364. Amphistomum: ein Binnenwurm der Üe- phalopoden 462. Ampullacera: geograph. Verbreitung 311. Ampullaria: Schwimm-Blase 128, Augen 189, Athmungs-Werkzeuge 281, geo- graphische Verbreitung 311, Eyer 402, Schaalenbildung 469, Deckel 515, Zäh- lebigkeit 254. avellana: im Meere 331. celebensis: Athmungs-Werkzeuge 282, fragilis: im Meere 331. ovata: im Mittelmeer u. Süsswasser 330. urceus: Athmungs-Werkzeuge 282. Ampullariacea Tr. 651. Ampullariadae Gray 630. Ampullarina: Wohn-Element 290. Anastomus: hat die Mündung oben 491, 546. Anatina: Kiemen 273, Verbreitung 313, angebohrt 342. Anatinidae d’O. 642— 653. ‘ Ancillaria: grosser Fuss 162, Verbreitung 312, Zunge 345. marginata: Struktur 502, Ancula cristata: Puls 214. Ancylobrachia Gray 646. Ancyloidea: 692. Ancylopoda Gray 646. Ancylus: Gehör-Organ 191, Wohn-Element 290, geographische Verbreitung 311, Zunge 364, Schaale zum Thier 480, links gewunden 489. Androgynea: 174. Angyostoma limaeis: lebt in Wegeschnecken 461, 462. Angyostomata Blv. 596. Anodonta (Teich - Muschel): Schaalen- Struktur 218, Mischung 219, Kiemen 275, in Brack wasser 286 , im Finnischen Meere 303, ist getrennten Geschlechts 380, Entwickelung der Jungen 383, 384, nährt Binnenwürmer 461, Ju- gend-Form 485. anatina: Geschlechts-Verhältniss 382. cellensis: 382, eygnea: giebt künstliche Perlen 224, Ge- N ocbkuniin 382, erfriert nicht Alphabetische Register. undulata: Eyer-Zahl 384. ventricosa: nährt Binnenwürmer 461. Anomia: 106; ihre Befestigung 141; Ner- ven-System 173, Kiemen 274, Wohn- Tiefe 297, Verbreitung 313, Darm und Herz 327, 333, Geschlechts - Verhält- nisse 380, Stöpsel 450, Schaalen-Bil- dung 478. cepa: Kiemen 274. eymbiformis: eine Abweichung vun A. ephippium 493. ephippium: Schaalen-Struktur 218, 473, 493. squamula: Abart von A. ephippium 493. undulata: essbar 33. Anomiadae Cl. (Fam.): 692. Anosteophora Gray 610. Anosteozoaires Blv. 995. Antliobrachiophora Gray 610. Apan (Pinua): essbar 33. Aplidium: Befestigung 142, Metamorphose 440. Aplysia (Figur 2, S. 14): 102, giftig 14, Bewegungs - Werkzeuge 129, Wasser- führungs-System 165, Schlundring 173 (Fig. 32 b), Nerven-Farbe 176, Augen 189, Gefäss-System 203, 211, Harn- Absonderung 241, Geruchs - Absonde- rung 244, Kiemen 268, dauert in Siüsswasser aus 276, Wohn-Tiefe 298, Fleischfresser 346, Mund 358, Zunge 364, Entwickelungs - Geschichte 419, 422, Wachsthum, Alter 455, Schaalen- Kern 487. depilans: soll Pnrpur geben 69. dolabrifera: in Brackwasser 329. leporina: giftig 15. mustelina: lebt von Tang 347. punctata: gibt einen Purpursaft 238. viridis: Kiemen, Aplysiacea Blv. 597, Tr. 652. Aplysiadae Gray 630, Cl. 654. Aplysiae Rang 625. pflanzenfressend 357. Appareil apophysaire der Armfüsser 938. Aporobranchiata Blv. 597. Aporrhais: Unterschied von Rostellaria 484. pes pelecani: Farbe 229. Arapedas (Patella): 42. Arbeits-Theilung zwischen den Organen 661. Arca: 106, ihr Bart 141, 227, Kiemen 274, Wohntiefe 297, Verbreitung 313. barbata: Byssus-Bildung 227. bimaculata s. Peetuneulus bimaculatus. imbricata: Wohn-Tiefe 299. lactea: Wohn-Tiefe 298, 299, Verbrei- tung 306, 308. Noae: zuweilen giftig 18, ihr Bart 141, Verbreitung 306, Schaalenbildung 473. pexata: Mund-Lappen 335. senilis: Aufenthalt 336. tetragona: geogr. Verbreitung 306. Alphabetisches Register. Arcaceae: 652, Kiemen 272, Arcacees Lk. 590. Arcacidae d’O. 643. Arcadae FH. 646, Cl. 653. Arche, Arche-Muschel (Arca): 106, Bewe- sungsart 132, ihr Bart 148. Area: der Armfüsser 538. Areola: der Muscheln 528. Argonauta: 98, ob er seine Schaale selbst baue 83, Verbreitung 306, Eyerpflege 408, Entwickelungs - Geschichte ?430, Einrollung der Schaale 440, nährt Pa- rasiten 462, 463, männliche Organe 463, 464, für Parasiten angesehen; Schaalenbildung 477. argo: liefert einen Perlmutter-artigen Stoff 75 (Fig. 18, S. 83); — schwimmt u. krabbelt (seegelt nicht) 120, auch wenn man das Thier aus der Schaale nimmt (s. Oeythoe). Argus Poli: — Peecten 182. Arion (vgl. Limax): hat eine sogenannte Schleimröhre 164, Kiefer 360 (Fig. ), Eyer 404. ater: 78, von Helix gefressen 371. empiricorum : Schleimröhre 164, Geruchs- Sinn 179, Begattung 401 (Fig. 76"), Parasiten 459. Arionidae Gray 630. Aristoteles : malakologische Forschungen 953. Armfüsser (Brachiopoda): 98, Eintheilung 109, Kiemen 275, monöeisch 379. Armschnecken (Cephalopoda): Gefährlichkeit 12, Grösse 13, Augen statt Perlen 59. Artemis exoleta: leidet von Egeln 460, Schaale zum Thier 483. Arterien der Weichthiere 196 ft. Artiozoaires Blv. 59. Ascaris: schmarotzt in Weichthieren 461. Ascidia: 108, 647, Befestigung 142, Blut- Farbe 214, Wohntiefe 298, Vermeh- rungs-Weise 375. ampulloides: Metamorphose 445. clavata: Kiemen 277. conchilega: veıbirgt sich 170. intestinalis: Athmung 277. mammillata: Kiemen 277. microcosmus: Kiemen 276. monachus: Kiemen 278. mytiligera: Kiemen 278, Fig. 80. peetunceulata: Kiemen 278, Fig. 49. prunum: Kiemen 277. rustica: Verdauungs-Organe 333. Ascidiacea Blv. 599. Aseidiadae: 648. Ascidiae: 108, Sav. 587, essbar 42, ver- theidigen sich 168, Nerven-System 174, Kiemen 276, Wohntiefe 297, Nahrung und Verdauungs - Organe 331, Meta- u 473 morphose 440, Klassifikation von Sa- vigny 987. aggregatae: 109. sociales: 108, 647. Ascididae Mael. 647. Ascidiens Lk. 589. Asiphonobranchiata Blv. 596. Aspergillum: 108, Nestbauer 160, Verbrei- tung 313, ist ein Röhrenbe wohner 528, , A Aufenthalt Aspidobranchia 900. krypia Aspidobranchiata Schweig. 604[ Far SE, Aspidogaster conchicola: Parasit in Süss- wasermuscheln 461, 462. Astarte: geogr. Verbreitung 313. Astartidae d’O. 643. Assiminia: Fussbildung 128, Schaale zum Thier 481. Grayana: Schaale zum Thier 481. Astylidia Flemg. 607. Atalantidae Gray 630, Trosch. 651. Athem-Röhre oder Siphon der Muschel- Thiere 270. Athmung (Respiration): 249, Atlanta (Atalanta): 103, Bewegungs- und Lebens-Weise 113, 116, Zunge 364, Spindel-Lage 492. Atlantides Rang 624. Atrachia Sws. 623. ı Auflösung von Schaalen-Theilen, Felsen ete. durch Mollusken 506. Aufgewachsene Muscheln 489. Augen 182 (s. Gesicht, Oeuli, Ocelli), ihr Bau 183, 185, 187. Auricula: Zunge 364. coniformis fluviatilis Judae minima myosotis nitens scarabus Auriculacea Blv. 597, Tr. 651. Auriculae Fer. 625. Auriculidae Gray 631, d’O. 643, lösen ihre Schaale wieder auf 566. Aurieulina: Aufenthalt 290. Ausschnitt-Schnecke (Emarginula): 105. Austern (Ostrea): als Nahrungsmittel der Menschen 27, 42, Wichtigkeit des Handels 28, Mästung 28 ff., in Brack- wasser 287, zuweilen schädlich 16, grüne Färbung 30, sammeln Erfahrung 171, leben ausser Wasser 253, Sexual- Verhältniss 379, Eyerzahl 34. Austern-Bänke 28, Dänische 43. Austern-Fischer: lebt von Weichthieren 22. Austern-Fischerei : 28, 43. Austern-Region 297. Wohnort 327. 43* 674 Alphabetisches Register. Avieula: 106, Wohnort 298, Verbreitung Bohrende Weichthiere (Bohrer) a) in Sand 313. margaritifera Lk. s. Meleagrina marg. radiata: ist eine Junge 45. Avicnlacea Tr. (Fam.) 652. Aviculae (Familie) Rang 626. Awab (eine Halyotis-Art): essbar 37. Azara: Heimath 311. Azeca; Verbreitung 311. B, Bacassan: Indisches Gericht aus Tellina 33. Balanen-Region: 296, -Schaalen nach der Unterlage gestaltet 495. Balfour: Konchyliologische Leistungen 564. Band der Muscheln (ligamentum) 528. Band-Feld derselben 932, 533. Band-Grube derselben 534. Band-Knorpel: 533. Bandzüngler (Taenioglossa) 651. Barnacles — Balanus. Baınet 544, Barock-Perlen: 57. Bart 138, s. Byssus. Basis der Schnecken-Schaalen. 541. Bau der Konchylien 465, 485. Bauchfüsser (Gastropoda): 6, 97, Einthei- lung 100, kriechen 125, Bau ihres Fusses 125, Gefäss-System 201. Bauch-Klappe der Muscheln 536. Bauchspeichel-Drüse: 366. Befestigungs - Weise der Weichthiere 142, der Muscheln 490. Belemnites: 99, Belemnitidae Ow. 627. Belon, Konchyliologe: 555. Beloptera: Schaalen-Kern 487. Benitiers Lk. 590. Bernhards-Krebse lösen Schaalen auf 506. Bewegung der Weichthiere 109, 161. Bia (Cypraea moneta): Putzwaare u. Geld 60. Bibaron de marina s. Mactra corallina. Biforidae: 647. Biforipalla Latr. 601. Bildung der Kochylien 465, 485. Binnendeckel (clausulum) 548. Binnen-Konchylien: 289. Bious (Buceinum ete.): essbar 42. Bithynia: Deckel 515. Bivalves: (Zweischaaler, Zweiklapper, Mu- scheln) 6, Kieımen 270 (Fig. 74b, c.), Nahrung 331. Blackfish (Octopus): 39. Blainville’s malakologisches System 593. Blatta byzantina: 77. Blattkiemener ( Lamellibranchiata)! 214, Kiemen 272, monözisch 379. Blut: 196, 214, Farbe 214, Kügelchen 214, Kreislauf 196, Mischung 215. Puls bohrende, ihr Verfahren 136. 137, b) Fels-bohrende i44, ihre Mittel dazu, mechanische und chemische, 146 ft., 506, St. Bohrmuscheln s. Pholas. Bohr-Rüssel (Proboscis) 343. Bohr-Wurm: s. Teredo ; Boltenia: Befestigungs-Weise 142. ovifera:! Kiemen 279. Bonanni: Konchyliologisches Werk 558. Born, Konchyliologe : 975. Bothriocephalus: schmarotzt in Weichthie- ren 461. Botryllidae: M-L. 647. Botryllaires Lk. 589. Botryllus: Befestigung 142, Colonie 375, Metamorphose 440, 441, 444. Bouche d'argent Bouche d'or Bozue (Ampullaria ovata) Aufenthalt 330- Brachiopoda Lk.: 6, 98, 590, Eintheilung 109, geologisches Alter 88, Nerven-Sy- stem 173, Kreislauf 207, Aufenthalt 290, 298, geogr. Verbreitung 313, Me- tamorphose 440, d’Orbigny's Klassifi- kation 643, Gray's Klassifikation 646, Loven 650, Trosch. 652. Brackwasserbewohner : Kennzeichen 262. Branchia (Kiemen) 265. Branchiata Lov. 649. Branchifera (Kiemen - Mollusken , Kiemen- Träger) 265, bei Blainville 598, bei Fleming 609. Briarea: Bewegungs-Werkzenge 129, Ver- breitung 312. Brisıneus (Kruster) : felsbohrend S11. Brocehi’s Verdienste in der Malakologie 602. Brocchia: angeblich eine Abänderung von Capulus 495. Brocken-Perlen: 97. Bruguiere's Verdienste um die Weichthier- Kunde 585. Buceinea (Fam.): 651. Bueeineen : Zunge 345, 364. Buccinidae Gray 630. Buceinoiden: 103. Buceinoiden-Region des Meeres 297. Buceinum:: 104, essbar 42, gibt Purpur 68, frisst Fleisch 341, Zunge 345, Eyhülse 389, Entwickelungs-Geschichte 418, Färbung 498. achatinum: grosser Fuss 162. acuminatum: monströs 492 cassis: Färbung des Thieres 230, galilaeum (Melanopsis) in Salzwasser 328. harpa (== Harpa ventricosa) stirbt ausser Wasser 252, laevigatum: grosser Fuss 162. lapillus: s. Purpura lapillus. N Perlmutter-Schnecken 59, Alphabetisches Register. 675 Bueeinum oliva: stirbt ausser Wasser 251. retieulatum: sollte Purpur geben 70, geht in der Ostsee aus 302, Heimath 317, Grössen 323. striatum : eine Varietät von B. undatum 324, 496. undatum: als Köder 2}, essbar 35, bohrt sich in den Sand 137, Wasser- führungs - System 165 (Fig. 30), Au- gen 187, Schaale 216 , Langsamkeit 263, stirbt in der Ostsee aus 302, Heimath 317, Formen-Wechsel 324, bohrt als Fleischfresser andere Kunchy- lien an 342, Entwickelungs-Geschichte 416, links-gewunden 489, monströs 495. variegatum s. Tritonium variegatum. Bucephalus polymorphus : Schmarotzer ın Muscheln 461, 462. Buckeln der Muscheln 528 532, (Fig. 84.) Buckie or (Buceinum undatum): als Köder 24. Bulimulus undulatus: Mund 359. Bulimus: hat eine sogen. Schleimröhre 164, dauert lange ohne Nahrung 254, eigene Schaalen-Bildung 291, Heimath 310, Mund 359, Eyer und Nester 466, theils lebendig - gebärend 408, Schaalen-Bil- dung 469, links- gewunden 489, re- sorbirt Schaale 508. acutus: mästet Schaafe 22, ist Vogelkost 24 (Fig. 3a., S. 22), Farbenwechsel 325. aureus: links-gewunden 489. auris-leporis; schief-gestaltet 490. bicarinatus: Schaalen-Kern 487. chilensis : eine Grössen-Abänderung von B. rosaceus. eulminens: Wohnhöhe 293. decollatus: Schaalen-Struktur 503, Scha- den 11. gallina-sultana: Mund 359. haemastomus : Eyer 406, 407. kambeuil: Winterschlaf 239. Lyonetianus: links-gewunden 489, schief gestaltet 490. Mindoroensis: Eyer 406. nivalis: Wohnhöhe 293. oblongus: Schaalen-Bildung 476. obseurus: verbirgt sich 170 (Fig. 32.) ovatus: Schaalen - Kern 487, Schleim- Röhre 164. rosaceus: von verschiedener Grösse 497. truncatus: Eyer 406, stösst die Schaale ab 418. Bulla: 102, Wasserführungs - System 165, angeblich in Süss-Wasser 286, Wohn- Tiefe 300, Fleischfresser 346, Grösse- Wechsel 324, Zunge 364. akera: Bewegungs-Weise 134, bohrt sich in den Sand 137. fluviatilis: in Süsswasser 329. Bulla hydatis: in Brackwasser 329. lignaria: Augen 188. ovum : Fleischfresser 346. RR smaragdina: verlässt das Wasser 284. striata: Verbreitung 306. Bullacea : sind Fleischfresser 357, Zunge 363, Wohntiefe 297, Schaalenkern 487. Bullaea aperta: Augen 138, Fleischfresser 346, Zunge 363 (Fig. 63?), Entwicke- lungs-Geschichte 419. Bulleens Lk. 590. Bullia: Charakter der Schaale 484. Bulliana: grosser Fuss 162. Bullidae Gray 630, Cl. 694. Burgau: eine Perlmutter-Schnecke 59. Byssoarca: ihr Bart 141, 227. Byssus (Bart, Muschel - Seide): dessen Be- nützung 66, dient dem Thier zur Befe- stigung 138, wie er entsteht 139, ein Sekret 226, Struktur und Bildung 226, Mischung 229, Bedeutung 449. Bythinia: in Seewasser lebend 327, Eyzu - stand 425. C. Calamary: Englisch statt Calmar (Schreib- zeug). Calceolidae d’O. 643. Callus des Muschel -Schlosses 533, des Schnecken-Nabels 546. Calmar (Loligo): essbar 43. Calyptracea (Fam.) Blv. 598, pflanzenfres- send 357. Calyptraciens Lk. 590 = Calyptracea. Calyptraea: Wohntiefe 297, Geschlechts- Verhältniss 381, Eyerpflege 409. Calyptraeadae (Fam.) Cl. 653. Camac6es s. Chamacea, Cameen: ihre Geschichte 75. Camerina: 99. Campanulariae: bergen die Eyer von Ter- piges 422. Canalifera : 650, Zunge 345, 363, Fleisch- fresser 397. Canaliföres Lk. 991, s. Canalifera. Capelan-Fisch: 25. Caprinidae d’O. 644. Caprotiniadae Gr. 646. Capsa: Verbreitung 313. Capuli (Fam.) Rang 625. Capulidae Gray 630. Capuloideen 103, !pflanzenfressend 357, Capuloides, Fanı. 651, Zunge 364. Capulus: 103, Befestigung 142, Geschlechts- Verhältniss 886, Deckel 315, 523, s. Hipponyx- Hungaricus: 104, Färbung 499, unge- deckelt 525. Cardiacea: 107, Dsh. 641, Tr. 692. Cardiacdes Lk, 990 = Cardiacea. 676 Cardiadae (Fam.) FH. 645, Cl. 653. Cardien s. Cardium. Cardiidae d’O. 643. Cardita: Kiemen 274, 275, Verbreitung 313. aculeata: Wohntiefe 298. ealyeulata: Wohntiefe 3060, Mundlappen 335. eoncamerata: Fortpflanzungsart 383. squamosa: Wohntiefe 300. trapezia: Wohntiefe 300, Mundlappen 339. Carditae Dsh. 641. Varditidae d’O. 643. Cardium : 107, essbar 31, 35, 36, sitzend im Schlamm 136, Nerven-System 173, Athmung 271, Kiemen 274, 275, lebt zuweilen in Brackwasser 287, 303, Wohntiefe 297, 300, Metamorphose 433. aculeatum : essbar 31, Mundlappen 335. caspium (Adacna): im Kaspi-See 303. coloratum: im Kaspi-See 303. erassum: im Kaspi-Sse 303. echinatum:: leidet von Egeln 460. edule: essbar 31, Wanderungen 135, in Salz- und Süss- Wasser 286, 288, 302, 303, 331 (Fig. 5a, S.31) in Salz- und Süss-Wasser 930, Heimath 317, Grössa 323° glaucum : essbar 42. laevigatum: Mundlappen 335. laeviusculum : im Kaspi-See 303. oblongum : Mundlappen 335. papillosum: Wohntiefe 298. parvum: Metamorphose 434. plicatum : im Kaspi-See 303. pygmaeum : Metamorphose 434. rusticum: essbar 31, geht in der Ostsee aus 302, verkümmert im Kaspi-See 303, Ursache der Grösse 323. trigonoides: (Didaena) im Kaspi-See 303. tubereulatum : Mundlappen 335. vitreum: im Kaspi-See 303. Carinaria: 102, Bewegung 116, Augen 188, Zunge 364, Geschlechts-Verschieden- heit 386, Preis 569. eymbium: 102 (Fig. 15b) Carlton: malakologische Leistungen J6b. Carnivora (Zoophaga): Zunge 345. Carychium lineatum: Puls 213. Cassidaria: Verbreitung 312. echinophora: soll Purpur geben 70. Cassidea (Faın.) Cassideen. 651 Zunge 345, 364. Cassis: zu Wampums 62, bohrt sich in den Sand 137, Färbung des Thieres 229, Kanal der Schaale 450. glauca: Struktur der Schaale 503. rufa: monströs 492. testieulus: geogr. Verbreitung 307. tuberosa: Wasserführung 167. Castalia: Wohn-Element 290, Heimath 311. Cellaria (Bryozoen-Sippe). Alphabetisches Register. Cellaria ceramioides: Wohntiefe 298. Cellulacea Blv. 596. Cellulose: chemischer Bestandtheil der Tu- nicaten 527. Cenostoma: Heimath 311. Cephala Flıng.: 608. Cephales Lk.: 581. Cepbalidiens — Cephales. Cephalophora Blv. 596 Aufenthalt Cephalophores: Blv. 595, 648 290 Cephalopoda: Merkmale 5, 97, Eintheilung 99, Wasserführungs-System 163, Ge- ruchs-Organ 183, Herz 197, Harnab- sonderung 242, Phosphorescenz 244, Kiemen 269, verlassen das Wasser 285, Athmen 285, Aufenthalt 290, geogr. Verbreitung 306, 311, Entwickelungs- Geschichte 428, Cuvier's Klassifikation 579, 582, I.amarck’s Eintheilung 592, Blainville's Eintheilung 596, de Haan’s und d’Orbigny's 626; vgl. Kopffüsser, Arm-Schnecken. Ceratodes: Deckel 515. Cercaria: lebt an Schnecken 461, 462. Cerithia (Fer.) Rang: 625. Cerithiacea (Fam.) Cerithiaceen 651 Cerithiadae 654 Gerithium: 104, Skulpturen der Schaaie 65, Wohntiefe 287, Schaalen-Bildung 593, Entwickelungs-Geschichte 418. armatum : sezernirt einen grünen Saft 240, in Süsswasser 330. decollatum [? Melanopsis]: Schaalen-Bil- dung 903. lacteum: Wohntiefe 298. lima: Wohntiefe 299. mammilla: Wohntiefe 298. palustre: lebt einige Tage ausser Was- ser 253. reticulatum : im Meere 329. sulcatum : in Brackwasser 329. telescopium : liefert einen gelben Saft 241. truncatum : Bewegungs- Werkzeuge 132, bleibt über Wasser 284. vulgatum: Wohnort 298, Cervicobranchiata Blv. 598, Clarke 653. Chastogaster : lebt in Schnecken 461. Chalides: Gastrovascular-System 368, 636. Chama : 107, Verbreitung 313, oft ange- bohrt 345, Veränderlichkeit der Arten 493, Anfang der Schaale 486, 488. areinella: Schaalen-Kern 490. florida: Schaalen-Bildung 473, (Tridacna) gigas: 107. Lazarus : verkehrt 489. Chamacea Lk.:; 197, 590, Biv. 599, Rang 626, Dsh. 641, Tr. 652. Chamacidae d’O. 643. Chamadae FH, 645. hause 364. Alphabetisches Register. Chank (Turbinella pyrum und T. napus) zu Schmuck und religiösen Zwecken 65. Chank-Fischerei : 65. Cheliosomidae Sws. 623. Chemische Zusammensetzung der Tunica- ten 332. Chemnitz: Konchylien-Werk 575. Chilina: geogr. Verbreitung 311. Chilopnoa: Schwg. 604 (ubi Cilopnoa eır. typ.) Dombeyi: Aufenthalt 327. Chinesische Dinte oder Tusche 73. Chiroteuthis: 98, Heimath 311, 312. Chismobranchiata Blv. 597. Chiton : 105, 106 (Fig. 16), Nerven-System 173 (Fig. 32e), Kiemen 268, Wohn- tiefe 297, 298, Zunge 364, Darmkanal 365, ist getrennten Geschlechts 386, Entwickelungs-Geschichte 428, Schaa- lenrichtung 437, löst Kalk auf 509, essbar 33, giftig? 16. Chitonellus: Aufenthalt ausser Wasser 284, Verbreitung 312. Chitones (Familie) Rang 625. Chitonidae Gray 630, Tr. 651, 653, Ge- fäss-System 205, ausser Wasser 284, Nerven-System 635. Chitonina Lov. 690. Chondrus : links-gewunden 489. Chromatophoren der Weichthiere 234. Cingula alba: monströs 492. Cirripedes: 6. Cirrobranchia 651, Kiemen 269 Fig. 47a, Aufenthalt 290, Zunge 364, Cirrobranchiata Blv. 598, s. Cirrobranchia. Cladopoda Gray 614. Clam == Mya arenaria. Classification, natürliche, der Weichthiere 655 (vgl. Systeme). Clavagella: bohrt 144, Muskelbau 154, Nestbauer 160. australis : Aufenthalt 264. elongata: bohrt in Korallen 156, Auf- enthalt 264. lata: Aufenthalt 264. Gans Befestigung 142, Metamorphose 44. lepadiformis : Metamorphose 445. Clavieula: des Muschel-Schlosses 934. Clausilia: verbirgt sich 170, Verbreitung 310, Eyar 404, Spindel - Lage 452, links-gewunden 489. almissana: lange ohne Nahrung 254. bidens: Eyer-legend 408. bilabiata: Farbenwechsel 325. irregularis: Farbenwechsel 325. papillaris: Farbenwechsel 325. perversa: Oberkiefer 360, Fig. 62°. plieatula: Eyer-legend 408. semirugata: lange ohne Nahrung 254. strigillata: Farbenwechsel 325. 677 Clausilia suleosa: Farbenwechsel 325. ventricosa: lebendig-gebärend 408. Clausulum: (Binnendeckel) 548. Cleidothaerus 934. Cleodora: 99, 100 (Fig. 13a), Phosphores- cenz 244, Lebensweise 113, Kiemen 267, Verbreitung 313, Schaalen-Rich- tung 488. Ceodores. Cleodoridae Gray 1628, Clio: 21, Fig. 3a, 99, ein Futter für Wale 20, Schleim-Absonderung 243, Bewe- gungsweise 114, Kiemen 266, Ver- breitung 313, Zunge 349, 364, Ent- wickelungs - Geschichte 428, Homolo- gie'n 428, Warzen 450. borealis: Menge 115, Nervensystem 175. Clioidea Trosch. 651. Cliona celata? durchwühlt Schaalen 82, 464. Clione s. Clio. Clioneae (Fer.) Rang 624. Clionidae Gray 629. Clouvisso Clovisse Cochleae (Gewundene Schaalen, Wendel- Schnecken): 541. Cochlearia (Schnecken-Gärten): 40. Cockles (Cardium): in Süsswasser ? 288. Coelopnoa Schwg. 504. Colimacea Lk. 591 | Colimaces (Familie) | Columella (Säulchen, Spindel) der Schne- cken 546. Culumellaires Lk. | 591. Columellaria (Fam.) Columna, Fab.: Konchyliologische Leistun- gen 556. Coneentrirung der Organe und ihrer Ver- richtungen 622. Conchaceae Rang 626. Conchae (Muscheln) : Terminologie 927, — Familie Blv. 599, Dsh. 641. Conchifera: (Lamellibranchia) 6, Lk. 989, *“Trosch. 652, ihre Metamorphose 433. Conchodytes: schmarotzender Krebs 465. Concholepas: Heimath 312, Deckel 514, 524. Conchophora Gray (= Testacea): 614. Conchotrya (Kruster) : steinbohrend 501. Conchylium : gibt Purpur 68, und ist eine besondere Art der Pnrpur-Farbe 68. Coni (Fam.) Rang 625. Conina (Fam.) |Zunge 364. Coninen „ Conoidea (Fam.) Tr. 651. Conovulidae (Fam.) 654. Conovulus: von Auricula abgesondert 327.
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Во физичката космологија, бариогенезата е генерички термин за хипотетички физички процеси кои произведуваат асиметрија (дисбаланс) помеѓу бариони и антибариони произведени во многу раниот Универзум. а прашањето за барионите што останува и денес, по барионовото и антибарионовото уништување на предметот, го сочинува универзумот. Теориите за бариогенеза (од кои најзначајни се електрослабите бариогенези и GUT бариогенезата) ја вклучуваат и квантната областа од теоријата, и статистичка физика, за да се опишат сите можни механизми. Разликата помеѓу теориите за бариогенезата е опис на интеракциите меѓу основните честички. Следниот чекор по бариогенезата е многу подобро да се разбере Биг Бенг нуклеосинтезата, при што светлината почна да формира атомски јадра.
Позадина
Равенката на Дирак, [1] формулирана од страна на Пол Дирак околу 1928 година како дел од развојот на релативистичка квантна механика, предвидува постоење на античестички, заедно со очекуваните решенија за соодветната честички. Од тоа време, тоа е потврдено експериментално дека секој знае каков вид на честички има соодветна античестичка. Теорема КПТ гарантира дека честичките и античестичката имаат иста маса и времетраење, и токму спротивен полнеж. Имајќи ја предвид оваа симетрија,збунувачки е тоа што универзумот нема еднакви количини на материја и антиматерија. Всушност, не постои експериментален доказ дека има какви било значителни концентрации на антиматерија во универзумот. Постојат две главни интерпретации за оваа разлика: или универзумот започнал со мала предност во однос на материјата (вкупнен барионов број на универзумот различне од нула) или универзумот првично беше совршено симетричен, но некако сет на одредени појави придонесе за мал дисбаланс во корист на материјата во текот на времето. Вториот аспект е најпосакувана интерпретација, иако не постојат јасни експериментални докази кои укажуваат дека било која од нив е точна.
Сахарови состојби
Во 1967 година, Андреј Сахаров предложил [1] сет од три неопходни услови кои барионите кои генерираат интеракција мора да ги задоволат за да се произведе материјата и антиматеријата во различни стапки. Овие услови се инспирирани од неодамнешните откритија на космичкото зрачење [2] и CP-повреда во неутралниот каон систем. [3] Трите неопходни "услови на Сахаров" се:. Повреда на Барионовиот број, C-симетрија и CP-симетрија кршење, интеракции од топлинска повреда. Барионовиот број очигледно е неопходен услов за да се произведе вишок на бариони над анти-бариони. Но, повредата на C-симетрија , исто така, е потребно, така што интеракциите кои произведуваат повеќе бариони од анти-бариони нема да бидат противтежа на интеракциите кои произведуваат повеќе анти-бариони од бариони. Кај CP-симетрија кршењето е потребно затоа што во спротивно еднаков број на леви бариони и десни анти-бариони ќе бидат произведени, како и еднаков број на леви анти-бариони и десни бариони. Конечно, интеракциите мораат да бидат надвор од топлинска рамнотежа, бидејќи во спротивно КПТ симетрија ќе обезбеди надомест помеѓу процесите на растење и опаѓање на бројот на барионите. [4] Во моментов, не постои експериментален доказ за интеракции на честичките каде зачувувањето на барионовиот број е прекршен : Оваа појава укажуваа на тоа дека сите разгледани реакции на честички имаат еднаков број бариони и пред и после. Математички, комутатор на операторот на барионовиот број со Стандардниот модел на Хамилтониан е нула. Сепак, Стандардниот модел е познат по тоа што ја нарушува заштитата на барионовиот број. глобална U (1) аномалија. Повредата на Барионови број исто така, може да резултира од физика надвор од стандардниот модел (види суперсиметрија и Големата Обединувачка теорија). Втората состојба - повреда на CP-симетрија - е откриена во 1964 година (директно CP-кршење, односно повреда на CP-симетрија во процесот на распаѓање, бил откриен подоцна, во 1999 година). Поради CPT-симетрија, повреда на CP-симетрија бара повреда за време на инверзија на симетрија, или Т-симетрија. Во случај на распаѓање надвор од рамнотежа, [5] последната состојба наведува дека стапката на реакција која генерира барион- асиметрија смее да биде помала од стапката на ширење на вселената. Во оваа ситуација честичките и нивните соодветни античестички нема да постигнат топлинска рамнотежа поради брзото ширење на појавата на пар-уништување.
Бариогенеза според Стандардниот модел
Стандардниот модел може да се вклучи во бариогенезата, иако износот на нет бариони (и лептони) кои иако создадени не можат да бидат доволни да дадат отчет за сегашната барион асиметрија; ова прашање сè уште не е утврдено. Бариогенезата во рамките на стандардниот модел бара кршењето на електрослабата симетрија да биде преодна фаза од прв ред, бидејќи во спротивно sphalerons ја брише барион асиметрија што се случува до фаза на транзиција, а подоцна и на износот на барион интеракциите е занемарлива. [1] Во фазата на транзиција домен ѕидот ја крши P-симетрија спонтано, овозможувајќи за CP-симетрија кршење на интеракции при што се создава C-асиметрија на двете страни. Кварковите имаат тенденција да се акумулираат на прекршени фаза од страна на домен ѕидот, додека анти-кварковите имаат тенденција да се акумулираат на својата непрекината страна од фазата. Ова се случува како што следува: [2] Поради тоа што CP-симетрија ги прекинува електрослабите интеракции, некои амплитуди кои вклучуваат кваркови не се еднакви со соодветните амплитуди кои вклучуваат анти-кваркови, туку имаат спротивни фази (види CKM матрица и Kаон).Иако некои од нивните амплитуди имаат спротивни фази, кварковите и анти-кварковите имаат позитивна енергија, а со тоа се здобиваат со иста фаза, како што се движат во просторот и времето. Оваа фаза, исто така, зависи од нивната маса, која е идентична, но зависи и од вкусот и на Хигсовиот VEV која ја менува должината по ѕидот на домен. Така што одредени суми на амплитудите за кваркови имаат различни апсолутни вредности во споредба со оние на анти-кварковите. Значи, кварковите и анти-кваркови може да имаат различни рефлексија и пренос на трансмисии преку ѕидот на доменот, и излегува дека поголем број на кварковите кои доаѓаат од непрекинат фаза се пренесуваат во споредба со антикварковите.Така, постои нет барионов флукс низ домен ѕидот. Поради sphaleron транзициите, кои се во изобилство во непрекинатата фаза, нет антибарионите како да се избришани од непрекинатата фаза. Сепак, sphalerons се доволно ретки во прекршената фаза, така што не ги бришат вишокот на бариони таму. Севкупно, постои мрежа за создавање на бариони. Според ова сценарио, електрослабите интеракции (т.е. sphaleron) се одговорни за Б-повреда, perturbative електрослабите Lagrangian се одговорни за CP-повреда, и ѕидот на доменот е одговорен за недостатокот на топлинска рамнотежа; заедно со CP-кршење тој исто така создава C-повреда во секоја од неговите страни.
Материјата во универзумот
Барионов асиметричен параметар
Предизвиците во физичките теории се како да се објасни произведувањето на материјата над количеството на антиматерија а исто така да се објасни и големината на таа асиметрија. Важен е асиметровиот параметар.
Оваа равенка ја покажува разликата помеѓу севкупниот број на бариони и антибариони и бројот на космички радиоактивни фотони.
Според моделот на Биг Бенг теоријата, материјата произлегува од космичката позадинска радиоактивност на температура од 3000 келвини, што одговара на кинетичка енергија од / () = . После ова, вкупниот број на CBR фотонитеќе остане константен. Од тука, поради ширењето на вселената со текот на времето, густината на фотоните ќе се зголеми. Густината на фотоните на рамнотежна температура на сантиметар кубен е следната:
,
каде kB е Болцманова константа, ħ е Планкова константа поделена со 2π и c за брзина на светлината во вакуум. На моменталната температура на фотоните од , одговара фотонска густина nγ од 411 CBR фотони на сантиметар кубен.
Од овде, асиметричниот параметар η, не е „добриот“ параметар. Претпочитаниот асиметрилен параметар за густина ја користи константата s.
затоа што ентропивнат густина на универзумот останала константна низ текот на целиот развој. Ентропивната густина е
со p и ρ како притисок и густина од енергијата на Tμν, и g* какоефективниот број на степени од безмасените честички на температура Т.
,
за bosons и fermions со gi и gj степениs на слобода на температури Ti и Tj соодветно. Во моменталното време, s =.
Поврзано
Lepton
Leptogenesis
CP violation
Anthropic principle
Affleck-Dine mechanism
Timeline of the Big Bang
Chronology of the universe
Big Bang
Наводи
Литература
Физичка космологија
Големата експлозија
Честична физика.
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RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA, CHIEF CROPS KFFLIS Western Canada 1917 Crops In Good Shape. While it is a little early to predict what the Western Canada grain crop will produce, there is every indication at the present writing that the 1917 crop will give an excellent return. Reports received from all portions of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta speaks of good growing weather, a fairly advanced stage of all grains, with prospects as good as in the past two years. Should conditions continue as at present, it is safe to conclude that Western Canadian farmers, already free of debt, as a result of the splendid crops and prevailing high prices, expect from this season's returns to be in a position that will place them away beyond any fear of the future. The acreage of Western Canada will be about the same as last year. Seeding was somewhat later than last year, but germination was quicker. The only possible drawback now would seem to be a scarcity of harvest hands, but it is felt by the authorities that the situation will be pretty well cared for by that time. Land values are increasing, but there is room for a much greater increase than in the past, owing to the returns that farmed land will give when compared with its cost. In some districts, land that could have been bought five years ago for $1.50 an acre is changing hands at $60 an acre, the seller satisfied that he is giving the purchaser good value for his money. And why not, when it is known that in a great many cases during the past two years, crops have been grown on this land that have produced a profit of forty and fifty dollars per acre, over and above cost of production. These cases, while not general, were not exceptional. In addition to the lands that are offered for sale by railway companies, land companies and private individuals, the homesteading areas offer great inducements for those who are willing to do a little pioneering for a year or two. By that time, settlements would come into existence, and this means a condition similar to that enjoyed by many of the older settlements of today schools, churches, railways. The land is of high-class quality, strong and vigorous, easily worked, and capable of producing the very best of crops. The demand for all grains for some years will be great, and it will require all the resources of man, beast, and soil to meet it. That the prices will be good goes without saying, but at the present time there is something more appealing than the lucidity of the pikes that prevail. That is, the desire to assist in winning the world war. The man at the plow is doing his "bit," and the spirit of patriotism that prevails will lead him into a broader sphere of action. No matter where he may be, he will look about him that he may find land to further develop the country's resources. It is possible that his own state may furnish the land, in which case he will be quick to take advantage of the offer. If land in his own state is not available, Canada (now our ally) will be glad to furnish it in unlimited quantity, as she is vital interested in largely increasing the supply of foodstuffs which is now urgently needed and is as valuable as ammunition to the allied countries. The appeal made by Mr. Hoover, United States controller of foods, and also by Hon. W. J. Hannan, Canadian controller, emphasizes the need of the allies, urges economy, and the prevention of the waste in food, and he speaks whole-hearted public cooperation. Speaking of Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, and their European allies, they say: "For nearly three years their manpower has been engaged in the direct work of war, and in some cases large areas of their most productive lands have been overrun by the enemy. Their food shortage and the food to supply the armies of Canada and the United States must be wholly provided from this side of the Atlantic. The supply must also be sufficient to cover losses at sea. Australia, New Zealand, the Argentine Republic, and other countries are not now available to relieve the situation because of their remoteness and the shortage of tonnage. "The crop of storage foods grown in Canada and the United States suitable for shipment overseas threatens to be entirely inadequate to meet the demand unless the whole people determine by every means in their power to make up the shortage. Every individual is under a direct obligation to assist in rationing the allied forces. There must be mutual self-denial and national cooperation to provide the necessary supplies." Advertisement. "Seel "I see they are looking for draft camp sites." "Yep; suppose that will give the operators lots of work." Quite So. "He is in a grave revival, isn't he?" "He does seem to be buried in thought." Natural Noise. "That's a yellow-dog fund." "Then why wonder there's a how about it?" Two women victims of a German air raid on London being taken to their homes from a hospital. Pre mliy Kerensky, now dictator of Russia, reviewing some of his troops..1 Soldiers in the Gettysburg training camp being taught the most necessary French words and phrases. 4 King Wilhelm of Spain, who has declared that a state of war exists between his country and Germany and Austria-Hungary. NEWS REVIEW OF THE PAST WEEK Secretary McAdoo Startles Congress by Asking $5,000,000,000 More for War. TRANSPORT PROBLEM IS BIG Shipping Board Quarrel Ended by Change of Personnel Russia's Military Collapse In Gallicia Complete French Repulse Tremendous German Attacks. By EDWARD W. PICKARD. The United States Is having impressed upon it the magnitude of the war in which it has embarked, and is beginning to realize that it must be fought through to a victorious finish at tremendous cost in money, energy and, doubtless, life. The money end of it was brought sharply to the attention of congress last Tuesday, when Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo informed the lawmakers that $5,000,000,000 more than had been estimated was needed, and needed at once. Much of this will be expended for ordnance. Senator Smoot informed the senate that by the end of the last year the war expenditures by the United States are likely to amount to $20,000,000,000. The figures staggered the members of both houses. And there was a history closing together of the senate finance committee to revise its report on the war-tax bill. Transportation is now one of the administration's biggest problems transportation by both land and sea, but especially the latter. An immense number of vessels must be provided to carry to Europe our troops and the vast supplies they and the allied armies, must have, and efforts are being made to gather together on the available ships, even Japan being asked to refuse many of her merchantmen. Meanwhile, the plan of building a monster merchant marine of our own was given added impetus last week. As had been predicted, President Wilson was compelled to take a hand in the dispute between General Goethals and Chairman Denman of the shipping board, and he settled the matter by accepting the resignations of both, and of Capt. J. B. White as well. He then named E. N. Hurley of Chicago as chairman and Hainbridge Colby as member of the board, and Rear Admiral Capps, long chief constructor of the navy, as head of the emergency fleet corporation in place of Goethals. Of these appointments, only that of Colby was adversely criticized. Hurley is an energetic businessman and has been on the federal trade board. Though the elimination of Goethals is regretted by the innumerable admirals of the great builder of the Panama canal, it is felt that no one better than Admiral Capps could be picked to manage the construction of the emergency fleet. It is understood that as many steel ships as possible will be built, which was Goethals' plan. Later in the year, the fleet will be in operation. The week, the president accepted the resignation of Vice Chairman Theodore Brent of the stripping board. Steps in making the army. The need for many vessels is emphasized by the semi-official announcement that the United States plans to send to Europe not only 500,000 men, but more than a million as soon as they can be trained and equipped and as fast as transports can be obtained to carry them across. Two more steps in the making of this great army were taken last week. The men drafted for the national army began to receive their calls before the exemption boards, the city of Washington lending the way, and the National Guard of 10 states and the District of Columbia was mobilized to be taken into the federal service. After a few weeks of intensive training in camps, the best of the guardsmen will be sent to France to prepare for the spring offensive. The shortage of railway transportation at home also is troubling the administration, though it doubtless will be remedied with the willing assistance of the American railway executives. The demand for cars already is tremendous, for the moving of materials and supplies for the army training camps and for a dozen other purposes, and it will be increased immediately as the men of the National Guard and of the national army begin moving to their allotted places. Russia's Collapse in Gallicia. The collapse of Russia's offensive in Gallicia, due to insurrection in stupendous by German agents, developed into a general retreat, and the retreat into a virtual rout. Abandoning vast military stores and burning villages, the Munitions in the Balkans everywhere before the easy advance of the Teutons, except on the Romanian front, where for the time at least, they stood firm. Further north, indeed all the way to the Baltic, the Russians gave ground. Premier Kerensky, armed with dictatorial powers, declared he would apply a policy of blood and iron to stop the mutiny and treason, and General Kornoff ordered his loyal troops to shoot down any who deserted or refused to obey orders, but this was ineffectual to retrieve the disaster. Stanwau, Hallz, and other important cities were evacuated, and from the wooded Carpathians to the region of Tarnopol the country was full of long columns of fleeing Russians on which the Teutonic hold guns played with merciless slaughter. One story from Petrograd told how loyal troops in Kornoff's army blew to pieces an entire mutinous division with its own guns. On the demand of the military commanders at the front, the provisional government has again put in force capital punishment for treason, which was abolished at the time of the revolution. However, this second great Russian slump, serious though it be, is not fatal. Kerensky and his colleagues are determined to rid their country of the German agents and their traitorous Russian raids. Lenin, the chief of the hitter, is already under arrest, and it is believed he will be either executed as an agent of the German general staff or at least isolated as insane. Russians and their friends still believe their new republic will emerge triumphant from the chaotic conditions that now hold it almost helpless. The "Guard of Death," the battalion of Russian women raised by Vera Uutchkareff, was in action on Tuesday for the first time, at Krevo. The women fought well, gaining the respect of the male soldiers. No Military Success for Germany. Germany has scored no real military success of moment for a long time. The Gallican affair is not a success of arms, and though the Kaiser decorated some of his commanders there, they gained no glory by the pursuit of mutinous and disorganized troops. Rather should Wilhelm have bestowed his decorations upon the spies who stirred up the insurrection. In the Champagne region, the crown prince hurled his troops against the French lines with the utmost recklessness all week long, but the only result was tremendous losses for the Germans, for the polls were indomitable and if now and then their line was bent, they countered at so furiously that the Teutonic could not hold his small gains more than an hour or so. In some places, especially on the Gallican plateau, the French advanced their lines considerably and repulsed all attempts to drive them from the new positions. Germany's hullabaloo over peace terms and internal reforms has simmered down to a discontented discussion of Chancellor, Mlchnells' intentions and policies, based on his speech to the Reichstag, which is universally admitted to have been ambiguous and even secretive. As has been said before, the political upheaval there doesn't bring appreciably nearer the end of the war. Many of the opposition leaders and newspapers more than hint that the U-boat campaign is really a failure in that it is not starving England, and they realize that its continuation is reducing daily the number of friends Germany will have after peace is concluded. But the militarists of Prussia cannot let go of that weapon, and the masses of the German people, who have an astonishing capacity for self-deception, evince no desire to throw these militarists out and save their empire from ultimate disaster. Slam Joins Kaiser's Foes. One by one the smaller nations of the world are lining up with the enemies of the kaiser and despotic militarism. Far-away, Slam is the latest addition to the list. German vessels in Siamese ports were seized and German citizens were interned. The influence of every country that comes in on the side of freedom and justice will be felt, if not strongly now, at least after the war is ended. The Teutonic economists well know this, and even now are holding a conference on post-war conditions, seemingly still hopeful that their armies can bring about the realization of that dream of a "Mittel Europa" that would be self-sustaining and self-contained and that would always threaten the peace of the rest of the world. The frusification of that hope is the great ultimate aim of the allies. Representatives of the entente allies met in Paris on Wednesday for the purpose of determining the course of their future policy in the Balkans, which Premier Ruhl, who presided, said must be modified because Greece is now ranged with the allies. The United States was not represented, the administration holding that this nation is not yet directly interested in Balkan matters. Food Control Bill Delayed. President Wilson's strenuous objection to the senate amendment to the food control bill creating a congressional committee on expenditures for the war, and the determination of the house to defeat the senate amendments, caused a delay in the final passage of the measure. The prohibitionists were bound to have restored the "hone-dry" plan for which the house voted. The entente allies held a conference in Paris and adopted unanimously this declaration: "The allied powers, more closely united than ever for the defense of the people's rights, particularly in the Balkan peninsula, are resolved not to lay down arms until they have attained the end which in their eyes dominates all others to render impossible a return of the criminal aggression such as that whereof the central empires bear the responsibility." In accordance with the recommendation of General Pershing, the American army is to be reorganized on the French plan of conformation. This will change a company from 150 to 250 men, a regiment from 1,800 to 3,000." 000 men, and a division from 28,500 to approximately 17,000 men. The government is planning a system of war insurance that will preclude the establishing of pension rolls as a result of this war. It is proposed that every man in the army, navy, and marine corps shall be entitled to insurance ranging from $1,000 to $10,000, paying a premium of $8 a thousand, the insurance being assumed by the government in lieu of pensions; in addition, the families and other dependents will be provided for by allotments. Receding was given, a big boost last week, partly by the announcement that drafted men would not be accepted as volunteers after they were called before the exemption boards, and partly by the concerted campaign of the American and British recruiting officers. The British mission is obtaining large numbers of enlistments in Chicago, New York, and other large cities. Despite the tremendous financial drain on the country due to war expenditures and in the face of fervid protests from Senators Borah, Kenyon, King, and a few others, the senate passed the annual rivers and harbors bill, carrying an appropriation of $27,954,000. Only eleven members of the upper house dared to vote against this "pork" measure which, iniquitous at any time, is especially so when the nation is engaged in a war that will demand all its resources. Ireland's great opportunity is at hand. The convention to draft a home rule constitution is in session in London, with Sir Horace Plunkett in the chair, and if the delegates can. An amicable and satisfactory agreement, the government of Great Britain is pledged to put it through. The result is in the hands of the Irish members. The Eye of the Night. One afternoon, Dellah, a little colored girl, had seen an automobile run over a white woman. That night the youngster's mother, a humble, could neither persuade nor compel Dellah to deliver a bundle of the day's washing. "No, no, no," walled the excited child, "If they call me an automobile, I know a white lady in the middle of the day, how's they going to see me in the dark?" Promise Easily Kept. "Your honor, let me off this time and I'll never appear before you again," pleaded the culprit. "Am I to take this as a promise to reform?" "Yes, your honor. And I might add that I am on my way to Australia. If I should happen to backslide, some other court would attend to my case." Cruel. Cholly, I am often mistaken for a distinguished personage. (It need not be said of Charley Chaplin? Don't Poison Baby. FORTY YEARS AGO almost every PAREQOKIO or laudanum to make it Sleep, use drugs will produce Sleep, and a FEW DROPS TOO MANY will produce the SLEEP FROM WHICH THERE IS NO WAKING. Many are the children who have been killed or whose health has been ruined for life by paregoric, laudanum and morphine, each of which is a narcotic product of opium. Druggists are prohibited from selling either of the narcotics named to children at all, or to anybody without labeling them "poison." The definition of narcotic is: "A medicine which relieves pain and produces sleep, but which in poisonous doses produces stupor, coma, convulsions and death." The taste and smell of medicines containing opium are disguised, and sold under the names of Drops," Cordials," "Toothing Syrup," etc. You should not permit any medicine to be given to your children without you or your physician know of what it is composed. OASTORIA DOES NOT CONTAIN NARCOTICS, if It bears of Chas. H. Fletcher. Genuine Castoria always bears the Canadian Farmers Profit From Wheat You can get a Homestead of 160 acres FREE and other lands at remarkably low prices, among many years Canadian wheat holds have averaged 20 bushels to the acre many yields as high as 45 bushels to the acre. Wonderful crops also of Oats, Barley and Flax. Mixed farming as profitable an Industry as grain raising. The excellent grasses full of nutrition are the only food required for beef or dairy purposes. Good schools, churches, markets convenient, climate excellent. There is an extra demand for farm labor to replace the many young men who have volunteered for too war. The Government is urging farmers to put extra acres into rain. Write for information and particulars as to reduced railway rates to support of Immigration, Ottawa, Canada, or W. V. Bennett, Room 4, Dec. Canadian He'd Blow the Whistle. "Suppose," said Capt. John J. Tofley, Jr., Instructor of the Sixth company of the Ninth division, at Ft. Harrison, from "Small Problems of Infantry," "that your advance had been surrounded; that you knew the approximate location of the enemy and his number, but his position was strongly held, and darkness was coming on. What would you do?" "I'd let it be known that I was a union man, and then I'd blow the whistle and be to supper," volunteered one fellow. And then, when he was "bawled out" for his flippancy, he had another answer just as good and much more appropriate ready. Indianapolis News. HAVE SOFT, WHITE HANDS Clear Skin and Good Hair by Using Cuticura Trial Free. The Son to cleanse and purify, the Ointment to soothe and heal, heals these fragrant, super-creamy emollients prevent little skin troubles becoming serious by keeping the pores free from obstruction. Nothing better at Any price for all toilet purposes. Free sample each by mail with Book. Address postcard, Cuticura, Dept. L, Boston. Sold everywhere. Adv. Mild Malevolence. "I hope I haven't a mean disposition," remarked the man whose head resembles a billiard ball. "Of course, you haven't." "Hut every time I see n fellow with n few wisps of hnlr lnld out to the best ndvnnntgo on top of his cranium, I can't help wishing something would happen to It." Calling the Master. Caller Are you tho mnstcr of the house? He Why? Caller I am tho Inspector of nuis ances, nnd have called to lio (going to tho foot of the stnlrs) Mothcr-ln-hiw, you're wanted I London Tlt-lllts. Tho furnnces of nn Atlantic llnc"r will consume no less thnn 7,500,000 cu bic feet of nir nn hour. Prido is the sworn enemy of con tent. dam Mat Grtvaulafcd Eyelids, 50aTI5 Eye inflamed by expo v w luretoSun.DuslandWlni !?-a rVar quickly relieved by Murine JL T VW EyeReraedy. No Smarting, 4 just Eye Comfort. At DruRgiiU or by mail 50c per Bottle. Marine Eve Salve in Tubes 25c. For Book el the Eye flEB aslc Hulas Eye leacdy Co,, Ckkigt What He 8nw. An excited man at Kvansvlllo cnlled tho sheriff's olllee nnd asked In nn anxious lope of voice whether Wllllnm Habbe, the sheriff, knew that "thrco or four boys were playing on the roof of the court house." The sherirr didn't but he promised to make an Investigation at once. When Sheriff I lahlie had climbed the long lllght of stairs to the cupola and look ed out he saw Four tinners engaged In laying a new cornice around the eaves of tho building.- Indianapolis News. Expooed to Weather. Harold llollowntit You're coughing awfully. Percy I'lnfeatber Yes, dash It I My man tied nie smart dressers weren't w.xeailng tleplns any more, so 1 left mine off and caught a dreadful cold In my chest. Seven-Thlrty A. M. Walter What'll you have this morn ing? I'resh Hreakfast 1 Hurr. Mother thought her child must have the signature. The war's devastation of European crops has caused an unusual demand for grain from the American Continent. The people of the world must be fed and wheat near $2 a bushel offers great profits to the farmer. Canada's invitation is therefore especially attractive. She wants settlers to make money and happy, prosperous homes for themselves by helping her raise immense wheat crops. DIDG., Omaha, Neb. Government Agent - Every Woman Wants FOR PERSONAL HYGIENE Dissolved In water for douche stop pelvic catarrh, ulceration and inflammation. Recommended by Lydia E. Pinkham Med. Co. for ten years. A healing wonder for nasal catarrh, sore throat and sore eyes. Economical. Guaranteed. All druggists, or by mail, The National Co. Co., Box 10, Omaha, Nebraska. THE PAXTON HOTEL Omaha, Nebraska. EUROPEAN PLAN Rooms from $1.00 up single, 75 cents double. Cream Wanted. Market your cream where it will net you the most money. The International Creamery Company offers you the benefit of its benefits. Thirty-four years of experience. If you shipping your cream to this company, you will receive full market value in payments, your check will be sent to you daily, you will take express charges and your cans will be returned more promptly. Satisfaction is guaranteed. Ship to the Omaha factory, factories are located as Omaha, Crest and Grand Island. HEMSTITCHING PLEATING BUTTONS Done promptly, free price list. IDEAL BUTTON & PLEATING CO. 3rd Floor Brown Bldg., Omaha, Neb. REPAIRS FURNACES BOILERS and STOVES Places order through your nearest dealer. Quickest shipments, our hobby. OMAHA STOVE REPAIR WORKS, OMAHA, NEB. KODAKS DEVELOPING PRINTING and ENLARGING Bend for Kodak catalog and finishing, LINCOLN PHOTO SUPPLY CO. (GUARANTEED KODAK CO.) Dep. K, 1221 O St. Lincoln, Neb. Junk! Junk! We have a high-quality market price for COPPER, BRASS, ZINC, I CAB. AUTO TIRES, TUBES, ROPE, SCRAP IRON, BONES as RAGS. Sell direct to largest buyer. Write for prices. References Central Nat. Bank, Lincoln. L. STINE & SON, 234 Sulb Olta SI., LINCOLN, has BEATRICE, NEB. The University School of Music Twenty-fourth year begins September 3rd. If you expect MUSIC Send for new to study ITIH catalog to E. D. CARDER, Registrar 1103 R Street Lincoln, Neb. W. N. U., LINCOLN, NO. 31-1017. II.
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It is by means of all these deductions that Jecker succeeded in charging the Mexican government with all these'sums on which he paid in, in reality, only 750,000 piastres. It follows from this, that having disbursed in all 1,000,000 of piastres, in reality he retained 1,600,000, so that instead of being a creditor he should be accounted a debtor. And here is the honest capitalist in whose favor our minister interferes, for whom our ultimatum is going, perhaps, to shed the blood of the French soldiers and the Mexican soldiers ; here is the reason of our intervention ; here are the lessons of morality and civilisation that France Is going to give the world. [Expressions of dissent from many benches.] And as a final fact, I shall add the following : It has been said, and repeated at different times in the pai)eni, that it was the fall of Miramon that caused the failure of Jecker. Nothing more untrue. Jecker failed in the month of May, 1860. I have the record of the proceedings of the meeting held by his creditors in September, 1860, and it was in December, 186 i, that Miramon was overthrown. Gentlemen, Jecker's bills were admitted in his failure and bought at a low price. Is Jecker the keeper of them ? Has he caused them to pass into the hands of third parties ? Should we; in this respect, consider as furnishing information worthy of being brought before the Chamber all the data in our hands ? You all know to what I allude. We have received letters emanating from members of the Jecker family, and intercepted. From these letters it would appear that Jecker flattered himself, very unreasonably, no doubt, and calumniously, that he would find (among the high personages and functionaries of France) a support which, certainly, he has never found. As for me, I am much better pleased to say that such letters cannot be mentioned here. I could have wished that the Moniteur explained itself, and that in presence of a fact so public, and which was of a nature to alarm the conscience of all honest people, it gave them a complete denial. Much more 80 ; and it is the only fact that I wish to retain, for it is unfortunately testified by an act of the French administration, because in one of these letters, which bore the date of August 31, 1862, the correspondent informs Jecker, as a precious advantage gained, of the publi- cation in the Bulletin'des Lois of his acl of naturalizition. 148 MEXICAN AFFAIRS. The fjict is true, and, in my opinion, it is inexplicable.. How? It is in the progress of our debates, after it had been revealed that the Jccker debts concealed a veritable rascality, that Jccker is thas picked up by the administration and made a French citizen ! Can we not, from this, conclude that it is an assistance given to this rotten claim ? Happily, gentle- men, the developments made in this Chamber are before th^ world, and it will be impos- sible for diplomacy to obtain public sanction for such a proceeding. But, in fin«, do not the honest pablic desire to have all this thing cleared up in a categorical manner ? When I point out, in this deplorable afialr, unpardonable consequences, demands which cannot be justified, this war so rashly undertaken, those ultimatums which are belied by those who ought to know them and maintain them ; and when at the end of this demonstration I find the French nation offering shelter to this man who has never ceased to be a Mexican and a miserable agitator, I have a strong right, I think, to call to these facts all your atten- tion, your entire consideration, and to ask that the government would be pleased to dispel the sad clouds that hang over the probity of its agents. This is what I have to say in regard to this article 3 of the ultimatum, and you under- stand tliat it cannot bo, especially in a French assembly, considered as secondary. Every- thing that touches honor, everything that touches dignity, everything that would be stigmatized in private life, everything that would be stricken down by the law, everything that would be condemned by the magistrate, cannot be let pass with impunity and admitted in public life. And now must we be astonished that this ultimatum caused EIngland to withdraw ? Must we be astonished that Spain was unwilling to accept the responsibility of it f Do not forget— and this is also one of the characteristic traits of this deplorable enter- prise — that the chargd d'affidres of France raised the pretension that each of the powers should produce its own ultimatum and its own valuation of pecuniary claims, without the other belligerent powers being allowed to discuss them, so that each one was mistrera of the situation ; for it sufficed, for example, for England to claim a thousand millions to render the war fatally necessary. It is, then, on this question of money, in regard to which the government can no longer maintain the disciueion which it abandons, a circumstance which bears down the responsi- bility of its agent ; it is on this question that the bickering arises between the three powers and that war is resolved on. Here, gentlemen, you understand I must not speak but with extreme reserve. It is not my part to say how, in a military point of view, history will judge, not the soldiers and generals who have displayed on the spot all the bravery, all the skill, all the ardor, all the resolution, that arc ever found in the French armies, but those who have ordered this expedition, those who have not provided for it the materials, the means neceitsary for its prompt success. I desire, gentlemen, to leave all these faults in the shade. [Demonstra- tions in the Chamber.] A TOicf . Leave nothing in the shade. M. JuLis Faybb. They aifiict me ; they conti-ibute no way to the solution which we seek. What we seek is a prompt termination, without any diminution of our dignity, of the war in which we are engaged ; for to pretend now, after all the explanations into which I have entered, that this war is conformable with our principles, would be to deny what is evident. These principles, gentlemen, are paraded on all occasions by the minister ; he everywhere repeats that the government which he serves has sprung from universal suffrage, and that this is a rule which he intends to respect among all neighboring nations. Here is what he said on this point in your session of March 13, 1861: **The principle of non-intervention being thus laid down, there was yet, on the point of general policy, another reason which imperiously ordered us to respect it. We could not, after having proclaimed at home, as the basis of our government, national sovereignty and the suffrage of the country, fail to re8i)cct it among others. The Emperor has been elected by the people ; he reigns and he glories in it, according to the national will ; and you would wish him, beyond our frontiers, to employ the force confided to him by that national will, in repressing neighboring nations, in repressing their aspirations, and snatching from their hands their titles to sovereignty, thereby deny his own legitimacy !" These, gentlejnen, are the words of M. Billault. I ask him, are they ironical ? Were they uttered merely to call forth our legitimate applause f Were they not the expression of the minister's political conscience ? If I assume this last supposition, I say to him, By what right are you in Mexico ? You have gone there to avenge national interests ? In this purpose I follow you ; but if these interests are avenged on the soil itself of Mexico, if at Orizaba, that is, in a salubrious position, we are offered guarantees, what good is it to overturn the government of Juarez? Is it against Juarez that you intended this war? Do you vdsh to overthrow him at any cost ? Permit me to recall to you your own words This government, against which you precipitate your legions, was a shadow— a breath of air; it was enough for you to appear, and it would be destroyed. Well, it has resisted you ; it has strengthened itself by what is most generous in the world — that is, by the blood shed by our aoldiers. MEXICAN AFFAIRS. / 149 Ifl not this enough ? Do you wish to continue this cruel expedition ? Do you wish, through a false point of honor, to force men thus to massacre each other in order to arrive at nothing ; in order to arrive at a result which will confound your policy, I fear not to assert it, for you pursue a phantasm when you propose to raise on the sand a solid edifice not to bo overturned by coming events. You are then in opposition with justice. You did not tell the whole truth before the Chamber when you were interrogate, and you are now obliged to complete it. In vain • do you take refuge, as my honorable friend M. Picard told you, behind the brilliant sophisms of a policy very seductive to some minds. Tou wish, it is said, to resist north America, and you do not see that you call her in ! You are going to establish a point in Southern America that will become the battle-field whereon the United States and Europe will meet. Must we yield to all your fancies ? Must we- find ourselves in a btruggle with the north and fight beside the south? Would you thus constrain us to espouse all the quarrels of one people with another ? Is this your policy ? As for me, I protest against it in the name of nrinciple, in the name of the law of nations. I say that there is no possibility for us to atiCck a people, who, by maintaining their nationality, by offering us satisfactory guarantees, have sufiiiciently honored themselves that we should not drive them contempt- uously from our courts without being wjlliog to bear them, and that wc should not receive them but at the point of our bayonets. If we have not justice on our side, gentlemen, what must wc say of the final conse- quence of this enterprise ? For it is the end, in fine, that must be regarded in all things ; and when one is in a political position, when one disposes of all the forces of France, it should not be involved in a blind affair in which its dignity or its interests might have to suffer. Last year, though well aware that in the presence of a body such as this that does me the honor to listen to me I must carefully avoid all that could wound the feeling of national honor, I deemed myself authorized to ask the immediate suspension of an expe- dition unfortunately undertaken, and which could in no way cause us to consider that we had experiencd a check, because our soldiers, in insufficient numbers, had broken against walls of granite. I believe that I gave you sage advice, and if it had been followed thousands of precious lives, ingloriously decimated by disease, would have been preserved. Now you persist, and you wish at all hazards, enlarging the circle of your policy, ambitions of military glory, you wish your flag to wave over the city of Mexico. Surely, gentlemen, if France wills it, she will succeed, nothing can deter her ; and when our generous children meet an obstacle, they are so prodigal of the existence which God has given them that nothing can resist them. But should not our hearts be moved at it ? Can we coolly regard these human heca- tombs offered to that fantastic, confused divinity, which has never been defined by the ministers f [Interruptions and cries of disapprobation. ] Can we consent to have thou- sands of families plunged in grief for the sterile glory of reaching the Mexican capital ? Now, gentlemen, suppose you are at the city of Mexico, what are you going to do then ? You say that you will overturn the government of Juarez ! Undoubtedly. But what will you do then ? I hear the honorable M. David immediately cry out, ** The city of Mexico is the heart of the nation ; there all its military resources arc concentrated." But the honorable M. David, who knows so well the history and the geography of Mexico, will permit me to reply to him with the following two facts for consideration : Mexico, he knows, has been incessantly rent by civil war, and the city of Mexico has been the sterile stake which the different pretenders conquered in turn, notwithstanding -which they never possessed more than an ephemeral and limited power. And as to the geography — but, gentlemen, only those who know it not can believe that the conquest of the city of Mexico necessarily carries along with it the conquest of Mexico. The city of Mexico is situated 69 leagues from the coast, from Vera Cruz. Do you know what is the greatest extent of Mexico in its utmost length ? It is 950 leagues ; and in these 950 leagues to the northwest there are rich and populous provinces with important cities. I will mention some: Guanaxuato has 41,000 inhabitants; it is 253 kilometres to the northwest of Mexico, and the whole State has more than 520,000 inhabitants. Do you wish to proceed further? Traverse 450 kilometres, and you find the city of Guadalaxara with 60,000 inhabitants. You have then Valladolid with 18,000 ; you have the State of Xalisco with 800,000, and others which I shall not mention, for fear of mistake, for I do not possess the same amount of information as the honorable M. David, and mine, I acknowledge, is of very recent date. Yet it is guaranteed by all the books of geography, which know perhaps more than all of us, and which we can consult. Well, when the French shall reach the city of Mexico, they will establish a government^ I suppose ; it may be Almonte, it may be the Archduke Maximilian^ who U^^xV^:^^^^^^ 150 MEXICAN AFFAIRS. kept in reserve in spite of all asgeverationg to the contrary ; it may be, perhaps, any other prince of Germany, for in this respect the fertility of Germany is inexhaustible. [Laughter.] But when this German prince shall liave been established, what will you do ? You must support him. Juarez with his legions, with his partisans, (if not Juarez, some other rep- resentative of nationality) will retire into the provinces that remain free. Will you follow him ? After having traversed sixty-nine leagues to reach tJbe city of Mexico, will you traverse nine hundred more to come up with him who will resist you ? We are at Orizaba ; we have made twenty-two leagues ; we have already spent more than one hundred and four millions without counting what we know nothing of, which makes five millions a league. [Demonstrations in the Chamber.] At this cost all the treasures of France would not 8u£Sce. [Interruptions. Marks of disapprobation.] And what would be the end? To regenerate Mexico, to impose a stable government on that unfortunate people ? But it cannot be stable except on condition that yon support it by your arms. Consult expe- rience. In 1848 the United States waged war with Mexico. The United States bordered upon Mexico ; they had all the facilities for sending men and munitions of war. Well, not- withstanding this, the United States spent one hundred millions of dollars, and the war lasted two years. I acknowledge, gentlemen, and it is a confession which I desire to make to the honor of France, that war costs less with us than in America ; yet^ whatever this concession be worth, we must acknowledge that a war, two thousand leagues from one's country, neces- sitates enormous sacrifices ; that to defend our rights we need not place ourselves in un- acceptable conditions. What you say now of the honor of your flag yoo will be obliged to say afterwards ; the first fault will draw you into a second one, and you will ftnd your- selves under an impossibility of withdrawing. This will be another Roman occupation, without the glory of having maintained a great principle. You will not then have the right to say that it is in the interest of the Catholic world, but only in the interests of the Mexicans, that you will spend fifty millions a year, and that you will send 30,000 men annually, of whom a great number will be cut down by the murderous eflfect of the climate. This is a line of policy with which I can not agree ; and when I remain convinced that this expedition has been undertaken only on the faith of lying communications, [disappro- bation,] that your representatives abroad have imposed unacceptable conditions which have brought on the rupture between us, England, and Spain ; when it is in opposition to the rights of the Mexicans, and the interests of France, that this deplorable war is prolonged, I can but entreat the Chamber to use the right which appertains to it to manifest its will respectfully and firmly, and to disengage, as I do solemnly by this protest, its responsibil- ity from that of the government. [Obstreperous excitement.] His excellency M. Billaclt, minister without portfolio, rises to speak. NuMKROus VOICES. To-morTow ! Tomorrow! The Prssidsnt. The miniitter without portfolio has the floor. His excellency the Munansii. Gentlemen, the lateness of the hour compels me to ask the Chamber to adjourn the discussion till to-morrow ; but I make, in presence of the Chamber, the engagement to refute thoroughly all the accusations brought against the policy of France. [Good, very good.] M. JuLss Favre. On condition that I may reply. The FaKBinxNT. The continuation of the discussion is defeiTed till to-morrow. The Chamber adjourned at 6 o'clock. [**Le Moniteur Univci-scl," No. 39, February 8, 1863, page 191, column 4] Sbssion of Saturday, February 7. His excellency the Duke of Morny, prt^sident, in the chair. The session was opened at 2 o'clock. Baron J. David, one of the secretaries, read the minutes of the session of yesterday ; the minutes were adopted. The Presidekt. I lay before the Chamber a letter from M. Arnaud requesting leave of absence on account of ill health. There is no opposition? The leave is granted. Does any one desire to present a report ? M. CuABAMON. I have the honor to present a report on the bill relative to an exlraordl- nary impost by the department of Gard. I^e pRisiDBKT. The report will be printed and distributed. The order of the day is the continuation of the discussion on the address. (The ministerial benches were occupied by their excellencies MM. Baroche, minister, pres- ident of the council of state ; Billault, Magne, ministers without portfolio ; De Parieu, vice- president of the council of state ; General Allard, Boudet, Vuillefroy, Boinvilliers, and Viutry, chairmen of committees in the council of state ) MEXICAN AFFAIRS. 151 The Presidkmt. The deliberation- continues on section third, and on the amendment pro- posed to this section by M. Jules Favre and several other members. His excellency M. Billault, minister without portfolio. Gentlemen, as I enter upon the discussion of the amendment submitted to your deliberation, I cannot pass over in silence the first impression made upon me by reading it. In the parliamentary governments from which we have adopted the address and its political debates, it is a traditional custom that the language destined to Ije heard by the sovereign shonld always bear the impress of re- spectful deference [Good, good.] The courtesy of the words does not hinder their sin- cerity, nor, if needs be, their firmness. I bear frequent mention of liberty as it is in England. It would be well to consult the English practice on this point ; I do not know that it would be easy to find in it any phrase borrowed from the harshness manifested by certain amendments submitted to your atten- tion. [Renewed marks of approbation.] I will draw from this reflection but one consequence : it Is that the extreme liberty of form evidences, whatever may be said, the great liberty existing in fact. [Good, good.] The policy which France pursues in Mexico, which our soldiers are now defending in the face of the enemy, has been the object of accusations which I yesterday promised the Cham- ber to refnte to-day. I will trace step by step the causes which have induced the expedi- tion, the incidents for which it has been sought to calumniate it ; it will not be the ftkult of the explicitness of my words if each and every fact is not cleariy explained to the Cham- ber. [Good.] In the amendment submitted to you the legitimate causes of the expedition now com- menced are denied. I proceed to enumerate them anew in brief. Is it denied that against the government of Juarez we had to complain of three treaties obligatory upon it, and all three by it violated, the treaty of 1853, that of 1859, that of 1861 ? Is it denied that these three treaties stipulated reparation for the outrages, the murders, the pillagings, the rob- beries of which our fellow-countrymen have been the victims ? Is it denied that the Mex- ican custom-house revenues were assigned, in part, for the payment of these reparations? Is it denied that the government of Juarez, breaking these three treaties, has proclaimed the forced suspension of them, and has laid hands on the funds collected for carrying them into effect f Is it denied that, under the government of Juarez, the French population has been incessantly the victim of brutal violences, odious spoliations, robberies — ill treatment of every kind f Is this denied ? That government established itself in the city of Mexico towardd the end of 1860 ; we immediately accredited our minister ; in the commencement of 1861 he arrived there with the most kindly intentions. llie impression was sought to be made yesterday that the wrongs of which we complain were not the act of the government of Juarez, but were the act of preceding governments. But read all the despatches of 1861, and especially those of June, July, August, September, October, and November, to the moment when our. minister, by order of the French gov- ernment, was forced to leave that deplorable country ; there is not one that does not attest, on the part of that government, the violation of plighted faith; not one which does not attest robberies, assassinations, attacks of every kind upon our resident countrymen. This disorderly state of afifairs is not attested only by French assertions. You believe more in the affirma- tions of the ministers of England and Spain than in those of the minister of your own coun- try ? Be it so. [Good, good ] Well, Sir Charles Wyke wrote to his government, on the 27th of May, 1861, that is. at the time when the tjrranny of Juarez held sway in the city of Mexico ; he wrote as follows : ''The congress, instead of giving the government sufficient force to put an end to the horrible disorders that reign in all parts of the country, occupies itself with disputes on different theories of the pretended government and ultra-liberal principles. During this time the respectable part of the population is left without defence against the attacks of the robbers and assassins who swarm on the highways and in the streets of the capital. The constitutional government cannot maintain its authority in the various States of the confederation, which, in fact, are perfectly independent ; so that the same causes which divided the confederation of Central America, and which are at work here, will probably produdb the same results. **The only hope of an advantageous change that I can see is in the small conservative party which may attain to power before all is lost, and which can save its country from the ruin which threatens it. *' From the moment that we shall make known our determination no longer to permit English subjects to be robbed and assassinated with impunity we will be respected. All sensible Mexicans will approve a measure, the necessity of which they are the first to reco^- 152 MEXICAN AFFAIRS. nize, in order to put an end to the excesses which, every day and every hour, are com- mitted, under a government as corrupt as it is powerless to maintain order and to effect the execution of its own laws " On the 28th of October he wrote again : "The experience of each day tends to prove how utterly absurd it is to seek to govern this country with the limited faculties accorded to the executive power by the present ultra-liberal constitution. I see no hope of ameli- oration but in the advent of a foreign intervention, or in the formation of a reasonable government, composed of the principal men of the conservative party, who, for the present, are devoid of influence, and fear to stir unlei^s with material assistance from without." These facts stated by our agents were evident to all the world. It is true that to acquit Juarez of them, these facts are attributed to brigandage, and it is added that brigandage is endemic in that unfortunate country. We shall probably hear on Monday, gentlemen, something on Neapolitan brigandage, severe words, and they will be well founded, but I ask how, in the face of this seventy towards acts not directed against our fellow-country- men, there is found such an abundance of indulgence for Mexican brigandage of which our citizens are the victims. [Good, good ] The government of Juarez is not only guilty for its impotence, its corruption, as the minister of England says ; it is not only culpable of being unable or unwilling to prevent the brigandages committed about it ; it is not only guilty of letting the brigands that surround it go unpunished ; it is guilty of making of them colonels, generals, friends, confidants, phtit's so ; that's so ; good, good.] It js, moreover, personally guilty of the direct violation of all the engagements into which it has entered. Again, I ask, is it bound by treaties with us, treaties subscribed by its predecessors, trea> ties subscribed by itself ? Has it not violated these treaties ? Has it not forcibly seized for itself the sums collected for us, and which those treaties had assigned to us? Here arc the facts ; they are incontestable. In the face of these violations and of these violences, is there one man in this assembly who does not feel the necessity for France to enforce respect for the treaties made with her and with citizens who glory in being French- men ? There was once in the world a people whose members had to say but one word, " I am a Boman citizen," to insure universal respect. There is another today which, in every quarter of the world, enforces with equal energy rerpect for its countrymen ; acts of the greatest energy are familiar to it in this regard, and it has just very recently given a lively proof of it in the waters of Brazil. I admire its vigorous patriotism ; but you will not take it ill that the government of France should imitate it, and cause its countrymen also to be respected as much as British citizens are respected. [Enthusiastic approbation ] llie cause of our offended honor, of our treaties violated, of our funds carried off, the cause of our fellow-citizens harassed, pillaged, assassinated— ^thesc causes cannot be aban- doned by a government conscious of its obligations, and whose first duty it is to make its country respected. You seek to make these causes so legitimate be foi gotten by evok'ng I know not what scandal; of which it is hoped the mists, more or less obscure, will shade from the eyes of prejudiced' public opinion all the sincerity of purpose, all the justice of the resolutions of the government. But these mists will soon be dissipated. What it imports me from the beginning to state well is, that in the face of the acts of the government of Juarez, there is no people so feeble, so timid, so pacifically inclined, that would not deem itself necessi- tated to have recourse to force to maintain its disregarded rights. Is not this opinion of France, gentlemen, also that of England f Has not England judged , as we have done, that the measure was full ? Has she not recalled her minister ? Has she not with us signed a treaty for action in common ? Has not the sentiment of England been also that of Spain ? Has not Spain as well as England made common cause with us ? Has she not sent her troops upon Mexican soil ? Has she not judged, equally with us, that it was for her honor, that it was for the urgent interest of her citizens to resort to thi^ great and last resort of nations, the employment of force, when their rights are violated ? There is undoubtedly no occasion to accuse cither England or Spain of this pretended desire to en- throne a foreign prince, or of any Jecker debt whatever to enforce. Tet the English and the Spanish have judged as well as we, for the same reasons that we have, the violation of treaties and the vexations to which their citizens have been subjected, that the occasion for the employment of force was presented, and that it was necessary to use it. I insist on these facts, because it is important to establish well that the motives which have decided us would have decided any nation, however little desirous of making itself respected in the world, and that three great nations, identical ia their complaints, have been equally so in their resolution to act. The employment offeree being found necea-wiry, and being resolved on, what have been the steps taken by the Emperor's government in consequence? It has been asserted that its conduct has l)een adventurous, rash. I shall presume to show that it has been prudent, wife, and circumspect. In the first place, it had an understanding with the powers which MEXICAN AFFAIRS. 153 had the same intereBts as France. It thus avoided all cause for jealousy, difticulty, and embarrassment, and the three powers, in unison, regulated the conditions of their action. France did not even take, in the begiuning, the priocipal part in the demonstration. The proportion of the forces had been agreed upon. Spaiu, whom so many memories recall into those countries, whom the most important interests in the very Gulf of Mexico command to be ttrong and respected, Spain had found in the traditions of her policy and the good ivill of ours towards her the reasons for playing the principal part, and having numerous- eorj)9 d'armi€. England, whose power is chiefly maritime, gave the assistance of her fleets. And as for us, as resolved as the Spanish, but in less number, and leaving to Spain the honor of the principal situation, we sent originally but 2,500 men. Thus, then, driven unto the last intrenchments of her honor, France, having come to an understanding with the great powers, having the f^ame interests as they, and regulating with common accord the concurrence of each, she who has beien accustomed to take the chief parts took only the second. Assuredly, in such circumstances, she was neither rash nor adventurous ; she was sensible and politic. [Very good ; very good.] Indeed, there could not well be any great degree of temerity in the &ct that three powers, among the principal of the world, should proceed to demand of a savage and tyrannical government to yield at length to reason and equity. There could be nothing very venturesome in this tliat, preceded by Spain, followed by England, we should undertake to uphold our rights and our claims in Mexico. How, under these circumstances, can the French government be accused of having impiudently and with levity sported with the blood and treasures of its country ? But there has been brought forward another serious imputation which it behooves us to clear up. When, for the first time, in the month of March of last year, the Mexican question was brought forward in this assembly, certain explanations were given, and recalling them yesterday, the eloquent orator to whom I reply has offered us a strange dilemma : ** Either you have deceived the Chamlwr,*' said he to us, *' or you did not know all." Has he well weighed the import of such words ? To deceive the Chamber ! If the Emperor's ministers were capable of such an infamous proceeding they should have been impeached. [Good, good.] I am not aware that the rectitude of my political life has given any one the right to throw such an imputation on my character. [No, no ; good, good.] Bat we might not have known all. Do you clearly understand the meaning of this^ This tends, on the one side, to bring into discredit with this assembly the authoritative declarations of the government, to ruin its just authority, to destroy the faith which you have in it ; it tends, on the other baud, to throw back upon him who honors us with his confidence and his instructions such insinuations as, I am Bure, you would not accept. [Good, good ] We know what we ought to have known ; we said what we ought to have said. Recall to mind the facts. I know well that, ffom the very first day, the efforts of the opposition have been directed to drown the popularity of a necessar>' chastisement in the unpopularity of the gratuitous foundation of a foreign throiie. It was requisite for this purpose to substitute for the reminiscence of the violences of which our fellow-countrymen have been the object, for the reminiscence of treaties violated, the prejudice of an enterprise in which all motives of national interest would have been effaced ; it was necessary to endeavor to persuade France that it was demanded of her to sacrifice her children, to expend her treasures, solely to found a throne for an archduke of Austria. But never, as you know well, has this acces- sory and conditional scheme, subordinate to the wishes of the Mexican people, been either the exclusive motive or purpose of the expedition undertaken. In this -discussion the honorable orator to whom I reply put forth, in effect, the assertion that France was disinterested in the affair, that entire satisfaction had been assured to her, and that the expedition was undertaken with the sole view of erecting a throne in Mexico and seating on it a foreign prince. He cited certain indications from officers who had de- clared it. We replied that we went to Mexico to avenge our honor, to avenge our fellow- countrymen, to compel the execution of treaties, to obtain the reparation due to us, which, whatever he may say to the contrary, Juarez was unwilling to accord to us. And then we added : ••If the Mexicans, weary of the tyranny from which they suffer still more than wo do, possess yet any germ of energy, if they have not been completely enervated by the forty years of anarchy and tymnny which weigh upon them, if they desire to repress all those revolutionary and counter-revolutionary hordes which harass and oppress them, profiting by the occjision which we are going to offer them, if they wish to endeavor to found a regular and reasonable government, they can reckon on our whole moral support ; we will applaud their efforts, we will prosecute with our best wisheo the re-edification of the social edifice in their unhappy country. We indicated plainly, as the first step in our policy, the desire to avenge the honor of France, the blood of her children, and to obtain reparation for all injuries done ; and then, as a second step, in the interest also of the guarantees which we had the right to demand, the reorganization by the Me^V:»kT\s& 'Ccw^sov- 154 ^ MEXICAN AFFAIRS. selves of a regular, responsible government, capable of respecting plighte<i faith. If Mexico can give herself aiid us this fundamental guarantee she will have, I repeat, our moral support, our approbation, our applause, and we shall be happy to have given her the occa- sion for the resurrection of a great and beautiful country, plunged in misery for so many years. Here is our reply. [Good] In what have we concealed the ideas of the government ? Rend all the proclamations that from the first day to the present moment have emanate<l fr«m the French govern- ment. When I spoke in the month of March last you had before your eyes the instnictions given by our minister of foreign affairs ; they were clear, plain, precise. In the first place, our interests ; in the second place, the desire for the organization of a real, eft'ectual Mexi- can government. The Emperor, in his memorable letter to General De Lorencez. wrote those noble words which you have applauded : ''It is against my interests, my origin, and my principles to impose any government whatever on the Mexican people ; let them choose in full liberty the form that suits them." Afterwards General Forey made the same declarations ; and I myself, in the month of June last, declared to you, as the last possible conseqvcnce of the line of conduct which we intended to pursue: **We appeal to the Mexican people, and if that people, free to vote as it pleases, decides even for the govern- ment of Juarez, well, be it so ; let its wish be accomplished." How, then, can we have deceived the Chamber ? How have we ever concealed both the principal purpose and the conditional hypotheses ? If, in these contingencies, Mexico hap- pened to desire a monarchy, its possibilities have not remained unprovided for. Thus wo have arranged everything in its proper place. We have not given a contingent hypothesis precedence of our own interests, for when a policy is pursued in the name of one's own conntry, it is by the interest of one's own country that we must commence. [Gopd, good. Our troops were arriving in Mexico in the month of January ; we had before us, as a suit- able season for transportation and war, January, February, March, and perhaps a few days of April. We knew perfectly that if at that period things were not consummated the tyranny of Juarez would receive a redoubtable and almost invincible auxiliary, the black vomit. We knew very well that it was necessary, in those few words, to characterize justly the cunning of that government as well as its violences, and to succeed in imposing upon it the solution of the question ; there was no time to be lost. Behold under what inspi- rations the expedition set out and arrived at its destination ! The honorable orator to whom I reply has recalled the words which I uttered in the month of March, and in which I expressed my impression that our troops had already occupied the city of Mexico, and he added that the words were ahead of the soldiers. The soldiers would have been as quick as the words if the plan of the Emperor's govern- ment had been followed out. The Mexican government, at that period a prey to the most complete anarchy, without any effectual means, without any resources of consequence, offered no kind of resistance, and if, without being stopped by vain delays, the Spanish and French troops had marched upon the city of Mexico, they would have arrived there quicker than my words. [Good, good.] See what a humane prudence had foreseen in France ; it had calculated that a corpi cTarmh of about 12,000 men, supported by fleets girding the sea-coast, and having three useful months before them to bring an anarchical and disorganized government to a sense of reason, could, without striking a blow, or by the mere force of its courage, rapidly reach the city of Mexico. How has it happened that such prognostications have not been real- ized ? How has it happened that this expedition, which the most far-sighted prudence had planned, both as to diplomatic agreement and military effectivity and means of execu- tion, how has it happened, I say, that this expedition has momentarily but so unexpectedly miscarried ? It is well to recall it to the Chamber. On the soil of Mexico the manage- ment of the affair was necesaarily intrusted .to the three plenipotentiaries, and there was manifested from the very first da3r8 a singular divergence of their respective opinions. France had proclaimed, Spain and England had recognized with her, that the govern- MEXICAN AFFAIRS. . 155 ment of Juarez was a government without faith, without consistency, without guarantees ; that it was impossible to tieat seriously with it. The experience of many years, and espe- cially of the last year, demonstrated that Mexican govemmentd promised and never kept their promises. The three powers had recognized that force alone could master such a condition of things, and yet their representatives, having scarcely landed on the soil of Mexico, commence by recognizing the very government which had rendered itself unworthy of recognition, and by negotiating with it, when all negotiation had been recognized as useless, and all engagement on its part as illusory and superfluous. The treaty of La Soledad opens with this singular declaration, which I recall to the attention of the Chamber: ** Prdimihariei agreed upon Idween the Count (if Rim and the Minister qf Foreign Affairt qf the Republic qf Mexico.
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Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
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PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
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PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0017
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
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no-eu-funds
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Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
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1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 17
Pakiet 17 - Obłożenia operacyjne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
33199000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0018
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 18
Pakiet 18 - Obłożenia operacyjne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0019
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 19
Pakiet 19 - Sprzęt jednorazowy i wyroby medyczne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0020
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 20
Pakiet 20 - Sprzęt jednorazowy i wyroby medyczne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0021
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 21
Pakiet 21 - Sprzęt jednorazowy i wyroby medyczne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0022
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 22
Pakiet 22 - Sprzęt jednorazowy i wyroby medyczne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
33141200
33141320
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0023
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
8. Domniemywa się, że Zamawiający mógł zapoznać się z treścią odwołania przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia, jeżeli przekazanie odpowiednio odwołania albo jego kopii nastąpiło przed upływem terminu do jego wniesienia przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej.
9. Odwołanie wnosi się w terminie:
9.1. 10 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej;
9.2. 15 dni od dnia przekazania informacji o czynności zamawiającego stanowiącej podstawę jego wniesienia, jeżeli informacja została przekazana w sposób inny niż określony w pkt 9.1.
10. Odwołanie wobec treści ogłoszenia wszczynającego postępowanie o udzielenie zamówienia lub wobec treści dokumentów zamówienia wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia publikacji ogłoszenia w Dzienniku Urzędowym Unii Europejskiej lub zamieszczenia dokumentów zamówienia na stronie internetowej.
11. Odwołanie w przypadkach innych niż określone w ust. 9 i 10 wnosi się w terminie 10 dni od dnia, w którym powzięto lub przy zachowaniu należytej staranności można było powziąć wiadomość o okolicznościach stanowiących podstawę jego wniesienia.
12. Na orzeczenie Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej oraz postanowienie Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., stronom oraz uczestnikom postępowania odwoławczego przysługuje skarga do sądu.
13. Skargę wnosi się do Sądu Okręgowego w Warszawie - sądu zamówień publicznych.
14. Skargę wnosi się za pośrednictwem Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, w terminie 14 dni od dnia doręczenia orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp., przesyłając jednocześnie jej odpis przeciwnikowi skargi. Złożenie skargi w placówce pocztowej operatora wyznaczonego w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. - Prawo pocztowe albo wysłanie na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych jest równoznaczne z jej wniesieniem.
15. Prezes Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej przekazuje skargę wraz z aktami postępowania odwoławczego do sądu zamówień publicznych w terminie 7 dni od dnia jej otrzymania.
16. Skargę może wnieść również Prezes Urzędu, w terminie 30 dni od dnia wydania orzeczenia Izby lub postanowienia Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej, o którym mowa w art. 519 ust. 1 ustawy Pzp. Prezes Urzędu może także przystąpić do toczącego się postępowania. Do czynności podejmowanych przez Prezesa Urzędu stosuje się odpowiednio przepisy ustawy z dnia 17 listopada 1964 r. - Kodeks postępowania cywilnego o prokuratorze.
17. Szczegółowe informacje dotyczące środków ochrony prawnej określone są w Dziale IX „Środki ochrony prawnej” ustawy Pzp.
ORG-0002
ORG-0002
POL
false
true
false
required
false
false
2024-03-13+01:00
09:00:00+01:00
false
2024-03-13+01:00
11:00:00+01:00
Otwarcie ofert nastąpi za pośrednictwem Platformy zakupowej, działającej pod adresem https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
false
none
none
Część nr: 23
Pakiet 23 - Sprzęt jednorazowy i wyroby medyczne
Przedmiot zamówienia został szczegółowo opisany w Załączniku nr 2 do SWZ (formularz asortymentowo-cenowy), w którym podano ilość przedmiotu zamówienia oraz opis przedmiotu zamówienia. SWZ wraz z załącznikami Zamawiający udostępni na stronie internetowej prowadzonego postępowania: https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin.
supplies
Termin realizacji przedmiotu Umowy: od dnia zawarcia umowy do dnia 20.01.2025r.
true
none
33140000
Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony im. dr. Romana Ostrzyckiego w Koninie - Apteka Szpitalna
ul. Szpitalna 45
Konin
62-504
PL414
POL
2025-01-20+01:00
12
PRAWO OPCJI
1. W trakcie obowiązywania umowy Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji obejmującego prawo do zwiększenia ilości zakupywanego Towaru w danej pozycji do 20% wartości danej pozycji (z zaokrągleniem w dół) po cenie jednostkowej określonej w ofercie.
2. W przypadku nieskorzystania przez Zamawiającego z prawa opcji, albo w przypadku skorzystania w niepełnym zakresie, Wykonawcy nie będą przysługiwały żadne roszczenia.
3. Zamawiający może skorzystać z prawa opcji w przypadku wyczerpania zakresu podstawowego dostawy w danej pozycji, jeśli pojawi się potrzeba zwiększenia zakresu tej dostawy. W takiej sytuacji Zamawiający poinformuje Wykonawcę o skorzystaniu z prawa opcji.
4. Do Towaru dostarczanego w ramach prawa opcji stosuje się wszystkie postanowienia przedmiotowej umowy, w tym w szczególności postanowienia dotyczące terminu dostawy, realizacji reklamacji i terminu ważności.
LOT-0024
sui-act
Zdolności do występowania w obrocie gospodarczym
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
sui-act
Uprawnienia do prowadzenia określonej działalności gospodarczej lub zawodowej, o ile wynika to z odrębnych przepisów
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
ef-stand
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
tp-abil
Zamawiający nie wyznacza szczegółowego warunku w tym zakresie.
n-used
false
false
not-allowed
no-eu-funds
false
false
POL
_DEFAULT_VALUE_CHANGE_ME_
non-restricted-document
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
Zasady finansowania zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
none
no
performance
Warunki dotyczące realizacji zamówienia zostały zawarte w Projektowanych Postanowieniach Umowy, stanowiących Załącznik nr 5 do SWZ nr WSZ-EP-48/2023.
allowed
false
not-allowed
true
false
per-exa
60
price
Cena
per-exa
40
quality
Termin dostawy (TD)
https://platformazakupowa.pl/wsz_konin
ORG-0001
ORG-0001
90
1. Środki ochrony prawnej przysługują Wykonawcy oraz innemu podmiotowi, jeżeli ma lub miał interes w uzyskaniu zamówienia oraz poniósł lub może ponieść szkodę w wyniku naruszenia przez Zamawiającego przepisów ustawy Pzp.
2. Postępowanie odwoławcze jest prowadzone w języku polskim.
3. Pisma w postępowaniu odwoławczym wnosi się w formie pisemnej albo w formie elektronicznej albo w postaci elektronicznej, z tym że odwołanie i przystąpienie do postępowania odwoławczego, wniesione w postaci elektronicznej, wymagają opatrzenia podpisem zaufanym.
4. Pisma w formie pisemnej wnosi się za pośrednictwem operatora pocztowego, w rozumieniu ustawy z dnia 23 listopada 2012 r. – Prawo pocztowe, osobiście, za pośrednictwem posłańca, a pisma w postaci elektronicznej wnosi się przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej, w tym na adres do doręczeń elektronicznych, o którym mowa w art. 2 pkt 1 ustawy z dnia 18 listopada 2020 r. o doręczeniach elektronicznych (Dz.U. z 2023 r. poz. 285).
5. Odwołanie przysługuje na:
5.1. niezgodną z przepisami ustawy czynność zamawiającego, podjętą w postępowaniu
o udzielenie zamówienia, w tym na projektowane postanowienia umowy;
5.2. zaniechanie czynności w postępowaniu o udzielenie zamówienia, do której zamawiający był obowiązany na podstawie ustawy;
5.3. zaniechanie przeprowadzenia postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia na podstawie ustawy, mimo że zamawiający był do tego obowiązany.
6. Odwołanie wnosi się do Prezesa Krajowej Izby Odwoławczej.
7. Odwołujący przekazuje Zamawiającemu odwołanie wniesione w formie elektronicznej albo postaci elektronicznej albo kopię tego odwołania, jeżeli zostało ono wniesione w formie pisemnej, przed upływem terminu do wniesienia odwołania w taki sposób, aby mógł on zapoznać się z jego treścią przed upływem tego terminu.
| 0.11025
| -0.565815
| 867
| 3,527
| 41
| 41
|
Public Works Contracts
| false
|
99,528
|
github_open_source_100_2_8148
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
YUI().use("node", function(Y) {
function build_replacement_object(node, o) {
node.setContent(node.getContent(), o);
}
build_replacement_object(Y.one("#id_test"), {
name : "Matt Snider",
activity : "Video Games",
sport : "Soccer"
});
});
| 0.386261
| 0.697003
| 3,500
| 13,912
| 257
| -1
|
Natural Language Processing
| false
|
99,529
|
5458615_1
|
Caselaw_Access_Project
|
Public Domain
|
Four judgments of the Supreme Court, Queens County (one as to each defendant), all rendered February 10, 1976, affirmed. No opinion. TMs case is remitted to the Supreme Court, Queens County, for further proceedings pursuant to CPL 460.50 (subd 5). Latham, Acting P. J., Margett, Suozzi and Mollen, JJ., concur..
| 0.310613
| -0.88623
| 233
| 979
| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,530
|
https://persist.lu/ark:70795/hdvgdf/articles/DTL159_1
|
BNL Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Internationale Bank in Luxemburg. iltoiuxfci-dXuiwaà am 3i. ctumiib i 863. Activa. Passiva. Frs. Cts. Frs. Cts. Cassa 135.834. 38 Wechsel-Portefeuille . . . 782,791.78 Cnpilsil 40,000 Ad. à Frs. 230 10,000,000. 00 Effecten 480,436. 00 Banknoten im Umlauf . . 99,250. 00 Ziirucko-ekaiifle eigene Ac- Gewirin-Keserve-Conlo . . 331,334. 98 tien ? 5,000,000. 00 Rescrvefbnds-Conto . . . 96,419. 72 Commandit-Capilalien. . . 2,979,553.93 Conto-corrent-Crediloren u. Conto-corrent-Debitorcn u. diverse 1,707,291. 12 sonstige Activa . . . . 2,852,629. C 8 198) êifht-ll hfittitrtttfituitö Cfthfuîtfif halten wir unsere schon seit Jahren rühmlichst bekannten Lairitz'schell Waldwoll-Fabrikate Z 5 Präparate, bestehend in gewirkten und gewebten Unterkleidern vom Kopf bis zum Fuß, Ellcnzeugcn'Watte, letztere zum Umhüllen kranker Glieder, sowie in diuerscn Fähigkeiten zu Einreibungen u. Vädern zu geneigter Bedienung empfohlen. Für Luxemburg und Gcgcno befindet sich der alleinige c» détail Verkauf bei Fräulein SophK Glich, Ncgicnmgsstraße Nr. 1. wo auch mehr als 100 der loyalsten Zeugnisse »on 23cl)iivben, Siebten und Laien zu Jedermanns Einsicht bereit liegen. Die La i r itz'schc Waldwull-Waar-Fabrik in II cm d a (1123) ■ am Thiirillgerwald..
| 0.466642
| -0.557175
| 942
| 3,677
| 236
| -1
|
Biographies and Accidents
| false
|
99,531
|
github_open_source_100_2_8149
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
#include "FilterByProbe.h"
#include "ProbeEvents.h"
#include "ProbeGlCalls.h"
#include "mmcore/CoreInstance.h"
#include "mmcore_gl/utility/ShaderSourceFactory.h"
#include "mmstd/event/EventCall.h"
#include "mmstd_gl/flags/FlagCallsGL.h"
#include "probe/CallKDTree.h"
#include "probe/ProbeCalls.h"
#include "probe/ProbeCollection.h"
namespace megamol {
namespace probe_gl {
FilterByProbe::FilterByProbe()
: m_version(0)
, m_probe_selection()
, m_probes_slot("getProbes", "")
, m_kd_tree_slot("getKDTree", "")
, m_event_slot("getEvents", "")
, m_readFlagsSlot("getReadFlags", "")
, m_writeFlagsSlot("getWriteFlags", "") {
this->m_probes_slot.SetCompatibleCall<probe::CallProbesDescription>();
this->MakeSlotAvailable(&this->m_probes_slot);
this->m_kd_tree_slot.SetCompatibleCall<probe::CallKDTreeDescription>();
this->MakeSlotAvailable(&this->m_kd_tree_slot);
this->m_event_slot.SetCompatibleCall<megamol::core::CallEventDescription>();
this->MakeSlotAvailable(&this->m_event_slot);
this->m_readFlagsSlot.SetCompatibleCall<mmstd_gl::FlagCallRead_GLDescription>();
this->MakeSlotAvailable(&this->m_readFlagsSlot);
this->m_writeFlagsSlot.SetCompatibleCall<mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GLDescription>();
this->MakeSlotAvailable(&this->m_writeFlagsSlot);
}
FilterByProbe::~FilterByProbe() {
this->Release();
}
bool FilterByProbe::create() {
try {
// create shader program
m_setFlags_prgm = std::make_unique<GLSLComputeShader>();
m_filterAll_prgm = std::make_unique<GLSLComputeShader>();
m_filterNone_prgm = std::make_unique<GLSLComputeShader>();
vislib_gl::graphics::gl::ShaderSource setFlags_src;
vislib_gl::graphics::gl::ShaderSource filterAll_src;
vislib_gl::graphics::gl::ShaderSource filterNone_src;
auto ssf =
std::make_shared<core_gl::utility::ShaderSourceFactory>(instance()->Configuration().ShaderDirectories());
if (!ssf->MakeShaderSource("FilterByProbe::setFlags", setFlags_src))
return false;
if (!m_setFlags_prgm->Compile(setFlags_src.Code(), setFlags_src.Count()))
return false;
if (!m_setFlags_prgm->Link())
return false;
if (!ssf->MakeShaderSource("FilterByProbe::filterAll", filterAll_src))
return false;
if (!m_filterAll_prgm->Compile(filterAll_src.Code(), filterAll_src.Count()))
return false;
if (!m_filterAll_prgm->Link())
return false;
if (!ssf->MakeShaderSource("FilterByProbe::filterNone", filterNone_src))
return false;
if (!m_filterNone_prgm->Compile(filterNone_src.Code(), filterNone_src.Count()))
return false;
if (!m_filterNone_prgm->Link())
return false;
} catch (vislib_gl::graphics::gl::AbstractOpenGLShader::CompileException ce) {
megamol::core::utility::log::Log::DefaultLog.WriteError("Unable to compile shader (@%s): %s\n",
vislib_gl::graphics::gl::AbstractOpenGLShader::CompileException::CompileActionName(ce.FailedAction()),
ce.GetMsgA());
return false;
} catch (vislib::Exception e) {
megamol::core::utility::log::Log::DefaultLog.WriteError("Unable to compile shader: %s\n", e.GetMsgA());
return false;
} catch (...) {
megamol::core::utility::log::Log::DefaultLog.WriteError("Unable to compile shader: Unknown exception\n");
return false;
}
return true;
}
void FilterByProbe::release() {
m_setFlags_prgm.reset();
m_filterAll_prgm.reset();
}
bool FilterByProbe::GetExtents(mmstd_gl::CallRender3DGL& call) {
return true;
}
bool FilterByProbe::Render(mmstd_gl::CallRender3DGL& call) {
probe::CallProbes* pc = this->m_probes_slot.CallAs<probe::CallProbes>();
if (pc == NULL)
return false;
if (!(*pc)(0))
return false;
if (pc->hasUpdate()) {
auto probes = pc->getData();
m_probe_selection.resize(probes->getProbeCount());
}
// query kd tree data
auto ct = this->m_kd_tree_slot.CallAs<probe::CallKDTree>();
if (ct == nullptr)
return false;
if (!(*ct)(0))
return false;
// check for pending events
auto call_event_storage = this->m_event_slot.CallAs<core::CallEvent>();
if (call_event_storage != NULL) {
if ((!(*call_event_storage)(0)))
return false;
auto event_collection = call_event_storage->getData();
auto probes = pc->getData();
// process pobe clear selection events
{
auto pending_clearselection_events = event_collection->get<ProbeClearSelection>();
if (!pending_clearselection_events.empty()) {
std::fill(m_probe_selection.begin(), m_probe_selection.end(), false);
}
}
// process probe selection events
{
auto pending_select_events = event_collection->get<ProbeSelect>();
for (auto& evt : pending_select_events) {
m_probe_selection[evt.obj_id] = true;
}
}
// process probe deselection events
{
auto pending_deselect_events = event_collection->get<ProbeDeselect>();
for (auto& evt : pending_deselect_events) {
m_probe_selection[evt.obj_id] = false;
}
}
// process probe exclusive selection events
{
auto pending_selectExclusive_events = event_collection->get<ProbeSelectExclusive>();
if (!pending_selectExclusive_events.empty()) {
std::fill(m_probe_selection.begin(), m_probe_selection.end(), false);
m_probe_selection[pending_selectExclusive_events.back().obj_id] = true;
}
}
// process probe selection toggle events
{
auto pending_select_events = event_collection->get<ProbeSelectToggle>();
for (auto& evt : pending_select_events) {
m_probe_selection[evt.obj_id] = m_probe_selection[evt.obj_id] == true ? false : true;
}
}
// process clear filter events
{
auto pending_clearselection_events = event_collection->get<DataClearFilter>();
for (auto& evt : pending_clearselection_events) {
auto readFlags = m_readFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallRead_GL>();
auto writeFlags = m_writeFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL>();
if (readFlags != nullptr && writeFlags != nullptr) {
(*readFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
if (readFlags->hasUpdate()) {
this->m_version = readFlags->version();
}
++m_version;
auto flag_data = readFlags->getData();
{
m_filterNone_prgm->Enable();
auto flag_cnt = static_cast<GLuint>(flag_data->flags->getByteSize() / sizeof(GLuint));
glUniform1ui(m_filterNone_prgm->ParameterLocation("flag_cnt"), flag_cnt);
flag_data->flags->bind(1);
m_filterNone_prgm->Dispatch(static_cast<int>(std::ceil(flag_cnt / 64.0f)), 1, 1);
::glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT);
m_filterNone_prgm->Disable();
}
writeFlags->setData(readFlags->getData(), m_version);
(*writeFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
}
}
}
// process probe selection events
{
auto pending_filter_event = event_collection->get<DataFilterByProbeSelection>();
if (!pending_filter_event.empty()) {
// TODO get corresponding data points from kd-tree
auto tree = ct->getData();
std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
for (size_t probe_idx = 0; probe_idx < m_probe_selection.size(); ++probe_idx) {
if (m_probe_selection[probe_idx] == true) {
// TODO get probe
auto generic_probe = probes->getGenericProbe(probe_idx);
auto visitor = [&tree, &indices](auto&& arg) {
using T = std::decay_t<decltype(arg)>;
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, probe::Vec4Probe> || std::is_same_v<T, probe::FloatProbe>) {
auto position = arg.m_position;
auto direction = arg.m_direction;
auto begin = arg.m_begin;
auto end = arg.m_end;
auto samples_per_probe = arg.getSamplingResult()->samples.size();
auto sample_step = end / static_cast<float>(samples_per_probe);
auto radius = sample_step * 2.0; // sample_radius_factor;
for (int j = 0; j < samples_per_probe; j++) {
pcl::PointXYZ sample_point;
sample_point.x = position[0] + j * sample_step * direction[0];
sample_point.y = position[1] + j * sample_step * direction[1];
sample_point.z = position[2] + j * sample_step * direction[2];
std::vector<float> k_distances;
std::vector<uint32_t> k_indices;
auto num_neighbors =
tree->radiusSearch(sample_point, arg.m_sample_radius, k_indices, k_distances);
if (num_neighbors == 0) {
num_neighbors = tree->nearestKSearch(sample_point, 1, k_indices, k_distances);
}
indices.insert(indices.end(), k_indices.begin(), k_indices.end());
} // end num samples per probe
}
};
std::visit(visitor, generic_probe);
}
}
// TODO set flags
auto readFlags = m_readFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallRead_GL>();
auto writeFlags = m_writeFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL>();
if (readFlags != nullptr && writeFlags != nullptr) {
(*readFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
if (readFlags->hasUpdate()) {
this->m_version = readFlags->version();
}
++m_version;
auto flag_data = readFlags->getData();
auto kdtree_ids =
std::make_unique<glowl::BufferObject>(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, indices, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
if (!indices.empty()) {
m_filterAll_prgm->Enable();
auto flag_cnt = static_cast<GLuint>(flag_data->flags->getByteSize() / sizeof(GLuint));
glUniform1ui(m_filterAll_prgm->ParameterLocation("flag_cnt"), flag_cnt);
flag_data->flags->bind(1);
m_filterAll_prgm->Dispatch(static_cast<int>(std::ceil(flag_cnt / 64.0f)), 1, 1);
::glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT);
m_filterAll_prgm->Disable();
m_setFlags_prgm->Enable();
glUniform1ui(m_setFlags_prgm->ParameterLocation("id_cnt"), static_cast<GLuint>(indices.size()));
kdtree_ids->bind(0);
flag_data->flags->bind(1);
m_setFlags_prgm->Dispatch(static_cast<int>(std::ceil(indices.size() / 64.0f)), 1, 1);
::glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT);
m_setFlags_prgm->Disable();
}
writeFlags->setData(readFlags->getData(), m_version);
(*writeFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
}
}
}
// process probe selection events
{
auto pending_filter_event = event_collection->get<DataFilterByProbingDepth>();
if (!pending_filter_event.empty()) {
// TODO get corresponding data points from kd-tree
auto tree = ct->getData();
std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
for (size_t probe_idx = 0; probe_idx < m_probe_selection.size(); ++probe_idx) {
auto generic_probe = probes->getGenericProbe(probe_idx);
auto visitor = [&tree, &indices, &pending_filter_event](auto&& arg) {
using T = std::decay_t<decltype(arg)>;
if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, probe::Vec4Probe> || std::is_same_v<T, probe::FloatProbe>) {
auto position = arg.m_position;
auto direction = arg.m_direction;
auto begin = arg.m_begin;
auto end = arg.m_end;
auto samples_per_probe = arg.getSamplingResult()->samples.size();
auto sample_step = end / static_cast<float>(samples_per_probe);
auto radius = sample_step * 2.0; // sample_radius_factor;
float depth = std::min(end, pending_filter_event.back().depth);
//float depth = pending_filter_event.back().depth;
pcl::PointXYZ sample_point;
sample_point.x = position[0] + depth * direction[0];
sample_point.y = position[1] + depth * direction[1];
sample_point.z = position[2] + depth * direction[2];
std::vector<float> k_distances;
std::vector<uint32_t> k_indices;
auto num_neighbors =
tree->radiusSearch(sample_point, arg.m_sample_radius, k_indices, k_distances);
if (num_neighbors == 0) {
num_neighbors = tree->nearestKSearch(sample_point, 1, k_indices, k_distances);
}
indices.insert(indices.end(), k_indices.begin(), k_indices.end());
}
};
std::visit(visitor, generic_probe);
}
// TODO set flags
auto readFlags = m_readFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallRead_GL>();
auto writeFlags = m_writeFlagsSlot.CallAs<mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL>();
if (readFlags != nullptr && writeFlags != nullptr) {
(*readFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
if (readFlags->hasUpdate()) {
this->m_version = readFlags->version();
}
++m_version;
auto flag_data = readFlags->getData();
auto kdtree_ids =
std::make_unique<glowl::BufferObject>(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BUFFER, indices, GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
if (!indices.empty()) {
m_filterAll_prgm->Enable();
auto flag_cnt = static_cast<GLuint>(flag_data->flags->getByteSize() / sizeof(GLuint));
glUniform1ui(m_filterAll_prgm->ParameterLocation("flag_cnt"), flag_cnt);
flag_data->flags->bind(1);
m_filterAll_prgm->Dispatch(static_cast<int>(std::ceil(flag_cnt / 64.0f)), 1, 1);
::glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT);
m_filterAll_prgm->Disable();
m_setFlags_prgm->Enable();
glUniform1ui(m_setFlags_prgm->ParameterLocation("id_cnt"), static_cast<GLuint>(indices.size()));
kdtree_ids->bind(0);
flag_data->flags->bind(1);
m_setFlags_prgm->Dispatch(static_cast<int>(std::ceil(indices.size() / 64.0f)), 1, 1);
::glMemoryBarrier(GL_SHADER_STORAGE_BARRIER_BIT);
m_setFlags_prgm->Disable();
}
writeFlags->setData(readFlags->getData(), m_version);
(*writeFlags)(mmstd_gl::FlagCallWrite_GL::CallGetData);
}
}
}
}
return true;
}
void FilterByProbe::PreRender(mmstd_gl::CallRender3DGL& call) {}
} // namespace probe_gl
} // namespace megamol
| 0.365767
| 0.441324
| 2,987
| 11,863
| 202
| 202
|
Computer Graphics Examples
| false
|
99,532
|
github_open_source_100_2_8150
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import * as React from 'react';
import createSVGIcon from '../utils/createSVGIcon';
export default createSVGIcon(() => {
return (
<path d="M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm144 276c0
6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-92v92c0 6.6-5.4 12-12 12h-56c-6.6 0-12-5.4-12-12v-92h-92c-6.6
0-12-5.4-12-12v-56c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h92v-92c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h56c6.6 0 12 5.4 12
12v92h92c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v56z"/>
);
}, '0 0 512 512');
| 0.164295
| 0.631891
| 3,365
| 13,386
| 57
| 57
|
SVG Icon Library
| false
|
99,533
|
github_open_source_100_2_8151
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package model
// Nav 页面导航
type Nav struct {
Title string `json:"title"`
Url string `json:"url"`
Active bool `json:"active"`
Children []Nav `json:"children"` // 子菜单
}
| 0.381605
| 0.814523
| 3,756
| 14,936
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,534
|
1898155_1
|
Caselaw_Access_Project
|
Public Domain
|
Judgment affirmed, with costs; no opinion.
Concur: His cock, Ch. J., Hogan, Cabdozo, Pound, McLaughlin arid Cbane, JJ. Absent: Andbews, J..
| 0.305261
| -0.873372
| 297
| 1,107
| 36
| 36
|
Court Cases
| false
|
99,535
|
b28105722_10
|
English-PD
|
Public Domain
|
- '-' a o ja © © © oa' a _f -2 ®+3 o S£ ^-gp^o/S -S -2 3 o -o £ pO go43 P. 235 236 THE PLACENTA IX 150, c), but soon becomes cliscoidal as the embryo in its amnion and extra-embryonic coelom enlarge. It is in contact with the distended uterine capillaries, and very quickly these burst and the extravasated maternal blood is poured into irregular spaces or lacunae excavated in the trophoblast. Many of the haematids are phagocytically devoured by the trophoblast (Fig. 151, 8). The blood enters these spaces in the centre, leaves them by a number of wide vessels at the periphery. At its base this tropho- blast remains cellular, but elsewhere it becomes syncytial by the disappearance of cell-boundaries ; the two regions have been termed respectively cyto- and plasmodi-trophoblast. Between the blood-vessels that supply these trophoblastic lacunae is the subepithelial connective tissue (Fig. 151, 7), and this soon undergoes an important modification. While some of the cells remain unaltered — fusiform or stellate in shape — as a supporting tissue, others become rounded and filled with globules of glycogen. The cells, though fairly closely packed, are distinct from one another. The nucleus is spherical, not very chromatic, and has one nucleolus. We shall speak of this tissue as the maternal glycogenic tissue (Fig. 151, 4). It is at about the zenith of its development by the time the foetal blood-vessels reach the placenta. The future placental region of the trophoblast may be distin- guished as * allantoidean ’ from the ‘ omphaloidean ’ region, which lies immediately against the distal wall of the yolk-sac and therefore on the anti-mesometric side. The cells here become enormously hypertrophied and their nuclei correspondingly enlarged (hence the term ‘ megalokaryocytes ’) : in the nuclei there are large nucleoli, and the chromatin is in irregular strings. They are incapable of mitosis. In contact with the subepithelial tissues they eagerly devour debris of degenerate cells, leucocytes and the haematids, which are abundantly extravasated in this region also (Fig. 151, 6, 9). They apparently play an important role in the nutrition of the embryo during this stage, prior to the development of the allantois, but later they are less important and disappear long before the end of gestation. Presumably the stuffs they have digested are passed on by means of the area vasculosa of the yolk-sac to the embryo. Fre. 151.— Histology of the placenta of the mouse. 1, Foetal capillaries (with nucleated corpuscles) lying alongside the lacunae of the trophoblast (stage e). laterf’ ^ ^ stages of gtycogenesis of the trophoblast (stages E and (sttg^D)*^113,1 glyCOgenic cells wifch intervening connective tissue-cells vessel (stage ^ithelium on the proximal wall of the yolk-sac with blood- exLvSi^r^6/1'0111 thei omphaloidean trophoblast. On the right the left the flat (stage01”617 PaCk6d maternal sub-epithelial tissue with blood-vessels (stage^nt0idean tr0ph0blaSt’ the cells ingesting maternal corpuscles and dSfoTSlI SL0X““n tr°!",0“nS‘ “gCS“n6 °°rPUSOlC8 P. 236 © © IX THE PLACENTA 237 In the next stage (Figs. 149, d ; 150, d) the allantois is deve- loped, grows Avith its blood-vessels across the coelom, reaches the somatopleure at the base of the allantoidean trophoblast, and sends its capillaries into the latter in between the lacunae. The necessary relation between the foetal and maternal circulations Avhich constitutes a placenta is now established. Further change is mainly one of growth. Firmly fixed in the trophoblast the capillaries soon elongate and branch, mostly parallel to one another and perpendicular to the surface of the placenta. The trophoblast with its lacunae keeps pace, and so the whole organ, attaining a thickness many times greater than that which it originally possessed, comes ultimately to project button -like towards the centre of the uterus (Figs. 149, E ; 150, e). The trophoblast lining the lacunae becomes finally much attenuated except for the protrusions due to the rather large nuclei (Fig. 151, 1). On the foetal side of the placenta are somewhat large lacunae to which blood is brought by channels passing directly through the centre of the placenta ; hence it passes into the smaller lacunae round the foetal capillaries and so into the efferent maternal vessels which leave the organ peripherally. The capillaries of the allantois, however, never penetrate the whole thickness of the trophoblast. On the maternal side there is a layer, increasingly broad, between the ends of the foetal vessels and the maternal tissues, a layer only traversed by the large channels which lead to and from the smaller lacunae (Fig. 150, e). In this layer the secretion of glycogen begins at the stage when the allantois has just reached the trophoblast, and soon attains enormous dimensions (Fig. 151, 2, 3). The whole tissue con- sequently appears highly vacuolated. The cells— if we may indeed speak of cell-boundaries— are oblong, the nuclei oval, rich in chromatin and provided with several nucleoli, thus differing from the maternal glycogen cells. We shall speak of this as the trophoblastic glycogenic tissue. The previously differentiated maternal glycogenic tissue ceases to grow further, with the enlargement of the whole uterus the constituent cells get separated, the glycogen cells having given up their glycogen collapse, disintegrate, and disappear, and only 238 IX THE PLACENTA the supporting cells are left between the maternal blood-vessels. Upon the space so left vacant the trophoblastic glycogen tissue encroaches, engulfing the blood-vessels as it does so, and finally extends as far as the muscularis. There can be no doubt that this tissue holds in reserve a store of food material for the use of the embryo. As sugar the glycogen passes into the maternal vessels and into the lacunae, and so is absorbed by the foetal capillaries. When the glycogen is used up the cells collapse, and their collapse may be a factor in determining the moment of parturition, since it is across this layer that the placenta breaks away. The trophoblastic is much more voluminous than the maternal glycogenic tissue ever was. In the omphaloidean regions important changes have mean- while occurred. A new lumen has been formed on the anti- mesometric side, placing the inter-placental portions of the uterus once more in communication with one another. This new lumen (Fig. 149, d, e, V.u') is separated from the cavity of the yolk-sac by (1) the distal wall of the yolk-sac, (2) the ompha- loidean trophoblast, (3) the subepithelial tissues, and (4) the epithelium. All these layers cease to grow, become passively stretched, and finally rupture, disintegrate, and disappear. The yolk-sac now opens freely into the uterine lumen, and the richly folded columnar epithelium (Fig. 151, 5) of the upper wall is able to absorb the fat and proteid material secreted by the uterine epithelium and glands. Thus the yolk-sac acts and continues to act till the end of gestation as an accessory organ of nutrition. It also forms a protective envelope, since its edge is inserted into the margin of the placenta. This edge is later carried up some little way on the outer surface of the placenta, the base of attachment of the latter to the uterine wall being narrowed, while at the same time the yolk-sac is inflected on the foetal side towards the insertion of the umbilical cord. In a placenta of this type the foetal is only separated from the maternal blood by the endothelium of the capillaries and the trophoblastic lining of the lacunae, the foetal connective tissue being in the last stages negligible. There is no penetration of foetal tissues into maternal (except for the encroachment of IX THE PLACENTA 239 the glycogenic tissue of the trophoblast on the space between the maternal blood-vessels), and there is no maternal tissue in the organ but the blood in the lacunae (except again the blood- vessels in the glycogenic region). The relation between maternal and foetal blood-streams is brought about by the fastening of the trophoblast upon the subepithelial tissues after the destruc- tion of the uterine epithelium ; once fixed there lacunae are excavated in it in which extra vasated maternal blood circulates, and it is finally vascularized from the foetal side by the capillaries of the allantois. In the guinea-pig (Cavia) the blastocyst is placed in a pit on the anti-mesometric side ; it comes into contact with the sub- epithelial tissues by burrowing beneath the epithelium, which is then destroyed. The original lumen of the uterus is obliterated in the embryonic swellings ; a new lumen is formed anti-meso* metrically, and the tissues between it and the upper wall of the yolk-sac are distended and disintegrate, thereby placing the yolk-sac in continuity with the uterine cavity, precisely in the way already described for the mouse, except that the lower wall of the yolk-sac has never been present. The placenta is discoidal and mesometrically placed ; it is developed from a thickening of trophoblast at the embryonic pole of the blastocyst. On its maternal side is an abundant glycogenic tissue, but whether this is of maternal or foetal origin, or both, has not been determined. In the rabbit and squirrel no anti-mesometric pit is formed for the reception of the blastocyst. In the rabbit there are on the mesometric side two prominent folds, the placental folds, and in the future embryonic regions these become greatly thickened by the proliferation of the subepithelial tissue and blood-vessels (trophospongia). They have been termed ‘ coty- ledons ’, but the expression is here inapplicable. To these two swellings the blastocyst attaches itself by the trophoblast behind and at the sides of the embryonic plate ; the latter is at the surface when Rauber’s cells have disappeared, but sinks inside when the amnion closes (Fig. 152). The uterine epithelium, where touched by the trophoblast now disappears, and the latter is brought into immediate contact 240 THE PLACENTA IX with the subepithelial tissue and blood-vessels. The blood- vessels are to a very slight extent engulfed by the growing tiophoblast, but their endothelial walls soon break down and their extravasated blood is discharged into lacunae excavated in the trophoblast, now much thickened and syncytial (plasmodi- Fig. 152. — Foetal membranes and placenta of the rabbit, pr.am., pro- amnion. Other letters as before. (After Duval and Van Beneden.) trophoblast), except at its base, where cell-boundaries remain (cyto-trophoblast). The allantoic capillaries then make their way into the trophoblast and the placenta is established. The trophoblast with its lacunae and the foetal tissues grow pari passu ; the placenta thus increases in thickness and projects IX THE PLACENTA 241 into the uterine cavity. In shape it is discoidal, but made up of two distinct halves or lobes, due to the attachment of the trophoblast to the two enlarged placental folds. There is a voluminous glycogenic tissue on the maternal side, stated to be entirely of maternal origin. A good deal of it is, however, probably trophoblastic. It has been shown that the glycogen of the placenta increases up to the twenty-first day of gestation, but then diminishes till the end (twenty-ninth day). The glycogen in the foetal liver, which is at first almost negligible, increases rapidly during the last week of pregnancy. A glycogen splitting ferment has also been isolated from the placenta ; it is found, too, though less active, in the overlying maternal tissues. In the placenta, therefore, the embryo has a means of controlling the glycogen metabolism ; but this function is taken on by the foetal liver towards the close of gestation. The yolk- sac in these forms also is an accessory organ of nutrition. The lower wall disappears, the cells of the upper wall then absorb material from the uterine cavity, and pass it on to the embryo by means of the area vasculosa. Cheiroptera In V espertilio there is a discoidal placenta, or rather, since it is concave, saucer-shaped or bell-shaped (Fig. 153). The blastocyst attaches itself by its embryonic pole to the anti-mesometric side of the right cornu of the uterus : only one is present at a time. Below the epithelium the connective tissue has thickened, and the blood-vessels have increased in number and size. The uterine epithelium disappears, and the trophoblast then fixes itself by invading the subepithelial tissue and engulfing some of the superficial capillaries. The endothelium of these capillaries then degenerates, and they are indistinguishable from the lacunae formed in the way with which we have become familiar in the Rodent placenta. The blood-vessels of the yolk-sac are at first applied to this mass of trophoblast, but as soon as the allantois is developed it pushes the yolk-sac away and sends its capillaries into the trophoblast. The placenta increases in thickness by the simul- Q 242 THE PLACENTA IX taneous growth of capillaries and lacunar trophoblast, and in area by an extension at the edges of the same process by which it was formed. After the first fixation there is no further pene- tration of the maternal by the foetal tissues. [ Fig. 153. — Foetal membranes and placenta of the bat (Vespertilio). (After Nolf.) Letters as before. On the anti -embryonic side (mesometric) the uterine epithelium also disappears, the fatty debris, together with that of the underlying connective tissue, being eaten up by the trophoblast. In Pteropus the placenta is discoidal but mesometric : the uterine epithelium seems to disappear. IX THE PLACENTA 243 Insectivora In this order the placenta is again discoidal, and usually concave ; but in Tupaia there are two placentas, one right, the other left, at the sides of the uterus, and in Centetes a large number. Where there is only one ( Erinaceus , Sorex, Talpa) it is anti-mesometric in position. In all cases the uterine epithelium disappears in that region where the placenta is formed : the thickened trophoblast fastens on the subepithelial tissues, and lacunae are formed in it ; in Fig. 154. — Two stages in the formation of the decidua reflexa of the hedgehog. (After Hubrecht.) d.r., decidua reflexa. Letters as before. these the maternal blood circulates. The whole is then vascu- larized from the foetal side by the allantoic capillaries. In Erinaceus, the hedgehog, the most interesting feature is the formation of a ‘ decidua reflexa ’ or ‘ capsularis ’ resembling the structure known by that name in human embryology.1 On the anti-mesometric side of the uterus there are formed two thick folds by the proliferation of the subepithelial vascular tissue (trophospongia). Between these two folds the blastocyst is lodged with its embryonic pole turned away from the meso- metrium (Fig. 154, a). By the closure of the lips of the folds 1 18 highly probable, however, in a different manner. (See below.) that the human 1 reflexa ’ is formed Q a 244 THE PLACENTA IX and obliteration of the cavity in front and behind this point the blastocyst is securely shut up in a coat of maternal tissue, the ‘ decidua reflexa ’ (Fig. 154, b). The whole of the trophoblast now thickens enormously, becomes syncytial, destroys and devours the epithelium lining the cavity which lodges it, while into the lacunae hollowed out in it quantities of maternal blood are soon discharged from the adjacent swollen capillaries. The C. Fig. 155. — Foetal membranes and placenta of the hedgehog. (After Hubrecht.) l.u., lumen uteri ; d.r., decidua reflexa. Other letters as before. yolk-sac and omphaloidean trophoblast, against which its lower wall lies, are at the anti-embryonic end, that is, towards the covering ‘ decidua reflexa ’, while towards the opposite end the allantois grows out and reaches the ‘ allantoidean ’ trophoblast. It is from this part that the placenta is formed (Fig. 155), the foetal capillaries being driven into the trophoblast between the lacunae. The whole grows in thickness. The ‘ deciduofracts ’ are phagocytic trophoblastic cells which eat up the maternal tissues adjoining the placenta. In the omphaloidean region relations are at first established IX THE PLACENTA 245 between the yolk-sac and the trophoblast with its lacunae. But as the allantoic placenta becomes increasingly functional the yolk-sac dwindles in importance and is folded up under the ‘ decidua reflexa By the extension of the uterine cavity round the base of the placenta the ‘ reflexa ’ is enlarged, and surrounds the embryo on all sides except at the placenta. It becomes stretched, and the trophoblast beneath it much attenuated. In the mole ( Talpa ) the uterine epithelium is also destroyed on the mesometric (non-placental) side ; the trophoblast comes into immediate contact with the subepithelial tissues. At birth 246 THE PLACENTA ix the allantoic capillaries are pulled out of the placental tropho- blast, which remains behind to be absorbed by the leucocytes of the mother. This arrangement is known as ‘ contra-deciduate In Sorex (Fig. 156) there is, prior to the attachment of the trophoblast in the placental region, a conspicuous proliferation of the uterine epithelium with concomitant development of crypts between the glands on the anti-mesometric side. Into these the syncytial trophoblast makes its way, and then the epithelium is destroyed. The further stages in the development of the placenta are similar to those occurring in other forms. Laterally there are also independent proliferations of the uterine epithelium to which the trophoblast becomes attached. The fused maternal and foetal tissues afterwards degenerate together and are dehisced from the wall ; the continuity of the uterine lumen is then restored. The area vasculosa of the yolk- sac which had been applied to this region is at the same time detached. Further towards the anti-embryonic pole there is an annular thickening of the trophoblast. The cells are here phago- cytic and ingest quantities of extravasated maternal haematids. Digestion of these presumably takes place in the trophoblast, since a bright-green pigment (? haemoglobin derivative) fills the yolk-sac. The iron would then be carried off by the blood- vessels of the area vasculosa. At the anti-embryonic pole the trophoblast is thin and not attached to the uterus ; here the epithelium persists. In Tupaia the yolk-sac, which has at first relations with the placental regions of the trophoblast, is later displaced by the allantois. Tabsius, Monkeys, and Man As we have already had occasion to see, the aberrant Lemur Tarsius agrees with Monkeys and the human being in the posses- sion of a diminutive yolk-sac (provided, nevertheless, with an area vasculosa), a large and precociously developed extra-embryonic coelom, and a rudimentary allantois which only extends far enough outside the body of the embryo to penetrate the base of the ventral or body-stalk, which connects the embryo in its amnion and with its yolk-sac to the wall of the blastocyst and IX THE PLACENTA 247 is to be developed into the umbilical cord. Such an arrangement of the foetal membranes is found nowhere else amongst the Mammalia. We have now to inquire whether in the origin and minute structure of the placenta there is an equally complete agreement. In Tarsius alone is the complete history of the placenta known, and there is no doubt whatever here at any rate that the placenta is of that type which prevails in Rodents, Insectivores, and Cheiroptera. In form it is discoidal, or rather button-shaped, protruding into the uterine cavity ; it is developed at the anti- embryonic pole of the blastocyst, and is placed on the meso- metric side of the uterus (Fig. 157). Here there is, prior to fixation, a ‘ trophospongia ’ or area of proliferating connective 248 THE PLACENTA IX tissue and enlarged blood-vessels, and with this the placental trophoblast comes in contact as soon as, under its influence, the epithelium has been destroyed. Firmly fixed here, the tropho- blast becomes hollowed out by lacunae, in which maternal blood circulates and is invaded from the other side by the foetal capillaries. The whole then grows into the lumen of the uterus until the complete thickness of the placenta is attained. An interesting feature is the conversion of much of the trophoblast into ‘ megalokaryocytes ’, large cells with enormous nuclei con- taining big nucleoli, similar to those seen in the omphaloidean trophoblast of the mouse. Unfortunately, we have no such thorough knowledge of the genesis of the placenta of Man and Apes, but the structure of the fully formed organ is known, and such early stages as have been described are comparable, without difficulty, with stages in the development of such placentas as those of Tarsius, Insectivores, and so on. When completed, the placenta is discoidal in shape. Amongst the Platyrhine (New World) Monkeys it is double in Cebus, single (occasionally double) in Mycetes. The two placentas are placed respectively on the dorsal and ventral walls of the uterus, and are connected, of course, by blood-vessels. Where only one is present it is ventral, but there is on the dorsal wall a placen- toid — a thickened region of widened blood-vessels — as though for the reception of a second placenta. In the Catarrhines (Old World tailed Monkeys) there are usually two placentas, dorsal and ventral, as in Semnopithecu-s and Cercocebus ( Macacus ) (Fig. 136), but one (the ventral) may be absent. Either of the two may be the primary one. The umbilical cord in Cercocebus passes to the ventral placenta, whence blood-vessels travel to the other. In the Simiidae ( Hylobates , the gibbon) and Simia (the orang) and in Man there is but a single discoidal placenta, placed in the two Apes on the anterior (ventral) wall of the uterus, in Man usually on the posterior wall, though the position is variable. Further, in these forms the blastocyst or chorionic sac is always embedded in maternal tissue which forms, between it and the lumen uteri, a layer known as the ‘ decidua reflexa ’, or, in more IX THE PLACENTA 249 modern parlance, the ‘ capsularis ’ (Fig. 158). What has been regarded as a precursor of this structure — a ridge running round the placenta — has been observed in Mycetes and Cercocebus. Human anatomists distinguish from the ‘ decidua reflexa ’ or ‘ capsularis ’ that maternal tissue to which the placenta is attached as ‘ decidua serotina ’ or ‘ basalis while the opposite Fig. 158. — Human foetal membranes and placenta. (After Balfour, after Longet. ) The amniotic cavity (am.c.) has enlarged and occupies nearly the whole of the extra-embryonic coelom (c), the amnion being reflected over the umbilical cord (u.c.) and yolk-sac (y.s. ). d.b., decidua basalis (serotina) ; a.r., decidua capsularis (reflexa) ; d.v., decidua vera ; l.u., lumen uteri ; am., amnion ; pi., placenta ; o.d., oviduct. wall of the uterus is known as the ‘ decidua vera The applica- tion of the term decidua ’ to maternal tissues has already been alluded to ; it dates from the time when the type of placenta we are considering was supposed to include, and carry away at parturition, a considerable portion of the uterine wall. Structurally all these placentas resemble one another very closely. The maternal blood circulates in large spaces known as sinuses, which are supplied by the blood-vessels of the uterine the PLACENTA IX wall (the decidua serotina or basalis in the Simiidae and m Man) (Fig. 158*). These sinuses are lined everywhere— not only over the foetal blood-vessels, but also on the maternal and on the foetal sides— by a syncytial layer, usually referred to as the syncytium, below which is a layer of cells— the cell-layer of Langhans of human embryology. These two layers separate the maternal blood in the sinuses from the foetal connective tissue and blood-capillaries (Figs. 159, 160). The more usual way, Fig. 158*. — Diagram of the structure of the human placenta, m.b.v., maternal blood-vessels in the decidua basalis (d.b.) opening into the sinuses of the placenta ( s ) in which the villi branch. The villi are covered and the sinuses lined on all sides by trophoblast (tr.) (syncytial layer and cell layer of Langhans). am., epithelium (ectoderm) of the amnion. perhaps, of describing this arrangement is to say that the foetal villi — meaning by that the capillaries, and connective tissue and the cell-layer and syncytium covering them — branch about in sinuses filled with maternal blood. The expression ‘ villi ’ dates, however, from the older conception of the origin of these struc- tures from villi similar to those seen in an Ungulate, a conception which is almost certainly erroneous. The foetal capillaries do branch very considerably it is true, but the syncytium and cell- layer are continued over the outer walls of the sinuses, next the tissues, of the serotina. The sinuses, in fact, are lined everywhere by these two layers. 7 v -u a Fig. 159. — Middle strip of a sect! through the middle of the human placen at 5 months, d.b., decidua basalis ; v villi inserted into basalis ; ,s. , sinus ; villi in sinus; fb.y., foetal vessel in villu u.v., umbilical vein ; u.a., umbilical arter . epithelium of amnion, lhe syncytium and cell-layer covering tho villi and lining tl the endanf r&?PPlnd' ^0tv'Ce that this cell-la.yer is found bet wee pe end of the villus and the maternal tissue of the basalis. -urn 250 Fig. 160. — Structure of the insertion of a ‘ villus ’ into the ‘ decidua basalis ’ of the human placenta, d.b., large cells (‘ decidual cells ’) of the basalis ; m.b.v., maternal blood-vessels ; s., sinus of the placenta ; sy., syncytial layer, and c., cell- layer covering villus; f.b.v., foetal blood- vessel in villus; o'., mass of vacuolated cells continuous with the cell-layer and covering the extremity of the villus. The fat globules in the syncytium are rendered in black. A, Large glycogen cells from the maternal side of the human placenta (5 months). IX THE PLACENTA 251 Further, the cell-layer at the outer extremities of the villi is continued into a mass of cells which separate the villus from the tissue of the decidua basalis. These cells are vacuolated, containing glycogen. In Mycetes there is a syncytial network between the ‘ villi cutting up the sinuses into smaller cavities (? lacunae) : there is no cell-layer. In the human placenta the syncytium contains fat ; in late stages the cell-boundaries vanish in the layer of Langhans also. On the maternal side of the placenta in the ‘ basalis ’ there are in man, Simla, Hylobates, and the Catarrhines, enlarged connective tissue-cells, known as ‘ decidual ’ cells (Fig. 160). These decidual cells get intermingled with the masses of cells which, continuous with the layer of Langhans, cover the outer extremities of the villi and contain glycogen, the two together being disposed in a sheet known as the chorio -basalis. In Simla and in man there are also septa, that is, peninsulae of basalis tissue projecting into the placenta proper. In man the layer of the basalis next the placenta is known as the compacta. In this are the necks of glands. As gesta- tion proceeds the epithelial lining of these glands degenerates, the inter -glandular tissue undergoes a fibrinous degeneration, and there are extravasations of blood in between these cells and into the glands. Similar extravasations occur in Hylobates and Simla. The whole layer becomes stretched and thinned. Beyond the compacta is the spongiosa, a layer of maternal tissue in which the gland-necks are much enlarged. There is slight degeneration here also. A spongiosa is found in Simia, but not in Hylobates. In the lower Monkeys which possess no decidua capsularis the chorion is smooth except in the placental region or regions, but in Hylobates , Simia, and Man the chorion which is covered by the capsularis is in an early stage produced into ‘ villi ’ (which become poorly vascularized), as well as that opposite the basalis. Later the ‘ villi ’ disappear, and this part of the chorion is then, to use an old term, the ‘ chorion laeve as distinct from the ‘ chorion frondosum ’ of the placenta. The capsularis is covered by a cubical epithelium (Fig. 158). 252 THE PLACENTA IX In it, at the sides only, are a few glands with openings into the lumen uteri. There are blood-vessels and extra- vasations. The whole layer gets distended by the growth of the embryo and eventually its tissues wholly degenerate ; the chorion is then immediately apposed to and united with the vera on the opposite side, and the uterine cavity is tn.h.v. tr. Fig. 161 . — Early human embryo with its membranes. (After Peters.) d.b., decidua basalis (serotina) ; d.r.ep., uterine epithelium covering the decidua reflexa or capsularis ; l., lacuna in trophoblast (tr.) ; gl., uterine gland ; m.b.v., maternal blood-vessels opening here and there into lacunae ; cl., clot marking (probably) the point of entrance of the blastocyst ; here the epithelium is interrupted. Other letters as before. obliterated. Only in the condition known as placenta reflexalis does the maternal circulation continue on this side. In the decidua vera the epithelium ultimately disappears, the compacta is stretched and attenuated, and there are slight degenerative changes. Such is the structure of the placenta in Man and Apes. We have still to discuss the mode of formation of the capsularis and the nature of the ‘ villi ’ and ‘ sinuses & ■ * % <S5 ^4* u .. . r -• ,*. C 0 © <££* **.:**. ** «* *&» ell. end. me. sy. 1. In l sy. in m. c Fig. 162.— A small portion of the wall of the embryonic sac — on the side of the decidua basalis — of the human embryo shown in the last figure. (After Peters.) d.b., maternal comiective tissue of decidua basalis; end., endo- thelium of maternal capillary ( m.c .), opening into lacuna (l.) ; sy., syn- cytium (plasmodi-trophoblast) ; tr., cellular trophoblast (cyto-trophoblast) : the syncytium is pale, the cyto-troplioblast more deeply stabling ; m., somatopleure lining the extra-embryonic coelom (c.). P. 253 IX THE PLACENTA 253 In the hedgehog and mouse we have seen the blastocyst embedded in a pit in the uterine wall, in which it becomes securely enclosed. The pit is lined by a continuation of the uterine epithelium, which, however, soon disappears. The relation of the blastocyst to the enveloping maternal tissues is then very similar to the relation between the human chorionic sac and its capsularis, and it has not unnaturally been sug- gested that the latter is really developed in the same way. There is, however, known to us another way by which the mammalian blastocyst may come into contact with subepithelial tissue, for, as we have seen, the blastocyst of the guinea-pig bores its way through the epithelium. In the earliest human embryos known to us — those described by Peters and Bryce 1 — there are very strong indications that the human capsularis is formed in this way, for in both cases there is in the centre of this layer an interruption in the continuity of the epithelium, marked, in Peters’s case, by a blood-clot (Fig. 161). This would then be the spot where the ovum effected its entrance. If so then there can never have been any uterine epithelium on the other side of the blastocyst, the side of the basalis where the placenta is developed. This should be borne in mind in considering the next question, the origin of the ‘ villi ’ and ‘ sinuses ’. In the embryos described by Peters and Bryce the somatopleuric wall of the extra-embryonic coelom is covered on the outside by a layer of cubical cells. Next to and perfectly continuous with this layer is a thick mass, composed of similar but polyhedral cells or in some places of a syncytium, with nuclei similar to those of the cellular tissue. In this mass are lacunae, and in these are maternal blood-corpuscles (Fig. 162). Outside all this is the subepithelial comiective tissue of the uterus, with glands and blood-vessels : the latter open into the lacunae. There can be no reasonable doubt that the whole of this lacunated mass, with a basal cellular layer next the somato- pleure, is the trophoblast, which has become thickened and 1 The embryo described by Bryce is perhaps slightly the younger of the two, as the extra-embryonic coelom appears to be not yet properly formed. That described by Peters was, however, obtained in situ in the uterus, and so gives us more information as to the relation between the foetal and maternal tissues. 254 THE PLACENTA IX hollowed out for the reception of extravasated maternal blood. We have seen this occurring in a part only of the trophoblast— as m the mouse— or in the whole of it— as in the hedgehog, and there is no reason why any other interpretation should be put upon this stage in human ontogeny. The steps in its forma- tion have, however, not yet been observed. The comparative anatomy of the placenta has taught us that in cases of this kind the necessary relation between foetal and maternal blood-streams is brought about by the penetration of the allantoic capillaries into the trophoblast. Exactly the same process occurs presumably in the human being : the embryonic blood-vessels, with their surrounding connective tissue, make their wray into the tropho- blast between the lacunae. There they branch repeatedly and become the villi ’ of the completed placenta, while the sinuses are the transformed lacunae. The syncytial and cellular layers lining the sinuses and covering the villi are then both tropho- blastic in origin, and similar to the plasmodi-trophoblast and cy to -trophoblast seen in other placentas of this type, in the mouse for example ; they may be derived respectively from the outer and inner layers of trophoblast in the early stage. It is now possible to understand why the sinuses are lined throughout, on the maternal side against the basalis, as well as over the ‘ villi ’ and on the foetal side, by the syncytium and cell-layer, and why the outer extremities of the villi are separated from the decidual cells of the basalis by the cell-masses continuous with the layer of Langhans. If this interpretation is correct then such hypotheses as that the sinuses are enlarged veins and the syncytium the endo- thelium of those veins, or that the syncytium is derived from uterine epithelium, must evidently be discarded ; the second of these views is indeed already ruled out of court if the implanta- tion of the blastocyst is really effected in the way we have suggested, for there could be in that case no uterine epithelium on the side of the decidua basalis. Such views as these date from the period when it was believed that the human, like other ‘ deciduate ’ placentas, was derived from the condition found in Ungulates by a simple adherence of the villi to the crypt-walls ; and this belief was supported by IX THE PLACENTA 255 the existence of ‘ chorionic villi that is, branching processes of the trophoblast, all over the outer surface of the early blasto- cyst, before the foetal vessels had appeared. But these ‘ chori- onic villi ’ were observed only in blastocysts removed violently, perhaps after post-mortem changes, from the sac of the capsularis, and a proper histological examination of foetal and maternal tissues together has revealed their true nature ; they are not ‘ villi’ or processes plunging into maternal tissues, but the irregular walls between the lacunae excavated in a thickened trophoblast. The placenta of Man and Monkeys is, then, of the same kind as that seen in Tarsius, and in Rodents, Insectivora, and Cheiroptera. It contains no maternal tissue except the blood circulating in the sinuses or enlarged trophoblastic lacunae, and, in addition to the blood, no maternal tissue is lost at birth beyond the thin layer of the degenerate compacta — in both the deciduae basalis and vera — across which the break occurs, and such septa as may have forced their way into the placenta. We may now briefly review the genesis of the Mammalian placenta in its varied types. In Marsupials the placenta is wholly dissimilar from anything met with elsewhere, since the trophoblast degenerates while the syncytium is of uterine epithelial origin. The Ungulates possess a typical Indeciduate placenta, with villi dipping loosely into crypts lined by a persistent epithelium, from which they may be readily withdrawn without injury to the maternal tissues. Haemorrhage from the uterine blood- vessels does, however, occur during gestation, and is of physio- logical importance in foetal nutrition. The placenta is similar in Cetacea, Sirenia, and in the Lemu- roidea (except Tarsius). In the Proboscidea these haemorrhages are perhaps more extensive. In the Carnivora the conditions are different, for here the trophoblast does not send villi into specially prepared crypts, but, after the destruction of the uterine epithelium, eats its way into the tissues, engulfing the maternal capillaries. These and the surrounding connective tissue grow pan passu with the 256 THE PLACENTA IX trophoblast to produce the full thickness of the placenta. The foetal capillaries grow into the trophoblast. The placenta is therefore compounded of foetal and maternal tissues. In the remaining orders this is no longer the case, for, after the destruction of the epithelium, the trophoblast merely fastens on to the underlying tissues ; only occasionally are the imme- diately adjacent capillaries engulfed (in the rabbit and in the bat), and even here their endothelium soon vanishes. Once fixed to the uterine wall the trophoblast grows not into the wall but from it towards the centre of the uterus, receiving into its lacunae the stream of maternal blood ; from the other side it is vascularized by the allantois. But distinct though these three types of placentation are, it is yet possible that the third might have been derived from the second — if we imagine the centripetal growth of the trophoblast to occur before the ingrowth into the maternal tissues has taken place — and the slight enclosure of maternal capillaries in the bat and rabbit almost demonstrates the change, while the insertion of the trophoblast into the newly formed crypts in Sorex recalls another Carnivorous character. The second, in turn, may have sprung from the first by the suppression of the uterine epithelium. These, however, are mere speculations, for which alternative hypotheses may without difficulty be substituted. One other point requires brief consideration. It has been held that the characters of the placenta are a valuable criterion of genetic relationship, and may accordingly be used for classifi- catory purposes. Now while it must be pointed out that single characters in regard either to the gross or the minute anatomy cannot be employed legitimately in this way — there is no justi- fication, for example, in grouping together the elephant, Hyrax, the Sirenia, Orycteropus, and the Carnivora, because they all possess a zonary placenta, nor on the other hand do we believe it is yet proposed to separate the Lemuroid Primates, with their typically Indeciduate, from the Anthropoids, with their Deciduate placenta — yet a combination of characters is often found to be a constant mark of a natural order — for instance, the large yolk-sac with its lower wall lost and the mesometric discoidal placenta of Rodents, the zonary shape of the (histologically) IX THE PLACENTA 257 peculiar placenta of Carnivora — and it is for this reason that we hold that the remarkable structure of its foetal membranes and its placenta entitle Tarsius to be separated from the Lemurs and ranked with Monkeys and Man. LITERATURE E. van Beneden. Recherches sur les premiers stades du developpe- ment du Murin ( Vespertilio murinus). Anat. Anz. xvi, 1899. E. van Beneden et C. Julin. Recherches sur la formation des annexes foetales chez les Mannniferes. Arch, de Biol, v, 1884. R. Bonnet. Die Uterinmilch und ihre Bedeutung fur die Frucht. Festschr.f. Bischoff, 1882. R. Bonnet. Beitrage zur Embryologie der Wiederkauer gewonnen am Schafei. Arch. Anat. u. Phys. {Anat.), 1884, 1889. R. Bonnet. Beitrage zur Embryologie des Hundes. Anal. Hefte, U® Abt. xvi, 1901. T. A. Bryce and J. W. Teacher. The early embedding and develop- ment of the human ovum. Glasgow, 1908. W. Chipman. Observations on the placenta of the rabbit, with especial reference to the presence of glycogen, fat, and iron. Laboratory Reports, Roy. Coll. Phys. Edinburgh, viii, 1903. M. Duval. Le placenta des Carnassiers. Journ. de V Anat. et de la Phys. xxix-xxxi, 1893-5. M. Duval. Le placenta des Rongeurs. Journ. de VAnat. et de la Phys. xxv-xxviii, 1889-92. R. Gohre. Dottersack und Placenta des Kalong {Pier opus edulis). Selenka' s Studien zur Entwickelungsgescliichte der Tiere, v, 2. Wiesbaden, 1892. W. Heape. The development of the mole. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxiii, 1883. J. P. Hill. The placentation of Perameles. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xl, 1897. J. P. Hill. On the foetal membranes, placentation and parturition of the native cat ( Dasyurus viverrinus). Anat. Anz. xviii, 1900. A. A. W. Hubrecht. The placentation of Erinaceus europaeus. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxx, 1889. A. A. W. Hubrecht. The placentation of the shrew ( Sorex vulgaris). Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. xxxv, 1893-4. A. A. W. Hubrecht. Die Phylogenese des Amnions und die Bedeutung des Trophoblastes. Verhand. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, viii. 1902. A. A. W. Hubrecht. Die Keimblase von Tarsius. Festsch. f. Geqenbaur. Leipzig, 1896. A. A. W. Hubrecht. Ueber die Entwickelung der Placenta von Tarsius und lupaia. Proc. Intermit. Congr. Zool. Cambridge, 1899. J. W. Jenkinson. Observations on the histology and physiology of the placenta of the mouse. Tijd. Nederl. Dierk. Ver. (2) vii, 1902. 258 THE PLACENTA IX J. W. J ENKINSON. Notes on the histology and physiology of the placenta in Ungulata. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1906. F. Keibel. Zur vergleichenden Keimesgeschichte der Primaten. Selenka' a Studien iiber EntwicMungsgeschichte der Tiere, 10. Wiesbaden, 1903. J . Kollmann. Ueber die Entwickelung der Placenta bei dem Makaken. Anat. Anz. xvii, 1900. R, Kolster. Die Embryotrophe placentarer Sauger. Anat. Hefte, lte Abt. xviii, xix, 1902, 1903. R. Kolster. Weitere Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Embryotrophe bei Indeciduaten. Anat. Hefte, lte Abt. xx, 1903. J. Lochhead and W. Cramer. The glycogenic changes in the placenta and the foetus of the pregnant rabbit. Proc. Roy. Soc. B. lxxx, 1908. F. H. A. Marshall and W. A. Jolly. Contributions to the physiology of Mammalian reproduction. Phil. Trans., Series B, cxcviii, 1905. F. H. A. Marshall. The physiology of reproduction. London, 1910. F. H. A. Marshall. The oestrous cycle and the formation of the corpus luteum in the sheep. Phil. Trans., Series B, cxcvi, 1903. P. Nolf. Etude des modifications de la muqueuse uterine pendant la gestation chez le Murin. Arch, de Biol, xiv, 1896. H. Peters. Die Einbettung des menschlichen Eies. Leipzig, 1899. E. Selenka. Keimblatter und Primitivorgane der Maus. Wiesbaden, 1883. E. Selenka. Die Blatterumkehrung im Ei der Nagethiere. Wiesbaden, 1884. E. Selenka. Die Entwickelung des Gibbon. Wiesbaden, 1899, 1900. R. Semon. Die Embryonalhiillen der Monotremen und Marsupialier. Zool, Forschungsreise in Australien, ii. F. Graf von Spee. Neue Beobachtungen iiber sehr friilie Entwick- lungsstufen des menschlichen Eies. Arch. Anat. u. Phys. {Anat.), 1896. F. Graf von Spee. Die Implantation des Meerschweincheneies in die Uteruswand. Zeitschr. Morph, u. Anthrop. iii, 1901. H. Strahl. Ueber Primaten-Placenten. Selenka' s Studien iiber Entwick- lungsgeschichte der Tiere, 12. Wiesbaden, 1903. H. Strahl u. H. Happe. Ueber die Placenta der Schwanzaffen. Selenka' s Studien iiber die EntwicMungsgeschichte der Tiere, 13. Wiesbaden, 1905. Sir W. Turner. Lectures on the comparative anatomy of the placenta. Edinburgh, 1876. Sir W. Turner. On the foetal membranes of the eland ( Oreas canna). Journ. Anat. and Phys. xiv, 1879. Sir W. Turner. On the placentation of Halicore dugong. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxv, 1890. J. H. Vernhout. Ueber die Placenta des Maulwurfs. Anat. Iiefle, lt0 Abt. v, 1894. C. Webster. Human Placentation. Chicago, 1901. W. F. R. Weldon. Note on the placentation of Tetraceros quadricornis. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1884. INDEX OF SUBJECTS AND AUTHORS Absorption by colls, 12, 217, 246. — of water, 15. Acantkias, 27. Acanthocystis, 57. Acipenser, 36, 41, 52, 102, 127. Acrosome, 48, 54, 56, 81. Aepyprymnus, 194. Afferent branchial arteries, 168. Agar, 69. Aggregation of cells, 11. Air-chamber, 48, 190. Albumen, 46, 47. — sac, 187, 190. Albumin, 226. Alimentary canal, 107, 110 sqq., 128, 139, 143, 150, 169, 179. Allantoidean, 236, 244. Allantoin, 226. Allantois, 108, 181, 183, 188 sqq., 192, 203 sqq., 246. Amblystoma, 15. Amia, 35, 38, 40, 102, 103, 127. Amitosis, 104. Amnion, 171, 175, 181, 183, 187 sqq., 194 sqq. Amnion, false, 108, 183, 187 sqq. Amniota, 106, 107, 111, 134 sqq., 147, 171 sqq. Amniotic thickenings, 226 ; bodies, 227. Amphibia, 15, 16, 27, 36, 39, 40, 43, 46, 47, 49, 77, 78, 86, 95, 102, 129, 190. Anamnia, 107, 111, 133, 147. Anastomoses, 12, 174. Animal pole, 40, 95. Annelids, germ-cells, 35 ; polar rings, 35. Annular zone of trophoblast, 216, 246. Anterior abdominal vein, 190. Anterior intestinal portal, 180. Anthropoidea, 209, 255. Anti-mesometric pit, 234, 239. — placenta, 241, 243, 246. Anura, 129. Anus, 153, 154. Aorta, 168, 179, 180, 183. Aortic arches, 180, 181, 182. Archenteron, 111 sqq. Area, increase of, 12. Area opaca, 172; pcllucida, 172, 174; vasculosa, 170, 172, 177, 183 son., 203, 241,246. R 2 Arterial arches, 168, 169, 180, 182. Arteries, branchial, 155, 169, 182 ; umbilical, 188 ; vitelline, 171, 180. Artificial parthenogenesis, 87. Arvicola, 195. Ascaris, 34.
| 0.599723
| -0.336253
| 1,395
| 5,478
| 117
| 117
|
Urine Analysis
| false
|
99,536
|
github_open_source_100_2_8152
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
# Generated by Grammarinator 17.7
from itertools import chain
from grammarinator.runtime import *
import ECMAScriptUnlexer
class ECMAScriptUnparser(Grammarinator):
def __init__(self, unlexer):
super(ECMAScriptUnparser, self).__init__()
self.unlexer = unlexer
self.set_options()
@depthcontrol
def program(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='program'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 4:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.sourceElements()
current += self.unlexer.EOF()
return current
program.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def sourceElements(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='sourceElements'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.one_or_more():
current += self.sourceElement()
return current
sourceElements.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def sourceElement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='sourceElement'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [2, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.statement()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.functionDeclaration()
return current
sourceElement.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def statement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='statement'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 5, 2, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.block()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.variableStatement()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.emptyStatement()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.expressionStatement()
elif choice == 4:
current += self.ifStatement()
elif choice == 5:
current += self.iterationStatement()
elif choice == 6:
current += self.continueStatement()
elif choice == 7:
current += self.breakStatement()
elif choice == 8:
current += self.returnStatement()
elif choice == 9:
current += self.withStatement()
elif choice == 10:
current += self.labelledStatement()
elif choice == 11:
current += self.switchStatement()
elif choice == 12:
current += self.throwStatement()
elif choice == 13:
current += self.tryStatement()
elif choice == 14:
current += self.debuggerStatement()
return current
statement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def block(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='block'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.statementList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
return current
block.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def statementList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='statementList'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.one_or_more():
current += self.statement()
return current
statementList.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def variableStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='variableStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Var()
current += self.variableDeclarationList()
current += self.eos()
return current
variableStatement.min_depth = 4
@depthcontrol
def variableDeclarationList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='variableDeclarationList'))
current += self.variableDeclaration()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.variableDeclaration()
return current
variableDeclarationList.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def variableDeclaration(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='variableDeclaration'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.initialiser()
return current
variableDeclaration.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def initialiser(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='initialiser'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='='))
current += self.singleExpression()
return current
initialiser.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def emptyStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='emptyStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.SemiColon()
return current
emptyStatement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def expressionStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='expressionStatement'))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.eos()
return current
expressionStatement.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def ifStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='ifStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.If()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.unlexer.Else()
current += self.statement()
return current
ifStatement.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def iterationStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='iterationStatement'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [3, 3, 2, 4, 3, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Do()
current += self.statement()
current += self.unlexer.While()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.eos()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.While()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.For()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=';'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=';'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.unlexer.For()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.unlexer.Var()
current += self.variableDeclarationList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=';'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=';'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
elif choice == 4:
current += self.unlexer.For()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.unlexer.In()
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
elif choice == 5:
current += self.unlexer.For()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.unlexer.Var()
current += self.variableDeclaration()
current += self.unlexer.In()
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
return current
iterationStatement.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def continueStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='continueStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Continue()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.eos()
return current
continueStatement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def breakStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='breakStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Break()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.eos()
return current
breakStatement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def returnStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='returnStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Return()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.eos()
return current
returnStatement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def withStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='withStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.With()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.statement()
return current
withStatement.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def switchStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='switchStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Switch()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.caseBlock()
return current
switchStatement.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def caseBlock(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='caseBlock'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 5:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.caseClauses()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.defaultClause()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 5:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.caseClauses()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
return current
caseBlock.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def caseClauses(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='caseClauses'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.one_or_more():
current += self.caseClause()
return current
caseClauses.min_depth = 4
@depthcontrol
def caseClause(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='caseClause'))
current += self.unlexer.Case()
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=':'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.statementList()
return current
caseClause.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def defaultClause(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='defaultClause'))
current += self.unlexer.Default()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=':'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.statementList()
return current
defaultClause.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def labelledStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='labelledStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=':'))
current += self.statement()
return current
labelledStatement.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def throwStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='throwStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Throw()
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.eos()
return current
throwStatement.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def tryStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='tryStatement'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [3, 2, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Try()
current += self.block()
current += self.catchProduction()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.Try()
current += self.block()
current += self.finallyProduction()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.Try()
current += self.block()
current += self.catchProduction()
current += self.finallyProduction()
return current
tryStatement.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def catchProduction(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='catchProduction'))
current += self.unlexer.Catch()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.block()
return current
catchProduction.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def finallyProduction(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='finallyProduction'))
current += self.unlexer.Finally()
current += self.block()
return current
finallyProduction.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def debuggerStatement(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='debuggerStatement'))
current += self.unlexer.Debugger()
current += self.eos()
return current
debuggerStatement.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def functionDeclaration(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='functionDeclaration'))
current += self.unlexer.Function()
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.formalParameterList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.functionBody()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
return current
functionDeclaration.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def formalParameterList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='formalParameterList'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
return current
formalParameterList.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def functionBody(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='functionBody'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 4:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.sourceElements()
return current
functionBody.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def arrayLiteral(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='arrayLiteral'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='['))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.elementList()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 1:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.elision()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=']'))
return current
arrayLiteral.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def elementList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='elementList'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 1:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.elision()
current += self.singleExpression()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 1:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.elision()
current += self.singleExpression()
return current
elementList.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def elision(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='elision'))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.one_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
return current
elision.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def objectLiteral(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='objectLiteral'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 4][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.propertyNameAndValueList()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 0:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
return current
objectLiteral.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def propertyNameAndValueList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='propertyNameAndValueList'))
current += self.propertyAssignment()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.propertyAssignment()
return current
propertyNameAndValueList.min_depth = 3
@depthcontrol
def propertyAssignment(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='propertyAssignment'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [2, 3, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.propertyName()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=':'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.getter()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.functionBody()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.setter()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.propertySetParameterList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.functionBody()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
return current
propertyAssignment.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def propertyName(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='propertyName'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [3, 1, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.identifierName()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.StringLiteral()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.numericLiteral()
return current
propertyName.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def propertySetParameterList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='propertySetParameterList'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
return current
propertySetParameterList.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def arguments(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='arguments'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.argumentList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
return current
arguments.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def argumentList(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='argumentList'))
current += self.singleExpression()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.singleExpression()
return current
argumentList.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def expressionSequence(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='expressionSequence'))
current += self.singleExpression()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_more():
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=','))
current += self.singleExpression()
return current
expressionSequence.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def singleExpression(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='singleExpression'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 1, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Function()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 2:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 3:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.formalParameterList()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='{'))
current += self.functionBody()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='}'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='['))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=']'))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='.'))
current += self.identifierName()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.arguments()
elif choice == 4:
current += self.unlexer.New()
current += self.singleExpression()
if self.unlexer.max_depth >= 1:
for _ in self.zero_or_one():
current += self.arguments()
elif choice == 5:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='++'))
elif choice == 6:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='--'))
elif choice == 7:
current += self.unlexer.Delete()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 8:
current += self.unlexer.Void()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 9:
current += self.unlexer.Typeof()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 10:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='++'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 11:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='--'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 12:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='+'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 13:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='-'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 14:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='~'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 15:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='!'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 16:
current += self.singleExpression()
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='*'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='/'))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='%'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 17:
current += self.singleExpression()
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='+'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='-'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 18:
current += self.singleExpression()
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='<<'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>>'))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>>>'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 19:
current += self.singleExpression()
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='<'))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>'))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='<='))
elif choice == 3:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>='))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 20:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.unlexer.Instanceof()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 21:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.unlexer.In()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 22:
current += self.singleExpression()
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='=='))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='!='))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='==='))
elif choice == 3:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='!=='))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 23:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='&'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 24:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='^'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 25:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='|'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 26:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='&&'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 27:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='||'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 28:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='?'))
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=':'))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 29:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='='))
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 30:
current += self.singleExpression()
current += self.assignmentOperator()
current += self.singleExpression()
elif choice == 31:
current += self.unlexer.This()
elif choice == 32:
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
elif choice == 33:
current += self.literal()
elif choice == 34:
current += self.arrayLiteral()
elif choice == 35:
current += self.objectLiteral()
elif choice == 36:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='('))
current += self.expressionSequence()
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src=')'))
return current
singleExpression.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def assignmentOperator(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='assignmentOperator'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='*='))
elif choice == 1:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='/='))
elif choice == 2:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='%='))
elif choice == 3:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='+='))
elif choice == 4:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='-='))
elif choice == 5:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='<<='))
elif choice == 6:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>>='))
elif choice == 7:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='>>>='))
elif choice == 8:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='&='))
elif choice == 9:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='^='))
elif choice == 10:
current += self.create_node(UnlexerRule(src='|='))
return current
assignmentOperator.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def literal(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='literal'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 1, 1, 3][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.NullLiteral()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.BooleanLiteral()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.StringLiteral()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.unlexer.RegularExpressionLiteral()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.numericLiteral()
return current
literal.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def numericLiteral(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='numericLiteral'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [2, 2, 2][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.DecimalLiteral()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.HexIntegerLiteral()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.OctalIntegerLiteral()
return current
numericLiteral.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def identifierName(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='identifierName'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [2, 2][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.reservedWord()
return current
identifierName.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def reservedWord(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='reservedWord'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [2, 2, 1][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.keyword()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.futureReservedWord()
elif choice == 2:
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 1][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.NullLiteral()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.BooleanLiteral()
return current
reservedWord.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def keyword(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='keyword'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Break()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.Do()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.Instanceof()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.unlexer.Typeof()
elif choice == 4:
current += self.unlexer.Case()
elif choice == 5:
current += self.unlexer.Else()
elif choice == 6:
current += self.unlexer.New()
elif choice == 7:
current += self.unlexer.Var()
elif choice == 8:
current += self.unlexer.Catch()
elif choice == 9:
current += self.unlexer.Finally()
elif choice == 10:
current += self.unlexer.Return()
elif choice == 11:
current += self.unlexer.Void()
elif choice == 12:
current += self.unlexer.Continue()
elif choice == 13:
current += self.unlexer.For()
elif choice == 14:
current += self.unlexer.Switch()
elif choice == 15:
current += self.unlexer.While()
elif choice == 16:
current += self.unlexer.Debugger()
elif choice == 17:
current += self.unlexer.Function()
elif choice == 18:
current += self.unlexer.This()
elif choice == 19:
current += self.unlexer.With()
elif choice == 20:
current += self.unlexer.Default()
elif choice == 21:
current += self.unlexer.If()
elif choice == 22:
current += self.unlexer.Throw()
elif choice == 23:
current += self.unlexer.Delete()
elif choice == 24:
current += self.unlexer.In()
elif choice == 25:
current += self.unlexer.Try()
return current
keyword.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def futureReservedWord(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='futureReservedWord'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.Class()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.Enum()
elif choice == 2:
current += self.unlexer.Extends()
elif choice == 3:
current += self.unlexer.Super()
elif choice == 4:
current += self.unlexer.Const()
elif choice == 5:
current += self.unlexer.Export()
elif choice == 6:
current += self.unlexer.Import()
elif choice == 7:
current += self.unlexer.Implements()
elif choice == 8:
current += self.unlexer.Let()
elif choice == 9:
current += self.unlexer.Private()
elif choice == 10:
current += self.unlexer.Public()
elif choice == 11:
current += self.unlexer.Interface()
elif choice == 12:
current += self.unlexer.Package()
elif choice == 13:
current += self.unlexer.Protected()
elif choice == 14:
current += self.unlexer.Static()
elif choice == 15:
current += self.unlexer.Yield()
return current
futureReservedWord.min_depth = 1
@depthcontrol
def getter(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='getter'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.propertyName()
return current
getter.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def setter(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='setter'))
current += self.unlexer.Identifier()
current += self.propertyName()
return current
setter.min_depth = 2
@depthcontrol
def eos(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='eos'))
choice = self.choice([0 if [1, 1, 0, 0][i] > self.unlexer.max_depth else w for i, w in enumerate([1, 1, 1, 1])])
if choice == 0:
current += self.unlexer.SemiColon()
elif choice == 1:
current += self.unlexer.EOF()
elif choice == 2:
pass
elif choice == 3:
pass
return current
eos.min_depth = 0
@depthcontrol
def eof(self):
current = self.create_node(UnparserRule(name='eof'))
current += self.unlexer.EOF()
return current
eof.min_depth = 1
default_rule = program
| 0.493049
| 0.647784
| 3,375
| 13,535
| 292
| 292
|
Code Snippets & Parsing
| false
|
99,537
|
4590219_1
|
courtlistener
|
Public Domain
|
LEADER FEDERAL SAVINGS AND LOAN ASSOCIATION OF MEMPHIS AND SUBSIDIARIES, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RespondentLeader Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 44110-86, 44490-86United States Tax CourtT.C. Memo 1989-321; 1989 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 321; 57 T.C.M. (CCH) 846; T.C.M. (RIA) 89321; July 3, 1989*321 P, a Tennessee savings and loan association, was a member and shareholder of the Cincinnati District Bank, one of 12 district banks established by the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932. During 1980 and 1981, P entered into mortgage swaps involving both 90 percent participation interests and whole mortgage loans. P also received common stock dividends from the Cincinnati District Bank in 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981. In 1981, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board approved and the Cincinnati District Bank granted P's request to redeem a portion of P's stock. In 1980 and 1981, P received premature withdrawal penalty income from its depositors. Held, P realized losses on its mortgage swaps of both 90 percent participation interests and whole mortgage loans; these losses are recognized for Federal income tax purposes and are deductible. FNMA v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 405">90 T.C. 405 (1988), and Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 372 (1988), followed. Held further, P did not have an election within the meaning of I.R.C. sec. 305(b)(1) to receive cash dividends in lieu of stock dividends because the Cincinnati District*322 Bank and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board retained statutory authority to deny member banks' redemption requests. The value of the common stock dividends is not taxable to P. Frontier Savings Association v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 665">87 T.C. 665 (1986), affd. 854 F.2d 1001">854 F.2d 1001 (7th Cir. 1988), followed. Held further, the premature withdrawal penalties received by P do not give rise to income from the discharge of indebtedness under I.R.C. secs. 108 and 1017. Colonial Savings Association v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 855">85 T.C. 855 (1985), affd. 854 F.2d 1001">854 F.2d 1001 (7th Cir. 1988), followed. Richard L. Bacon, William F. Cooney*325 and Peter J. Valeta, for the petitioner. Kendall C. Jones and Nancy B. Romano, for the respondent. NIMSMEMORANDUM OPINION NIMS, Chief Judge: This matter is before the Court on petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment pursuant to Rule 121. (All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure, and unless otherwise noted, all section references are to sections of the Internal Revenue Code in effect for the years in issue.) Respondent has filed a notice of objection to petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment and a cross-motion for partial summary judgment. Partial summary judgment is appropriate when there is a showing that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision may be rendered as a matter of law. Rule 121(b). The parties have satisfied the requirements of Rule 121. For purposes of petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment, all of respondent's factual allegations are deemed admitted. Likewise, for purposes of respondent's cross-motion for partial summary judgment, all of petitioner's*326 factual allegations are deemed admitted. Century Data Systems, Inc. v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 157">86 T.C. 157, 159 (1986). We draw all inferences from the deemed admitted facts in favor of the nonmoving party. We find no genuine issue as to any material fact. Accordingly, partial summary adjudication is appropriate in each instance under Rule 121. Petitioner's principal place of business was in Memphis, Tennessee, at the time its petitions were filed. In these consolidated cases, respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income tax as follows: YearDeficiency1967$ 5,7851970271,73219771,415,92119782,734,79019791,838,0811980405,593Petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment and respondent's cross-motion for partial summary judgment raise three distinct issues. The parties' cross-motions do not address a fourth issue, which will require a trial on the merits, concerning investment tax credits for certain computer software and terminal installment costs. Petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment raises the following two issues: (1) whether petitioner realized and may recognize losses from the*327 sale of whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests in mortgage loans; and (2) whether certain comon stock distributions petitioner received constitute taxable income under section 305(b)(1). Respondent's cross-motion for partial summary judgment raises the third issue which is whether premature withdrawal penalties "paid" to petitioner by some of its depositors represent income from the discharge of indebtedness under section 108 or ordinary income under section 61. Mortgage SwapsPetitioner has moved for partial summary judgment determining that it realized and may recognize losses in the taxable years 1980 and 1981, arising from sales of whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests in mortgage loans (hereinafter sometimes referred to as mortgage swaps or transactions). Respondent disputes that petitioner realized losses from its mortgage swaps. Respondent's primary contention is that petitioner merely exchanged or swapped whole mortgage loan and 90 percent participation interest packages for similar packages that were materially or substantially equivalent, thereby preventing realization under section 1001. Alternatively, respondent contends*328 that even if the mortgage swaps triggered a realization event under section 1001, section 165 would preclude recognition of the claimed losses because the transactions lacked economic substance and served no purpose other than to secure tax losses. We have previously found these arguments to be without foundation in FNMA v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 405 (1988), and Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 372">90 T.C. 372 (1988); see also San Antonio Savings Association v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-204. Similarly, we so find here. Respondent has acknowledged that the facts herein are no more favorable to his position than those found in Cottage Savings. As in Cottage Savings, all of the mortgage swaps in issue were made pursuant to Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) Memorandum R-49, which provides that concurrently "sold" and "purchased" mortgage loans need not be reported as losses for financial statement purposes if 10 criteria of equivalency between the transferred and acquired mortgage loans are met, namely, that such mortgage*329 loans must: 1. involve single-family residential mortgages, 2. be of similar type (e.g., conventionals for conventionals), 3. have the same stated term of maturity (e.g., 30 years), 4. have identical stated interest rates, 5. have similar seasoning (i.e., remaining terms to maturity), 6. have aggregate principal amounts within the lesser of 2 1/2 percent or $ 100,000 (plus or minus) on both sides of the transaction, with any additional consideration being paid in cash, 7. be sold without recourse, 8. have similar fair market values, 9. have similar loan-to-loan ratios at the time of the reciprocal sale, and 10. have all security properties for both sides of the transaction in the same state. On June 30, 1980, petitioner transferred to Home Federal Savings and Loan Association of Nashville, Tennessee (Home Federal), approximately 90 conventional first mortgage loans owned by petitioner. The remaining principal balances on these transferred loans aggregated $ 5,018,547.41. On the same date, Home Federal transferred by wire $ 4,065,525.26 in cash to petitioner. All of the transferred mortgage loans were secured by residential properties in the Memphis, *330 Tennessee, metropolitan area. Also on June 30, 1980, petitioner acquired from Home Federal approximately 125 conventional first mortgage loans owned by Home Federal. The remaining principal balances on these acquired loans aggregated $ 5,025,929.30. On the same date, petitioner transferred by wire $ 4,071,505.33 in cash to Home Federal. All of the acquired mortgage loans were secured by residential properties in the Nashville, Tennessee, metropolitan area. On September 19, 1980, petitioner entered into similar transactions with First Federal Savings and Loan Association of Nashville, Tennessee (First Federal). Petitioner transferred to First Federal approximately 882 conventional first mortgage loans owned by petitioner. The remaining principal balances on these transferred loans aggregated $ 42,351,009.87. First Federal then transferred by wire $ 31,462,940.70 in cash to petitioner. All of the transferred mortgage loans were secured by residential properties located in the Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan area. Also on September 19, 1980, petitioner acquired from First Federal approximately 960 conventional first mortgage loans owned by First Federal. The remaining principal*331 balances on these loans aggregated $ 42,349,186.16. On the same date, petitioner transferred by wire $ 31,458,823.14 in cash to First Federal. All of the acquired mortgage loans were secured by residential properties in the Nashville, Tennessee, metropolitan area. In addition to the above-described whole mortgage swaps, petitioner entered into the following swaps of 90 percent participation interests. On December 29, 1980, petitioner transferred to Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) 90 percent participation interests in each of approximately 908 conventional first mortgage loans owned by petitioner. The remaining principal balances on these transferred loans aggregated $ 32,819,798.65, of which 90 percent was $ 29,537,818.73. On the same date, FNMA transferred by wire $ 20,472,774.99 in cash to petitioner. All of the transferred participation interests were secured by residential properties in the Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan area. Also on December 29, 1980, petitioner acquired from FNMA 90 percent participation interests in each of approximately 853 conventional first mortgage loans owned by FNMA. The remaining principal balances on these acquired loans aggregated*332 $ 32,819,797.10, of which 90 percent was $ 29,537,817.33. On the same date, petitioner transferred by wire $ 20,472,774.59 in cash to FNMA. Four hundred and eighty-three of the acquired participation interests were secured by residential properties located within the State of Tennessee, but outside the Memphis metropolitan area, while the remaining 370 were secured by residential properties in the Memphis metropolitan area. On April 22, 1981, petitioner transferred to FNMA 90 percent participation interests in each of approximately 443 conventional first mortgage loans owned by petitioner. The remaining principal balances on these transferred loans aggregated $ 8,992,796.73, of which 90 percent was $ 8,093,517.00. On the same date, FNMA transferred by wire $ 5,102,537.12 in cash to petitioner. All of the transferred participation interests were secured by residential properties in the Memphis, Tennessee, metropolitan area. Also on April 22, 1981, petitioner acquired from FNMA 90 percent participation interests in each of approximately 317 conventional first mortgage loans owned by FNMA. The remaining principal balances on these acquired loans aggregated $ 8,992,795.92, of*333 which 90 percent was $ 8,093,516.27. On the same date, petitioner transferred by wire $ 5,102,531.63 in cash to FNMA. One hundred and sixty-nine of the acquired participation interests were secured by residential properties located within the State of Tennessee, but outside the Memphis metropolitan area, while the remaining 148 were secured by residential properties in the Memphis metropolitan area. In each of the above-described whole mortgage loan and 90 percent participation interest swaps, petitioner transferred, without recourse, complete legal and beneficial ownership in the whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests which it transferred. Similarly, petitioner acquired complete legal and beneficial ownership in the whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests which it had acquired. Additionally, none of the transferred or acquired whole mortgage loans or 90 percent participation interests had common mortgagors or were secured by common real properties. For Federal income tax purposes, petitioner computed its losses from these transactions by subtracting the aggregate remaining principal balance of the whole mortgage loans or 90 percent participation*334 interests which it had transferred from the corresponding cash amounts it had received. Employing this formulation, petitioner's swaps of whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests generated the following losses: TransferTransfereeRemainingCashDateInstitutionAggregate BalanceReceivedLossJune 30, 1980Home Federal$ 5,018,547.41$ 4,065,525.26$ 953,022.15Sept. 19, 1980First Federal42,351,009.8731,462,940.7010,888,069.17Dec. 29, 1980FNMA29,537,818.7320,472,774.999,065,043.74Apr. 22, 1981FNMA8,093,517.005,102,537.122,990,979.88Petitioner claimed $ 21,118,231 and $ 2,983,307 as deductible losses under section 1001 for the taxable years 1980 and 1981, respectively. 1 Through the use of carrybacks, these losses also impacted upon petitioner's taxable years 1967, 1970, 1977, 1978 and 1979. *335 Respondent contends that petitioner did not realize losses from its mortgage swaps because its simultaneous sale and purchase of whole mortgage loan and 90 percent participation interest packages did not constitute "the exchange of property for other property differing materially either in kind or in extent." Section 1.1001-1(a), Income Tax Regs. Petitioner contends that, as a matter of law, the packages that it sold differed materially in kind or in extent from the packages that it purchased because both the obligor and the underlying security of each transferred loan or participation interest differed from those of each acquired loan or participation interest. Petitioner's argument is based upon our decisions in FNMA and Cottage Savings. These cases solely involved swaps of 90 percent participation interests. The instant case involves swaps of whole mortgage loans as well as 90 percent participation interests. We find the analysis presented in those cases to be equally applicable to each type of swap. The Court's analysis has consistently focused "on the difference in obligors and the difference in assets underlying the promises of the*336 different obligors" in determining whether exchanged loan packages differ materially either in kind or in extent. Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner, supra at 395; see also FNMA v. Commissioner, supra at 425; Hanlin v. Commissioner, 38 B.T.A. 811">38 B.T.A. 811, 819-820 (1938), affd. 108 F.2d 429">108 F.2d 429 (3d Cir. 1939). In the instant case, each mortgagor or obligor and each underlying asset or residential real property differed. We therefore conclude that the whole mortgage loan and 90 percent participation packages that petitioner transferred differed materially from the packages that petitioner acquired. Respondent next contends that section 165 precludes petitioner from claiming its mortgage swap losses because the swaps lacked economic substance and served no bona fide business purpose. 2 Petitioner asserts that while its motive is relevant, it is not the sole criterion in determining whether its mortgage swap losses can be recognized, and it nonetheless realized economic losses which are recognizable under section 165(a). We agree with petitioner. *337 As noted earlier, respondent has acknowledged for purposes of this motion that the facts in the instant case are no more favorable to his position than those present in Cottage Savings. In Cottage Savings we found that the transfers in issue were solely tax-motivated. Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner, supra at 388-389. We will likewise assume in this case that petitioner's sole motivation in entering into the mortgage swaps was to realize and recognize tax losses. Petitioner's motivation is not alone fatal to its claimed deductions, but it does necessitate a closer scrutiny of the record. Cottage Savings Association v. Commissioner, supra at 388-389 (citing Joseph E. Widener, Trust No. 5 v. Commissioner, 80 T.C. 304">80 T.C. 304, 310 (1983)). Under this heightened level of scrutiny, we found in Cottage Savings that the transfers in issue were closed and completed, changed the flow of economic benefits and that the computation of losses was not separately disputed. Therefore, because of respondent's acknowledgement, we similarly assume that the transactions before us were closed and completed, changed the*338 flow of economic benefits from the whole mortgage loans and 90 percent participation interests, and that the computation of losses is not separately disputed. Under these acknowledged facts, we find a sufficient presence of economic substance to sustain petitioner's claimed loss deductions under section 165(a). See San Antonio Savings Association v. Commissioner, supra.For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision on this issue may be rendered as a matter of law. Petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment will be granted on this issue. Common Stock DistributionsPetitioner has further moved for partial summary judgment determining that certain common stock distributions it received are not includable in its gross income pursuant to section 305(a). The characterization of these distributions as dividends, within section 316(a), is not in issue. 3 Thus, for the sake of convenience, we will hereinafter refer to them as stock dividends. *339 Respondent contends that petitioner and other shareholder banks of the Cincinnati District Bank (Cincinnati Bank) possessed the power to elect to have the stock dividends paid in property, and therefore under sections 305(b)(1) and 301 the fair market value of the stock dividends is taxable to petitioner. Respondent further asserts that the question of whether petitioner possessed the power to elect to receive property in lieu of stock is a legitimate question of fact which would make partial summary judgment inappropriate. We disagree, and for reasons set forth below, we grant petitioner's motion for partial summary judgment on the stock dividend issue. Reading all of the factual inferences in a manner most favorable to respondent, the material facts are as follows: Petitioner has been a member and stockholder of the Cincinnati Bank since 1934. The Cincinnati Bank is one of 11 district banks (12 prior to 1946) established pursuant to the Federal Home Loan Bank Act of 1932, 47 Stat. 725, 12 U.S.C. sec. 1421 et seq. The Cincinnati Bank's territory includes the States of Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. The district banks were capitalized with stock subscriptions*340 from member institutions and the U.S. Treasury. District banks operate under the supervision of the FHLBB, an administrative agency in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. The Federal Home Loan Bank system was designed primarily as a reserve credit facility for savings and loan associations and other home mortgage credit institutions. Member banks are required by Federal law to maintain certain capital stock ownership in their respective district banks. 12 U.S.C. sec. 1426 (1982). Member banks' stock ownership requirements are determined at the end of each calendar year, with reference to each member bank's net home mortgage loans outstanding and total borrowings from their respective district banks. Each member bank generally must maintain a capital stock ownership interest in its district bank in an amount which at least equals one percent of the total outstanding balance of its home mortgage loans and at least one-twentieth of its borrowings from its district bank as of December 31 of each year. Each share of district bank stock is valued by statute at $ 100 par value. 12 U.S.C. secs. 1426(b) and (c). Based upon*341 the above year-end computations, member banks that are required to purchase additional stock of their district bank must do so by January 31 of the following year at the stated par value of $ 100 per share. As of December 31, 1981, the principal amount of petitioner's outstanding loans to borrowers made it legally necessary for petitioner to increase its stock ownership in the Cincinnati Bank by 657 shares pursuant to 12 U.S.C. sec. 1426(c). Accordingly, in 1982, petitioner purchased 657 additional shares of Cincinnati Bank stock at $ 100 per share. On November 17, 1978, the board of directors of the Cincinnati Bank (the board) adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for 1978 at the rate of 6.54 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividends would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On December 15, 1978, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend for 1978. On December 22, 1978, the Cincinnati Bank notified all of its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend*342 for 1978. Prior to December 22, 1978, the Cincinnati Bank had always paid dividends in cash. On December 29, 1978, the Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 3,988 shares (par value $ 398,800) and $ 82 in cash for fractional shares. On November 16, 1979, the board adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for 1979 at the rate of 8 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividend would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On December 4, 1979, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend for 1979. On December 13, 1979, the Cincinnati Bank notified its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend. On December 31, 1979, the Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 5,679 shares (par value $ 567,900) and $ 4 in cash for fractional shares. On April 16, 1980, the board adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for the period January 1 through June 30, 1980, at the rate of*343 10 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividend would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On May 7, 1980, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1980. On May 12, 1980, the Cincinnati Bank notified all of its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1980. On June 30, 1980, the Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1980. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 3,812 shares (par value $ 381,200) and $ 40 in cash for fractional shares. On August 21, 1980, the board adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for the period July 1 through September 30, 1980, at the rate of 12 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividend would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On September 23, 1980, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend*344 for the period July 1 through September 30, 1980. On September 23, 1980, the Cincinnati Bank notified its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend for the period July 1 through September 30, 1980. On September 30, 1980, the Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend for the period July 1 through September 30, 1980. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 2,427 shares (par value $ 242,700) and $ 56 in cash for fractional shares. On December 8, 1980, the board adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for the period October 1 through December 31, 1980, at the rate of 8.18 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividend would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On December 15, 1980, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend for the period October 1 through December 31, 1980. On December 19, 1980, the Cincinnati Bank notified its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend for the period October 1 through December 31, 1980. On December 31, 1980, the*345 Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend for the period October 1 through December 31, 1980. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 1,704 shares (par value $ 170,400) and $ 69 in cash for fractional shares. On June 18, 1981, the board adopted a resolution authorizing payment of accrued dividends on capital stock for the period January 1 through June 30, 1981, at the rate of 4.5 percent. The resolution further provided that the dividend would be paid in capital stock (on the basis of one share of stock for each $ 100 dividend entitlement) with fractional shares to be paid in cash. On June 22, 1981, the FHLBB approved the Cincinnati Bank stock dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1981. On June 23, 1981, the Cincinnati Bank notified its members that it intended to issue a stock dividend instead of a cash dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1981. On June 30, 1981, the Cincinnati Bank issued the stock dividend for the period January 1 through June 30, 1981. Petitioner received a stock dividend of 1,684 shares (par value $ 168,400) and $ 77 in cash for fractional shares. In summary, the Cincinnati Bank issued the following FHLBB approved stock dividends*346 to petitioner: Cash forDateSharesPar ValueFractional SharesDec. 29, 19783,988$ 398,800$ 82Dec. 31, 19795,679567,9004June 30, 19803,812381,20040Sept. 30, 19802,427242,70056Dec. 31, 19801,704170,40069June 30, 19811,684168,40077Member banks that own district bank stock in excess of the required number of shares may request that their district bank redeem their excess shares. District banks are authorized by statute to make such redemptions at their discretion. 12 U.S.C. sec. 1426(c)(1). The Cincinnati Bank granted and the FHLBB approved every member bank's redemption request from 1978 through 1982. As of December 31, 1980, petitioner had 9,111 shares more than its minimum stock ownership requirement in the Cincinnati Bank. Accordingly, it requested the Cincinnati Bank to repurchase those excess shares. On March 16, 1981, the Cincinnati Bank granted petitioner's request and redeemed 9,111 shares of stock. During each of the years 1978 through 1981, inclusive, at least one of the Cincinnati Bank's members received stock dividends*347 that were in excess of such member's statutory stockholding requirements and that such member requested redemption of the excess stock and, in fact, had the excess stock redeemed by the Cincinnati Bank. The value of common stock dividends declared by a corporation on its own shares is generally not taxable to its shareholders. Section 305(a). Where, however, dividends from a corporation are payable, at the election of its shareholders, in stock or property (such as cash), the receipt of dividends will be taxable to the shareholders under section 301. Section 305(b)(1). If a shareholder possesses such an elective power, the stock dividends will be taxable under sections 301 and 305(b)(1) regardless of whether the power is exercised. Section 1.305-2(a), Income Tax Regs.Petitioner asserts that the value of the common stock dividends it received from the Cincinnati Bank is not taxable under section 305(a) and that it did not retain the power to elect to have the dividends paid in property. Respondent contends that petitioner and the other Cincinnati Bank shareholders*348 retained the power to elect to have dividends paid in property through their ability to request stock redemptions or cash payments for excess shares. Respondent further asserts that questions of fact remain which would prevent us from granting partial summary judgment on this issue. We agree with petitioner. The Court has previously addressed this issue in Frontier Savings Association v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 665 (1986), affd. 854 F.2d 1001">854 F.2d 1001 (7th Cir. 1988); see also Western Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1988-107. Respondent contends that these cases were wrongly decided. We do not agree. In Frontier Savings we held that stock dividends made by the Chicago District Bank (Chicago Bank) to its member banks were not includable in the member banks' income under section 305(b)(1). The Chicago Bank and the FHLBB were found to have granted every member bank's redemption request. The Court held that the power of the Chicago Bank's members to request redemptions which the Chicago Bank and the FHLBB could deny in their discretion, under 12 U.S.C. sec. 1426(c)(1), was in*349 harmony with section 305(a). Frontier Savings Association v. Commissioner, supra at 675-677. Respondent asserts in the case before us that because the Cincinnati Bank and the FHLBB granted every member bank's redemption request, the Cincinnati Bank's shareholders had a "de facto" power to elect to receive dividends in cash. We rejected this argument in Frontier Savings and do so here. The Cincinnati Bank and the FHLBB retained express statutory authority to deny redemption requests under 12 U.S.C. sec. 1426(c)(1). Their decision to refrain from exercising such authority by granting every redemption request does not create a "de facto" power in the member banks whereby they can elect to receive dividends in cash. Importantly, in this partial summary judgment proceeding, respondent does not allege that either the Cincinnati Bank or the FHLBB expressly agreed to forego their statutory authority to deny redemption requests by member banks. For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision on this issue may be rendered as a matter of law. Petitioner's motion*350 for partial summary judgment will be granted on this issue. Premature Withdrawal PenaltiesRespondent has moved for partial summary judgment determining that premature withdrawal penalties (hereinafter sometimes referred to as penalties) received by petitioner constitute ordinary income under section 61. Petitioner contends that the penalties in issue constitute discharge of indebtedness income under section 108. 4 We agree with respondent. During 1980 and 1981, petitioner offered its customers certificates of deposit and money market accounts (hereinafter sometimes referred to as time account(s)) with interest compounded monthly, quarterly, annually or on a term basis. If a customer withdrew a principal balance from such a time account prior to its maturity date, the customer was required to forfeit a specified amount as a premature withdrawal penalty*351 under both Federal regulations and the terms of petitioner's time accounts. Upon premature withdrawal, the customer would receive a net amount composed of the principal plus accrued interest to the date of withdrawal less the specified penalty for early withdrawal. No customers received their principal and accrued interest before having their penalty subtracted. Petitioner always reduced each customer's account balance by the specified penalty before remitting any funds to the customer. Petitioner received the following amounts of income from premature withdrawal penalties: PrematureYearWithdrawal Penalties1980$ 2,043,44719812,046,424On its Federal income tax returns for the taxable years 1980 and 1981, petitioner reported the premature withdrawal penalties as discharge of indebtedness income under section 108, and it elected to reduce the basis of depreciable property by the excluded amounts under section 1017. 5 Respondent determined that the premature withdrawal penalties did not represent discharge of indebtedness income but were properly taxable as ordinary income under section 61(a), which generally provides that "gross income means all*352 income from whatever source derived." Respondent asserts that the facts of the case before us are virtually identical to those in Colonial Savings Association v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 855 (1985), affd. 854 F.2d 1001">854 F.2d 1001 (7th Cir. 1988), and that the premature withdrawal penalties represent ordinary income under section 61, not income from the discharge of indebtedness under section 108. Petitioner asserts that our decision in Colonial Savings was wrongly decided and that the premature withdrawal penalties in issue represent income from the discharge of indebtedness under section 108. We agree with respondent and we will continue to follow our decision in Colonial Savings. For the foregoing*353 reasons, the Court concludes that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that a decision on this issue may be rendered as a matter of law. Respondent's motion for partial summary judgment will be granted. To reflect the foregoing, An appropriate order will be issued in docket No. 44110-86. An appropriate order will be issued in docket No. 44490-86 and decision will be entered under Rule 155. Footnotes1. Section 1001(a) provides: (a) COMPUTATION OF GAIN OR LOSS. -- The gain from the sale or other disposition of property shall be the excess of the amount realized therefrom over the adjusted basis provided in section 1011 for determining gain, and the loss shall be the excess of the adjusted basis provided in such section for determining loss over the amount realized. Section 1001(c) provides: (c) RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS. -- Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, the entire amount of the gain or loss, determined under this section, on the sale or exchange of property shall be recognized.↩2. Section 165(a) generally provides: There shall be allowed as a deduction any loss sustained during the taxable year and not compensated for by insurance or otherwise.↩3. Section 316(a) provides in part: (a) GENERAL RULE. -- For purposes of this subtitle, the term "dividend" means any distribution of property made by a corporation to its shareholders -- (1) out of its earnings and profits accumulated after February 28, 1913, or (2) out of its earnings and profits of the taxable year (computed as of the close of the taxable year without diminution by reason of any distributions made during the taxable year), without regard to the amount of the earnings and profits at the time the distribution was made. * * *↩4.
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(Voir pages 383, 777.) DÉMARET (Charles), —Représentant de Commerce, — Fismes (Marne). (Voir pages 465, 695.) DEMARNE (Paul), — Literie et Tapisserie, — 23, rue Fontange, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 394, 620.) DEMAY IN^CJ ifî, et Fils #, — Entrepreneurs de maçonnerie, — 18, rue Chaptal, Paris. (Voir pages 398, 534, 568.) DEMI-PENSI0NNATSAINT-L0UIS,dirigé par les Frères des Écoles chrétiennes, — place Sasserno, Nice ( Alpes-Maritimes ). (Voir pages 321, 595.) DEMICHERY (Etienne), — Vitrerie, — 21, rue du Pavé-d'Amour, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 514, 629.) DEM0RY, — Brasseur, — 12, rue Broca, Paris, JTELEPHONEI 806.16. (Voir pages 238, 257, 550, et l'annonce, page 270.) DEM0ULIN (A.), — Représentant, — 43, rue Chanzy, Reims (Marne). (Voir pages 397, 697.) DENAT (Louis), ■— Propriétaire de Vignobles, — Gasparets, par Lézignan (Aude). (Voir pages 513, 604.) DENEUX (Mllc Adèle), — Modiste, — 5, rue des Boucheries, Calais (Pasde-Calais). (Voir pages 414, 727.) DENEUX (Ch.), — Propriétaire, — 35, rue de Lyon, Paris. (Voir pages 458, 574.) DENIN (Félix), — Maître de verreries, ■—Courval,parSenarpont(Somme), et Nesle-Normandeuse, par Blangysur-Bresle (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 496, 761, 767, et aux annonces, page 805.) DENIS (E.), — Représentant de commerce, — 20, rue du Renard, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 465, 764.) DENIS (Georges), — Courtier en Vins et Spiritueux, — Entrepôt des Vins, 100, rue du Port-de-Bercy, Paris. (Voir pages 503, 574.) DENIS (H.), — Négociant en Vins, Représentant des RR. PP. Missionnaires d'Alger, Pères Blancs, — 1, rue Malherbes, et 22, rue Richebourg, Nantes (Loire-Inférieure). (Voir pages 503, 685.) — 68 — ' DENIS-BESLIER (E.), — Ornements d'Église, —10, rue Saint-Pierre, Gaen (Calvados). (Voir pages 424, 637.) DENISE, — Bottier, — 7, place de la Bourse, Paris. (Voir pages 265, 287, 542, 543.) DENIZE (Raymond), — Horlogerie, Bijouterie, — 19 F, route de Neufchâtel, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 351, 762.) DENNER (Mme Vvc), — Couronnas et Fleurs, — 108, rue de Rennes, Paris. (Voir pages 305, 554.) DENOYEL (Camille), — Membre delà Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, Directeur du service de l'Exploitation commerciale de la Société générale des Annonces, ■— 5, rue Richepanse, Paris. (Voir pages LIX, 241, 565.) DÉNY (Charles), — Fabricant de Quincaillerie et Serrurerie, — 48, rue des Acacias, Paris. (Voir pages 474, 534, 583, et aux annonces, pages 308, 461, 475.) DÉO (Pierre), —Pâtes alimentaires, — 25, place Notre-Dame-du-Mont, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 432, 624.) DÉPÊCHE (La), — Journal quotidien, — 77, rue Nationale, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 378, 711.) DEPIERRE (J.), — Broderies, — 8, rue Antoine-Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin (Aisne). (Voir pages 271, 488, 590.) DEPOIN, •— Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. ( Voir page LIX. ) DEPOUZIER (Ch.), — Pharmacien, — 76, allées de Meilhan, Marseille ( Bouches du Rhône). (Voir pages xxiv, 442, 625.) DEPRADEUX (Auguste), — Acétylène, — 5, rue Saint-Pantaléon, Toulouse ( Haute-Garonne ). (Voir pages 235, 657.) DERIVIÈRE-PATRY, — Professeur libre, — 28, rue des Champs, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages XXVII, 457, 76-4.) DEROUSSE (Charles), — Boidanger, — 9, rue St-Martin, Épernay (Marne). (Voir pages 268, 695.) DEROUX (Ernest), — Pharmacien, — Thonon-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie). (Voir pages 442, 751.) DERRIEN Père et Fils, — Entrepreneurs, Travaux d'Églises, Sculptures sUr bois,:— Saint-Pol-de-Léon (Finistère). (Voir pages 325, 654.) DESAGNAT (Jules), — Peinture et Vitrerie , Ravalements, — 8, rue Tronson du Coudray ( près la rue d'Anjou-Saint-Honoré), Paris. IniEPHDHil 229.46. (Voir pages 436, 534, 566.) DESAIDE (Alph.), — Graveur-Éditeur, — 56, quai des Orfèvres, Paris. (Voir pages 349, 540.) DESB0IS Père et Fils, — Architectes, S. C, —14, place Delaborde, Paris. (Voir pages 243, 565.) DESCAMPS (Constant), — HorlogerieBijouterie, — 13, rue Frigori, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 351, 762.) DESCHAMPS (A.), — Menuisier, — 291, cours Lafayette, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 406, 740.) DESCHIN (Jules), — Pompes, — 44 et 46, rue du Bourdeau, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 451, 711.) DESCLÉE, DE BR0UWER et (?«, — Éditeurs, ■—30, r. Saint-Sulpice, Paris. — Maison à Lille (Nord). 41, rue de Metz. (Voir pages 374, 380, 381, 388, 556, 711, et aux annonces, pages 798 et 847.) DESCLÉS (Mllc Marie), successeur de MAILLET, — Corsets, — 5, rue Hémon, le Mans (Sarthe). (Voir pages 304, 748.) DESCOTTES (Joseph), — Menuiserie, — 24 et 26, rue Consolât, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). • (Voir pages 406, 622.) DESCOURS (Henri), — Fabricant de Rubans, — 15, place de l'Hôtel-deVille, Saint-Étienne (Loire). (Voir pages 469, 681.) DESEILLE (J.), — Docteur en Médecine, — 25, rue des Pipots, Boulognesur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 403, 726.) DESFONTAINES (Hector), — Épiceries et Comestibles, — 25, Grand'Place, Roubaix (Nord). (Voir pages 328, 712.) DESFOSSÉS (Constant), — Cirier, — 18, rue Saint-Clément, Nantes (Loire Inférieure). (Voir pages 293, 684.) DESHAIS(Th.), —Architecte,—18, rue du Cardinal-Lemoine, Paris. (Voir pages 243, 550.) DESHAYES, — .Menuiserie, —11, place du Boulingrin, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 406, 763.) DESMOULINS (V.), — Pâtissier, — 10, rue de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 433, 624.) DESOUCHES (Ch.) et BRUYER, — Société d'approvisionnement, Entrepôt d'Ivry, — 30, rue Geoffroyl'Àsnier, Paris, et 71, quai d'Ivry, Ivry-Port ( Seine). (Voir pages 261, 548, 752.) DE S0YE (Louis), — Imprimeur et Directeur de la Semaine religieuse de Paris, — 18, rue des FossésSaint-Jacques, Paris. (Voir pages 366, 551.) DESPLANQUES (Emmanuel), — Marchand de Charbons, ■— 16, rue des Jésuites, Armentières (Nord). (Voir pages 282, 708.) DESPREY (Benoît), — Papiers peints, — 14 et 16, boulevard des Écoles, Lens (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 430, 729, et aux annonces, page 799.) DESREUMAUX-GALLIEZ (G.),— Quincaillier, — 23 et 25, rue des ChatsBossus, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 460, 711.) DESROCHES, — Agence de voyages, — 21, rue du Faubourg-Montmartre, Paris. (Voir pages 237, 515, 567.) DESTANQUE (E.), — Propriétaire-Viticulteur, — château de Falfas, par Bourg-sur-Gironde (Gironde). (Voir pages 503, 667, et l'annonce, page 503.) DESTOUCHES (M>'° Marie), — Robes et Manteaux, ■— 10, rue de Chevreuse, Issy (Seine). (Voir pages 468, 752.) DESTREGARD (Louis), — Contentieux, Gérant de Propriétés, Représentations, — 30, rue de la Folie-Méricourt, Paris. (Voir pages 236, 299, 465, 573.) DESVIGNES (P.), — Horlogerie, Bijouterie, — 11, cours Gambetta, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 351, 739.) DETON, — Membrede la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Mâcon (Saône-et-Loire). (Voir page LIX.) DEURRIEU (Paul), — Banquier, — Barbentane ( Bouches -duRhône). (Voir pages 253, 606.) DEVAUX Soeurs (Mllos), — Fleurs artificielles,— 10, rueBasse, Lille(Nord). (Voir pages 338, 711.) DEVENET, — Pharmacien, — route de Couches, le Creusot (Saône-etLoire). (Voir pages 442, 745.) DEVERRE (Jules), — Fabricant de Coutils, — Fiers (Orne). (Voir pages 306, 723.) DEVILLE (Alphonse), — Vins, Concessionnaire des Chocolats des Pères Trappistes d'Aiguebelle, — 11, rue Sainte Catherine, Bordeaux Gironde). (Voir pages 511, 650, 666.) DEVIN (P.), — Relieur, — 33, rue de TAbbé-Grégoire, Paris. (Voir pages 463, 558.) DEVISMES (EL), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, . — 80, rue de Grenelle, Paris. (Voir page LVIII.) DEVRED (Emile), — Meilleur, — près la Gare, Bouchain (Nord). — Lettres et télégrammes : Lourcb.es (Nord), (Voir pages 400, 709.) DEVUNS (Francisque), — Architecte, ■— 8, ruedu Palais-de-Justiee, SaintÉtienne( Loire). (Voir pages 243, 681.) DEVYNOK (Élie), — Représentant de l'Union Fraternelle, — Houplines (Nord). (Voir pages xxi, xxni, 710.) DEWACHTER Frères, — Vêlements confectionnés et sur mesure, ■—■ 36, rue Sainte-Catherine, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 498, 665.) DEWAVRIN-CROMBEZ (Ch.) Fils et Cio, — Filature de Laine pour bonneterie, — Bureaux, 15, rue des Anges, et Filature, 12, rue Chanzy, Tourcoing (Nord). (Voir pages 337, 713.) DÉZALEUX-WILLAMME, — Teinturier, — 8, rue de Bàbylone, Paris. (Voir pages 487, 564.) D'HALLUIN (Victor), — Saline, Savonnerie, — 66, rue Jean-Bart, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 470, 712.) D'HALLUIN-LEPERS Frères, — Lainages, Robes et Confections, — rue de la Fosse-aux-Chênes, Roubaix (Nord). (Voir pages 488, 712.) D'HAUSSY (V.), Représentant de l'Union Fraternelle, — 23, rue des Récollets, Valenciennes (Nord). (Voir pages xxix, 715.) DIAN0UX, — Pharmacien, — 32, grand chemin d'Aix, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 442, 625.) DIAN0UX (Henri), — Fournitures pour peinture et photographie, — 10, boulevard du Musée, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 438, 624.) DIARD (Charles), — Fabrique de Galoches , — rue des Cartes, la Flèche (Sarthe). (Voir pages 344, 747.) DIARD (Charles), — Objets religieux, — 7, rue de la Visitation, Parayle-Monial (Saône-et-Loire). (Voir pages 419, 745.) DIARD-RENAULT (M'1'" V™), — Épicerie-Comestibles, — 25, rue Aineray, le Mans (Sarthe). (Voir pages 328, 7-48.) DIDIER (Ch.), — Fadeur d'Orgues, — 59, rue de l'Hospice, Nancy (MeurtheetMoselle). (Voir pages 423, 703.) DIDIER (E.), successeur de SORET, — Marbrier, — 1, rue Sainte-Adélaïde, Versailles (Seine-et-Oise). (Voir pages 400, 758.) DIDI0N (Jean-Baptiste-Alphonse), — Propriétaire, ■— Câtillon-surSambre (Nord). (Voir pages 458, 709.) DID0N, — Ferblantier, — 111, rue Charles-III, Nancy (Meurthe-etMoselle). j (Voir pages 335, 702.) — 71 DIETER (J.), — Tailleur, — 42, rue Meslay, et 35, boulevard SaintMartin, Paris. (Voir pages 482, 5-47.) DIETLIN Jeune, —Ébéniste, — 16, rue Chanzy, Paris. (Voir pages 319, 572.) DIETRICH (Charles), — Gravure, Clichés, — 3, rue Hautefeuille, Paris. (Voir pages 349, 555.) DIÉVAL (Henri), — Imprimerie, Papeterie, — 4, rue Vide-Gousset, Paris. (Voir pages 366, 428, 543.) DILLEMANN Fils et Cic, — Négociants exportateurs, — 26, rue de Chabrol, Paris. (Voir pages 333, 570.) DIMANCHE (LE),— Semaine religieuse du diocèse d'Amiens, — 8, rue Lamartine, Amiens (Somme). (Voir pages 378, 767.) DINÉTY (L.) et G", — Négociants en vins, rhums et'cognacs, — 213, rue de Pessac, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 503, 667.) DINOT, — Plâtrier, — 6, rue Kléber, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 449, 703.) DISSARD (Ch.), — Dessinateur, — 1, rue du Dragon, Paris. (Voir pages 312, 554.) DIVETAIN-LEMARIÉ; — Représentant, — 73 bis, rue du Val-de-Saire, Cherbourg (Manche). (Voir pages465, 694.) DOERFLINGER (M'»» V™), — Fabricant de Chaussures, —25, rue Saint-Nicolas, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 287, 702.) DOFFE (Henri), — Représentant de Commerce, — 27, rue Le Sérurier, Saint-Quentin (Aisne). (Voir pages 465, 590.) D0GNIN (Emile), — Propriétaire, — 56, rue du Docteur-Blanche, ParisAuteuil. (Voir pages 458, 581.) D0ISEN (Louis), — Photographe, — 123, boulevard de Sébastopol, Paris. (Voir pages 446, 544.) DOLAT, — PropriétaireViticulteur.,— Montgueux (Aube). (Voir pages 513, 602.) D0LIVET (Théodore), — Serrurier, — 1, rue Saint-Nicolas, Nantes (Loire Inférieure). (Voir pages 474, 685.) D0MENY (L.), — Charcuterie, — 27, rue de la Palud, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 283, 611.) D0MIN (Mmc Vvo A.), — Imprimerie, — cour de la Monnaie, Caen (Calvados). (Voir pages 366, 636.) D0NADIEU (Balthazar), — Ancien Notaire, Propriétaire-Viticulteur, — Bédarieux (Hérault). (Voir pages 503, 670.) DONADIEU-LAVIT, — Docteur Médecin, — Lamalou-les-Bains (Hérault). (Voir pages -403, 672.) D0NNET (M™ 0 Claire), — Modes, — 4, rué Saint-Savournin, aul01', Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 414-, 622.) D0NZET (T.), — Vitraux d'art, — 36, cours Pierre-Puget, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône ). (Voir pages 513, 629.) D0R ( A.-E.), — Eaux-de-vie,— Jarnac (Charente). (Voir pages 318, 513, 639.) DORIA-PEAUCELLE, successeur de PEAUCELLECOQUET, — Pianos, — 4, rue de Babylone, Paris. ( Voir pages 447, 563.) D0R0N (A.), — Chirurgien-Dentiste, — 15, boulevard Saint-Michel, Paris; et 72, rue de Paris, Clamart (Seine). (Voir pages 311, 551, 752.) DORON (Arsène), —Pharmacien,— 32, rue d'Antibes, Cannes (AlpesMaritimes). (Voir pages 442, 59-4.) DÔRR et XIMÉNEZ, — Négociants en Vins, — Malaga (Espagne). (Voir pages 503, 780, et aux annonces, page 800.) D0UGADOS (Edouard), — Laines et Mégisserie, — Mâzamet (Tarn). (Voir pages 384, 769.) DOUREL, — Vins, — Villeneuve-de-IaRivière, près Perpignan ( PyrénéesOrientales). (Voir pages 504, 737.) D0URNEAU (Mlle Emilie), — Chapellerie, Modes, —21, rue de Strasbourg, Nantes (Loire-Inférieure). (Voir pages 281, 684.) D0USSIET Frères, — Tailleurs, — 24, rue des Arts, Toulouse (HauteGaronne). (Voir pages xxvm, 482, 663.) D0UTRES Fils,—Électricien, — 1, rue Puget, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 323, 615.) DRAGO (M™ Vve), — Hôtel du SacréCoeur, Librairie religieuse et grand Magasin d'objets de piété, — Parayle-Monial (Saône-et-Loire). (Voir pages 355, 745.) DRAILLARD (Eugène), — Grains, Engrais, Charbons anglais, Briquettes, —les Sables-d'Olonne (Vendée). (Voir pages 347, 774.) DRAPEAU (P.), — Notaire, — GrandCouronne (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 416, 760.) DRESC0 (Mrac VTe L.), — Quincaillerie, — 62, rue Amelot, Paris. (Voir pages 460, 573.) DREVET (Jacques), #,C. &, — Architecte,—65, boulevard Malesherbes, Paris. (Voir pages 243, 565.) DREV0N (J.), — Représentant-Commissionnaire, ExpertComptable, — 42, boulevard des Brotteaux, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 299, 333, 738, 741.) DREYER, — Fabricant de vinaigre, ■— aux Vieux-Moulins, par Épinal (Vosges). (Voir pages 499, 777.) DRIANCOGRT (L.), — Confiserie, — 130, rue du Bac, Paris. (Voir pages 300, 561.) DRIOTON Aîné et Fils, — Ornements d'église, — 23, rue Saint-Philibert, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 424, 64-4.) DRIOTON (Et.), — Fabricant d'Ornements d'église et de Vêtements ecclésiastiques, — 12, faubourg Stanislas, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 424, 703.) DR0MEL (M">« V™ H0") Neveu, — Epicerie, Denrées coloniales et Cafés, — 9, rue de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages xxiv, 310, 61-4.) DR0PSY (Edmond), — Apprêts de tissus pour fleurs, — 24, rue des Écoles, Alfortville (Seine). (Voir pages 338, 751.) DR0UET (Mllc Coralie), — Modiste, — 24, rue Notre-Dame, Calais (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 414, 727.) DR0ULERS Fils, —Fabrique de chicorée et de chocolat,— Fresnes (Nord). (Voir pages 291, 292, 710, et aux annonces, page 291.) DRUM0NT (Edouard), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) DUBÉ (A.), — Tailleur, Maison modèle, — 45, rue Alsace-Lorraine, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 482, 663.) DUBOIS, — Blanchisseur, — faubourg de Paris, Valenciennes (Nord). (Voir pages 260, 714.) DUBOIS Fils, — Cierges et Bougies, — 89, rue de la Verrerie, Paris. (Voir pages 293, 548.) DUBOIS (Charles), — Fabricant de produits chimiques, — 6, rue de la République, Marseille (Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 454, 625.) DUBOIS (Georges), — Fabrique de Bonneterie, ■— route de Tours, Falaise (Calvados). (Voir pages 264, 637.) DUBOIS (H.) et G»,—Batistes, — rue Watteàu, Valenciennes (Nord),— 22, rue du Sentier, Paris, — 22, Gresham Street, E. C, Londres. (Voir pages 254, 542, 714.) DUBOIS (Jacques), — Entrepreneur de Maçonnerie, — 21, rue Montéede-Lodi, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages xxiv, 398, 621.) DUBOIS (Louis), — Imprimeur-Éditeur, — 10, rue Gambetla, Tours (Indre-et-Loire). (Voir pages 366, 675, et aux annonces, page 801.) DUBOIS (Louis), — PlomberieCouverture, — 5, rue NeuveSaint-Vivien, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 450, 764.) DUBOIS-OUDIN,— Fabricant de Coffresforts, — 4, rue de Sillery, Reims (Marne). (Voir pages 239, 295, 696, et aux annonces, page 802.) DUBOIS et CHARVET-COLOMBIER, — Tissage, Blanchisserie, Filature de Lin et d'Éloupes, — 3, rue Bayart, Armentières (Nord). (Voir pages 337, 708.) DUBOSQ-LETTRÉ Frères, — Négociants en Vins et Spiritueux, — 118, quai de Paludate, Bordeaux (Gironde), et place Henri-IV, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 504, 667, 765.) DUBRET (Charles), — Bijoutier-Orfèvre, — 83, rue de la Liberté, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 258, 643.) DUBREUIL (Théophile), — Représentant de Commerce spécialement pour la vente des Beurres et OEufs, — 44, rue du Montparnasse, Paris. (Voir pages 255, 465, 577.) DUBR0UX (Joseph), — Ouvrier ajusteur-mécanicien, — 2, rue Ferrari, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 403, 621.) DU BU S (Charles), — Brasseur, — 330, rue de Vaugirard, Paris. (Voir pages 269, 578.) DUBUST (Marcel), — Confiseur, — 9, rue Jacques Lélieur, Rouen (Seine Inférieure). (Voir pages 300, 762.) DUC (Ange), — Fabricant d'Appareils de Chauffage, — 1 et 3, rue' du Vieux-Chemin-de-Rome, Marseille ( Bouches du Rh ône). (Voir pages 285, 612.) DUC (François), — Épicier-Droguiste, — Saint-Just, banlieue de Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 316, 615.) DUCAFFY (A.), — Mécanicien, — 3, rue du Chemin-de-Fer, Nevers (Nièvre). (Voir pages 403, 707.) DUCARNOY-GUCHE, —Serrurerie, — 36, rue des Religieuses-Anglaises, Boulogne -surMer ( Pas de Calais). (Voir pages 47-4, 726.) DUCASSÉ (Mllc Clara), — LibrairiePapeterie, — 5, rue de la Liberté, Cahors (Lot). (Voir pages 388, 690.) DUCASSE (J.-B.), — Fins et spiritueux, — 30 et 32, rue du Bois, Clichy (Seine). (Voir pages 504, 752.) DUCAUD (Jean-Maurice), successeur de A. LABADIE et C' 0, — Vins et Spiritueux, — 20 et 22, route de Toulouse, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 504, 667, et aux annonces, page SOS.) DUCEL (Mlle), — Chaussures, —45, rue Pharaon, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 287, 658.) DUCHEMIN (Adolphe) et Cio, — Manufacture de Crin frisé animal, —• -36, boulevard Batalla, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 309, 61-4.) DUCHÊNE-LÉGER,— Hôtel deReims — 29 et 37, passage du Saumon, Paris. (Voir pages 355, 54-3, et aux annonces, page 802.) DUCHESNE, — Dentiste diplômé, — 57, rue de la Pomme, Toulouse ( Haute-Garonne ). (Voir pages 311,659.) DUCHESNE ( M"» Adéodate), — Modes, — 15, rue de Babylone, Paris. (Voir pages 41-4, 562.) DUCLOS (Ferdinand), — Chapelier, — 22, rue au Pain, Saint-Germain-en-Laye (Seine-et-Oise). ( Voir pages 281, 757.) DUCLOUX (Edmond), — Fabricant de Chaussures, —3, rue du Chalet, Paris. (Aroir pages 303, 570.) DUCL0ZET, — Cartes d'Échantillons, — 64, rue de Cléry, Paris. (Voir pages 278, 542.) DUC0UL0MBIER (Victor), — Imprimeur-Lithographe, — 78, rue de l'Hôpital-Militaire, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 366, 711.) DUCR0S, — Hôtel du Vatican, — Mont-Dore (Puy-de-Dôme). (Voir pages 355, 730.) DUCR0S et C'", — Manufacture de Faïences jaune clair, Briques vernies, Poterie artistique et commune, — place de PAlbinque, Castres (Tarn). (Voir pages 334, 768.) DUFAUT Fils et Cie, — Fins de Champagne, — château de Corrigot, Pierry, par Épernay (Marne). (Voir pages 512, 696, et aux annonces, page 803.) DUFEUTRELLE-BILHAUT, — Vins et Eaux-deVie en gros, — Feuquièresen-Vimeu (Somme). (Aroir pages 50-4, 767.) DUFORESTEL ( Auguste ), — Marchand d'Huiles, — 26, rue Victor-Hugo, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 360, 763.) DUF0UR (Mmo A.), — Lingerie, — 12,ruedeRome,MarseiIle(Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 392, 620.) DUFOUR (J.), — Quincaillier, — 74, rue de Rennes, Paris. (Voir pages 460, 558.) DUFOUR (M 110 Marie-Émélie), — Ornements d'église, — 20, rue SaintGervais, Avranches (Manche). (Voir pages 424, 693.) DUFRESNE (Georges), — Parfumerie et savonnerie en gros, — 16, rue Michel -Bizot, Paris. (Voir pages 431, 574.) DUFRESNE (J.), — Chocolats, Thés, Cafés, — 19, rue Auber; succursale, 3, boulevard de Denain, Paris. (Voir pages 274, 292, 300, 4S7, 567,570.) DUG0S(Jean),— Chirurgien-Dentiste, — 22, boulevard de Sébaslopol, Paris. (Voir pages 311, 548, et aux annonces, page 311.) DUHAMEL (Georges), — BijoutierJoaillier, — 72, boulevard de Sébastopol, Paris. (Voir pages 258, 545, et aux annonces, page 804.) DUHAMEL-MARETTE, — Peintre-Verrier, — 2, place Saint-Taurin, Évreux (Eure). (Voir pages 513, 651, et aux annonces, page 804.) DUHARDEL (A.), — Manufacture de Flanelles,— Elbeuf (Seine-Inférre). (Voir pages 338, 759.) DULAC (Mmo Vvc), — Toiles, Draperies, Couvertures, — 61, rue NotreDame, Troyes (Aube). (Voir pages 491, 602.) DUMAIN-MARCHAND, — Chaussures, — 35, rue du Calvaire, Boulognesur Mer ( Pas de Calais ). (Voir pages 287, 726.). DUMAS (Marius), — Marchand-Tailleur, — 5, place Saint-Jean, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 482, 742.) DUMAS-MONTAGNE, — Fabricant de Cycles, — le Puy (Haute-Loire). (Voir pages 256, 682.) DUMASDIER (Louis), — Chemisier, — 30, Grande Rue, Avallon (Yonne). (Voir pages 264, 778.) DUMAZEL (Louis), — Bains, — 32, rue Sénac, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 252, 608.) DUMOND (H. et M.) Frères, —Entrepreneurs de Menuiserie, — 30, rue de l'Annonciade, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 406, 740.) DUM0NT (Albert), — Ancien Notaire, — Montigny-le-Roi (Haute-Marne). (Voir pages 458, 699.) DUM0NT (Ambroise), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Clermont-Ferrand (Puyde-Dôme). (Voir page LIX.) DUM0NT et GRAND, ancienne maison Th. RAVEL et Cio, — Articles de blanc, — 38, rue Longue-des-Capucins, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 260, 608.) DUMONTIER (Mag.), —Pharmacien, — 1, rue Alsace-Lorraine, Rouen ( Seine Inférieure ). (Voir pages 442, 764.) DUMORTIER (Louis et Pierre), —Bonneterie confectionnée, —17, rue du Puilly, Tourcoing (Nord). (Voir pages 264, 713.) DUMOULIN Père, — Ferblantier, — 3, rue de Mon-Désert, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 335, 702.) DUMUYS (Léon), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Orléans (Loiret). (Voir page LIX.) DUPAS (Mllu Augustine), — Couturière, —14, rue du Temple, Paris. (Voir pages 307, 548.) DUPERRAT Fils (Paul), — Entrepreneur de Maçonnerie, Travaux en ciment, — 10, rue Charles-Roy, Nevers (Nièvre). (Voir pages 398, 707.) DUPEYRAC (G.), — Imprimeur-Papetier, — 5, place de la Bourse, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages xxiv, 366, 619) DUPIN (Paul), Maison J. DANIZET, — Nouveau Dépôt, — Porcelaines, Faïences et Cristaux, —■ 51, boulevard Voltaire, Paris. (Voir pages 452, 573.) DUPLAND (Ambroise),— Tourneur, — 15, rue Basse-du-Château, Nantes (Loire -Inférieure). (Voir pages 492, 685.) DUPLESSIS-FOURCAUD (E.), — Fins, — château Trois-Moulins, SaintÉmilion (Gironde). (Voir pages 504, 668, et aux annonces, page 803.) DUPOIRIEUX (Edmond), — Entrepreneur de Couverture, Plomberie, Gaz, — 96, rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière, Paris, EUH. (Voir pages 247, 308, 345, 450, 451, 493, 534, 570.) .— 76 — DUPONNOIS (Clément), — Agent d'Affaires, — 2, rue Vernelle, Langres (Haute-Marne). (Voir pages 236, 699.) DUPONT ( Abel et René), — Brasseurs, — 14, faubourg de Cambrai, Valenciennes (Nord). (Voir pages 270, 714.) DUPONT (Albert),— Peintre, —44,rue Saint-Euverte, Orléans (Loiret). (Voir pages 436, 68S.) DUPONT (L.), —Sellier-Bourrelier, — 108, rue du Cherche-Midi, Paris. (Voir pages 472, 559.) DUPONT (Marius), — Épicerie, — 16, rue Saint-Michel, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 328, 616.) DUPONT-CHATAGNON, — Tôles fines et fers-blancs, — Saint-Chamond (Loire). (Voir pages 492, 680.) DUPONT-PRÉSEAU, — Chaudronnerie, — Valenciennes (Nord). (Voir pages 285, 714.) DUPORT-DUTERTRE Fils (Mm« V™), — Boulangerie viennoise, — 15, rue des Merciers, la Rochelle (Charente-Inférieure). (Voir pages 268, 639.) DUPOUTS (J.), — Grand Hôtel de l'Europe, — 6, square Lafayette, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 355, 660.) DUPRAT (J.) et Ci 0, —Huiles et Savons, — Salon (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 362, 629.) DUPRAT, BATAILLEYet Cj«, — Fins fins de Bordeaux et ordinaires, Spiritueux, —101, boulevard de Caudéran, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 333, 504, 665, 667.) DUPRÉ (Edouard), — Négociant en cafés, — 6, rue Puget, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 274, 610.) DUPUIS (Alcide), — Herboriste-Bandagiste, — 30, rue du Commerce, Nevers (Nièvre). (Voir pages 350, 707.) DUPUY (Charles), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) DUPUY-BONNEFOND (Georges), — Charcutier, — Bussières, par Néronde (Loire). (Voir pages 283,680.) DURAND (Aimable) >&, — Agriculteur, — Bonneville-la-Louvet ( Calvados). (Voir pages 237,636.) DURAND (E.), — Spécialité de Literie, — 31, rue Saint-Placide, Paris. (Voir pages 39-4, 556.) DURAND (Gontran), — Peintre-Décorateur, — 20, rue des Changes, Toulouse (Haute -Garonne). (Voir pages 436, 662.) DURAND-DELANEF, René HESSE successeur, — Bonneterie, Fleurs, Tapisserie, — 45, 47, 49, rue des Carmes, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 108, 487, 761, 762, 763, 765.) DURAND et DRAILLARD, — Ostréiculteurs,—14, rue de la Poissonnerie, les Sables-d'Olonne (Vendée). (Voir pages 427, 774.) DURANTHON, — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) DURANTON-DE SALICIS, — Confiseurglacier, — 10, allées de Meilharr, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 300, 613.) DURBEG (Joseph), — Entrepreneur de serrurerie, — 4, traverse de l'Olivier, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 474, 627.) — 77 — ■ DU RIEZ-DE SERNY (Félix), — Représentant de Commerce, — rue d'En-Haut, Aubigny-en-Artois, et 1, rue des Jardins, Arras (Pas-deCalais). (Voir pages 346, 725, et aux annonces, page 804.) DUROUCHOUX, — Fins, Spiritueux et Vinaigres, détail et gros,-1-94, rue du Bac, Paris. — Entrepôts, 3, quai de Bercy-Charenton, Charenton (Seine). JOEËII. (Voir pages 499, 50-4, 564, 751.). DURRIEU (M»e), — Objets religieux, — rue Alsace et rue de Metz prolongée, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 419, 657.) DURRIEUX (Denys), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Mirande (Gers). (Voir page LIX.) DURRIEUX (Henri), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Auch (Gers). (Voir page LIX.) DU SERT Père et Fils, — Graines, — Annonay (Ardèche). ( Voir pages 347, 596, et aux annonces, page 805.) DUSSERRE (E.),— Lingerie,— 30, rue de l'Annonciade, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 392, 740.) DUTEIL (Adrien), — Entrepreneur de Maçonnerie, — 45, rue de la Procession, Paris. (Voir pages £98, 534, 579.) DUTERTRE (M»« Marie), — Chaussures, —10, rue de l'Hôtel-de-Ville, Laval (Mayenne). (Voir pages 287, 700.) DUTHOIT (Henri), — Fabricant d'Épingles, Attaches, Agrafes, — 26, rue du Caire, Paris. (Voir pages 250, 332, 543.) DUTHU (Tiburce), — Quincaillerie, — 4, place des Écoles, Pau (BassesPyrénées). (Voir pages 460, 735.) DUTILLEUL (Alfred), — Toiles, — rue Bayart, Armentières (Nord). (Voir pages 490, 709.) DUT0UR et GRAVIER, — Fabrique de Chapeatix de paille, — 16, rue de Rome, Marseille ( Bouchés duRhône). duRhône). (Voir pages 281, 611.) DGVAL (Mmo Vve), — Teinturerie de la Caisse d'épargne, —106, rue du Cherche-Midi, Paris. (Voir pages 487, 559.) DUVAL (Ernest), — Dessinateur-illustrateur, — 13, rue Bonaparte, Paris. (Voir pages 312, 554.) DUVAL (L.), — Carrosserie, — 24, rue de Joinville, Laval (Mayenne). (Voir pages 277, 700.) DUVAL (Victor), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir page LIX.) DUVERNOIS (D.) Aîné, — DoreurMiroitier, — 43, rue Sainte, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 314, 614.) E ECAL (Louis), — Propriétaire-Viticulteur, — Montady (Hérault). (Voir pages 504, 672.) ÉCHO DES BOUCHES-DU-RHÔNE (L'), — Journal politique, littéraire et commercial, — 2, rue Thiers, Aix (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 378, 606.) ÉCHO DUNOIS (L'), — 3, ruedeBlois, Châteaudun (Eure-et-Loir). (Voir pages 378, 652.) ÉCHO DE FOURVIÈRE (L'), —Revue hebdomadaire religieuse et politique, — 26, place Bellecour, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 378, 739.) ÉCHO DE LA MARNE (L'), — Journal bi-hebdomadaire, — 26, Grande Rue de Vaux, Yitry-le-François (Marne). (Voir pages 378, 698.) ÉCHO DE NOTRE-DAME DE LA GARDE . (L'), — Semaine religieuse du diocèse de Marseille, — 4, rue Nicolas, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 378, 620.) ÉCHO DES OEUVRES SOCIALES (L'), des missionnaires du Travail, — Revue mensuelle, — Solitude Saint-Antoine, Tarbes (Hautes-Pyrénées). • (Voir pages 378, 736.) ÉCHO ROCHELAIS, — Journal bi-heb■ domadaire, — la Rochelle (Charente Inférieure ). (Voir pages 378, 040.) ÉCHO DE SAINT-JEAN (L'), — Mensuel, — 7, rue des Novices, Dijon (Côted'Or). (Voir pages 378, 643.) ÉCHO DU SANCTUAIRE DE SAINT-ANTOINE (L'), patron des oeuvres sociales, ■— Revue mensuelle, — Solitude S1-Antoine, Tarbes (HautesPyrénées). (Voir pages 378, 736.) ÉCHO SAUMUROIS (L'), — 4, place du Marché-Noir, Saumur (Maine-etLoire). (Voir pages 378, 693.) ÉCHO DU TARN (L'), — 8, rue Montlédier, Castres (Tarn). (Voir pages 378, 768.) ÉCHO DU VELAY, — Journal tri-hebdomadaire, ■— place du Breuil, le Puy (Haute-Loire). (Voir pages 378, 682.) ÉCLAIR (L'), — Journal quotidien, — 3, rue Levât, Montpellier (Hérault). (Voir pages 378, 672.) ÉCOCHARD (M™ Blanche), —Broderies, Tapisseries, Ghasublerie, — 40, rue du Cherche-Midi, Paris. (Voir pages 271, 553.) ' ÉCOLE APOSTOLIQUE DES PETITS CLERCS DU BIENHEUREUX THOMAS, — R. P. Henri COQUOIN, directeur, — Biville, par Beaumont-Hague (Manche). (Voir pages 321, 693.) ÉCOLE DE LA TRINITÉ, — avenue de Belfort, Béziers (Hérault). (Voir pages 321, 670.) ÉCOLE LIBRE DE L'IMMACULÉECÔNCEPTION, — Enseignement secondaire, — 391, rue de Vaugirard, Paris. (Voir pages 321, 579.) ÉCOLE LIBRE DE L'IMMACULÉE CONCEPTION (Gaousou), — Enseignement secondaire, — Toulouse ( Haute Garonne). (Voir pages 321, 662.) ÉCOLE LIBRE DE SAINT-BERNARD, — 16, rue Pouteau, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 321, 738.) ÉCOLE LIBRE DE SAINT BERNARD, — Dirigée par les RR. PP. Oblals de Saint-François-deSales, — R. P. ROLAND , directeur, rue de la Mission, Troyes (Aube). (Voir pages 321 , 600.) ÉCOLE SAINT-FRANÇOIS-DE-SALES, — Enseignement secondaire, — 39 et 41, rue Vannerie, et 3, rue du Lycée, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 321, 643.) ÉCOLE SAINT-IGNACE, — Enseignement secondaire, — boulevard Voltaire, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). I (Voir pages 321, 643.) — 79 — ÉCOLE SAINT-JOSEPH, — Cîteaux, par Nuits-Saint-Georges (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 321, 642.) ÉCOLE SAINT-JOSEPH, — Enseignement secondaire, — Sarlat (Dordogne). (Voir pages 321, 648.) ÉCOLE SAINT-JOSEPH DES FRÈRES DES ÉCOLES CHRÉTIENNES, — Enseignement secondaire, — 39, rue du Gaz, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 321, 643.) ÉCOLE SAINT-MICHEL, — 37, rue Marguettes, Paris. (Voir pages 321, 574.) ÉCREPONT (M110), — Épicerie-Mercerie, — 150, boulevard Lesseps, Calais (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 328, 727.) ÉGLISE (Le colonel comte de 1'), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, ■— 15, rue de Tocqueville, Paris. (Voir page LVIII.) EHANNO-CADIC (Jean), — Éleveur et commerçant en bestiaux, — le Guano, par Saint-Nazaire-surLoire (Loire-Inférieure). (Voir pages 237, 255, 686.) ÉLECTRICIEN (L'), —Revue internationale de l'Electricité et de ses applications , — 18, rue des FossésSaint-Jacques, Paris. (Voir pages 378, 551.) ÉLOY (Joseph), — Pharmacien de l™ classe, — 22, rue Méaulens, Arras (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 4-42, 725.) ELYLABASTIRE, —. Ameublements, Literie et Ornements d'Eglise, — 53, rue de la Rampe, Brest (Finistère). (Voir pages 239, 653.) ÉMÉRIAU, — Teinturerie, —145, rue de la Grosse-Horloge, Rouen (SeineInférieure). (Voir pages 487, 765.) EMONIN (Henri), G. LIEM successeur, — Pompes et Tuyaux, — 72, rue de Bondy, Paris. (Voir pages 131, 246, 451, 495, 571.) EMPEREUR Frères, — Quincailliers, — 4, rue des Récollettes, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages xxrv, 460, 626.) ENCAUSSE (Jean), — Épicerie, — 69, Grande Rue Saint-Michel, Toulouse ( Haute Garonne). (Voir pages 328, 659.) ENCAUSSE (Louis), — Comptable, — 30, allée du Canal-de-Brienne, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 299, 659.) ENGELHARD (Louis), de la maison ENGELHARD etCic, — Courtier-Commissionnaire, — 62, rue Tiquetonne, Paris. (Voir pages 306, 54-3.) ENGELVIN, — Vente et Achat de matériel d'Imprimerie, —81, boulevard Voltaire, Paris. (Voir pages 402, 572.) ENRIC0 (Eugène), — Propriétaire, — Saint-Jérôme, banlieue de Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Aroir pages 458, 62G.) ENVERLEN (Auguste), — Entrepreneur de maçonnerie, — rue de la Pie-aux-Anglais, Rouen (SeineInférieure). (Voir pages 398, 763.) ERNIS-LESAGE, — Épicerie, Confiserie , Jouets d'enfants, — 14, Grande Rue, Montereau (Seine-¬ et-Marne). (Voir pages 328, 756.) ERNOULT-BAYART Frères, — TeinturiersApprêleurs, — 65, rue du Grand-Chemin, Roubaix (Nord). (Voir pages 487, 712.) ERV0LTER (M™° VTC C), — C/imissures, — 10, rue Cainbon, Paris. (Voir pages 287, 539.) ESCULIÉ, — Grains et Légumes, — 25, rue du Vieux-Raisin, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 347, 660.) ESNAULT (Emile), —Vêtements ecclésiastiques, — 30, rue de la Paix, Laval (Mayenne). (Voir pages 4-98, 700.) ESPÉRANCE DU PEUPLE (L'), —Journal, ■— 4, place du Commerce, Nantes (Loire-Inférieure). (Voir pages 378, 684.) ESPINASSE (G.), — Propriétaire de Vignobles, — route de Saint-Émilion, Doumayne, par Libourne, près Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 504, 667.) ESPIRAC, — Sellier-Harnacheur, — 18, boulevard Carnot, Toulouse ( Haute Garonne). (Voir pages 472, 663.) ESPITALIER (Etienne), — Plombiersanitaire, — 31, rue du Tapis-Vert, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 450, 625.) ESQUIER (Mllc), — Bijouterie, — 42, chemin Saint-Julien-SaintBarnabe, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 258, 608.) ESTACHY (M"« Julie), — Coloriste, — 130, boulevard du Montparnasse, Paris. (Voir pages 297, 576.) ESTIENNE (F.), — Représentant de Commerce, Chocolats et Confiserie, — 27, rue du Saint-Sépulcre, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 465, 626.) ESTRAYER (Martial), — Boulangerie, — 10, place de Lorette, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). ( Voir pages 268, 610.) ÉTABLISSEMENT THERMAL, — EauxBonnes (Basses-Pyrénées). (Voir pages 332,734.) ETCHEBARNE (A.-L.) et Cic, — Négociants en Vins, Cognacs et Rhums, —18, rue Mandron, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 504, 667.) ETIENNE (Louis), — Fins en bouteilles, — 2, rue Meissonier, Paris. (Voir pages 504, 508, 583.) ÉTOILE DE LA MER (L'), — Journal, •— Brest (Finistère). (Voir pages 378, 653.) ÉTOILE DE LA VENDÉE (L'), — Journal bi-hebdomadaire, — les Sablesd'Olonne (Vendée). (Voir pages 379, 77-4.) EUVRARD (M»« Flore), — Objets ecclésiastiques, — 1, place Saint-Louis, Versailles (Seine-et-Oise). (Voir pages 419, 758.) EVRARD (J.), nièce et successeur de LINSART, — Chaussures, ■— 91, rue de Sèvres, Paris. (Voir pages 287, 553.) EVRARD (P.), — Pharmacien, — 36, Grande Rue, Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages XXII, 442, 726.) EXPRESS DU MIDI (L'), — Journal quotidien., — 25, rue Roquelaine, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 379, 660.) EXPRESS DU NORD ET DU PAS-DE-CALAIS (L'), —• Journal quotidien, — M" 10 Vv 0 DELAHODDE et Gic, Imprimeurs, •— 8 ter, rue Nationale, Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-deCalais). (Voir pages 379, 726.) EYCHENNE (G.), — Marchand-Tailleur, ■— 63, boulevard Carnot, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 482, 663.) EYD0UX (Félix), — Fabricant de savons, — 22, rue Eguison, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 470, 627.) EYMOND (Jean), —Fabricant d'Huiles d'Olives, — Union des Economats chrétiens, — Istresen -Provence ( Bouchesdu -Rhône ). (Voir page 606, et les annonces, pages 359, 425.) EYMOND (Joseph), — Entrepreneur de Menuiserie, — 21, rue CroixReynier, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages XXIV, 406, 607.) EYRAUD (Firmin), — Boulangerie,— 7, place des Chartreux, Marseille (Bouches-du-Bhône). (Voir pages 268, 610.) EYRIÈS (Hippolyte), — Pharmacien, —60, rue de la Belle-de-Mai, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 442, 625.) EYSSAUTIER Père et Fils, — Entrepreneurs deMaçonnerie, —26,place Notre-Dame-du-Mont, Marseille ( Bouches du Rhône). (Voir pages 398, 621.) F FABER (Charles), ■— Inspecteur divisionnaire au GRESHAM, — 7, rue Saint-Simon, Paris. (Voir pages 249, 561.) FABER (Mmo), — Modes et Parures, Expert de la justice de Paix du VIIe arrondissement, — 213 bis, boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris. (Voir pages 414, 562.) FABRE (M'"° V™) et Fils, — Dentelles, — le Puy (Haute-Loire). (Voir pages 310, 682) u. v. FABRE (Augustin), — Négociant en Denrées coloniales, —13 et 15, rue du Petit-Saint-Jean , Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 310, 614.) FABRE (Guillaume), — BijouterieHorlogerie , — 18, rue Argenterie, Montpellier (Hérault). (Voir pages 258, 672.) FAGART (IL), — Chaussons et Chaussures, — 188, rue Saint-Martin, Paris. (Voir pages 286, 546.) FAGOT-CHAVASSE (Mm«), — Ameublements, sièges et tentures, — rue Vaucanson, Grenoble ( Isère ). (Voir pages 239, 676.) FAÏENCERIE BRETONNE, — Manufacture de la Grande-Maison, —LocMaria, Quimper (Finistère). (Voir pages 334, 654.) FAIFEU (MmeVTC), — Hôtel de France, — Niort (Deux-Sèvres). (Voir pages 355, 766.) FAIVRE-D'ARCIER, — Représentant, — 58, quai Claude-le-Lorrain, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 455, 703.) FANIELLE ( Alcide), — Directeur de la Société du SilexoreL. M.,-—7, avenue Trudaine, Paris. (Voir pages 294, 363, 370, 477, 56S.) FANT0N (Hilaire), — Carrossier, — 16, boulevard National, Marseille ( Bouches-du-Rhône ). (Voir pages 278, 611.) FARET (R.), — Comptable, — 50 , Grande rue Saint Michel, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 299, 659.) FARGUE (Maurice de la), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — 42, rue Lafayette, Paris. (Voir page LIX.) 6 FARINE (Ph.), — Confiseur-Glacier, — 13Q, rue Paradis, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 300, 613.) FARINES (Corneille), — Négociant en vins, — Baixas (Pyrénées-Orientales). (Voir pages 505, 736, et aux annonces, page 806.) FARINES (Jean), — Propriétaire-Viticulteur, Négociant en Tissus, — Baixas (Pyrénées-Orientales). (Voir pages 489, 736.) FARIZANO (Romulus), — Cordonnerie, — 11, rue Neuve-Saint-Martin , Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 303, 613.) FARNIER (Ferdinand) Aîné, — Fondeur de Cloches, — Robécourt, par Rozières (Vosges). (Voir pages 295, 777.) FAROCHON, — Membre de la Corpo. ration des Publicistes chrétiens, ■— Bourg-7la-Reine (Seine). (Voir page LXII.) FASCIO (Philippe), — A2}pareils de Chauffage, — 66, rue Paradis; usine, 13, rue du Quatre-Septembre, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 285, 612.) FASSIER (Jean),-—Couverture, Plomberie, — 9, rue du Charnier, Nevers (Nièvre). (Voir pages 308, 706.) FAUCHAT (E.) et Cic, — Fins de Bordeaux, —103, quai des Chartrons, Bordeaux (Gironde). ( Voir pages 505, 666.) FAUCHÉ (Etienne), — Fabricant de Pâtes alimentaires, •— 6, rue de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 432, 624.) FAUCRAS (M»c VT 0 Auguste), — Papeterie et Papiers peints, — 82, boulevard de la Madeleine, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 428, 623.) FAUQUINON (A.), — Entrepreneur de peinture en bâtiments, — 16, rue Guerrier-de-Dumast, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 436, 703.) FAURE (Henri). — Entrepreneur de Maçonnerie, — 128, chemin de la Demi-Lune, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 398, 7-40.) FAURE (Victor), — Professeur retraité, — 34, place de la Bonneterie, Troyes (Aube). (Voir pages 458, 602.) FAURE-VINCENT (J.), — Fins et Liqueurs, —16, rue du vieux chemin de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 505, 629.) FAURÈS (A.), — Articles de Voyage, — 16, cours Pierre-Puget, Marseille (Bouches duRhône). (Voir pages 515, 647.) FAURIE Frères, — Charronnerie, — 129, chemin du Rouet, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 284, 612.) FAURIE (Barthélémy), — Cannes et Parapluies, — 39, rue de l'Orangerie, Versailles (Seine-et-Oise). (Voir pages 275, 757.) FAUR0N (M»« Marie), — Villa SaintJoseph , — Ppugues les Eaux (Nièvre). (Voir pages 355, 708.) FAUVEL (A.), — Cafés verts, — rue Baudin, le Havre (Seine-Inférieure ). (Voir pages 274, 760.) FAUVELET (Henri), — Représentant de plusieurs fabriques de Draperies, — rue de la Pépinière, la Rochelle ( Charente Intérieure ). (Voir pages xxm, 315, 640.) FAVATIER (Raymond), — Propriétaire-Viticulteur, — 5, place des Jacobins, Narbonne, et domaine des Ollieux, par Narbonne (Aude). (Voir pages 513, 604.) FAVIER (A.) Neveux, — Orfèvrerie et Bronzes d'église, Appareils d'éclairage électrique, —1, avenue de l'Archevêché; ateliers, 5 et 7, rue de Condé, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 272, 319, 422, 740.) FAVIER (Benoît), — Menuiserie, — 55-% rue Curiol, Marseille (Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 406, 622.) FAVIER (L.) Fils, — Orfèvre, — 25, quai de l'Horloge, Paris. (Voir pages 241, 272, 413, 419, 422, 425, 541, et aux annonces, page 806.) FAVIÈRES (Comte G. de), — Propriétaire, — Beuzeval-Houlgate (Calvados). (Voir pages 458, 636.) FAVRE (Gabriel), — Pommes de terre pour semences, — MontplaisirLyon (Rhône). (Aroir pages 451, 741.) FAVRE-R0GET, — Fabrique de Brosserie, — 35, rue de l'Arbre, Mar. seille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages xxiv, 272, 610.) FAVRICH0N (Joseph), —Pharmacien, Produits Kneipp, — Saint-Symphorien-de-Lay (Loire). (Voir pages 442, 681, et aux annonces, page 808.) FAYARD (J.), successeur d'AuDiBEirr, — Renseignements commerciaux, — 23, rue de la Darse, Marseille ( Bouch es du R h ône). (Voir pages 464, 626.) FAYET (F.) et P. ETIENNE, — Fins et Cognacs, Rhums de la Couronne: « Réputation universelle, » Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 468, 667, et aux annonces, page 504.) FAYET0N(E.),— Ornements d'église, — 7, quai Tilsitt, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages -425, 470.) FAY0LLE (L.) , — Pharmacien, — Aigueperse (Puy-de-Dôme). (Voir pages 442, 730.) FÉCHOZ et G' 0, —Librairie des Primes, — 4, rue de Lille, Paris. (Voir pages 298, 388, 562.) FÉDERLIN (Edouard), — Boulangerie, Pâtisserie, — 23, rue JaillantDeschainets, Troyes (Aube). (Voir pages 268, 602.) FÉDIDE (Ch.), — Fabricant de Bronzes et Orfèvrerie d'église, —248, rue Saint-Jacques, Paris. (Voir pages .272, 423, 425, 550, et aux annonces, page 807.) FÉLICÉ (M 11» L.), — Pension de Famille, — 2, rue Montesquieu, Paris. ( Voir pages 355, 540.) FÉLINES (M»° de), — Institution de Jeunes Filles, — 28, boulevard des Chartreux, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône), (Voir pages 370, 619.) FÉLIX (A.), — Mercerie, — 25, rue de la Croix, Portail Matheron, Avignon (Vaucluse). (Voir pages 409, 771.) FELS, — Pharmacien, — 59, rue Saint-Georges , Nancy (Meurtheet-Moselle). (Voir pages 443, 703.) FÉNÉ0N, —Pharmacien, — 18, rue Paul-Bert, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 443, 7-41.) FENOUIL (M'1"), — Papeterie, — 63, boulevard de la Madeleine, Marseille (Bouches du Rhône). (Voir pages 428, 623.) FENOUILLET (M»'« V™), — Fabrique d'Objets religieux en tous genres, — 22 et 24, rue de Picardie, Paris. (Voir pages 419, 546.) FÉRAUD Frères, — Ameublements, — 115, rue de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rh ône). (Voir pages 239, 607.) FERAUD (D.), —Épicerie, — 46, allées de Meilhan, et 1, rue Sénac, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 328, 616.) FÉRAUD (Pierre), — Pianos et Orgues, — 38, allées de Meilhan, Marseille (Bouches du Rhône). (Voir pages 447, 625.) FÉRAUD et PLACE, — Mercerie, Ganterie, — 75, rue Saint-Ferréol, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 409, 622.) FÉRAY (Mn,e), — Cours de couture, — 17, rue Èdouard-Lavoinne, Rouen ( Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages xxvin, 307, 762.) FERCHAT (A.), —Épicerie, — 48, rue desTrois-Mages, Marseille(Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 328, 616.) FEREMBACH (Louis), —Entrepreneur de Menuiserie, — 23, rue SaintFerdinand , Paris. (Voir pages 406, 534, 583.) FERNIQUE et Fils, — Photogravure et Photographie industrielle, — 31, rue de Fleurus, Paris. (Voir pages 446, 558.) FÉRON-VRAU, — Membre du Comité de l'Union Fraternelle, — Lille (Nord). (Voir pages xvi, xxiv.) FERRAN Jeune, — Librairie classique, — 42, rue Longue-desCapucins, Mai*seille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 388, 620.) FERRAND (D 1) *, — Médecin de l'Hôtel-Dieu, —110, rue du Bac, Paris. (Voir pages 403, 562.) FERRARI (François),—Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) FERRAY (Charles), — Teintures et Nettoyages, — 54, rue Grande, Évreux (Eure). (Voir pages 487, 651.) FERRÉ Aîné, — Ferblantier-Plombier, — 5, rue Cujas, Toulouse ( Haute Garonne ). (Voir pages 450, 659.) FERRIER (Edouard) et Fils, — Filature et Retordage de Laines, — Roubaix (Nord), et Villers-Bretonneux (Somme). (Voir pages 337, 712, 768.) FERRIER (Georges) et Cie, — Imprimeurs-Libraires, — boulevard de la Gardole, Tonneins (Lot-et-Garonne), et rue Sainte-Colombe, la Réole (Gironde). (Voir pages xxvin, 366, 374, 667,691, et aux annonces, page 807.) FERRY, — Porcelaines et Cristaux, — 11, place du Marché, Nancy (Meurthe-et-Moselle). (Voir pages 452, 703.) FERRY-CONSTANT, — Fins, — Milhaudles -Nîmes (Gard). (Voir pages 505, 654.) FÉRY (F.), successeur de M. EMMANUEL, — Pharmacien, — 1, place de Breteuil, et 69, avenue de Breteuil, Paris. (Voir pages 443, 563.) FÉRY (Jean), — Négociant en Vins, — 20^ rue de Marseille, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 505, 74-2.) FESQUET (Henri),— Entrepreneur de Plomberie , Couverture, Gaz et Éclairage électrique, —6, rue Stanislas, Paris. (Voir pages 308, 320, 554.) FESSOIRAT (E.), — Éclairage par le Gaz, — 5 bis, rue du Louvre, Paris. (Voir pages 320, 540.) FESTE (Edmond), — Quincaillier, — Ervy (Aube). (Voir pages 460, 602.) FEUILLET (H.), — Fabricant de Pinceaux en tous genres, — 30, rue Érard, Paris. (Voir pages 448, 574.) FEUNOT (Victor), — Teinturier, — ' 46, rue de l'Orangerie, Versailles (Seine-et-Oise). (Voir pages 487, 758.) FICHOT (Henri), — Confections pour hommes et enfants, — 17, avenue de la Gare, Autun ( Saône-etLoire). (Voir pages 299, 744.) FIÉVET, successeur de LEBEAULT, — Pharmacien, — 53, rue Réaumur, Paris. (Voir pages xv, 443, 544-, et l'annonce, page 443.) FIGON (Mmc Vvo), — Bois et Charbons, — 116, rue Terrusse, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 261, 609.) FIL et C'°, — Transitaires-Commissionnaires, — 50, rue de la République , Marseill e ( Bouches duRhône). (Voir pages 493, 628.) FILHOL (Justin de), ■— ConstrucieurÉleclricien, — 31, rue de Constantinople, Paris. (Voir pages 323, 565.) FILLON (IL), — Gérant des Restaurants de l'Union chrétienne des Ateliers de femmes, ■— 47, rue de Richelieu, Paris. (Voir pages 467, 539.) FIOT (E.), — Horlogerie-Bijouterie, ■— 68, rue du Commerce, Nevers (Nièvre). (Voir pages 351, 707.) FIRM1N-DID0T (Georges), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — 56, rue des SaintsPères, Paris. (Voir page LXII.) FLAMENT (Auguste), — Épicerie, — 1, rue Victor-Hugo, Saint-Andrélez-Lille (Nprd). (Voir pages 328, 711.) FLATTET(G.), — Horlogerie, — 5, rue du Mont-Dore, Paris. (Voir pages 352, 583.) FLAVIGNY (Ch.) Fils et Cio, — Manufacture de Draps, —• Elbeuf (SeineInférieure). (Voir pages 315, 759.) FLÉCHELLE (René), ancienne maison J. MARTIN, — Marbrier, — 38, boulevard Edgar-Quinet, Paris. SffiHI(Voir pages 415, 576.) FLEURÏOT-KERINOU, — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — 18, rue du Luxembourg, Paris. (Voir pages Ll, LXII.) FLEURY (Frédéric), — Bois et Charbons, —3, quai d'Issy, Issy (Seine). • (Voir pages 261, 752.) FLEURY (Mmo Vv 0 H.), — Ballons, — 7, cité Dupetit-Thouars, Paris. (Voir pages 252, 5-45, et aux annonces, page 806.) FOHR (Xavier), — Doreur-Argenteur sur Métaux, — 97, rue Vieille-duTemple, Paris. (Voir pages 314, 546.) FOLIE (Aristide), — Architecte-Expert, — 15, quai Lamennais, Rennes (IlIe-et-Vilaine). (Voir pages 243, 333, 674.) FOLTÊTE (V.-M.), — Fournitures pour Bourreliers et Selliers, — 14, place d'Aix, Marseille ( Bouches duRhône). duRhône). (Voir pages 473, 627.) FONDARD (Martin), — Épicier, — 19, rueBeauvoisine, Rouen (SeineInférieure). (Voir pages 328, 762.) FONDEVILLE (M'»c V™), — Chaussures, — 7, rue de la Grosse-Horloge, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 287, 7C2.) FONFREYDE,— Tapissier, — 6, place Thomas, Clermont-Ferrand (Puyde-Dôme). (Voir pages 485, 730.) FONSÉGRIVE (Georges), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) FONSSAGRIVES (Abbé), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — 18, rue du Luxembourg, Paris. (Voir pages LI, LXII.) FONTAINE (Albert),— Quincaillier, — 82, rue de Sèvres, Paris. (Voir pages 460, 563.) FONTAINE-GOBLET (Victor), — Hôtel Moderne, près de la Gare, — 7, parvis Saint Maurice, Lille (Nord). (Voir pages 356, 711.) FONTALIRANT (A.), — Bijouterie, — Cubjac (Dordogne). (Voir pages 258, 647.) FONTANIER (P.), — Ferblantier, — 79 et 81, grand chemin d'Aix, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 335, 616.) F0RCILL0N Soeurs (M"°s), — .Robes, Manteaux et Modes, — 165, rué Saint-Honoré (place du ThéâtreFrançais), Paris. (Voir pages 468, 541.) FOREST et Cio, — Fabrique de Poudre de Coco pour Boisson, —15, cours du Chapitre, Marseille (Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 453, 625.) FOREST Frères, — Appareils de Chauffage, — 15, rue du Jardindes-Plantes, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 275, 285, 341, 658.) FOREST (Jules-Marius), — Fins et Spiritueux, — 10, rue des FrancsBourgeois, Paris, et 111 et 113, rue Ledru-Rollin, Saint-Maur-les-Fossés (Seine). (Voir pages 505, 547, 753.) F0RGE0T (Etienne), — Objets de piété, Articles en bois d'olivier, —■ 2, avenue Notre-Dame, Nice (AlpesMaritimes). (Voir pages 419, 595.) FOROT (Gabriel), — Manufacture de Toiles, — place d'Armes, Voiron (Isère). (Voir pages 490, 677.) FORTERRE, — Société artistique de photographie, — 82, rue de Ram-, buteau, Paris. (Voir pages 446, 541.) FORTIN Frères, — Beurre, OEufs et fromages, — près la gare, Vire (Calvados). (Voir pages xxix, 255, 342, 420, 637.) FORTIN-C0LMART, — Chaussures, — Épernay (Marne). (Voir pages 287, 695.) FORTUN (Joseph), — Voitures de remise, — place Saint-Pierre, et rue Portail, Nantes (Loire-Inférieure). iTELEPHOWEt. (Voir pages 396, 685.) F0R,UM RÉPUBLICAIN (Le), — Journal, ■— 12, rue de la Miséricorde, Arles (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 379, 600.) FOSSE (Vincent), — Professeur de Piano, — 63, rue de la Liberté, Marseille ( Bouches du -Rhône). (Voir pages 457, 626.) F0SSEY (M1,c), — Broderies et ouvrages de Dames, — 12, rue Thiers, le Havre (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 271, 760.) F0UGERAY (Louis),— Librairie SaintJoseph, — 19, rue Le Bastard, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine). (Voir pages 388, 674.) FOULON (Alexandre), — Objets religieux, — 8bis, rue du MarchéPopincourt, Paris. (Voir pages 419 , 572, et a-ux annonces, page 808.) FOULON (Vallerand), — Tissage, — Moeuvres, par Cambrai (Nord). (Voir pages 488, 709.) FOUQUE (Dominique), — Épicerie, — 16, rue Augustin -Fabre, Marseille ( Bouches du Rhône). (Voir pages 328, 616.) FOUQUE (Léon), — Tapissier, — 87, rue de Lodi (en face l'hôpital militaire), Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 485, 628.) FOUQUE et GUÉS, — Huiles d'olives, — Cotignac (Var). (Voir pages 360, 770, et l'annonce, page 360.) FÔUQUERAY (Victor), — Imprimerie-Papeterie, — 71, rue SaintSauveur, Paris. (Voir pages 366, 428, 463, 5-43, et aux annonces, page 366.) FOUQUET (Auguste), — Mercier en gros, — 56, quai Alexandre-III, Cherbourg (Manche). (Voir pages 409, 694.) FOURCADE (Jean), — FerblantierPlombier, — 9, rue du Bouillon, Toulouse ( Haute Garonn e). (Voir pages 335, 659.) FOURDRAIN (Louis) et FÈVRE Gendre, —Appareils spéciaux pour le Tout à l'égout, — 58, rue de Rochechouart, Paris. (Voir pages 308, 345, 568, et aux annonces, page 808.). FOURÉ (A.), — Photographe, — 56, rue d'Ernemont, Rouen (Seine-Infrc). (Voir pages 446, 764.) FOURNIER (A.), — Fabricant de Coffres-Forts, —6, rue Lulli, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 295, 612.) FOURNIER (A.-S.), — Manufacture d'Arçons, — Saint-Sulpice (Tarn). (Voir pages .245, 769.) FOURNIER (Alexandre), — Coiffeur, — 29, place d'Aix, Marseille (Bouches-du--Rhône). (Voir pages 296, 612.) FOURNIER (Eugène), — Pharmacie du Printemps, — 14, rue de Provence, Paris. [TÉLÉPHONE! 223.97. (Voir pages 443, 568.) FOURNIER (Les Fils de Frédéric),— Bougies, — 141, chemin de SaintJoseph, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages xvi, 267, 610, et aux annonces, page 805.) FOURNIER (Dr Hilaire), — Docteur en médecine, ■— Vichy (Allier). (Voir pages 403, 591.) FOURNIER (J.), successeur de Ch. DËNEUX, — Grand Hôtel Jules-César, — 52, avenue Ledru-Rollin, Paris. (Voir pages 356, 574.) FOURNIER (Joseph), —Mercerie, — 11, traverse des Chartreux, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 409, 622.) FOURNIER (Marius), — Lingerie, Toilerie, — 13, cours Belzunce, Marseille ( Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 491, 620.) FOURNIER, BON et Cio, — Droguistes, — 10, rue de Jouvence, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 316, 643.) FOURNIGAULT (Edmond), — i3ois et Charbons, — la Bouille (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 262, 759.) FOURNY (Mmc VT0), — Hôtel et Restaurant Jeanne-d'Arc, —11, rue Libergier, Reims (Marne). (Voir pages 356, 696.) FOURQUET-MORETTE, — Soieries, Rouenneries, Nouveautés, — 18, place d'Armes, Calais (Pas-deCalais). (Voir pages 477, 728.) FOURRIER (Constant), — Entreposi, taire de Marchandises, —lesSablesd'Olonne (Vendée). (Voir pages 325, 774.) FOURUCHON (Emmanuel),— Papiersserpenle pour fleurs artificielles, — 38, rue de la Légion d'Honneur, Saint-Denis (Seine). (Voir pages 338, 753.) FRAISE (Auguste), — Parapluies et Ombrelles, Cannes, — 1, rue de Paris, Valenciennes (Nord). , (Voir pages 430, 715.) FRANÇAIS,—Entrepreneur, — 26, rue de La Salle, Nancy (Meurthe-etMoselle). (Voir pages 325, 702.) FRANCE CHRÉTIENNE (LA), — Revue, ■— 33, rue du Cherche-Midi, Paris. (Voir pages 379, 556.) FRANCE ILLUSTRÉE (LA), — Catholique, hebdomadaire, 20 fr.par an, — 40, rue La Fontaine, AuteuilParis. (Voir pages 379, 581.) FRANCE LIBRE (LA), — Journal populaire républicain catholique, quotidien, — 35 bis, rue Condé, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 379, 739.) FRANCE MILITAIRE ET RELIGIEUSE (LA),—18, rue des Fossés-SaintJacques, Paris. (Voir pages 379, 551.) FRANCELLES (Jules), — Fleurs, Fruits et Primeurs, — 11, rue de la Paix, Nice (Alpes-Maritimes). (Voir pages 340, 595.) FRANÇOIS (M'no V™), — Hôtel de l'Écude-France, ■— 2, rue Leveux, Calais (Pas-de-Calais). (Voir pages 356, 727.) FRANÇOIS, — Pharmacien,-—12, rue d'Amerval, Nancy (Meurthe-etMoselle). (Voir pages 443, 703.) FRANÇOIS, — Papiers peints, — 9, place S'-Epvre, Nancy (Meurtheet-Moselle). (Voir pages 430, 703.) FRANÇOIS (F.), — Fleurs et Plumes, — 58, rue de Rome, Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône). (Voir pages 338, 617.) FRANÇOIS (Pierre), — Horloger-Bijoutier, — 2, rue de la Bombarde, au 2°, Lyon (Rhône). (Voir pages 352, 739.) FRANÇOIS (Victor), — Appareils sanitaires, — 5, rue du Trésor, Paris. HEEPMEI. (Voir pages 242, 548.) FRANÇOIS (Xavier), — Mercerie-Bonneterie, — 17, place Grenette, Grenoble (Isère). (Voir pages 409, 677.) FRANQUET, — Graveur sur cuivre, — 66, rue de Bondy, Paris. (Voir pages 349, 570.) FR ANSI0LI (Ernest),—PeintureVitrerie, — 13, rue Baudelique, Paris. (Voir pages 324, 413, 436, 514, 584.) FRANSIOLI (Ludovic) Aîné,— Entrepreneur de Peinture, — 19, rue Secrétan, Paris. (Voir pages 436, 585.) FRANTZ (Félix), — Entrepreneur de Démolitions et Travaux publics, — 166, rue de Vanves, Paris. (Voir pages 310, 402, 576.) FRATERNELLE D'ALAIS (LA), — Journal, — 128, Grande Rue, Alais (Gard). (Voir pages 379, 654.) FRATERNITÉ OUVRIÈRE, — Société Coopérative de Consommation, — 6, rue Chamorin, Châlons-surMarne (Marne). (Voir pages 329, 695.) FRÉC0UR, — Imprimerie catholique, Fiers (Orne). (Voir pages 366, 723.) FRÉC0UR (Paul), — Fruits, — Vire (Calvados). (Voir pages 342, 637.) FRÉMONT (Mm° VT 0 A.), — Tapisseries et Broderies, — 20, rue de la GrosseHorloge, Piouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 486, 765.) FRÉNAIS (Armand), — Orfèvre, — 65, boulevard Richard -Lenoir, Paris. (Voir pages 422 , 572 , et aux annonces, page 812.) FRÈRES DES ÉCOLES CHRÉTIENNES DE CLERMONT-L'HÉRAULT,—(Hérault). (Voir pages 322, 671.) FRÈRES MARISTES (LES), — Eau d'Arquebuse et Liqueur de l'Hermitage, — SLGénis-Laval (Pihône). (Voir pages 317, 393, 742.) FRÈRES MARISTES (LES), —Solution de biphosphate de chaux, — SaintPaul-Trois-Châteaux (Drôme). (Voir pages 456, 650, et aux annonces, page 805.) FRÈRES DE SAINT-JEAN-DE-DIEU, — Frères Hospitaliers, — 19, rue Oudinot, Paris. (Voir pages 350, 399, 562.) FRÈRES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ DE MARIE (Marianistes), — École Fénelon, — la Rochelle (Charente-Inférieure). (Voir pages 440, 640.) FRESNEL (Guillaume), — Beurre et OEufs en gros, — Dourdain (Illeet-Vilaine). (Voir pages 255, 673.) FREUL0N (Arsène), — Vannerie, — 4, rue du Cornet, le Mans (Sarthe). (Voir pages 4-95, 749.) FRICHET (Henri), — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) FRI0L, * — Chocolat d'Aiguebelle, — 8, rue Haxo, Marseille (Bouchesdu-Rhône). (Voir pages 273, 293, 612, 650.) FROC-ROBERT, — Voir BLONDEAU, SENART et Cie. FROMENT (Ludovic), — Droguerie, — 95, rue de Rome, et 84, rue de la Palud, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône). (Voir pages 316, 615.) FROMENT-SALOMON (Louis), — Coutellerie, Lunetterie, Ruolz, —36, rue de la Liberté, Dijon (Côte-d'Or). (Voir pages 306, 643.) FROMM, — Membre de la Corporation des Publicistes, chrétiens, — Paris. (Voir page LIX.) FRONTIER, — Bottier, — 40, rue de Varenne, Paris. (Voir pages 265, 561.) FURET (LE), — Journal artistique pour antiquités, — 3, rue des Arts, Toulouse (Haute-Garonne). (Voir pages 379, 660.) FURON, — Mercerie et rubans, — 48, rue du Grand-Pont, Rouen (Seine-Inférieure). (Voir pages 409, 763.) G GABALDA (Mrac Vï 0 Edmond),—Agence en Douane, —26, quai de la Ville, Cette (Hérault). (Voir pages 237, 670, et aux annonces, page 811.) GABARD (G.), — Dentiste, — 119, rue Stc-Catherine, Bordeaux (Gironde). (Voir pages 312, 665.) GABRIEL Frères, — Négociants épiciers, gros et demi-gros, — 5, cours Julien, Marseille (Bouches-duRhône).
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L Johanneskirchenkopf ie n crëp te la Germania. L à na autëza de metri.
Geografia
Referënzes
Crëp te la Germania.
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from giraphics.graphing.fancygraphs import FancyGraphs
from math import sin, cos
g = FancyGraphs(1200, 600, 6, 3, "banner.svg")
g.bg(colour="black")
g.grid(opac=0.3, grid_int=[12,6])
def phase(x, y):
return [sin(y-0.0), cos(x+y+2.45)]
g.VectorField(phase, arrow_scale=1.8, gridint=[12,6], tail_length=0.32, strokewidth=2.3, constLength=True)
g.draw_rect(-0.5,-.08, 5.7, 0.6, "black", opac=.64)
# g.draw_rect(-2.85,-.08, 1, 0.6, "red", opac=.64)
g.add_math_text("\mathbb{G}iraphics", -2.1, 0, scale=7)
g.save()
g.display()
# from fancygraphs import FancyGraphs
# from math import sin, cos
# g = FancyGraphs(1500, 600, 8, 3, "banner.svg")
#
# g.bg(colour="black")
# g.grid(opac=0.3, grid_int=[25,10])
#
# def phase(x, y):
# return [sin(y-0.4), cos(x+2.65)]
#
# g.VectorField(phase, arrow_scale=1., gridint=[25,10], tail_length=0.3, constLength=True)
# g.add_math_text("\mathbb{G}ira\mathbb{F}i\mathbb{X}", 0, 0, scale=7)
# g.save()
# g.display()
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| 0.62048
| 3,302
| 13,260
| 57
| -1
|
SVG Icon Library
| false
|
99,541
|
github_open_source_100_2_8154
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package org.yunzhong.account.admin.model.jms;
import java.util.Date;
/**
* @author yunzhong
*
*/
public class JMSLogMessage {
private String context;
private String ip;
private String action;
private String session;
private String user;
private Date timestamp;
/**
* user:用户操作。manager：系统管理员操作
*/
private String type;
public String getContext() {
return context;
}
public void setContext(String context) {
this.context = context;
}
public String getIp() {
return ip;
}
public void setIp(String ip) {
this.ip = ip;
}
public String getAction() {
return action;
}
public void setAction(String action) {
this.action = action;
}
public String getSession() {
return session;
}
public void setSession(String session) {
this.session = session;
}
public String getUser() {
return user;
}
public void setUser(String user) {
this.user = user;
}
public Date getTimestamp() {
return timestamp;
}
public void setTimestamp(Date timestamp) {
this.timestamp = timestamp;
}
public String getType() {
return type;
}
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
}
| 0.479074
| 0.82698
| 3,759
| 14,942
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,542
|
1140846_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Брикул — археолошко наоѓалиште во тетовското село Луковица. Претставува доцноантички кастел спекула. Се наоѓа над речното корито на Треска, односно езерото Козјак. Во наоѓалиштето се видливи 3 утврдени сегменти. Мала триаголна акрополка на врвот, близок предѕид што затворал долга станбена тераса и големо западно подградие. Од врвот се гледаат фантастични визури. На север североисток има директна визуелна врска со Кале, Барово. На југ југоисток врска со Градец, Здуње. На запад југозапад е блискиот рановизантиски кастел Кале Јасики под Кодра Наљт, Седларево. Наодите во Брикул се главно со воен карактер. Железни фибули за прицврстување војнички шинели. Железни врвови од стрели.
Зборот Брикул има античко потекло. Во основата е Брик со деминутивот ул (дете, детуле).
Поврзано
Глобочица — некропола од средниот век;
Луковица.
Наводи
Луковица (Тетовско).
| 0.383368
| -0.294873
| 1,452
| 5,848
| 222
| 222
|
People Profiles
| false
|
99,543
|
b30454529_0003_3
|
English-PD
|
Public Domain
|
The Priory of Bermondsey was founded by Aldwin Child, Citizen of London, in Southwark, Anno 1088. Peter, Richard, Osbert and Unibald, Monks of la Charité, were the first that came to Bermondsey, Anno 1089, of whom the Prior of la Charité France appointed Peter Prior of this House; for which Reason this House being a Cell subject to that House of la Charité, it was reckoned among the Aliens. In the Year of our Lord 1371, when the Alien Priories throughout all England were seized into the King’s Hands, Richard Denton, an English Man was made Prior of Bermondsey, and the keeping of that House was committed to him by Letters Patents of King Edward the Hid, Anno 1380; and in the 4th of King Richard the Hid, this Priory was made Denizen, or had the Liberties of England conferred on it, paying to the King A Fine of 200 Marks; but in the Year 1399, John Attleborough, Prior of Bermondsey, was created the first Abbot of that House, by Pope Boniface the IXth, at the instance of King Richard the IIth. *”pHE King (Henry IV.) to all, &c. greeting. We •*- have feen the Charter of Richard, late King of England, &c. We have alfo feen another Charter of the fame Richard, late King in thefe Words, Richard (the lid.) by the Grace of God King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, to all to whom thefe Prefents fliall come, greeting. Know ye, that of our fpecial Grace, and in Confideration, that the Priory of Bermondfey, which is the Foundation of our Proge¬ nitors, and of our Patronage, has been very much burthen’d with Corrodies, through the undue Govern¬ ment and Negligence of the Alien Priors, who were there before thefe Times, and by many other Ways di¬ lapidated, as well in the Decay of the Buildings, as the Decreafeof theRevenues belongingto thatPriory,till the Time when our beloved in Christ Brother Richard De?i- ton, an Englfh Man, who is Prior there at prefent, had the Government thereof, the which Brother Richard, in his Time very much retriev’d the State of the afore- faid Priory, as we are certainly inform’d ; at the Re- queft of the aforefaid Richard, with the Advice of our Council, and for the Fine of 200 Marks, which the faid Brother Richard paid to us in the Hamper of our Chancery, have granted for us and our Heirs, as much as in us is, to the faid Brother Richard, that he and his A Copy of the Charier for making the Priory of Bermondfey Deni¬ zen , from Pat 4. Ric. 1. in the Tower of London. u » Monafierirs of Cluniaks. His Successors for ever be Denizens, and in all Respects as Denizens, and not reputed and treated as Aliens, and that they freely have the said Priory, with all the Lands and Tenements, Revenues and Possessions, Knight’s Fees, and Advowson of Churches appertaining to the said Priory, without paying any Thing to us or our Heirs for the said Priory, or for any Possessions belonging to the same, on Account of any War commenced, or to be commenced between us and our Adverlary of France and the Heirs of the said Adverlary, at any Time whatsoever hereafter, as long as the Prior and Convent of the afore said Priory, or the Prior and the major Part of the Convent there shall be English, of English Extraction; always provided, that if from henceforward it shall happen, that the afore said Prior, or the greatest Part of the Convent S afore said, during the said War, shall be Alien, then during that Time, the said Priory, with the Lands, Tenements, Reveals, Possessions, Fees, and Advowals of Churches shall be again taken into the Hands of us, or our Successors, and the Prior there shall be burthen to pay to us and our Heirs during the said War such Rent as used to be paid to us by Way of Farm for the said Priory before the present Grant, and this notwithstanding, during all the Time that the said Prior, and the greater Part of the Convent shall be English, as afore said, they shall freely have the said Priory, with the Lands, Tenements, Revenues, Possessions, Fees and Advowals, and shall be exempt and discharged from the said Farm in the manner afore said, in Testimony whereof we have caused these Letters Patents to be made, Witness my hand and seal. elf at the beginning, the 2.9th Day of May, in the 4th Year of our Reign. In Witness thereof, &c, Witness myself at Westminster, the 2nd of April, in the first Year of King Henry IV. By this Denying it appears, that at the Time when the War broke out between the Kings of France and England, all the Possessions of the Clunack and other Aliens, were wont to be taken into the Kings Hands and confiscated to his Treasury; and that the King used to let out to Religious Men their own said Possessions, appointing a Yearly Rent they were to pay into the Treasury for the same Possessions. It appears, that most of the Monks, and even the Priors in the Houses of the Clunacks were French Men, or Aliens; and that to the End this Evil might be obviated, and that the Superiors of the several Monasteries, and the greater part of those inhabiting them, might be native English, the Denying was granted to the Priors, under the afore said Refcripts. 3 dly, It appears, that he who succeeded Richard Deniston, in the Government of Bermondsey, had been already made Abbot and this was done, not by the Authority of the Abbot of Cluni, because the Abbot could not have been subject to the Priory of la Charité, but by the Kings Authority and at the Infiance of the King. But the Reason why the Kings thought fit to ask this of the Pope, was, that there might be at least one Abbot of the Cluniacks in England, who might receive the Proscription of the Novices; because the Priors of the said Order by their ancient Statutes could not do that, but were obliged to send the Novices that were to cross, beyond the Sea, to Cluni. By which any Man may perceive, that there had been no Abbot of the Order of Cluni in England, before the Parliament had ordered, that the Prior of St. Panc. Race should be made an Abbat to that End. But there were then 25 Abbats of the Order of the Black Monks, who had Votes in Parliament, besides other Prelates of lesser Houses, to whom that was not allowed. The Petition of the Clunacks of the Mon after the Bundle of Petitions to the Parliament in the Reign of King Edward the 11th. Among the Records in the Tower. To our most Redoubted King. "Y" OUR poor loyal Petitioners, the Prior and Convent of Monks at Thetford, of the Order of Clu, humbly pray, that, whereas, the Collation of the said Prior, before this Time, belonging to the Abbats of Clu, the Priors and many other Monks in the same were Aliens, and so the said House was reputed Alien; but it is now come to pass, that the Prior and all the Monks are true and legal English Men, born and bred within the Kingdom, and carrying nothing out of it, and by the Help of God and some devout Lay-people, which have been at the Expense, the said poor religious Men have obtained and gained a free Election, to be had by them and their Successors forever, and that the Prior be always confirmed here, without being obliged to cross the Sea; so that for the future, the said Priory shall always remain, if it Be the Will of God, totally under the Government and Administration of such Persons as shall be true and legal English; May it please you for the sake of God, and in Charity, and for the Relief of the said poor House, which is almost annihilated and brought to Destruction by the Simplicity and the unwary Government of Priors and other Alien Monks, who have been in it, and by the great Burdens laid on it in their Time, to ordain and establish in this present Parliament, that for the future the said House be reputed denizen, and free in all Points, and that no Burden, or Impression, be at any Time hereafter laid upon, or exacted as a Debt from the said House, except only in such a manner as is done with other Religious Houses of this Kingdom, which are English or denizen, or enjoyed, or enjoy the Liberty of English Rights. Monafieries of Clunacks. St. Milburg or Wenlock Monafieries of Clunacks in Shropshire. THAT this Monafier was first of Nuns and afterwards given to Monks of Clun, with other Particulars belonging may not be questioned by Poetry, be it known as well to all present as to come, that I Geoffrey de Say with the Content of Adelifa de Ckerney my Wife, have delivered to the Prior of St. Milburga of Wenlock, and the Convent of the said House, all my Manor of Dudintun, which is the Dower of the afore said Adelifa my Wife, on the Part of Hugh de Piris, entirely with all its Appurtenances, so that I reserve to myself nothing in the afore said Manor for eight Years to come, for 160 Marks, which the same Prior of Wenlock and the Convent of the same House have given me for the same. But when these eight Years are expired, the same Prior and Convent shall pay to the afore said Adelias my Wife yearly 14/5 Sterling, at these two Terms, at the Feast of St. Mary in March 14/5, and at the Feast of St. Michael 7 /. And to the End that this Contract be between me and the Prior and Convent might be firm and liable, I have confirmed it with the Impression of my Seal. These being Witnesses, Martin de Hof a Roger Porter of Wenlock, Peter the Son of Roger, Peter the Son of Tigerville; Richard Fitz-Ralph; Ralph Stutevil, William Chaplain of Haouvil; Ralph Chaplain of Bassimvil. This Contract was made in the Year of the Incarnation of our Lord x x 80. The Seal in White Wax. King Henry the Lord's Confirmation of the Deed above. TENRY by the Grace of God, King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Earl of Anjou, to his Archbishops, Bishops, Abbats, Earls, Barons, Justices, Sheriffs, Officers and all his Leagues, French and English, of all England, greeting. Be it known to you that I have granted, and by this my present Charter confirmed the reasonable Contract made between Geoffrey de Say, and the Monks of Wonlock, with the Content of Adelifa de Cadinneto, Wife of the same Geoffrey, of the Manor of Dudinton, which is the Dower of the said Adelifa, as the Deed of the afore said Geoffrey, and the Deed of the same Monks do testify. Wherefore it is my Will and I firmly enjoy, that the same Contract made between them be firm and liable, and that it be firmly and faithfully observed between them as it is made, and the afore said Deeds do. Testify. Witness, Earl William Mandevih; Earl William Mandevih; Earl William Mandevih; Earl William Mandevih; Richard Lucy; Gilbert Pipard; Reginald Lucy; Robert Stuter; Hugh Creasy; Gervase Canville. At Ivrey. The Seal in green Wax, much broken and having an Impression on both Sides. Another Charter of the same King, Henry the 12th, concerning the same Controversy and Manor. To the Right by the Grace of God, King of England, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, and Earl of Anjou, to his Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, Barons, Justices, Sheriffs, and all his Officers and Lieges, French and English, of all England, greeting. Know ye, that I have granted to the Church of St. Milburga of Wenlock, and to the Monks there serving God, in Alms, and by this present Charter confirmed the Manor of Dudinton, with all its Appurtenances, as Hugh de Piris, devised it to them to have and to hold, after the Decease of Aelicia de Caineto who was his Wife, whose Dower this was; upon this Condition, that when it shall please me or my Heir, it shall be lawful for us to resume that Manor into our Property, assigning to the same Monks the Revenues of 11/2/2 in Churches, or other Things. Witnesses, Richard Lucy, William Fitz-Audel, Sewer; Reginald Curtenay, William Lanval, Robert Marmion; Seeker Sinclair, Thomas Baffet; Widon Foreigner, William Fitz-Ralph, Randall Broc. At Bruges. The Seal on Green Wax, with an Impression on both Sides, much broken. The Charter of King Henry the III. Concerning the same Manor. TEN RY by the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine, to the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Priors, Earls, Barons, Judges, Sheriffs, Governours, Officers, and all his Bailiffs and Leiges, greeting. Whereas it appears to us by Inspection of the Roles in our Exchequer, as well in the Time of the Lord King Henry our Grandfather, as of the Lord King Richard our Uncle, and also of our Lord John our Father, that the Prior and Convent of Wenlock have, of the Gift of the afore said Lord King Henry our Grandfather, the Value of 11/2 in Land, in the Manor of Dutton in the County of Salop, in Lien whereof, as well in the Times of our said Progenitors as in ours, have been allowed to our Sheriff of Salop yearly at our Exchequer in the Body of the said County. We holding the said Donation as firm and acceptable do grant and confirm the same for us and our Eleirs to Aymon, now Prior of Wenlock, and his Successors and the afore said Monks, to have and to hold, without Let of us and our Heirs, in Lordships. Homages, Villenages, Revenues, Woods, Meadows, and all other its Appurtenances for ever, as freely and entirely as the Predecessors of the afore said Prior were wont in pall Times to possess them in the best; and free Manner. These being Witnesles, the venerable Father Giles Sart, Bishop; William of Valentia; Peter of Savoy; Philip Baffet, our Justice of England; John Maims, Treasurer of York; Robert Walter and Ebulo of Mans; Humbert Pugeis; Ingeram Percy; Peter of Clunacks. Peter Nevil; William Trublevill, and others. Given with our Hand at Westminster the 5th Day of February, in the 46th Year of our Reign. The Seal to this is quite Loft, the Label of red and green Silk filling remaining. The Deed of William Mitleton, claiming all Right to a Yard Land. BE it known to all present and to come, that William, the Son of William, of Mitleton, in the Court of the Lord Prior of Wenlock at Burton, on St Gregory’s Day, in the 11th Year of the Reign of King Henry, the Son of John, did acknowledge, that I neither have nor ever had any Right to a Yard Land, with the Appurtenances at Mitleton, which my Father William held there for his Life, which I had also after his Death, for some Time unjustly intruded myself into, and I have abjured the same for myself, and all my Heirs forever, and wholly quit Claim to God, and the blessed Virgin Milburga, and the Prior and Convent of Wenlock. And in Testimony hereof have affixed my Seal to this Writing. These being Witnesses, William Chaplain of Drayton; Robert Chaplain of Stokes; Roger of Burwar defy; Thomas of Cefireton; Hugh of Bristol; Hugh of Ley, Ralph of Lantor; Nicholas of Optun; Farlon of Grete; Adam Parfon of Afton; John of Beckeburton; Henry of Batten; Walter Fitz-Badwin; John of Rochale; William of Mughale, William of Lauerdene; Thomas of Laverdene; William Kangelot; William Ward; Alan of Longeville; Alan Fitz-William; Richard Fitz-William; Walter More; Walter de la Leey and many more. The Seal in green Wax. The Deed of Adam Fitz-william Clerk of Mitleton for one Yard Land. TO all the faithful of Christ who call for this present Writing, Adam Fitzwilliam, Clerk of Mitleton, greeting in our Lord. Be it known to you all, that I have granted and given for myself, and my Heirs for ever, all the Right and Claim I had or could have to a Yard of Land with Appurtenances, which I once held at Mitleton, to the Prior and Convent and the Church of St. Milburga of Wenlock. I have also granted to the afore said Prior and Convent thirteen Marks and a half in Money, which Richard the Son of Alan, the Priest of Burewarton, owed me for the afore said Land, for an hundred Shillings Sterling, which the said Prior and Convent gave me. Of which said thirteen Marks and a half, I gave six Marks to the Works of the afore said Church, for the Health of my Soul; wherefore it is my Will, that the afore said Richard be wholly answerable to the I said Prior and Convent of Wenlock, for the said Money, and that he fully and faithfully and faithfully pay to them, and their church are hereby declared to be the above mentioned Mony. In Testimony whereof I have affixed my Seal to the present Writing. These being Witnesses, Roger of Pynelefdon; Roger of Stirchy; Thomas le Mercer; Peter the Son of Peter of Caleweten; Richard Chamberlain; Walter Bon Valet; and others. The Seal appending in green Wax imperfect. Compound hetiveen Simon Dean of Brug and the Convent of Wenlock, about the Church of Dutton. BE it known to all the Sons of our Holy Mother, the Church, who shall see or hear these Letters, that there was a Cause depending between S. Dean of Brug, and the Prior and Convent of Wenlock, about the Church of Dudinton, the which our Lord Bishop of Lincoln, R. Deacon of Lincoln, and R. Archdeacon of Norfolk, to be canonically decided. But after much Altercation, and many Proposals on both Sides, at length the Contention was, by common Consent of the Parties, adjusted by an amicable Compensation, in this Manner. That the Prior and Convent of Wenlock shall pay two Pieces of Gold yearly at the Feast of St. Michael by the Way of Translation to the Dean of Brug and his Successors; so that the Church aforesaid of Dudinton shall forever remain to the Prior and Convent of Wenlock free and quit, without any reclaiming and exemption. Action, except the Payment of the two Pieces of Gold aforefaid. And to the End that this Compofition solemnly ordained as above said, by the common Advice of the Parties, between the Dean of Brug, and the Church of Wenlock, may forever remain valid and unfhaken, it is confirmed by the Authority of this Writing, and of the Seals of both Parties. These being Witnesses, R. Archdeacon of Gloucester; Master Erard Canon of Gloucester; Matthew, Prior of Welle, Adam and John Matters; Philip of Beggefour; Hugh de Brug; Warin of Burwardesley; Warm of Willey; Philip of Lanky; and many more. The Seal to this last, and no Date to it but only the Pontificate of Pope Clement the Third, above mentioned, shows it to have been between the Years 1891 and 1198. The Catalogue of some of the Priors of this Monastery of Wenlock, out of Mr. Willis' Collections, &c. 1. Peter de Leis was promoted from this Dignity. Anno 1176, to the See of St. David's. 2. Josbertus occurs Prior, Anno 1198. He was also Prior of Daventry and Coventry. 3. Aymo, Prior, Anno 1268, 4. John Tubbe occurs Prior in the Beginning of Edward the First's Reign, viz. About the Year 1277. His Successor was Henry Bonville Anno 1291, and 1297. The next I find is 6 William Brugge, on whole Refignation, Amo 1437, 16 Henry 6. 7. Peter Barry was admitted Prior. The next I find is 8. John Stratton, to whom succeeded 9. John Shrewsbury, Anno 1470. 10. John Wenlock occurs Prior of Wenlock, Anno 1487, in the Time of Henry the Seventh. 11. Richard Sin gar, to whom succeeded 12. Rowland G ace well, elected in July 1727, Predecessor to the left Prior. 13. John Cressage, alias Bay lis, who furnishing this Convent January 26, 1739, had a Pen- mission of 80 /. per Annum assigned him. The Arms of this Monastery were. Azure, three Garbs, Or, in Pale a Crofter, Argent. HATFIELD-PEVERELL Priory in Elton, says Newcourt, in Hertfordshire the Monasticon. It is needless to repeat here what is said of this Monasteries. A nailery in the Mona icon, Vol. I. p. 330, and in the Eng life Abridgment thereof, p. 42. Under King Hestry the Third, this Monaftery was most Part consumed by Fire 3 for thus I find it in Matth. Paris AuEtar Addit, 244. for In the Year 123 1, to the Cell of St. Alban, at Hatfield, was burnt down, on the 17th of the Kalends of April, with the Tower and all the adjacent Offices, saving only the Presbytery, with the Vestments, Chalices, &c. also the Barns and Granary. All the other Utenfils, etc. perished in the Fire. In the Reign of King Henry the Eighth, there was a Suit at Law, between this Prior and Convent, and the Abbat and Convent of Bileigh, about the Tithes of certain Lands here and in the neighbouring Parish of Ulster. More of it may be seen in the Monasticon, where it speaks of the Abby of St. Alban. The Annual Revenues of this Priory were valued at the Dissolution, at 60 l. 14 s. 11 d. 1 per Annum, according to Dugdale 3 Speed said 83 /. 19 s. 7 d. after which, King Henry the Eighth, in the 29th Year of his Reign, granted to Giles Leigh, the Manor, the Site of the Priory, and the Cemetery of Hatfield Peverell, as also the Residences, not only of this Parish Church, but that of Algerton and in 1 and 2 of Philip and Mary, the Premises were in Algerton, and the Advowson so continued, till Anno 1 A3 8 inclusive; but after the Restoration, this Advowson was in the Thompfons for several Turns, till 1682, and then Henry Blaney was instituted, at the Presentation of Francis Towson, Esq. Richard Snowdal, was the last Prior here, says Mr. Willis, and has no more concerning this. HORKESLEY Priory of Clunacks, in Effex. The Monasticon, Vol. III. p. 30. has the Foundation Charter of this Monastery, and three Charters of Confirmation of Grants to the same; the Substance whereof is in the English Abridgment, p. 244. This Priory was one of those designed for erecting a College at Oxford and Ipswich, valued at the Suppression 27 l. y s. 11 d. per Annum. P- 335- Speed. After the Diffusion, the Site hereof was in Roger Parker, to whom the Manor of Horkefley-Parva was alienated by John Huddlefion, in the first Year of Queen Mary, which Roger, by Licence, alienated the McTuage, called the Priory in Horkefley-Parvay to Roger Ball, in the first and second of Philip and Mary, who held the same in capite 3 and 19 Eliz., had Licence to alienate it, and the Tithes of Little and Great Horkefley to John Ball, Sen. and Jun. who had the Dispensation of it, but it is now in Husbands. Another Priory is placed by Sir William Dugdale, Mon. Angl. Vol. I. p. 704. in one of these Horkefleys; where the Church and Manor are given by Roger Earl of Shrewsbury, to the Abbot of St. Martin de Froarno in Normandy, founded by him there. Now I fancy, the said Church and Priory of Horfieleigh, placed By him in Ejfiex, was not in Ejfiex, but in Gloucester; First, the same Author in his Baronage of England, 1 om. I. p. 2 6. says, that the Possessions this Roger Earl of Shrewsbury, which was Roger de Montgomery, had in England, were of vast Extent, as appears by the Conqueror’s Survey, and then names the several Counties wherein they lay, and their Number, viz. In Wilt [hire three, &c. and in Glocester] Joire, one, probably the Manor, or Lordship of Horsley, or Horsley, in the Hundred of Longstreet in that County; but names not Ejfiex for one of them. Next, because in that Place, in Monasticon, mention is made of divers Inquifitions about the Privilege of Horsley, taken before the King’s Echeator in Gloucester, thus, "And for as much as it appeared by several Inquifitions taken before William Aunfield our Echeator in the County of Gloucester, that the Priory of Horsley, &c. So that I conceive, with Submission to such as are better versed in Antiquity, Sir William Dugdale, and Mr. Tanner, who follows him in his Notitia Monastica, p. 61. mistake in placing this Priory of Horsley, or Horsley, in the County of Essex. Pritchett Elling Priory of Clunacks, in Ellington. A S founded by Robert de Ellington, called Robert Fitz-Simmons, Son of Swain of Ellington, in the Reign of Henry the Second, to the Honour of St. Mary, for Clunack Monks, and by him subjeded as a Cell to the Abbot of Lewes in Suffield, which being a Priory alien, was with the several Cells belonging thereto, Prittlewell being one, by King Edward the Third, in the 47th Year of his Reign, denominated, or made native. See the Foundation of this Priory in the Monastery, Vol. I. p. 619, and in the English Abridgment, p. 79. Soon after the Founding of this Priory, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, became a great Favour thereof, as appears by his Charter. Thomas, by the Grace of God, humble Minister of the Church of Canterbury, to all the Sons of the holy Church, to whom this present Writing shall come, greeting. The Charge of the Office we have undertaken admonishes us to provide for the Peace and Tranquility of the Servants of God, with very watchful care. Therefore it is, that we place under God’s, and our Protection, the Monastery of St. Mary of Brittlewell, with its Chapels of Sutton and Eastwood, and with all the Tithes of the Town of Middleton, and all the parochial Rights of the same Town, likewise the Churches of Rayleigh, or Ragele, and Thunder Sky, and both Shoberies, and Can-weden, Wakeford, Stook, Claverton, with all their Appurtenances, &c. Which was afterwards seconded by Hubert Walter, one of his Successors, thus, And we, not undefervedly following the footsteps of the aforenamed glorious Martyr, Thomas, our Predecessor, in this particular, do with like favor take under God’s and our Protection, the aforesaid Monasteries of Brittlewell, and the Brethren serving God, with all their Goods and Possessions. And we do by this present authentic Writing confirm to the said Brethren, all the Churches above mentioned, as they are rightly considered on the said Monasteries, with all Things to it justly pertaining. This Priory of Brittlewell, was held to be a Cell to the Priory of Lewes, till in the Year 1518, says Weaver, when a great Contention arose between the two Houses, inasmuch, that John, Prior of Brittlewell, would not pay one Mark to the Prior of Lewis, in Token of Subjection. This Priory, whose Revenues did not amount to more than 155 £. 11 2 d. per Annum, according to Dugdale; or at most but to 194 £. 14 s. 3 d. as Speed has it, was with all the rest, under the Value of 200 1. per Annum, supposed, by Act of Parliament, in 27 Henry VIII, who two Years after, in the 29th Year of his Reign, granted the Site of it to Sir Thomas Audley, to be held in Capite; after whole Death, Thomas Audley, his Brother, by Licence obtained it in 5 Edward VIII, and alienated it to Richard. Lord Rich, Ancestor of the late Earls of Warwick, in whom it continued till for want of Life Male, it came among Co-keepers. The Catalogue of such Priors of Prittlewell, as are to be met with. William, occurs Prior of this Monasteries between the Years 1213, and 1206. Simon de Waltham, May 12, 1241. The King, at Presentation of the Prior of Lewes, accepted him to be Prior, notwithstanding the Patronage of the same was then in the King, the Honour of Essex, being in his Hands. But. 27. Henry III. m. 6. William, was the next Prior of Brittlewel, on whose Refignation, Nicholas de Cokefeld, Prior of Cliff, was preferred to this Prior, and had the Temporalities, May 1, 1218. But, 9. Edward Ift. Peter de Mo n t ell ie r, upon the Death of Cokefeld, was made Prior, by John, Prior of Lewes, and had his Temporalities, October 24, 1290. But, 18. Edward Ift. Henry de Faut r arijs, had the Temporalities, May 1, 1308. But, 1. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. Thomas de Shelmestrod, had his Temporalities, July 1, 1309. But, 2. Edward Ift. But one of the two, joyning the Christian Name of the one to the Surname of the other, and calling him Giles de Shelmesford; but as Mr. Newcourt quotes the Patents for both: I cannot but think the Mistake to lie in the Transfering, or Printing of Mr. Willis’s Catalogue from the other, Mr. Willis, who ever punctually quotes his Authors, naming none in this Place, for this Difference. William de Anmumaco, or Aumumaco, or Aumumaco, or Aumumaco, had his Temporalities, April 20, 1311. Pat. 4. Edward lid. p. 1. James de Cusancica, had his Temporalities, December 1, 13 id. Bat. 8. Edward lid. p. 1. Guichard de Chentri a co, preferred by the Prior of Lewes, March 24, 1360. Bat. 37. Edward lid. p. 2. Francis de Bangiaco, Prior, Ottober 2, 1361. Bat. 37. Edward Hid. p. 3. John Eston, was Prior in 1713, and the last in this Catalogue, which thus appears very imperfect; but is the best we have hitherto. STANESGATE Priory of Cluniacks, in Effc In the Preciousness of the Parish of Stanefgate, on the Brink of the River, that part runs from Maldon, near Ramsey, flood this Priory of the same Name of Stanefgate, dedicated to Sir Mary Magdalen, for Cluniack Monks, a Cell to the Abby of Lewes in Seffex; by whom founded I have nowhere read, more than what Speed tells us in general, and as to the Time, it appears to be in, or about the Year 1176, by the Grant of that Year, made of certain Tithes, to the Nuns. Of Clerkenwell, by the Prior and Convent hereof, which is all the Monasticon has concerning this Monasticon, and is to be seen, Vol. I. p. 623. and in the English Abridgment p. 80. In 28 Henry VIII, upon an Exchange between the said King, and Sir William Weston, Prior of St. John of Jerusalem in England, &c., the Site hereof and all Oblations, &c. and also to the Parish Church of Steeple belonging, the Vicar’s Portion only excepted, with the Advowson of the said Church, were by Indenture, by Sentence definitive, and by Act of Parliament the same Year, united to the Hospital of St. John by which Sentence promulgated by Thomas Barrett, Doctor of Laws, Commissary to Bishop John Stokeley, Bishop of London, July 14, 1537, it was decreed, That the said Prior and his Brethren, should pay to the said Bishop and his Successors, and upon the Vacancy of the said See, to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, and their Successors, for their Indemnity, a Pension of 4 s. 8 d. per Annum, and 3 s. 4 d. to be distributed among the Poor of the Parish of Steeple and Rainham, then also appropriated to the said Hospital, and by the said Sentence, it was further also decreed. That because several of the Inhabitants of Stanefgate, near the said Priory, to the Number of five Tenements, did use to go to the Conventual Church there. As to their Parishes, Church, to hear divine Offices, and to participate of the Sacraments and Sacramentals, before the Diffusion thereof, they should for the future, come to the Parish Church of Steeple, and be accounted there, as Parishioners of the said Church; and the Vicar of Steeple and his Successors, were forever to administer unto them, as to their Parishioners; in Compensation whereof, and in Lieu of all Tithes and Oblations, due from the said Inhabitants of Stanefgate, and their Tenements, the said Prior and Convent and his Brethren, and their Successors for ever, were to pay to the said Vicar and his Successors, an annual Penance of ten Shillings, by equal Penalties, at the Feasts of St. This Priory of Stanefgate, at the Diffolution was valued at 400 £. 8 s. 6 d. per Annum, by Speed, and was one of those granted by Henry VIIIth, in the 20th Year of his Reign, to Cardinal Wolfey, for erecting his Colleges in Oxford and Ipswich; but falling again into the King’s Hands, upon his Convocation, he granted the same to the Prior, &c. but before they had an Opportunity to perfect it, their Hospital likewise was suppressed. After this, Rich and Mildmay appear Patrons, and so presented, alternatively, as the Priors and Convent did before them. The Manor of Stanefgate, and the Rectory of Steeple, were granted to Edward Mordant, by Henry VIIIth, in the 35th Year of his Reign, in capite, who next Year after, by the King’s Licence, alienated to Sir Richard Rich, by which the Family came to be entitled to that Moiety of the Advow. For, which did belong to the Friory of Stanefgate; and I presume, the other Society of the same, which did belong to Bichnacre, came to the Mildmay, by Grant or Purchase from the Crown. Priory of Clunacks, in Nottinghamshire. The Monasticon, Vol. I. p. has the Charter of King Edward the 12th, reciting the Foundation and Grants of many, and confirming the same to this Monastery; as also the Charter of King Henry the 12th, confirming the Foundation and Grants of William P ever el, and that it ever continues to the Order of Clun. I will here add what I find in Thor of on’s Nottinghamshire concerning the same. At Lent on, so named probably from the River Len, Page 218. Or Line, upon which it stands, William Peverel found a Monastery in Honour of the Holy Trinity, for love of the Worthing of God, and the common Remedy of the Souls of King William (the Conqueror) and Queen Maud, and of their Children, and of their and his own Parents; and for the Health of King Henry, and Queen Maud his Wife, of William their Son, and Maud their Daughter, for the State of his Kingdom, and for the Health of his own Soul, and of Adeline his Wife, and of his Son William, and all his own Children, and gave it to God and the Church of Clun, and to Pontius the Abbat and his Successors; yet so that it should be free, paying a Mark of Silver yearly as an Acknowledgement. To this Monastery he gave the Town of Lent on, with Appurtenances, except four Mills, whereof he held two in his own Demefite, and his Wife Adelina the third, and Herbert his Knight the fourth; the rest of the Mills were the Monks, and properly seven; likewise Radford, Morthon, Kichton, with their Appurtenances and whatsoever he had in Newtorpe and Papelwich, in Wood and Plain, and in other Things likewise Blacovell in the Peak, with the Appurtenances; likewise Corthahall, in North Hanteyre, with the Wood and all Appurtenances, except the Fee of one Knight, and the Land of Thurston Mantell, likewise two Parts of the Tithes of his Demefites, of all Things which could be Tithed, viz. in Blideefword North antefeir, with a Country Fellow holding a Virgin, or Yard-land, to gather up the Tithes. In Hof on likewise (Northunt) in Nevubot, like wife in Tidefwell {Herb.) likewise in Bradewell, Badecovoell, Houalaw, Essex, Wm. inmill and Hulme. Two Parts of the Tithes of his Demefie Pastures in the Peak, namely, Sachaleros, Ferne, Darnel, Stafdon, Cudal, Erchill, Chaldelav, Dunningefede, Chelmardon, Stanredal. The Whole Tithe of Colts and Fillyes, where he should have Hare, in the Peak, or any other on his Demefie Pastures. The whole Tithe of his Lead, and of his Venison, or Hunting, as well in Skins as Fleffi, and the whole Tithe of the Fifth, of his Fiffing at Nottingham. He likewise gave, by the Concession of his Lord King Henry the 1st, the Church of St. Mary, of the English Borough of Nottingham, with the Land and Tithes and Appurtenances. The Church of St. Peter, and the Church of St. Nicholas, likewise in Nottingham; the Churches of Radeford, Lindebey and Langar, in this County, with Land and Tithes and other Appurtenances, and a Villain holding a Virgate of Land. The Church of Fotesson, in Leueferfhire, with a Virgate of Land. The Churches of Herlefon, Cortholal, Irencefer and Riffenden, in Northantefeire, with a Villain holding it. He likewise granted to this Mo- Monasters of Clumiacks. Monaftery, whatsoever his Men should bestow on it, for the Remedy of their Souls, viz. Two Parts of all the Tithes of their Demesnes of whatsoever could be tithed. The first of these was Avenus, Ancellor of the present Earl of Rutland, who granted it out of his Demesnes in Haddon, and is Methedweplotk and Ma-ma-sa-saffed in Empingham, and in Bassford, and Robert the Son of Pagan in the same Town likewise; Robert de Hertz, in lies bur ne, and in Ojelecropht; Godefrid and William, in Ernesby; Norman de Montfaltred, in Aschech and in Chidwelle, and in Horpall; Roger Brito, in Walentbon and in Kalabal; Goceli-nus in Watbenoch; and Ralph Malaberbe in Aspeley; and Serlo Blund in Torp, and Erbert in Gonolveflon; likewise Helgot in Barejwor d; and in Cot is Robert de Raviliaco in Holton, Walter Elemmength in Haurefham, Hugh the Son of Richard in Claindon, Norman de St. Paul in Deresburch, and in Blacolwefley, and in Roalund: Geoffrey de Heriz in Stapelford; Adelelmus in Langueley; and Robert the Son of Warner in Touetbon; likewise Robert de Moretmeni, and his Heirs ten Shillings, or ten Shillings yearly Rent, for ever. Of his Gift and Writing were Witneses, Gerard Archbishop of Torb, Robert Bishop of Lincoln, Robert Earl of Medent, Simon Earl of Northampton, Hugh Sheriff of Leicestershire (Grentmefnill) Robert de Chauz, Hugh de Burun, Oddo de Boneia, Avenellus de Haddona, and all the rest of his so reamed Men.
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Roe, C.J. This cause coming to be heard on the joint stipulation of the parties hereto, the Court being fully advised in the premises, Finds: That this is a wrongful death action brought pursuant to section 8(d) of the Court of Claims Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 37, par. 439.8(d)). On December 25,1980, Claimants’ decedent, Mary K. Linden, was fatally injured in an automobile collision while driving northbound on U.S. Highway 14, approximately 7/10 of a mile north of Illinois Highway 68 in Barrington Township, Illinois. The parties hereto have agreed to a settlement of this claim, and Respondent agrees to an entry of an award in favor of Claimants in the amount of one thousand dollars and no cents ($1,000.00) in full satisfaction of this claim. It is hereby ordered that the Claimants, Frank Linden and Patricia Linden, individually, and as special administrators of the estate of Mary K. Linden, deceased, be and hereby are awarded the sum of one thousand dollars and no cents ($1,000.00), in full satisfaction of this claim..
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These are, from every point of view, most de- sirable settlers. They are intelligent, mor?>l, pro- gressive and are easily assimilated. There are about 60,000 of them scattered from Fort William to the Pacific Coast. There are 25,000 Swedes, 15,000 Norsvegians, 10,000 Finns and 5,000 Danes' There are 1,200 at Fort William, 3,000 in Winnip.;g, 20,000 in Alberta and a goodly number in British Columbia. They are, for the greater part, Luther- ans, though some are Baptists and some Method- ists. The Canadian Baptists have done an ex- tensive work among them, having 15 churches in various parts of the country. They are ex- tremely self-reliant and give liberally for the support of their clergy and for missions. Akin to the Scandinavians and in the same territoiy are about 20,000 Icelanders. The People 2 'J -Hiese Strange settlors came- in ,898 ami ,,S.., Doukhobors. .rom Russ,a under tho .iistinguish..,! patronage o Count Tolsto. and Prince k'ropotkin, and tvere assisted by the Soeiety of Friends Thev n^.mbe. about 10,000 and are established in 5' eolonie^- near Swan River, Yorkton and Rosthern, in' SaskUchcwan They live in villages of fr,„„ 150 to .00 souls. They have no sehoolsand nine- enths ot then, are illiterate. Like the Quakers they have no priests, no churehes and no;eguk>r services. They believe only a few c.lenientarv dogmas, but to these they eling with the tenacitv of anatics. Peter ^•erigin is their religious leade'r and to hini they pay reverential homage The pnnciple of Communism prevails among them and they are resolutely opposed Co war. The^- have become very prosperous because the^• are' sober thrifty and industrious. To cure them of theii^ vagaries they stand in need of education and of. la'nd '"'""^'"«''"" "''^'^ '^' "the." inhabitants of the The Mormons number from 15,000 to 30,000 in Mormon.. Alberta. From a worldly point of view they an- good settlers, being thrifty and industrious 1^^ ■IS polygamy is an essential part of their .system ' as tha. system ,s essentially a missionarv svstem ■ as 3° From Sea to Sea just as in the case of the Moslems, every meml)er of the sect is a missionary ; and, as they have a com- plete organization involving, as it does, complete submission to its spiritual leaders, the presence of so many of these Latter Day Saints in our midst involves issues to which our rulers and people should not close their eyes. The door is practically closed to missionar}' work among them Galicians. The Lithuanians, Ruthenians, Bukowini- ans, Hungarians, Roumanians may be ;)laced under the general heading ot Galicians They come from South Eastern Europe and num- ber over 200,000. They are among the lowest class of immigrants. The majority are Roman Catholics though many belong tii the Greek Church and they have been greatly neglected by their own clergy. The Presbyterians have done a large work among them chiefly through schools, hospitals and the training of their priests at Manitoba College, Winnipeg. They have given them liberal financial aid, but have allowed them to retain their old rites, ceremonies and beliefs ; and the results have amply justified the ■■xperiment. Here is a people to whom the Churc. of England might have appealed with great force owing to her history, her ministry and her liturgy ; but, strange to say, we have attempted nothing in that field. The PtoPLK 3' The Chinese were originally brought in to aid Orientals : in the construction of the railways. They now 'Chinese, number 20,000, They have a China Town and a Joss House in Victoria and Vancouver, and they may I)e seen in all our Eastern cities. They are chielly laundrymen an.l domestic servants. In religion they are heathen, though they might more properly be called materialists. Their desire to learn the English language, even if only for their own temporal advantage, has opened a wide door of opportunity amoag them. Their resolve to return to their own country, soon or late, should make them useful miss-' onaries. Bible and Sunday School Classes have been successfully conducted among them in most of our cities In Victoria and Vancouver evening classes and Sunday services have been held, but always in an inade- quate way. The overwhelming population of China, straimng to find an outlet into less populous countries, has given just alarm to the people of British Columbia and kd the Canadian Govern- ment to impose a tax of 8500 on every Chinaman entering the country. The Japanese have caused the same anxiety to ii Japanese. the people of the West ; but owing to an under- standing arrived at with the Japanese government they are not likely materially to increase. Thev I''rom Ska to Ska iii Hindus. Kindred element. Foreign element. now number about 10,000. A successful work is being carried on amonj,' them by the Church in v'ancouver Within the last two or three )ears 5,000 Hindus, for the greater part Siklis from the Punjab, have entered British Columbia. Owing to their pre- vious training and to their ideas of caste they are not well adapted to life in this country. The presence in our midst of these Orientals raises many moral and economic questions of the most im- portant character ; but the fact that they are heathen brings very near to us the duty of giving them the knowledge of the gospel of Christ. It thus appears that the two large and stable elements in our national life, the EngHsh and the French, as having lived long in the land, created its institutions, made its history and as being, in the highest degree, loyal to its best traditions and ideals, which are symbolized by the British flag, are the leaven on which we must rely to leaven the whole lump. The admission of kindred elements from the motherland and the United States im- poses on us the weighty and important duty of providing for their moral and spiritual welfare, during their first few years of struggle. But the admission, from the Orient and Con- tinental Europe, of hundreds of thousands of im- The Peoi'lk .!.? migrants of foreign race and speech who aro mos ly ..hterate. who are unused 'to the Tvork.n! of the mst.tut.ons of a free country and who owt no allegiance save to their own selfish ^nZZ ntroduces elements that may have a most in ur ^u^ effect on the whole future of our country It is m n,tey more impo.tant that we should'devl; safely than rap.dly. Our most important asset is our populat.on. Hence the paramoun" ir^pon ance of bnngmg to bear on all those foreign ee- ments the best educational, moral and rehgious influences that can be brought to bear upon them Suggestive Questions on Lesson II. the'^cl'^^" understand the composite nature of the Canadian nat.on and the importance of making it thoroughly Christian. maKing th.'f^^''"^ f ' ^^"°"' P'^^P''^^ i" Canada under 6) Na rT ^l'"^^ ■ ^""^ °"«'-' inhabitants (6) National stock ; (c) Foreign importations. ■' heatlen ' f ''"" "^^ "^'^*'>' '^° ^'^-^ - ^ 3. To which of these various elements in the -anadian nation do we owe no debt of service ? ,34 From Sea to Sea 4 Which of tliem arc wf neglecting, wholly ? or partly ? 5- Sum up the arguments for conccntrnting all attention on the English sprakiiig settlers 6. Show the result of „„r general negleet of tile French Canadians 7- In what respects do you consider the policy of the Romnn Catholics in Canada to he commend'- able, or th • reverse ? 8. To which of these many jjcoples has our own Church a special power of appeal ? Why ;- The INHER1TANC4 I^E.S.SON IIJ. A RICH IXflERlTAXCF in^ those ,.eat Zi^^ J? -'"^.tlnng .,,,,,. ^^■ip our Church h-is 1 ^ "^"'"■'" ''>• "'''«'-■ l^^^j has hccn securely plante.i in this ■•'rly known as S PC u °™^" ^'''''' ^^'^i'i- ••'PPropriateh-' called th.' ^'"""''' ''°'''' ''"« ^een •he Empire i s o.k an.o^'"'"''" "^'P'''"^'''" '>^ fitness be called h ^^ "' "^^^ ^■'''^ equal Do.inion/t^t.rrR:^Tr r ^^% •7°i- It has had 210 years of U a '"■^" m • Origin. for the Church and theC on l" '"' ''''''^''>' ■n response to a call from tL c '"*° ^""^ ;ons .here the foundir„fo thlSiS: E^'^"*^' were being laid Mf,^„c c «ntish Empire then very .oor and m °^T"™''^*''''°" ^^'"^ It took maCweeksTorti '"'^"^ ^^'•>' ^^^^ cross the Atlantic and thf ''''" '"°"*''^- *° nuc , and the mcome of the Society, .I" I'WOM SliA TO vSka ii Object. iii In Ameri- c«. during the first century of its existence, never cxceederi Sjo.ooo per annum As a result the spiritual destitution tti.i: existed among the settlers was almost past belief. The object of the Society was to supply, as far as possible, this appalling need, as expressed in its charter, " to give religious instruction to the King's sub- jects beyond the seas, both Christian and heathen." Some idea of the magnitude of the Society's operations may be formed from the statement that it has done, and is now carrying on, work in Newfoundland, in the West Indies, in Central and South America, in Africa, in Australia, in India, in New Zealand, in China, and in Japan Its work may fairiy be called tlie religious expan- sion of the Empire, and it has fully lived up to its title, " The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts." Its first field of operations was naturally the land now known as the United States. At the first General Convention of the newly- formed Protestant Episcopal Church, held under it. Bishops in 1785, a grateful tribute was sent to S. P. G. This tribute was repeated at subse- quent general conventions, and formed a per- manent place in the Preface to the American Prayer Book. The American Church now num- bers about go bishon<! ^^ i -hose position "i hrLv ^•°°°, ^'"«>'™^n. of the venerable Society" ProtcOon What SPG. did for tin. ^ i • t-s in the United iut:^i t;"^L'':;^,i"'"'-'""^""- -easure for the Dominion of ci d. n '" Rev. Richard Watts oh-ml • ' "' f" ^" '72? Annapolis Royal oh Lnlf *u "''^ ^"'■'=" '" ""'""" allowance for Ih^l'Th ''"'"" ''l'^ ''^"-'-">' " an '"'-inc.,. He was then the nnK, ^"°'" '''"''^<^" there" oMheDr:i^^f7c:h:r^''^'°""''^ of Trade and PU^, . Commissioners colony of ^ooo S^:^ .T'' ■ '''" ^"«''^'> •^^■■- setting apart rShTv; '''' r^ ''•-•' ' acres of I-,n,i ( ^ '' church, .-• . , " T I "" '"'"'^'•^'"' ""'I ^0° for a niiis at Windsor, and Rev r R \r .StateVs;tSr°,StriulTr '"'" '''^ ^"''^^ ■•^ 'arge number wen T kT'' °' ^''^°'" "■-e for the mos part Ch ? '°"" ^^^^ --Pamed by ^J'lS''tT,X.- 38 From Sea to Sea Quebec. too^ much to say that their loyalty, which led to their migration, was largely the work of S. P. G , as the Society has always been a bond of union and the foster parent of loyalty, in all parts of the Empire. Among these emigrant clergy was Rev. Charles Inglis, who had been Rector of Holy Trinity, New York, and who was consecrated in 1 787 first Bishop of Nova Scotia, and first Colonial Bishop. To this Diocese the Society has contributed large sums of money, $150,000 to King's College, Windsor, in endowments and exhibitions ; $200,- 000 ni endowment grants and annual payments towards the support of the bishops ; and it has supported in all 266 clergymen. The first clergy- man of the Church who appeared in New Bruns- wick in 1769 was a missionary of the Society. The cleit/ who came with the loyalists in 1783 were maintained by the Society, which has sup- ported in all 228 clergymen in this Diocese. In Quebec, an itinerant missionary of the Society from New Jersey accompanied the forces under General Wolfe. Dr. John Ogilvie subsequently came as chaplain to the British troops and their Mohawk allies, and Rev. John Doty, who came with the loyahsts to the mouth of the Richelieu, bought for IS guineas one of the best houses in Sorel and converted it into the first church built "1 Canada proper I this Province and place\i th^'f "^ ^"^''^ ^'^''ed Quebec and Montreal tI ^"' '^'''^y"^^- -^ ported 315 clergyn^en in this Prr""'' ''" ^"P" . In 1 793 there were only si v ^1 ^'^"^'"ce ■n Ontario there were onlv f "^:-''"^" '" ^"'-'bec ; f Society contribute™ t'o hT;;/'"^- ^" '«39 Ontario an. See of Toronto, and when t °'^'"°"' °^ the '^^ W«t. established in 1853" Jet "'""^ '^°"'^^'= -- ■■«d seven acres of ,a„d vf " \^""' °^ 815,000 «-;lar work was done t ' 7 tl n"^"''^'' ^' Ontano, in which the Soeiet h " ''''' "^ clergymen. In the Province tV^P°''"^ 39o wliere the progress h,'T ^"Perfs Land ^'^eaidoftL'-SoSetyl^b'^-^'-^Iy^pid: feat. It contributed to th ,'°'''""'P°"d'"glv John's College, Wi^p g '""t, TT'""' °^ ^t for the Bishops of Saskafchew/''°''f '^ ^*'P^"<is "nt.l sufficient endowme mt It" '"'.^"''■^PP^'le, Recently it expended SiTooo, th T"^ • '^"'^e Canada Fund, and it ir'^th-elv"''' '^^ ""^^^^'- ^he work of the Archhi.^,o " V °7^'"'''''"^' ■" Committee, which Iv ■ ^^^'-'^'e^n Canad-, «oyd Sch^meln iu'C"? ''°°'°- ^^ ''! ^mailer sum to the Ra^!^: ,„"."'. « . ''^^^c though Bntish Columbia has b ^ti^^ r,"-" '" ^" '^PP^"^ - -^ to the D.0- ---,-- sp^a, 40 From Sea to Sea Character of Societies. Westminster, Caledonia, and Kootenay, it has made generous grants for work among the Indians, the Chinese, and the settlers. This cursory review of the Society's work in Can- ada may be summed up in the statement that it supported about 1,600 ordained missionaries, who have ministered to various races speaking sixteen languages ; and it has contributed in all about Sio, 000,000. It should perhaps be added, though it seems ungracious to do so, that the very generosity of the Society has had a tendency to weaken in many of our parishes and dioceses the feeling of indepen- dence and the sense of self-support. Care is being taken that the same mistake be not re- peated in the West ; that even the weakest com- munities should, even from their inception, do what they can to provide for themselves the ministrations of the Church. The S. P. G. is a voluntary Missionary Societ}-. It aids in the formation of Dioceses and votes block grants to be distributed at the discretion of the Diocesan authorities, and it seeks always to act through the Bishops. By force of circumstances, however, its money and its men are chiefly obtained from one section of the Church, and its policy, in the last resort, is deter- Jj^fjNHERITANCE mined by its subscribers Th nu ^ f-ociety. on the other hand tL r.'' ^'^^■onary C.M.S. a purely voluntary societv / ^^'^ ^'^' ^ ^ G - eva„,ehca, or^Sn'T^ ^'"'"^ ^° '^'^' ™en of us own choosing or „, u"PP°'"*'^ °nly P^thy vvith its Principle, "7. "''° '"'' '" ^>™- conduct of its work vvh! ''"^ """^^ for the carried on. Thifit t "^ t^^ ^^'"'^ ->- ^ ^-e unity and effecti^ene f ^ ' ""^^ ^^"'^ '" It came ,nto existence m " 1 '1^ operations, f-'con Hotel. London,! ; '" ^''^ ^"^"« ^"^ ' 0„-,i„ i6 clergymen and n V„ Presence of onlv '-'fter its birth waslts^narcn °"'^' ■^'"^' ^-^^ - M,ssions in Africa and the p"' '''' '«'^'^'- '3 years after was the "ord • Ch V^ ''^"^ ""^^ Its first field, as its n """''^ added. Wood stained coast of AfricT- Tf''''^' ^^'- ^heii D..e,op. •"'ndful of other fields. Sl'J'u' '''''' "«' un-«ent. "*"' - -Odd has come withm ti" seo:^^ 2 V^'"''^ ''^-^'^- It has carried on all sort nf "^ '*' °P'^'-'-^tions. educational and mediear!: °/ ."''^^'""ary work- «nd m many of these it V "' <^^^"gelistic- first two years produced ' ''^ '^'^ ^^av. Jts f annual income is not Tvirr^ °' °"'-^ ^^•5°° dred years a?o no r; i *'^'°°°'°°= Ahun ^« -'■-•onary'L^^e'pSirt'/;'^^^ "^i-"' « 't an honour to do7\tl ' "°" ^^^'^ Atter five year., of 42 From Sea to Sea prayer and effort the Society had only two mission- aries in the field, and, on its tenth anniversary, though it had sent out five, it had only three on its roll ; now, after more than loo years, it has sent out between 2,000 and 3,000 iii Canada. As the object of the C M. S. is to preach the Gospel to the heathen, its work in Canada has been restricted to the Indian and Eskimo popula- tion : but in that field that work has been truly re- markable, both for its success and for the hard con- ditions under which it has been carried on. Its first sphere of labour was the Red River Settlement, which occupied the site of the present city of Winnipeg. Early in the 19th century Lord Selkirk, one of the magnates of the Hudson's Bay Company, sent out a few hundred people from Scotland to take up land on the banks of the Red River. Their hardships and priv+ions, their courage and eventual success, place them among the heroes in che annals of pioneering. To meet their spiritual needs and to reach out to the neighbouring tribes of Indians, the Hudson's Bay Company and the C M. S. combined to iv Rev. John send out a missionary, and for this purpose Rev West. John West was chosen in 1820. His evangelistic and educational work anticipatea by half a cen tury the splendid work done by the Cathedral The Inheritance 4.1 and the School and CoUeee of <;f t^k • ixr- - From thp Ro^ p- 7^^ °* ^'Jofln s, Winnipeg. 11. M.ck»,i., and ,h. Yrto?' 0^ i'"?'"' Indian. ^^^ S /. "tTi cinr-'": i» one generation The 7-iL -.^ 'T"^ these wonders were wrongh .:e tta tI TJ™ the l»Sn oj the Yukon, Z il. .^ * '" wyans in tha, of ,h. Maek.nzie he Cr.es L" .er:^^4h::er^;i-stT xt:---" jhe„ „™ a sto;°„Ts„"r„;";:j:r ™5°r i»trrh"garth\-^"r'-^"- r;ki • . , oegan the translation of +v,» Bible mto the Cree lansuasrp =„j j^ *"^ Syllabic System for use^rhifDirse: oThat tt Indians were early given the Word of God Tn. own tongue. Bishop Bompas the "A .,"■ the North." laboured for fLVytrs termor: 44 From Sea to Sea vi Bps. Bom- regions. His diocese was divided more than once, pas and Kid- }jQ always taking the more remote part. Bishop lay. Tii Heroes. Ridley, after heroic labours in British Columbia, has but lately entered into his rest. But time would fail to tell of the missionary heroec of the North, some of whom are still labour- ing amid unspeakable loneliness, cold, privation, and hardship. They had to travel thousands of miles on snowshocs, in dog sleds, or in canoes, amid biting frosts in the winter and devouring mosquitoes in the summer. Around their names and stations may be woven a story of toil and trial, of progress and success that would suffice to vindicate the missionary and his work to any unprejudiced mind. Amid all the good that has unquestionably been done both by the government of Canada and the C.M.S., it must be acknowledged that neither from the standpoint of civiUzation nor of Christianity is the condition of the Indians satisfactory. Much still remains to be done for them. With all its imperfections, however, the work of the Govern- ment and of the C.M.S. represents the best that has been done to civilize and Christianize the Indians ; to compensate them for the splendid inheritance of which they have been dispossessed, and especially to atone for the wrongs inflicted The Inheritance 45 upon them by the vices and aggressions of the unscrupulous representatives of our civilization and our Christianity. The Colonial and Continental Church Society c 4CCS has helped to do for the whites what the C M S has done for the Indians. Its original name! the Colonial Church and School Society, suffi- ciently indicates its purpose, to support churches and schools among struggling communities. Its work, which began in Newfoundland, has extended across the Dominion. For many years it sun ■ !• , ported a missionary in the isolatc'd and laborLTs" "'' ""''• field of the Magdalen Islands. It supported schools among the small English communities scattered over the Province of Quebec, and it gave valuable assistance to the effort, through the Sabrevois Mission, to present the claims of the Reformed Church of England to our French tellow citizens, in their own tongue Rev H Pataquahong Chase, hereditary chief of the Ojibway Indians, was one of its representatives in Ontario. It assisted lonely missionaries in Axgoma and throughout the North West. In the mining camps of Kootenay and Klondyke it was we 1 represented ; as also in the fishing stations of the Gulf of Georgia. 46 From Sea~to Sea U Saikatchs- wtn. S.P.C.K But its most outstanding mission has been in the Diocese of Saskatchewan, and its most outstanding missionary has been Archdeacon, now Principal, Lloyd. Its work in that field will rank, in days to come, as one of the most striking ventures of faith in the mission field. It followed the British colonists, in 1903, with its ministrations, from Liverpool to Battlcford, and its chaplain. Rev. George Exton Lloyd, became the Joshua of the colony, whose name has been indissolubly linked with its fortunes, in the flourish- ing town of Lloydminster. It made itself respon- sible for the scheme of Catechists known as the Saskatchewan plan, and it has the honour of having sent out sixty missionaries in one ship, and of having built sixty little churches, facetiously called " Canterbury Cathedrals," and sixty small parsonages similarly known as" Lambeth Palaces," in one summer. As long as the Canadian Church can produce such missionary agents as Principal Lloyd and the Church at home such missionary secretaries as Rev. J. D. MuUins, we may cherish the highest hopes for the future of the Church in the Dominion. The Society for Promoting Christian Know- ledge has been a helper of unspeakable value in all our missionary work, from the Atlantic to the The Inheritance Pacific. It is scarcely possible to open a Prayer Book on any reading desk or a Bible on any ectem m any of our churches that does not bear the .mpnmatur of the S.P.C.K.; and the chtches th Snd thTh "' V""' ^""'^^^'^ *''-"Sh- the land that have paid off the last instalment of their buildmg obligations by a £rant Zm that Society, ranging from S.oo'toSsoo It ha" assisted freely in the endowment o7 bishoprics lol'? ^'7--°^^'°" °f scholarships, in our Theo respectively atSaxlTst^tTthltS""^'"" t.me, and m Quebec in the summer, to mel "he .mm.g,ants on their arrival and o pr those who belong to the Church in touch with the c er^v throughout the Dominion ; and it prov des !n the course of the year scores of clergymen ^ accompany the immigrants across the At Lnt c and mmister to them in holy things. Its oS however as its name indicates, is chiefly cduca >onal. It assists in the traini;g of teachers or' Xfiht°sratr ^' s~ publishing establishmfnMrom^HS SulTor 48 Prom Sea to Sea Bible Society. pamphlets, tracts, cards and pictures for the Church at home and abroad. In a fire that occurred in its premises about a year ago over Siso.ooo of stock was damaged by fire and water. It prints Prayer Books and other publications in various languages and distributes them among soldiers, sailors, prisoners, fishermen, coolies, fallen women, the blind, lunatics, and other classes of people too numerous to mention. It is even now engaged in consi lering a very large plan to publish a paper for Sunday Schools throughout the Empire. Its efforts have been of incalculable value in building up the Church and in binding the race together throughout the world. Founded in 1698, it is the oldest and most widely useful of all our Church societies. The S. P. C K. is the oldest Bible Society in existence. It does not, however, take the place of the Bible Society, properly so called. The British and Foreign Bible Society was established about a century ago for the sole purpose of circulat- ing the Bib • without note or comment. It has printed the whole Bible, the New Testament, and portions of scripture in almost all the known lan- guages, and employs colporteurs to disseminate the oracles of God in almost every country under tht sun. It has been the helpmeet of all the missionary The Inheritance large measure, by Churchmen r* ^' ,"''^' '" .n Hke manner, Sldr„^';:r::/Sr' pubhcation of the Scriptures in the Swah ft n.u" Its version list contains the whole RihL ^ If- h^c , ^'^ ' *"'^ world s toneues Indian h^s^.J'''^ ,"" ,"='" "<> ■>"<" by A.chd.iofu., '\.7»tr "zr.t ™..un..es4;;4*-r:«T;.s.* 5° From Sea to Sea Rallglout languages. Its services to Christianity through- out the world have been incalculable. Its office as a unifying influence throughout the English speaking race has been beyond all price. What the Bible Society has done for the Word Tract Society, of q^^^ ^^^ Religious Tract Society has done for an orthodox and elevating Christian literature. Its governing body is composed, in large part, of Churchmen, as is also its list of supporters ; and it has always had clergymen of our Church in the number of its secretaries. In view of thf widespread dissemination of agnostic, anti-Chris- tian and immoral literature, it has rendered, and is rendering invaluable service to Christianity and to the world. Among the multitudes of immigrants who are pouring into our country there are thousands of Jews who, with the commercial instinct of their race, are settling in our large cities ; and it is not to be doubted that, with the commercial aptitudes of their race, they are bound to wield great in- fluence in the future. The Church of Christ has a special call to present to them the Messiah who was to come, the seed of the woman, the seed of Abraham, the fulfiller of all their own sacred writings. Many of our churches have contributed their Good Friday offerings to the London Society London Jews Society. ■WfStmt The Inheritance 5' for Promoting Christianity Among the Jews Th«t so noblv Zl contmuing the work they ir spirit '"/r^" "°' '" '''="^'- ^^^" -bibe Tho, h„d. h.v, laid ,,„ f„„d.Uo«. of 52 From Sea to Sea this house; but we shallhave the honour of bnnging forth the headstonewith'shoutings. Grace, grace be unto it. " ' Suggestive Questions on Lesson III. Aim— To value what has been received, and learn to give as freely. I How has it come about that Canada, as a whole, is to be reckoned among Christian, and not among Pagan lands to-day ? 2. The land we call Canada now was largely Pagan a century ago. What would it be now it nobody in England had " believed in foreign mis- sions " ? 3. How was this idea of missions to the heathen developed in the S. P. G .? 4 What light is cast on the duty of ea,tern Churchmen to the West by the action r,f the S. P. G. in the last two centuries ? 5 In view of C. J\I. S. work for Canadian In- dians, what is the duty laid now upon the Church Th£ Inheritance. in Canada towards them and beyond ? towards the heathen b/ its paltsr/r/ri^^"'^ J^-PI-ed grown man ? "^ y°"*h ■ A full- home'umr",,? '" :^^'^'"f^ ^"'^P-^ ^'"d help from sense of obhl-lH ' '"^ ^'^°"'^ ^° ^'^"^ "- tollW tht:"l'l":?:" ^'^"f -" endeavour years ago ? ^ °^ ''^"'^'^ "-''^ "helped Canada are they still needed ? " " ^'''^e 10- As Canada becomes sntti,.,) d, i , , more or less dependent for fi ?^ '^''"' ^' mother country? '^"""'''''' ^'^^ «" t^e •es;;n];.rS;:;;XjnSc:;:^'™^^'-^'^ tions should be given? '"'''" "'"*"''"- 54 Prom Sea to S> Lesson IV. THE MISSIONARY SOCIETY AND ITS AUXILIARIES. There is all the difference in the world between Missionary Force. When A missionary Force. ^ Missionary Field anr' I In a parigh. ,-. any new distnct begins to be settled it is, from the nature of the case, a missionary field. The settlers are few, scattered, and generally poor. They cannot combine to call a clergyman, and they are unequal to the task of providing his stipend. As in the early days, " how can they hear without a preacher and how can they preach except they be sent ? " The missionary must be sent by some extraneous authority and supported from some extraneous source. But gradually the people grow in numbers, in wealth, in liberahty, in esprit de corps, in self-respect ; they assume more and more of the burdens of self-support, until they are strong enough to bear them unaided. When, however, they have reached that point they cannot stand by and see neighbouring communi- M.SCC. AND Auxiliaries ^cese. ties in the position in which thpv th. i a helping hand to others That i- .1 l- congregations combine to help thl ',? ^ distn^hSeV^b;:rSoraj?rete^-^3 committee, according to the needs of the ' missions. Generally? at the outset th ?"°"' dent parishes are L and th. '"'^"P""" many ; the DiocelT: M^ si^ ZZZ^Zl suffice to meet the needs of the poorer dTsL.t Help must be sought from outside f"„,spG ' or from some neighbouring diocese. But as th.' communities grow in numbers and in weal h th. pass one by one from missions into rectorit and ^^n2^J^^" T''' °^ '^^-^I^P-ent graduaHy transforms the Diocese from a missionary fie J into a missionary force. For no soorer does the diocese become self-supporting than ,t proce J S6 From Sea to Sea A slow pro- cess. to help its weaker neighbours. For those reasons the Eastern Dioceses are called independent, and the Western Dioceses constitute our Canadian Mission Field. It has, however, to be borne in mind that even the independent Dioceses are hampered by the existence of many missions within their bounds, and that naturally and rightly those missions have a first claim on their sympathy and help. It is evident that the process above described is usually a slow one. The growth of communities is slow ; as is also the growth of public spirit. Nor are communities always as sensitive as indivi- duals in questions of honour and independence ; they often cling to mission grants when they no longer need them ; they sometimes even look upon their claims as vested rights. But even when that is not the case the local needs are many and pressing. Outside help is a welcome reKef even when it is not an absolute necessity. So it has come to pass that all the Eastern Dioceses received help for many years from S. P G. , some for nearly a century ; and that, within the Dioceses, some parishes have been known to have received outside help for over 80 years, and to have consumed, in this way, between $30,000 and $40,000 of missionary money. It Msec AND Auxiliaries and Ontario in z86.. D^rinl °il fh„ " '" ''"' Church was gradually per ctif it^ '"'•"■' '''" and its cuipn^ont" SrLs' parir":r*'°" rectonios. and See houses were bein'g built v'^!' s^rjT'ne^'^: -r^ 4^-^- - and appeals :nade\n":;Tn ;raSrT^ support. But practically nothing tas don. f general missionary work snvJ ^""^ contributions to S P G th^ l- °.'^'^'''^'°"^' kindred objects T^e' f ^ ^°''"'>' ^"^^ of the Ecc/:si:4ical ProvtroTj.f d^'*^- '^'""^ brought all the Eastern oTce/esntoV" '"'' tion. both for counsel and for "r c Crc'r" As a result the Diocese of Alcmr. r °"- ;B;.andwas^„p.S::^f^---J^AW the Provmce of Canada ; appeals were systemati cally made and contributions taken up for Se upport of the new diocese. It was soon fould however, that printed appeals wcr. largely u„ 58 From Sea to Sea fruitful, and that the Bishop of Algoraa could not carry this message through the Church in per:on without neglecting the work of his Diocese. D. & F.M.S. To remedy this state of things a Missionary Society was formed in 1883, modelled on and named after a similar organization in the Church in the United States, and Rev. C. H. Mockridge, D.D., became its first general secretary. The Canadian Church Magazine became its organ, and the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada gradually accustomed Church- men to regular appeals and contributions for outside objects and to a definite missionary responfibility. The way, however, like that of all pioneers, was not an easy one to travel; yet steady perseverance was rewarded by slow but substantial progress. The adoption of a restricted missionary field by the Canadian Church inevi- tably suggested the field, as described by the Lord, which is the woild, and the eyes and hearts of many began to turn toward the heathen. In 1890 Rev. J. G. Waller was sent out to Japan as the first missionary of the Board of the D. and F.M.S. ; he was followed by Rev. F. W. Kennedy in 1894, and by Revs. C. H. Shortt and Egerton Ryerson in 1900 ; and the Provinces of Shinshu and Echigo became recognized as the special field of the official missionary society of the Church. Foreign Missions begun. Rev. J. Cooper RoUnsonJ^^Zl^T .'" '«««**-'-• ^elf as a foreign missionary " ' 1 f " ''•"- the Society could not undertake t . '."^ '^«* he appealed to his fellow^rt '™'^ *'™ »"* College Alumni As c";;" ^^^ "! *^^ ^^^''^e once formed a societv k.n ,' Association at Which undertoort^^sid riirRo?'^"'^^ '^'^^'°- as Its missionary. He was folln 7^'"^°" *« Japan J- McQueen Baldwin n^""^^^ '" 'SSp by Rev. case also becauseU JfJ^V^^ '^'°"" '" ^''- across the Pacific Ocean and h '' neighbour s-^1 and religious co^l^'^ZV "°"^'^^^' to missionaries the world over t ,« °? "^P^^' formed an Association of tie C M T' '^''' ^««C«,. CMS out to China the Rev T R c p ^ ' '^^'^h sent *• missionary, and Wycliffe M; ^^'^ ^' '^' '^'^t ■ncluded in the CanaS nT '°°" "^^came Association, called later Ica ^^ ^'^^""^^^ relation to the EngSsJ S. . "^'^''" ^ ^- «• Its missionaries into alf fat s!dt ■'"f"' '' "^ ^^"^ -ost favourable circumstan ^ Ld"'" ""'^^^ *^^ Jev. H. J. Hamilton, RevT i.M- '° ^^^ually 6o From Sea to Sea Formation of W.A. Provincial Synods, Canada. Miss Louy Thomas to South America ; Miss McKim to Persia; and Rev. Dr. Gould to Palestine. As CM.S. had many missions among the Indians in the North West its Canadian branch sent several missionaries into that field, among whom may be mentioned Rev. Mr. Marsh at Hay River, and Rev. I O Stringer at Herschell Island. The fiib*. awakenings of missionary interest in the Church found a ready response in the hearts of a few earnest Churchwomen. Following in the footsteps of their sisteis in the United States, they asked to be allowed to form a Woman's Auxiliary to the D. and F.M.S. Thus in 1885 a small organization of women was formed, which, like the grain of mustard seed, has grown into a large tree, with branches in almost every parish and diocese in our Church. Its field of opera- tions is both Canadian and Foreign. It has a complete organization, parochial, diocesan, and general, and works under a constitution sanc- tioned by the Board of Management of M.SC.C. But the Province of Canada was not the whole Canadian Church, and the Diocese of Algoma and the Provinces of Shinshu and Echigo were not the whole field. The confederation of the Eastern Provinces of Canada in 1867 led to the incorporation of the North West in 1870, and of British Columbia in 187, tu the C.P.R. to the Pacific n iSsJ" '^TPfetion of « reality, and opened up vafLrdf: ''° ''"°" fon. and as a consequence to th ■'""''^''■ work of the Church Thpri!' u- ™«ionary also reached a stal of 1 T^ '" ''''^ ^^'^^t had Ruperts The first Bishop'of'i , °Tt::;': '^^'^■'"P"'^"'- '"" ■n i84p.and the first Bis op i1r.?h"c!T"l'^' ■n 1859, In ,86s Robert M..u l ^"'"mbia markable career.^n whth he r'' ST" '^'^ - Archbi.h„p fonnation out o his hut Y ^^'r'"^'^ '''■•='• theMachray/ separate dioceses, and bocLe in^H "°" "' ''^''' politan and Primate pl?. " "^"^ '°"^« Metro. vast territory heTrganizedhetrrT'T^'^ °' ^^'^ of Rupert's Land anTfor Jhel" ^^ ^^'/'■""'"^'^ clergy he established St join's Cor^^ t-' "'^^'"'^ ^ In'«9owasheIdtheWntpegclT' '"""P^^ adopted a basis of union for th^^'i"""' ^^''"'^'^ <'-"»' in Canada. A general SvVT / '"''^ ^'^"''^h Synod, and the nine fofSg '"a" tor" °'™'' '" '''^■ for the scheme the consent ^0' '" ''^"""^ Provincial Synods '^ °'°'='=^^" and chui^h'r^Sa'^:; t £^t 'r °^ ^''— to close, if possible the twe. ' "^ ?^ Montreal! Formation. ;hat had prev'.,ed o^; tt u^i TtioToT .fcT^-; It was umversally felt that a merrno^na^ct 63 From Sea to Sea solidation, for counsel and debate, would be but of small value ; that the only consolidation worthy of the name was that which would bring the whole Church into the field of action. Here was a united body ; here were vast resources and still vaster possibilities, both in men and in money ; and here were ficldr of unspeakable opportunity, both at home and abroad. Hy an irresistible impulse, by what many felt to be the guiding Presence and the Overruling Hand of God, a canon was unanimously passed for the formation of a Missionary Society, and a man unanimously chosen to be its first General Secretary. ii Apportion- The first meeting of tlie Board of Management of M.S.C.C. was held in Montreal in November, 1902, and the most important business which it transacted was the matter of the apportionments. The question was an entirely new one, and left a great deal to conjecture. Amid the protests of many and the doubts and fears of nearly all, the sum of 873,000 was distributed, as evenly as possible, among all the Dioceses. This sum was more than double what the Church had hitherto given to extra-dioccsan missions. Imagine the surprise and joy 01 all when the returns, at the end ot the year, came within $500 of the full amount. Since then the apportionments have been raised ments. KEV CANON- l.N-.TUCK1.:r,m..,.,„_ to $150,000, u-ith actual returns of «,. arnve at a basis for the forZ - rl , , ■°°° ^° of the D. and F.Ms. an/oT a. r rlT"'''' added together, and were fo,! ; ^.^ " . , ''^^ S2o,ooo, inaratioof 7 to I, u '"'* suspicions that were then ',■ • ' '" '''' '•"' fi-cd at , to . as regardVt,;V';T'*"''^ "''^ Foreign to the Canadiaf?^, ;,"r'"^'^ '^f 'he as regards the relations of t' C""-"-^*. ' '" ^ the work. And though these rr ''""' "^ and the C C M S r '"" '^' ° '"^nd F M.S C"- C.M.S. Of unio: wastrive ".nr ^""^"'^"^^ ^ ^-'^ hand of our God uoon . ' "T^ *° ^''^ '^ood of the Board an on its d "•"'"' •'"' ^'^'^'^^^^ the spring of xoo. tV ''"°" '" ^^""^o" m ^He.£oig;^°^J^:----^^ing.„g mon.ousIy, and has paved the -.v f , ''^''" Plete unification of the Chu eh ^^ t " '"""■ work, and the unspeakable btssing Zr""" flow therefiom. The C r lU c ^ *''''* '""st been taken over by the Bofrd "m "'"""^ '^"^ M.S.C.C. and theirLpe^ser id^'fr rtK'"^-"* °^ '■onments: and the Society'nowtif Jlf ?;" 64 From Sea to Sea iv Relation to W.A. the purpose of administering trust funds and of introducing Canadian missionaries into CMS. fields. And results that would scarcely have been thought possible at the time have come to pass. A Diocese has been established in Honan, China, and a Bishop consecrated for the same ; the con- solidation of our work in Japan has been practi- cally agreed upon on the basis of the creation of a Diocese and the appointment of a Canadian Bishop ; and it has been practically decided to adopt a Canadian field in India, to be placed under one of the local Bishops. With such incentives there is every reason to believe that our Foreign work in the field and its suppoT„ at home will advance by leaps and bounds. There is food for grateful reflection in the fact that M.SCC, since its formation in 1902, has sent half a million dollars into the Canadian Field, and a quarter of a milUon into the Foreign Field. Then the relations of MSCC with the WA. were taken up and placed on a basis that would produce harmonious action. A constitution was submitted by the W.A. which was adopted, practi- cally in its entirety, by the Board of Management of M.S.C.C, by which the W. A. arc allowed wide freedom of action and all likelihood of friction between the two organizations is practical'' *3i^rm^ Msec. AND Auxiliaries 6S removed. Under its new conatitution the W \ have extended their organization throughout Can- acla There are now 39.000 members, and th^s num ber IS st.ll rapidly on the increase. The; suppo"" three missionancs in China, one in India, four in Japan, one m Korea, and about two dozen in Can- ada. In the annual statement for igoo-injo they report an expenditure of $15760?/;; Canadian Missions ; 3,3,653.75 on F^m" othe, furmshmgs. It may not be amiss to mention here the names of those ladies who, in : 88? took the first step towards the formation of the Auxiliary They are Mrs, Tilton, who for 2- .-n.^ ■' honoured and trusted presitu^^ mT S:,,"^ ston, Mrs. Pollard, Mrs. Forrest Mr. r„n ™ Stewart, Mrs. Bell and Mr^^Matso "" iTrs -d by them of old time, as the height op J penty and success, that one should become a housand. In this case one has beco„rfive thousand ; or seven have become 39.000 Missionary Movements ^- It IS frequently forgotten in missionary appeals S-V.M.
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Public Domain
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Sprayable polymer membrane for agriculture
ABSTRACT
A process for preparing a polymeric membrane for soil materials used in crop production comprising providing an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane and spraying the aqueous dispersion onto soil materials to be used in crop production to form a polymeric membrane.
FIELD
The invention relates to the production of a sprayable polymer membrane for agriculture, a process for preparing an aqueous based polymer dispersion for forming a polymeric membrane by spray application to soil materials used in crop production. The invention further relates to a method of enhancing crop production through the use of such membrane.
BACKGROUND
Plastic is widely used in agriculture to enhance crop production by modifying soil temperature, suppressing weeds and conserving water. The plastic which is most widely used is a preformed continuous non-biodegradable polyolefin film which is spread over the soil using specialist application equipment to shape and apply the plastic to prepared soil. Crops are planted through cuts or holes produced in the plastic. The plastic film must be deployed before use and removed after each growing season (or series of seasons) which contributes to a significant increase in cost through material and transport, additional associated labour, specialist equipment and end of life waste disposal. Complete recovery of the waste plastic is problematic as a portion of the plastic may be buried, may become tom and partly degraded and thus difficult to recover. Consequently, plastic which is not recovered presents not only a significant environmental problem but can complicate the preparation and deployment of new plastic in successive growing seasons.
Attempts have been made to prepare a plastic film in situ by spraying latex to soil (e.g. polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylates, styrene butadiene (SBR)) but this alternative has received little practical use due to the difficulty of producing a film which provides the required film properties during the growing season and which can be readily applied with typical on farm spraying equipment.
Sprayable biodegradable films based on natural polysaccharides (Immirzi et al 2009, Mormile et al 2007, Schettini et al 2007), hydrolysed proteins from waste products of leather alone and/or blends with synthetic and natural polymers (Chiellinie et al 2001) have been reported as a coating on soils.
Natural polymers from renewable sources such as seaweeds and crustaceous shells containing natural polymers and reinforcing cellulosic fibres from waste materials such as seeds and peels from tomato, olive and hemp processing are being tested as waterborne sprayable films (www.ictmp.ct.cnr.it).
Liquid films comprising of a mixture of biomaterial kelp and polyvinyl alcohol (PA) have also been tested on soils (Advanced Materials Research Vols. 328-330, 1462-1466, 2011).
Commercially available sprayable polymer emulsions/dispersions are predominantly used for protective and/or decorative coating applications across a variety of industrial applications. Film forming polymers are used as spray adjuvants and anti-transpirant films for horticulture and agriculture to form an artificial film on plant surfaces (e.g. leaves) for disease and pest control. These include oils, waxes, silicones and a variety of plastics films including products such as Nu-Film-Pn Nu-Film-17 film, Vapo-Gard film forming composition (based on natural pinolene) from Agspec and Moisturin, a vinyl-acrylic film from WellPlant. The discussion of documents, acts, materials, devices, articles and the like is included in this specification solely for the purpose of providing a context for the present invention. It is not suggested or represented that any or all of these matters formed part of the prior art base or were common general knowledge in the field relevant to the present invention as it existed before the priority date of this application.
SUMMARY
There is provided a process for preparing a polymeric membrane for soil materials used in crop production comprising providing an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane, preferably an aqueous dispersion of ionic polyurethane; and spraying the aqueous dispersion onto soil materials to be used in crop production to form a polymeric membrane.
In a further embodiment there is provided an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane for application to soil to form a membrane wherein the polyurethane comprises ionic groups selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate and ammonium.
In one set of embodiments the ionic groups are selected from the group consisting of pendent carboxylate, pendent sulfonate, pendent ammonium and intra-chain quaternary ammonium, preferably from pendent carboxylate, pendent quaternary ammonium and intra-chain quaternary ammonium.
In one set of embodiments the polyurethane comprises the reaction product of (a) a diisocyanate; and (b) an active hydrogen compound comprising ionic or ionisable groups (preferably selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid, tertiary amine and quaternary amine groups). In a preferred set of embodiments the polyurethane is a product of reacting a diisocyanate with a prepolymer selected from polyol or polyamine to form an isocyanate terminated prepolymer and reacting the isocyanate terminated prepolymer with a chain extender monomer comprising an ionic or ionisable group to provide the polyurethane.
In one set of embodiments the polyurethane is biodegradable. Generally speaking, biodegradability will be provided by incorporation of at least a portion of polyester polyol or polyether polyol units in the polyurethane.
In a further set of embodiments there is provided a method of mulching in agriculture comprising applying an aqueous dispersion of polyurethane to an area of soil for use in crop production to form a mulch membrane and planting a crop before, during or after applying the aqueous dispersion. The crop, in a form such as seed or seedlings, may be planted through the membrane or the crop may be planted before application of the membrane.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Throughout the description and the claims of this specification the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises” is not intended to exclude other additives, components, integers or steps.
The term “active hydrogen containing” refers to compounds having hydrogen atoms which can react with isocyanate groups. For example, such hydrogen atoms include hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen, nitrogen or sulphur and include compounds which have at least two groups selected from the group consisting of —OH, —SH and —NH—. Such compounds typically range widely in molecular weight from about 50 to about 10,000.
The term “membrane” is used to refer to a thin pliable sheet or film of material forming a barrier or lining. In the present context the membrane generally acts to provide a mulch and thereby suppress weed growth and restrict water loss from the soil. The membrane generally improves plant growth; in many cases allowing early harvesting of crops. The membrane avoids soil deterioration resulting from use of plastics such a polyethylene and indeed generally acts to improve the fertility and health of the soil.
The term “mulch” is used to refer to a layer of membrane applied to the surface of an area of soil used in crop production.
The term “plants” refers to all physical parts of plants including seeds, seedlings, saplings, roots, tubes and material from which plants may be propagated.
The term “agriculture”, refers to the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms. In particular in the context of the present invention agriculture refers to cultivation of crops for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.
The term “soil materials” refers to soil and its solid components, including minerals and/or organic matter and a porous component that hold gases, water, solutes and organisms. Soil materials can vary from being soft and friable in some situations to a hard and structureless mass with concrete like properties in others. While soils are the foundation for natural and agricultural ecosystems, they also serve as the foundation for most construction and are used in a range of engineering and other applications, including concrete, road foundations, liners in irrigation canals and aquaculture ponds, and as capping materials for mine waste dumps and municipal waste dumps. In its broadest context soil materials used in agriculture include construction materials such as concrete which may be used in agriculture applications such as structures for retaining soil, irrigation channels or conduits and the like.
The term “soil” refers to the life-supporting upper surface of earth that is the basis of all agriculture. It contains minerals and gravel from the chemical and physical weathering of rocks, decaying organic matter (humus), microorganism, insects, nutrients, water, and air. Soils differ according to the climate, geological structure, and rainfall of the area and are constantly being formed, changed and removed by natural, animal, and human activity.
The term “pendent” refers to a chemical group covalently attached to the backbone chain of a polymer. The term “intra-chain” refers to a group within the main chain which forms the backbone of the polyurethane.
The term “polyol” denotes a compound, which has active hydrogen containing groups that can be reacted and includes materials having an average of about two or more hydroxyl groups per molecule.
Polyols include but are not limited to diols, triols, and tetraols and macrodiols. Preferably the polyol has a number-average molecular weight (Mn) of 500-10,000, preferably 500-2000 and more preferably 500 to 1000. The polyol may comprise further functional groups such as one or more selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, thiol, carboxylic acid and amine groups.
The polyols which can be used in the present invention includes higher polymeric polyols such as polyester polyols and polyether polyols, as well as other acceptable “polyol” reactants, which have an active hydrogen component such as polyester polyols, polyhydroxy polyester amides, hydroxyl containing polycaprolactones, hydroxy-containing acrylic interpolymers, hydroxy-containing epoxies, and hydrophobic polyalkylene ether and carbinol type polydimethylsiloxane polyols.
Examples of polyether polyols include polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and polypropylene glycols (PPGs) and copolymers.
The polyester polyols are esterification products prepared by the reaction of organic polycarboxylic acids or their anhydrides with a stoichiometric excess of a polyol. Examples of suitable polyols for use in the reaction include polylactic acid polyol, polyglycolic polyol, polyglycol adipates, polyethylene terepthalate polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, orthophthalic polyols, and sulfonated polyols, etc. The polycarboxylic acids and polyols are typically aliphatic or aromatic dibasic acids and diols. The diols used in making the polyester include alkylene glycols, e.g., ethylene glycol, butylene glycol, neopentyl glycol and other glycols such as bisphenol A, cyclohexane diol, cyclohexane dimethanol, caprolactone diol, hydroxyalkylated bisphenols, and polyether glycols.
Suitable carboxylic acids include dicarboxylic acids and tricarboxylic acids, e.g., maleic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, chlorendic acid and 1,2,4-butane-tricarboxylic acid.
The average molecular weight for the polyester polyol can be selected so as to control the resilience of the membrane formed on application to soil materials. Higher molecular weight may be used to provide high elongation and low tensile modulus at a given elongation. The preferred molecular weight (Mn) for the polyols and polyamides used in this invention is from about 500 to 20,000.
The aqueous dispersion of polyurethane may be prepared by reacting a diisocyanate with an active hydrogen containing monomer such as dihydroxy polyol to form an isocyanate terminated prepolymer. The active hydrogen containing monomer may comprise of ionic or ionisable pendent groups or the isocyanate capped prepolymer may be reacted with a chain extender to provide ionic or ionisable groups. In one set of embodiments the prepolymer is chain extended with a polyol, polyamide, polyamine or mixture thereof which may comprise ionic or ionisable pendent groups. In one set of embodiments the prepolymer is chain extended with a primary or secondary amine having at least two active hydrogens and which may be quaternized to provide cationic groups.
The reaction to form the prepolymer may be conducted in the presence of a catalyst such as selected from stannous octoate, dibutyltin dilaurate, di(C₁-C₄ alkyl)tin dichlorides and tertiary amine compounds such as triethyl amine and bis(dimethylaminoethyl) ether, morpholine compounds such as dimorpholinodiethyl ether, bismuth carboxylates, zincbismuth carboxylates, iron (Ill) chloride, potassium octoate, potassium acetate, and DABCO® (bicycloamine).
The polyisocyanate used in the invention is preferably an aliphatic polyisocyanate which is conducive to providing biodegradability.
Specific examples of suitable aliphatic polyisocyanates include those selected from the group consisting of hexamethylene 1,6-diisocyanate, 1,12-dodecane diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,4,4-trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2-methyl-I,5-pentamethylene diisocyanate, alkyl-lysinediisocyanate (such as ethyl-lysine diisocyanate and mixtures thereof). Specific examples of suitable cycloalipahtic polyisocyanates include dicyclohexlymethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane bis(methylene isocyanate), 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl) cyclohexane, and mixtures thereof. In general we have found isophorone diisocyanate or cyclohexane bis(methylene isocyanate), to be particularly useful in providing the desired properties of biodegradability and membrane formation properties to match the growing season of the crop.
Ionic groups are preferably incorporated into the polyurethane to provide a stable water based dispersion. This allows the use of organic solvents to be minimised and assists in providing a resilient membrane on application to soil materials. Examples of preferred anionic ionisable compounds include 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid—also known as dimethylol propanoic acid (DMPA), tartaric acid, dimethylol butanoic acid (DMBA), glycollic acid, thioglycollic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, dihydroxy malic acid, dihydroxy tartaric acid, and 2,6-dihydroxy benzoic acid.
The acid ionisable groups are generally incorporated in the polymer or prepolymer in an inactive form and activated by a salt-forming compound such as a tertiary amine. Neutralization of the polymer or prepolymer having dependent carboxyl groups with the tertiary amine converts the carboxyl groups to carboxylate anions, thus having a solubilizing effect. Suitable tertiary amines, which can be used to neutralize the polymer include organic tertiary amine bases such as triethyl amine (TEA), N-methyl morpholine and inorganic bases sodium hydroxide or ammonia. The preferred tertiary amine is triethyl amine (TEA). It is recognized that primary or secondary amines may be used in place of tertiary amines, if they are sufficiently hindered to avoid interfering with the chain extension process.
Aqueous dispersions of cationic polyurethane polymers may be prepared using chain extenders which comprise of secondary amines. For instance an N-alkyl dialkanolamine such as N-methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) may be used as a chain extender and then the product quatemised by reacting with a quatemising agent. Cationic polyurethanes may also be prepared having tertiary amine groups tethered to the polyurethane backbone. Such cationic polyurethanes may be prepared from polyols substituted with side chains comprising a tertiary amine group which may be quatemised and neutralised with an organic acid such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, butyric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid and adipic acid; organic sulfonic acids such as sulfonic acid, paratoluene sulfonic acid and methanesulfonic acid; inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, phosphorous acid and fluoric acid. Examples of polyurethanes having tethered cationic groups are disclosed in WO02012/058534, US2008/0090949, and US2005/0112203, EP application No. 92309879.2, US 2013/0316098 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,561,187.
If desired chain extension may be achieved using one or more polyamines. Organic compounds having two or more primary and/or secondary amine groups may be used. Suitable organic amines for use as a chain extender include di-ethylene tri-amine (DETA), ethylene diamine (EDA), meta-xylylene diamine (MXDA), and aminoethyl ethanolamine (AEEA). Also suitable for practice in the present invention are propylene diamine, butylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, cyclohexylene diamine, phenylene diamine, tolylene diamine, xylene diamine, 3,3-dichlorobenzidene, 4,4-methylene-bis (2-chloroaniline), and 3,3-dichloro-4,4-diamino diphenylmethane.
In one set of embodiments the polyurethane is formed from a polyether diisocyanate prepolymer such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycol (PPG) diisocyanate and is reacted with a chain extender comprising one or more amine or carboxylic functional groups for providing ionisable groups in the polyurethane polymer.
In a further embodiment, the polyurethane is formed from a prepolymer such as a polyether, polyester or poly ether ester prepolymer wherein the prepolymer comprises one or more pendent groups for forming carboxylate or quaternary amine ionic groups in the polyurethane polymer. In this embodiment, the chain extender may be any suitable active hydrogen compound such as a polyol or polyamine.
We have found that the ionic groups provide emulsifier properties which assist in forming a stable membrane and it helps polymer dispersion in water. The method of synthesis and its amount may dictate the emulsion properties such as viscosity, particle size and subsequent physico-mechanical membrane properties. Cationic polyurethanes provide strong adhesion properties on anionic surfaces.
In one embodiment the polyurethane present in the dispersion is cross linked by addition of a suitable ionic cross linker. Example of suitable cross linkers may be selected from the group consisting of any divalent, trivalent cations such as Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺Al³⁺ for ionic polymers.
The polyurethane can also be crosslinked covalently using hydroxy or amines chain extenders containing more than two functional groups or slight excess of diisocyanate or using polyisocyanate.
Crosslinking is preferred in the polyurethane (PU) structure. In contrast, acrylics which are crosslinked are generally non-degradable. Most PU coating spray examples comprise of thermoplastic formulations with slightly crosslinked structure to reinforce mechanical properties achieved with slight excess of isocyanate.
We have found that the cross linker, particularly ionic or non-ionic covalent crosslinker, may be used in an amount of, for example, in the range of from 2 to 20 mol % of the polyurethane.
We have found that the cross linked polyurethane provides better membrane formation and is more resilient. The crosslinking factor reduces wicking on soil and improves membrane formation and mechanical integrity. It also helps to control properties such as water absorption and permeability, solubility, viscosity, particle size and biodegradability. In PU formulation, we have found it advantageous to use a slight excess of isocyanate to provide crosslinking.
The membrane formed in accordance with the invention is generally biodegradable. The rate of biodegradation of the membrane may be controlled by the selection of polyol units within the polymer. In general the biodegradability of polyurethane membrane will be dependent on type and proportion of polyol type or types used. The polyether-based polyurethanes are generally more resistant to biodegradation whereas the polyurethanes containing polyester polyol monomers are more readily degraded. The degradation rate generally increases with increasing polyester segment length and decreasing hard segment wt %. In addition polyurethanes derived from asymmetric aliphatic diisocyanates are generally degraded faster than those derived from symmetrical aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates. This combination of factors may be used to tune the rate of degradation of the polyurethane membrane so as to match the period of effective membrane required for crop production.
In some cases membrane may be required only during establishment of crops over a relatively short period of two or three months. In other situations the membrane may be required for a more prolonged growing period in which case a lower rate of biodegradation is preferred. The biodegradation will generally be tailored to provide degraded polymer segments of average molecular weight (Mn) of 1,000-10,000. The biodegradability of polymers in soil is generally measured by monitoring the peak intensity of functional groups in the degraded membrane by IR, mass loss or molecular weight loss (Annals of Microbiology, 58 (3) 381-386 (2008) or by measuring the CO₂ emission from the soil under controlled conditions during degradation (Muller et al., 1992), Chemical Engineering Journal 142 (2008) 65-77.
The ionic polyurethane dispersion generally provides a membrane having elastomeric properties.
The polymeric membrane is required to possess good elasticity. The percentage elongation is in one set of embodiments >500. In one set of embodiments the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) >10 MPa. In a set of embodiments the Young's modulus <4.0 MPa. Of these properties, elasticity is one of the most important objectives as it will help improve membrane formation on rough soil surfaces and help hold soil particles together during soil movement resulting from a change in environmental conditions.
The composition comprises an aqueous dispersion of a polyurethane which generally comprises ionic groups. The weight ratio of polyurethane polymer to the total composition is in one set of embodiments in the range of from 20 to 55.
In a preferred embodiment the polyurethane is prepared from a prepolymer formed by reaction of a polyol and isocyanate. In this embodiment it is preferred that the prepolymer has a NCO to OH ratio in the range of from 1.0 to 1.1.
The membrane is applied to soil materials by spray application. In general, the membrane may be applied using spray equipment commonly used in agriculture in applying crop protection compositions. The polyurethane composition is generally applied to soil materials at a rate of 100 g to 1000 g polyurethane solids content per square meter of soil materials, preferably in the range of 100 g to 400 g, more preferably from 200 g to 300 g polyurethane solids content per square meter of soil materials.
The polyurethane dispersion may be applied to a surface area of soil or may be applied below the soil surface. The polyurethane dispersion may be applied prior to planting of seed or plants or after planting of seed or plants. It may be preferred in the case of seed that the membrane be applied after seed placement to reduce loss of seed.
In one set of embodiments the polyurethane membrane is applied below the surface of the soil or on the surface of the soil using farming equipment such as machinery used in tillage and seeding of commercial food crops. For example in one embodiment the polyurethane composition is applied below the soil surface during seed placement. The polyurethane may be deployed before seed, together with seed or after seed. It may be contacted with seed during or after the deployment of seed. Alternatively the polyurethane dispersion may be applied to soil adjacent, such as directly covering the placed seed, using such a combination mechanical seeder which may be, for example, a gravity or pneumatically fed seeder. The polyurethane may be applied using an applicator attached to co-operate with a tilling implement to provide a membrane above and adjacent the placed seed. In one embodiment the seed and polyurethane dispersion are each contained in separate tanks each connected to feeder conduits for delivering contents to separate outlets behind the tilling implement. The seed delivery conduit delivers seed behind the tilling implement as the tilling implement moves forward to create a furrow in the ground surface. The seed emerging from the conduit outlet is deposited into the furrow. Gravity and/or a cooperating roller wheel may cause the furrow to collapse to a certain extent and the polyurethane emulsion outlet to the rear of seed outlet may deposit the polyurethane over the seed or the soil covering adjacent to the seed.
In a further embodiment the polyurethane membrane is applied to an area of soil prepared for crops such as vegetables and seedlings or seeds are planted into soil to which the membrane has been applied.
In a further set of embodiments the polyurethane spray composition comprises urea. The urea may be incorporated into the composition with the monomer reagents or may be mixed with the aqueous polyurethane dispersion. Commercial liquid urea compositions are available which may be mixed with the urethane dispersion. Generally, however, we have found that controlled release of urea fertiliser is achieved if the urea is incorporated with a monomer component such as a polyol monomer used in preparation of a prepolymer. Accordingly in one set of embodiments urea uniform granules <100 microns or powders is mixed with a polyol and isocyanate is reacted with the polyol in admixture with urea to form the prepolymer. The prepolymer may be reacted with a chain extender to provide the polyurethane without unduly affecting the polyurethane preparation. The incorporation of urea in this manner was found to provide good controlled release of nitrogen in the soil during use and degradation of the membrane and to allow application of the composition as a spray. Generally urea is present in a weight ratio of polyurethane to urea in the range of from 10:1 to 200:1. The urea may compromise the strength and useful life of the membrane if present in too great quantities but generally the amount of urea can be determined in accordance with the requirements for nitrogen supplementation and mulch life in specific circumstances. We have found that incorporation of the urea with a polyol doesn't compromise membrane strength and provides slow release in Example 2.
In one set of embodiments the thickening agents were used and consisted of biopolymeric compounds such as gelatine, alginate, wood meal, xanthan gum and polyacrylamide (PAM), cellulose. These materials were blended with the original polymer solution in different wt % which range from 1 to 20 wt % preferably 1-5 wt % and most preferably between 1-2 wt %. In a preferred set of embodiments the viscosity of the composition is no more than 200 mPa·s and in a preferred set of embodiments the viscosity is in the range of from 50 to 200 mPa·s. The viscosity values were determined by using Brookfield DV-II+Programmable viscometer. The measurements were taken at room temperature (20-25° C.) using spindle No. 2 over different rotation speeds (rpm).
In one set of embodiments the polyurethane dispersion further comprises one or more additional dispersed polymers. Examples of additional dispersed polymers may be selected from the group consisting of non-ionic polyurethanes, acrylic polymers, polyvinyl acetate rubber latex, polysaccharides and gums. In one set of embodiments the polyurethane dispersion further comprises an acrylic polymer dispersed in the composition. In a further embodiment the polyurethane dispersion further comprises an anionic polysaccharide such as alginic acid or salt thereof.
The additional polymer or polymers may in one set of embodiments comprise in the range of from 3 to 50% by weight of the composition and the weight ratio of additional polymers to polyurethane may be in the range of from 1:1 to 3:1.
The polyurethane composition may comprise fillers, pigments or colouring agents. In one embodiment the polyurethane composition comprises a humate such as potassium humate. Potassium humates are available commercially including K-HUMATE S-90® (available from Omnia Specialties Australia Pty Ltd). In one set of embodiments the polymer solution is blended with the filler, particularly potassium humate, in a weight ratio of polyurethane polymer solution to filler in the range of from 1:0.01 to 1:0.1. The use of humate provides a black film on application to soil which is useful in increasing the temperature of the soil and promoting plant growth. The Black or dark brown colouring also of humates assist in the mulching function of the membrane by controlling growth of weeds and competition from other plants. Humates also have properties as fertiliser and plant growth stimulant and on degradation of the film provide soil conditioning.
The polyurethane compositions may also comprise silica like fillers such as fumed silicates exemplified by the Cab-O-Sil® M-5 product available from Multichem Pty Ltd. The silica filler is preferably used in a weight ratio of polyurethane polymer solution to filler in the range from 1:0.01 to 1:0.1. The higher number of surface silanol groups help in miscibility with water and increase the viscosity as well. The use of silicate provides hydrophobicity to films which is useful in reducing the water loss and promoting plant growth.
The polyurethane composition may be applied directly to soil and may be applied in a single or multiple applications such as one, two or three spray applications to the same area of soil. In soil which is particularly absorbent such as sandy soils the polyurethane may be drawn into the soil and form a less effective membrane. In such cases multiple applications may be useful. In one set of embodiments, which may be particularly useful in sandy soils, the polyurethane dispersion is applied following application of a primer adapted to reduce wicking of the polyurethane into the soil.
Useful primer layers may include one or more materials selected from the group consisting of anionic polysaccharides such as alginate salts.
The polyurethane composition may comprise one or more additives such as dyes, fillers and agrochemicals. Examples of agrochemicals may include pesticides, plant growth regulators and plant nutrients. The incorporation of such additives may allow their controlled release to the soil or immediate growing environment of the plants from the membrane during crop production. In one embodiment at least one of the dyes, fillers and additional agrochemical is included with a urea additive as hereinbefore described. The additive may be sorbed onto the urea or other solid carrier material or may be added during or after the preparation of the polyurethane composition.
Pesticides may include one or more selected from the group consisting of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, nematodicides and molluscicides.
Examples of herbicides which may be included may be selected from the group consisting of FOPs, DIMs, sulfonyl ureas, synthetic auxins, dinitroanilines and quinolone carboxylic acids.
Examples of insecticides include carbamates, triazemates, organophosphates, cyclodiene organochlorines, fiproles, methoxychlor, pyrethroids, pyrethrins, neonicotinoids, nicotine, spinosyns, Bt, benzoylureas and the like.
Examples of fungicides include metalaxyl, mefenoxam, azoxystrobin captan, thiabendazole, fludiaxonil, thiram, PCNB, potassium bicarbonate, copper fungicides and Bacillus subtilis.
Examples of nematodicides include, avermectins, carbamates, oxime carbamates, organophosphorus nematodicides.
The membrane of the invention may allow continuous release to provide or supplement plant protection during the growing season and reduce or eliminate the need for additional use of agrochemicals.
The composition may be applied to any of a wide range of soil formations used in agriculture such as raised beds, pastures, ridges, furrows and irrigation channels, The invention is useful on a wide range of soil types and soil classifications such as referred to in the World Reference Base of Soil Resources.
The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples. It is to be understood that the examples are provided by way of illustration of the invention and that they are in no way limiting to the scope of the invention.
EXAMPLES Brief Description of Drawings
Examples of the invention are described with reference to the attached drawings.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the cumulative water loss of the polymer of Example 1 applied to sandy soil as a spray in and mixture with raw latex and alginate in a weight ratio PU (Example 1):raw latex:alginate of 3:1:0.5 in accordance with Example 6.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the cumulative water loss with time for the polymer of Example 1 sprayed onto soils in the form of sand, loam and clay, as described in Example 7.
FIG. 3 is a graph comparing the cumulative water loss with time from loam soil sprayed with the polymer of Example 4, as described in Example 8. The upper plot relates to the control and the lower plot to the Example 4 polymer.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the variation in viscosity with rotation speed described in Example 10 (b). The upper plot relates to the ratio of 1:0.1 the second from top plot to 1:0.05 and the lower plot to 1:0.01 as described in Example 10 (b).
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the cumulative soil water loss with time for soil to which a spray of various polymers has been applied as described in Example 19. The top plot relates to the control. The second from top to Example 1 (5 g), the third from top to 2% Alg (alginate), the fourth from top the 8% Alg, the fifth from top 2% PAM and the bottom plot 2% XG (xanthan gum).
FIG. 6 is a schematic drawing showing the furrow and irrigation pattern used in conducting the field trial referred to in Example 20.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing biodegradation results from the trial reported in Example 23.
POLYMER SPRAYABLE FORMULATION
The following polyurethane sprayable membranes may be prepared using the general procedures outlined below.
ABBREVIATIONS
BMPA: 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propioninc acid
DTAB: n-Dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide
EDA=Ethylenediamine
BDO=1,4-butane diol
MDEA—N-methyldiethanol amine
PUU—Polyurethaneurea
PU=Polyurethane
Latex (Natural both crosslinked and Raw)
PPG=Polyproylene glycol
IPDI—Isophorone diisocyanate
PDMS=Polydimethylsiloxane polyol (Carbinol)
SDDS=Sodium dodecyl sulffate
AcOH=Glacial Acetic acid
DBTL=Dibutyltin dilaurate
PP=Prepolymer
SS=Soft segment
HS=Hard segment
CE=Chain extender
SCMC: Sodium salt Carbomethoxy cellulose
DICAP®2020 Polyester polyol
DMPA® polyol HA-0135
Test Procedure
Particle size was measured by Wyatt Dyna Pro Plate Reader Wyatt Technology Corporation, 6300 Hollister Ave, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93117-3253. The viscosity of polymer solution was measured by Brookfield digital rotary viscometer, model 94800-0. GPC measurements of other polymers were performed on a Shimadzu system equipped with a CMB-20A controller system, a SIL-20A HT autosampler, a LC-20AT tandem pump system, a DGU-20A degasser unit, a CTO-20AC column oven, a RDI-10A refractive index detector and with 4 Waters Styragel columns (2*HT3, HT4, HT5 each 300×7.8 mm) providing an effective molar mass range of 100-4×10⁶) and with N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) containing 2.1 g·L⁻¹ of lithium chloride (LiCl) as eluent with a flow rate of 1 mL·min⁻¹ at 80° C. The molar masses in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) equivalents were obtained from a calibration curve constructed with low dispersity PMMA standards (Polymer Laboratories). A third-order polynomial was used to fit the log M_(p) versus time calibration curve, which was approximately linear across the molar mass range from 1,020 to 1,944,00 g·mol⁻¹.
DSC was performed on a Mettler Toledo DSC821 using samples (˜5 mg weight) at a heating rate of 10° C./min under nitrogen purge. The samples were stored for 48 h under a vacuum at room temperature (RT) (0.1 Torr) prior to analysis. Tensile testing was performed on an Instron Model 4468 universal testing machine following the ASTM D 882-02 test method at ambient temperature (23° C.) with a humidity of around 55%.
Materials
Natural latex rubber (water emulsified, “Sprayable Latex” with 40.2% solids content was received from Bames, Sydney).
Sodium Alginate was received as powder from Melbourne Food Depot, Victoria.
DICAP®2020 Polyester polyol and DMPA® polyol HA-0135 were received from GEP Speciality Chemicals and used after degasing and drying under standard procedure.
Polymers—as Synthesised.
General Method of Synthesis
Polyol and CE were degased and dried under vacuum prior to use.
Polymerisation reactions may be carried out by two step method in a N₂ atmosphere in a constant-temperature oil bath using 250-mL round-bottom flask fitted with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, and condenser. PU reaction may be carried out by modified one step method.
One Step Method
Diisocyanate (IPDI) was weighed into a three neck RB flask equipped with overhead mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet. A required amount of degassed polyol, diol chain extender, appropriate ionomer and DBTL catalyst (0.1 wt %) were added to the IPDI. The reaction was heated at 80° C. for 1 h and later at 90° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled down to 60° C. and the viscosity-reducing agent acetone and the neutralizer acid or base were subsequently added under stirring. After 30 mins, the reaction mixture was further cooled down to sub ambient temperature and deionised water containing surfactant was added to obtain a water dispersible polymer emulsion.
Two-Step Method
Appropriate amount of diisocyanate (IPDI) was weighed into a three neck RB flask equipped with overhead mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet. The flask was heated in an oil bath at 70° C. The appropriate amount of degassed polyol was then added to IPDI. DBTL catalyst (0.1 wt %) was added to the reaction mixture after few minutes. The reaction mixture was then heated at 80° C. for 2 h. Pre-dried BMPA dissolved in anhydrous NMP solvent and added to the above pre-polymer quickly and reaction continued another 2 h at 90° C. The flask was then cooled down to 60° C. and with appropriate acid or base for 30 mins. The reaction mixture further cooled down to sub-ambient temperature and deionised water containing appropriate surfactant was added to obtain an emulsified prepolymer solution. Accurately weighed amine CE diluted in deionised water was added drop wise to this solution and stirring continued until NCO peak disappeared. The water dispersible polymer emulsion was then transferred to a screw tight container under nitrogen atmosphere and stored at ambient temperature. Other experiments with PUU index 1.01 and 1.03 were carried out under similar conditions.
Example 1: Anionic Polymer
A mixture of PPG (MW 1000, 20.00 g) was degassed at 80° C. for 2 h under vacuum (0.1 torr). IPDI (8.22 g) was weighed into a three neck flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet. The degassed polyol (10.0 g) was then added to IPDI followed by DBTL catalyst (0.03 g) and the flask was heated at 80° C. for 1 h with stirring. Pre-dried BMPA (0.43 g) dissolved in minimum amount of anhydrous NMP was added to the above pre-polymer quickly and reacted for another 2 h at the 90° C. The flask was cooled down to 60° C. and anhydrous Triethylamine (0.324 g) was added and reacted for 30 mins. The flask was further cooled down to 0° C. using an ice cold bath. Deionised water (44.0 mL) containing 2 wt % SDDS was added to this pre-cooled prepolymer mixture and was stirred vigorously to yield an emulsified opaque solution. Chain extension agent EDA (0.765 g) was then added drop wise to this solution and stirring continued for 30 mins. The reaction flask was later warmed to 25° C. and the stirring continued until the NCO peak disappeared. The low viscous stable water dispersible polymer emulsion thus obtained was stored in an air tight container at ambient temperature. The polymer showed an average particle size distribution of 425±53 nm with a viscosity of 625 mPa·s. The molecular weight of polymer was M_(n)=117138, M_(w)=699278 and PD=2.5.
All other example's subsequent formulations also contained water containing 2-wt % SSDS surfactant.
The above polymer solution can be crosslinked using 1-20% calcium chloride solution. The crosslinking is preferably carried out by spraying the calcium chloride solution on the soil bed prior to spraying PU solution.
The polymer showed good membrane forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature.
Example 2: Example 1 with Urea Powder
The degassed polyol (20.0 g) was weighed into a three neck flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet. Urea powder (0.6 g) was then added to the flask and stirred along with polyol at 70° C. for few mins. IPDI (8.22 g) was added into polyol and urea mixture followed by DBTL catalyst (0.030 g). After the addition, the reaction mixture was heated at 80° C. for 1 h with stirring under nitrogen. Pre-dried BMPA (0.43 g) dissolved in minimum amount of an anhydrous NMP was added to the above pre-polymer quickly and reacted for another 2 h at 90° C. The flask was cooled down to 60° C. and anhydrous Triethylamine (0.324 g) was added and reaction continued for 30 mins. The flask was further cooled down to 0° C. using an ice bath. Deionised water (44.0 mL) containing 2 wt % SDDS was quickly added to this pre-cooled prepolymer mixture and was stirred vigorously to yield an emulsified opaque solution. Chain extension agent EDA (0.765 g) was added drop wise to this solution and stirring continued for 30 mins. The reaction flask was later warmed to 25° C. and the stirring continued until NCO peak disappeared. The low viscous stable aqueous dispersion of polyurethanes thus obtained was stored in an air tight container at ambient temperature. The polymer showed an average particle size distribution of 333±110 nm with a viscosity of 222 mPa·s.
The water dispersible polymer emulsion showed good membrane forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature under controlled laboratory conditions.
Example 3: Example 1—Higher HS (Hard Segment of Polymer)
The synthesis procedure was identical to Example 1. The amounts of precursors used are as follows:
IPDI=12.04 g, PPG=20.0 g, BMPA=0.87 g, Triethylamine=0.65 g, Deionised water=44.0 mL, EDA=1.57 g
The emulsified polymer solution showed good membrane forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature and showed number molecular weight M_(n)=52411, and PD=2.2.
Example 4: Cationic Polymer
IPDI (11.29 g) was weighed into a three neck flask equipped with mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and nitrogen inlet. The degassed polyol PPG (20.0 g) and MDEA (3.14 g) and catalyst DBTL (0.1 wt %) were then added and the reaction continued for 1 h at 80° C. and 2 h at 90° C. The flask was cooled down to 60° C. temperature and glacial acetic acid (1.58 g) was added through a syringe and reaction continued for 30 mins. Anhydrous acetone (25.0 mL) was then added to polymeric mixture as a viscosity reducing agent and flask was cooled down to 0° C. using an ice cold bath. Deionised water (44.0 mL) containing 2 wt % n-Dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (DTAB) was added to this pre-cooled prepolymer mixture and was stirred to yield an emulsified opaque solution. Chain extension agent EDA (0.05 g) diluted in deionised water was added dropwise to this solution. After the addition, the flask temperature was warmed to 25° C. and stirring continued until NCO peak disappeared. The acetone was later removed and PUU emulsion was stored at ambient temperature.
The water dispersible polymer emulsion showed good membrane forming properties post spray on loam soil.
Example 5: Pot Trial
General Procedure for Preparing Polymer Blend
For small volumes of PU blends, material, accurately weighed (+/−0.1 g), was placed in a 100.0 mL Schott bottle and shaken vigorously for 30 seconds. The order was PU, latex, alginate. For larger quantities used in field trials, the same order was used and stirring carried out by use of a paddle or shaken in 5 L plastic containers.
Various PU blends in different ratios with latex, with and without alginate, were prepared using this method.
Method
Small pot trials to determine soil water evaporation were carried out using metal pots with wire mesh bottoms which are packed with soil. (The pots are 105 mm diameter and 50 mm deep—soil is packed into the pot to a height of approximately 45 mm). Three types of soil have been trialled; sand, loam and clay. The surface of the soils are damped down with mist-sprayed water ˜5 g per pot using a ‘mask’ to ensure the spray lands on the soil rather than the container. This is allowed to dry off overnight. The experimental PU is sprayed onto the pot surface using a ‘mask’ and allowed to membrane form overnight. Treated pots are immersed in ˜2 cm of water allowing water to wick up and into the pot through the wire mesh—an untreated pot with the same soil is used to time the immersion. Pots are placed on electronic balances in a conditioned atmosphere room set at 30° C. and 40% Relative Humidity (RH). The time of trial varies from 4 to 10 days depending on the rate of evaporation.
Example 6
Pot Trial of Polymer: Example 1: Raw Latex: Alginate (3:1:0.5) Blends on Sandy Soil
The elastic water-based polyurethane blend was examined for water barrier properties on small pot trials. The formulation comprised of the Polymer composition of Example 1 with raw latex and alginate (2.5% solution) in the ratio—3:1:0.5, showed significantly less water loss compared to control as shown in FIG. 1.
Example 7
Pot Trial of Polymer: Example 1 on Different Soils
Changes were made in carrying out laboratory trials with Loam and Clay soils to overcome soil cracking and pulling away from the side of pots to get consistent results. The method consists of crushing the dry soils to prepare a relatively flat surface and mist spraying with water. The pots were then allowed to dry overnight. This produced a soil with a closer representation of soils found in fields.
Polymer (Example 1) alone was sprayed onto small pot trials with the above mentioned soil conditioning. Sand, loam and clay soils were trialled and the results are plotted in the graph presented as FIG. 2 in the drawings.
Polymer (Example 1) alone was tested in small pot trials with the above mentioned soil conditioning using aqueous 2% CaCl₂ solution crosslinker as a primer.
Example 1 was also trialled on a primer of cross-linked Alginate.
Example 8
Pot Trial of Cationic Polymer (Example 4)
Polymer (Example 4) alone was sprayed onto small pot trials with the above mentioned soil conditioning on loam soil. The polymer provided 30% water reduction as shown in FIG. 3 of the drawings.
Example 9: Example 1, with Humus Coal
The polymer solution prepared in Example 1 was mixed with 5 wt % solution of K-humtae-S90 in different ratio by gentle agitation at ambient temperature. The emulsified black polymer solution showed good film forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature.
Example 10 (a): Example 1, with Viscosity Modifier Xanthan
The polymer solution prepared in Example 1 was mixed with 2% Xanthan solution in various ratios (Table 1) by vigorous agitation for several minutes at ambient temperature. The emulsified polymer solution showed an increased viscosity and was sprayable. The polymer, upon spray, showed good film forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature.
Example 10 (b) Example 1, with Viscosity Modifier Gelatine
The polymer solution prepared in Example 1 was mixed with 2% Gelatine solution in various ratio (Table 2) by vigorous agitation for several minutes. The emulsified polymer solution showed an increased viscosity as shown in FIG. 4 and was sprayable. The polymer, upon spray, showed good film forming properties post spray with minimum wicking on sandy soil at room temperature compared to control (Table 2).
It was found that the concentration of Gelatine gum mixture decreased with increasing value of spindle's rotation speed. Also, when higher ratio of xanthan gum to polymer was used, greater viscosity values were observed.
Example 10 (c): Example 1, with Viscosity Modifier Alginate
The polymer solution prepared in Example 1 was mixed with 2-8% Alginate solution in various ratios (Table 3) by vigorous agitation for several minutes at ambient temperature. The emulsified polymer solution showed an increased viscosity and was sprayable. The polymer, upon spray, showed good film forming properties post spray on sandy soil at room temperature.
| 0.705004
| -0.136542
| 1,782
| 7,149
| 91
| -1
|
Polymer Synthesis
| false
|
99,547
|
github_open_source_100_2_8155
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import sys
import traceback
import dbus
import dbus.service
import dbus.mainloop.glib
import gi.repository.GLib
import gi.repository.GObject
import threading
import json
import os
def get(bus, bus_name, obj_path, interface_name, parameter_name, default=None):
try:
return bus.get_object(bus_name, obj_path).Get(interface_name, parameter_name)
except:
return default
def timeout(to):
def wrapper(fn):
gi.repository.GLib.timeout_add(to, fn)
return wrapper
nm_states = {0: "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_UNKNOWN",
1: "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_ACTIVATING",
2: "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_ACTIVATED",
3: "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_DEACTIVATING",
4: "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_DEACTIVATED"}
def get_ip(bus, connection):
dhcp_path = dbus.Interface(
bus.get_object("org.freedesktop.NetworkManager", connection),
"org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
).Get("org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.Connection.Active", "Dhcp4Config")
return dbus.Interface(
bus.get_object("org.freedesktop.NetworkManager", dhcp_path),
"org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
).Get(
"org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.DHCP4Config", "Options"
)["ip_address"]
class DBusReceiver(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, tui):
gi.repository.GObject.threads_init()
dbus.mainloop.glib.threads_init()
dbus.mainloop.glib.DBusGMainLoop(set_as_default=True)
self.bus = getattr(dbus, os.environ.get("ELCHEAPOAIS_DBUS", "SystemBus"))()
self.bus_name = dbus.service.BusName('no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.tui', self.bus)
self.tui = tui
self.nm_connections = {}
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
def nmea_signal(self, msg):
msg = json.loads(msg)
if msg and "lat" in msg and "lon" in msg:
self.tui.main_screen["latlon"] = (msg["lat"], msg["lon"])
def manhole_signal(self, status, errno):
self.tui.main_screen["net"] = status
def PropertiesChanged(self, interface_name, properties_modified, properties_deleted, dbus_message):
if interface_name == "no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.receiver":
for key, value in properties_modified.items():
if key == "station_id":
self.tui.main_screen["mmsi"] = value
def nm_state_changed(self, state, reason, dbus_message):
state = nm_states[state]
if state == "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_ACTIVATED":
self.nm_add_connection(dbus_message.get_path())
elif state == "NM_ACTIVE_CONNECTION_STATE_DEACTIVATED":
self.nm_remove_connection(dbus_message.get_path())
def nm_add_connection(self, path):
self.nm_connections[path] = get_ip(self.bus, path)
self.tui.main_screen["ip"] = self.nm_connections[path]
def nm_remove_connection(self, path):
del self.nm_connections[path]
if len(self.nm_connections):
self.tui.main_screen["ip"] = self.nm_connections[next(iter(self.nm_connections.keys()))]
else:
self.tui.main_screen["ip"] = None
def run(self, *arg, **kw):
self.bus.add_signal_receiver(
self.nmea_signal,
dbus_interface = "no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais",
signal_name = "NMEA")
self.bus.add_signal_receiver(
self.manhole_signal,
dbus_interface = "no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais",
signal_name = "manhole")
self.bus.add_signal_receiver(
self.nm_state_changed,
dbus_interface = "org.freedesktop.NetworkManager.Connection.Active",
signal_name = "StateChanged",
message_keyword='dbus_message')
self.bus.add_signal_receiver(
self.PropertiesChanged,
dbus_interface = "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties",
signal_name = "PropertiesChanged",
message_keyword='dbus_message')
self.tui.config_screen["max_message_per_sec"] = get(self.bus,
'no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.config', '/no/innovationgarage/elcheapoais/downsampler',
"no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.downsampler", "max_message_per_sec", 0.01)
self.tui.config_screen["max_message_per_mmsi_per_sec"] = get(self.bus,
'no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.config', '/no/innovationgarage/elcheapoais/downsampler',
"no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.downsampler", "max_message_per_mmsi_per_sec", 0.01)
self.tui.main_screen["mmsi"] = get(self.bus,
'no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.config', '/no/innovationgarage/elcheapoais/receiver',
"no.innovationgarage.elcheapoais.receiver", "station_id", "unknown")
try:
nm = dbus.Interface(self.bus.get_object("org.freedesktop.NetworkManager", "/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager"), "org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties")
connections = nm.Get("org.freedesktop.NetworkManager", "ActiveConnections")
for connection in connections:
self.nm_add_connection(connection)
except Exception as e:
print(e)
loop = gi.repository.GLib.MainLoop()
loop.run()
| 0.423613
| 0.670938
| 3,437
| 13,659
| 243
| -1
|
Programming Code Snippets
| false
|
99,548
|
github_open_source_100_2_8156
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
DROP PIPE IF EXISTS SANDBOX_POC1.EMPLOYEES.Employee_pipe;
| 0.397537
| 0.931584
| 3,948
| 15,833
| 72
| 72
|
Database Manipulation Scripts
| false
|
99,549
|
github_open_source_100_2_8157
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import React, { PropTypes } from 'react';
import { FormattedMessage } from 'react-intl';
// Import Style
import styles from './CommentsListItem.css';
function CommentsListItem(props) {
return (
<div className={styles['single-comment']}>
<p className={styles['author-name']}><FormattedMessage id="by" /> {props.comment.name}</p>
<p className={styles['comment-desc']}>{props.comment.content}</p>
<p className={styles['comment-action']}><a href="#" onClick={props.onDelete}><FormattedMessage id="deleteComment" /></a></p>
<hr className={styles.divider} />
</div>
);
}
CommentsListItem.propTypes = {
comment: PropTypes.shape({
name: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
content: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
cuid: PropTypes.string.isRequired,
}).isRequired,
onDelete: PropTypes.func.isRequired,
};
export default CommentsListItem;
| 0.12001
| 0.685868
| 3,427
| 13,767
| 70
| 70
|
React Components & Styling
| false
|
99,550
|
github_open_source_100_2_8158
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
<?php
namespace App\Flare\Jobs;
use App\Game\Maps\Events\UpdateDuelAtPosition;
use App\Game\Messages\Events\ServerMessageEvent;
use Illuminate\Bus\Queueable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Bus\Dispatchable;
use Illuminate\Queue\InteractsWithQueue;
use Illuminate\Queue\SerializesModels;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection;
use App\Flare\Models\Character;
class RemoveKilledInPvpFromUser implements ShouldQueue
{
use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;
/**
* @var Character $character
*/
public Character $character;
/**
* Create a new job instance.
*
* @param Character $character
*/
public function __construct(Character $character) {
$this->character = $character;
}
public function handle() {
$this->character->update([
'killed_in_pvp' => false,
]);
event(new UpdateDuelAtPosition($this->character->user));
event(new ServerMessageEvent($this->character->user, 'You pvp safety net has ended. Your location will show again in chat.'));
}
}
| 0.346629
| 0.897957
| 3,883
| 15,574
| 247
| -1
|
API Controllers
| false
|
99,551
|
b30515038_1
|
Latin-PD
|
Public Domain
|
22^. 23/ ^2 ■'L^, '//^/$;/r,'//, /^, z?'^ ^•^Ld z/^. \/mA, 2^ ■ ■ ' - . * ■:. '' ■ . ; *. ■* • '•• ''j 2^4 !?% " - i' ■ «H Mr. Robert Bertram, bj permission of the Eeverend the Vice-Chancellor, and the O) ra o <v H o OQ • i-H w o O O OD cc o OD • I— I bJD a;) Ph a; bio c3 P! cs H-q fi (33 • »— I {> 03 fi • 1-^ fi o3 4^ • 1— I o:) 4-^ O O cc co o •ir! fi (33 fi o ' r-< 4-5 O CO fi a; bf) 9, Magdalen Street, Corn Market. 0CT(JBER 20th, 1845. T* R H A Z E S V D E * - > — VARIOLIS ET MORBILLIS, ARABICE ET LATINE; C V M i ALIIS NONNVLLIS EIVSDEM ARGVMENTI. CVRAETJMPENSIS IO H ANNIS CHANNING, NATV ET CIVITATE LONDINENSIS. Medicos illis ( Arabibus ) et artem et magnam dialeBl partem debere novimus *, plura multo debituros y Ji pleniorem lingua ijiiusy fine qua nec jam loqui pojjunt, cognitionem pararent, POCOCK. ORAT. L O N D I N I EXCVDEBAT GVILIELMVS BOWYER. M DCC LXVI. 23^3 £ . .1. '.h' r \ \ 1 • *■; f - T" kf fljio NOBILI, SPECTATISSIMO, ERVDITISSIMOQVE, CAROLO YORK E, PATRIS PRAECLARI FILIO PRAECLARO: HVNC R H A Z I S, MEDICI SECVLO |N QVO VIXIT PRIMARII, TANTO PATRONO NON INDIGNI, TRACTATVM, \ NVNC PRIMVM ARABICE TYPIS EVVLGATVM t IVXTA EXEMPLAR, t EIVS GRATIA ET AVCTORITATK A LEIDENSIBVS IMPETRATVM, ' SA(pRyM ESSE yOLVIT I TENVRS etiam SVAS IN VERSIONE CAETERISQVE DISPONENDIS CVRAS, reverentiae SVMMAE et OBSERVANTIAE PERPETVAE MONVMENTVM, EXIGVVM sane, sed QVOp POTVIT, MAXIMY^C, D. D. D* EDJTOR, lectori CANDIDO ET BENEVOLO, ■ s. t t ^ \ • ^ Quid in hoc libello praeftltum flty paucis accipe. Textus Arabicus * trad:atus Rhazis de Variolis ET Morbillis, nunc primum typis evulgatur, ad fidem archetypi codicis MS. in bibliotheca Lugduno-Batava fer- vati, ex apographo, fub cura doftiflimi profeflbris H. Schultens, manu eruditi et generofi juvenis Eberhardi Schedii ex¬ arato. Vir nobilis et ornatifiimus Ca- ROLus Ygrke, Anglije nostra decus ET DELiciiE, fuppeditavit exemplar. Ubicunque [ ] Ubicunque vox in exemplari de^ fcribitur fine pundtis, ex quorum ab- fentia vel minimum de fenfu dubium oriri potuit, vox iila nuda pingitur in margine paginas, fub his literis MS. L. Idem faftum eft, ubi punfta diacritica confulto mutantur. Ubicunque vel le- viflima ab exemplari fadla eft 'Variatio, quae fenfui fupplendo neceflaria videba¬ tur ; ifta lectio, quam repudiandam effe cenfui, in margine notatur : adeo ut textus impreflus codicis Leidenfis veri¬ tatem integram repraefentare merito pro¬ fiteatur. Interpretationis Latinae maxima erit commendatio, fi fidelitati perfpicui- tatem conjunftam habeat. Utrique fane ftudui, de fermonis elegantia parum fb- licitus, modo barbariem effugerem. Pau¬ cis docftiffimi noftratis Pocockii contigit felicitas, qui dum partes interpretis egft integerrimus, fcriptoris originarii meruit honores. I •*- * [ vii ] honores. Nobis non licet efle tam bea¬ tis } fufficiat tantum imitari magiftrum, et fequi, quamvis non paffibus aequis. Quoad modum reddendi : yerfio efl ad literam, ut aiunt. Preffa eft, et ver¬ bum verbo reddit, quantum fieri potuit, evitata folcecifmi foeditate : ut non fo- lum Rhazis periodi, verum etiam mens, verba> idioma exhibeantur. Ubi minus id palTus eft linguae Latinae genius, ad imum paginae notatur phrafis Aiabica. Qux in vertendo voces ellipticae fupplen- tur, charactere Italico diftinCtae indican¬ tur. Nec bilem tibi moveant vocabula Arabica in textu Latino enuntiata; uti e. g. Sauic, Maflabhakownia, Tebafbir, et alia pauciffima, quorum in margine explicationem videbis : quae ideo non vertuntur, vel quia vox nulla Latina eo¬ rum fenfui ad amuftim refpondeat, vel quia de re ipfa dubitetur. ^ Insuper f* T [ ] Insuper obfervandum eft, quod vef- fio, quoad fenfum, cum ea conveniat^ ut inter legendum facile percipies, quam clariff. Meadus libello a fe compofito de Variolis et Morbillis fubjunxit: quam¬ que, ex apographo in quamplurimis locis corruptiffimo, Meadi rogatu, confecit pari fide et elegantia, amiciffimus mihi Reverendus admodum Thomas Hunt, S. T. P. aedis Chrifti Canonicus, in ce¬ leberrima academia Oxonienfi linguarum Hebraica et Arabicae Profeflbr doftifli- mus, cujus amicitiam et familiaritatem# inter praecipuas vitae meae felicitates nu¬ merare glorior : cuique, in hujufcemodi ftudiis fautori atque aufpici, quam maxi¬ mas habeo atque ago gratias. Tot in codice Meadiano mendis fue¬ rant, tam crebrae lacunae, ut virum cla- riffimum deterruerint a propofito, quod in animo dudum habuerat, textum Ara¬ bicum edendi, fub cura ejufdem viri dodtiflimi; t C ix ] dofliffimi ; qui, pro fumma qua pollet Arabicae linguae peritia, interpretationem mea hacce line dubio meliorem erat da¬ turus, fi codicem emendatiorem nadlus fuiflet.' \ « ' Metaphr AST-ffi Graeco debitus ho¬ nos ubique tribuitur ; quem comitem perpetuum habui. Subjuncta funt capitula duo Rhazis: ad Almanfdrem, fc. Cap. xviii. Libri de¬ cimi; et Cap. elix. Libri Divisionum didli. Ex Continente etiam, ut voca¬ tur, live Pandedtis Rhazis, additur ca¬ put integrum ; odtavum fc. Libri xviii. necnon Hiftoria filiae Hebelthufeyn filii ‘ Habuhe, a Cl. Freindio' laudata, * ex editione Brixiae, A. D. 1486. X Ex editione Brixia, A.D. 1486. Interpres fuit Feragius Judaeus, Caroli, Jerufalem et Neapolis regis ejus nominis primi, medicus. Surianus enim, qui b monachus c ^ J I His alia pauca fubnedluntur : Alfa--' haravii nimirum fCodic. Laud. N® 167, A^) ex interpretatione Hebraea Mefhul- lam Ben JonaH ; et Ebn Giazlae fedio, ex libro Tacwimol Abdani, five tabulae aegritudinum, unde patebit, quinam fu¬ erit curandi modus, hujus Auftoris fe- eulo ufurpatus. Ne libellas ih nimiam molem excre- fceret, Avicennae tra(5latum non exhi¬ beo I caeterum leilu digniffimum^ et ve- monachus Cam^ildulenfk tandem evafit, 5n editione Veneta, A. D. 1542, antiquam Feragii verfionem exhibuit, at Rhazis ordinem mutavit ; et ad libitum, numerum librorum, et tra(5^atuum loca, mka, licen¬ tia, dicam, an futilitate, perturbavit. Habes in prae¬ fatione conifentem reum; et, quod plus efl, etiam de facinore fuo gloriantem. Idem cuique patebit, qui dofliffimi Calirii catalogum codicum Rhazis in bibliotheca Efcurialenli extantium comparaverit cum editionibus Brixise et Venetiarum. In utraque Rha- zes lingua Latino- barbara loquitur ; atqui in Brixi- enfi, proprio ordine > in Veneta, Suriani. tuftiorum tuftiorum * Arabum dodrinae plane con- fentaneum. Adduxiffe fupervacaneuin foret profedtb, cum ad manus omnium fit parabilis, ' et textus Arabicus Romas impreffus, A. D. 1593, et Plempii ver^ fio elegans Latina, Lovanii 1658, in Rhazis Continente,, et reli- liquis ejus trablatibus, 'necnon in csteris quae adducuntur veterum monumentis, regimen alvi fpedlant, h^c omnia cha- raftere Italico imprimuntur. Ea igitur textus portio, veluti in tabula pidla, mon- ftrabit eorura dobtrinam de purgantibus i adhibendis vel evitandis : id quod non fine frudlu fore medicinae candidatis per- fuafiffimum habeo, Arabas, ad unum^ omnes, idem de hac re praecipere con- ftabit : adeoque his fatius efle, ex eorum fcriptis, quam recentiorum commentis. 2 Vide Freind. EpiH:.' de Purgant. (410, pag. 97, Oper, Folio, pag. 335, 336.) b z celeber* celeberrimorupi licet, doceri. Nec oleum et operam perdidifle forfitan ille quere? tur, qui eorum monita de cura membro-? rum, imprimis oculi, ferib perpenderit. « 0 Annotatiuncujlje paffim fpargunr? tur, quae editori faltem, neceflariae efle videbantur. Si non aliam, novitatis prq- fedto laudem mereantur; utpote ex auc? toribus vel nondum excufis, yel mi? nime vulgaribus excerptae, et ad rem vel materiam medicam explicandam accom¬ modatae. Si nimiae fint, fi T131 minus t * j. » ^ j . ti.- j' neceflariae, praetergredere. * c , ' \ Tractatuum Rhazis, et Gonti- NENTIS capitula, antiquae verfionis bar? barie fcedata exhibere coacSus fui ; cur^ textus horum Arabicus nufquam, quod Iciam, in Britannia fuperfit. f In Efcu- 3 Vide Cafirii Catalog. p'ag. 260. •1. ‘f ' \ e I [ xHi ] ^ f lalenfi bibliotheca. Continentis five Pan^r dedarum pars maxima fervatur : In cor dice N® .8 1 3, Liber xviii. in quo occurrit capitulum de Variolis et Morbillis, et Hiftoria filiae Hebelthufeyn filii Habuhej quorum fi compos fuiflem, verfipneni novam, (non aeque horridam, confido) adaptare decreveram. At de fpe tanta ipfe decidi : alios laus illa manebit- Renafcetur olim literaturae orientalis cut pidoj et definet progenies tandem ori- •tura, id nihili pendere et contemnere, quod non fatis intelligit. Reverendis, Vice-Gancellario Oxo- nienfi caeterifquae bibliothecae Bodleianse curatoribus, maximae debentur gratia, quorum permiflu mihi homini inqui-. lino, ad codicum MSS. thefaurum vere nobilem patuit acceflus.. Mente gratif- fima teneo, femperque tenebo, tanto¬ rum virorum beneficium, humanitate, i ,, candore, more conferendi, geminatum- Accipe, C ] Accipe, Ledor candide,, libellum, qui, quoad hunc morbum, clafficus ap¬ pellari^ meruit : utilem forte quodam¬ modo, licet minus neceflarium. Si nimiae fint annotatiunculae, ignofcas. Scriptitat' plufquam fexagenarius ! Errata, bene¬ vole, corrigas leviora j gravia, fpero, nulla fuperfunt. Nec paucis ofFendare maculis, quas aut incuria fudit, aut hu¬ mana parum cavit natura. Si has pri¬ mitias Tibi gratas cffeTentiam, Albu- CASIS, five Alsaharavii, inter Arabas infignis, opus de Chirurgia, quod ex duobus MSS. in bibliotheca Bodleiana fervatis olim defcripfi, cuique verfioneru Latinam fere novam accommodavi, brevi fequetur. Vale. ( ✓ ERRATA IN Textu. Pag. Lin, Pro • • Lege. 20, 9» wltA!' t 30» II, 32» • 12, U>/li « 38, II, • 66, 7> 68, I, m <N^Ua.> «• 74. 9> 78, 14» II2, 4f V «Xaaa^ «?>• - 118, 2, • 152, ' 5> X«jUJ5 • • iuwLJ» • • « 1 170, 9> • •• •« V •*• • 172, 2, ; • MAxklt • • • 4. 174» 9. 270, 7» g^. In / ' Iw Versione et Ndris.’ 1 Pag. Lin. Pro Lege 9S> 11, regimine regimiiii. H9> 8, ladkens ladleus* 52» in not. 163, mofchatas mofchata. 260, t Vindelicorid* Vindelicorum* C^j)J 4 LIBER RHAZIS \ PE ) « • ' VARIOLIS ET MORBILLIS ejl Uradlatus ,^intus in Codice Bibliothecce Liigdmo-Batava* t 2 ] 5»— C— 45 *■ ini.*V —A.. J* , / Uf ^ 4X4^ j5lj y)S «JU L ■* >iii j.*x^ o*J^- j su oli cf>^ <:,\r ^ •• • \ sX^S .siJo J oImXjo f <.4xj.^ %— TS y^lA!) aM^ ^*Xd «i„.»,.0»»li L— ^ f {jijXS 3 XlUuo alx^ i5^f * aXJ Nycthemeron Go\, Gig. Meninfki. . Bevereg. Inftitution. Chronologic. pag. 73. (4to, 1669) — “ Porro tempora fua non per dies, fed noc- •‘ tes fupputant ( Arabes ) : non enim dicunt prhna “ vel fecunda die, fed no6le menfis cujuflibet. ncc / i 3 ] In nomne Dei fumine mijericordis. J-m V ' Liber de variolh et morbillis. Dicit Abu Beker Mohammed filius , Zechariae : Accidit olim, quadam * nodte, in con- felTu apud virum generofum, optimum, egregium, intentum fcientiis utilibus in- ^ veftigandis et explanandis, mentionem ab illo faftam elTe variolarum. Ipfe vero protuli e^em node * quce mihi in mentem venerunt. Voluit autem ille vir (Deus donet homines prolonga- tione refidui vitae ejus) ut compone¬ rem tradlatum de hoc morbo, 'idoneilm. tot diebus fed nodibus quippiam adum fuifTe, ut ** inter legendos fcriptores Arabicos faepius animad- ** verti.’* ^ Arab. qm mihi prafentia fuere, A 2 folidum. l 4 ] fUjjai i Os^. jj «OL. SUiCU ^ <?• Sj V' ii' t5W*>^=if!} • » iiSi SiUU ijsi. c:JU3o \— *i^ ct« IM / - - C C \ — ^ f- * ,MS. L» (j»Q ^ ^ *?tX^ ^ Ci ifT I ' > *^uu ^ ‘^’^- ^ ^mwt^ ^ aliJt ^ • . i ^'*>J' cji— «5W1 j cLJua< ik *>^i, c^*^' ' ■ '\ [ 5 ] folidum, fufficientem : quia talis non in¬ venitur, vel ab uno ex antiquis, vel re- centioribus, fcriptusy ad hoc ufque tem¬ pus, loquens concinne vel fufficienter. :^.Compofui igitur hunc tradtatum, fpcrans remunerationem Dei, POTENTIS, GLORIOSI, et expeftans beneplaci¬ tum ejus. 4. Hic vero eft modus conaminis mei in illo, et haec capita ejus. /TCaput I. De caufa variolarum ; et cur fiat, ut has non effugiat, nifi unus et alter ex hominibus,^.>C / Caput IL De enumeratione corporum difpofitorum ad variolas : enume¬ ratio etiam anni tempeftatum, in quibus variola plerumqfie^ abun- : Caput III. De fignis indicantibus in promptu elfe aeftuationem variola- \ fum et morbillorum. /4-^ Caput I y t 6 ] * J^5 U-» J (jM^li^ ♦ Js*j ^ KJ(X^^ Aj’U<^Vc ^ C^C ajLc^ J 3^v ? ty*^' jU^iUn C^C **\Ji ^ kx^Ia!) 0^^ 2!-^^ “ * I * ✓ uJi^XsLL (Avx)Ij ]iij\«A^) J 4XA£ \*iiwAX-i> ^ ^Las^ C * \ /^ C^C L** iLa^ yy^ o <• 4 ^ ^ i)^. ^ i (jj-<Ia1^ u** ^«XsL^ J ^I^U 3^ > [ 7 1 / Caput IV. De enumeratione acciden- / '1/5 tium regiminis variolarum, in ge- Caput V. De praefervatione a variolis antequam figna earum apparuerint, et prohibitione ab abundantia ea¬ rum, pofiquam figna earum appa¬ ruerint M Caput VI. De illis quae accelerant pu- flulas variolarum et apparitionem earum extra : et opitulantur natura» in hac re./. // Caput VII. De cura oculi, et guttu¬ ris, et articulorum, et auris, et quid neceflarium fit curari in illis, quando apparent ligna variola¬ rum. /;?. Caput VIII. De illis . rebus quae acce¬ lerant maturitatem earum variola¬ rum quae maturari queant.y^./^- * _ /S. Caput IX. De deficcatione illarum ex variolis, quas maturantur, Caput t 8 ] • \ » J-Cwlxll _ c^c ej.UojS^f^ % Cf* U»o <4^ULr , » C^C • ^ 5 • ^ *, 3btA.Aiqi3{ Vws3l^) \ C^C c ^aXawJ) ^ < i I /4. Caput X. De illis quse auferunt crullas variolarum {Arab. cortices) et ef- / Vs: Caput XI. De illis qu® auferuntXve- ftigia variolarum ab oculo, et reli¬ quo corpore.^. // Caput XII. De regimine alimenti ejus qui variolis laborat. /. « 4V /^. Caput XIII. De regimine, alvi ejus qui variolis laborat^. /A Caput XIV. De fanabilibus, vellethi-*- 3 Gr. HCCl £(rx<x^^^. ‘ h \ > i [ «o ] ' '1'. ,S1 AJLo cHaXI^ y U^Aam J \il— »0 i.iAi I ilt c^c jij.— r s V •• iu \^s UJ ‘ * * Ai^XJ ^.M. C ymS «Xj» (j^^AaJL^ j j ^1 '■" ■■^AiV* 1^1^ lU J 4— JU:^ i \ ., ,^c\jUg \-- (T*\^ Jf^ _5lsii □mjUU^U XJLJUL1 Cy^3 /l^ ^ 4» I ^ II ^a5* ^ ^ ^ X!l3a^ 4 _3l>;^ « '-H . * xajTa yev(^ — Vide Galen, tte^i (TvvSscsug ^apf/Mxm^ T^y Harct ysvrj — sn h hcci roi$ lovdoig to ^ccffxoHOV ;^p(r<^oy. £dit. Aldi, pm. ii. fol, 6. lin. 5. ^/i. 4 21. //4. Tfo/t, X///. X:/^A/t^p thSS^' f' i De caufd variolarum. ^are fiat^ ut has nm effugiat i niffunus et alter ex homi^ mbus : fumma etiam eorum quce de va-> riolis memoravit Galenus. ILLE profedlo ex medicis qui dixerits praeftantiffimum Galenum nec vari- olas memorafle, neque novifle omnin6, ex iis eft, qui feripta Galeni nunquam ' legeruiiti vel folia tantum volutando per ^ illa tranfiverunt. ^.Galenus etenim prs- ‘ / feriptum exhibet intraftatu primo yev^y et dicit, juvat quidem hoc et ^ ** illo modo, et contra variolas/' V Dicit etiam in initio traeSatus decimi quarti de pullibus, * prope primum fo- * Galen. >jtm Trpoyvaa-etas cr(puyij(.m fol. 67. b. alia,37ad43. Edit. Aldi, B 2 lium • [ 12 ] . .JkixV .A— j* *xi* ^tu Cji^ (jj^ t> ^Ju*X^ »j.ii>,..X--A.*.,U »^^5 d>*X:s?^ *XX4*^ >3^U '— s^ 5^' ,.>J1 Jt _}.^:A»j- S V-_«^ XjAxSI .t> JUSUi r * «• S j'^ 4 ^ OsAsc?^ ^ , yXXj j| c C^C X^U!^ ^ »j4*^ *xj^— J 45V _ Sa* .•\— ^v—Id A— i><«XAJ^ Ci3^ (>• *MS. L. c--A^Xj‘ ^ , • t • * ** ** ** » * Galen. de ufu partium (Edit. Aldi, tom. i.) Jib. jx. fol. 52. lin. 35.— To ^£ Ttov xai (friTTErat ru rauTi ra auvinora ^E^iTrlajfjLaray noti ovrco ^pi/xurE^a te xcu ^cpfAOTEfa yivofisva ^My^vuii B'^o(ri'^£?\cnTa nai IpT^vT^^ I [ 13 ] lium ejus, - fanguis aliquando pu- Cap.L trefcit putrefcentia vehementi valde, et eo perventum eft ab excellu in- ‘‘ flammationis ejus, ut uratur cutis, et eveniant in illa variolae et anthrax ex- corians, adeo ut ab illis erodatur/* 4- Et dicit, in nono 'de ufu partiunl, fee - partes redundahtes alimentorum quotquot in fanguincm non conver- tuntur, fed remanent in membris, putrefcunt, et in molem crefcunt in progrelTu temporis: adeo ut tandem generetur anthrax, et variolae, et ^ in^ f jlammationes proferpentesT j:Et dicit, in quarto ad Timaeum, fee /eia u>- Antiqui porro noriien (pAsyfjLovTi dede- ^.73^. runt omni rei in qua calor inflamma- Kai avSpoHccg nai ^rz/f uai fxv^iav o%Aoy oTroTiHTSi vQav\(ji,cx,'rm.^'^m.. 4 Vide CqfteL CoL 2493, in yiD ; tlAvicen (Romae ^S93> in voc. tom. i, pag. 136. lin. lo, ' .. tur V U!* t 14 ] • MS. L. C^j4-!> y-' * ^U.» Cl. Mead lege^at ^ Ui fubcdo* ^ \ A*r>laL ^ ^ ^ L«ly ^6\ 4^3»^ c «XXi IxjXo jr aui ? 4^' ey®’" H 4 ci>^ ^ «-AI3T tX> ^1 C jjti iUS **3<yi!j S«Wj-«H ««K <> /^ ^UlXs^ ^ 0 ^ » fS’ StjjS a Lxo C^^^fjju ^ mmf- 5 Arabice prodiemnt, hinc verllimile eft, Rhazen verfionem Galeni confuluille, ubi lovSor, vel ^Asy/uovar, vel epmrEg, per C^j*S^ reddebantur; atque inde ortam efle opinionem, hunc morbum Galeno notum •• ^ [ *5 ] l tur uti, e. g. anthraci, et varlolls ; Cap, L et hi morbi, fecundam illos, a bile ge¬ niti funt. L Atqui ille qui dixerit, illum (Gale^ i rium fc,) non memoralTe earum curam particularem neque fufficientem, nec caufam folidam, profed:6 verum loque- tur. Ille etenim nil de hoc morbo tra¬ didit praeter haecce quae memoravimus^ ' Per Deum ! fed fieri poteft, haec etiam illum memor afle in libris fuis qui non¬ dum Arabice prodierunt.^ Me quod at¬ tinet, ipfe inquifivi jamdudum, accura- tiffima inquifitione, interrogans ^ lingua Syriaca et Graeca utentes medicos de hac re: at inter illos ne unus quidem fuit, qui mihi aliquid addidit his quae ex illo memoravi. Imo plerique eorum non noverunt, quid per ifta voluit, quae di- ftindle rnemoravi. Ipfe profecto de hoc ( ' fuifle. Vide not. p. lo & 1 1, variolis puflulifvc 90rripi fignificat. inde nomen r variolse. ^ fainiliam lingnap Syriacae et Graecae. , miratus / / I [ >6 ] \ ^ C-«-A3^a]L vu 25j^\— *iJsS ^ c^Iaam^ ^ I sjh* ^ ^ ^»>(pl.3 ^ V.. lolj S' 3^Aftij ^ tXjjo?' j.a£ ^ » **\Ji \ — J ' • V . ' uj doci^t y^j^s i*x4> c-— cij>' “ /? \— cij^ xicU^ ^ixx^ ^Sj> y^ jtUUai^ ^)^s. aJT ^Ua? L« T Ar ah. etlamfi de cura variolarum res quafdair\ [ ^7 ] I miratus fum, et quomodo Galenus pra0- Cap. I teriverit hunc morbum, tam frequenter oborientem, tamque cura egentem, ille qui in cautis et cura morborum invefti- gandis ita fuerat affiduus. \ 3' Recentiores quod attinet i ctiamfi de curatione variolarum 7 aliqualis ab / eis fada fit mentio, nec accurata neque diflindta ; nihilorriinus ex iis ne unus quidem eft^ qui memoravit caufam ejus morbi efficientem, et quare eveniat, ut illum vix effugiat vel unus mortalium : nec tradidit fpecies curationis ejus in locis fuis./?Propterea igitur, fperamus, remu- herationem illius viri qui mos ad hunc tradtatum componendum excitavit, et iiofiram pariter, fore duplicatam r quem¬ admodum memoravimus curam illi ne- ceffariam, atque in locis propriis diflri- buimus. Volente Deo. 'memoraverint fme accuratione & fme diftIiKfflone &c. \ N Exor- C I [ .8 ] ,1aji >uji ^3 c— ^AjL) ^ , ^ X ^ ^ ^ iA^i ^Vas? **\J»5 \— ♦a5 ck 2$!^ L...„< V .i^iA^' V <5- ^ fbotXi kSiJS ^yM^ V mawaj 4^1^. «S' J^A^ ^>0 ^.l^iJL^ ^Lc»i l3^ t iIaC! ^ liMtXj *X^-vl tX3^ /^? Xa<*X ^ CU^ ^ya}^S ij^/S tX^^ »*^l— A-^^i 9 o XaxaaLI^ _ JUi^i u^ 4^^ V.-.Ai!? jj ^ Grseca verfio — twv t£ av^wsuv nai tts^zw^ h2i I [ 19 ] //Exordiamur nunc igitur memo-Cap.I. rando caufam efficientem hujus morbi, et cur fiat, ut vix ullus mortalium illum effugiat : deinde reliqua quae huc perti¬ nent, fedlione pofl: fed:ionem : et in fin- gulis didturi fumus, ea ratione quae nobis fufficiens videbitur. Cum auxilio Dei. //.Dico igitur, hominem *ex quo natus eft, ad fenedlutem ufque indefinenter ad ariditatem tendere : atque inde efle quod fanguis puerorum et infantium hurnidi- tate fit abundantior, comparatus cum fanguine juvenum, multo magis prae fanguine fenum : fitque infuper calore abundantior /5.H0C etiam jam docuit Ga¬ lenus in commentario in librum Apho- rifmorum : dicit enim, ‘‘ calor puero- rum calore juvenum quantitate major eft, et calor juvenum qualitate vehe- mentior eft.'' Qrod et demonftratur ex bonitate operationum naturalium, ^ ^ videlicet p digejlionisy et augmentiy et . ^ reiv uYgJ (Fol. Paris, I54^> apud Rob. / Stephan.) pag. 244, lin. ult, Qz cor^ I / ■..9] [, '20' ] ! 3-' ' ^ • \ CLj\jUa^\ ojU^ii^L 4^3» * MS. L. i:J*Pi gv^I) J' <^^>5.5 gvk!l l_^*j jk! (_. >uxsu ji xrj.t * Vs un w /' fj^ ^ ^Xr Js5 l_A) ^U-C^i _ _ I (jj^^ *x_-5 fT^ LU •» •* jf ci,., if^x^x^h ^.Lc^i ^l— /0 5X=Si. C * .0 i-H-A^C^Xj! ^UXi^ ^^.Xa: aXc V f f "■ e^ « _J^ 9 Arab. (jij^ Gol. in voce— — Graea verfio—*») K,.!_^sy! t l 21 ] corporis incrementi^ />^/mV./4.Quaprop-.Cap.' I; ter affimilatur fanguis infantium et pu-/^ erorum muftis [five fuccis expreffis,) in quibus nondum incepit fieri codlio perducens ad maturationem perfedtam, et in illis nondum contigit motus, ad ebullitionem excitandam. ys: Assimilatur autem fanguis juve¬ num mufto, quod jam efferbuit, 9 edi- ditque fonumy et evaporavit ex illo abun-. dantia vaporum, et fupQrfluitatum ejus; uti vinum j; quod jam quievit, et feda- tum eft, et vis ejus perfed:a. // Sanguis autem fenum, veteri affi¬ milatur vino, ex quo jam evaporata eft vis ejus, et in promptu eft ut frigefc^t, & fiat acetum. Variola etiam fiunt, ■ quando putrefcit fanguis, et ebullit, ut ex eo evaporentur fuperfiuitates vaporum ejus, et permutetur a fanguine infantili. pag. 245, lin. 3. qui L 22 ] lU . ^UXxl^ ^uvi.> , C _ ‘~r-’l?!’ LL> /^■4 y % ^ Cfj (j^ iX» ^ ^ ^ tXj ^ aSIi 1»jF^ ....•^^ A — IV— I ^ O^j’ ( « cllj5^l>«a*5^ ~7^ \ ■ . * ^_^,UXi!\^ uii>*;_*ll A*; 1«*!' .i^' i * MS. L. c_s^ ^ s'^ (— X— *j ' — jff jioiisi ji ,|,ss aUl i> f jJ' 't-^ ci.>' _jo^ f j ^ y>AXi’ j^Jj' fOJ' i cj,>’-t^' '■^ ^ '1 [ 23 ] qui muftls comparatur, in fanguinem Cap. L juvenum qui vino maturo limilis eft. Variolae ipfas etiam ebullitioni et effer- vefcentiae fono, qui in muftis accidit in illo tempore, comparandae funt. /(P. Atque ea de caufa non fit, ut pueri immunes evadant ab hoc morbo praeci¬ pue mafculi 5 nequaquam etenim evitari poteft.fanguinis mutatio ex hoc ftatu, in ftatum fecundum; uti nequaquam evi¬ tari potefl: mutatio muftorum, (quorum natura eft ut fibilent et effervefcant,) in ftatum illis futurum poft efFervefcentiae ftridorem, et ebullitionem.^. Et raro quidem evenit, infantis aut pueri tem¬ peramentum tale effe, ut poflibile fit , ut fanguis in illo commutetur ex ftatu v primo in ftatum fecundum, paulatim, pedetentim, et in tempore diuturno, adeo ut non appareat in fanguine hascce ebullitio, et fibilationis ftridor.^^Oportet etenim id temperamentum effe frigidum et ficcum. Verum enimvero puerorum Arah, paulatim paulatim, et res pofl rem, etc. tempe [ 24 ] C^C ^ ^we ^ <rJKc 3>! (j,^. (►^ ^ \ Vmhm^o !|^ (J^ ^iiXC U^j.5i ClJ^^ i ., • J~ ^—i Afl.,»^ ^jKj>--2> ^Si \— . .Afl ^LaX^C*^ cHaXaj X— »« ^ , y»— ^ JvJO *Sxj L,JiXXJsr'j Cf^ r ,, I . . ^ aI^** ••tt l •" ...| _ * ^ Aaj UJ c • ^5^.^ 4 '"•‘•^^■^ 4 y^-^ 0 j 4 4 x^aSjj ii repono — in MS. L. c legerat Cl. Meadus, i. e. valentior (cibus nimirum). Verfio \ _ «U '1 ( [ 25 ] temperamentum huic plane contrarium Cap.L uti et regimen eorum, etiam : quoniam infantium diaeta eft ex ladle. ^/Etiamq^e pueri, licet eorum ali¬ mentum ex ladle non Iit, ” nihilominus huic propius accedit, quam ceterorum hominum cibus ; et eorum miftura eft etiam major, pariterque motus eorum, poft cibum : et propter has rationes, ra- ' riffime quidem, effugit puer immunis ab hoc morbo^-2.Tum poftea fit ftatuum illorum in iis mutatio, ratione habita ad eorum temperamenta, et regimen, et indolem, et aerem illos ambientem, et ftatum fanguinis qui eft in vafis eorum, in quantitate et qualitate : in quibufdam etenim celeriter fluit, in aliis tardius mo¬ vetur ; in his abundat, in aliis deficit ; in quibufdam qualitate pravus eft valde, in aliis miniis qualitate pravus. Graec. si xat a rpspovrai sm m ya>^Hlog^ aXA* ovv f| vTToysiH [vTToyvia forte legend.) nai svafxog raurnv msK- T>5VT0 ^laiTYiv xai rf)Q<pnv, v xoti aT^hcni aTraaai. pag. 245, lin. 22— 23. D Juvenes [ 26 ] UJ ^ 1- ^ - i?^_* I X^lxH X!Li^ :i\i ^ixW <_^^j- jo^y\ iSXf tXisk^^JU f -5^ j iS^S _ji ^ — ^aXa> ^aSCIS ' * * j**x3! ,,.A»j L—iAidL V- lV*- ^ MS. L. ^ ^ =>, ^ ^ iS^kj * C • U^xm^ , ^ ^L U4i l^u i c JvaaaLo ij.Aj4Vj ^S ^*XaJ L-JUaa^ Gr. verfjo 7rt'n'CiufA£vm» ■^/ / / [ 27 ] Juvenes autem quod attinet, quem- Cap. L admodum fanguis eorum jam conver- fus fit in flatum fecundum, et abfoluta fit ejus maturatio, et ex illo evaporata fint fuperfluitates humiditatis, qu^e pu¬ tredinem neceflario inducunt; iis qui- - dem hic morbus non accidit, nifi uni pofl: alium ex iis : et id quidem in iis, quorum fanguis qui efl in vafis eorum, efl vel abundanti humiditate ; vel quali¬ tate pravus, valde inflammatus : vel iis qui in pueritia eorum variolis correpti fuerant levioribus, lu quibus non per- , - ^ fedla fuerat per has, fanguinis mutatio in flatum fecundum. 24lis etiam accidunt, quibus calor efl hebes, vel humicUtas non copiofa ; et iis qui in pueritia eorum va¬ riolis correpti fuerant debilioribus, qui¬ que corpore funt ficci, macilenti, calore hebeti, 2 quieto: quique, quum juven¬ tutis annos attigerant, regimine ufi funt, quo corpus carriofum firmumque evade- . ret; vel regimine, fanguinem eorum cor¬ rumpente. MS. L. confufe vox defcrlpta efl. Gr. ver/io D 2 ' Q^uoad [ 28 ]. OJ ji.. tjCSS wj^l SJ-is» II !^J! c.yu> j * S! ^ ClJ^ \tX^ V ■'»(^>3 c^X)a\ W h^rS MS. L. ... II ifj ^ ^ ^ .«i«_Xa-o' t— — a3a!\ £i^ \X>« Ji < — ^SSS Isv-^Xj ^ C_5<^^ *• • ^ ^ •• *« ik aiii % ■if- ■if’ -i^ ^ "SyS C—^aw j UXJ> *)vxj Ul H Gr. ver/Io — ^lOTi £M^£^mco$ tyiv crvf/,fx£rpiav anc^v ^po;s'^y hepfAOTYtTcx, xai bypoT^raiy hcxi to ^£p(JL0V xalccmpiscy [ 29 ] :25:Quoad fenes autem, non fit ut acci- Cap.L dat illis hic morbus nifi in flatibus aeris peflilentiaiibus, putridis, malis, in qui¬ bus hic morbus vehementer abundat. Aer etenim putridus juftam temperiem multo tranfgreditur, ad calorem et hu- miditatem vergens 5 et aer inflammatus, impetus hujus morbi promovet, conver¬ tendo fpiritum qui eft in duobus cordisy^.^4/ ^ ventriculis, in temperiem propriam ; de¬ inde convertit totum fanguinem qui efl in arteriis, mediante corde, in flatum , fibi fimilem. jam diximus de caufa variolarum^ fermone fufficienti brevi, compendiofo. Difturi fumus adhuc, de corporibus dif- pofitis ad variolas et morbillos.' ffVVTtiVBl TO VO(rT/\(XOii ^lOTl TO TrVEVlXOC, TO £» •raff dv(ri xoiTiiatg Tng xap^ia^ rviv i^iav xpa^iv^ etc. pag, 245, lin. 39 — 41. pag. 246, lin. i. CAPUT [ 30 ] ' w CjUjSlj /i i lU ♦ • • MS.L jy^y ^ J t ^ uj " w Cl^'^ UL^ }oj.iiJLl ^LA.Aa^U d-»l>si*^ ^^***^3 J^ (.^«3 — L-^lcji|^ ^L^aIiX!^ C' ^ Z^A^AAvJL^ t*»-^ A ^*— .!i * — ^3^3 ^ Z!i xsuarj mi i4^ Jf ^L;jii!L .... ' C^C (> rr" * Et faluzedgat : pulmenta et potiones ex amylo, •polline, aqua, et mellc. {Menmjki Thefaur. Vienn, ^ — oli \ [ 3i ] CAPUT II. De corporibus ad hariolas aptis et difpo^ Jitis: etdeannitempejlatibusy in quibus abundant corpora ad variolas^ difpojita^ HJEC funt in univerfum, humida, et 'alba, et carne repleta, bene colorata, et temperata, et rubra: fufca ‘ etiam quando cum carnis abundantia lint: et illa, in quibus abundant et faepius in¬ vadunt febres calidae et continuae : et hae¬ morrhagia {n^Lvium pr^cipue) et Ophthal¬ mia, et pullula albce, rubrae, et veficulae. Illa etiam quae multum comedunt rerum dulcium, praecipue dadtylorum et mei- Cf ' lis, et ficuum, et uvarum ; et omnis Ipe- ciei rerum dulcium, in quibus eft crafli- ties et denfitas, uti pulmentorum, et * Faluzedgat 5 et abundant ufia vini et ladlis. 1680, Col. 689.) Perjlc, Turcic,\ — ^ jyii Araif, hinc plural. Corpora [ 32 ] -«13 U) Cl^iX^ CU^*^ ^uAasSj k’Js»}uM-o ^ * L^jAX-« ^<>oO\ J^Xi* l^^X:?- *)^ ^ ■if’ ifi- o ^ , yixi \ I ^X>Lo iVjUo ^«X:^ _W.'^ U^*3 r” Vi S>^ 2—^ matsXJ^ ^^<>u^) 1— «5i . ClijA» Cl>'^ ***ai!} S.>.«X«.« ' i-t- uru. L>,ilA Ujxs '—Si 9 • • ' 4 ,>JL< \ ^ ~ ? .' ') tu s Ul r ^^sIaxj c^I d>U>-|Sll U— «13 s^'1jX« ® ^L_k«1 c_i^l 4 [ 33 ] ^‘Corpora autem macilenta, billofa, Cap. II. calida, ficca; talia ad morbillos magis quam variolas difpofita funt : et, fi va- ' riolis correpta fuerint, non fieri poteft, quin fint numera paucas illorum variolse, difiindlas invicem, debiles : vel e cout tra prav^ maxime, numerofas, fteriles, ficcae, cum putredine, et non cum ma¬ turatione. 3. Corpora autem macilenta, ficca, cum temperamenti frigiditate, nequa- ' quam difpofita funt ad variolas et rnor- billos. Qj^dfi tamen variplis correpta i fint, in illis has erunt paucas, debiles, moderatas, flabiles, tutas, cum febribus moderatis, levibus, (talia etenim corpora has extingunt) a principio rei ad finem ufque. anni tempeflates, in quibus oriuntur variola, et abundant, jam dic¬ turus fum. Extrema porro funt au¬ tumni, et veris initium, et quando per ^sflatem pluvias funt ^ intenfe, crebras, et 4rab. ali^ alias confec^uentes. E ventj [ 3+ ] <*• ■ XxjLa^^ Js^aaT i-oUi;^ l— .A - J IM ‘yMA— .A»— <j>3 \— «<|^ ^■nnnAiV^a^ iw»:^ $ I . • ^ - L * ■. iZS' tisAX^^ (3 «X;:a.lj ^ (L^vAuXj «XAAAis.^ 25<X^ t5 /^ ^ M’3. L. <r^ <<>Xaj CL><>.^^ «>v3 I^a-o \mM Vigwpii.^ 1 ^w«W3b^ ^ bhA^ * .- «>; •• / C% *>s«*. > • ciJl_JL„'i [ 35 ] venti auftrales flant multi et Continui ^ Cap. IL et quando hyems tepida efl: et auilra- lis. Quando autem aeilas fuerit valde ca¬ lida et ficca, et autumnus calidus, fic- cus, et pluvias retardatae admodum, mor¬ billi tunc celeriter invadunt eos, qui ad illos diipofiti funt ; hi vero funt homi¬ nes, calidis, macilentis, biliofis corpo- • - ribus. Persjepe etiam hxc mutantur, caufa regionum, et domiciliorum, et ftatuum in aere occultorum, quae illos morbos ne- celTarib inducunt et ad illos difponunt : unde fit ut in aliis etiam tempeftatibus, otiantur. Tunc igitur oportebit, ut fummam adhibeas diligentiam circa prae- fervationem ab his morbis ftatim atque videris illos incipere, atque in homines graffari, fecundum ea quae in fequenti- bus memoraturi fumus. I I E 2 X A P U T N I .[ 3^ ] CLsJ' - A-Ji i C^jOvAl iLJL\!5 ci.' — .iLjiJI J U) ^ — Juk.^ C_.^^ ^«xiLJL-j tu J o (T ' - §'*^^ ^jSIj • • • ^1 iJ w ^ 2i(\>Mj U>^ Jiijj (^aarI^ ^bnr^l? (L^j-^^ /^ ci.u:iU!\ ^ jS^ * • • •« * MS. L, «!^Iaa!^^ ^ ^ , ^L< ^^ot! ! J^3 Ife voces pun(5lls diacriticis in exemplari meo carent, et confufas pinguntur : ita legendae mihi videntur. L 37 1 CAPUT III. L qn f- De Jignis indicantibus eruptionem hariola¬ rum et morbillorum* jppRUPTIONEM variolarum prsece _ dit febris continua, et dolor dorfi>^^^/ A et pruritus nafi, et terror In fomno, et /i. 7^^, h^c funt ligna magis propria illarum in-*" ' flantium, praecipue dolor dorli cum fe- / bre ; dein punctio, quam invenit aeger in toto corpore fuo, et repletio faciei, tunc reduftio ejus in primum Jlatum ex¬ templo et coloris inflammatio, et ve¬ hementia ruboris in genis ambabus, po- flea : et rubedo oculorum ; et corporis totius gravitas : ^ et abundans inquietudo, cujus ligna funt pandiculatio et ofcitatio. At haereo et nihil definio. Graeca verfio — iTti roi/roi? xai o-Ko^^ivccafAog, xat %acr|Uyj cry%v>i — pag. 247» 3\ o^vvri £v T« Hat zv ru ^co^ant^ etc. et ^ MS. L. jT ♦MS.L. / C 38 ] f^A ^tXAaJij L.. tXaLl ^ U) laXr^ ^ C-Jd5i!i^ u^]j,]\ m • ^ cJiXxl^ ( , yS j.aI Vj-^S U) aJ^ «Xaw^.^ KlUaAij ifjLc XAi?Li, ^1/5**^ <#• X I. ,.t,A,m^ «_** «Lo!^^l 2{<>(^ cllx>1^ VlU x.JCaI3X^ CLj?^^ j*^ C— XaXsiIIj ^ <5- * 6>^ ^ « C C Cf^ ( • 4 [ 39 ] et dolor in gutture et pedlore, cum pau- Cap, IIT. cula fpiritus ard:atione, et tuffi ; et oris ariditas, et falivae craflities, et vocis rau¬ cedo, et cephalalgia, et gravedo capitis : et animi inquietudo : et taedium, et nau-<- fea, et moeror : (nili quod inquietudo, et naufea, et moeror, in morbillis abun¬ dant magis quam in variolis : et dolor dorli, variolis peculiaris magis fit, quam - morbillis :) et calor totius corporis, et inflammatio coloris ejus, fulgor etiam, et rubedo : rubedo gingivarum intenfa praecipue, Et quum videris haec figna, vel quaedam ex eis, praecipue vehemen- tiora eorum, uti funt, dolor dorfi, et terror, cum febre continua, certo fcias, aegroto, yariolarum aut morbillorum erup¬ tionem inflare. Atqui illam, in morbil¬ lis non comitabitur dolor dorfi tantus, quantus in variolis ; nec in variolis e contra, moeror et naufea, quantae cum morbillis funt ; nili variolae fint pravae : et /fac monflrant morbillos oriri, ex fan- guine fumme biliofo. [ 40 ] k « { » y^i^. jj-o ■J * MS. L. ^ . ^ljjiXC>! C^C (— -aXaoJI ^1 — iL-i ^ CUk>^>^> * Gr. verilo — v 5f sTrismYi; hot/Mix^ •Tr^emcc ex^i ‘sroff‘OTyiTa ra %p>irK alfjLar(^j T8 fxox^yi^^i ^leipOccf- fiEva, Kixi ^la THTO cruvE^pEVEi avTYi V o^vv)i ra vuith, etc. pag. 247, lin. 14 — 16. 3. In yariolis autem falutaribus, 3 fanguis Cap.IIL quantitate peccat magis quam pravitate : ' atque inde eft, quod oriantur cum dolore. dorfi, propter extenfionem venas et ar- ' ^ terke thyorum, quae litae liint luper ver¬ tebras Ipinas dorli. ' ■ ' " ■ " tl' '■ — ^ Arah, erit in illis quantitas fanguinis, plus quam pravitas ejus, peccans, etc. • N t 42 ] «sil 9 L-J^?! jfdxJX^ I S' ' ik iuUif^ i .> 'C^C » v ^ 4-llAiL-.A— :nj ^53 (_}iU|^ lJu:^\ C^C ^Ic cii^^ L« ^—^•0 * '^r^i^, qc5;.s! i. e. accidentium^ / [ 43 1 v CAPUT IV. De enarratione ^ articulorum regiminis in variolisy miverfaliter^ J AM vero memoremus articulos regi¬ minis in variolis, univerfaliter. tt. Primus eorum eft, praefervatio adhi- f ^ benda^ priufquam appareant figna earum; et cohibitio earum, poftquam apparue¬ rint figna earum.^,^^, J. Secundus, de illis quae accelerant eruptionem, et apparitionem earumy(|^^j|t, 4, Et tertius, providentia circa oculos, . ^ et cilia, et meatus aurium, et interi- iuiLjiiOta ora narium, et guttur, .et articulos, ut ‘ ' nulla in iis hcereat aut infixa fit putre- fcentia.yf , /. Q.UARTUS etiam, de illis quae matu- ratipnecpi Cttriin? accelerant.^, /2^. 5/ V; ,• / F 2 V QuINTUS;, * I \ [ ^4 1 '- » • ■< ", .* ... . S K.,; . «. -< ♦ . , ■' #6^' * yMt^UwJU *• ■ • s« * '• **' ‘ \ C i iM C^L«^V£ j>§U!!j V sj^ ^ ^ ^ _Xlj; \__J|^ iJJI <Ii ( » \».ii.i»>^^ V. * Prava lethales : Jias duas Voces alterius cflb loci monflrat titulus Cap, VI. ubi non extant. ^ [Defiderantur hic argumenta Cap. VII. et VIII. qux quum ad marginem Lugdun* Codicis adjunxifle^ lil 1 [ 45 ] /Qjji N T u s, acceleratio dellccationis Cap. IV, cariim. I : ^.Sextus, ^ pravce^ let hales. De fqua^ mis amovendis •><v f. Septimus, de illis quse auferunt ye-r ftigia yariolarumy^^^J^^ ' ^4 Octavus, de alimentis ejus qui va:; riolis laborat.yj^”/^/^ /aNonus etiam, de naturae praeferva- tione a diarrhoea, pdft //. Et decimus, ligna fanabilium et le- thiferarum, ex ^ ' /-?. Ipse vero difturus fum de omnibus his articulis, fermbne brevi, fufEcienti. Si voluerit Deus, 7 librarius Arabs, incuria bibliopegi perdidit, funt ex fequeiitibus capitum infcriptionibus reflituenda - in Marg. MS. adhuc fupererant extrema verba titul. Cap. Vm ' A P U T I [ 46 ] ik Cjl)^ ^ :* Cl-'^ r ^ -5^ ^ ij!.<AX^ ^ « <^Laax1^ 6'^’> , f X...K-^ Pj^ jXj «xi* «XAoi-» ^ *x^^ lAWL, -Vu— :s2 ClA5'^'3^ U^ ^ MS. L. ^]J^S ^wy\ IaaU^ * UI5 ,_Vfcsr • :•? ante apparitionem earum — pofl apparie tionem earum* ^ AAAwiXxii^ Decoflum five edulium ex lentibus^ ] [ 47 CAPUT V. De prafervatione a variolisy * anf equam apparuerint ; et de prohibitione ne mul-- tiplicentury pojlquam apparuerint, OP O RT ET ut detrahatur fanguis illis qui pueri funt, et adolefcen- tes, et juvenes, qui vel nondum variolis fuere correpti, vel qui correpti fuerunt olim variolis languidis debilibus: (etpras- cipue in iis flatibus et temporibus, in iis etiam qui tali fint temperamento, quale • fupra retulimus) ar^tequam febricitent, et appareant in iljis figna variolarum. Venaefedlio nimirjum in illis fiat, qui annum decimuqi quartum attigerint : illis autem qui aetate minores fint, cu¬ curbitulae admoveantur. Cubicula eo¬ rum refrigerentur : cibus eorum fit ex- tinguens calorem^ ex ^ lentibus flavis, et Goh conficitur ex lentibus flavis ad folutionem fere in aqua coflis, additis aceto rubro, coriandro, fale. Khn Ciazia in voc. ex *MS.L. J- * MS. L. t 48 ] ^ j^L^i j>fii 5 tjh* <3^ y\ g>XjsJU ^ JJ*Xtf^ **® ^^^5*1***-« ^ (sl^^ ^ Ammm<^ •' I W ■ifi,- 11^, 1.^ ^ X^jj^b Jufculiitti ex carne hcedina vel ag¬ nina, Vel gallinis, cuiii fucco uvae acerbae paratum : parandi modus ab Ebh Giazla traditur in voc, ^ ^l^X^Jb Sicbadg. Vide Cajlel, Lex» Coi. 2523, N° 14. - Ebn Giazla tres hujus fpecies colore varias lecenfet : albam, fc. flavam croco, rutilam cnici flore tiaflam. t . ^ Holam eft jus tenue 5/f- ATlyll 1: I [ 45 ] « ex 5 otnphacino : et cibus tjle acidus ex Cap. V, carnibus confciffis, 4 Sicbadg diSius: et Gelatina ex hoedorum pedibus parata : et 5 jufculum tenue edulii Sicbadg diSli, k pinguedine defecatum : jufcula etiam ex carne vitulina parata j item ® j.ufcula ex attagenibus, gallinis, phafianis. ^ Ha¬ rum etiam confcilTae carnes, cum fucco uysB acerbffi paratse. 3.Et bibant aquam nive refrigeratam, vel aquam fontanam puram frigidam j quacum etiam cubicula eorum confpergantur.^ tantur frequenter , malis Punicis acidis, et lambant fuccos - ^ • frudtuum acidorum et flyptieorum infpif- badg ab adipe defaecatum : idem fere ac Matzoutz. ' — Ebn Giazla. ^ Arab. et Matzoutz — jufcula fc, ^ Harum etiam confcijja carnes. In exemplari vox Arabica fine pun<5tis diaeritkis, et literis mi¬ nime diflinftis pifla efl: ; legi : at hccreo maxime. Graeca vcrfio toij oix~ (potHiuv stpj^pcEvoi^j TOij Js c|<y^£crt ttyihtoi^^ Hoci roig aTTT^idg olcuSscTi, K(xi Taymi$ c^uroig, xai — pag, 247, 33? 34* G fatos ; • •V ^ j^»<i<A>i^ll Ci^^ ^ C * Cl3^ <J**^ XxAA^i ^ ^:U oij^^Axlb ^L-.Ai ^ j <-«AA3 «>ji^ ,ff^- c:.lj.\i!L * IWXi c^Ni^li. tl^xS! >•( C:_,W ^ C-Jijjjwrf *® L—j^ 8 ' u^^■^:’^^!5 ct ribas : lapathi acetofi fpecies, cujus rubicundus acidufque fuccus, ad tertias coftus, rob de ribes vulgo dicitur. GoL Lex, Coi. 930. CaJieL 35°3* planta, vide plura apud Hyde de ^lelig. Veter. Perfar. pag. 540 — 546. (Oxon. A. D. j y6o,) — - << Ibidem (Chorafance fc, in montibus ** prope Neifabour) et planta celeberrima, pt Euro- ** pseis dehderata quidem et incognita (j^\— laetius nafcitur, quam in monte Libano, aut alio quocunque loco. Utique genus utrumque, tum gemmae ejus, tum plantae ( Neifabo- nVt/w) cae teris longe praefertur omnibusf^bo/. not. ^1 [ 5* ] fatos ; uti rob mali Punici, et * ribas, et Cap. V, rob acidi tatis citri, et omphacini, et mori Syriaci, et limilibus.:r,Quique ex illis fu-> erint temperamento calidiori, et magis inflammati, mane fumant aquam hordei ^ accurate paratam, cui affundatur quarta pars fucci mali Punici acidi. ^Qui vero his minus funt inflammati, his quidem mane propinetur ptifana ex fauic hor¬ dei et faccharo. Cibis eorum admifceas etiam 9 Gr3SC3. vcrfio ^v^cv 'u^poo"i£o'9o) ccxpi^co^ xccBs^yjfi^svcVf pag. 24 7 ‘ Sauic hordei, a7\(piTov^ Galeno ; vocem Arabi-.J^ cam ubique retinui. Gr. verfio aixa Trpm ^i7oi; {/.sra (TocHXa^oUf pag. 247, lin. ult, - Galen. de Alimentor. Facultatib. lib. i. (Edit.- Aldi, tom. IV.) fol. 49, lin. ult. E« Tm vzm xpiQcov (ppuysiacov crvpLfAE- Tpa^ 70 a>^(pi7Qv yivs7ai. Idem fere valet He¬ braeorum n^p, et Arabum ^ ^ Buxtorf, Lexic. Rabhtn, magn, Coi. 2034. 'GoL Lexic, Coi. 1960, in voce ^ ^ — frumentum affare mos efl antiquiffi- mus. Vide Levit, cap. xxiii. 14. “ et panem, et ajfa- tum frumentum, et fpicam teneram non comede- ** tis,” etc, ubi Arabs Erpenii Arabs Polyglotti [ 52 ] , ■ ► ^MS.L. ei3^ U^ w -»-V).3t.^ jl#,^j2c A^iLo _ A^^'! « _ A _ ^ ^ JT * MS. L. '^^]j — c^^yi ^ 5s!.^j ll l .. • ^ ■i> ' — y.^j reddit. Ebn Giazla in Libro Menhaig - XSLkNi! y^]\ ^XiSl ^yi.! t> L%jj.aj js\ etc. Saulc hordei, optimum ejl^ moderate tojium, pauci furfuris \ efl magis refrigerans quam fauic tri¬ tici: alvum c imprimit, etc, Arab. juvabit juvamine maximo, etc. Arah. Werafhkin : Cl. Mead, furuncu- culos vertit, Gr. Interp. — t«v (puixarm^ kch rm ttvi- ^iakaem, pag. 248, lin. 4. Vox in lexicbgra- phris fruflra quteritur. Aliquam lucem probet Abu Ofiiba in vita Cabrielis fil. Bachti/Jjuce fil. Georgii.; cujus verba fequuntur : cjL^i _JU^ ^ ^ .5UJL.j Z- --A Ay I C 53 ] etiam acetum, lentes, et mala Punica, Cap. V. et omphacium in primis : his etenim ef¬ ficies, ut fpiffiorem reddas fanguinem, eumque refrigeres, adeo ut prohibeas ^bullitionem eji^s, et puftularum erupti¬ onem. Hoc regimen quam maiime juvabit etiam, in omnibus temporibus peftiferis, et imminuet pravitatem ulce¬ rum peftilentialium, et furunculorum. — c — VJ * * • &c. (vertente Salomone Negri ) — “ interrogatus Ga- “ briel ab Abu-Ifaac — de morbo, qui Werfe-Kin ap- “ pellatur : refpondit, nomen hoc Perfae compofue- runt e duabus vocibus, fraSlionis fc. et peSloris, nam in puriori fermone Perfarum nomen peBoris eft 'wer, quod vulgo ber dicitur; nomen autem ** fradtionis ejkin ( ejhkin J : fi ambae voces una con- jungantur, efficiunt werfekin f potius 'werejhkin ) ‘f i. e. morbus ille in quo pe6lus neceflario frangitur.’* Vide Append. ad Freind Hifl. Medicin. vol. ii. p. 1 1 An empyema f an vomica ? videant medici. et [ 54. ] ^ ^^5^4-1 ^ .• 1 ! ^ L»^ Uj^ ci^ Qj^^y ui * MS.L. ^<X^ ^ <-^AAXXM StXXXAM^C 1 ..!> -^T* C- • : ^ 4.--\^XXU u^jLoj c^\ fjM /^ Xa..U3^ t,US Ca4,! *>^ «MS.L. * :pUxJ|^ *3 Jsjidbddgat : alba nimirum cibaria, quae ex car¬ nibus, cepis, oleo, butyro, et cafco ficco compo¬ nuntur, CqU Lexic, Coi. 103, Ebn Giazla hujus WcU s [ 55 } et prohibebit pleuritides, et anginas, et Cap. V. in genere, cundtas aegritudines biliofas et fanguineas,8X»avent fe etiam aqua frigida circa meridiem, in illam ingrediantur etiam, et natent. Abftineant etiam a ladle recenti, et vino, et dadtylis, et meile, et in univerfum a rebus dulcibus, et ci¬ bariis ^3 Isfidbadgat didlis ; et carnibus ovium, et jumentorum ; et locuftis j et pullis avium ; et condimentis, et femi¬ nibus calidis^.Dentur illis etiam, quando tempus fit peftilentiale, pravum, vel tem¬ peramentum eorum calidum, humidum, putredini recipiendce aptum ; vel cali¬ dum, ficcum, difpofitum ad inflamma- ' tionem, una cum hoc regimine, qua¬ dam remediorum qu^ defcripturi fumus. Dentur etiam praeditis temperamentis calidis, ficcis, inflammabilibus, olera . refrigerantia recentia, extinguentia, uti portulaca, malva, et blitum : cucurbitae etiam , cucllmeres^ e t cucumeres an¬ guini, ietatnnnr"*"*”"^ edulii parandi modum tradit, a Golii nonnihil diver- fum : nimirum ex carne ovina, oxalide, cepa, cori¬ andro, fale, in aqu4 codlis. Qjuoad £ S6 1 ^ , ii} !^xX«,aX5 \— Lf^ '^aXc ^ ^ , ^l»-5 ^ ^L— ^ hc]^ X/^Li^ aS]^] ^ Xa4s^^ ^UAi2:Jk) ^ >.1 \ 3 \— -^r i l_»< ^<>x!i ^ ^jASAjili j.4^i Wj«;Cj * " — . ;. H pepones : vox Arab. efl hateich, glaj “ Cucumeres, cum magnitudine excefTere, pe- “ pones vocantur.” Plin. Hift. Natural. lib. iii. c. 5. Ci, Mead. melones reddit. Ebn Beitar — kA^^LaiU c ^^j,xjo ^ * (J-* Jvj^Xamj^ lA--3iilj i. e. Bateich, notus eft. Perfice dicitur char* pitze. Vox etiam Arabice ufurpatur, et dicitur charbuz» / / C 57 ] /^7. Quoad pepones vero, dulces prae- Cap. V. cipue : ab his prohibeantur interdifto vehementiori. (^odh forte ex iis iump- ferint, fuperbibant extemplo rob fruc¬ tuum acidorum.' Detur illis etiam, de pifcibus mollibus s et Al-Raib.
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In addition, the Superior Court also did not address Mills-Williams’s claim in the November 4, 2015 second amended complaint that Governor Mapp and Attorney General Walker transferred her from the Office of the Governor to the Department of Justice in retaliation for making her report to Henderson. See Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge 1 v. City of Camden, 842 F.3d 231, 241 (3d Cir. 2016) (transfer to a less desirable position is an adverse employment action for purposes of whistleblower statute).
In reaching this decision, we emphasize that the mere fact that an employee was discharged or subject to other adverse job action after filing a lawsuit against his or her employer — without more — will not necessarily trigger liability under the Whistleblowers Protection Act. To hold otherwise would make “a complaint tantamount to a ‘get out of j ail free card’ that would immunize an employee who may have engaged in misconduct worthy of termination. Brooks v. City of San Mateo, 229 F.3d 917, 928 (9th Cir. 2000).
In this particular' case, however, Mills-Williams has pled sufficient facts that — if accepted as true — draw a clear causal link between her being placed on leave at the Department of Justice (which occurred the day after she filed her complaint) and subsequently terminated as an Assistant Attorney General. Significantly, Mills-Williams alleges that Governor Mapp, in his November 13, 2015 press release and in contemporaneous talk radio interviews, stated that he terminated Mills-Williams because of her association with the attorney who filed the complaint on her behalf. This allegation, if it is ultimately substantiated with sufficient proofs, would permit a finder of fact to infer that Mills-Williams was terminated because she retained an attorney to exercise her rights under the Whistleblowers Protection Act.
In its opinion, the Superior Court recognized that the doctrine of absolute immunity for a jurisdiction’s chief executive officer had not yet been adopted by this Court, and correctly applied the test mandated by Banks v. Int’l Rental & Leasing Corp., 55 V.I. 967 (V.I. 2011), to extend the doctrine to the Virgin Islands. The Superior Court correctly recognized that several Virgin Islands courts had extended various degrees of immunity to Executive Branch officials. See e.g., Moorhead v. Millin. 542 F. Supp. 614, 19 V.I. 155, 159-162 (D.V.I. 1982). Moreover, it correctly acknowledged that all of the jurisdictions to consider the issue “have agreed that the absolute privilege ... protects the superior officers of the state governments, including at least the governor.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 591 cmt. c. Most importantly, the Superior Court rightly determined that absolute immunity for the Governor from liability for defamation represents the best rule for the Virgin Islands because it is “important that officials of government should be free to exercise their duties unembarrassed by the fear of . . . suits which would consume time and energies which would otherwise be devoted to governmental services and the threat of which might appreciably inhibit the fearless, vigorous, and effective administration of policies of government.” Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564, 571, 79 S. Ct. 1335, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1434 (1959). We adopt these findings, and *596therefore conclude that the Governor of the Virgin Islands is entitled to absolute immunity from defamation for statements made in conjunction with his official duties.
In her appellate brief, Mills-Williams argues that Governor Mapp acted outside the scope of his official duties when he made these statements because “the Whistleblower statute expressly prohibits this sort of retaliation on Whistleblowers.” (Appellant’s Br. 17.) However, as the United States Supreme Court explained in rejecting a similar argument, “[t]he claim of an unworthy purpose does not destroy the privilege.” Barr, 360 U.S. at 575 (quoting Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 377, 71 S. Ct. 783, 95 L. Ed. 1019 (1951)). Significantly, as we explained above, the fact that Governor Mapp possesses an absolute immunity from liability for defamation for these statements does not mean that the statements cannot be used to attempt to establish liability for a different cause of action, such as retaliation in violation of 10 V.I.C. § 122.
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<?php
namespace DFSClient\Models\KeywordsDataApi\Keywords_For_Keyword;
use DFSClient\Models\AbstractModel;
class KeywordsForKeywordLiveSetTask extends AbstractModel
{
protected $requestToFunction = 'kwrd_for_keywords_tasks_post';
protected $pathToMainData = 'results';
protected $method = 'POST';
protected $isSupportedMerge = true;
}
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Phebalium est un genre de buisson de la famille des Rutaceae endémique d'Australie. Un certain nombre d'espèces autrefois incluses dans ce genre ont été transférées dans les genres Leionema et Nematolepis.
Espèces
Phebalium ambiguum C.A.Gardner
Phebalium appressum Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium bifidum P.H.Weston & M.Turton
Phebalium brachycalyx Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium brevifolium Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium bullatum J.M.Black
Phebalium canaliculatum (F.Muell. & Tate) J.H.Willis
Phebalium clavatum C.A.Gardner
Phebalium daviesii Hook.f.
Phebalium distans P.I.Forst.
Phebalium drummondii Benth.
Phebalium elegans Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium festivum Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium filifolium Turcz.
Phebalium glandulosum Hook.
Phebalium laevigatum Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium lepidotum (Turcz.) Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium longifolium S.T.Blake
Phebalium lowanense J.H.Willis
Phebalium megaphyllum (Ewart) Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium microphyllum Turcz.
Phebalium nottii (F.Muell.) Maiden & Betche
Phebalium obcordatum Benth.
Phebalium obovatum (Paul G.Wilson) Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium squamulosum Vent.
Phebalium stenophyllum (Benth.) Maiden & Betche
Phebalium tuberculosum (F.Muell.) Benth.
Phebalium whitei Paul G.Wilson
Phebalium woombye (F.M.Bailey) Domin
Références
Zanthoxyloideae
Genre de Rutaceae (nom scientifique)
Flore endémique d'Australie.
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FRAUENFELD. 912 mai 1799. — L'archiduc Charles avait l'intention de tenter une affaire générale. Masséna s'en aperçut par les mouvements des Autrichiens, dont les uns se portaient sur Saint-Gall, tandis qu'une autre colonne suivait le cours de la Thur, et cherchait à descendre dans le Thurgau. Masséna rompit ces mesures, en attaquant en même temps l'avant-garde de Nauendorf et celle du général Hotze; il surprit cette dernière comme elle s'avancée entre Frauenfeld et Winterthur. Ces deux attaques furent faites avec beaucoup de vivacité. On enleva les postes de Nauendorf, malgré les hussards de Mésaros et de Barco, commandés par les généraux Kienmayer et Piaczenec, et on les repoussa dans la Thur. De la rive opposée, l'ennemi faisait un feu si vif, que les Français furent forcés d'abandonner le pont d'Andelfingen, qu'ils avaient pris. A la tête de la colonne, commandée par le général Hotze, du côté de Frauenfeld, le combat fut encore plus acharné et plus meurtrier. On enveloppa près de Schwarzembourg, à dix-sept lieues de Saint-Gall, en suivant la route de Constance, les dragons de Kinski, et les régiments de Gemmingen et de Kerpen de cavalerie. L'infanterie autrichienne, ayant marché pendant toute la nuit précédente, et étant par conséquent harassée de fatigue, eut beaucoup à souffrir, et fut presque entièrement détruite. Pour défendre l'infanterie, qui s'était engagée dans un terrain désavantageux, les dragons de Kinski firent des efforts extraordinaires; ils protégèrent la retraite des corps les plus maltraités en combattant à pied. On commença à se battre à neuf heures du matin, et l'on ne finit qu'à cinq heures du soir. Les troupes du général Masséna, avec la légion suisse auxiliaire, furent contenues par un corps de réserve, qui arriva fort à propos au secours des impériaux. Wéber, commandant des Suisses, fut tué dans cette affaire, dont le résultat fut l'évacuation de toute la rive gauche de la Thur, la prise d'un étendard et de deux canons -, le prince d'Hollenhor, le major de Szeklers et le colonel Barco furent faits prisonniers, avec deux mille cinq cents hommes. Des hussards, dont la conscience était troublée par le souvenir de l'assassinat commis à Radstadt, sur les plénipotentiaires français, demandèrent au commencement de l'affaire, si on leur ferait quartier? Les Français leur répondirent: "Songez à vous défendre," et ils le firent à la vérité d'une manière vigoureuse. Du 2 au 14 juillet 1794. — Le général Jourdan, ayant emmené la plus grande partie de l'armée de la Moselle, le général Michaud, qui commandait l'armée du Rhin, resta avec des moyens bien faibles. Cependant, connaissant l'audace des Français, il attaqua, avec confiance, le 2 juillet, les Prussiens postés à Freiburg, Hochstatt et Heimbach, entre Spire et Landau. L'ennemi, qui se reposait sur ses forces, ayant été trompé par ses espions, fut surpris, de manière que tous les avant-postes autrichiens furent égorgés, et que, malgré la nombreuse artillerie des Allemands, les Français s'emparèrent de plusieurs villages. Il périt dans cette journée plus de quatre cents impériaux. Le prince Anhalt-Pless, leur général, fut tué; il y eut beaucoup de blessés, et de déserteurs : on leur prit aussi du canon. Les Autrichiens furent encore harcelés le lendemain : ce succès n'était que le prélude de plus importants. Cependant les Français, examinant leur faiblesse, se décidèrent à prendre du repos, et semblèrent renoncer à leurs projets. Au bout de dix jours, c'était le 12 juillet, on se prépara à attaquer de nouveau. Les ennemis étaient rentrés dans les positions d'où on les avait chassés. Le lendemain, dès le point du jour, on fondit sur eux : on força les avant-postes, et on les poursuivit avec vigueur. Trois fois la brave infanterie de l'armée du Rhin, faisant un front de baïonnettes croisées, arrêta la cavalerie prussienne qui cherchait en vain à charger la division de gauche, et finit même par la repousser. La division de Desaix, par le moyen d'une fausse attaque, emporta à la droite Freiburg et Freymersheim, et contint l'ennemi par sa nombreuse artillerie. La seconde division suivait pas à pas ces mouvements, et réglait les siens sur ceux des troupes qui se portaient dans les gorges : c'était aussi là l'opération la plus importante et la plus difficile. Les Prussiens, postés sur une montagne très élevée, nommée Ratzberg, et qui se trouve en avant sur la gauche de Neustadt, s'y étaient couverts d'abatis et de retranchements. Les généraux Siskind et Desgranges s'y portèrent, en mettant dans leurs mouvements l'accord le plus parfait. Alors les soldats, avec une activité et une célérité incroyable, ne calculant aucun danger, se précipitent sur les retranchements des Prussiens, les franchissent, et, faisant entendre des cris de victoire, en chassent les ennemis. FRELIGNÉ. Le 10 septembre 1794. Le plan des républicains était de multiplier les camps retranchés, et de parvenir, par ce moyen, à désarmer et à affamer la Vendée. Des papiers, trouvés à la Roulière, en instruisirent Charette, qui, sur-le-champ, se décida à attaquer le camp de Freligné. Cette attaque fut fixée au 15 septembre. On ne pouvait plus surprendre les Français, la leçon terrible qu'ils avaient reçue à la Roulière, les rendait vigilants. Les chefs de brigade Prat et Mermet, qui avaient su maintenir la discipline militaire, défendaient le camp de Freligné, avec deux mille hommes de troupes de ligne bien aguerris. Des fossés, des palissades, entouraient ce camp, dont la forme était carrée, et qui était revêtu de banquettes. Mais les dispositions les plus sages et les mieux combinées ne peuvent résister à une multitude que la rage anime et conduit. Le camp fut attaqué sur trois points, la principale attaque se fit précisément du côté le mieux défendu, parce que la reconnaissance, ordonnée par Charette, avait été mal faite. De part et d'autre, la baïonnette et la mousqueterie agirent seules. On ne se servit pas de canons. Les Royalistes, pour ne pas manquer leurs cœurs, s'approchant jusques à quarante pas des palissades. Les républicains répondaient, par un feu plus vif encore, au feu vif et soutenu des Vendéens, qu'ils semblaient braver à l'abri de leurs retranchements. En peu de temps, les premiers rangs de Charette tombent, et la terre est couverte de morts et de blessés. Chevigné de Le Carie, chef de la division de Vieillevigne, est renversé par un coup de feu; un coup mortel frappe Saint-Sauveur; une balle perce le corps de Delaunay. Le porte-étendard de Saint-Philibert est étendu mort à la vue des royalistes, à l'instant où il plante le drapeau blanc sur les retranchements des républicains. Tant de pertes découragent les royalistes, leur colonne de gauche plie, le reste de l'armée s'ébranle. Charette, traversant seul le terrain le plus découvert, et où il risque davantage, arrive aux premiers rangs, et fait tout pour ranimer ses soldats. Des deux côtés le feu redouble. Prat reçoit un coup mortel dans le camp. Craignant d'y être forcé, le commandant Mermet s'élance hors des retranchements, agitant un guidon qu'il a saisi, et a recours aux prières pour décider les soldats à charger les royalistes. Le nombre des ennemis fait hésiter; Charette et Mermet, qui s'aperçoivent et se reconnaissent, se signalent mutuellement. Les yeux attachés sur leurs chefs, les deux armées suivent leurs mouvements. Les coups ne portent plus que sur eux; tout ce qui les environne est frappé. La mort suit partout leurs pas. Lemoëlle, effrayé des dangers auxquels est exposé son général, et craignant qu'il ne succombe, ce qui serait infailliblement arrivé, l'enlève malgré lui et le ramène au second rang. Mermet s'élance une seconde fois hors du camp, pour poursuivre Charette; mais il reçoit à vingt pas une balle dirigée par un Vendéen qui s'était glissé sur le ventre, et il tombe mort aux pieds de son fils; âgé de quatorze ans, qui combattait à ses côtés. Des soldats transportent dans le camp cet enfant, qui, s'étant jeté sur le corps de son père, l'embrassait et ne voulait pas l'abandonner. Le porte-drapeau du trente-neuvième et un sergent-major, qui lui avait succédé, tombent aussi. Les républicains se défendaient encore, quoiqu'ils fussent assaillants de toutes parts, et qu'ils n'eussent plus ni chef ni étendard. Mais rien n'arrête plus les royalistes, quand ils ont aperçu Charette parcourant les rangs, et les animant par sa voix; le courageux Colin, commandant la cavalerie du pays de Retz, et Guérin le jeune, franchissent les premiers les retranchements des républicains; Ils sont suivis par l'armée entière qui s'y précipite, et massacre indistinctement tout ce qui s'y rencontre. Ceux qui parviennent à se sauver vont périr dans une embuscade placée sur le chemin de Saint-Christophe du Ligneron, par où ils prennent la fuite. Charette abandonna à ses soldats les armes, les munitions, les effets de campement, la caisse militaire, et tout ce qui était tombé en son pouvoir. On mit le feu au camp, après l'avoir pillé. Le jeune Mermet, ne voulant pas se séparer du corps de son père, fut brûlé avec lui; les deux partis ne purent refuser leur admiration à un exemple si touchant de piété filiale. Cette victoire, qui coûta la vie à un trop grand nombre de braves, fut souillée par le meurtre de plusieurs femmes, qui se trouvaient dans le camp. Du côté des royalistes, il y eut quatre cents hommes tués et au moins le double de blessés. FRESCHWEILLER. 22 décembre 1792 Les Autrichiens occupaient les lignes de Weissembourg, et faisaient le blocus de Landau. Pour mettre l'Alsace à couvert, il fallait des soldats courageux, et des généraux distingués par leurs talents et leur activité. Ce fut en ce moment que le général Hoche fut chargé du commandement de l'armée de la Moselle. Il eut d'abord des revers, et ses succès furent compromis par les manœuvres trop lentes de quelques généraux. Avec quinze mille hommes tout au plus, il ne pouvait arriver à Weissembourg sans marcher sur le corps à vingt-huit mille Prussiens. Pichegru, à qui il demande des secours, et qui avait des troupes inutiles, lui envoie des hommes nus, qui n'avaient ni bas ni souliers, et il fallut bien pourvoir à tous leurs besoins. Quand Hoche eut été repoussé à Kayserslautern, les soldats se crurent à la fin de leurs fatigues. Ils se trompèrent, en pensant que l'hiver et le froid suspendraient leurs travaux au mois de décembre. Le général, persuadé qu'il ne pouvait recouvrer la partie envahie de l'Alsace que par un coup de main, marcha sur Kayserslautern. Rien ne devait arrêter l'armée dans une expédition où le soldat doit se précipiter sur l'ennemi, on supprima, pour la première fois, les tentes qui parurent trop embarrassantes. Hoche fit mettre à l'ordre du jour que les soldats d'un régiment qui ont murmuré ne se trouveront pas au premier combat. Ces guerriers, se regardant comme déshonorés, se rendent auprès du général et le conjurent, les larmes aux yeux, de permettre qu'ils partagent les fatigues et la gloire des autres : Hoche en pardonnant semble accorder une grâce. Ce régiment, placé à l'avant-garde, fit des prodiges de valeur, et expia ainsi un moment d'erreur. Les Prussiens avaient en avant de Freschweiler et de Werdt, des redoutes à triple étage et hérissées d'artillerie, elles étaient aussi difficiles à surmonter que celles de Jemappes ; le feu épouvantable qu'elles vomissaient fit hésiter le soldat quand il reçut l'ordre d'attaquer ces redoutes ; mais Hoche en parcourant la ligne cria à ses troupes en souriant : Camarades, à six cents livres pièce les canons des Prussiens. À cette plaisanterie succède partout la gaieté, le soldat rit et répond : Adjugez. Aussitôt, au bruit de la charge, on marche la baïonnette en avant, et l'on emporte les redoutes. FRESNO. 29 novembre 1810. — Le général Bonnet, commandant l'armée française du Nord, occupait les Asturies : son avant-garde, commandée par le général Valletaux, fut attaquée près de Fresno, par un corps espagnol de huit mille hommes qui s'était avancé par les routes de Miranda et de Belmonte. Aussitôt le général Valletaux plaça au centre le commandant Andréossy, avec huit compagnies, et se porta lui-même à Fresno avec un bataillon du cent dix-huitième. Pendant ces dispositions, les troupes espagnoles couronnaient tous les mamelons de la montagne. La fusillade s'étendit bientôt sur tous les points, et le combat s'engagea principalement sur le centre, où l'ennemi avait porté de grandes forces : la supériorité du nombre devait l'emporter sur l'avant-garde française, qui n'était que de quinze cents hommes. Les Espagnols étaient parvenus à gagner du terrain sur le centre, et forçaient les Français à se retirer, après une vive résistance, lorsque la position du général Valletaux fut renforcée par quelques troupes sous les ordres du commandant Lenouaud. Aussitôt ce général ordonna à deux compagnies du cent dix-huitième de se porter sur la gauche des Espagnols pour les tourner. Cette manœuvre, qui s'exécutait avec célérité, faisant craindre aux ennemis d'être tournés, les obligea à reculer à leur tour. Le centre reprit à l'instant ses positions ; les Français s'élancèrent au pas de charge sur l'ennemi, l'enfoncèrent sur tous les points, le mirent en fuite, et le poursuivirent avec impétuosité sur les routes de Miranda et de Belmonte, en lui faisant éprouver une perte assez considérable. Le champ de bataille, près de Fresno, était couvert de ses morts. Cette affaire, où le nombre céda à la valeur et à l'habileté des manœuvres, fit un grand honneur au général Valletaux, et aux officiers qui commandaient sous ses ordres. FREUDENSTADT. 4 juillet 1796. — Le poste de Freudenstadt paraissant essentiel à Moreau pour assurer la marche de son armée à travers les montagnes Noires, ce général résolut de s'en emparer. Le duc de Wurtemberg avait fait bâtir cette ville en 1600, pour défendre l'entrée de la Forêt-Noire. Le corps franc de Leloup et le contingent de Wurtemberg, s'étant réunis sur ce point, formaient un corps nombreux bien armé et bien équipé; il avait de plus une formidable artillerie : tous ces avantages donnaient aux impériaux une grande supériorité sur les Français, à qui il ne restait que leur courage et leurs baïonnettes, car les pluies continuelles avaient rouillé leurs fusils qui ne pouvaient plus tirer. Les Autrichiens commencèrent l'attaque; le choc fut violent, mais les Français emportèrent leurs postes à l'arme blanche. Un coup de feu atteint et blesse à la main le général Laroche : malgré cela il resta sur le champ de bataille jusqu'à ce que l'ennemi l'eût abandonné, et que la victoire eût été assurée par la possession de Freudenstadt. Cent Autrichiens furent faits prisonniers : cette journée coûta aussi quelques braves aux Français. FRIBOURG (EN SUISSE). 16 mars 1798. — Depuis que les Suisses avaient secoué le joug de l'Autriche, ils vivaient en paix. Aucune puissance n'avait eu l'idée de s'emparer d'un pays défendu par des montagnes qu'on ne peut aborder qu'avec beaucoup de peine, que sa pauvreté garantissait de l'envie, et qui était habité par des hommes belliqueux et trop fiers pour se soumettre à des étrangers. Ce peuple courageux trouvait son bonheur dans son antique constitution, et ne donnait à personne sujet de se plaindre. La guerre ne dévastait jamais ses champs, et des impôts onéreux n'absorbaient pas ses revenus ; chacun était heureux chez soi. Cependant, cette paix si douce fut troublée par l'ambition du directoire français : il offrit sa protection aux cantons qui, subordonnés aux autres, n'avaient pas une entière égalité de droits politiques. Tranquilles depuis si longtemps, ils crurent cependant devoir empêcher qu'on ne violât leurs lois et leur indépendance. Ils étaient assez libres, puisqu'ils étaient heureux; ils avaient, pour leur constitution et leurs usages, un respect qui faisait le principe de leur félicité. Les troupes du directoire de France ont attaqué Berne ; trop tard les Suisses viennent au secours de cette ville, qui avait succombé après cinq jours de combats. Les Suisses sont encore vaincus dans une bataille livrée devant Fribourg ; cette ville est prise d'assaut. Les soldats français n'usent pas du droit de la guerre ; ils traitent les vaincus comme d'anciens alliés, et, se gardant bien de violer les personnes et les propriétés, s'indignent qu'on veuille leur faire porter la liberté parmi les enfans de Guillaume Tell. FRIEDBERG. 24 août 1796. — En 1796, l'armée française de Rhin-et-Moselle s'avança du Rhin jusqu'au Danube. Aucun de ses avantages n'avait été décisif, quoiqu'elle eût obtenu de grands succès. Les états héréditaires d'Autriche se crurent menacés en la voyant pénétrer dans la Bavière ; mais, craignant de se compromettre à cause de l'éloignement où elle se trouvait des autres armées, elle ne profita pas de ses avantages. Les généraux allemands trouvèrent les moyens de repousser, et même de battre les troupes françaises parties de Kehl et de Düsseldorf, dans la manière isolée avec laquelle elles agirent, et aucun de ces moyens n'échappa au prince Charles. Quand Moreau fut porté par la victoire de Neresheim vers Dillingen et Hochstätt, sur le Danube, les Autrichiens avaient empêché l'aile droite de ce général de se joindre à celle de Buonaparte. Tandis que Moreau se disposait à s'avancer sur la rive droite du Danube, le prince Charles observa que toutes les rivières tombant perpendiculairement dans ce fleuve, et coulant du nord au sud, une armée pouvait facilement être arrêtée par les positions militaires qui se trouvaient à leur confluent, et que des corps considérables y seraient contenue par un petit nombre d'hommes. Il passa donc le Lech, et traversa avec rapidité le Danube à Ingolstadt ; son but était de joindre le corps d'armée qu'il commandait, et qui était considérable, avec celui du général Vartenberg, et de faire une tentative contre l'armée de Sambre-et-Meuse. Ce fut par ce mouvement habile, et qu'il fut assez heureux pour dérober à la connaissance des Français, qu'il augmenta de vingt-sept bataillons et de quarante-huit escadrons les forces opposées à l'armée de Sambre-et-Meuse. L'archiduc, quoique le moins fort, avait laissé le général Latour, avec le reste de son armée, auprès de la position du Lech, qu'il avait regardée comme inattaquable. Une garnison de trois bataillons fut mise à Ingolstadt. Deux partis se présentaient au général Moreau : le premier était de détacher de son armée un corps considérable, et de le mettre à la poursuite du prince Charles; le second, de passer le Lech, de se porter avec rapidité en Bavière, et de forcer par-là l'archiduc à se rendre pour secourir cette province. Ce dernier parti lui ayant paru préférable, il s'avance sur Augsbourg, passe le Danube à Dillingen, et arrive, le 22 août, devant le Lech : tous les ponts avaient été détruits par l'ennemi. Les reconnaissances et les préparatifs de passage durèrent un jour entier. Toutes les troupes françaises furent, le 24, rassemblées près du Lech. L'aile droite étant arrivée à un endroit guéable, près de Hansteten, l'infanterie fut obligée de porter sur sa tête ses gibernes et ses fusils -, car, en traversant la rivière, elle avait de l'eau jusqu'aux aisselles. Les généraux Montrichard et Abattucci, ainsi que l'aide-de-camp Savari, donnent l'exemple aux troupes, et se jettent à l'eau les premiers. La rapidité du courant emporte le premier peloton -, mais les secours furent si prompts, qu'il périt très peu de soldats dans l'eau. Les deux demi-brigades d'infanterie et cinq escadrons n'eurent pas plutôt traversé le Lech avec deux pièces d'artillerie légère, qu'on s'empara de Kussing et des hauteurs de Moeringen. Le général Latour, qui d'abord n'avait opposé aux Français que quelques pelotons de cavalerie, étonné de leurs progrès, se hâta de faire venir, par la plaine, huit escadrons avec de l'artillerie légère, et, par les hauteurs, deux bataillons d'infanterie. En attendant des renforts, les Français se contentèrent de modérer le premier effort de ces troupes, et restèrent sur la défensive ; mais leur nombre ne fut pas plutôt augmenté, qu'ils reprirent l'offensive, et que l'ennemi fut forcé de reculer. La cavalerie, ayant été renforcée de deux régiments, et appuyée par de l'infanterie sur la rive gauche du Lech, traversait la plaine qui sépare le Lech et la Paar, et s'avancait vers les hauteurs de la chapelle Saint-Affra, pendant que l'infanterie combattait sur les hauteurs de Kussing. La gauche de notre aile droite, réunie par ce mouvement avec les troupes du centre, devait faciliter une vigoureuse attaque, projetée contre le flanc gauche de l'ennemi, campé sur les hauteurs de Friedberg. Aussitôt que Saint-Cyr eut été instruit que l'aile droite avait passé le torrent, et qu'elle était sur les hauteurs de Kussing, il ordonna de commencer l'attaque par un feu soutenu d'artillerie et de mousqueterie. Les Autrichiens ayant ainsi été éloignés des bords du Lech et des deux ponts qui sont sur cette rivière, il ordonna à un corps de troupes de passer deux gués, l'un au-dessus et l'autre au-dessous de Lechausen. FRIEDLAND. le 11 juin 1807— Les victoires de Jérusalem et d'Eylau avaient mis Berlin et Varsovie au pouvoir des Français; l'armée prussienne était prisonnière, et l'héritier du grand Frédéric, dépouillé de ses états, était allé implorer le secours de la Russie, quand les Français et les Russes se virent encore une fois aux prises, sur les bords de l'Elbe et de la Prégél. La campagne était ouverte depuis cinq jours, et les Français avaient préludé avantageusement dans divers combats à la fameuse bataille qui devait terrasser les Russes dans les plaines de Friedland. Les champs n'étaient plus couverts de glaces et de neiges, comme au temps de la bataille d'Eylau; la campagne était riante, et le pays, coupé de beaux bois et de beaux lacs, présentait la nature dans son beau. Les Russes, vaincus à Heilsberg, battaient en retraite sur la rive droite de l'Elbe, pour gagner Schipkau. Bonaparte, qui avait son quartier-général à Eylau, instruit de leurs mouvements, ordonna aux maréchaux Soult et Davoust de manœuvrer, sur Kœnigsberg, tandis qu'il se porterait sur Friedland avec les maréchaux Ney, Lannes, Mortier, et le premier corps de la grande armée, aux ordres du général Victor. Le 13 juin, le neuvième régiment de hussards entre à Friedland - mais il en est chassé par trois mille Russes. Le lendemain, l'ennemi débouche par le pont de cette place, et, dès trois heures du matin, on entend la canonnerie. "C'est un jour de bonheur, s'écrie Napoléon "c'est l'anniversaire de Marengo". Bientôt les troupes sont rangées en bataille et marchent à l'ennemi. Les maréchaux Lannes et Mortier, soutenus par les dragons du général Grouchy, et par les cuirassiers, aux ordres de Nansouty, arrêtent les Russes, qui tentent en vain de passer le village de Postenheim, et qui, croyant n'avoir affaire qu'à un corps de quinze mille hommes, cherchaient à filer vers Kœnigsberg. Il était cinq heures du soir, et il ne s'était encore engagé aucune affaire sérieuse. L'armée française se tenait prête à agir. Elle avait à sa droite le maréchal Ney, à sa gauche le maréchal Mortier, au centre le maréchal Lannes, et à la réserve le corps du général Victor et la garde - chacun de ces corps était soutenu par de la cavalerie. Grouchy soutenait la gauche; les dragons de Latour-Maubourg étaient derrière la droite, et la division de dragons du général Lahoussaye avec les cuirassiers saxons, était en réserve derrière le centre. L'armée russe s'était déployée, appuyant sa gauche sur Friedland, et sa droite s'étendant à une lieue et demie. Buonaparte croit le moment favorable pour tomber sur Friedland; il fait brusquement un changement de front à sa droite, et fait commencer l'attaque par l'extrémité de cette aile. La division de droite se met en mouvement à cinq heures et demie, et le combat est annoncé par quelques salves d'une batterie de vingt canons. La division du général Marchand, soutenue à sa gauche par celle du général Bisson, s'avance l'arme au bras. Les Russes, voyant le maréchal Ney quitter le bois où sa droite était d'abord en position, envoient quelques régiments de cavalerie précédés d'une nuée de Cosaques, pour le devancer; mais Latour-Maubourg arrive au galop avec ses dragons, et repousse la charge des Russes. Le général Victor avait trente pièces de canon en avant de son centre. Le général d'artillerie Sennermont se porte à quatre cents pas en avant de la ligne, foudroie l'ennemi, et lui emporte des bataillons entiers. Les Russes tentent d'opérer une diversion, mais inutilement; la droite du maréchal Ney repousse leur attaque avec le plus grand sang-froid : plusieurs colonnes sont chargées à la baïonnette, et précipitées dans l'Allé; cependant la garde impériale russe, embusquée dans un ravin qui entoure la ville de Friedland, charge la gauche du maréchal Ney, qui ne s'attendait à rien moins : elle en est ébranlée; mais le général Dupont, marchant avec sa division, culbute la garde impériale russe, et en fait un carnage affreux. L'ennemi, se voyant affaibli sur ce point, fait avancer ses réserves et tout ce qu'il put détacher de troupes de son centre pour défendre Friedland; toute résistance devient inutile, Friedland est emporté, et les rues de cette ville sont bientôt jonchées de morts. Cependant les Russes, ayant échoué sur l'aile gauche, veulent tenter une attaque sur le centre; mais le maréchal Lannes, secondé des généraux Oudinot et Verdier, rendent inutiles toutes leurs charges d'infanterie et de cavalerie : rien ne résiste à la baïonnette. Le maréchal Murat, qui avait fait preuve d'un grand courage, en défendant la gauche, marche en avant, soutenu par des fusiliers de la garde, et engage un combat que la nuit n'interrompt pas. Les Russes sont poursuivis jusqu'à onze heures du soir, et forcés, malgré la supériorité du nombre, et la vigoureuse défense de leur cavalerie, d'abandonner la victoire, après avoir laissé quinze à dix-huit mille morts sur le champ de bataille, quatre-vingts canons et beaucoup de caissons, et ayant perdu vingt-cinq généraux tués, blessés ou faits prisonniers. Les Français n'eurent pas moins de trois mille cinq cents hommes hors de combat. La garnison de Kœnigsberg eut à peine appris cette déroute qu'elle évacua la place, et le maréchal Soult en prit possession ; il trouva dans les hôpitaux vingt mille Russes ou Prussiens blessés, toutes les munitions de guerre fournies par l'Angleterre, et d'immenses magasins. Il est inutile de dire que tous les Français, généraux, officiers et soldats, montrèrent dans cette affaire leur intrépidité ordinaire ; mais ce qui n'arrive pas toujours, c'est qu'il n'y eut aucun corps qui ne donnât et ne partageât la gloire de cette journée. Les Russes, qui depuis dix jours comptaient soixante mille hommes hors de combat, obligés de fuir sans cesse devant un ennemi victorieux, se lassèrent enfin de tant de revers, et sentirent le besoin de la paix. Le général russe Béningson en fit les propositions dans une lettre adressée au général Bagration, chargé de traiter avec les Français. Cette lettre peint en peu de mots, mais en traits énergiques, la triste situation des Russes : Après les flots de sang qui ont coulé ces jours derniers dans des combats aussi meurtriers que souvent répétés, je désirerais soulager les maux de cette guerre destructive, en proposant un armistice, avant que d'entrer dans une lutte et dans une guerre nouvelle, peut-être plus terrible que la première. Je vous prie de vouloir bien faire connaître aux chefs de l'armée française cette intention, dont les suites pourraient avoir un effet d'autant plus salutaire, qu'on parle déjà d'un congrès général qui pourrait prévenir une effusion inutile de sang humain. L'aveu que fait ici le général russe honore sa franchise ; il convient de la terreur qu'inspiraient aux Russes les succès constants des armées françaises et le découragement de l'ennemi ; mais il ne fait pas moins d'honneur à son humanité. Le 1er octobre 1808, dernier jour du passage des troupes qui traversaient Paris pour se rendre à l'armée d'Espagne, le soixante-seizième régiment de ligne entra dans la capitale, et fut conduit dans les jardins de Tivoli, comme ceux qui l'avaient précédé. On lui donna une fête brillante. Le repas fini, les militaires se répandirent dans le jardin, déjà rempli par une foule immense de spectateurs, et parurent prendre plaisir aux divers exercices d'adresse et d'agilité qu'on exécuta devant eux. Ces exercices n'étaient pas encore achevés, que tout-à-coup, des tambours battirent la générale; aussitôt les soldats, oubliant les jeux, coururent reprendre leurs rangs, et leurs chefs eurent quelque peine à leur faire entendre que cette alerte était seulement le prélude d'un nouveau spectacle, et que, cette fois, malgré leur amour pour la discipline, ils pouvaient ne pas répondre à cet appel. Ils reprirent leur place dans le carré des jeux. Cent musiciens et vingt tambours exécutaient un morceau de musique intitulé : La Bataille de Friedland; des pièces d'artifice imitaient le bruit de la mousqueterie et de l'artillerie. Une circonstance remarquable donnera une idée de la vérité de cette imitation. Au commencement du morceau, les militaires témoignaient leur satisfaction par de nombreux applaudissements; mais à l'instant où le ton plus vif, où la musique plus animée, où les tambours, battant le pas de charge, électrisèrent ces guerriers et les transportèrent en quelque sorte sur le champ de bataille, un trépignement général succéda aux applaudissements, et les cris de : En avant! en avant!... étouffèrent entièrement le bruit de l'orchestre. L'illusion semblait être complète pour ces braves; et là, comme au fort de la mêlée, ils répétaient avec enthousiasme le mot qui les avait conduits si souvent à la victoire. Les acclamations de dix mille citoyens, bientôt unies à celles de ces guerriers, prolongèrent et terminèrent cette grande scène, qui peignait d'un seul trait le caractère national. FUENTE-DE-CANTOS. 15 septembre 1810. — Après avoir chassé les troupes de la Romana, qui se trouvaient devant lui à Santa-Olalla et à Monasterio, le cinquième corps d'armée, sous les ordres du maréchal duc de Trévise, arriva le 15 septembre au matin près de Fuente-de-Cantos, où la cavalerie ennemie, forte de deux mille sept cents chevaux, y compris mille Portugais, crut pouvoir résister et s'opposer au passage. L'ordre fut donné au général Briche, commandant la cavalerie française, de culbuter l'ennemi avec sa division. Bientôt tout fut renversé et mis en déroute. Cinq cents hommes de cavalerie, parmi lesquels se trouvait le colonel du régiment de l'Infante, et beaucoup d'officiers, furent faits prisonniers. Six pièces d'artillerie légère furent également prises avec leurs attelages et leurs caissons. L'ennemi laissa sur la place un grand nombre de morts, et celui des blessés fut considérable. FUENTE-OVEYUNA. 6 septembre 1810. — S'étant avancé avec douze mille hommes jusqu'aux défilés qui dominent l'Andalousie, le Maréchal Desaix occupait Aracena, Santa-Olalla, Monasterio et Guadalcanal. Durant son séjour dans cette partie, une de ses divisions attaqua, pendant quatre jours de suite, la porte de Castillo-de-los-Guardias, y fut constamment repoussée et y perdit cent cinquante hommes. Ce peu de succès n’empêcha pas, deux mille hommes de se porter, le 6 septembre, sur Fuente-Ovejuna, où se trouvaient quatre-vingt-seize hommes du trente-et-unème régiment. Une troupe si forte contre une poignée de Français, devait, selon toutes les apparences, obtenir une victoire complète ; mais que ne peut la véritable valeur !... Ce faible détachement se battit pendant treize heures ; d'abord, aux issues du village, ensuite dans son quartier, dans l'église, et enfin, dans le clocher. Tous les soldats voulaient mourir plutôt que de se rendre. Entourés de toutes parts, ils se défendaient avec la plus rare intrépidité. Deux cents Espagnols avaient déjà mordu la poussière. Désespérant de vaincre avec honneur ces Spartiates nouveaux, ils mirent le feu au clocher, et tout le détachement allait devenir la proie des flammes, lorsque l'approche de quelques troupes fit prendre la fuite à l'ennemi, et sauva ces braves, dont la belle défense est au-dessus de tous les éloges. FUENTE-SANTA. 11 septembre 1810. — Après avoir surpris les troupes de Villa-Campa et de Caravayal dans les environs de Terruel, et leur ayant fait éprouver des pertes considérables au ravin d'Alventosa, tant en hommes, qu'en artillerie et en munitions de guerre, le général Chlopiski apprit à Terruel, le 11 septembre, que l'ennemi s'était rallié, et avait réuni quatre mille hommes sur la position de Fuente-Santa, regardée dans le pays comme inattaquable. Il se mit aussitôt en marche, chassa devant lui l'avant-garde établie à Villastar, et prit position derrière Villel. Le mont de Fuente-Santa est appuyé au Guadalaviar, entièrement escarpé sur les flancs, et d'un accès si difficile, que les chevaux ne peuvent y arriver. Le général Chlopiski fit ses dispositions, et à une heure, il donna le signal de l'attaque, sous le feu terrible de l'ennemi. Un bataillon de grenadiers de la Vistule et plusieurs bataillons du 120e, marchaient en bataille et en échelons, tandis que le colonel Korinowski, avec les fusiliers du premier, observait les flancs. Au fort de l'engagement, une colonne ennemie vint menacer la gauche des Français ; elle fut aussitôt chargée et repoussée. Le colonel Miletz, blessé deux fois, à la tête du 120e, et à peine rappelé à la vie, s'élance suivi de ses braves. Le chef de bataillon Fondeleski en fait autant sur la droite. Les positions de l'ennemi sont escaladées et enlevées successivement. Après deux heures du combat le plus sanglant, l'ennemi s'enfuit en désordre. Il se précipite sur le pont de Libron, qui se rompt sous le poids des fuyards. Les rochers sont couverts de morts : les eaux de la rivière les charrient au loin. La lassitude seule des troupes arrête la poursuite et le carnage. La perte de l'ennemi fut énorme dans cette journée, qui termina le destin des bandes de Villa-Campa et de Caravayal. FUENTEL-SANCO. 3 novembre 1810. — Don Juan, ayant rallié la bande d'Aguilar, se trouva à la tête de sept à huit cents hommes. Avec cette petite troupe, il se présenta devant le village de Fuentel-Sanco, situé sur la route de Salamanque à Toro. Ce poste était occupé par cinquante Suisses du deuxième régiment, sous les ordres de M. de Salis. Sommé de se rendre, ce brave capitaine rejeta toute proposition. Il se barricada dans la caserne, et fit un feu terrible contre les assaillants, dont la moitié avait mis pied à terre, et s'était emparée des maisons voisines qu'elle incendiait, pour atteindre la caserne à son tour. M. de Salis fit faire des sorties si à propos, que le feu était éteint aussitôt par ses soldats. Pendant deux jours, l'ennemi renouvela sans cesse ses attaques contre ce petit nombre de braves, sans pouvoir obtenir le moindre succès. Mais le trait suivant doit surprendre encore davantage. Un poste de cinq hommes, solus les cadres du fusilier Casault, avait été placé par M. de Salis au clocher de la paroisse. Les assiégeants ne manquèrent pas de le sommer, et ne pouvant le déterminer à se rendre, ils mirent le feu à l'escalier du clocher. L'intrépide Casault, avec ses soldats, à moitié étouffés par la fumée, prit poste sur le saillant du mur de l'édifice. Ces braves restèrent soixante-six heures dans cette position, sans boire ni manger, et faisant feu sur l'ennemi, jusqu'à l'entier épuisement de leurs cartouches. Enfin, M. de Ris, commandant la ville de Toro, ayant été prévenu, le 24 au soir, de ce qui se passait, partit de Toro précipitamment avec quatre-vingt-dix hommes du régiment. Il arriva pendant la nuit à Fuentes-Sanco, attaqua l'ennemi avec fureur, le mit en déroute, et le força à la retraite. La brave garnison fut dégagée, et les insurgés laissèrent sur la place une quarantaine de tués et de blessés. FUENTES-DE-ONORA. 5 mai 1811. — L'armée française, sous les ordres du maréchal prince d'Essling, et l'armée anglaise, commandée par le lord Wellington, étaient en présence près d'Alméida. Le village de Fuentes-de-Onoro, qui était caché par les accrochages du terrain, et placé en partie sur le pied du coteau occupé par les Anglais, avait été pris et repris la veille, après une lutte sanglante, par la division française Ferey ; mais l'ennemi, qui occupait la partie supérieure de ce village, obligeait les Français à l'attaquer de nouveau. L'armée française avait pris les positions suivantes : les première et deuxième divisions du sixième corps en face de Pozobello, soutenues par la deuxième division du huitième en réserve ; la cavalerie entière de l'armée, réunie sous les ordres du général Montbrun, se trouvait à la gauche de cette infanterie : toutes ces troupes, opposées à la droite de l'ennemi, devaient la tourner et la renverser. La troisième division du sixième corps occupait Fuentes-de-Onoro en partie, et était chargée de l'attaquer encore ; elle formait le centre avec le neuvième corps qui se trouvait en arrière et en réserve. Le deuxième corps était placé à la droite ; sa première division occupait Alaméda, et le deuxième se tenait entre ce village et Fuentes-de-Onoro. Le combat commença à la gauche par l'attaque du bois de Pozobello et du village qui étaient remplis d'infanterie anglaise. Après quelques instants de résistance, le bois et le village furent emportés par la première division du sixième corps, qui aborda l'ennemi à la baïonnette, et lui fit perdre un nombre assez considérable de soldats, tués ou prisonniers. En même temps les trois divisions françaises marchèrent sur le village de Fuentes-de-Onoro en colonnes et serrées par échelons, prenant le village par ses flancs. En arrière du village, les Anglais avaient développé une ligne de vingt escadrons, soutenus par plusieurs bataillons d'infanterie et par douze pièces de canon. Dans le moment, le général Montbrun, avec sa cavalerie, fit une manœuvre sur la gauche du prince d'Essling pour gagner le sommet des hauteurs et la droite de l'ennemi; mais la résistance qui lui fut opposée l'arrêta quelque temps. Parvenu enfin à s'en emparer, il chargea en colonnes par régiments la cavalerie ennemie, et, malgré le feu terrible de l'artillerie et de l'infanterie cachée dans les rochers, il enfonça et culbuta avec le plus grand succès les vingt escadrons anglais, les uns après les autres, et les poursuivit plus d'une heure l'épée dans les reins. Ce mouvement fut suivi par les première et deuxième divisions du sixième corps, soutenues par la réserve d'une division du huitième, tandis que le neuvième corps avança sa gauche pour se lier à la grande attaque. Cependant l'ennemi avait jeté des forces considérables dans le village de Fuentes de Onora, pour occuper le débouché et empêcher la communication du centre des Français avec leur gauche ; là combattait, avec la plus grande opiniâteté, la troisième division du sixième corps. Le désordre était déjà dans la droite de l'armée anglaise, et les troupes vaincues se retiraient en toute hâte sur le centre, où elles se réunirent derrière des régiments anglais envoyés promptement de la gauche. Le plateau, d'où les Français venaient de chasser leurs ennemis, était très étroit dans cette partie. Du sommet descendaient deux ravins très rocailleux et très difficiles, où se trouvaient les villages de Villa-Formosa et de Fuentes de Onora, qui furent remplis de tirailleurs : lord Wellington garnit les revers d'une forte artillerie, et occupa le sommet par trois grands carrés. La cavalerie française, à travers le feu de l'infanterie et de l'artillerie, arriva sur ce point, et se précipita avec beaucoup de vivacité sur les trois carrés qui furent enfoncés, rompus, et forcés de se retirer. Le maréchal prince d'Essling prit alors position vis-à-vis de la ligne ennemie : mais avant l'arrivée de l'infanterie française, les Anglais avaient déjà couvert le sommet du plateau de plusieurs lignes d'infanterie et d'une artillerie nombreuse. Ils avaient également jeté de nouvelles forces dans le village de Villa-Formosa à leur droite, et dans celui de Fuentes de Onora, où le combat se soutenait toujours avec un acharnement inexprimable. Plusieurs fois les divisions françaises de Ferey et de Claparède en chassèrent les ennemis ; autant de fois les Anglais, soutenus par des troupes nouvelles, y rentrèrent vainqueurs. Repoussés encore plusieurs fois jusque sur le sommet du village, ils reprenaient aussitôt leur supériorité, protégés par l'artillerie qui foudroyait les Français et les forçait de se retirer. FUENTES-SOL. 16 mars 1813. — Le général Curto, commandant la cavalerie légère à Arevalo, étant instruit que Savenill, commandant les chasseurs de Castille, était depuis quelque temps dans les environs de son cantonnement avec quatre cent cinquante chevaux, fit ses dispositions pour les surprendre. Il fit partir le 15 mars, à onze heures du soir, deux cents chevaux du troisième de hussards et du quatorzième de chasseurs, et deux cent cinquante grenadiers ou voltigeurs du soixante-cinquième, sous les ordres du chef d'escadron Giordano, auquel il donna ses instructions. Cet officier ayant appris que Savenill s'était dirigé vers le village de Fuentes-Sol, marcha sur ce point, où il arriva une heure avant le jour. Au cri de "qui vive", le commandant Giordano ordonna à l'infanterie de suivre en colonne, fit envelopper le village par quelques pelotons de cavalerie et se précipita dedans à la tête du reste. L'ennemi avait eu le temps de monter à cheval, mais il ne put soutenir le choc impétueux de notre cavalerie, et l'infanterie, qui arriva au même instant, tomba sur tout ce qui voulut faire résistance. Les Espagnols perdirent dans cette affaire cinquante hommes et quatre-vingts chevaux tués. On leur fit cent soixante prisonniers, parmi lesquels le commandant en second et cent officiers. Cent trente chevaux et tous les équipages de la troupe tombèrent au pouvoir des Français. Savenill, avec cent hommes des mieux montés, parvint à s'échapper, et se sauva dans les montagnes. FULGENT (SAINT-). 23 septembre 1793. — Les Vendéens marchaient vers Saint-Fulgent pour y combattre la division des Sables-d'Olonne, commandée par Miallinski. Dans ce moment ils avaient triomphé de Santerre, de Duhoux, de Beysser et des Mayençais; cette colonne, composée d'un petit nombre de troupes, semblait devoir être redoutable, parce qu'elle possédait une artillerie considérable, qu'elle avait déjà obtenu de grands succès, et qu'elle était entièrement soumise à la discipline la plus austère. Deux hommes célèbres par une réputation méritée, Lescure et Charette, dirigèrent leurs efforts contre cette terrible colonne, au moment même où elle était à Saint-Fulgent. Charette, voulant compléter leur succès, envoya d'abord à Royrand une ordonnance pour l'engager à se porter des Herbiers, où il était campé, aux Quatre-Chemins, afin de fondre sur les républicains à l'instant où ils seraient chassés de Saint-Fulgent et poursuivis. Plusieurs chefs, dans le dessein de laisser reposer leurs troupes, voulaient renvoyer l'attaque au lendemain. Charette, doué d'un génie ardent, ennemi de toute lenteur dans les affaires graves, s'y opposa, en disant que le succès de l'attaque dépendait de sa célérité; on marcha, et le soleil couchant vit arriver à Saint-Fulgent la colonne royaliste. Le canon annonça au même instant des deux côtés le moment du combat ; les paysans poitevins, marchant dans la nuit, éprouvaient de la crainte. Le pays leur était inconnu, ils ne savaient point marcher dans leurs rangs ; ils étaient épars çà et là, et, ne pouvant point se reconnaître, ils se fusillaient dans l'obscurité de la nuit. Le hasard les fit cerner Miacksinski sans en avoir formé le dessein ; l'artillerie des républicains était plutôt un embarras pour eux, ils ignoraient l'art de pointer. Les Vendéens, au contraire, plus exercés dans l'art de la guerre, écrasaient leur ennemi en faisant pleuvoir sur lui, et de fort près, une grêle de balles. On répondait aux royalistes en leur envoyant des obus qu'ils savaient éviter, étant toujours divisés par pelotons, et se couchant à plat ventre. La victoire resta incertaine pendant six heures d'un combat opiniâtre. Les royalistes l'obtinrent enfin. Leur nombre s'accroissait toujours, leur courage et leur espérance se montraient par des cris affreux qu'ils poussaient, et l'obscurité de la nuit ajoutait à l'horreur du moment. Aussi les républicains, plongés dans la confusion, sans espoir de rétraite, pénétrés des plus vives alarmes, n'écoutèrent plus la voix de leurs généraux : ils abandonnèrent leur camp en désordre. Si, lors de cette défection des républicains, Royrand se fût rencontré aux Quatre-Chemins, il eût pu hacher jusqu'au dernier fuyard. Vingt-deux pièces d'artillerie, les munitions et les bagages, furent pour les royalistes les trophées de cette journée. Royrand croyait que l'attaque n'aurait lieu que le lendemain, son infanterie occupait Chantonnay. Il arriva, mais l'action avait eu lieu; il atteignit encore quelques traineurs. Miaksinski se replia sur Chantonnay, après avoir rassemblé ses débris; il pensait qu'il y trouverait la division de Luçon, mais ce fut des royalistes qu'il y rencontra. Il fallut s'ouvrir un passage, ce qu'il exécuta le sabre à la main. Le massacre fut encore renouvelé pendant la nuit. Le lendemain, on fouillait encore les taillis et les genêts, où l'on achevait de tailler en pièce les fuyards. En vain on eût imputé cette défaite totale des républicains à leur général. On s'étonnera de voir environ quatre mille hommes hors d'état de résister à cette armée royale que les succès grossissaient à chaque pas. Cette multitude victorieuse affrontait tous les dangers avec la dernière audace. Leurs cris annonçaient cette joie qui tient du délire, leur impétuosité ne peut se décrire, leur cause leur tenait tellement à cœur qu'elle semblait plus sacrée qu'aucune autre cause humaine, tant leur haine pour la république était sincère. Les chefs mettaient autant d'activité dans l'exécution de leurs plans que les soldats de valeur dans les combats, et de constance dans leurs marches et dans leurs travaux. Le philosophe déplore seulement que tant de bravoure fût exercée par des Français contre des Français. FURNES. 18 novembre 1792.—Les commencements de la campagne de la Belgique furent glorieux pour Dumouriez; presque toutes les villes tombèrent en son pouvoir; celle de Furnes, entre autres, fut occupée, le 18 novembre, par le général Labourdonnais. Mais, les affaires ayant changé de face, Dumouriez évacua toutes les villes qu'il avait prises, et Furnes repassa pour quelque temps sous la domination des Autrichiens. 31 mai 1793. — Deux colonnes françaises, l'une de deux mille cinq cents hommes, partie de Cassel, sous les ordres de Stettenholz ; l'autre, d'environ quinze cents hommes, tirés du camp de Guiveldt, trouvèrent dans Furnes une garnison de douze cents fantassins allemands et de cent cavaliers. De forts retranchements, des avenues difficiles, un terrain coupé où des tirailleurs étaient embusqués, rendaient cette conquête difficile. Cependant, après une vive résistance qui dura deux heures et demie, les Autrichiens plièrent, et les Français firent leur entrée dans Furnes, le 31 mai 1793. 21 octobre 1793. — Les coalisés s'étaient encore une fois emparés de Furnes ; Dunkerque était serré de près par une armée anglaise, lorsque la victoire d'Hondschoote mit les Français en état de les repousser. Trois mille impérialistes étaient chargés de la défense de Furnes ; mais ils remplirent mal leur mission. Le général Vandamme, ayant eu ordre de se porter sur cette ville, l'enveloppa tout-à-la-fois par trois colonnes, l'une venant droit de Dunkerque, l'autre suivant l'Estrée. Pendant qu'elles s'avancent, de leur côté, vers Furnes, le général Gougelet paraît aussi du côté de la porte d'Ypres. La baïonnette enlève tous les postes ennemis : les Autrichiens fuient en désordre, et laissent leur artillerie, qui tombe entre les mains des Français, le 21 octobre 1793. GAETE.
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VOL. 52 NO. 155 TWENTY-FOUR PAGES TODAY BRIDGEPORT, CONN., FRIDAY, JUNE 30, 1916 PAGES 1 TO 16 PRICE TWO CENTS MY. W ' (TDM A MUTINUM WITNESS VT2TO MTT'W. Washington Gets Authentic Information That Defects Chief Will Attack United States Soldiers Moving in Any Direction Except Towards Border Carranza Reply Will Contain Another Demand For Withdrawal of Pershing's Army, is Belief in Washington. Washington, June 30 Private advices reaching Washington from a reliable source in Mexico City today said General Carranza and his advisers had determined to stand by orders to General Trevino to attack American troops in Mexico moving in any direction except toward the border and that no way was seen to avoid a break with the United States. A faction of the Mexican cabinet, it was said, was urging even more defiant attitude and wanted to include in the reply to the American request for a statement of intention, a new demand for immediate withdrawal of all United States troops now on Mexican soil. The advices did not indicate when the response from Carranza might be expected. The last word on the subject to the state department came in a message from Special Agent Rodgers who said he expected the note to be handed to him on Wednesday night. Formal announcement of the surrender of the Carrizal prisoners was conveyed to Secretary Lansing today by Elizario Arredondo. Later, he said, he had discussed the general situation that had brought no communication from his government. Two routine messages were received at the state department from Special Agent Rodgers with no mention of prospects of receipt of Carranza's reply. He reported that a few more American refugees were en route from Mexico to Vera Cruz. Six cabinet, officers, composing the new council of executive information for coordination of industries and resources for national security and welfare, held a preliminary organization meeting today at the war department. Tentative rules and plans of action were laid for the attack on Columbus residents. Xeming, N.M., June 30 Four Villa bandits who took part in the Columbus raid, were hanged in the county jail here today. The men were put to death in pairs. Ensevio Renteria, and Teurino Garcia were hanged first, and then Jose Plangel and Juan Castillo. The four men were calm. Jose Range smoked a cigarette as the noose was adjusted. None would say anything except Garcia, who exclaimed. EPIDEMIC TAKES CHEAP PROSTRATES IN FAMILY Infant Dies, and Sister and Father Both Become Victims. With the death of Mary Esther, the 5-year-old daughter of George and Mary S. Moore of 505 Carroll avenue, yesterday afternoon, another victim of the streptococcus infection which has become epidemic, has been added to the already long list of fatalities. Mr. Moore, father of the child, is suffering from the septic sore throat and a second daughter, aged seven years, has been affected in her limbs as though from rheumatism. The physicians who attended the family gave their opinion that it was the same malady which has been prevalent in the city this month, although it manifested itself in three different forms. In the one family, the child who died having been affected in the stomach and intestines. The child, who is dead, was ill 12 days. The second child and her father are recovering. Consulate at Nogales "Suffers Some Damage Nogales, Ariz., June 30 Damage to the American consulate at Nogales, Sonora; during the looting of the building Tuesday night, was fixed by United States Consul Frederick Simpson a nominal figure. Nothing was missing except a few books, some clothing, and a small quantity of provisions. MEXICAN REFUGEES SAIL. Vera Cruz, June 30 The Ward Line Steamer "Monterey," with a capacity passenger list of American refugees, is expected to sail this afternoon. The resolutions adopted for President Wilson's approval and the selection of a civil advisory commission was considered. Co-ordination of military, industrial, and commercial resources "to render possible in time of need the immediate concentration and utilization of the resources of the nation," is the object of the new body. It is composed of the secretaries of Wavy, interior, agriculture, commerce and labor. A initial appropriation of $200,000 for investigations, employment of experts and other activities is carried in the pending army appropriation bill. Democratic leaders said today that the general revenue bill to provide, approximately $210,000,000 additional income for the needs of the government, would be brought into the House probably next Monday and taken up Wednesday. As he was led to execution, "I hope God will forgive my enemies," this completes the disposition of Columbus raiders as Jose Rodriguez recently was granted a stay of execution and is serving a life sentence. "Two of the Columbus raiders have already been hanged here," the coroner said. The death sentence of Jose Rodriguez, the remaining bandit of the seven recently tried, was commuted to life imprisonment. CORONER PHELAN FINDS MIDDLE ST. DEATH ACCIDENTAL Exonerates Driver of Team That Struck Mrs. Alice D. Hayes. The death of Mrs. Alice D. Hayes of 1136 Main street, who was struck by a team of horses driven by William Light, was an accident. Coroner John J. Phelan found after a hearing today. The coroner, after a hearing yesterday, found that the death of Patrick Howard from a fall at the county courthouse was also an accident. Edward J. Thompson, of 151 Franklin street, clerk in the Hawley Hardware Co., in Middle street and Bert Collins of 188 Nichols street, an employee of the Doolittle Tile Co. testified that Light was not at fault and he could not avoid running down the woman. The men were working in an alleyway next to the Hawley Hardware store and they saw an automobile pass north. As it passed Mrs. Hayes, she said, "I am sorry I did not see you." Hayes with her head down stepped into the street and started to cross diagonally in the rear of the machine. Just then the horses driven by Light came along. Lighter who is 19 and lives at 259 Black Rock avenue was driving a team for the bottling firm in which his father, Owen Light, is a partner. In his own behalf, he said today that he did not see Mrs. Hayes until she stepped in front of his horses. He did his best to avoid striking her. Patrick Howarth was an expert morator mixer, who had been in the employ of Howarth & Bottomley many years. He was working on the addition to the courthouse which is building. He had gone to one portion of the building to see how the mortar was working and in getting back, he slipped and fell into the cellar. He fractured his left ribs and one of them pierced his left lung. His injury occurred on June 5. He died last Sunday. COAST ARTILLERY CORPS DUE HERE LATE TOMORROW Local Contingent Disappointed at Not Being Called to Active Service. Fort H. Q. Wright, Fisher's Island, N. Y., June 30 (By the Farmer's special correspondent) Although it has been the hope of most of the Bridgeport members of the Connecticut Coast Artillery corps that they would be retained in the service even if it were only for duty at the island forts, up to noon today no change in the orders regarding breaking camp tomorrow had been received. The companies finished firing full service practice this morning. The orders are to strike tents and prepare for return to home station at reveille at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning. The tents, cots, etc., will be returned for the quartermaster department early tomorrow and by 10 o'clock the corps will embark for New London on the quartermaster's steamers Gen. Nathaniel Greene and General H. M. Mills. In New London, the corps will march to one of the parks and make camp to serve mess. At 1:30 the corps will parade in New London and be reviewed at the city hall by Col. Henry S. Horsey and staff and Mayor E. S. Rogers and the city officials of New London. The Bridgeport battalion, band, and remainder of the medical corps will entrain at 2:30 and will arrive in Bridgeport shortly, after 5 o'clock tomorrow afternoon. Most of the Bridgeport men have taken the new Federal oath. Members of the band have not taken the oath but all have expressed a willingness. The band has not been under the direct charge of a commissioned officer other than Capt. Ernest R. Barrows, the regimental adjutant. First Lieutenant William N. Potter, who has been commander of the band, was unable, because of business duties, to attend camp this year. NEPHEWS OBTAIN BIG BEQUESTS BY KITGHENER'S SWILL London, June 30. The will of Field Marshal Earl Kitchener, the British secretary of war, who lost his life in the sinking of the cruiser Hampshire off the Orkneys, June 5, was admitted to probate today. It shows that he left an estate valued at 171,420 pounds (approximately $850,000). The largest bequests were the sum of 20,000 pounds to his nephew, Henry Hamilton Kitchener, and the Broome estate and all lands in Kent county to his nephew, Commander Henry Franklin Chevallier Kitchener, R.N., a son of the new Earl. The will makes a number of smaller bequests to relatives and friends, including 200 pounds each to several officers who served on Lord Kitchener's personal staff. Birdsey-Somers Co. Negotiating for New Quarters in East End Negotiations are in progress between the officials of the Birdsey-Somers Co. and Charles Gregory, president of the Bridgeport Pattern & Model Co., for the lease of the factory which the latter company owns at Connecticut avenue and Logan street. Although neither Mr. Gregory nor the officials of the Birdsey-Somers Co. would discuss the matter today, it is reported that the corset company will take a five-year lease on the factory. The Cooper Aircraft Co. was formerly located in this building. The United Towel Co. which occupies a part of it will move, it is reported, and the officials of the Bridgeport Pattern & Model Co. are negotiating for factory in the West End. The Birdsey-Somers company will not have as much floor space as the factory in Barnum avenue afforded, but it is said the space will be ample to carry on its business. It is said the corset company will endeavor to get possession of the new building by August 1st. THREE STILL ALARMS Three small fires this morning necessitated the calling of one company of the fire department to each blaze on still alarms. Engine Co. No. 4 was summoned to 105 George street, where some boys playing with firecrackers had set fire to a small shed. The damage was trifling. At 8:10 o'clock a kettle of tar at the East End Lumber yards boiled over and caught fire. The blaze was extinguished with chemicals by No. 6 Engine Co. A fire at the William street dump occurred at 9:36 o'clock and was extinguished by Engine Co. No. 10. DECK CITY FOR CELEBRATION OF "AMERICAN DAY" Hang Festoons of Electric Lights and Trim Stores and Windows. MOTOR AMBULANCE TO BE IN PARADE Locomobile Co. of America Will Have 1,000 of Its Employees in Line. Bridgeport began to take on the appearance of a gala city today. Festoons of electric lights were strung across the main thoroughfares and store and window decorations for the Fourth, have been placed in position. Under the direction of General Chairman Albert Lavery, reports from the various divisions received at Chamber of Commerce headquarters are favorable to the great event which, it is estimated, will attract and turn out in this city over many thousands of persons. The line of parade, as definitely settled upon, is from Bull's Head in Main street to State to Park and thence past the reviewing stand in Seaside park. The line of march is more than two miles in length and about two hours will elapse before the entire parade has passed a given point. Lieut. Col. Vincent M. King has announced that the Coast Artillery corps will positively be in Bridgeport and will participate in a battalion drill on the green, which probably will be the last public maneuvers seen in Bridgeport. This city for some time as it is expected that the local companies will be assigned for duty at Fort Wright unless the Mexican situation clears materially during the next few weeks. As a tribute to the day and appropriate flag raising and lowering ceremonies will be participated in by the local and national military forces and a national salute of 48 guns will be fired. The Independence Day oration will be delivered by Hamilton Holt, Yale '94, one of the greatest national lecturers on international peace. He will be accompanied to this city by Eli Hall, of Woodstock, Conn., an old friend and former instructor who will be an honorary guest at the celebration here. Holt is better known as managing owner and editor of The Independent, with which publication he was connected until 1913. He is in close touch with international situations, being a trustee of the American College for Girls, Constantinople; a member of the executive committee of the New York Peace Society; Women's Trade Union League, International Conciliation society, American Association for Labor Legislation, National Civic Federation, American Society of International Law; Japan, New York, American and Scandinavian Society, Friends of Russian Freedom and the Simplified Spelling Board. He has served on the Committee of 100 in New York and other well-known projects including the University Settlement. In 1906 he was decorated by the Emperor of Japan with the Order of the Sacred Treasure. He has written widely for the various reviews. A schedule of the sporting events of the Fourth shows: For boys, 85 pounds and less, 14 years of age and less, 60 yard dash, 50 yard dash, 50 yard dash; more than 85 pounds and more than 15 years, 100 yard dash, 60 yard dash, running broad jump. Eight-pound shot; relay of one mile, eight boys representing schools; newsboys, obstacle race. For girls: 13 years and less, 50 yard dash, potato race, roeskipping race, 50 yards. For men: 100 yard dash, 220 yard dash, 440 yard dash, 880 yard dash, one mile relay; running high jump, running broad jump, 12 pound shot put, and standing broad jump. (Continued on Page 10.) TAUSCHER, HELD IN CANAL PLOT, VINS FREEDOM New York, June 30. Hans Tauseher, former German army officer, was acquitted today by a jury of conspiracy to blow up the Welland Canal. The case went to the jury shortly before noon. Judge Hand, in his charge, instructed the jurors that if they found that Tauseher knowingly furnished the dynamite or the pistols, they must find him guilty of conspiracy. SHILLITANI, TAKEN BY LOCAL POLICE, IS ELECTROCUTED "Brain Not Right," He Says at Death Chair in Sing Sing Prison. Ossining, N. Y., June 30. Oresta Shillitani was executed in Sing Sing prison this morning for the murder three years ago of two New York policemen while attempting to arrest him for killing a man in a quarrel about a girl. Shillitani, made no pretense of insanity during his trial but became apparently crazed with terror in the deathhouse a few weeks ago when two other prisoners were executed, smashed the furnishings in his cell and beat upon the bars of the door and begged to be set free. A week ago, he obtained possession of a revolver, fatally shot one of the keepers in the deathhouse and wounded another. Taking the keys to the deathhouse doors from them, he escaped to the prison yard and, stripping off his clothing, swam around the end of the prison wall, which extends to the Hudson river. He went straight to the Ossining hospital, demanded admission and was returned to prison. Appeals were made to the governor on the ground that Shillitani was insane but he declared the prisoner was sane and declined to interfere. Shillitani went to the electric chair without resistance and before his death made a short statement saying he was sorry he killed the prison keeper and declaring that his "brain was not right." HOOF AND MOUTH DISEASE MAY BE BACK OF ALLNESS Spread of Allment From Cattle to Humans Through Milk is Not Uncommon. There is a growing opinion that the epidemic of septic sore throat of which Bridgeport has had some scores of cases, could have been traced, had the investigation been taken in time, to foot and mouth disease in cattle. This disease is epidemic among cattle, whenever it is not perceived in time, and dairymen make every effort to weed out the diseased animals. This is true, as a rule of the higher class dairies, but men who own small dairies and have less experience, or not so keen in detecting the disease. The origin of the disease is obscure. But some dairymen claim that it has its beginning when cattle are kept too long in the stall, without exercise. It is a common practice to keep milch cows in the stall, almost constantly, feeding them rich foods, which produce an abundance of milk rich in cream. But under these conditions, the hoofs will sometimes become infected. The suffering animal licks the hoofs, is infected at the mouth, and presently produces infected milk. It is commonly accepted that foot and mouth disease is transmitted to human beings and through the milk. A general feeling of dissatisfaction exists in Bridgeport over the handling of the epidemic by the local authorities. The facts, it is claimed, have either not been ascertained, or are concealed from the public. From time to time epidemics of the disease have swept the cattle of entire sections. One of the most recent plagues was in Kansas, where the infected cattle were killed by the thousands. The cattle were driven up to trenches filled with lime, and killed by persons who donned rubber clothing and adopted extraordinary means to avoid catching the disease. Thousands of acres of land was limed, to destroy the infection communicated to the soil. CHINESE CABINET FORMED. Fekin, June 30 Yuan-Lung, the president of the Chinese republic, today announced the formation of a compromise cabinet. The ministry is headed by Tuan Chi-Jui, who takes the war portfolio in addition to the premiership and the direction of foreign affairs is assumed by Lang Shao Yi who was premier under the late president Yuan Shi Kai. SALE OF STEAMERS DEVILED New London, June 30. Denial of The sale by the Grand Trunk railroad of the steamers Narragansett and Manhattan to the United States government was made today by President E. C. Smith of the company. Mr. Smith is the only one who has been in the service for more than a year. Smith said the vessels had not been sold to the government nor to anyone else. Possibility of attempts to derail trains bearing guardsmen to border causes for the neglect of the troops. Strictest censorship on news regarding routes and destinations of the Mexican line rider is also provided. San Antonio, Tex., June 30. Secretary Baker announced today that orders have been sent to all department army commanders to suppress all news concerning troop movements. San Antonio, Tex., June 30. While thousands of national guardsmen were moving toward border stations, extraordinary precautions were being taken to prevent the exact routings and schedules of the numerous special trains from becoming known. General Funston was instructed to exercise the utmost precaution in concealing details of the mobilization and general managers of all railroads carrying troops were requested not to make public the movements of trains. It was explained at General Funston's headquarters that the unusual measures were not taken to prevent the news of just where the American troops would be stationed from reaching Mexicans, but to render more difficult any attempt that might be made to wreck one of the trains. Information obtained by the intelligence officers indicated that such an attempt might be made. "Train wrecking, either by the removal of rails or by the use of dynamite is so common to warfare in Mexico that the general staff at Washington and the military authorities here regarded as almost essential such secrecy of movement." It was hoped at General Funston's headquarters that the greater part of the troops now moving would be on the border by Saturday night and that early in the coming week such disposition would have been effected as to render available for prompt action—the heavy reinforced army along the international line. Reports that a strong Mexican force had interrupted General Pershing's line of communication were denied. LONE RIDER IS KILLED. El Paso, June 30 A Mexican line of troops was sighted today by the Second Connecticut Infantry, carrying companies A, B, C, D, the headquarters company, detachments of the sanitary troops and Col. McCabe and his staff, reached Chicago at last midnight. The men received three days' extra travel. Lieut. Col. Tilson made another effort to get tourist sleepers for the enlisted men but did not succeed. While at Niantic, he was promised tourist sleepers to be delivered at New Haven but they did not appear and he has been trying ever since, to pick them up. As he failed to get a change of cars at Chicago, it was expected that the Second Regiment boys will have to endure the day coaches until the border is reached. The first section train reached Rock Island, Ill., at 8 a.m. and the officers all left the train and took breakfast in the station restaurant. The chief salutation one to the other was "How is your arm?" The soldiers and men are just beginning to get results from the vaccinations, one arm being given, over to typhoid anti-toxin and the other to smallpox vaccine. Some of the men find that the vaccination is "taking." Lieut. Col. Tilson said his was a success. The demonstration given the passing troop trains in places west of Chicago is not quite as vigorous as the Connecticut boys found east of that point, this being due probably to the fact that it is getting to be a commonplace thing for field soldiers to pass through. Reports from the 2nd and 3rd sections indicate that everyone is in excellent health. Captain Spencer, the regimental quartermaster, is praised for the excellent way in which the mess is served. The Rock Island Railroad is giving good service. Officers and men are hoping that local newspapers from Connecticut will beat them to the border as they are anxious for "home news." The Yale batteries will probably pass their peace strength of 532 today and the recruiting will then be towards putting the command on a war footing. The men are doing full military duty in and about the college yard, guard mounting being performed and the posts being established over the quartermaster's depot of supplies, and the full complement of 16 guns. The batteries are not going to wait for horses. Arrangements have been made to have 300 horses gathered in here inspected. The command needs 456 draught horses and 234 for the saddle. About 100 are now in harness. The Carranza customs service was killed last night by a squad of American soldiers who fired across the Rio Grande into Mexican territory, near Yaleta, 12 miles east of El Paso, according to a report received by Gen. Gonzales, in Juarez, today. PERSHING'S LINE SAFE, Columbus, N. M., June 30 Scouting detachments sent to investigate reports that Carranza's cavalry were concentrating in large numbers near Guizman, have informed General Pershing that there is no cause for apprehension, according to news received here today. They found no evidence that Mexicans were preparing to cut the American line of communication. The garrison at Guizman, they said, had been somewhat increased by cavalry arriving from the south. Recruits to the number of 15 are coming in daily. JERSEY GUARDSMEN ENTRAIN New York, June 30 One half of New York state's militia is now on its way to the Mexican border and the rest will be moved forward as. Soon as they can be mustered in and equipped, Major General John F. O'Ryan, commanding these troops, announced today. The 5th regiment of New Jersey, entrained at Jersey City today for that border, nearly 1,500 strong. CLOSE RECRUITING CAMPS Camp Holcomb, Niantic, Conn., June 30 Announcement was made here today by Adjutant General Cole that all recruiting stations now being conducted by the state militia authorities will be closed at once and that the recruiting will be looked after by the federal military authorities. There are now 1,022 recruits in this federalized camp today, a single-handed sleeve bands arrived at the camp and these were given to the men as distinguishing marks as they are without uniforms. UTAH MILITIA AT BORDER. Nogales, Ariz., June 30 The Utah National Guard battery of field artillery with 142 men and six officers, arrived here today. WILL PAY MILITIAMEN. Middletown, June 30 The Russell Manufacturing Co., it was announced today, will pay married men in its employ who have been called out with the militia, $10 a week and unmarried men, $5. The company tomorrow will distribute its second three months' bonus in the profit sharing plan adopted some time ago. Soldiers at Border Quarrel; Two Hurt San Antonio, June 30 It was learned today that the report of an attack last night by bandits on the guard Of United States soldiers at the bridge over the Medina river at MacDona, grew out of a fist fight between two soldiers. According to the report reaching here last night, two Americans were wounded but investigation today shows that no bandits were in the vicinity. THE WEATHER Forecast: Fair tonight, Saturday partly cloudy.
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Le 30 septembre 2013, elle a fait publiquement part de ces préoccupations dans une déclaration de son porte-parole. Elle y condamnait les violences, qu'elles aient été perpétrées par les manifestants ou par les forces gouvernementales, et exhortait toutes les parties à faire preuve de la plus grande retenue. Elle appelait tout particulièrement les autorités soudanaises à s'abstenir de tout usage excessif de la force et à respecter la liberté d'expression, le pluralisme des médias et la liberté de réunion pacifique. Elle précisait aussi que les personnes arrêtées devaient bénéficier d'un procès équitable, que les médias devaient pouvoir travailler librement et que les incidents à l'origine des pertes humaines, des blessés et des dommages matériels devaient faire l'objet d'une enquête crédible.
Enfin, la Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante appelait les autorités soudanaises à honorer leur engagement d'entamer, avec toutes les parties, un dialogue national qui renforcerait l'unité nationale et encouragerait la gouvernance démocratique.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011605/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Situation in Sudan
1.
Will the Vice-President/High Representative condemn the murders, the use of violence against demonstrators, the media censorship and the political intimidation in Sudan, as well as the harassment and arbitrary arrest of human rights campaigners, political activists and journalists?
2.
Will she call on the Sudanese Government to stop such harassment and immediately free all of the peaceful protestors, political activists, opposition members, human rights campaigners, medical workers, bloggers and journalists who have been arrested while exercising their right of freedom of expression and assembly? Will she stress that all prisoners must be given a fair trial based on a credible investigation, the right to be defended by a lawyer and respect for the presumption of innocence, and that the Government must allow prisoners to see their families and have access to medical care?
3.
Will she condemn the use of live bullets against protestors, which has resulted in people being killed, a disproportionate use of force and allegations of murder committed by the security forces against protestors?
4.
Will she urge the Sudanese Government to bring an immediate end to the repression and to the impunity granted to agents of the National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) and call for the merciless national security law of 2010 to be abolished?
5.
Will she call on the Sudanese security forces to respect the United Nations’ Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, which lays down the conditions under which it is legally possible to use force without violating human rights, especially the right to life?
6.
Will she call on the Sudanese authorities to restore and respect human rights and the fundamental freedoms laid down by international law, including the freedom of expression, whether online or otherwise, freedom of assembly, freedom of religion, women’s rights and gender equality, and to put an immediate end to all of the restrictions on access to information and communication technologies?
7.
Will she urge the Sudanese Government to stop all forms of repression against persons exercising their right to freedom of expression, whether online or otherwise, and to protect journalists?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(25 November 2013)
The HR/VP has been deeply concerned by reports of violence and significant loss of life during protests in cities across Sudan in the second half of September 2013.
On 30 September 2013, she publicly expressed this concern in a Statement by her Spokesperson, in which she condemned violence by either protestors or government forces and urged all parties to exercise maximum restraint. The HR/VP called especially on the Government of Sudan to refrain from excessive use of force and to respect the freedom of expression, media and peaceful assembly. Those detained should be given the opportunity for a fair trial, the media should be allowed to operate freely and a credible investigation should be conducted into incidents that have led to loss of life, injury and material damage.
Finally, the HR/VP called on the Government of Sudan to carry through its commitment to begin an inclusive national dialogue that will strengthen national unity and promote democratic governance.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011607/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Aegean Airlines et Olympic Air
La Commission a autorisé mercredi le rachat, par la compagnie aérienne grecque Aegean Airlines, de son concurrent Olympic Air en dépit de la création d'une situation de monopole sur certaines liaisons intérieures en Grèce.
Il est rare que la Commission, gardienne de la concurrence en Europe, prenne une telle décision. Elle a ainsi refusé cette année pour la deuxième fois la fusion des deux compagnies irlandaises Ryanair et Aer Lingus.
1.
Qu'est ce qui a motivé ce feu vert de la Commission?
2.
Quelle est la différence avec les autres fusions qui avaient été refusées?
Réponse donnée par M. Almunia au nom de la Commission
(28 novembre 2013)
Le 9 octobre 2013, la Commission a autorisé sans conditions le rachat d'Olympic Air par Aegean Airlines (19). Elle était parvenue à la conclusion qu'Olympic aurait de toute façon quitté le marché dans un avenir proche en raison de ses difficultés financières. Aegean aurait ainsi occupé une position dominante, voir monopolistique, sur toutes les liaisons problématiques où les activités des compagnies se chevauchent.
Une analyse des perspectives commerciales d'Olympic a montré qu'il était peu probable que la société devienne rentable dans un avenir proche, quel que soit le scénario envisagé. C'est pourquoi son actionnaire unique, Marfin Investment Group, a décidé de ne plus financer la compagnie dans l'hypothèse où elle ne serait pas vendue à Aegean. Ne pouvant trouver d'autre source de financement, Olympic aurait très probablement fait faillite rapidement. L'enquête menée sur le marché par la Commission a montré qu'il n'y avait pas d'autre acquéreur crédible, moins anticoncurrentiel, intéressé par le rachat d'Olympic et que tous ses actifs disparaîtraient complètement du marché si la compagnie devait cesser ses activités.
En d'autres termes, la Commission a retenu en l'espèce l'argument de «l'entreprise en sérieuse difficulté» puisqu'il a été démontré qu'Olympic allait bientôt disparaître en tant que concurrent d'Aegean et que ses actifs quitteraient le marché, que l'opération de concentration se réalise ou non. La Commission applique des critères très stricts à l'égard de ce type d'argument et l'accepte rarement. Aucun argument semblable n'a été invoqué dans l'affaire COMP/M.6663 — Ryanair/Aer Lingus III (20).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011607/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Aegean Airlines and Olympic Air
On Wednesday, the Commission authorised the Greek airline Aegean Airlines to buy out its competitor Olympic Air, despite the fact that this would create a monopoly on certain domestic flights in Greece.
As guardian of competition in Europe, the Commission rarely decides to allow such moves. This year, the Commission blocked a merger between the two Irish airlines Ryanair and Aer Lingus for the second time.
1.
What were the Commission’s reasons for allowing this deal to go ahead?
2.
What difference is there between this merger and others that have been blocked?
Answer given by Mr Almunia on behalf of the Commission
(28 November 2013)
The Commission unconditionally approved the acquisition of Olympic Air by Aegean Airlines on 9 October 2013 (21). The Commission concluded that Olympic would have left the market soon in any event due to financial difficulties. As a result, Aegean would have become the dominant player, if not monopolist, on all problematic overlap routes anyway.
An analysis of Olympic's business prospects demonstrated that Olympic would probably not turn profitable under any business scenario in the near future. For this reason, Marfin Investment Group, Olympic's sole shareholder, decided to cease funding Olympic, should it not be sold to Aegean. Unable to secure financing from any other source, Olympic would most likely have gone bankrupt soon. The Commission's market investigation showed that there was no other credible, less anti-competitive, purchaser interested in Olympic and that all its assets would leave the market completely, should it go out of business.
In other words, the Commission accepted the so-called ‘failing firm defence’ in this case, as it was demonstrated that Olympic would soon disappear as a competitor to Aegean and its assets would leave the market, with or without the merger. The Commission applies very strict criteria to this type of defence and rarely accepts it. In case COMP/M.6663 — Ryanair/Aer Lingus III (22), no failing firm defence was raised.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011608/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Évolution du marché des céréales
Avec une récolte de céréales de 301,5 millions de tonnes (Mt) pour 2013-2014, l'Union européenne devrait voir ses stocks de fin de campagne se détendre, selon un document de la Commission européenne paru le 8 octobre 2013.
En effet, la production pour 2012-2013 était de 275,9 Mt amenant un ratio stock/utilisation à 9,1 % en fin de campagne, alors que celui pour la fin de 2013-2014 est attendu à 13,2 %.
En conséquence, les prix des céréales en Europe ont baissé de près d'un tiers entre décembre 2012 et août 2013.
1.
La Commission prévoit-elle une détente sur les disponibilités en oléagineux avec 29,8 Mt estimées pour 2013-2014, contre 27,3 Mt il y a un an?
2.
Quelles sont les perspectives de la Commission pour le marché pour un avenir à court et moyen terme?
Réponse donnée par M. Cioloș au nom de la Commission
(14 novembre 2013)
La fixation des prix sur le marché des céréales de l'Union dépend fortement de la situation sur le marché mondial. L'augmentation des stocks de fin de campagne de l'Union européenne n'est donc pas la seule cause de la baisse des prix des céréales de l'Union.
L'Union est importatrice nette de 14 à 15 millions de tonnes d'oléagineux. Ce volume représente un tiers de l'utilisation domestique. L'augmentation prévue de la production totale d'oléagineux dans l'Union (2,5 millions de tonnes) permettra donc de réduire ce déficit mais ne modifiera pas significativement notre statut d'importateur net. Par conséquent, l'Union restera un preneur de prix.
En ce qui concerne ses prévisions à court et à moyen termes, la Commission renvoie l'Honorable Parlementaire au document intitulé «Short-term outlook for arable crop, meat and dairy markets in the European Union» (perspectives à court terme pour les marchés des cultures arables, de la viande et des produits laitiers dans l'Union européenne), publié à l'automne 2013 et disponible à l'adresse suivante:
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets-and-prices/short-term-outlook/index_en.htm
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011608/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Growth in the cereals market
According to a Commission document published on 8 October 2013, the EU should have better close-of-season cereal stocks this year, with a harvest of 301.5 million tonnes (Mt) in 2013‐14.
Output in 2012‐13 was 275.9 Mt, leading to a close-of-season stock-to-use ratio of 9.1%, whereas the ratio for the end of the 2013‐14 season is expected to be 13.2%.
As a result, cereal prices in Europe fell by almost a third between December 2012 and August 2013.
1.
Does the Commission anticipate an improvement in the availability of oilseed crops, with an estimated 29.8 Mt in the 2013‐14 season, compared with 27.3 Mt a year ago?
2.
How does the Commission think the market will progress both in the near future and in the medium term?
Answer given by Mr Cioloş on behalf of the Commission
(14 November 2013)
The price setting in the Union's cereals market highly depends on the world market situation. The decrease of the Union's cereals prices is therefore not solely a consequence of better ending stocks in the European Union.
The Union is a net importer of oilseeds of some 14 to 15 million tonnes. This represents one third of the domestic use. The forecasted increase (2.5 million tonnes) of the total Union's oilseeds production will therefore reduce the deficit but will not substantially change our net import status. The Union will therefore remain a price taker.
For the short and medium term forecast, the Commission would refer the Honourable Member to the autumn 2013 issue of the Short-term outlook for arable crop, meat and dairy markets which is available on the following webpage:
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/markets-and-prices/short-term-outlook/index_en.htm
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011610/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Bisous interdits
Un couple d'adolescents a été arrêté par la police à Nador, dans le nord-est du Maroc, après avoir publié sur le réseau social Facebook une photo les montrant en train de s'embrasser.
Il s'agit d'un adolescent et de sa petite amie. Ils ont été arrêtés jeudi pour atteinte à la pudeur publique, après avoir posté une photo les montrant en train de s'embrasser.
La photo a été prise devant le lycée où ils étudient. Cette affaire a aussitôt enflammé les réseaux sociaux, plusieurs jeunes couples marocains publiant des photos similaires sur leurs comptes.
1.
L'Europe compte-t-elle rester silencieuse sur ces sanctions d'un autre âge?
2.
N'estime-t-elle pas qu'un couple d'adolescents a le droit de s'embrasser?
3.
Ne s'agit-il pas d'une violation des Droits de l'homme?
Réponse donnée par M. Füle au nom de la Commission
(2 décembre 2013)
La Commission a connaissance de l'affaire à laquelle l'Honorable Parlementaire se réfère.
Cette affaire a soulevé une vague de protestations et de réactions au sein de la société civile marocaine et parmi les utilisateurs des médias sociaux, vague qui, nous semble-t-il, a aussi contribué à la remise en liberté des adolescents, trois jours après leur arrestation.
L'UE surveille attentivement l'évolution de la situation des Droits de l'homme au Maroc et mène un dialogue actif avec les autorités marocaines compétentes sur tout ce qui touche à ces questions. Elle suivra également de près le procès programmé le 22 novembre et agira en conséquence, étant donné que la réaction des autorités locales à Nador semble effectivement disproportionnée.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011610/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Ban on kissing
A teenage couple have been arrested by police in Nador, north-eastern Morocco, after they published a photo of themselves kissing on the social network site Facebook.
The case involves a teenager and his girlfriend. They were arrested last Thursday for breach of public modesty, after they posted a photo of themselves kissing.
The photo was taken in front of the secondary school where they are both students. The social networks were immediately up in arms over the case and several young Moroccan couples published similar photographs on their accounts.
1.
Will the EU remain silent over these outdated punishments?
2.
Does the Commission not believe that a teenage couple have the right to kiss?
3.
Is this not a breach of human rights?
Answer given by Mr Füle on behalf of the Commission
(2 December 2013)
The Commission is aware of the case referred to by the Honourable Member.
This case has caused a wave of protests and reactions from Moroccan civil society and social media users, which we believe also contributed to the release of the teenagers, three days after their arrest.
The EU follows closely Human Rights in Morocco and has an active dialogue with relevant Moroccan authorities on all its aspects. The EU will also follow closely the trial scheduled for 22 November and react accordingly, as the reaction of the local authorities in Nador seems indeed disproportionate.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011612/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Crise alimentaire à Madagascar
Quatre millions d'habitants des zones rurales de Madagascar sont en situation d'insécurité alimentaire en raison de la faible récolte de riz de cette année, ont mis en garde — mercredi — deux agences spécialisées de l'ONU.
La production de riz, l'aliment de base, et de maïs a souffert de conditions météorologiques capricieuses et d'une invasion de criquets. L'insécurité alimentaire risque de toucher 9,6 millions d'autres personnes. On peut attribuer la mauvaise campagne agricole à plusieurs facteurs: des conditions météorologiques irrégulières l'an dernier, des cyclones en début d'année, qui ont causé des inondations, suivis d'une période de faible pluviosité.
La production rizicole a fléchi de 21 % cette année, selon leurs chiffres, ce qui entraînera un déficit national de riz de 240 000 tonnes. Quant à la production de maïs de 2013, elle ne saura satisfaire les besoins intérieurs et on estime à 28 000 tonnes les besoins d'importation pour combler le déficit, ajoutent les deux agences, qui ont effectué une mission sur l'île.
La nourriture est la principale dépense d'environ un tiers des ménages, qui y consacrent jusqu'à 75 % de leur budget.
Les difficultés actuelles de Madagascar traduisent des années de déclin économique, l'aggravation de la pauvreté, des services publics limités et une série de catastrophes naturelles qui ont pesé sur les moyens d'existence et les stratégies d'adaptation des habitants, selon les deux agences.
1.
Comment la Commission réagit-elle à cet alarmant constat?
2.
La Commission compte-t-elle faire quelque chose politiquement mais aussi logistiquement pour fournir ou organiser une aide alimentaire aux catégories les plus vulnérables, ciblée sur les besoins particuliers des enfants et des femmes enceintes ou allaitantes?
Réponse donnée par Mme Georgieva au nom de la Commission
(26 novembre 2013)
La Commission suit de près la situation à Madagascar. En septembre 2013, une équipe d'experts de la Commission a effectué une mission en vue de déterminer s'il est nécessaire de fournir une aide alimentaire aux populations vulnérables de la région du sud de Madagascar. Les experts ont rapporté que la dégradation actuelle des conditions de sécurité, l'instabilité politique, la détérioration persistante des infrastructures et des services en raison d'un manque d'investissements, la grande pauvreté sous-jacente et les catastrophes naturelles récurrentes représentent une menace réelle pour la sécurité alimentaire, en particulier dans les régions du sud du pays. Ils ont recommandé que les acteurs de l'aide humanitaire mettent en place de systèmes d'alerte précoce solides permettant de suivre étroitement l'évolution de la situation en matière d'alimentation, de nutrition et de santé. La Commission envisage d'affecter une partie de son enveloppe pour la préparation aux catastrophes en Afrique australe et dans l'Océan Indien au financement d'un système de surveillance en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux.
Outre l'aide d'urgence évoquée plus haut, la Commission a mobilisé 4 millions d'euros pour financer la première campagne de lutte antiacridienne conduite par la FAO. De plus, plusieurs programmes d'un montant total de près de 60 millions d'euros sont actuellement mis en œuvre pour améliorer la sécurité alimentaire, les revenus et la nutrition. Une attention particulière est portée aux ménages vivant dans des zones exposées au risque d'invasion de criquets.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011612/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Food crisis in Madagascar
On Wednesday, two specialist UN agencies warned that four million people in rural areas of Madagascar are in a situation of food insecurity as a result of this year’s poor rice harvest.
Rice is the country’s staple food, and both rice and maize crops have suffered as a result of volatile weather conditions and a plague of locusts. A further 9.6 million people are also at risk of food insecurity. The poor crop season can be attributed to several factors: erratic weather last year and cyclones at the start of this year which led to flooding, followed by a period of low rainfall.
According to the agencies’ figures, rice production dropped 21% this year, which will lead to a national rice shortage of 240 000 tonnes. The agencies visited the island and report that the 2013 maize crop will not meet domestic demand and an estimated 28 000 tonnes will need to be imported in order to meet the shortage.
Food is the main expenditure item in around one third of households, who spend up to 75% of their budget on it.
According to the two agencies, Madagascar’s present problems are the result of years of economic decline, worsening poverty, limited public services and a series of natural disasters that have taken their toll on the inhabitants’ livelihoods and adaptation strategies.
1.
What is the Commission’s reaction to these alarming facts?
2.
Does the Commission plan to take any action both on the political front and also on the logistical front, in order to supply or organise food aid to the most vulnerable groups, targeted in particular at the special needs of children and pregnant or breastfeeding mothers?
Answer given by Ms Georgieva on behalf of the Commission
(26 November 2013)
The Commission is closely following the current situation in Madagascar. A mission was conducted in September 2013 by a team of Commission experts aiming to ascertain the need of food assistance in the vulnerable southern region of Madagascar. The mission reported that the current deterioration in security, political instability, continued deterioration in infrastructure and services due to a lack of investment, underlying deep poverty and recurrent natural disasters represents a concrete threat to food security, especially in the southern regions. It was recommended that humanitarian actors establish robust early warning systems to monitor the food, nutrition and health situations closely. The Commission is planning to allocate part of its envelope for disaster preparedness in Southern Africa and Indian Ocean to support a monitoring system in collaboration with local actors.
In addition to the emergency assistance as highlighted above, the Commission has mobilised EUR 4 million to finance the first anti-locust campaign implemented by FAO. Furthermore, various programmes totalling nearly EUR 60 million are being implemented to improve food security, income and nutrition. A specific attention is paid on households located in areas exposed to the risk of locust.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011613/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Utilisation des fonds européens destinés à l'amélioration de la condition des Roms
Selon les données publiées par la Commission, 17,5 milliards d'euros auraient été affectés entre 2007 et 2013 aux Roms et «autres groupes vulnérables» dans les États membres.
Dans les deux États membres les plus concernés, en l'occurrence la Roumanie et la Bulgarie, le taux d'absorption des fonds européens est respectivement de 6 % et 12 %. Ainsi, la Roumanie ne consacrerait qu'une infime partie des 2,2 milliards par an prévus par la Commission pour améliorer le sort de ses deux millions de Roms.
Par ailleurs, selon les autorités roumaines et bulgares, ce sont les petits projets avec un financement associatif direct qui donnent les meilleurs résultats.
Compte tenu de ces éléments, de quelle façon la Commission pense-t-elle agir pour encourager les autorités roumaines et bulgares à faire un meilleur usage des fonds afin d'améliorer la condition des Roms?
La Commission ne pense-t-elle pas qu'il serait opportun d'encourager le développement des petits projets, seuls à avoir démontré leur valeur ajoutée jusqu'à présent?
Réponse donnée par M. Andor au nom de la Commission
(28 novembre 2013)
L'intégration des Roms est une priorité horizontale dans le cadre des programmes opérationnels en matière de «développement des ressources humaines», cofinancés par le Fonds social européen (FSE) pour la période 2007-2013 en Bulgarie et en Roumanie. Il n'y a ainsi aucune dotation financière spécifique pour les Roms dans la mesure où ils bénéficient du FSE en raison de leur statut social et économique défavorisé et non de leur appartenance à un groupe ethnique. De même, dans le cadre du Fonds européen de développement régional (FEDER), la population Rom en Roumanie et en Bulgarie bénéficie d'investissements dans les logements sociaux et le développement urbain intégré, ciblant aussi d'autres communautés marginalisées.
Les taux d'absorption du FSE sont actuellement de 26 % en Roumanie et de 46 % en Bulgarie. Les services de la Commission sont en dialogue constant avec les autorités de gestion roumaine et bulgare sur les mécanismes de mise en œuvre des projets visant à améliorer l'intégration des Roms. Au cours de la période 2014-2020, les Fonds structurels et les fonds d'investissement (23) se concentreront sur les politiques de soutien aux populations marginalisées, telles que les Roms, et les mécanismes seront améliorés afin d'atteindre les plus démunis.
La Commission octroie aussi une aide financière, par l'intermédiaire du programme Progress, aux projets à petite échelle visant à tester la validité des politiques innovantes, y compris pour l'intégration des Roms (24). Il est prévu de poursuivre le soutien des projets de test à petite échelle au cours de la prochaine période de programmation financière (25). En outre, la Commission, en collaboration avec le Conseil de l'Europe, a lancé le projet Romact, destiné à améliorer la capacité des municipalités à élaborer et mettre en œuvre des plans et projets pour l'inclusion des Roms, y compris en Roumanie et en Bulgarie.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011613/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Use of EU funds aimed at improving the situation of Roma people
According to figures published by the Commission, EUR 17.5 billion was reportedly allocated to Roma and ‘other vulnerable groups’ between 2007 and 2013 in the Member States.
In the two most affected Member States, which in this case are Romania and Bulgaria, the take-up rate of European funds stands at 6% and 12% respectively. Thus, Romania allocates only a very small part of the EUR 2.2 billion per year provided for by the Commission to improving the lives of its two million Roma.
Moreover, according to the Romanian and Bulgarian authorities, small projects with associative funding are the most effective.
In view of the above, what action does the Commission intend to take to encourage the Romanian and Bulgarian authorities to make better use of funds to improve the situation of Roma people?
Does the Commission not think that it would be appropriate to encourage the development of small projects, which are the only kind to have shown their added value up to now?
Answer given by Mr Andor on behalf of the Commission
(28 November 2013)
Roma integration is a horizontal priority under the European Social Fund (ESF) co-funded ‘Human Resource Development’ Operational Programmes (2007-2013) in Bulgaria and Romania. To this end, there is no specific financial allocation for Roma as they benefit from ESF based on their disadvantaged social and economic status and not on their ethnicity. Similarly, under the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) the Roma population in Romania and Bulgaria benefits from investments in social housing and integrated urban development targeting also other marginalised communities.
The ESF absorption rates currently stand at 26% in Romania and 46% in Bulgaria. The Commission services are in a constant dialogue with Romanian and Bulgarian Managing Authorities about the delivery mechanisms for the projects aiming to improve Roma integration. In the 2014-2020 period, the European Structural and Investment Funds (26) will concentrate on supporting policies for marginalised people such as Roma and mechanisms will be improved so as to reach the most deprived.
The Commission is also providing financial support through the PROGRESS Programme to small scale projects to test the validity of innovative policies, including for Roma inclusion (27). Supporting of testing innovative small scale projects is foreseen to continue during the next financial programming period (28). Moreover, the Commission together with the Council of Europe has launched the ROMACT project aimed at improving the capacity of municipalities in developing and implementing plans and projects for the inclusion of Roma, including in Romania and Bulgaria.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011614/13
à la Commission (Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante)
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: VP/HR — Lynchage à Madagascar
La semaine passée a eu lieu le lynchage de trois personnes — un Français, un Franco-italien et un Malgache — à Madagascar; le profil de la victime française se précise. L'homme a été tué par une foule de plusieurs centaines de personnes, selon des témoins, qui l'accusait de faire partie d'un réseau de trafiquants d'organes, puis de pédophilie.
Sur un enregistrement audio effectué au moment d'un simulacre de procès et retranscrit par la presse, après sa capture par la foule, le Français apparaît terrorisé, essayant tant bien que mal de se défendre des actes dont il est accusé. «Je suis victime d'un complot», assure-t-il. «Je n'aime pas les enfants, surtout pas, et je n'aime pas les personnes qui ont des rapports avec les enfants», poursuit-il face à la foule. «Tu n'aimes pas les enfants?» s'entend-il répondre par un homme. «J'adore les enfants, si, j'ai une petite fille, je n'aimerais pas qu'on lui fasse ça», balbutie-t-il. En larmes, il assure aux Malgaches qui le menacent de lynchage: «Je ne raconte que la vérité, strictement que la vérité». L'homme est mort quelques instants plus tard.
1.
Quelle est votre réaction officielle face à ce lynchage?
2.
Quelles sont les actions entreprises avec le gouvernement malgache?
Réponse donnée par Mme Ashton, Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante, au nom de la Commission
(26 novembre 2013)
La Vice-présidente/Haute Représentante a connaissance de l'événement tragique et profondément regrettable auquel se réfère l'Honorable Parlementaire.
Le chef de la délégation de l'UE à Madagascar a déploré la perte de vies humaines et s'est dit vivement préoccupé par de tels actes de violence. Le sujet a été largement évoqué lors d'une réunion qui s'est tenue avec le Premier ministre.
La délégation de l'UE sur le terrain a suivi de près la situation et il est clair que cet événement n'a aucun lien avec le processus électoral en cours dans le pays. Il semble s'agir d'une éruption de violence extrême au cours de laquelle la population a décidé de se faire justice elle-même.
Les autorités malgaches ont réagi rapidement et elles ont déployé des forces de sécurité supplémentaires afin de rétablir l'ordre public, d'enquêter sur les circonstances des actes de violence et d'en arrêter les auteurs. Certaines personnes qui auraient participé à l'incident ont déjà été arrêtées.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011614/13
to the Commission (Vice-President/High Representative)
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: VP/HR — Lynching in Madagascar
Last week, three people were lynched in Madagascar. They included a French man, a Franco-Italian man and a Malagasy man; clearer details regarding the French victim have emerged. According to witnesses, the man was killed by a mob of several hundred people who accused him of being part of a network for organ trafficking, then paedophilia.
In an audio recording made during a mock trial following the man’s capture by the mob and transcribed by the press, the French man seemed terrified while he struggled to defend himself against the acts of which he was accused. ‘I am the victim of a conspiracy’, he said. ‘I do not like children, absolutely not, and I don’t like people who have sex with children’, he explained to the mob. ‘So you don’t like children?’ said a man to him in reply. ‘I love children, yes, I have a little girl, I wouldn’t want someone to do that to her’, he stammered. In tears, he told the Malagasies who were threatening to lynch him: ‘I’m telling the truth, strictly the truth.’ The man died a few moments later.
1.
What is your official reaction to this lynching?
2.
What actions have been undertaken alongside the Malagasy Government?
Answer given by High Representative/Vice-President Ashton on behalf of the Commission
(26 November 2013)
The High Representative/Vice-President is aware of the tragic incident the Honourable Member of Parliament refers to, which is deeply regretful.
The EU's Head of Delegation in Madagascar has expressed regret for the loss of life and great concern about such violence. The issue was discussed at length at a meeting with the Prime Minister.
The EU Delegation on the ground has been following the situation closely and it is understood that this event has no connection with the ongoing electoral process in the country. It appears to be an eruption of extreme violence where the local population has taken law into its own hands.
The Malagasy authorities have reacted promptly by deploying additional security forces to re-establish law and order, to investigate the circumstances and to arrest the perpetrators. Some presumed participants of the incident have already been arrested.
(Version française)
Question avec demande de réponse écrite E-011617/13
à la Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) et Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 octobre 2013)
Objet: Frontex et politique migratoire
1.
L'agence de surveillance des frontières européennes peut-elle aider les pays membres à réguler les flux de migrants?
2.
Si des outils communs de lutte contre l'immigration illégale ont été créés, le soutien de l'Union européenne aux États membres ne reste-t-il pas trop faible?
3.
Créée en 2004, l'agence Frontex est chargée de soutenir la coopération opérationnelle entre les États membres en matière de gestion des frontières extérieures, de les assister pour la formation des garde-frontières nationaux, d'effectuer des analyses de risques, d'organiser des opérations conjointes de retour des clandestins dans leurs pays d'origine. Au cours des deux dernières années, Frontex a sauvé 16 000 vies en Méditerranée, mais de nombreux experts estiment que la baisse radicale du budget dédié à Frontex ne lui donne plus qu'un caractère symbolique. Comment réagit la Commission? N'estime-t-elle pas que cette chute des budgets des politiques migratoires explique aussi la catastrophe de Lampedusa?
Réponse donnée par Mme Malmström au nom de la Commission
(12 décembre 2013)
Depuis son lancement en octobre 2005, l'agence Frontex a apporté un soutien considérable aux États membres dans la gestion des flux migratoires.
Outre le soutien opérationnel fourni par l'intermédiaire de l'agence Frontex, permettant notamment de déployer des équipes européennes de gardes-frontières aux frontières des États membres, le soutien de l'UE provient de quatre fonds instaurés dans le cadre du programme général «Solidarité et gestion des flux migratoires» et dotés d'un budget combiné de près de 4 milliard d'euros pour la période 2007-2013.
La Commission a proposé une augmentation substantielle de l'aide financière aux États membres au titre du nouveau Fonds «Asile et migration» et du Fonds pour la sécurité intérieure. Les propositions législatives pour la création des deux fonds, y compris les montants finaux, sont encore en cours de négociation.
Le budget de l'agence Frontex n'a pas subi de diminutions drastiques. Le montant total du financement de l'UE était de 111 millions d'euros en 2011, mais ce montant comprenait 30 millions d'euros de financement supplémentaire en vue d'alléger la pression accrue aux frontières résultant du Printemps arabe. En 2012, ce montant était de 84 millions d'euros, dont 4,5 millions d'euros prélevés sur la réserve créée par l'autorité budgétaire. En 2013, il était de 79,5 milllions d'euros. En réponse aux tendances récentes, le budget de l'agence Frontex pour 2013 a été renforcé de 7,9 millions d'euros supplémentaires.
L'événement tragique qui a coûté la vie aux 300 migrants au large de Lampedusa ne peut être imputé au manque de ressources dont dispose l'agence Frontex. En effet, les actifs navals et aériens qui ont été déployés dans le cadre de l'opération conjointe Hermes de l'agence Frontex ont participé à l'opération de sauvetage et contribué à sauver la vie de 151 personnes.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011617/13
to the Commission
Marc Tarabella (S&D) and Jean Louis Cottigny (S&D)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: Frontex and migration policy
1.
Can the European borders monitoring agency help Member States to regulate migration?
2.
While some common tools for combating illegal immigration have been established, is the European Union’s support for Member States still not too weak?
3.
Created in 2004, Frontex is the agency responsible for supporting operational cooperation between Member States in terms of the management of external borders, assisting them in the training of national border guards, undertaking risk analyses and organising joint operations to return illegal immigrants to their countries of origin. Over the last two years, Frontex has saved 16 000 lives in the Mediterranean, but many experts believe that the drastic cuts to the budget allocated to Frontex leaves it with a merely symbolic role. What is the Commission’s reaction to this? Does it not think that such migration policy budget cuts are also to blame for the Lampedusa disaster?
Answer given by Ms Malmström on behalf of the Commission
(12 December 2013)
Since Frontex became operational in October 2005, it has provided substantial support to the Member States in managing migration flows.
Apart from the operational support provided for through Frontex, including the possibility of deploying European Border Guard Teams at the borders of the Member States, EU support is provided through four Funds established as part of the General programme ‘Solidarity and Management of Migration Flows’ with the combined allocation of nearly 4 billion EUR for 2007-2013.
The Commission has proposed significant increases of financial support to Member States under the new Asylum and Migration Fund and the Internal Security Fund. The legislative proposals for the establishment of both Funds, including the final amounts, are still under negotiation.
The budget of Frontex has not been subject to any drastic cuts. The total amount of EU funding was EUR 111 million in 2011, but this included EUR 30 million of additional funding for addressing the increased pressure at the borders due to the Arab Spring. In 2012, it was EUR 84 million, including EUR 4.5 million released from the reserve established by the Budget Authority. In 2013, it was EUR 79.5 million. As a response to the latest trends, the 2013 budget of the Agency was reinforced with an additional EUR 7.9 million.
The tragic event that cost the lives of over 300 migrants nearby Lampedusa cannot be linked to a lack of financial resources for Frontex. Indeed, the naval and airborne assets which have been deployed in the ongoing Hermes Joint Operation of Frontex, participated in the rescue operation and contributed to saving of life of 151 people.
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011618/13
to the Commission
Andrew Henry William Brons (NI)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: International governance
Increasingly, the EU is implementing legislation which is global in nature. Thus, the ‘country of origin labelling’ (COOL) rules come from the WTO and the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation.
It was recently claimed in the UK press that the EU wishes to make it illegal for garden centres to sell popular plant varieties (such as Hidcote lavender), when the EU is merely amending its directives on plant varieties in line with rules agreed globally by bodies such as the UNECE and the OECD.
Regulation pertaining to food labelling, vehicle manufacture, banking, insurance, fisheries and many other areas clearly originates from a network of global government agencies which compel the EU to frame its rules as if it were the European regional branch of a global government to which the EU duly defers.
1.
Does the Commission agree that governance is becoming increasingly remote from the electorates of the nation states and even from the electorates of the EU?
2.
To what extent do those who work for the Commission (and the EU) participate in the development of ‘global legislation’ and sit on global committees, including agencies of the UN?
3.
To whom do such staff owe their allegiance and on whose authority do they operate?
4.
Does the Commission consider the EU to be subservient to international regulation of the nature described above, which is issued from unelected bodies?
5.
Does the Commission agree that one of the aims of international regulation as described above is to facilitate international trade and global governance and to diminish the authority of the nation states and even supranational bodies like the EU?
6.
Why does the Commission not seek to defend itself when it is criticised by the media for introducing new regulation by pointing to its global origin?
Answer given by Mr De Gucht on behalf of the Commission
(11 December 2013)
In recent years there has been a rapid development of regional and global value chains: products are no longer made in one country from start to finish. Thus, the development of international standards can reduce costs for producers and contribute to more growth and employment.
This is why the Commission is supportive of international standardisation and play an active role in international bodies working in this field including in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) work on principles on international standardisation, which call for transparency, openness, impartiality and consensus in the creation of international standards.
It should however be recalled that international standards are not directly enforceable in the EU. When EU legislators consider that requirements need to be put in place in order to achieve a legitimate objective, this is achieved by the introduction of a mandatory legislative instrument such as a directive or Regulation that is enforceable in the EU.
That being said, the EU and its Member States — as all other members of the WTO — have an obligation, under the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures, to use international standards to the greatest extent possible as a basis for its regulations, unless such standards are deemed inappropriate or ineffective for the legitimate objectives pursued.
(Versione italiana)
Interrogazione con richiesta di risposta scritta E-011619/13
alla Commissione
Claudio Morganti (EFD)
(10 ottobre 2013)
Oggetto: Finanziamenti europei per immigrazione
Negli scorsi giorni è avvenuta l'ennesima tragedia a largo di Lampedusa, costata la vita a centinaia di persone che sono morte nel vano tentativo di raggiungere (in maniera comunque irregolare) il suolo europeo, trasportate da mercanti di morte senza scrupoli.
Può la Commissione indicare quanti e quali finanziamenti europei siano stati dedicati per affrontare l'emergenza sbarchi a Lampedusa a partire dal 2007?
Può la Commissione precisare se sono state previste particolari modalità o vincoli per l'utilizzazione di questi fondi da parte delle autorità italiane?
Risposta di Cecilia Malmström a nome della Commissione
(18 novembre 2013)
L'Italia è il principale beneficiario dei quattro fondi (EBF (29), EIF (30), ERF (31) e RF (32)) istituiti nel quadro del programma generale SOLID (33) per il periodo 2007-2013. Durante tale periodo di programmazione, l'Italia ha ricevuto in totale 504 milioni di EUR nell'ambito di programmi nazionali, ripartiti nel modo seguente: 250 milioni di EUR nel quadro dell'EBF, 148 milioni di EUR nel quadro dell'EIF, 62 milioni di EUR nel quadro dell'ERF (compresi 26 milioni di EUR di misure di emergenza) e 44 milioni di EUR nel quadro dell'RF.
Lampedusa ha beneficiato in particolare delle misure di emergenza stanziate nel quadro dell'ERF: infatti, dal 2008 al 2013, l'Italia ha ricevuto 7 milioni di EUR nel 2008, 17 milioni di EUR tra il 2011 e il 2012, quando è iniziata l'emergenza legata alla primavera araba e 2 milioni di EUR nel 2013. La base giuridica dell'ERF prevede che questi fondi siano utilizzati entro sei mesi.
Riguardo ai 30 milioni di EUR specificamente annunciati per l'Italia, la ripartizione orientativa sarebbe di 8 milioni di EUR per le attività di Frontex, 10 milioni di EUR per le misure di emergenza ERF e rispettivamente 5 e 7 milioni di EUR per le attività di emergenza finanziate tramite azioni dell'Unione svolte nel quadro dell'EBF e dell'RF nel 2012 e 2013. Questa mobilitazione è stata ottenuta esclusivamente grazie a ridistribuzioni interne e a una riprogrammazione dei fondi esistenti (Bilancio Affari interni; «Sicurezza degli alimenti e dei mangimi» — Capitolo 17.04; assistenza tecnica per lo Sviluppo rurale — Capitolo 05.04; accordi internazionali in materia di agricoltura — Capitolo 05.06; e «Life+» — Capitolo 07.03) e non ha richiesto un bilancio rettificativo o l'uso di riserve di bilancio (margine).
(English version)
Question for written answer E-011619/13
to the Commission
Claudio Morganti (EFD)
(10 October 2013)
Subject: EU funding for immigration
Yet another tragedy has recently taken place off the coast of Lampedusa, in which hundreds of people transported by unscrupulous merchants of death lost their lives in a vain (and illicit) attempt to reach European soil.
How much EU funding has been allocated to dealing with the landings emergency at Lampedusa since 2007, and what is the source of this funding?
Have any special procedures or restrictions been established for the use of these funds by the Italian authorities?
Answer given by Ms Malmström on behalf of the Commission
(18 November 2013)
Italy is the largest beneficiary of the four Funds under the General Programme SOLID (34) over 2007-2013, i.e. the EBF (35), the EIF (36), the ERF (37) and the RF (38). Over that programming period, Italy has received in total EUR 504 million under the national programmes, divided as follows: EUR 250 million under the EBF; EUR 148 million under the EIF; EUR 62 million under the ERF (including EUR 26 million of emergency measures); and EUR 44 million under the RF.
Lampedusa has particularly benefitted from the ERF emergency measures in that, over 2008-2013, Italy has received EUR 7 million in 2008, EUR 17 million over 2011 and 2012 when the pressure resulting from the Arab Spring started, and EUR 2 million in 2013. These funds must be used according to the ERF legal basis within a 6-month period.
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US-201213573691-A_1
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USPTO
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Public Domain
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Method for optically decoding a debit or credit card
ABSTRACT
A method for collecting and transmitting information desired for a commercial transaction from a debit or credit card uses a processor configured with optical character recognition (OCR) capability. At least one optical image of the debit or credit card is collected by the processor. The edges of the card are algorithmically defined from the collected image. Predefined offsets are applied to the algorithmically defined edges of the debit or credit card to algorithmically locate an area in the collected image having the desired transactional data. The transactional data within the located area is encoded and transmitted for further processing of the commercial transaction.
PRIORITY CLAIM
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional ApplicationSer. No. 61/596,385, filed Feb. 8, 2012.
FIELD OF THE DESCRIBED METHODS
The present subject matter relates to methods and systems for performingall logistical functionality (e.g., activation, sales, validation, etc.)of lottery and contest type tickets (e.g., instant lottery tickets,on-line lottery tickets, promotional materials, etc.) using existinginfrastructures without the need for additional lottery or game specifichardware installed at a retailer's location. Additionally, the use ofthe aforementioned infrastructures also enables street vendors toreadily: activate, sell, and validate lottery tickets, and to payapplicable prizes of lottery games. The proposed methodologies andsystems enable the sale/processing of lottery and contest tickets, aswell as interchange of other data (e.g., check clearing, authentication,etc.) between the retailer to a central processing hub without the addedexpense and inconvenience of installing custom hardware. Finally, amethod is disclosed to use off-the-shelf hardware to optically scandebit or credit cards in a secure fashion.
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Lottery games have become a time-honored method of raising revenue forstate and federal governments the world over. Traditional scratch-offand on-line games have evolved over decades, supplying increasingrevenue year after year. However, after decades of growth, the salescurves associated with traditional games seem to be flattening out withthe existing retailer base appearing to plateau. Consequently, bothlotteries and their service providers are presently searching for newsales venues.
One of the most promising genera of new lottery retailers are “big box”retailers (e.g., Walmart, Target, etc.) and drug store retailers (e.g.,Rite Aid, CVS, etc.). However, attempts by lotteries and their serviceproviders to recruit these new retailers have not succeeded. The mainreasons for the lack of success is that lottery products are too laborintensive and require special equipment. Additionally, aside from theadded cost of the special equipment, its placement may require big boxand drug store retailers to have a separate lottery sales/redemptionlocation possibly requiring extra staff. Additionally, in some venues itis desirable to use street vendors to sell lottery tickets that have notbeen able to use conventional lottery equipment and systems to providethe needed security for specialized lottery products.
To date, there have been numerous attempts to resolve this barrier tosales in big box and drug stores with special in-lane hardware (e.g.,Herndon et. al. US2009/0163263, etc.) as well as special monitorinterfaces to existing Point Of Sale (POS) systems (e.g., Behm et. al.U.S. Pat. No. 6,899,621), however all of these systems have required theaddition of special scanning or dispensing hardware that consequentlyincur significant costs.
Recently, the popularity of prepaid gift and debit cards (referred togenerically herein as “gift debit cards”) sold at big box and drug storeretailers has resulted in the implementation of barcode readingactivation systems tightly integrated with the stores' POS (Point OfSale) systems. Indeed, the $20 billion projected sales of open loop giftdebit cards for 201 have resulted in the vast majority of big box anddrug stores integrating gift/debit card activation systems into theirPOS systems. This mass adoption of gift debit card activation systemsallows for other products with barcodes and data conforming to the samespecifications as the gift card items to be activated, tracked, orvalidated without the need to add any additional hardware at theretailer location. Additionally, since gift/debit card activationsystems are already integrated into the stores' POS systems, there is noneed to have a separate location or additional staff to handle anyadditional products piggybacking on the gift debit card activationsystem.
This preponderance of existing gift debit card activation systems at bigbox and drug store POS systems creates the perfect foundation forlottery and contest systems to utilize the existing card activationnetwork to pass lottery/contest data between the retailer POS and acentral site database. By complying with the format of the gift cardactivation system, blobs of lottery or contest data can be interchangedbetween the retailer's POS and a central hub allowing transactions(e.g., instant sales, instant validation, instant inventory, quick pickbets, Power Ball validations, etc.) to be conducted without any customhardware.
Of course, the above data blob exchange utilizing the existing gift cardsystem can be applied to transactions other than lotteries and contests.In such an embodiment, the non-gift-card transactional data would alsobe encapsulated into a gift card activation network interchange. Forexample, driver's license data can be encapsulated into a gift cardactivation barcode format enabling it to be scanned and compared againsta central database for authentication beyond a visual inspection of thelicense.
The concept of no or little customized hardware at the POS location canbe extended to a portable retailer or street vendor. In this embodiment,off-the-shelf smart telephones can be incorporated as barcode scannersand the retailer interface, with a portable printer providing thenecessary receipts and tickets. Indeed, with portable retailers orstreet vendors, the gift card network can be used to activatetraditional plastic open loop debit cards that can be loaded withlottery or contest prize winnings at the time a winning ticket ispresented to the street vendor. With this embodiment, the street vendoror portable retailer is no longer required to carry sufficient cash topay winners, thereby helping to protect the vendor from theft andviolent crime. Additionally, the smart telephone camera can be used toprocess an image of a debit or credit card with built-in OpticalCharacter Recognition (OCR) allowing the street vendor to perform saleswithout accepting cash.
Therefore, it is desirable to develop methodologies for performinglottery and other transactions at the retailer POS requiring no specialhardware.
Described herein are a number of mechanisms illustrating the practicaladvantages of as well as the details of reliably utilizing existinginterchanges to eliminate the logistical need for any custom hardware ata retailer POS. The disclosed mechanisms thereby offering substantialsavings (in eliminating hardware costs and maintenance) while at thesame time reducing the clutter on retailer's counters as well assimplifying the retailer interface.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a representative example of the existingcredit/debit card interchange network used for debit or credit cardprocessing;
FIG. 2 is a back plan view of a first representative example of an openloop gift card package;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the representative example of the existingcredit/debit card interchange network of FIG. 1 when it is utilized foropen loop gift card activation;
FIG. 4 is a front plan view of a first representative example of a debitor credit card account number taxonomy;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a first representative example of a datapacket with a lottery BIN (Bank Identification Number) and associatedinstant ticket inventory data blob compatible with the interchangenetwork of FIG. 6;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the representative example of the existingcredit/debit card interchange network of FIG. 1 when it is utilized forinstant (scratch-off) lottery ticket sales;
FIG. 7 is a front plan view of a first representative example of aninstant ticket inventory reporting card compatible with the interchangenetwork of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a first representative example of a datapacket with a lottery BIN and associated instant ticket inventoryrequest blob compatible with the interchange network of FIG. 6;
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a first representative example of a datapacket with a lottery BIN and associated instant ticket validationrequest blob compatible with the interchange network of FIG. 6;
FIG. 10 is a front plan view of a first representative example of aninstant ticket validation initiation card compatible with theinterchange network of FIG. 6;
FIG. 11 is a flow chart of the representative example of the existingcredit/debit card interchange network of FIG. 1 when it is utilized foron-line lottery ticket sales;
FIG. 12 is a front plan view of a first representative example of aquick-pick card compatible with the interchange network of FIG. 11;
FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a first representative example of a datapacket with a lottery BIN and associated instant ticket inventoryrequest blob compatible with the interchange network of FIG. 11;
FIG. 14 is a front plan view of a first representative example of anon-line game ticket compatible with the interchange network of FIG. 11;
FIG. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
There are multiplicities of existing networks that can be utilized toexchange data without the logistical challenges of installing customhardware. FIG. 1 depicts a representative example of the existingcredit/debit interchange network that is presently utilized forpurchases as well as open loop (i.e., can be used anywhere theinterchange provider's card is accepted) gift/debit card activation. Fora normal transaction, the consumer 100 makes a purchase (eitherin-person or on the Internet) and the merchant 105 accepts his debit orcredit card data 106. The debit or credit card data 106 account numberand other data, along with the cost of sale, is transmitted to themerchant's 105 acquiring processor 110—i.e., the institution that hascontracted with the merchant to exclusively conduct his or her debit orcredit card transactions. The acquiring processor 110 then forwards thetransaction information to the interchange 120, garnering a fee for hisor her troubles. The credit or debit card interchange 120 is actuallycomprised of multiple operators (e.g., Visa, MasterCard, Discover,etc.), which the acquiring processor directs the transaction toaccording to the first digit of the debit or credit account number 106.After the transaction data has been passed to the appropriate operatoron the interchange 120 then, based on the Bank Identification Number(BIN) embedded in debit or credit account number 106, forwards thetransaction information to the Issuing processor 125 of the card andgarners a fee or levy of the transaction sale.
The issuing processor 125 of the debit or credit card account number 106then queries the cardholder's bank 130 to determine if sufficient fundsare available to cover the purchase. Assuming the funds are available,the issuing processor 125 then sends the approval notice back throughthe interchange 120 garnering a fee. This approval is then routed backthrough the acquiring processor 110 to the merchant 105 who delivers thegoods. The actual funds are then electronically transferred from thecardholder's bank 130 to the merchant's bank 115 as a separate processwith the consumer cardholder 100 ultimately receiving a statement thatthe transfer occurred.
This same interchange network of FIG. 1 is leveraged to enablegift/debit card activation at the time of sale. However, when typicallyactivating a gift debit card its security package 150 (FIG. 2) UPC(Universal Product Code) 151 and proxy activation 152 barcodes arescanned to initiate the activation process.
In some merchant system's the scanning of the UPC barcode 151 assignedto a gift card package 150 (FIG. 2) informs the system that the nextbarcode scanned will be a proxy activation barcode 152 in a formatcompatible with the debit or credit card interchange. Therefore, in thisembodiment, the merchant system automatically scans the subsequent proxyactivation barcode 152 and sends the resulting scanned data through theinterchange for gift debit card activation. Alternatively, othermerchant systems do not employ this previously discussed UPC/proxybarcode state machine embodiment. Rather, in this new embodiment, themerchant system identifies unique characteristics of the gift-debit-cardproxy barcode 152 and automatically routes the subsequent data throughthe debit credit card interchange regardless of the nature of thebarcode previously scanned. With either gift-debit-card activationembodiment, once the POS equipment has scanned the gift debit card proxybarcode 152 the collected data is routed through the interchange.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, in any gift debit card activation process theconsumer 100 takes the gift debit card package 150′ to the merchant 105who first scans the package 105 (FIG. 2) UPC barcode 151 and then theproxy activation barcode 152. As previously discussed, the existingmerchant POS equipment automatically routs the scanned data from thesubsequent proxy activation barcode 152 through the acquiring processor110 (FIG. 3) and through the interchange 120 to the issuing processor125. The issuing processor 125 receives the specially formattedgift-debit-card activation request, checks to determine if the number isauthentic, and assuming it is authentic ensures that the issuing bank130 reserves sufficient funds in the gift debit card account to coverthe gift card value. (Typically, the FIG. 3 gift-debit-card sellingmerchant's 105 bank account 115 is swept for the funds to financepurchases within twenty-four hours after the sale of the gift debitcard.) At this point, the issuing processor returns an acknowledgementto the merchant POS 105 via the interchange 120 and acquiring processor110 that commands the merchant POS 105 to print an activation receiptfor the consumer 100. As before, the acquiring processor 110 andinterchange 120 garner fees for passing the data.
In all of the above debit or credit card transaction or gift cardactivation transactions, the data is transferred from the acquiringprocessor 110 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) through the interchange 120 to theissuing processor 125 by the numbering scheme of the debit or creditcard 170 account number 171 as illustrated in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG.4, the first four to six digits 172 constitute the Bank IdentificationNumber (BIN) identifying the institutions (i.e., issuing processor andinterchange operator) issuing/routing the card and associated data.Although it is called a Bank Identification Number, BINs can be used byother institutions, such as American Express or Western Union.Regardless of the institution, the BIN is always used by the acquiringprocessor 110 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3), the interchange 120, and the issuingprocessor 125 to correctly route the transaction request. Multiple BINscan be assigned to the same issuing processor 125, allowing for theissuing processor 125 to support different functionality—e.g., differentbanking institutions 130, gift debit card activation, etc. Of course,the same BIN numbering scheme is also employed on gift debit card proxynumbers 152 (FIG. 2).
Thus, for a normal debit or credit card transaction or gift cardactivation, there is a minimum of four to seven entities involved eachgarnering fees. As will now be shown, this same interchange network canbe used to integrate seamlessly into a lottery or contest system withoutthe need of additional specialized hardware and its associatedlogistical costs. The main component being assigning a unique BIN to alottery or contest system.
In one embodiment, assigning and printing a unique lottery BIN in thebarcode on instant lottery tickets supplies all of the informationnecessary to route the instant ticket inventory control data through thedebit or credit interchange. This data routing will automatically occurbecause the debit or credit interchange only uses the BIN to direct datathrough the interchange, with the remaining data in a debit or creditcard number not processed by the interchange itself. (Strictly speaking,the above statement is not entirely correct; there can be a check digitembedded in the remainder of the debit or credit card data that ensuresthe integrity of the data being transmitted, however tis same checkdigit format can be calculated and embedded in other non-credit/debitcard data.) Any data transmitted with the BIN is simply carried as a‘data blob’ 182 (FIG. 5) that only has significance to the issuingprocessor 125 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3). By assigning a unique lottery BIN 181(FIG. 5) and concatenating instant ticket inventory control data as theassociated data blob (182) the resulting data packet 180 will seamlesslypass through the interchange in a manner similar to a debit or creditcard transaction. When the issuing processor 125 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3)receives the concatenated packet 180 (FIG. 5), the issuing processorservers would know from the special lottery BIN 181 that the encloseddata blob 182 contained lottery information and to subject the packet tospecial processing either at the issuing processor 125 (FIG. 1 and FIG.3) or another location.
Of course, as is obvious to anyone skilled in the art, this sametechnique of leveraging the interchange network and assigning uniqueBINs can be used for other types of data transfer (e.g., consumerauthentication, check cashing, etc.) requiring information to beexchanged between the merchant's POS system and a central dataprocessing hub.
Applying the interchange network of FIG. 1 and FIG. 3 to enable instant(scratch-off) lottery ticket sales then is a matter of configuring theinstant ticket barcode to a format resembling a proxy number barcode 180(FIG. 5) and adding an interface from the issuing processor 125 to alottery's central site server 160 (FIG. 6). In this system the instantlottery ticket consumer 100′ would purchase an instant lottery ticket155 from a merchant 105. The merchant 105 scans the instant lotteryticket's 155 UPC and/or proxy number compatible barcodes toautomatically trigger the merchant's POS equipment 105 to route thelottery ticket's 155 proxy number compatible barcode data 180 (FIG. 5)to the acquiring processor 110 (FIG. 6), through the interchange 120, tothe specified issuing processor 125, and then ultimately to thelottery's central site 160.
In this embodiment, processing the sale of instant lottery tickets 155is accomplished by the lottery prearranging to have a special datainterface 161 between the lottery's central site 160 and the issuingprocessor's 125 servers. The exact nature of this interface 161 can varyso long as sufficient techniques are employed for the link to remainsecure to data manipulation or monitoring: However, in the preferredembodiment a Virtual Private Network (VPN) would be employed to ensurethat the interface 161 was authenticated and encrypted, with its uniqueInternet Protocol (IP) addresses secured from monitoring. Regardless ofthe low level details of the interface 161, the data exchanged for aninstant lottery ticket sale (i.e., embedded in the data blob 182 (FIG.5)) would be the instant ticket proxy barcode data and an identifyingcode of the retailer making the sale.
Returning to FIG. 6, once the issuing processor has forwarded theinstant lottery ticket sale information and the retailer identificationcode to the lottery's central site 160, the lottery's servers will logthe sale, thereby maintaining a record on the lottery's database. Ifdesired, the same lottery central site 160 can transmit a print receiptcommand back through the interchange network 120 and the acquiringprocessor 110 to the merchant's POS 105 printer thereby completing thesale. Since piggybacking on the debit or credit interchange logs everyinstant ticket sale; inventory control and the problem of maintaining acentralized inventory control for instant ticket sales can be resolvedby supplying the merchant with a special barcoded inventory controlreport card 175 (FIG. 7). By scanning the proxy compatible barcode 177on the inventory control report card 175 the merchant would be able touse the debit and credit interchange to send a request for an instantticket inventory report through the acquiring processor 110 (FIG. 6),interchange 120, and issuing processor 125 to the lottery's central site160. When the request is received at the lottery's central site 160, itsservers will generate the requested inventory report and send a seriesof print commands back through the same interchange path to cause themerchant's POS printer to print a hardcopy of the report at themerchant's location 105. Of course, for this system to work, eachmerchant would have to be assigned an unique inventory report card 175(FIG. 7) with the merchant's identity encoded on the card both as humanreadable 176 as well as embedded in the proxy barcode 177. As before theinventory request proxy barcode 177 would be configured with the lotteryBIN 186 (FIG. 8) concatenated to the merchant's instant ticket inventoryrequest as the associated data blob (187) with the resulting packet 185passed through the interchange in a manner similar to a gift cardactivation transaction. However, in this embodiment the store inventoryrequest would be a flag to alert the lottery central site 160 (FIG. 6)that the transaction is an inventory request and possibly identifyingdata unique to the merchant issuing the request.
Alternatively, the merchant could be provided with a special applicationon a computer or mobile device that query the lottery central site 160via communications channels (e.g., the Internet) alternative to theinterchange. The significant point being that inventory reporting andcontrol are enabled by the lottery's central site 160 logging everyinstant ticket sale.
Inventory control of instant lottery tickets has been a particularlyvexing problem in the past, with the primary solution to date being toinstall one form or another of vending devices at the merchant'sestablishment, thereby keeping the instant ticket inventory under lockand key with an automated device tabulating how many tickets were sold.The disadvantages of this approach being the high cost of vendinghardware as well as the logistical problems associated with installingand maintaining the vending hardware, in addition to the physical spacethe vending hardware consumes. Alternatively, a barcode readerinterfaced to a lottery terminal already installed at the retailer hasalso been attempted for instant ticket inventory control. However, thisalternative had the disadvantages of requiring the retailer to interfacewith two devices (i.e., POS equipment and the lottery terminal) as wellas the extra cost associated with requiring custom hardware to beinstalled at the retailer's place of business.
Aside from eliminating the need for special vending hardware, utilizingthe debit or credit interchange allows the merchant 105 (FIG. 6) toaudit his or her instant ticket inventory at any time, significantlyreducing the motivation for theft since missing instant ticket inventorycould be detected more easily. Moreover, the utilizing of the merchant'sPOS 105 register to log each ticket sold enables each instant ticket tobe activated on an individual basis. The term ‘activation’ in thiscontext meaning that the lottery central site only allows activatedtickets to be validated resulting in payment of prizes.
The last point is significant. Traditionally instant tickets aretypically shipped in packs of twenty to one hundred with the pack itselfbeing the unit of activation. This gross quantization of activation hascaused numerous problems throughout the history of the lottery industry.For example, individual instant tickets stolen from an activated packcan be validated on a lottery system so long as the pack is not reportedstolen. Conversely, when a partial pack is reported stolen the problemof estimating, which tickets in the stolen pack were legitimately soldand which were stolen remains. Additionally, pack rather than ticketactivation forces lotteries to rely on winning ticket validations toestimate sales to consumers—i.e., a crude metric at best with typicallyonly 1 out of 5 tickets winning. Furthermore, the pack activation modelcan allow a significant amount of free retailer financial float, sincethe retailer can sometimes begin selling from a pack of instant ticketsand not have to reconcile until 90 days after activation.
All of these pack activation problems are solved with the lotterycentral site 160 (FIG. 6) being cognizant of every instant ticket sale.However, with specially installed hardware at the merchant'sestablishment logging each ticket sale for activation has proven not tobe been practical or economical. One of the main reasons being thatcustom lottery hardware is by necessity placed in a different locationthan the merchant's cash register, making it inconvenient for themerchant to execute the sale in one location and scan the instantticket's inventory control barcode in a different location. While it ispossible (at some expense) to install a separate barcode scanner nearthe merchant's cash register with an interface to the lottery terminal,the clerk would still be obliged to perform two operations with twodifferent user interfaces—i.e., problematic at best. Even if a customhardware device is installed on the merchant's cash register to monitorscanned UPC barcode data for lottery assigned UPC data (e.g., Behm et.al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,899,621) the instant ticket inventory/activationproblem persists, because the UPC data does not contain ticket inventorycontrol information needed for ticket level activation. In other words,all instant lottery tickets of the same game would share the same UPCdata, making it extremely difficult to distinguish which ticket serialnumbers were sold. However, by piggybacking on the debit or creditinterchange with lottery instant ticket sales, the logging/activationmechanism leverages the same user interface that the merchant useseveryday as well as the same physical procedure used for gift debit cardactivation.
The same piggyback via BIN mechanism that enables instant ticket salescan also be utilized for validation of winning instant tickets. In thiscontext, the term validation means authenticating a perceived winningticket by interfacing with the lottery central site. Not surprisingly,the piggybacking on the interchange configuration for instant ticketvalidation is essentially the same as instant ticket sales (FIG. 6).
In the preferred embodiment, processing an instant ticket validationbegins with the lottery instant ticket consumer 100′ presenting aperceived winning instant ticket 155 to the merchant 105 for prizepayment. The merchant scans the barcode that was hidden under theunplayed ticket's Scratch-Off-Coating (SOC). As previously discussed,the merchant may have to first scan the instant ticket's UPC barcode toplace his or her POS equipment into a special state to process the proxybarcode. This barcode configured to be compatible with the proxy datanormally passed over the debit or credit interchange 120 with thelottery BIN 191 (FIG. 9) concatenated to a data blob (192) containingthe ticket's validation data forming the whole proxy data 190. In thiscontext, the term ‘validation data’ refers to data not available untilafter the instant ticket is played (i.e., SOC removed) that is used bythe lottery central site 160 (FIG. 6) to determine if the ticket is awinner or not.
In another embodiment, the lottery instant ticket consumer 100′ presentsa perceived winning instant ticket 155 to the merchant 105 for prizepayment. However, in this embodiment, the validation barcode previouslyunder the SOC is unreadable or for other reasons unavailable. Thus, inthis embodiment the merchant scans the barcode 197 (FIG. 10) on aspecial validation card 195 that places the merchant's POS equipment ina special state to validate instant tickets. Since the specialvalidation card 195 initiates the validation process, a UPC format maybe required on the card's 195 barcode 197 to be compatible with some POSequipment. In this case, special UPC data would be reserved for instantticket validation purposes that would not automatically count as a saleon the POS equipment's database. After the validation card's 195 barcode197 is scanned and the merchant's POS equipment is in a state to processinstant ticket validations, the merchant would scan the instant ticketinventory control barcode that was used to register the sale on thelottery's central site. At this stage, the validation transaction canproceed. For extra security, the merchant's POS equipment may prompt themerchant to key in numerical data that would be hidden under the SOC ofan unsold ticket but exposed after the SOC is removed.
Returning to FIG. 6, with either embodiment once the validation processwas initiated by the merchant 105, the validation data (eithervalidation barcode data, inventory barcode data, or inventory barcodeplus added data) will be transmitted through the acquiring merchant 110and the interchange 120 to the issuing processor 125. At this point theissuing processor 125 would have detected the lottery BIN in thetransaction and forwarded the validation to the lottery central site 160via the dedicated communications channel 161.
The lottery central site 160 will then: extract the validation data fromthe transaction's data blob 192 (FIG. 9), determine from flags withinthe data blob 192 that the associated data is an instant ticketvalidation and processes the validation. Alternatively, an unique‘lottery validation BIN’ could be employed to still direct thetransaction to the lottery central site 160 (FIG. 5), but eliminate theneed to embed a flag in the data blob 192 (FIG. 9) informing the lotterycentral site 160 (FIG. 6) that the associated data is a lotteryvalidation transaction. In both cases, the lottery central site 160 willdetermining if in fact the validation request is associated with awinning ticket and route the appropriate response back through the sameinterchange path to the merchant 105, causing either an authorization topay or a message not to pay a prize to be printed on the merchant'sprinter 105.
Aside from instant ticket processing, the same piggybacking via BINmechanism over the interchange that enables instant ticket sales canalso be utilized for on-line (e.g., Pick 3, Pick 4, Powerball, MegaMillions, etc.) sales and validation. As illustrated in FIG. 11, thedebit or credit card interchange usage for on-line lottery transactionsis virtually identical to instant ticket transactions (FIG. 6) with theonly difference being the actions of the consumer 100″ (FIG. 11) and themerchant 105.
For quick-pick (i.e., numbers automatically selected for the consumer)purchases of on-line tickets, the consumer would either take a plastichanging card 200 (FIG. 12) with a quick-pick coded interchangecompatible barcode 201 to the merchant or simply ask the merchant for aquick-pick for a given on-line game (e.g., Pick 3, Pick 4, Powerball,Mega Millions, etc.) The merchant would either take the hanging card orpull one from behind the counter (or from a pocket in the case of astreet vendor) and scan the UPC barcode for the quick-pick sale (202)followed by the interchange compatible barcode 201 to trigger aquick-pick request. In either case, the interchange compatible barcode201 will be configured to be compatible with the proxy data normallypassed over the debit or credit interchange 120 with the lottery BIN 206(FIG. 13) concatenated to a data blob (207) containing the quick-pickrequest data forming the whole proxy data 205.
As before, the pending quick-pick transaction is forwarded to theacquiring processor 110 (FIG. 11), routed through the interchange 120,to the issuing processor 125. The issuing processor would then detecteither a lottery BIN or a special ‘lottery quick-pick BIN’ and route thepending transaction through the designated channel 161 to the lottery'scentral site 160 or complementary gaming system. The lottery's centralsite or complementary gaming system would then decode the quick-pickrequest, use a random number generator to generate a pseudorandomquick-pick, log the quick-pick transaction with a generated serialnumber on its database, and transmit a print command documenting thequick-pick and the assigned serial number to be printed on themerchant's printer at his or her location 105 and recorded at thecentral site at a later time if a complementary gaming system is used.
It should be noted, that until recently the printing of quick-pickticket printing process would not have been possible via the piggybackinterchange BIN mechanism. This is because on-line tickets aretraditionally printed on ticket stock with serial numbering preprintedon the back along with other security features (e.g., ultravioletvisible ink). The preprinted serial numbering and other featuresproviding added security in determining the authenticity of an apparenthigh-tier winning ticket. Therefore, the need for special preprintedsecurity paper would prohibit a merchant from printing quick-picktickets using his or her normal cash register or other printer—i.e., thelogistical challenges would prohibit merchants from loading speciallottery paper into their cash register. Alternatively, the merchantcould be supplied with a special lottery printer that uses the specialsecurity paper, but the addition of a lottery printer would necessitatecustom lottery interfaces for the merchant's POS equipment, increasingthe costs and re-introducing custom lottery hardware at the POS.
Fortunately, recently two Ticket Message Authentication Code (T-Mac)patents have issued (i.e., Irwin U.S. Pat. No. 7,788,482 and U.S. Pat.No. 8,037,307) which eliminates the need for special security paper foron-line tickets by employing cryptographic techniques that add a MessageAuthentication Code (Mac) to the ticket's serial number that make itvirtually impossible to copy or forge the ticket. However, the T-Macpatents reference certain cryptographic functions being performed byfield lottery terminals. In the context of the piggyback interchange BINmechanism, the lottery terminal would be the merchant's POS equipment105 (FIG. 11). In a preferred embodiment, the T-Mac applicable softwareis loaded into the merchant's POS equipment. This embodiment has theadvantage of a wide terminal distribution and no additional hardware atthe retailer's location. However, while loading the necessarycryptographic software onto the merchant's POS equipment 105 iscertainly feasible, it does offer certain logistical challengesassociated with loading specific purpose software on POS equipment.Another embodiment would be to add lottery specific hardware to processT-Macs to each POS register, however this embodiment has thedisadvantage of the added hardware costs as well as the logisticalchallenges (e.g., installation, POS driver software, etc.) associatedwith connecting specific hardware to retailer's POS equipment. In yetanother embodiment, the lottery T-Mac subsystem could leverage. In yetanother embodiment, the lottery T-Mac subsystem could leverage themultiple parties inherent in the piggyback interchange BIN system, tosupply the required remote cryptography functionality via another entitythan the lottery central site. While not as inherently robust, thisembodiment would have the advantage of not needing any softwaremodifications to the merchant's POS equipment, thereby eliminating theassociated logistical challenges. While in theory, any party couldimplement a T-Mac system, in a preferred embodiment the issuingprocessor 125 would provide a separate server that would assign separatecryptographic keys to each participating merchant 105. Thus, when aquick-pick transaction was conducted, the issuing processor's 125 T-Macserver would intercept all quick-pick print commands sent from thelottery central site 160 that were transmitted through the lotterytransaction channel 161. The issuing processor 125 T-Mac server wouldthen create the appropriate Message Authentication Code (Mac) for theassociated quick-pick serial number, appending it to the print commandsent to the merchant 105 thereby completing the sale. Thus, in thisembodiment, the T-Mac security which is partially derived fromseparation of cryptographic keys from the lottery central site 160 ismaintained by locating a T-Mac server at the issuing processor 125. Validations of on-line game tickets (e.g., Pick 3, Pick 4, Powerball,Mega Millions, etc.) are conducted similar to instant ticket validation.In the preferred embodiment, processing an on-line game ticketvalidation begins with the lottery on-line ticket consumer 100′presenting a perceived winning on-line ticket 210 (FIG. 14) to themerchant 105 (FIG. 11) for prize payment. Assuming the POS equipmentrequires an UPC barcode scan, the merchant first scans the on-lineticket's 210 (FIG. 14) UPC formatted barcode 211 to place the POSequipment in a state to receive gift debit card activation data. Itshould be noted; special UPC data would be reserved for on-line ticketvalidation purposes that would not automatically count as a sale on thePOS equipment's database. Immediately after, the merchant scans theon-line ticket's 210 UPC formatted barcode 211 and then the secondinterchange compatible barcode 212. Alternatively, the merchant's POSequipment could be configured to recognize interchange compatiblebarcode formats 212 without being placed in a special state. If this isthe case, the on-line ticket may omit the UPC formatted barcode 211.
In either case, the interchange compatible barcode 212 will beconfigured to be compatible with the proxy data packet 215 (FIG. 15)normally passed over the debit or credit interchange with the lotteryBIN 216 concatenated to a data blob (217) containing the on-line ticketvalidation request. Optionally, the proxy data packet 215 could alsocontain a T-Mac in addition to the standard lottery on-line ticketserial number.
Returning to the pending on-line ticket validation, the merchant's POSequipment 105 (FIG. 11) would then forward the interchange compatiblepacket 205 (FIG. 13) (including the embedded on-line ticket data blob207) to the acquiring processor 110 (FIG. 11), that would then use theBIN header 206 (FIG. 13) information to route the packet through theinterchange 120 (FIG. 11) to the acquiring processor 125. The acquiringprocessor's 125 servers would then detect the lottery BIN and forwardthe received data packet through the interchange 120 to the issuingprocessor 125 which would then forward the data packet through thelottery transaction channel 161 to the lottery central site 160. Thelottery central site would then extract the on-line ticket validationrequest, comparing the received serial number to a drawing database todetermine if the scanned ticket's serial number is a winner or not andif it was previously cashed. Optionally, if a T-Mac were present withthe scanned ticket's serial number, the lottery central site 160 wouldalso perform a cryptographic function on the T-Mac to determine if theresulting clear text is compatible with the ticket's serial number. Thelottery central site would then send a print statement back through theinterchange 120 to the merchant's POS equipment 105 where awinning/losing receipt would be printed.
Of course, the entire debit or credit interchange only exists because itgarners fees per transaction. With piggybacking on the debit or creditinterchange for lottery transactions, this paradigm need not change.When the high costs of manufacturing, installing, maintaining, andcommunicating with custom lottery field hardware is taken into accountthe economics of paying a small fee per lottery transaction withvirtually no upfront costs becomes attractive. Essentially the lotteryeconomic model changes from a system with significant upfront costs aswell as continuing communications charges, to a leased services modelthat only pays per transaction with the benefit of virtually no upfrontor continuing communications costs.
Indeed, when a lottery service provider wins a bid for providing,installing, and maintaining lottery equipment, the lottery serviceprovider must pay for the equipment and network at the time of contractaward. The lottery service provider hoping to regain the massive capitaloutlay as well as associated finance charges throughout the course ofthe contract—i.e., typically lottery contracts in the U.S. providelittle or no payments at contract award. This is why publicly tradedlottery service providers typically report lower quarterly earningsimmediately after they win large new lottery contracts. In other words,the capital outlays required to finance a lottery contract startupeffort tend to consume any available revenue in the same fiscal quarter.
Aside from virtually eliminating lottery startup costs, recent UnitedStates federal legislation (e.g., Durbin amendment) limiting what thedebit or credit card interchange can charge per transaction have forcedinterchange providers to look for new sources of revenue. This is turn,makes piggybacking on the debit or credit interchange for lotterytransactions more attractive to not only the lottery service providersbut the interchange providers as well. Thereby creating a synergisticopportunity for all parties involved.
Of course, as is obvious to one skilled in the art, other establishedretail network systems (e.g., coupon validation) can be employed toprovide the same sans custom hardware functionality as the debit orcredit card interchange previously described and indeed, in somecircumstances may be preferable.
In addition to brick and mortar merchant locations, the notion of sanscustom hardware lottery or contest operations can be expanded to streetvendors. While unusual in the United States, street vendors are a commonsight in developing countries creating sales without the need for anestablished lottery infrastructure using brick and mortar locations.Traditionally, these street vendors would roam with a limited inventoryof instant tickets literally conducting street sales and paying smallprizes on the spot. The typical lack of connectivity to a lotterycentral site forces the street vendor to reconcile at the end of theday, matching unsold inventory and claimed tickets with the amount ofcash reserves at the end of the day. This lack of connectivity and theneed to carry potentially large amounts of cash have created securityproblems for the street vendor.
However, smart phone technology has recently become sophisticated enoughto permit programming cell phones (to do computations, performfunctions, and store data) previously reserved for laptop or desktopcomputers. The latest generation of these smart phones is equipped withhigher resolution cameras that can function to record information thatcan also be transmitted over a cellular network.
Technology has also evolved in the automobile rental industry thatpermits hand held thermal printers with barcode scanners and keyboardsto communicate with servers over short distances to exchangeinformation, complete transactions and print receipts for customersremote from traditional clerks stationed at immobile terminals.
Given these advancements and their equipment miniaturization, there arenow alternatives that can allow lottery transactions that have beenrestricted to stationary locations to become fully portable andadaptable for street vendor use. The synergistic coupling of these newergeneric hardware technologies with cellular networks and associatedpayment mechanisms allows for street vendor based lottery systems tooperate without the need and associated expense of custom hardware.Additionally, by using debit cards both for procurement and prizepayments with off-the-shelf equipment and networks reduces both thepotential for street vendor fraud as well as reduces the risksassociated with robbery since the vendors will no longer need to carrylarge amounts of cash on their persons.
In one embodiment, the street vendor 220 (FIG. 16) is equipped with atablet computer/communications device (e.g., Apple iPad) 221 as well asa portable battery powered printer (e.g., HP Officejet H470) 222,instant lottery tickets 223, and debit cards with no cash value loaded(not shown in FIG. 16). Thus in this embodiment, no special lotteryequipment is carried by the street vendor. However, it should be noted,that even though this embodiment utilizes off-the-shelf equipment andnetworks there is still the need for lottery customized software (in theform of an application) to be resident on the computing/communicationsdevice 221 (e.g., iPad). Additionally, there may be a requirement foraccessories to accommodate connecting the off-the-shelfcomputing/communications device 221 to a mobile communications networkstandard or to other support hardware. For example, the portable batterypowered printer 222 sited in the above text is a HP Officejet modelH470, which would require a wireless dongle to interface with the sitedtablet computer/communications device iPad 221 over an 801.11 (WiFi)wireless link along with loading a free HP ePrint app on the tabletcomputer/communications device 221.
In this embodiment, the street vendor 220 would be able to sell bothinstant and on-line (e.g., Pick 3, Pick 4, etc.) lottery tickets as wellas validate and redeem both. Additionally, like the debit or credit cardinterchange piggyback embodiment with brick and mortar merchants, thestreet vendor 220 would also be able to activate instant lottery tickets223 individually at the time of sale. The advantages being bothautomatic inventory accounting as well as reduced chances of theft sincethe un-activated instant tickets 223 would not validate or redeem on thelottery system.
An instant ticket sale would be conducted by the street vendor receivingpayment for an instant ticket which he or she would log into theirportable tablet computer/communications device 221 either by touchscreennumerical entry or, preferably, by scanning a debit card for payment.The touchscreen numerical entry being primarily envisioned for cashsales and therefore having the disadvantage of possibly burdening thestreet vendor 220 with large sums of cash with the inherent securityrisks. In a preferred embodiment, a debit (or possibly credit) card isaccepted for payment—i.e., depending on the laws in the lottery'sjurisdiction, it may not be legal to accept credit cards as a form ofpayment for the sale of lottery products. In this embodiment, the streetvendor 220 would scan or swipe the debit or credit card also scanningthe barcode of the instant ticket(s) being sold on the tabletcomputer/communications device 221. Swiping of the debit or credit card(i.e., acquiring the magnetic stripe or smart card data) could beaccomplished with a third party off-the-shelf portable reader (not shownin FIG. 16), however this embodiment has the disadvantage of encumberingthe street vendor 220 with another device to carry, as well as powersource and interface. In a preferred embodiment, the street vendor 220would instead use the built-in camera typically found on the portabletablet computer/communications device 221 to collect one or more imagesof the debit or credit card for Optical Character Recognition (OCR)processing of the embossed or printed card data.
With either embodiment, once the instant ticket and payment informationhas been collected by the street vendor's 220 portable tabletcomputer/communications device 221, the information is transmitted tothe lottery central site. The instant ticket is then activated on thelottery central site database and an acknowledgement is transmitted backto the street vendor's 220 portable tablet computer/communicationsdevice 221.
A similar methodology can be employed to minimize cash outlays when thestreet vendor 220 is paying out prizes. In this embodiment, the streetvendor 220 receives an apparent winning instant or on-line ticket fromthe consumer for payment. The street vendor 220 then scans the barcodeof the apparent winning ticket with the portable tabletcomputer/communications device 221 with the decoded ticket barcode datatransmitted to the lottery central site. The central site then checksits database to confirm that the ticket is in fact a winner and has notbeen previously paid. Assuming the ticket qualifies the central sitethen transmits to the street vendor 220 portable tabletcomputer/communications device 221 an authorization to pay data packet,which is physically printed on the street vendor's 220 portable printer222. Once the authorization to pay is received, the street vend& 220could pay the consumer with cash, but preferably the street vendor 220would produce a heretofore not activated debit card and scan the cardwith the portable tablet computer/communications device 221 camera. Thuscollecting one or more images of the debit for OCR processing of theembossed or printed card data for extraction of the card's accountnumber. When the account number is determined (by OCR or other means),the card account data is transmitted to an issuing processor along withthe authorized prize amount. The issuing processor then activates theassociated debit card account funded by the winning prize amount. Anacknowledgement is then transmitted back to the street vendor 220portable tablet computer/communications device 221, which is physicallyprinted on the street vendor's 220 portable printer 222. Of course, ifthe consumer already has a debit card, the above prize payment processcould also be utilized to deposit the winnings directly into theconsumer's card account.
As is obvious to anyone skilled in the art, the above debit card paymentmeans could be implemented by swiping the card or manual entry and maybe preferable under some circumstances. However, the OCR card-scanningembodiment is generally preferred to reduce the amount of hardwarecarried by the street vendor 220 as well as possibly providing a highersecurity means of debit or credit card scanning.
A typical credit or debit card 230 is illustrated in FIG. 17. Since thetypical credit or debit card 230 is made to specific dimensions,—i.e.,ISO/IEC 7810:2003 specifying the width 231 (FIG. 17) as 85.60 mm (3.370inches) and the height 232 as 53.98 mm (2.125 inches)—the OCR decodersoftware resident in the portable tablet computer/communications device221 (FIG. 16) has the advantage of being able to automatically calibratefor the angle the debit or credit card 230 (FIG. 17) is held relative tothe camera. Thus, by first programming the OCR software to detect theedges of the credit or debit card 230 then comparing the differencesbetween the measured width 231 and height 232 ratios in pixels and the apriori pixel ratios any perceived dimensional distortions can bealgorithmically eliminated. Additionally, the locations of the debit orcredit card account number 233, holder's name 234, and expiration date235 can also be deduced relative to the card image 230 edges and ratios.This greatly simplifies the task of the OCR decoder, since the algorithmwill only concentrate in the areas of the card image 230 that harborvalid data. Of course, as is obvious to anyone skilled in the art, otherinformation (e.g., Card Identification Number—CID) can also be locatedand decoded using this same methodology.
| 0.813807
| 0.075721
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| 129
|
Networking/Information Systems
| false
|
99,559
|
github_open_source_100_2_8160
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import pke
import pandas as pd
import regex_extraction
pos = {'NOUN', 'PROPN', 'ADJ'}
extractor = pke.unsupervised.TextRank()
def getCandidatePhrases(transcript):
key_pos = {}
transcript = [regex_extraction.cleantext(transcript)]
for seg in transcript:
extractor.load_document(input=seg, language='en', normalization=None)
extractor.candidate_weighting(window=2, pos=pos,top_percent=0.33)
keyphrases = extractor.get_n_best(n=1000)
df = pd.DataFrame({
"Keyphrase":[i for i,j in keyphrases],
"POS":[j for i,j in keyphrases]
})
return df
| 0.50501
| 0.509791
| 3,120
| 12,384
| 174
| 174
|
NLP Item Similarity
| false
|
99,560
|
github_open_source_100_2_8161
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import {Cat } from './cat'
import {sleepAll} from './utils'
const cats = [
new Cat('Zorro'),
new Cat('Sarah')
];
sleepAll(cats);
| 0.316902
| 0.710847
| 3,498
| 14,036
| 275
| 275
|
JavaScript Module
| false
|
99,561
|
sn00065154_1909-11-19_1_5_1
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Don't Risk even a penny—until health returns. And I mean Just exactly that. I am the one physician who says to the sick. "I will, out of my own pockft, p»y for your medi cine If it fails to bring 011 help!" And lor 20 yean Dr. shoop's medicines have Get Health been used and recommended in every city and hamlet in America. They are positively stand ard in every community—and everywhere. Then why pay the cash, and at your risk, for other unwarranted and uncertain medicines? Thousands upon thousands have in the past successfully us» il lr. Shoop's Restorative. When th«iSto- Hi I much nerves, or the Heart A or Kidney nerves fail. W these sit k ones know howl I I I quickly Ir 8hoop's He- storative will bring them back to health again. But test of all, they positively take no money risk whatever. They know that when health fails to return Dr Shoop will himself gludly pay the druggist for that test. And for that test a full 30 day treat ment is freely grunted. But write me first for an order. This will save delaj and disappointment. All druggists seli Dr. Shoop's Restorative and Dr. Shoop's Rheumatic Remedy, but |A m* nil are not authorized to give the HO day test. So I II ^3 11 dropnii-a lir.e please—tor I havcuppoint el an honest and responsible druggist in almost every community, everywhere, to issue my "no help, no pay,'' medicines to the sick. Tell me also which book you need. The hooks below will surely open up new and helpful ideas to those who are not well. Besides, you are perfectly free to consult me just as you would your home physician. My advice and the book below are yours—and without cost. Perhaps a word or two from me will clear up some serious ailment. I have helped thousands by my private prescription or personal advice plan. My best effort is surely worth your simple request. So write now while you have it fresh in mind, for tomorrow never comes. Dr. Shoop, Box 1, Racine, Wis. Which Book Shall I Send To? No. 1 On Dyspepsia No. 4 For Woman No. 2 On the Heart No. 5 For Men No. 3 On the Kidneys No. 6 On Rheumatism THE BOY'S SUIT The Double Breasted Suit we show here is the most popular Suit for the Boy's all-round wear. Clothing our Boy patrons with the "Just Right" sort of Clothes is our specialty. New Fall fabrics in fancy Cheviots and Cassimeres. The patterns are adapted to boy's suits, and the garments are cut and tailored perfectly. Every boy's suit we turn out is built for strenuous business. Sizes 8 to 15 years A Good All-Wool Suit for $5 Good Boy's Clothes are far better investment than the "bargain" sort! Schneider & Nelson Clothiers and Gent's Furnishers MONEY TO LOAN On farm lands at lowest rates and upon easy terms. Gold & Company BIO STUN IE CITY, 8. A Dinner That Walked A As soon as books and work were put away she was ready for play. In fact, she enjoyed her strange life very much and grew fat under it, so that pretty soon the boys began to tease Margery by suggesting that her pet was ready to take her place on the table. DAKOTA For terms, etc., call upon Thos. L. Bouck, Milbank The oldest bank in Grant County DEPOSITS N E A Y $300,000.00 Regular Depository of— State of South Dakota County of Grant City of Milbank We offer you the services of a strong, safe and conservative bank, it's twelve stockholders being worth One Million Dollars. Milbank South Dakota. (Continued from page 1) not be hobbled up so! With the help of mamma, the busy little girl contrived a sort of coat for Kristine. It was made of an old shawl and was bright scarlet, with black and white plaid. It came pretty well up on the neck and of course covered the naked legs. The wings were left inside. It was fastened together at the breast and was really a pretty good fit—considoring. As ornament Margery sewed some of the fringe of the shawl around the neck like a ruff, at the edges where the wings ought to be and around the legs. So when dressed, the unfortunate, or, rather, naughty, turkey-looking like a new plaid variety of the scarlet flamingo, with side pockets and fringed drawers. The appearance of Kristine stalking Around in her new suit was very funny. How the boys did laugh! And even papa had to wipe away the laughing tears. In this dress, the next morning, after she had been fed daintily, Margery introduced her to her old friends of the poultry yard by opening the kitchen door and letting her walk out where the turkeys were taking their breakfast. Margery thought they would be glad to see her; but, alas, this distinguished stranger in gay attire was not recognized. They stared and scolded at her, and the old gobbler ruffled up his feathers and dragged his wings on the ground and came up to her, saying angrily: "Gobble, gobble, gobble!" Kristine seemed to be disheartened at this coolness on the part of her family and slunk into a corner, as though ashamed of her fine dress. Then the family crowded around her to punish her impertinence in coming among them and actually began to peck at her. Margery, who was watching from the window, could hardly believe her eyes at first but, yes, they were actually pecking at the poor outcast, who finally fled screaming across the yard. Margery flew to the door, and Kristine hurried in just in time to escape the whole family, who were close upon her. "You poor, dear Kristine!" she murmured over her when she had her safely in her arms. "Did they peck you? The naughty things! You shan't go with them any more! You shall stay with me in the house." So it came to be at last. Hannah grumbled a little but, after all, she couldn't say much, for it was by her own fault that the poor thing lost its own winter. Cost. Before long, the family grew quite attached to Margery's pet, whose name they shortened to Kris. On her part, Kris was a very bright bird. She would come when called by name, and she never failed to be on hand at meals, when she would walk around the table and receive delicate bits from everyone. While her little mistress was studying or sewing, Kris would stand and look at her, turning her knowing head first one side and then the other, sometimes saying in a reflective way: "Quit!" The only time she seemed to be uncomfortable, the kitchen was scrubbed. No sooner did Hannah appear on the scene with scrubbing brush and go down on her knees to polish the floor than Kris would bop by a sort of ladder which one of the boys had made for her up to a corner of the high mantel over the fireplace, and there she would sit, all humped up and miserable, till the work was done or till her little mistress came and took her into the sitting room. The place where Kris was intended to spend the time of her banishment from the yard was a large chamber over the woodshed, which was kept warm by the kitchen chimney, and there's where her bed, or roost, was prepared for her and where she was shut up every night. But she was so lonely and unhappy and tried so hard to get out and Margery was so fond of her for a playmate that she generally got down before breakfast and did not go back until bedtime, which is at dusk in the turkey family, you know. Well, the winter passed away, and spring came. Kris grew a new spring of feathers under her plaid dress, and when the weather became warm, mama said she must leave off her dress and go out of doors with the rest. So the first really warm day, Margery took off the red dress and drove her out. Kris had not forgotten her cool reception in the winter, so she at first was careful not to go too near the turkeys, though they did not object to her now in her feather dress. After a few days, she stayed most of the time with them, only smiling and smiling. It was not long when she did not see her again, but she was very much better. She had not been out very long when one morning, Margery, she felt very bad and after looking all about, came to the sad conclusion that she had strayed away and got lost, for the whole flock wandered far off to feed. But the next morning at breakfast time, Kris walked in, as usual, and began to beg for food. Margery hugged her and fed her, and she ate as though she was starved. When she had finished her meal, she went out again, and about noon her little mistress sought her again, and again she was missing. This now became the regular thing with Kris. Every morning she was on hand for her breakfast, and in spite of watching, she would slip away and hide so that no one could find her again. Poor Margery was almost heartbroken at this tendency to vagrancy in her pet, but Hannah only smiled and said: "Wait a bit and you'll see something nice." But, though Hannah had her suspicions, she was not prepared for what really occurred one day. After this strange conduct had been going on for a few weeks there came a day when Hannah had another scare. She declared that tramps or thieves were up in the woodshed chamber. She heard them, and she dared not go up. While she stood in the woodshed telling Margery in a whisper about it, the child heard a step that she knew. Kris hopped down onto the top step of the stairs which led to the room overhead. After a moment she hopped to the next, and after her came, one by one, twelve baby turkeys. Margery screamed with delight and ran to catch Kris and pet the whole family, while Hannah rushed upstairs in dismay and saw a sight that shocked her more than the fear of tramps. In that room trunks and things not in use were stored, and a month or more ago Hannah had carried up there a large square "squaw basket" with a cover, a basket such as the Oneida Indians of New York state make for various household uses of their white sisters. This basket was nearly full of the winter supply of woolen stockings, all neatly mended and laid away till fall. In this basket, on these soft stockings, had Madam Kristine made her nest and hatched out her interesting family. She must have found the door ajar and managed to pry off the cover, which lay on one side, and here she had hidden all these weeks. The room was put in order and the door closed, and Kristine was provided with a place in the yard. Every day she wandered off with her babies, but she never started until she had visited the breakfast table with her whole brood to get her regular morning meal. At first it was funny to see them run around and pick up crumbs, but as they grew, it began to be troublesome. Esther, "Thanksgiving to have a flock of turkeys so much at home in the house. So mamma made a new law that Kristine and her family must be fed at the door. After that, her life was like that of the other turkeys, only she knew her name and would come when called and never failed to run up to Margery whenever she saw her. And the dinner that walked away last year supplied twelve tables with dinners this year and provided Margery with a fine lot of pocket money for her pains. LOW Home-TRIP FARES TO COLUMBIA AND OMAHA IN NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. This Railway will sell excursion tickets to Council Bluffs and Omaha in November and December at ONE A N O N E A A S O ROUND TRIP, on account of the following expositions: National. Horticultural Congress at Council Bluffs, November 15 to 20. Tickets on sale November 13, 15, and 18. Return limit November 12. National Corn Exposition at Omaha, December to 18. Tickets on sale beginning December 6. Return limit December 20. Further information from local agent Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. F. A. Miller, General Passenger Agent, Chicago. A clergyman writes: "Preventics, those little Candy Cold Cure Tablets are working wonders in my parish." Preventics surely will check a cold, or the Grip, in a very few hours. And Preventics are so safe and harmless. No Quinine, nothing harsh or sickening. Fine for feverish, restless children. Box of 48 at 25c. Sold by N. J. Bleser. CHURCH ANNOUNCEMENTS. FIRST CONGREGATIONAL. W. Judson Oldfield, Pastor 10:45 a. m.—Preaching. 12:30—Sunday school. 6:30 p. m.—Christian Endeavor. 7:30 p. m.—Preaching. All seats are free. Strangers always welcome. METHODIST, m. Sermon subject, In 10:45 a Heavenly Places." 12 m. Sunday school. 6:30 p. m. Epworth and Junior Leagues. 7:30, evening service, "God-Touched Men." Everybody invited. CATHOLIC. St. Lawrence church—Sunday, mass 8:30: high mass 10:30. Vespers and benediction at 4 p. m. Week days—Mass at 8:30. EPISCOPAL SERVICES. Episcopal services at the Court House Nov. 21st as follows: 10:45 a. m., Morning prayer, litany and Sermon. 12:00 noon Sunday School. 5:00 p.m. evening prayer and sermon. Seats free. All welcome. Services at the Court House on account of furnace being repaired. GERMAN LUTHERAN. A thanksgiving service will be held at the German Lutheran church on Thursday, Nov. 25 at 10 a.m. There will be no services on Sunday, the 21st, as Peterson's Grocery, the pastor will be at Corona. GEORGE KASE, Pastor. Dr. Shoop's Health Coffee is created from pure parched grain, malt, etc. No real coffee in it. Fine in flavor—is "made in a minute." No 20 or 30 minutes tedious boiling. Sample Free.—A. Mittelstaedt. Advertised Letters Letters remaining uncalled for in Milbank post office Nov. 18, 1909: Brifield, E. H. Brown, Will ceitzel, Carl C. Gillan, Begin: Holmquist, August Hallister, Louise Hopkins, F. M. Rynolds, Tom Siolere, A. U. Artman, John Watson, L. J. Hberber, Emma C. In calling for any of the above please say "advertised" and give date of advertisement. If not called for in fifteen days will be sent to the dead letter office. A. M. NIXON, P.M. A N A S FAVORITE E I E S FOR THANKSGIVING DINNER Every housekeeper has a favorite dish which she makes just a little better than anybody else. Several of the grandmothers were consulted and the following recipes are printed. Lack of space forbids printing more. PLUM PUDDING. GRANDMA ROBINSON 1 cup bread crumbs, 2 cups flour, 1 cup suet, chopped fine, 1 cup raisins, 1 cup molasses, 1 cup sweet milk, 1 tablespoon soda. 1 teaspoon cinnamon. 1 teaspoon salt. 1 cup English currants. Steam two hours. MINCE PIE. MRS. P. DUTCH 1 cup flour. teaspoon salt 1 heaping tablespoon of lard, Water to moisten. 2 cups mince meat MINCE MEAT. To make the mince meat: 3 pounds meat, 7 pounds apples 3 pounds currants and raisins, Teaspoonful each of allsp ice, cinnamon, cloves and mace, 1 pound suet, Juice from 8 lemons, Chop up the rinds of three lemons, 1 pound citron. STEAMED BROWN BREAD GRANDMA RAWSON 2 cups sour milk, 1 cup molasses, 1 cup sugar 1 cup corn meal, 1 cups flour 2 teaspoonfuls soda, 1 teaspoonful salt, Steam 2 hours and bake 15 minutes. COFFEE. MRS. THEADORE RAEBEL. Don't grind coffee too fine. Put half cupful coffee to each quart of water. Put over fire. Do not boil but allow to simmer until coffee goes to the bottom. DRESSING. GRANDMA HOCUM Dry bread, moistened with cold water. Sage, salt and pepper to flavor, Onions, to suit, Cup of dried currants, Butter size of egg. PUMPKIN PIE. MRS. N. I. LOWTHIAN. Boil pumpkin until dry and turns For each pie, take 1 pint of milk, 1 egg, 1 cup of pumpkin 1 teaspoonful each of cinnamon and ginger. 1 cup sugar, brown PIE CRUST 1-2 cup of lard, 1-4 teaspoonful baking powder in cup of flour, Rub together with cold water to moisten. ENGLISH PLUM PUDDING. GRANDMA M'CALLUM 4 cups Hour, 5 cups suet, 1 cup sugar, 5 eggs, 1 tablespoonful each of cinnamon and mace, 2 cups sweet milk Raisins and currants to suit. Boil 5 to 6 hours. Tickling, tight Coughs, can be sure and quickly loosened with a prescription Druggists are dispensing everywhere as Dr. Shoop's Cough Remedy. And it is so very, very different than common cough medicines. No Opium, no Chloroform, absolutely nothing harsh or unsafe. The tender leaves of a harmless, lung healing mountainous shrub, gives the curative Properties to Dr. Shoop's Cough Remedy. Those leaves have the power to calm the most distressing Cough and soothe and heal the most severe coughs. Mothers should, for safety's sake, always ways demand Dr. Shoop's. It can with perfect freedom be given to even the youngest babes. Test it yourself and see! Sold by—N. J. Bleser. No. 8698 Report of the Condition of the Merchants National NOTICE TO CREDITORS. MILBANK at Milbank in the State of South Dakota, at the close of business Nov. 1, 1909. BOURCES. Loan and Discounts (179,843.48) Over Drafts (secured and unsecured), 2,180.50 U. S. bonds to secure circulation 10,000.00 Premium on U. S. bonds 300.00 Hanking house furniture and fixtures 7,500.00 Cash on Hand Due from National Banks Jnot approved reserve agents 76,997.02 Due from approved reserve agents 76,997.02 Checks other cash items 230.53 Notes of other National Banks 40.00 Fractional paper currency, nickels and cents 115.68 Specie 16,967.50 Legal tender notes 1,030.00 Redemption fund with U.S. Treasurer (5 percent of circulation) 500.00 Total Cash on Hand 104,514.00 Total $306,039.31 LIABILITIES. Capital Stock Paid in 125,000.00 Surplus fund Undivided Profits less expenses & taxes 2,700.00 paid 4,534,74 National Bank notes outstanding 10,000.00 Ind'l Deposits subject to check 96,89b.06 Time Certificates of Deposit 159,126.57 Demand certificates of Deposit 100,000.00 Due to state banks & bankers 5,773.14 Total Deposit $806,089.81 Total $806,089.81 State of North Dakota, County of Grant I, E. H. Benedict, Cashier of the above named bank, do solemnly swear that the above statement is true to the best of my knowledge and belief. My knowledge and belief. X. H. BEXDICT Csshisr Correct Attest: N. J. BESSEMAN P.W. MSSBAM V Directors. Pan. C. S&uDBM I Subscribed and sworn to by the undersigned as this 18th day of May, 1887. TOY of MOT, IMS. V: 8. LOCI, I MAX.) Matty Public, Qnu OmatM, D. State Of South Dakota, In County Court. County of Grant. In the Matter of the Estate of Amelia Bundv, Deceased. Notice is hereby given by the undersigned, administrator of the estate of Amelia Rur, deceased, to the creditors of, and all persons having claims against the said deceased, to exhibit them, with the necessary vouchers, within four months after the first publication of this notice, to the said administrator at the City of Milwaukee, in the County of Grant, South Dakota. 19094te Milbank, South Dakota, November 5, C. S. AMENDEN, Administrator of the estate of Amelia Rur, deceased. Oct 22 Dec 3 NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN THAT default has been made in the conditions of a mortgage made and dated November 16, 1897, by Geo. S. Rix and Maude C. Rix, Mortgagors, to Lou M. Gibson, as executrix of the estate of Robert F. Gibson, Mortgagee, said mortgage being recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds in and for Grant county, state of South Dakota, November 16, 1897, at one o'clock and seventeen minutes P.M., in Book 35 of Mortgages, pursuant to the statute. And there is claimed to be due thereon at the date of this notice the sum of $238.83. By virtue of the power of sale in said mortgage contained, and of the statutes in such cases made and provided, said mortgage will be foreclosed by sale of said mortgaged premises therein described, to-wit: Lot one (1) in Block three (3) in the town of Milbank Junction, now the city of Milbank, South Dakota, according to the plat thereof on file and of record in the office of the Register of Deeds in and for said county of Grant, state of South Dakota, which said sale will be made at the front door of the courthouse in the city of Milbank, South Dakota, on Tuesday, the fourteenth day of December, 1909, at 10:00 o'clock A.M., to satisfy said mortgage and costs of sale. Dated Oct. 16, 1909. LOU M. GIBSON Executrix of the Estate of Robert F. Gibson, Mortgagee. NOTICE OF REAL ESTATE - SALE of Real Estate - Private Sale. State of South Dakota, County of Grant - 8.8. In the County Court of Grant County - 8.8. In the matter of the Estate of August C. Dauman deceased. Notice is hereby given that pursuant to an order of sale made on the thirtieth day of September, A. D. 1909, by the County Court of Grant County, South Dakota, the undersigned as administratrix of the estate of August Dan man, deceased, will, on or after the 22nd day of November, A. D. 1909, sell at private sale to the highest bidder, all the right, title and interest which the said deceased had at the time of his death, in and to the following described real property situate in the county of Grant and State of South Dakota, to-wit: The northwest quarter of section twelve (12) in township one hundred and nineteen (119) north of range forty-eight (48) west of the fifth principal meridian, in the following terms to-wit: The purchaser to assume the mortgage on said real estate, and pay the sum of two thousand dollars cash and the balance on or before the first day of January. All bids must be in writing and will be received at any time after the first publication of this notice and before the sale is made, and may be left at the residence of the administratrix at Albee, South Dakota, or may be filed in the office of the Judge of the County Court of Grant County, South Dakota, in the city of Milbank, in said County of Grant. Dated this twenty-ninth day of October, A. D. 1909. LAURA H. DAOMAN, Administratrix of the Estate of August O. Daoman, deceased. Dr. J. A. Jacotel, PH YfcsIClAN AND SURGEON Office over Farmers Bank—rooms 1,2 and Residence—First house north of court house. Phones— D, C., office.33-2, residence 88-4 Farm •rs, 41. MILBANK HOTEL DAKOTA Dr. J. W. Pay, OSTEOPATHIC Physician & Surgeon Dakota Central Block /armere Phone 110 Milbank. 8 *T. Dr. G. O. Goodman, DENTIST & DENTAL SURGEON MILBANK, S. D. Office in Farmer's Bank Building. Phone: Grant County—MM* J. T. Layne, (Successor to B. F. Vosburgh) DENTIST Office in White Front Building Farmers, Phone Mo. OS MILBANK, SO. DAKOTA S. S. Lockhart, Law, Land, Insurance, Surety Bonds Office over Farmers Bank Phone Milbank, So. Dak. Tbad L. Fuller, Howard H. Fuller Fuller & Fuller LAWYERS Practice in all Courts Both Phones—128. MILBANK, SO. DAKOTA. George S. Rix, ATTORNEY AT LAW Lands, Loans and Collections, Both Phones, Btntlij Block MILBANK HO. DAKOTA CHAMBERLAIN'S Cough Remedy Cures Coughs, Colds, Croup, Grip and Whooping Cough. We are pleased to inform our readers that Chamberlain's Cough Remedy does not contain narcotics of any kind. This makes it the safest and best for children. It makes no difference when you that cold, YOU have it and want to make it quickly. Take Chamberlain's Cough Remedy. It won It does to fool with a bad cold. No one can tell what the and if it's. Pneumonia, catarrh, chills and consumption invariably end in a neglected cold. As a remedy, Chamberlain's Cough Remedy everywhere at 35c, 50c.
| 0.593989
| -0.433555
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Peruna Testimonials
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99,562
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463_1
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Wikipedia
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CC-By-SA
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Los Pirineus (en castellanu, Pirineos; en francés, Pyrénées; en catalán, Pirineus; en ocitanu, Pirenèus; en aragonés, Perineus; en vascu, Pirinioak) son una sierra nel suroesti d'Uropa cuyus montis horman una raya natural entri España i Fráncia. Desapartan la Península Ibérica e Fráncia, i s'estiendin por cuasi 430 km, dendi el Golfu e Vizcaya, nel Océanu Atlánticu astal cabu e Creus, nel Mari Mediterráneu.
Ena su mayol parti la cresta prencipal delos Pirineus horma la raya francu-española, con el Prencipau d'Andorra encrustau entri los sus vecinus. La prencipal escepcion a esta regra es el Valli D'Arán, que pertenci a España inque se asihada ena cara norti dela cordillera. Otras anomalías orográficas incluyin la Cerdaña, i el enclavi español e Lívia.
Atihus
Cordilleras.
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/*
* inserts sequences into the SA
* returns number of SA indexes inserted
*/
#include "insertSeqSA.h"
#include "ErrorWarning.h"
#include "SuffixArrayFuns.h"
#include "SequenceFuns.h"
#include "serviceFuns.cpp"
#include "streamFuns.h"
#include "binarySearch2.h"
#include "funCompareUintAndSuffixes.h"
#include "funCompareUintAndSuffixesMemcmp.h"
#include <cmath>
#include "genomeSAindex.h"
#include "sortSuffixesBucket.h"
uint insertSeqSA(PackedArray & SA, PackedArray & SA1, PackedArray & SAi, char * G, char * G1, uint64 nG, uint64 nG1, uint64 nG2, Parameters & P, Genome &mapGen)
{//insert new sequences into the SA
uint GstrandBit1 = (uint) floor(log(nG+nG1)/log(2))+1;
if (GstrandBit1<32) GstrandBit1=32; //TODO: use simple access function for SA
if ( GstrandBit1+1 != SA.wordLength)
{//sequence is too long - GstrandBit changed
ostringstream errOut;
errOut << "EXITING because of FATAL ERROR: cannot insert sequence on the fly because of strand GstrandBit problem\n";
errOut << "SOLUTION: please contact STAR author at https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/rna-star\n";
exitWithError(errOut.str(),std::cerr, P.inOut->logMain, EXIT_CODE_GENOME_FILES, P);
};
uint N2bit= 1LLU << (SA.wordLength-1);
uint strandMask=~N2bit;
for (uint64 isa=0;isa<SA.length; isa++)
{
uint64 ind1=SA[isa];
if ( (ind1 & N2bit)>0 )
{//- strand
if ( (ind1 & strandMask)>=nG2 )
{//the first nG bases
ind1+=nG1; //reverse complementary indices are all shifted by the length of the sequence
SA.writePacked(isa,ind1);
};
} else
{//+ strand
if ( ind1>=nG )
{//the last nG2 bases
ind1+=nG1; //reverse complementary indices are all shifted by the length of the sequence
SA.writePacked(isa,ind1);
};
};
};
char** seq1=new char*[2];
#define GENOME_endFillL 16
char* seqq=new char [4*nG1+3*GENOME_endFillL];//ends shouldbe filled with 5 to mark boundaries
seq1[0]=seqq+GENOME_endFillL;//TODO: avoid defining an extra array, use reverse search
seq1[1]=seqq+2*GENOME_endFillL+2*nG1;
memset(seqq,GENOME_spacingChar,GENOME_endFillL);
memset(seqq+2*nG1+GENOME_endFillL,GENOME_spacingChar,GENOME_endFillL);
memset(seqq+4*nG1+2*GENOME_endFillL,GENOME_spacingChar,GENOME_endFillL);
memcpy(seq1[0], G1, nG1);
for (uint ii=0; ii<nG1; ii++)
{//reverse complement sequence
seq1[0][2*nG1-1-ii]=seq1[0][ii]<4 ? 3-seq1[0][ii] : seq1[0][ii];
};
complementSeqNumbers(seq1[0], seq1[1], 2*nG1);//complement
uint64* indArray=new uint64[nG1*2*2+2];// for each base, 1st number - insertion place in SA, 2nd number - index, *2 for reverse compl
#pragma omp parallel num_threads(P.runThreadN)
#pragma omp for schedule (dynamic,1000)
for (uint ii=0; ii<2*nG1; ii++) {//find insertion points for each of the sequences
if (seq1[0][ii]>3)
{//no index for suffices starting with N
indArray[ii*2]=-1;
} else
{
indArray[ii*2] = suffixArraySearch1(mapGen, seq1, ii, 10000, nG, (ii<nG1 ? true:false), 0, SA.length-1, 0) ;
indArray[ii*2+1] = ii;
};
};
uint64 nInd=0;//true number of new indices
for (uint ii=0; ii<2*nG1; ii++) {//remove entries that cannot be inserted, this cannot be done in the parallel cycle above
if (indArray[ii*2]!= (uint) -1) {
indArray[nInd*2]=indArray[ii*2];
indArray[nInd*2+1]=indArray[ii*2+1];
++nInd;
};
};
time_t rawtime;
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished SA search, number of new SA indices = "<<nInd<<endl;
/*//old-debug
uint64* indArray1=new uint64[nG1*2*2+2];
memcpy((void*) indArray1, (void*) indArray, 8*(nG1*2*2+2));
g_funCompareUintAndSuffixes_G=seq1[0];
qsort((void*) indArray1, nInd, 2*sizeof(uint64), funCompareUintAndSuffixes);
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished qsort - old " <<endl;
*/
g_funCompareUintAndSuffixesMemcmp_G=seq1[0];
g_funCompareUintAndSuffixesMemcmp_L=mapGen.pGe.gSuffixLengthMax/sizeof(uint64_t);
qsort((void*) indArray, nInd, 2*sizeof(uint64_t), funCompareUintAndSuffixesMemcmp);
// qsort((void*) indArray, nInd, 2*sizeof(uint64), funCompareUint2);
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished qsort" <<endl;
/*//new sorting, 2-step: qsort for indArray, bucket sort for suffixes
qsort((void*) indArray, nInd, 2*sizeof(uint64), funCompareUint2);
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished qsort"<<nInd<<endl;
sortSuffixesBucket(seq1[0], (void*) indArray, nInd, 2*sizeof(uint64));
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished ordering suffixes"<<nInd<<endl;
*/
/* //debug
for (int ii=0;ii<2*nInd;ii++)
{
if (indArray[ii]!=indArray1[ii])
{
cout << ii <<" "<< indArray[ii] <<" "<< indArray1[ii] <<endl;
};
};
*/
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished sorting SA indices"<<endl;
indArray[2*nInd]=-999; //mark the last junction
indArray[2*nInd+1]=-999; //mark the last junction
SA1.defineBits(SA.wordLength,SA.length+nInd);
/*testing
PackedArray SAo;
SAo.defineBits(mapGen.GstrandBit+1,mapGen.nSA+nInd);
SAo.allocateArray();
ifstream oldSAin("./DirTrue/SA");
oldSAin.read(SAo.charArray,SAo.lengthByte);
oldSAin.close();
*/
uint isa1=0, isa2=0;
for (uint isa=0;isa<SA.length;isa++) {
while (isa==indArray[isa1*2]) {//insert new index before the existing index
uint ind1=indArray[isa1*2+1];
if (ind1<nG1) {
ind1+=nG;
} else {//reverse strand
ind1=(ind1-nG1+nG2) | N2bit;
};
SA1.writePacked(isa2,ind1);
/*testing
if (SA1[isa2]!=SAo[isa2]) {
cout <<isa2 <<" "<< SA1[isa2]<<" "<<SAo[isa2]<<endl;
//sleep(100);
};
*/
++isa2; ++isa1;
};
SA1.writePacked(isa2,SA[isa]); //TODO make sure that the first sj index is not before the first array index
/*testing
if (SA1[isa2]!=SAo[isa2]) {
cout <<isa2 <<" "<< SA1[isa2]<<" "<<SAo[isa2]<<endl;
//sleep(100);
};
*/
++isa2;
};
for (;isa1<nInd;isa1++)
{//insert the last indices
uint ind1=indArray[isa1*2+1];
if (ind1<nG1)
{
ind1+=nG;
} else
{//reverse strand
ind1=(ind1-nG1+nG2) | N2bit;
};
SA1.writePacked(isa2,ind1);
++isa2;
};
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished inserting SA indices" <<endl;
// //SAi insertions
// for (uint iL=0; iL < P.mapGen.gSAindexNbases; iL++) {
// uint iSeq=0;
// uint ind0=mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL]-1;//last index that was present in the old genome
// for (uint ii=mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL];ii<mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL+1]; ii++) {//scan through the longest index
// if (ii==798466)
// cout <<ii;
//
// uint iSA1=SAi[ii];
// uint iSA2=iSA1 & mapGen.SAiMarkNmask & mapGen.SAiMarkAbsentMask;
//
// if ( iSeq<nInd && (iSA1 & mapGen.SAiMarkAbsentMaskC)>0 )
// {//index missing from the old genome
// uint iSeq1=iSeq;
// int64 ind1=funCalcSAi(seq1[0]+indArray[2*iSeq+1],iL);
// while (ind1 < (int64)(ii-mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL]) && indArray[2*iSeq]<iSA2) {
// ++iSeq;
// ind1=funCalcSAi(seq1[0]+indArray[2*iSeq+1],iL);
// };
// if (ind1 == (int64)(ii-mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL]) ) {
// SAi.writePacked(ii,indArray[2*iSeq]+iSeq+1);
// for (uint ii0=ind0+1; ii0<ii; ii0++) {//fill all the absent indices with this value
// SAi.writePacked(ii0,(indArray[2*iSeq]+iSeq+1) | mapGen.SAiMarkAbsentMaskC);
// };
// ++iSeq;
// ind0=ii;
// } else {
// iSeq=iSeq1;
// };
// } else
// {//index was present in the old genome
// while (iSeq<nInd && indArray[2*iSeq]+1<iSA2) {//for this index insert "smaller" junctions
// ++iSeq;
// };
//
// while (iSeq<nInd && indArray[2*iSeq]+1==iSA2) {//special case, the index falls right behind SAi
// if (funCalcSAi(seq1[0]+indArray[2*iSeq+1],iL) >= (int64) (ii-mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL]) ) {//this belongs to the next index
// break;
// };
// ++iSeq;
// };
//
// SAi.writePacked(ii,iSA1+iSeq);
//
// for (uint ii0=ind0+1; ii0<ii; ii0++) {//fill all the absent indices with this value
// SAi.writePacked(ii0,(iSA2+iSeq) | mapGen.SAiMarkAbsentMaskC);
// };
// ind0=ii;
// };
// };
//
// };
// // time ( &rawtime ); cout << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << "SAi first" <<endl;
//
// for (uint isj=0;isj<nInd;isj++) {
// int64 ind1=0;
// for (uint iL=0; iL < P.mapGen.gSAindexNbases; iL++) {
// uint g=(uint) seq1[0][indArray[2*isj+1]+iL];
// ind1 <<= 2;
// if (g>3) {//this iSA contains N, need to mark the previous
// for (uint iL1=iL; iL1 < P.mapGen.gSAindexNbases; iL1++) {
// ind1+=3;
// int64 ind2=mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL1]+ind1;
// for (; ind2>=0; ind2--) {//find previous index that is not absent
// if ( (SAi[ind2] & mapGen.SAiMarkAbsentMaskC)==0 ) {
// break;
// };
// };
// SAi.writePacked(ind2,SAi[ind2] | mapGen.SAiMarkNmaskC);
// ind1 <<= 2;
// };
// break;
// } else {
// ind1 += g;
// };
// };
// };
// time ( &rawtime );
// P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished SAi" <<endl;
//
// /* testing
// PackedArray SAio=SAi;
// SAio.allocateArray();
// ifstream oldSAiin("./DirTrue/SAindex");
// oldSAiin.read(SAio.charArray,8*(P.mapGen.gSAindexNbases+2));//skip first bytes
// oldSAiin.read(SAio.charArray,SAio.lengthByte);
// oldSAiin.close();
//
// for (uint iL=0; iL < P.mapGen.gSAindexNbases; iL++) {
// for (uint ii=mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL];ii<mapGen.genomeSAindexStart[iL+1]; ii++) {//scan through the longets index
// if ( SAio[ii]!=SAi[ii] ) {
// cout <<iL<<" "<<ii<<" "<<SAio[ii]<<" "<<SAi[ii]<<endl;
// };
// };
// };
// */
//change parameters, most parameters are already re-defined in sjdbPrepare.cpp
SA.defineBits(mapGen.GstrandBit+1,SA.length+nInd);//same as SA2
SA.pointArray(SA1.charArray);
mapGen.nSA=SA.length;
mapGen.nSAbyte=SA.lengthByte;
//generate SAi
genomeSAindex(G,SA,P,SAi,mapGen);
time ( &rawtime );
P.inOut->logMain << timeMonthDayTime(rawtime) << " Finished SAi" <<endl;
// mapGen.sjGstart=mapGen.chrStart[mapGen.nChrReal];
// memcpy(G+mapGen.chrStart[mapGen.nChrReal],seq1[0], nseq1[0]);
return nInd;
};
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Marietta Alboni, italijanska operna pevka (kontraalt), * 6. marec 1826, Città di Castello, † 23. junij 1894, Ville-d'Avray.
Velja za največjo pevko globokega glasu poznega 19. stoletja.
Življenje
Sprva je bila učenka Antonia Bagiolija, nato pa skladatelja Giocchinna Rossinija. Debutirala je kot petnajstletnica leta 1842 v Donizettijevi operi Lucrezia Borgia, nato pa je v svoji pevski karieri nastopila po glavnih opernih mestih Evrope kot ZDA; tako je leta 1843 obiskala Avstrijo, v letih 1844-45 Rusijo, leta 1847 Pariz in London, v letih 1852-43 Španijo in ZDA ...
Pokopana je na pokopališču Père-Lachaise.
Viri in opombe
Glej tudi
seznam italijanskih pevcev resne glasbe
Zunanje povezave
Italijanski operni pevci
Pokopani na pokopališču Père-Lachaise.
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Wie ein Blitzstrahl schmetterte diese Nachricht AveiHin nieder, der, gerade in Abensberg zu flüchtigem Besuch, schon hich selbst von Häschershand ei^iffen wähnte und nun eilends nach Regensburg zu den Freunden flüchtete. Ob er hier jetzt wie ehedem vor den Herzogen Ludwig und Friedrich, welche am L*4. Jnni in der Reichsstadt zu- sammengetrolTen waren, erscheinen durfte, wissen wir nicht, da er darüber keine Bemerkung macht; allein es ist zu bezweifeln, dass ihm diese Gunst zu Theil wurde; denn gerade damals, wo sie ihn beruhigt hätte, wüi-de er ihre Erwähnung kaum unterlassen haben. Da erfolgte ein neuer Donnerschlag. In Kelheim wurde am 26. Juli Cbristopborus Achster ebenfalls ob evai^lium gelangen gesetzt. Als diese zweite Hiobspost eintraf, verweilte Ä\'entiu zwai- in Regensburg, AventJns Leben. XT>T?^ wohin der Arm der bayrischen Regierung nicht reichte, allein er f&hlte sich doch nicht mehr sicher. Wie er zu der stillen Gemeinde in Ref^Dsbarg stand, davon meinte er sei ja nichts in die Oellent- iichkeit gelangt, da die Mitglieder ihn sicherlich nicht verrathen würden. Aber man sprach von dem, was Aventin für ein Geheimniss hielt, anter den Leuten und er verniuthete nun Verrath: periculum in falsis fratribns ; ob mit Recht oder Uni-echt, ist nicht zu entscheiden. Doch war offenbar nicht viel zu verrathen. Man brauchte nur seine Freunde anzaseheu, um sofort zu ^^issen, was von seiner Denk- weise zu halten sei, wenn er nicht selbst in Schrift und Wort hioreichend dafür gesorgt hätte, dass darüber kein Zweifel auf- kommen konnte. An Aufpassern, die mit Argusaugeu jeden Schritt des ihnen verhassten Forschers verfolgten, und an Wohldienern, welche die Herzoge darauf hinwiesen, dass ihr flistoriograph mit den regensburger Neuei-em in fortwährendem Verkehr stehe, für seine Person den herzoglichen Mandaten wenig Folge leiste und dass er den abgefallnen Bai'füsser Zenkl aus Regeusburg mehrere Tage in seinem Haus zu Abensberg beherbergt habe, ') wird es kaum gefehlt haben. Eben war er wieder in die Vaterstadt gekommen, als er in der Nacht des 7. Oktobers von herzoglichen Beamten ob evan- gelinm aufgehoben wurde. So schnell war das geschehen, dass die Herzoge nicht einmal ihren eiuflussreichen Kauzler Dr. Leonhard von Eck, den wir von der Ingolstädter Zeit her als Freund und Gönner Aventins kennen, wegen diesei- Massregelung gehört hatten. Er würde gewiss seinen vollen Eintlnss geltend gemacht haben, um diesen Ge- waltakt zu verhindern. Denn kaum hatte der Kanzler die Nach- richt hieven vernommen, als er alle Hebel für den gefangenen Aventin in Bewegung setzte. Sein gewichtiges Wort überzeugte denn auch die Herzoge bald, dass man zu weit gegangen sei. So wurde Aventin nach elftägiger Haft wieder aus dem Gefängniss ent- lassen und begab sich über Landshut nach Regensbuig. Er wusste wohl, wem er seine Befreiung zu vei-danken hatte, denn dankbar schreibt er in seinen Kalender: liberatus ab Leonardo de Egk.") Er ') Abtuiiiam com Zenkl. (Kalender) 22. März 1527. Zenkl war aus dem EloBter ansgetreten , heiratete und bat den Eegenaburger Kath, er tnügo es darduetceii, dass sein Kloster ihm den Unterhalt zu gewähren habe. *] Leon- bards Sohn Oswald von Eck ftigte xu Zieglcra Biographie A, die Bemerkung liinia: „ob cnuieaaB cames die interdicto; sororis suae maritui« hoMi>es vir t et tanJi'in non parva peeunia numerata securitatem redemit." Broyer Ii^h glaube, dass das (;) nach interdicto zu tilgen inl. JedeiifuIlM be- L Aventins Leben. hatte allen Grund dazu, denn der Kanzler muss sich mehrmals an seine Herren in dieser Angelegenheit gewendet haben. Wir besitzen noch einen dieser Briefe, den vom 19. Oktober, der also lautet:*) „Des meister Hansen Aventin halb hab ich noch keine antwort von E. F. G. empfangen und mich gedünkt je, E. F. G. sofeim es der lutherischen sect halber beschieht, seien seines wesens mit ungrund berichtet und zu Ungnaden höher denn die notdurft sein möchte bewegt worden, ich acht auch noch, E. F. G. sollte ganz tunlich sein in auf meinen fürgeschlagenen weg, das ist auf bürgschaft sich gen München zu stellen und zu verantworten, wo nicht E. F. G. straf zu gedulden ledig zu lassen, das auch mit ihm als E. F. G. diener und bei vil leuten ansenlichen gelerten mann nicht dergestalt als mit schlechten bauern (und wie E. F. G. selbst zu ermessen haben) fürzunemen ist, und weilS diser zeit nichts, das ich lieber wissen wollte, denn die Ursachen E. F. G. ungnad gegen den armen kranken mann, der vor Schwachheit und schäm als ich vernimm tötlich krank ist.'* Zweifellos war der Grund seiner Verhaftung Aventins Hin- neigung zur neuen Lehre gewesen : ob evangelium, wie er selbst sagte. Bestätigt wird das durch einen Brief^ Willibald Pirkheimers an Beatus Rhenanus dd. Nürnberg 20. November 1529, wo es heisst: Scripsit ad me Weissenfelderus, ^) vir astutus, qui variis legationibus non sine principum suorum utilitate est functus, Optimum Aventinum ob haereseos fraudem esse in vineulis.^) Es dürfte hier der Ort sein, Aventins religiöse Stellung in Kurzem zu erörtern. Aus seinen Bemerkungen im Kalender ersehen wir, dass Aventin in den früheren Jahren ^) eifrigst den Gebetsübungen obgelegen und täglich wie sein Zögling Enist das ganze Brevier gebetet hat. Aus dieser Gewohnheit und aus den häufigen Einträgen, dass er dies unterlassen habe (oblitus etc.) geht hervor, dass er ein eifriger sagt die Stelle nur, dass auch Aventins Schwager sich den Verdacht der Ketzerei zugezogen habe; sie so zu deuten, wie Winter, Gesch. d. Schicks, der ev. Lehre in Bayern p. 260. 268 gcthan, als sei A. Schwager nach München ge- eilt (anfugit) und habe dessen Sicherheit mit Geld erkauft, ist völlig unzulässig. 0 Jörg, Deutschland in der Revolutionsperiode 1522—1526 p. 345. *) Gründ- ling, Vorrede zu den Annalen Aventins. *) W. war herzoglicher Rath und neben Leonhard von Eck häufig in diplomatischen Geschäften verwendet, so be- sonders im Bauernkrieg. *) Von seiner Befreiung hatte übrigens Pirkheimer noch nichts gehört, denn er schreibt: doleo vicem eins et opto ut senex Hber- tatem recuperet . . . adiecit nuper (?) Weissenfelderus principem Ernestum fatigare fratrem Wühelmum ut carcere liberetur: quod utinam fieret. ^) s. Kalender zum Jahre 1513 ff. Ayentins Leben. LI Katholik gewesen ist, und dass er Bedenken trug, ob solche Ver- säumnisse nicht sündhaft seien. Diese Frömmigkeit dauerte noch fort in einer Zeit, wo er nicht mehr Hofmeister seines für das geistliche Amt bestimmten Prinzen war, ^sich also nach dieser Seite hin frei bewegen konnte. Aber allmählich wurde er sich darüber klar, dass er es mit diesen sich stets wiederholenden Andachtsübungen doch zu weit treibe, und Schritt für Schritt scheint sein Eifer erkaltet zu sein. Gerade seine geschichtlichen Studien brachten in ihm einen völligen Umschwung seiner religiösen Ansichten hervor. Dürfen auch seine häufigen Ausfälle auf den Klerus nicht als Abfall von der Kirche bezeichnet werden, so sind sie doch ein Zeichen seiner veränderten Gesinnung. Aber Aventin blieb dabei nicht stehen. Er verwirft nicht nur das Mönchswesen und redet dem allgemeinen Priesterthum ziem- lich unverblümt das Wort, sondern er greift auch- die Wallfahrten und die Ablasstätten an, stellt den Ablasshandel des Tetzel „als- bald der plappert in der truhen.klüng, von stund an für die sei gen himmel, dadurch Dr. Martin Luther und sein anhang bewegt wurden, wider den ablass zu schreiben" als einen Betrug hin und sagt von der Ohrenbeichte, dass sie eine Neuerung sei „die erst lang hernach in die Christenheit eingedrungen, bei den alten Christen nicht in brauch gewesen ist." lieber andere Lehren hat er sich nicht ausgesprochen, da er wohl wusste, in wessen Dienst er stand. Wäre es zweifellos wahr, was Caspar Brusch von ihm sagt: „er ist allen denen von herzen feint und wider gewesen .... so in der christlichen kirchen sein wollen und sich mer auf ire eigene und stinkende verdienst, denn auf das alleinseligmachend verdienst Jesu Christi vertröst und ver- lassen haben", und dürften wir diese Bemerkung als den dogmatischen Standpunkt Aventins betrachten, so hätte er offenbar mit einer Haupt- lehre der katholischen Kirche gebrochen und sich unzweideutig dem Prinzip der Reformation von der Rechtfertigung aus dem Glauben ange- schlossen. Allein einen direkten Beweis dafür haben wir nicht. Ob ihn am Austritt aus der alten Kirchengemeinschaft die Umstände ver- hindert haben, oder ob er mit der neuen Kirche nicht in allen Punkten einverstanden gewesen ist, das lässt sich nicht mehr entscheiden. Hervor- ragende und ernste Männer seiner Zeit, wie der Nürnberger Willibald Pirkheimer, der Augsburger Dr. sie die Einheit derselben als unerlässlich nothwendig für ihren Bestand ansahen, sich nicht zu entschliessea der neuen Gemeinde beizutreten. Es ist wohl möglich, dass Aventin im Grund seines Herzens die gleiche Gesinnung hegte. Diesen Standpunkt vertritt DöUinger in seiner Rede:*) „Zur Klarheit einer innerlich zusammenhängenden und logisch haltbaren Anschauung über die Gegensätze der katholischen und der protestantischen Lehre hat es Aventin wohl nie gebracht. In seinen Werken stossen wir auf viele vom Standpunkt der mittel- alterlichen Kirche aus gedachte Stellen, bei welchen doch eine blosse Akkommodation anzunehmen kaum zulässig ist. Befanden sich doch in jener Zeit Tausende in gleicher Lage, ungewiss, was und wem zu glauben sei, und wenn die einen diesen Zustand leichter ertrugen, sich mit dem Gedanken tröstend, dass doch die in den beiden ältesten Bekenntnissen enthaltenen christlichen Hauptlehren noch immer ein die Geister umschlingendes Glaubensband bildeten, so sehen wir da- gegen Andere in banger Sorge und in dem peinigenden Gefühl alle Glaubenssicherheit eingebüsst zu haben sich abquälen. Wir stossen auf eine zahlreiche Klasse von sogenannten Exspectanten, welche ein- gedenk der grossen reformatorischen Concilien des vorigen Jahrhunderts zuwarten und im Zweifel fortleben wollten, bis ein freies Concil, das freilich nie kam, alle Streitpunkte entschieden haben werde.'' Die Gefangennahme und die an sich kurze Haft entschieden über Aventins letzte Lebensjahre und verdüsterten sie. Den schmerz- lichen Eindruck dieses Erlebnisses konnte er niemals mehr vergessen. Nicht im Stand, mit Gleichmuth hinzunehmen, was seine Ueberzeugung ihm Hartes eintrug, befiel ihn Schwermuth, zu der sich auch noch Kränklichkeit gesellte. Fortwährend klagte er über das Geschick, welches ihn getroffen.^) Trost fand er nur in wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten, von denen er auch jetzt nicht abliess. Neben anderm reifte in ihm ein ausserordentlicher Gedanke in diesen letzten Jahren, in- dem er eine Germania illustrata, ein Zeitbuch von ganz Deutschland,-*) herausgeben wollte, falls ein Mäcen sich finden würde, ein solches Unternehmen, non labor unius hominis „maior privatis opibus" zu unter- stützen. ^) Vorerst legte er selbst Hand an und die Frucht dieser Thätigkeit ist jenes von Brusch herausgegebene erste Bucji vom Ur- sprung, Herkommen und Thaten der uralten Deutschen gewesen, ein Werk, von dem sehr zu bedauern ist, dass es nicht weiter *) p. 26. ") Ziegler, Biographie hi den Annalen. ^) Rockinger a. a. O. p. 394. *) Brief A. an Vadianus dd. 14. Mai 1530, Werke I, 650. Aventins Leben. LIU gediehen ist. ' Für Aveiitiu war dieser Gedanke uud diese Arbeit eiu Trost in seinen letzten schweren Lebensjahren. Nach Abensberg kam er nur ein einziges Mal noch. Vorerst hielt er sich im Hause der ihm befreundeten Familie Priuis in llegensburg auf, die gerade in jenen Tagen durch den Tod der gastfreundlichen Hausfrau in Betrübniss versetzt wurde. Vielleicht war dieser Trauerfall für Aventin insofern von Bedeutung, als er sich seitdem mit dem Gedanken befreundete, sich selbst eine Häuslichkeit zu gründen, wohl um in ihrem Frieden das zu finden, was die Welt ihm versagte. Denn nach seinen Notizen im Kalender steht er Anfangs des Jahres 1529 auf Freiersfüssen; am 8. März schreibt er: „^^Jig»'^^ *^^ aedem Barbarae in vicum Anglorum", während er bisher an Liebe nicht gedacht hatte. Ziegler, auch Beatus Rhenanus spricht sich in diesem Sinn über seinen Pariser Aufenthalt ans, indem er von Aventin sagt:*) ,,Ad Venerem nunquam proclivis et quantum omnes cum quibus vixit testantur, ab auioribus muliebribus sem- per alienissimus fuit'^; wenn es sich so verhält, wie Ziegler fortfährt zu berichten, so betrachtete Aventin seinen Schritt als eine Vernunft- heirat mit Rücksicht auf sein Alter. Er habe nämlich mit seinen Freunden Oswald Ruland ^) und Georg Prims das Für und Wider der Sache auch mit Zuziehung der heiligen Schrift besprochen und zuletzt ausgerufen: ,,Senex sum, mihi ministrari opus est". Am 24. Juni^) nahm er wirklich die genannte Barbara Fröschmann, ein schwäbisches Mädchen aus Niederriedeu „eine erbai-n, tugentsamliche züchtige junk- fraue^' zu sich und Hess sich am L Dezember L529 mit derselben trauen. Für sich das Beste von der Ehe hoffend, die er „als brunn und same, daraus alles guts entspringt . . und das menschlich geschlecht erwechst" pries, schi'ieb er in seinem Kalender: ,,Deo sint gratiae". Diese Hoö'nung bringt einige Ruhe in sein Hefz, trotz Krieg und • Kriegsgeschrei unten an der Donau, wo die Türken Wien belagerten, ein Ereigniss, dem er mit der grössten Spannung auch literarisch'*) ft^gefti^t*"i«t. . indessen die Hoffnungen Aventins auf häusliches Glück gingen, wie es scheint, nicht in Erfüllung; so war bald auch seine Ruhe wieder dahin und der alte Trübsinn kehrte in ihn zurück. Ob übrigens diese Wiederkehr der alten Verstimmung *} a. a. 0. *) Pfarrer zu Laichling bei Egginühl. ^) faniulain conduxi, coepi familiaritatem Ratisboiiac. Kalender. *) Ursachen des Türkenkriegs. cf. Muncker: Zwei kleinere deutsche Schrift^'n Aventins und Druffel, Sitzungsberichte der bayr. Akademie 1879. IV. Heft. LIV Aventins Leben. Aventins ^) einzig und allein auf Rechnung seiner Frau, die ihn nicht verstanden habe, gesetzt werden darf, ist doch sehr fraglich. Zwar sagt Caspar Brusch von ihr, sie habe ihren Mann „nicht gebürlich, sondern ganz grob und unfreuntlich gehalten", und Ziegler nennt sie raorosam mulierem illepidam et omnino pauperem, Urtheile, welche die biographischen Nachfolger zum elendesten Klatsch raissbraucht«n, allein Aventin selbst hat mit keiner Silbe solcher Übeln Eigen- schaften seiner Frau Erwähnung gethan und ihr einmal sogar das Zeugniss friedfertiger Gesinnung gegeben. Erwähnt sei noch neben- bei, dass die Ehe wahrscheinlich mit drei Kindern gesegnet war, mit zwei Mädchen, beide Namens Gisela, von denen die eine bald nach der Geburt wieder starb, während die zweite gleichnamige den Vat^r überlebte,^) und mit einem Knaben, der auch nur sehr kurz lebte, ferner, dass Nahrungssorgen das eheliche Glück nicht getinibt haben können; denn Aventin kaufte am 23. Februar 1531 ein Haus zu Regensburg um 150 fl., ohne seinen Besitz in Abensberg veräussern zu müssen, ein sicherer Beweis, dass Alles, was Zeitgenossen und Spätere von einer angeblichen Armut Aventins geredet haben, der thatsächlichen Begründung entbehrt.'^) *) Wicdemann p. 45 A. 18 gibt Zioglcr, der schreibt, dass A. trauriger Gemtlthszustand Folge seiner Geftiugennehmung gewesen sei, Uureclit, und schiebt alle Schuld auf dessen Frau. \) s. Kai. Werke 1 p. 688, 19. ^) Wie mir Herr Direktor Halm mittheilt, so kennt man ausser dem Stöfflerischen Kalender nocli mehrere AVerke, die einst im Besitze Aventins gewesen sind; es sind lautw werthvolle AVerke. Aus seiner Bibliothek stammt eine schöne Handschrift aus dem XI. Jahrh. mit philosophischen Schriften Cicero's, die aus der Bibliothek des Jesuit^ncollegiums in Ingolstadt in die Universitätsbibliothek in München gekommen ist. lieber eine andere sehr werthvolle Handschrift aus dem neunten Jahrhundert, die jetzt der k. Staatsbibliothek in München angehört (Cod. lat n** 13084) berichtet Wilh. Meyer in den Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte XIX, 240 f. Dieselbe Bibliothek besitzt eine Venetianer Ausgabe der opera Boethii vom J. 1491 mit Bandglossen Aventins zu mehreren logischen Schriften und die seltene Aldiner Ausgabe der Scrij>tores astronomici veterum von 1499, welches Exemplar dadurch interessant ist, weil die Randbemerkungen den Bew^eis liefern, dass sich A. auch mit dem Studium der griechischen Astronomen ver- sucht hat. Ein anderes AVerk, das seinen Namen eingeschrieben trägt, ist ein Exemplar der Aldiner Ausgabe der Scriptores rei rusticae von 1514, das zahl- reiche Randbemerkungen (auch üebersetzungen seltener Wörter) zum Palladius enthält. Dass A. Es dürfte von Interesse sein, zur schlagenden AV^iderlegimg der behaupteten Armut Aventins seine amtlich inventarisirte Hinterlassenschaft, deren Verzeich- niös sich in der auf Bibliotheken nicht sehr häufigen „Eos, eine Zeitschrift aus Aventms Leben. LV Der Grund davon, dass Aventins Leben nicht behaglicher sich ge- staltet hat, ist hauptsächlich in ihm selbst zu suchen. Es war nach den Baiem, zur Erheiterung und Belehrung" Jahrgang 1819, Beilage Nr. 26, Juli p. K^ findet, hier mitzut heilen : „Nach Christi unsers lieben herrn geburd 1500 und im 84. jare am freitag nach S. Erharts des heiligen bischofstag sind anß bevelch eins 6r- bam camrers und rats Johansen Aventini gelassen hab und guter in bei- wesen Augustinen Dachauers und Sebastianen Portuers des eussern rates alihie, Utzen Kierhamers burgers zu Regensburg und gemclts Aventini ge- lassen Wittib durch mich Paulson Krosch, herrn stadtschreibers Substituten iuventiert und beschriben worden, wie hernach volgt. Erstlich in der behausung in der Engelburger straß, darin der gemelt Aventinus gewont hat. In der camer in einer truhen item ein schin- pecher, item ein hoher verguldter köpf mit einer deck, item drei magellel. sein ir der frauen versetzt worden umb 10 gülden als si sagt; item ein stückl leinwdt unge verlieh bei 30 ein, ist verpeschaft worden. In eim klein truchl item ein par messer mit silber beschlagen. In einem casten item ein Arrasser mannsrock mit fuchswommen fueter, item ein Arrasser schwarzer mannrock mit schwarzen kröpfen, item ^ ein schwarze Arrassen leibrock, item ein leberfarben einfacher rock, item ein graben rock mit einem grien unterfueter, item ein schwarze spanische mantel, item ein göping, ein- spanget mit einem ganzen himmel daran, item ein strösack, item ein unterpet mit einer parchaten ziech, item ein parchetes deckpet, m^r ein kleines spanget daran, item ein strösack, item zwu decken, ein spanget mit einem ganzen himmel daran nichts, item ein kübl mit schmalz, item ein vorder teil hämisch, item ein hinter teil hämisch, item drei seidl kandel, item zwei köpf kandel, item zwai halbe seidl kandl, item zwei zinupleitl, item zwei zinnschüssel, item ein alten protspies, item ein schwert mit einem silbernen orpentl, item drei par hosen, item zwei wammes, item iiechs par leilach, item acht hanttiecher, item acht tisch tuecher, item ein tisch, item vierzig stren garn, item ein fueßschamel. In der stube, darin er gewonet hat, item ein tisch, item ein sessel, item mßr ein sessel, item ein lidres küß, item ein wetschk darin sein petschaftring. In einer kandl rem. item zehn Schüssel klein und groß, item zwei zinn pleter, item neun zinn teller, item drei köpf kandl, item ein seidl kandl, item ein halb Seidel kandel, item zwei zinene schüssel, item ein zines salzfessl, item ein messiiiger schisselring, item zwei messene peck, item sechs messen köpf, item ein bitzpret, item ein messes schellel, item ein tmchel mit winteln LVI Aventins Leben. Erlebnissen ilini nicht gegeben, seiner Tage wieder froh zu werden. Der düstere Eindruck, den das Gefängniss auf ihn "gemacht, wollte nicht ((lurchstricheii), item ein kleines dellizl, eiu raispetl darin, item ein strö- sack, item ein unterpet mit einer köhii sehen ziech, item zw6n polster mit kölnischen ziechen, item ein unterpetl parchaten, item eiu zwilches unterpett, item ein kiiS, item ein zinschüssl, item etliche gleser, item ein kwaut pirschten, item zw6n fliegenwedl, item ein leilach, item ein ki(S, item ein scherl, item ein gmachstuhl, item ein eisuer leichter, item ein multer. Item die frau ist schuldig sechst halben gülden einem kirsner, item ein gülden pfenn. Ebner. In einem stübl item ein zweiköpfige kandel, item ein tisseken, etlich zin um 4 gülden wert ist versetzt, ist darum auszutun unter den vorgenannteü zinn. An püechern, item 56 püecher, item m^r 64 püecher, item mßr 30 püecher, item etlich püecher sint uit eingebunten, item zwei fälles, item vier mappen. In einer kuchen item ein padwanen, item sex pfanen klain und groß, item ein morser mit einem strempfl, item zwßn messen leichter, item zwßn mellkübel, item zw^n durchschleg, item ein schüsselkorb (durchstrichen). AVas man der frauen schuldig ist: herr Wilhelm Preisinger 5 gülden, herr Renschlin ist schuldig ein gülden 10 kr., item Utz Kierhamer 18 gülden, item m^r Utz Kierhamer 75 gülden, item Greorg Thurmar 33 gülden (NB. ausgestrichen, ist geschenkt in seiner band zedlein, ei; ist sein prueder), item 25 fl. hat die schwaigerin von den fursten von München eingenommen, die soll si der gelassen wittib überantworten (ist aber noch nicht geschehen), item mßr hat die frau ein hauß zu Abens- purg, daraus ß:iebt man ir jerlich zins ein gülden, mit 20 gülden ablösig, item der Pletl von Abenspurg ir scliwager ist ir schuldig 14 gülden, item der Dr. Spieß 11 gülden, item die Lienhart Schbogerin von Amsperg ist schuldig 30 gülden, ist sein schbester; item die Lienhart Schwaigerin ist ir schuldig 30 gülden (ausgestrichen), item ein kesselschmid zw6n gülden. An gold. item zw6n gülden, sind angeschlagen umb 12 gülden; item mer zwßn gülden, sind angeschlagen um 77^, sind ir geschenkt worden, wie si die frau, sagt: item 123 ki'onen in einem zerrissen seiden sekl, item m^r 37 gülden reinisch, item m^r ein reinischer gülden, hat in der mitt ein loch etc. (ausgestrichen), item mßr 9 doppeltducaten , item mer 70 gülden ungrisch, türkisch, florentinisch und welsche ducaten, item 2 silbere pfenning, gelten 5 fl., item 2 silbere pfenning gelten 5 fl., item mOr 2 silbere pfen- ning, gelten ein gülden. An münz in einer seh ach tl item m^r ein gülden Schneperger (durchstrichen), item 24 behmisch grosch (durchstrichen), item mßr 9 alt sechser, item ein münzen Egrer, item 10 venedisch marcel, item m^r 21 creuzer, item 9 Schilling schwarz helbling. M6r an grober Aventins Leben. LVII mehr aus seiner Seele weichen und das Bewusstsein, dass er das Brod derer noch esse, welche so Hartes über ihn verhängt hatten, schnüi'te ihm vollends die Brust zu. Daraus erklären sich seine Bemühungen*) in den letzten Jahren, seine Stellung zu verändern und irgendwo ein Auskommen für sich zu finden. Schon wenige Wochen nach seiner Hochzeit begab er sich wahrscheinlich in der Hoffnung auf ein Amt an den Hof des Pfalzgrafen Friedrich in Neumarkt. Allein trotz freund- licher Aufnahme und eines zweiten Vei-suches erreichte er seinen Zweck nicht.*) Ob er am 6. März 1531, wo er nach Amberg reiste, einen wiederholten Versuch am oberpfälzischen Hof gemacht habe, geht aus den Bemerkungen im Kalender : profectus Ambergam mit Sicherheit nicht hervor. War es religiöses Interesse, was ihn bewog, den denk- würdigen Reichstag von Augsburg zu besuchen, oder glaubte er vielleicht von einem der anwesenden Gelehrten eine Stelle sich ermitteln lassen zu können? Er muss solche Gedanken gehabt und sogar die Absicht gefasst haben, auch ohne Amt nach Sachsen oder speziell nach Witten- berg überzusiedeln. Ein Brief Melanchthons vom September 1530 räth ihm, lieber das Anerbieten des Erzbischofs Lang von Salzburg^) anzunehmen als nach dem rauhen Norden zu ziehen: „tibi consulo, si Salzburgensis, ut est vir et doctus et horum^ studiorum amator, invitat te ad se, ne asperneris tanti tamque sapientis principis bene- ficiom. Hanns Reysolt, statschreiber manu pfopria in üdem. *) Nach Wiedemann p. 45 soll auch „das Drängen seiner Frau" beigetragen haben; woher er das weiss, verschweigt er. *) Wiedemann p. 45 meint, A. sei am 3. Januar aufgebrochen und erst am 1. März nach Neumarkt gekommen. Was hätte er denn so lange Zeit auf dem Wege thun sollen? Er war zweimal in Neumarkt. ^) Welcher Art dies Offert war oder ob es erst in Aussicht stand, wissen wir nicht. Der Cardinal blieb Aventin freundlich gesinnt. Er Hess sich seine Annalen abschreiben, die ihm A. im Oktober 1531 nach Mtthldorf am Inn obersendet. LVm Aventins Leben. Umgebung und Stellung herauszukommen, für welchen Wunsch Casp. Brusch auch das noch anführt, dass Aventin eine Bitte um Gehalts- erhöhung bei den Herzogen eingereicht habe, die ihm aber durch die Intriguen der Hofleute abgeschlagen worden sei. *) Dagegen gab ihm der Kanzler Dr. Leonhai'd von Eck einen Be- weis, dass er durch keine Vorkommnisse und Verleumdungen sich seine gute Meinung von Aventin habe entreissen lassen, indem er ihm die Leitung der Studien seines Sohnes Oswald, der seit meh- reren Jahren an der Hochschule Ingolstadt sich aufhielt, übertrug. Aventin leistete diesem Antrag seines Gönners gerne Folge und ver- lebte nach Zieglers Zeugniss^ mit seinem Zögling und alten Freunden noch frohe Tage. In der Weihnachtszeit 1533 raste er nach Regens- burg, um die Seinigen zu besuchen. Die gi'osse Kälte setzte ihm so zu, dass er halb erfroren dort in seinem Hause ankam. Die Bemüh- ungen seiner Freunde Oswald Ruland und Erasmus Prims, die Folgen dieser Erkältung zu beseitigen, blieben fruchtlos. Er fühlte, dass der Tod sich ihm nahe; was er sein Lebenlang geschaffen und gedacht, das beschäftigte seinen Geist auch noch in den letzten Stunden. Unter anderm äusserte er den Wunsch, dass der Herzog seine Annalen freundlich aufnehmen möge, ferner dass einer kommen möchte, der seine Forschungen fortsetze und über die früheren Bestandtheile Bayerns, Böhmen, Ungarn und Oe^terreich, ausdehne. Am 9. Januar schlief er sanft ein. Begraben wurde er in der Benedictinerkirche zu S. Emerani, woselbst ihm nachmals sein Freund, der Straubinger Stadtschreiber Teylenk, ein noch jetzt vorhandenes Denkmal, mit seinem Brustbild und Inschrift vei-sehen, setzen Hess. Das diesem Bande vorgesetzte Bildniss ist eine Copie des Denkmals nach einem alten Holzschnitt. Von seinem Aeussern und seinen Gewohnheiten ehtwirft Ziegler folgende Zeichnung: „Me- diocri fuit statura Aventinus, obeso tarnen corpore paulum. barbam crocei coloris quam sübter genas alebat, supra radebat, omnem habuit. studia sua semper a crepusciilo cum sacra lectione auspicatus est. a caena paululum ociosus, deinde ad mediam frequenter nocteni libris incumbebat. nunquam (V) delectabatur sodalitio multo, sibi et suis studiis vixit. in conversatione tarnen erat valde pius et affabilis; in familia ne puero (ut dicitur) onerosus. pei^onam omnino philosophicam referebat. parcissimi victus, int er edendum crebro bibebat, sed *) Ich glaube nicht, dass damals A. ein solches Gesuch gestellt hat. In früheren Jahren war das möglich, jetzt schwerlich mehr. Aventins Leben. LIX quasi pitissando yix suprema labra proluebat. In vestitu non erat mollis et effemmatus, neque sordidus sed honestus. pecuniae quoque minime avidiis/' Auch nach seinem Tod hörten die Feindseligkeiten seiner Gegner noch nicht auf. Man verfolgte den Todten nicht nur mit bösen Nach- reden, sondern verketzerte auch seine Forschungen und Schriften, unter denen seine Hauptwerke noch lange Jahre auf Veröffentlichung warten musst«n. Zum Glück gelang es nicht, sie ganz zu unterdrücken. Als sie nach und nach ans Licht gezogen wurden, da erfuhr die Nachwelt, welch hoher Geist Aventin gewesen war; sie versäumte nicht, ihm den Lorbeer zu winden, der zu seinen Lebzeiten ihm versagt geblieben war. Besonders fanden seine deutschen Annalen allgemeine Aner- kennung und die weiteste Verbreitung, und sicherten ihm einen unbe- strittenen Ehrenplatz in der deutschen Literaturgeschichte. Leibniz, der berufene Richter in historischen Fragen, hat seine Darstellung, seine Glaubwürdigkeit und Kritik gelobt und ihn gegen die zelotischen Angriffe des Baronius in Schutz genommen.*) Goethe vollends hat in seiner Farbenlehre folgende ehrenvolle Erklärung über ihn abgegeben : „Wer das menschliche Herz und den Bildungsgang des Einzelnen kennt, wird nicht in Abrede stellen, dass man einen trefflichen Menschen tüchtig heranbilden könnte, ohne dabei ein anderes Buch zu gebrauchen als Tschudi's schweizerische oder Aventins bayrische Geschichte.** So widerfährt ihm, dem schlichten Gelehrten, den die rauhe Wirklichkeit so derb angefasst hat, die historische Gerechtig- keit, welcher er selbst mit der treuesten Hingebung sein Leben lang gedient hat. ') praefatio eu loannis Adlzreitter et A. Brunneri Annales gentis Boicae. Annales Schirenses. ^ cm den erst im J. IfWK) Hipoiiti per Ca}s])arii!ii Witteliiim jcrrd ruck ton -An- nalt's S<*lnreiwe8 besitzt die K. Stiiatsbil)liothek zu Münch(Mi ausser dem Auto- ^aph Aventins (cod. Lat. 171'.») uoeli zwei Absehrifteu in den lateinischen lland- j»ihrit\en num. 1470 und 1H(M), die beide einen weit besseren Text als die ^e- «inu'kte Aussrabe bieten. l)(?nn wenn Th. Wiedemann in seiner bekannten Monntrraphie über Aventin S. ;»12 sa^, dass die Ausgabe in Heziehnn^ auf <len Ori^naltext mögliebst getreu .sei, so widerlegt sieh diese Behauptung durch finen Blick in die Dcnlication, in wehdier an drei Stellen ein Wort au.sgclassen Ui und der .schwere VerstcKss cognita statt cognata vorkommt. Auch dem Wieder- alMlnick der Annales in den Au.sgaben vcm Conradi Philo.sophi (Mironicon Schirense Ton dem Abt Stephan \, Ingolstadt \iV2'.\} und von (i. Christian Joannis iStra.s.sburg 171»» lag zur Hauptsache nur der .schlechte Text der Zweibmcker Ausgabe zu '»nmdt». Es i.st das um so mehr zu verwundern, als die im Kloster zu Seheiern lange verschollene Originalhandschriü im J. liCi^ wieder aulgefiinden ward, wie eine Notiz auf dem ersten Blatte zeigt: Haec hi.storia in abstruso loco forte fortuna invcnta a (leorgio NeuptH'kh indigno huius monasterii Abbate duodcH-imo die Januarii Ann. MDLXII. Die Handschrift hat leider eine Wrstümmelung erlitten, indem von dem letzten Blatt die kleinere obere Half>e abgeschnitten ist. Wenn in dem gelehrten Werke des H. (Jrafen v. Himdt , Kloster Scheyern, .seine ältesten Aufzeichnungen, seine Besitzungen' (München \Xi\2) S. IH (217) gt^igt ist, da.s« der Abdruck von Aventins Annalen in der eben erwähnten Aus- gaW des Abt Stephan nach dem in Scheyern verwahrten Autograph des \'er- fajssers gemacht sei, so beruht diese Angabe wohl nur auf den Schlussworten Stephans in dem Vorbericht an die Jjeser p. 250: Et forte pluribus haet^ ex C'atlicdica (Mücina editio gratior erit, quam in illa Bipontina, ((uae paucis locis a manuscriptoexemplari, quod Schiraeexstat, dissentit. Dieses jetzt verschwundene Manuscript lieferte allerdings einige, aber wenig cM*liebliche Verbesserungen des Text*^ derZweibrücker Ausgabe, dass es aber nicht das noch vorhandene, im J. J ")«'»2 in Scdiciern wieder aufgefundene Autograph Aventins gewesen ist, ergibt sich aus mehreren Zusätzen \,p. 2SI am Hand und p. 2'.»:)-, Erweiterungen ^p. 2S.i in dem langen Sch(dium) und Jjiicken {\k 28r»), die Abt Stephan au.sdriicklich aus dem von ihm benützten Manuscript anfiihrt, von welchen Abweichungen in dem Aut<»gra|)h Aventins keine -Spur zu finden ist. Die Annalen reichen bis zum J. 1517; ihre Abfa.ssung fallt aber wahrschein- lich etwas früher, wie aus dem Tnistande zu .schlie.ssen ist, da.ss die oben er- wähnten zwei Handschriften n. 1470 und 1S(M) mit den Worten schli<'ss<»n: Joannes s«i-undus cognomine Turbeit . . succedit i^a. 150.')) communique omnium suffragio elisfitur, eV)en so die dem Abt Stei)han vorgelegene Handschrift, in de.sHcn Aus Z^W zu eligitur am Bande j». 2*.K) bemerkt ist: ,Hic MS. exemplar Sehiren.se finitur, et additur: Hat^; Joannes Aventinus.' Auch die Original ha ndschrift be stütigt, dass die weitere Erzählung V(»m Abt Turbeit ein spaterer Zusatz .\ventins voni.I. I5I7 ist, indem die Buch.staben etwas klein(»r und die Zeilen etwas «'Uger erscheinen als die auf derselln'n Seite vorausgehen(h'n. AvijiTixr.s 1. Eevon^ndi patris, doinini loauiiis Turbeit, abbatis Sehircnsis diictii et aiispicio: ANNALES SOHIRENSES A JOANNE AYENTINO principiim Boiariao a litoris et liistoriis j)erserij)ti. ex publicis bibliothocis, diploiiiatibiis, annalibiis illustril)us- que scnptoribiis diligc^ntissinie excerpti. Revereiido patri, domino loanni Tiirbeit, abbati coenobii Schirensis, artium et philosophijxe (loctori, domino suo s^mper plurimum colendo, loannes Aventiims salutem. Qua cura quave soHicitudine niaiores nostri , i eligiosissimi mor- x tales, facta quaeqiie, deo inmortali auctoi-e, literarum monumentis con- mendarint, nemo ambigere potest, qui tbesauriim quidem sacrarum literarum diligentius evolverit. nihil eorum, quae ante nos gesta sunt, rognosoere,' id est semper puerum esse, in senibus iuxta proverbium •''* vulgatissimum prudentia est, quod ex Jiis, quae facta sunt, provideuter futura perspiciant. qui pinidens fieri desiderat, in vitas omnium ac in speculum perspiciat, ac inde sibi exemplum sumat necesse est. Chri- stus lesus dominus deusque noster ad invulgandam exuperantissimae divinitatis bonitatem suos legatos praelucere ceteris mortalibus prae- '» cepit: etsi ventres pigri, ut divi Pauli verbo ut^ir, hostesque literarum, cum nihil laude memoriaque dignum agant, laudari quoque ac celebrari ineptum putent. vitam enim veluti pecora silentio transeunt, et eorum vita atque mors iuxta siletur. animus vero cum superis nobis cx)mmunis A = autographum Aventini. Fj ^= editio Bii)ontnia, a. 1600. 5 semper owi. Fj ; scntmfia snmpfa est ex Cirei'onifi Orafore § 120. 11 Pauli cp. ad. Tit. 1, 12. 13 putaiit E 13 transaeunt Ä 14 iuxta oni. E, at v. Sali. CatU. c. 2. Annales Schirenses. 3 aetema iit cognata natura duce semper expetit, nisi degener ac de- sertor fragilibus ac CAducis bonis cainatur. qiiod virtus aetema atque clara habetur, rerum scriptoribus profecto acceptum rofertur. dissiini- litudo odium parat, quemadmoduin similitudo rebus cliaritatem eonciliat. >a Cicerone, nisi fallor, verissime dictum est: disi)ares mores disparia studia sequuntur. proinde, pater reverende, pietateni, sinceritatem ac l)uritatem animi tui moresque Ohristiano praesule dignos indicant atque aperte ostendunt vitae integritas, opera ipsa magnifice extructii, tantum desiderium maiores tuos a situ, squalore atque interitu vindi- ^Mandi. taceo luimanitatem , liberalitatem , amorom comitatemque erga literatos : taceo, contra singularium Christianoruui nostrae tempestatis consuetudinem, Studium philosopbiae, cuius supremam palmam in An- gil(jstadensi publieo Boiorum gymnasio consecutus es. ingratus profecto atque plane impius fuerim, nisi tanto praesuli annales Scbirenses, a ime toties promissos, tandem etiam cum foenore exbibeam. in quibus liaec, quae ego comperi, quam diligentissime enarrabo, cetera ut fa- bulosa ac inconperta pictoribus atque caduceatoribus relinquam. tibi, pater beate, quaecumque precaris tribuat largitor deus omnium bonorum. nunc ipsam rem hinc adgrediamur ab ipsisque Schiris exordium 3' sumamus. Anno Christi 508 Schiri , antiquissimi Gormaniae populi , cum Boiis duce Theodone (ciui lingua vernacula Dieth vocatur, a quo et Diethfurt nomen retinet) Vindelicum , provinciam Romanam , occupant iimtatoque vet^^ri cognomine a se Boiariam nuncui)ant. a quibus quoque iipagi, viel, oppida, praefecturae nomina sortita adhuc retinent. unde plera- qne superioris Boiariae nol)ilitas principesque nostri originem trahunt. A. 1>07. llngara gens (([uae tum prophana ac aliena a piet^ite christiana erat, ac paulo unU' in nostros tines ])rogressa e Scythia swles novas coUocarat) Lipoldum duc^m Boiorum, genere Francuui, "Theodoniarum archiepiscopum Iuvavens(».m (Saltzburg), Otonem Frisium, Zachariam Sabonensem (^Brixen) praelio fundunt ac trucidant. hunc post Arionulphum imperatoiem Boiariae praefuisse reperio. reliquit I eogiiita E foetlo vitio 4 odium parit E rebus om. E /i Cir. Lael. § 74. 7 dipmas .4 15 exhihereni E 17 caduceatoribus] atlsn'ipnif Avcnftrius hi marginv: hendden M) Ottonem E ; nvmel monuisse sufßriaf , höh in Hcribcndis )wmi)iibus propriiH snuper Ai'entini maniun ejcpressisse. 21 Fatites ab Aventino in marginibus irulicfUi. Plinius. lordanus. Chronicou (liiciM (leorgii. 24 Chunradus philosophus. 27 Regiuo abbas. Otto episc. Frisiug. Abbau Ursperg. 31 publica Ratisbonensis bibliothecao monumenta. 1* 4 Annales Schirenses. (luos filios, Arioimlphum et Berithold um. plura de eo, nisi meiitiri velim, non legi. A. 911. Ludovicus teitius, imperatoris Arionulphi ex legitima uxore filius, sine liberis ex hac \[U\ migrat: in eoque farailia Caroli Magni apud Gemianos deficit, eligiturque atque Caesar creatur Chun- r» radus primus Hesso, alienus a genere regio, eins igitur imperiuin Arionulplius dux fi-aterque Bertholdus detrectant ipsique i)arere recusant. ita et plerique alii , Bnrcliardus , Suevorum dux , Hen- ricusque, Saxonum piinceps, qui post Chunraduni rerum potitus est, fecerunt. lo A. 916. Duodecinio Calendas Oetobris Ratisbonae fit conventus principum et pontifieum. Arionulplius eiusque frater Beritholdus per oninium sacerdotum religiones bis sacris \ oeibus devoventui' : quando ArionulphusBeritholdusqueius divinum humanunique rontemuunt, contra dominum suum Chunraduni Caesarem piissimum atque Christianissimum ^^ principem coniuraverunt , crinüne perduelllonis sive laesae maiestatis rei diris addicti i)eipetuo sunto: »liiani detestationem nulla victima expiato : nulluni piaclum resohito: cum Juda proditore ignis aeterni apud inferos carniflcina perpetuo excruciantor. Arionulphus igitur cum fratre, uxore et liberis Boiaria exigitur, profugusque apud Ungaros^ usque ad moiteni Chunradi delituit. A. 920. Arionulphus auditd morte imperatoris (Jliunradi in Boi- ariani cum suis redit, ibique rursus suasu quorundam nova molitur. Imperator Henricus primus Saxo, qui Chunrado successerat , anna in Boiariam movet. Arionulphum R>itisl)onae obsidere atque rursus -' Boiaria pellere ])arat. sed opera amicoi'um pax ita convenit. Imperatores nostri ea tempestate onines pi-aesules , omnes episco- pos, Romanum ([uociue eligebant ac* contii-mabant (uti etiani in ini*e pontificio decretisque patrum distinctione LXIII scrij)tum legimus). vita defuncto praesule aliquo lituus (hoc est baculus) et aniilus in w aiilam Imperatori mittebantiii*. cui ea princeps tradel)at , is eiusdem fani antistes nuncupabatur et erat, quamobrem clarissimi quicine ad- veuae etiam, hoc aucupio impulsi, nitro aulam caesai'i^am fre(iU(Mitabant : nitro absque stipendio impei*atori in r)mnibus dicto audientes erant. hanc igitur eligendi praesules auctoritatem in Boiaria quidem Ario- ^> 5 croatur Caesar E S ita . . fecerunt] hacc Armfinus postea addvVit. 8 Hein riens E 10 eoniurarunt E IS j)iaculuui E 2S ut etiaui E ?M annulus -l W Ile.ij^ino abbjus, i\\\\ oo tempore vixit. 11 Frising. publica bibliotheca. IC» Li- toprandus Ticineiisis. 22 Litoprandus Ticinensis. 35 Publica bibliotheca. Annales Schirenses. 5 Dolpho Henriciis Caesar tradit atque concedit. Arioniilphus vero filiam suam luditbam , qiiae et Genta , Heiirico , lilio Heiirici Cae- ■saris, despoudet: Beritboldusqne frater eins praeficitur praefectiirae Veunsticae, miuc comitatus est Tyrolis. erat ea tempestate Boioruiu ■-> nomeir latissiminn. iiam ab Oriente Uiigaria , meridie vero Italia ter- niiiiabatur: coutiuebatque Laureacensem (Eniis), luvavensem (Saltz- bui-*r) arehiepiscopos : Aiireatenseni (Aichstadt), Katisbouensem, Batba viiiiim (Passaw), Frisium, Sabouenseni (Brixen) episcopos. Ungari eo, ut dixi, tempore propliani erant, crebro iuipetiim in lofines Boiornm faciebant, regionem igni, ferro, praeda depopiilabantnr ac devastabant. mulieres, virgines capillis colligatas cnm infantibns Ciiptivas abdncebant: sangninem occisornm potabant, terapUi diripie- baut atque inceudebant. nemo nisi in mnnitissimis locis Ungarornm praestolabatur adveutum. Arionulphns igitnr cnm ita saepius ab i>Ungaris premeretnr , nee unde stipendinm militibns daret haberet, coiisilio et suasu procerum suorum, qni tot monachis nibil opus esse raultis de causis asseverabant, mortno aliqno a])!)ate coenobium alicui priniorum in fidem tradebat, qni monacliis satis qnidem pro religione vietnm et amietnm praeberet, id vero, quod reliqnnm foret, pro sti- :)"IH»iidio militari acceptaret. sed nt sunt ingenia moresque nobilinm, boc< pacto pleraque monasteria ad summam inopiam solitndinemque redi- jrHmntnr. A. U;>7. Divus Hylderieus, Augnstae Rhetiae episcopns, eeteri- <|iie [»ii ac boni vii'i sacrilegii ac impietatis Arionulpluim ai)erte co- •an^unnt, ac plane, nisi resipiscat coeptoque desistat, definito die prae- sHis exitium dennnciant. et dum Arionnlplins bninsmodi minas, ut vana sacerdotnm terriculamenta ac solitas fabulas, irridet atque con- tnnnit, snbito die praefinito invitam exhalat aniniam , lliitisbonaeqne in tempb» divi Hemerami linmatnr. eins sepulcro lioc inscriptnm di- ^'stichon legi: Vivns jMdlebam, feci (luaccnmqne volcbam: En nibilor sub bnmo, sie erit oninis houu). Fama est vulgntissima, cadaver in jnscinam Scliirorum superiorem ahicctum esse a daemonibus: ab ipsis nempe adhuc piscina nomen r, vnlgo retinet in proverbiumque venit. reliqnit Arionnlplins qualcrnos 4 Vt'nu«ticae, i. e. Pustortlial Tyrolis] ty A, rrUqiM ronibull parte biblü)- p*yaf rnltro y uf vidctur, ahacisa :U in)m('n] (br Teufeln Wriher. 1 Diploiiia RatislM)nae. 4 PaiiluH Lan/j^obanlus. 0 Litopiandus. 14 PiiMicao hibliotliecae. 23 Vita divi Hylderiei. Metollus Tigiirinus. 35 publica Frisin- ^eu«. bibliotheca. 6 Annales Schirenses. liberos, luditham filiam, tenios inares, Eberhardura , Arionulphum, Herimaninim. Eberhardus coiitiimo einsque fratres post mortem pareiitis duea- tum Boiciim usurpaut: Ötoiiemque Magium Caesarem despiciiint, ei parere coiitemiiunt , ad versus eundem cum Ludovico rege Fi-aircigeua- 3 rum conspiraiit ac foedus iueunt. coiiiurarant quoque adversus Oto- nem Henricus frater, Gisalobertus dux TiUthareorum, sororis Gerbirgae maritus, Ebei^hardusque Praurorum priiiceps. Extat ad illum Eberliardum ducem Boiorum Leonis septimi Papae epistola, in qua ei Gerhard um arcbiepisa)pum Laureacensem com- 10 mendat. Juditham, ut dixi, duxit Henricus, frater Otonis imperatoris. A. 938. Oto Magnus imperator armato milite Boiariam intrat, Eberhardum ducem capit atque in exilium relegat. Arionulphum Herimannumque fratres illius minores natu capite deminuit, in ordi- nemque comitum Palatinonim redigit, quae tum secunda post ducem ^i^ erat diguitas. veteres illos praefectos praetorio aulaeque magistrosque equitum vocabant : Germani Merosalicos, hoc est maiores domus salae- que, et Landographos, id est comites Palatinos, adpellare solent. nam lingua Germanica sala palatiumque auhim declarat. lussit quoque Oto imperator ipsos, Arionulphum ac Herimannum, '-* eorumque posteros esse Voethos, id est, ut germanice graeceque lo- quar, advocatos atque patronos episcopii Frisioium. nam ea tempe- state sacerdotes rei familiaiis administrationem ac curam, ut levius- culam ac se indignani, in comitum quempiam relegabant. subsequen- tis tamen aetatis sacei-dotes, repudiata huiusmodi advocatorum i)atro- 25 norumque oppressione ac onere insolentiaque, ipsi sibi novum creavere magistratum, quem praepositum nominant. Arionulphus iste montem Schirensem moenilnis clausit, regiam- que i])i sibi ac suis posteris sedem extruxit. unde et comites Schi- renses in posterum vocati sunt. 30 Imperator Oto compositis ita in Boiaria rebus, Boiariam Beii- tholdo, fratri Arionulphi mortui, patruo comitum Schirensium, acer- rimo suarum partium defensori committit. cumque iam Gisalobertus superior in Jlheiio a Caesarianis demersus esset, soi-orem suam, illius viduam Gerbirgam nomine, aut filiam Gerlürgae, neptem suam, Beri- •^'» 11 dnxitE 2)ost imperatoris habet 15 rodogit l'J 17 Mart'salico.s A' IS Land graphos E 22 atque] et E 25 repudiato Ä 29 ibi ofu. E 3 instrumenta jmblica. 12 jmblica Frisingens. bibliotlioca. 13 Abbas Ur spergens. Ohunradus pliilosoph. 2S CImnradus i)hilusophus 31 Lit(>i)randus, (pii eo tempore vixit. Annalcs Schirenses. 7 tholdo niii)tiim offert , datqiie optionem , iitranivis , matreni seu filiani, ilucere malit. Beritholdus filiam ut iunioiem iixorem delegit. mater vero Grerbirga iiiiptain Ludovico regi Francigeiiarum datur. A. 947. Beritholdus dux Boiorum, frater Arionulphi ducis pa- '^ tniusque Arionulphi comitis Schirensis, ex hac vita absque liberis niigi-at. Oto Imperator rogatu matris suae divae Maethyldae ducatuni tradit Boiariae fratri suo Henrico eiusque uxori ludithae, liliae Ario- nulphi ducis sorori(iue comitum Schirensiuin. fuit haec femina pul- c^rrüna ac singularis prudentiae. monasterium sanctarum virginum J^ inferius Ratisbouae extruxit. ibidemque eins ostenditiir sepulcrum, sed ii)si Geutam nostra lingua vocant. estque avia divi Henrici se- (Hindi imperatoris Romani, qui Babenbergium episcopiuni extruxit. A. 953. Oto Imperator Mogonciacum receptaculum hostium ob- sidione arctissima cingit. Henricus frater eins dux Boiorum auxilio 1' iuiperatori venit. Arionulphus comes Schirensis dolens sibi avitum paternumque Boiariae ducatum praereptum et nactus occasicmem in- te rini Boios ad defectionem soUieitat, urbem Ratisbonam occupat, so- rorem luditham cum liberis, uxorem Henrici, urbe pellit: eiusque thesauros, quo sibi animos vulgi conciliaret, plebi distribuit, fretus ■iü c)|)e ac auxilio Litholfi ducis Suevoruni, filii Otonis imperatoris, qui tum contra parentem ob novercam conspiraverat. contra divum Hyl- deiicum episcopum, acrem partium Otonis propugnatorem , exercitum niovet, urbem Augustam primo impetu capit diripiendamque militibus concedit, praesidium Hylderici captivum abducit, ipsum divum Hylde- i-. ritnim in Menching obsidione claudit. Albertus patruus, Theobaldus frater Hylderici, comites de Dillingen, copias cogunt, obsesso in auxi- liuni properant: fit praelium atrox, Herimannus Schirensis, frater Arionulphi, capitur, Albertus patruus Hylderici praelio occiditur. Ario- nulphus tandem obsidionem solvere cogitur, ac turpiter aufugit Ratis- :u. bouanujue Litholfum invitat. divus Hyldericus patruum Augustam deferri iubet: in templo Deiparae Virginis ante aram divae Wal- purgae humatur. Haec ubi Oto Imperator accepit, Mogontiaci o])si(lione dimissa cum Omnibus copiis in Boios transitum facit. in urbe Ratisbona :•.:» tilium Litholphum x^iionulphumque, ne exitus pateat, vallo copiisque 2 ut om. E 11 s(mKI.* seilicot E 12 (jui oni. E 10 praccojjtmn, nactus ilJ 1*.» distribuit. Fretus ope et auxilio E 2'> in pago Mciicliiug E 2{'} Dilling E ;;i VValpurgis E ;^o Litolphum tili um 2? 4 Publieuui Katisbouae divi IKiuric-i diplnnia seu instruiueutuuj. i'.\ Abljas Trsperi?. iiibliotheca Frising. Vita Ulriei. 8 Annales Schirensea. cireundat, frustraque usque ad iiatalia Chi'isti urbem fatigat. in Saxoniam igitur soluta obsidione discedit ibifiiie natales Christi cele- brat. i'ursusque in (luadrao^esinia ad obsidionem urbis Ratisbonae maioribus copiis atque vi revertitnr. üunt quutidio ant^ portas urbis tunuiltuaria quaedam praolia, doner tandem ante portam orientalem r» Arionulphus conies fortiter pu^rnans a Gereone quodam intei-ficitur. quod ubi Boii audieruut, aninio consternati niortuo Arionulpho, pro quo pugnaverant, sese Otoni dedunt. urbs quoque Ratisbona Otoni se permittit. Litolphus arbitris divo Hylderiro Albertoque, ai*chie- piscopo Laureacensi , Otoni patri reconciliatur. Heniicus ducutui re- lo stituitur. A. ^^55. IJngari, du<*tore et aucton» Wernhero eoniite, filio Arionulphi comitis Schiiensis occisi, innuineris eopiis Autrnstam usque progrediuntui- ac in ranipo Lyei consident, s(»se omnia devoraturos multitudine minantur. Oto Ma*2:nus, qui tum doniandis Sclavis longius i^ aberat, praet(»r spem hostiuni subito adest. Ungaros, ne evadendi co- pia sit, undique viiibus (lernuiniae rlaudit. Ungari se ad pra^sen- taneani mortem edudos a Wernhero conspic^iti, ipsum tanqnam prodi torem trueidant. quarto eiiUis Angusti lit pra^lium atrox. Ungari lere ad internitionem deleti. duo reges Lelius et Syrius cum quin- :» que ducibus Ratisbonae erucibus adfiguntur. i^liquum vulgus capti- vuni iuxta regiam P^bersperg (cuius conu»s E})erhardus optimam eo hello operam navaveiat) vivum in fossani praeripitatur terraque ob- iiiitui\ ceeidit ex nostris Chunradus gener Caesaris, dux Wornia- tiensis. l'ngaii qui donii relirpü fuerant, tam insigni clade suorum -"» audita, in des[)erationem versi, vallo ae sudibus contra nos sese in hx'is palustribus nniniunt: nedum ultio nostros invadere, uti antehac soliti saepius fuerant, aninio posthac (*onciperent. terra vero co- mitis Scyrensis partim publicnta atque sacris aedibus distributa, par- tim heredibus cum regia Scyi-ensi relicta: i)er omnium tarnen sacer -J^» dotum religiones est devota. quamobiem, et quod nemo aequo animo fert suo honon* privaii, eani feracissimam fuisse tyrannorum (ut quo- rum impietas in proveibium venerit) adtirmat Oto pontifex Frisiorum ex Austriacis principilms oriundus. Chunradus Schirensis, vir diligentissimus, et quidam alii ti*adunt Wernherum superiorem non interfectum esse, sed ope divi Hylderici 1 circumdat, frustra usquc ad Natalitia E 9 perniisit Fj lU idus ^ 5 Chunradus philosoph. Ablia.s Ursporgens. 12 Oto Frisingensis. 15 Auf dem Lcfhfeld additum in manj. E :v, Annales Schirenses. 9 evasisse, eidemque duos filios adsignant, Otoneni priinuni et Eeharduni primiim.
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b) Les équipements suivants, lorsqu’ils sont requis par la présente sous-partie, ne nécessitent aucun agrément:
1)
torche électrique;
2)
chronomètre de précision;
3)
porte-cartes;
4)
trousse de secours;
5)
équipements de survie et de signalisation;
6)
ancres flottantes et équipements permettant l’amarrage; et
7)
dispositifs de retenue pour enfants.
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c) Les instruments, équipements ou accessoires non requis en vertu de la présente annexe, ainsi que tout autre équipement non requis en vertu du présent règlement, mais qui sont transportés pendant un vol, sont en conformité avec ce qui suit:
1)
les informations fournies par ces instruments, équipements ou accessoires ne sont pas utilisées par les membres d'équipage de conduite aux fins de satisfaire aux exigences de l'annexe II du règlement (UE) 2018/1139 ou des points NCC.IDE.H.245 et NCC.IDE.H.250 de la présente annexe;
2)
les instruments et équipements n'ont pas d'incidence sur la navigabilité de l'hélicoptère, même en cas de panne ou de défaillance.
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d) Les instruments et équipements sont facilement utilisables et accessibles depuis le poste où le membre de l’équipage de conduite qui doit les utiliser est assis.
e) Les instruments utilisés par un membre de l’équipage de conduite sont disposés de manière à lui permettre de lire facilement les indications depuis son poste, en devant modifier le moins possible sa position et son axe de vision lorsqu’il regarde normalement en avant dans le sens de la trajectoire de vol.
f) Tous les équipements de secours nécessaires doivent être facilement accessibles pour une utilisation immédiate.
NCC.IDE.H.105
Équipements minimaux pour le vol
Un vol ne peut être entamé lorsque l’un quelconque des instruments, équipements ou fonctions de l’hélicoptère nécessaires pour le vol à effectuer est en panne ou manquant, sauf si:
a)
l’hélicoptère est exploité conformément à la liste minimale d’équipements (LME) de l’exploitant;
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b)
l'exploitant est autorisé par l'autorité compétente à exploiter l'hélicoptère en respectant les contraintes de la liste minimale d'équipements de référence (LMER) conformément au point ORO.MLR.105 j) de l'annexe III; ou
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c)
l’hélicoptère est soumis à une autorisation de vol délivrée conformément aux exigences de navigabilité applicables.
NCC.IDE.H.115
Feux opérationnels
Les hélicoptères exploités de nuit sont équipés:
a)
d’un système de feux anticollision;
b)
de feux de navigation/position;
c)
d’un phare d’atterrissage;
d)
d’un éclairage alimenté par le circuit électrique de bord aux fins d’assurer un éclairage approprié de l’ensemble des instruments et des équipements indispensables à une exploitation sûre de l’hélicoptère;
e)
d’un éclairage alimenté par le circuit électrique de l’hélicoptère assurant l’éclairage de tous les compartiments occupés par des passagers;
f)
d’une torche électrique destinée au poste de chaque membre d’équipage; et
g)
des feux prévus par le règlement international pour prévenir les abordages en mer s’il s’agit d’un hélicoptère amphibie.
NCC.IDE.H.120
Exploitation en VFR – instruments de vol et de navigation et équipements associés
a) Les hélicoptères exploités en VFR de jour sont équipés d’un dispositif destiné à mesurer et afficher ce qui suit:
1)
la direction magnétique;
2)
le temps, en heures, minutes et secondes;
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3)
l'altitude barométrique;
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4)
la vitesse air indiquée; et
5)
le dérapage.
b) Les hélicoptères exploités en conditions météorologiques à vue (VMC) au-dessus de l’eau et sans que la terre ferme soit en vue ou en VMC de nuit ou lorsque la visibilité est inférieure à 1 500 m, ou dans des conditions où l’hélicoptère ne peut pas être maintenu sur la trajectoire de vol souhaitée sans référence à un ou plusieurs instruments supplémentaires sont, en plus du point a), équipés:
1)
d’un dispositif destiné à mesurer et afficher ce qui suit:
i)
l’assiette;
ii)
la vitesse ascensionnelle; et
iii)
le cap stabilisé;
2)
d’un dispositif indiquant si l’alimentation électrique des instruments gyroscopiques n’est pas adéquate; et
3)
d’un dispositif destiné à éviter les défaillances du système anémométrique prévu au point a) 4 en raison de la condensation ou du givre.
c) Lorsque deux pilotes sont nécessaires pour l’exploitation, les hélicoptères sont équipés d’un dispositif supplémentaire séparé aux fins d’afficher:
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1)
l'altitude barométrique
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2)
la vitesse air indiquée;
3)
le dérapage;
4)
l’assiette, le cas échéant;
5)
la vitesse ascensionnelle, le cas échéant; et
6)
le cap stabilisé, le cas échéant.
NCC.IDE.H.125
Exploitation en IFR – instruments de vol et de navigation et équipements associés
Les hélicoptères exploités en IFR sont équipés:
a)
d’un dispositif destiné à mesurer et afficher ce qui suit:
1)
la direction magnétique;
2)
le temps, en heures, minutes et secondes;
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3)
l'altitude barométrique;
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4)
la vitesse air indiquée;
5)
la vitesse ascensionnelle;
6)
le dérapage;
7)
l’assiette;
8)
le cap stabilisé; et
9)
la température extérieure;
b)
d’un dispositif indiquant si l’alimentation électrique des instruments gyroscopiques n’est pas adéquate;
c)
lorsque deux pilotes sont nécessaires pour l’exploitation, un dispositif supplémentaire séparé est disponible pour le second pilote aux fins d’afficher:
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1)
l'altitude barométrique;
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2)
la vitesse air indiquée;
3)
la vitesse ascensionnelle;
4)
le dérapage;
5)
l’assiette; et
6)
le cap stabilisé;
d)
d’un dispositif destiné à éviter les défaillances des systèmes anémométriques prévus aux points a) 4 et c) 2 en raison de la condensation ou du givre;
e)
d’une prise de pression statique alternative;
f)
d’un porte-cartes placé de manière à permettre une lecture aisée et pouvant être éclairé pour les vols de nuit; et
g)
d’un moyen supplémentaire de mesure et d’affichage de l’assiette comme instrument de secours.
NCC.IDE.H.130
Équipements additionnels pour les vols monopilotes en IFR
Les hélicoptères exploités en vol IFR monopilote sont équipés d’un pilote automatique pouvant maintenir au moins l’altitude et le cap.
NCC.IDE.H.145
Équipement radar météorologique embarqué
Les hélicoptères dont la MOPSC est supérieure à 9 et exploités en IFR ou de nuit sont dotés d’un équipement radar météorologique embarqué lorsque les observations météorologiques actualisées indiquent que des conditions météorologiques orageuses ou potentiellement dangereuses, considérées comme détectables par un équipement radar météorologique embarqué, pourraient être rencontrées sur la route prévue.
NCC.IDE.H.150
Équipements supplémentaires pour une exploitation en conditions givrantes de nuit
a) Les hélicoptères exploités en conditions givrantes prévues ou réelles, de nuit, sont équipés d’un moyen permettant d’éclairer ou de détecter la formation de glace.
b) Le système d’éclairage utilisé ne doit pas provoquer d’éblouissement ou de reflets susceptibles de gêner les membres d’équipage de conduite dans l’accomplissement de leurs tâches.
NCC.IDE.H.155
Système d’interphone pour l’équipage de conduite
Les hélicoptères exploités par plus d’un membre d’équipage de conduite sont équipés d’un système d’interphone pour les membres de l’équipage de conduite, comportant des casques et des microphones utilisés par tous les membres de l’équipage de conduite.
NCC.IDE.H.160
Enregistreur de conversations du poste de pilotage (CVR)
a) Les hélicoptères dont la MCTOM est supérieure à 7 000 kg et dont le premier certificat individuel de navigabilité a été délivré à partir du 1er janvier 2016 sont équipés d’un CVR.
b) Le CVR est en mesure de garder en mémoire les données enregistrées pendant au moins les deux dernières heures de fonctionnement.
c) Le CVR enregistre, par référence à une échelle de temps:
1)
les communications radiotéléphoniques transmises ou reçues dans le compartiment de l’équipage de conduite;
2)
les communications vocales des membres de l’équipage de conduite via le système d’interphone et via le système d’annonces publiques, si installé;
3)
l’environnement sonore du poste de pilotage, y compris, et sans interruption, les signaux sonores reçus via chaque microphone de l’équipage; et
4)
les signaux vocaux ou sonores identifiant les aides à la navigation ou à l’approche envoyés aux casques ou aux haut-parleurs.
d) L’enregistreur de conversations commence automatiquement à enregistrer avant que l’hélicoptère ne se déplace par ses propres moyens et poursuit cet enregistrement jusqu’à la fin du vol, lorsque l’hélicoptère n’est plus en mesure de se déplacer par ses propres moyens.
e) Outre les dispositions du point d), selon la disponibilité de l’alimentation électrique, l’enregistreur de conversations commence à enregistrer dès que possible pendant les vérifications faites dans le poste de pilotage avant la mise en route des moteurs au début du vol et ce, jusqu’aux vérifications faites dans le poste de pilotage immédiatement après l’arrêt des moteurs à la fin du vol.
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f) Si le CVR n'est pas éjectable, il est muni d'un dispositif de repérage dans l'eau. Au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020, ce dispositif offre une durée minimale de transmission sous l'eau de 90 jours. Si le CVR est éjectable, il est muni d'un émetteur de localisation d'urgence automatique.
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NCC.IDE.H.165
Enregistreur de paramètres de vol (FDR)
a) Les hélicoptères ayant une MCTOM supérieure à 3 175 kg et pour lesquels un premier CDN individuel a été délivré le 1er janvier 2016 ou après cette date sont équipés d’un FDR utilisant un mode numérique d’enregistrement et de stockage des données, et muni d’un système permettant d’extraire facilement ces données du support de mémorisation.
b) Le FDR enregistre les paramètres nécessaires pour déterminer de manière précise la trajectoire de vol de l’hélicoptère, la vitesse, l’assiette, la puissance des moteurs, la configuration et le fonctionnement, et peut garder en mémoire les données enregistrées pendant au moins les dix dernières heures de fonctionnement.
c) Les données proviennent de sources de l’hélicoptère permettant d’établir une corrélation précise avec les informations présentées à l’équipage de conduite.
d) Le FDR commence automatiquement à enregistrer les données avant que l’hélicoptère ne puisse se déplacer par ses propres moyens et arrête automatiquement l’enregistrement lorsqu’il n’est plus en mesure de se déplacer par ses propres moyens.
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e) Si le FDR n'est pas éjectable, il est muni d'un dispositif de repérage dans l'eau. Au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020, ce dispositif offre une durée minimale de transmission sous l'eau de 90 jours. Si le FDR est éjectable, il est muni d'un émetteur de localisation d'urgence automatique.
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NCC.IDE.H.170
Enregistrement des liaisons de données
a) Les hélicoptères pour lesquels un premier certificat individuel de navigabilité est délivré le 1er janvier 2016 ou après cette date et qui disposent de la capacité d’utiliser des communications par liaison de données et doivent être munis d’un CVR, enregistrent sur un enregistreur, selon le cas:
1)
les messages de communication par liaison de données relatifs aux communications ATS au départ et à destination de l’hélicoptère, y compris les messages qui relèvent des applications suivantes:
i)
établissement de la liaison de données;
ii)
communications entre le contrôleur et le pilote;
iii)
surveillance adressée;
iv)
informations liées au vol;
v)
surveillance automatique en mode diffusion, dans la mesure du possible, compte tenu de l’architecture du système;
vi)
données de contrôle opérationnel de l’aéronef, dans la mesure du possible, compte tenu de l’architecture du système; et
vii)
graphiques, dans la mesure du possible, compte tenu de l’architecture du système;
2)
les informations qui permettent la corrélation avec tout enregistrement associé lié aux communications par liaison de données et stocké en dehors de l’hélicoptère; et
3)
les informations relatives à la durée et à la priorité des messages de communication par liaison de données, compte tenu de l’architecture du système.
b) L’enregistreur utilise un mode d’enregistrement et de stockage numérique des données et des informations et permet d’extraire facilement lesdites données. La méthode d’enregistrement permet de faire correspondre les données à celles enregistrées au sol.
c) L’enregistreur permet de conserver les données enregistrées pendant au moins la même durée que celle définie pour les CVR au point NCC.IDE.H.160.
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d) Si l'enregistreur n'est pas éjectable, il est muni d'un dispositif de repérage dans l'eau. Au plus tard le 1er janvier 2020, ce dispositif offre une durée minimale de transmission sous l'eau de 90 jours. Si l'enregistreur est éjectable, il est muni d'un émetteur de localisation d'urgence automatique.
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e) Les exigences applicables à la logique de démarrage et d’arrêt de l’enregistreur sont les mêmes que celles applicables à la logique de démarrage et d’arrêt du CVR figurant au point NCC.IDE.H.160 d) et e).
NCC.IDE.H.175
Enregistreur combiné des données de vol et des conversations
La conformité aux exigences relatives au CVR et au FDR peut être assurée par un enregistreur combiné des données de vol et des conversations du poste de pilotage.
NCC.IDE.H.180
Sièges, ceintures de sécurité, systèmes de retenue et dispositifs de retenue pour enfants
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés:
1)
d’un siège ou d’une couchette pour toute personne à bord âgée d’au moins vingt-quatre mois;
2)
d’une ceinture de sécurité pour chaque siège passager et de ceintures de retenue pour chaque couchette;
3)
d’une ceinture de sécurité avec système de retenue de la partie supérieure du torse pour chaque passager âgé d’au moins deux ans, sur les hélicoptères pour lesquels un premier CDN individuel a été délivré après le 31 décembre 2012;
4)
d’un dispositif de retenue enfant pour chaque personne à bord de moins de vingt-quatre mois;
5)
d’une ceinture de sécurité avec système de retenue de la partie supérieure du torse intégrant un dispositif de retenue automatique du torse de l’occupant dans le cas d’une décélération rapide, sur chaque siège de membre d’équipage de conduite; et
6)
d’une ceinture de sécurité avec système de retenue de la partie supérieure du torse pour les membres d’équipage de cabine minimum requis, sur les hélicoptères dont le premier CDN individuel a été délivré après le 31 décembre 1980.
b) Une ceinture de sécurité avec système de retenue de la partie supérieure du torse:
1)
dispose d’un point de détachement unique; et
2)
comporte, sur les sièges des membres d’équipage de conduite, sur tout siège adjacent au siège pilote ainsi que sur les sièges pour le nombre minimal requis de membres d’équipage de cabine, deux sangles d’épaule et une ceinture de sécurité qui peuvent être utilisées séparément.
NCC.IDE.H.185
Signaux «Attachez vos ceintures» et «Défense de fumer»
Les hélicoptères dans lesquels tous les sièges des passagers ne sont pas visibles depuis les sièges des membres d’équipage de conduite sont dotés d’un système de signalisation informant tous les passagers et les membres de l’équipage de cabine lorsque les ceintures doivent être attachées et lorsqu’il est interdit de fumer.
NCC.IDE.H.190
Trousse de premiers secours
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés d’au moins une trousse de premiers secours.
b) Les trousses de premiers secours sont:
1)
facilement accessibles pour utilisation; et
2)
tenues à jour.
NCC.IDE.H.200
Oxygène de subsistance – hélicoptères non pressurisés
a) Les hélicoptères non pressurisés exploités à des altitudes auxquelles une alimentation en oxygène est requise conformément au point b) sont équipés d’un système de stockage et de distribution d’oxygène de subsistance.
b) Les hélicoptères non pressurisés exploités à des altitudes auxquelles l’altitude-pression dans les compartiments des passagers est supérieure à 10 000 ft transportent suffisamment d’oxygène pour alimenter:
1)
tous les membres d’équipage et au moins 10 % des passagers pendant toute période supérieure à 30 minutes lorsque l’altitude-pression dans le compartiment des passagers se situe entre 10 000 ft et 13 000 ft; et
2)
tous les membres d’équipage et passagers en permanence lorsque l’altitude-pression dans le compartiment des passagers est supérieure à 13 000 ft.
NCC.IDE.H.205
Extincteurs à main
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés d’au moins un extincteur à main:
1)
dans le compartiment de l’équipage de conduite; et
2)
dans chaque compartiment passagers séparé du compartiment de l’équipage de conduite, sauf si l’équipage de conduite peut facilement accéder au compartiment.
b) La nature et la quantité d’agent extincteur doivent être adaptées aux types d’incendies susceptibles de se déclarer dans le compartiment où l’extincteur est destiné à être utilisé, et réduire au minimum les risques de concentration de gaz toxiques dans les compartiments occupés par des personnes.
NCC.IDE.H.210
Indication des zones de pénétration dans le fuselage
Si des zones du fuselage sont marquées pour la pénétration des équipes de sauvetage en cas d’urgence, celles-ci sont repérées comme indiqué à la figure 1.
Figure 1
Indication des zones de pénétration
NCC.IDE.H.215
Émetteur de localisation d’urgence (ELT)
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés d’au moins un ELT automatique.
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c) Un ELT de tout type est capable de transmettre simultanément sur les fréquences 121,5 MHz et 406 MHz.
NCC.IDE.H.225
Gilets de sauvetage
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés de gilets de sauvetage pour toutes les personnes à bord, ou de dispositifs de flottaison individuels équivalents pour toutes celles âgées de moins de deux ans, rangés dans un endroit facilement accessible à partir du siège ou de la couchette de la personne à laquelle le gilet est destiné, lorsqu’ils:
1)
sont exploités en vol au-dessus de l’eau à une distance de la terre ferme correspondant à plus de dix minutes de temps de vol à la vitesse de croisière normale, lorsqu’en cas de panne du ou des moteurs critiques, l’hélicoptère peut poursuivre sa route en vol horizontal;
2)
sont exploités en vol au-dessus de l’eau au-delà de la distance d’autorotation par rapport à la terre ferme, lorsqu’en cas de panne du ou des moteurs critiques, l’hélicoptère ne peut pas poursuivre sa route en vol horizontal; ou
3)
décollent d’un aérodrome ou d’un site d’exploitation ou atterrissent sur un aérodrome ou un site d’exploitation présentant une trajectoire de décollage ou d’approche au-dessus de l’eau.
b) Chaque gilet de sauvetage ou dispositif individuel de flottaison équivalent est muni d’un dispositif électrique d’éclairage destiné à faciliter la localisation des personnes.
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NCC.IDE.H.226
Combinaisons de survie de l'équipage
Chaque membre d'équipage porte une combinaison de survie lorsque le pilote commandant de bord le détermine en évaluant les risques et en tenant compte des conditions suivantes:
a)
vols au-dessus de l'eau au-delà de la distance d'autorotation ou d'atterrissage forcé en sécurité par rapport à la terre ferme, lorsqu'en cas de panne du ou des moteurs critiques, l'hélicoptère ne peut pas poursuivre sa route en vol horizontal; et
b)
les bulletins ou prévisions météorologiques dont dispose le commandant de bord/pilote commandant de bord indiquent que la température de l'eau sera inférieure à plus 10 °C pendant le vol.
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NCC.IDE.H.227
Canots de sauvetage, ELT de survie et équipements de survie lors de vols prolongés au-dessus de l’eau
Les hélicoptères exploités:
a)
en vol au-dessus de l’eau à une distance de la terre ferme correspondant à plus de dix minutes de temps de vol à la vitesse de croisière normale, lorsqu’en cas de panne du ou des moteurs critiques, l’hélicoptère peut poursuivre sa route en vol horizontal; ou
b)
en vol au-dessus de l’eau à une distance de la terre ferme correspondant à plus de trois minutes de temps de vol à la vitesse de croisière normale, lorsqu’en cas de panne du ou des moteurs critiques, l’hélicoptère ne peut pas poursuivre sa route en vol horizontal et si le pilote commandant de bord le détermine par une évaluation des risques,
sont équipés:
1)
lorsqu’un hélicoptère transporte moins de douze personnes, d’au moins un canot de sauvetage d’une capacité nominale correspondant au moins au nombre maximal de personnes à bord, rangé de manière à faciliter son utilisation rapide en cas d’urgence;
2)
lorsqu’un hélicoptère transporte plus de onze personnes, d’au moins deux canots de sauvetage, rangés de manière à faciliter leur utilisation rapide en cas d’urgence, d’une capacité cumulée suffisante pour accueillir la totalité des personnes à bord et, si l’un des canots est perdu, le ou les canots restants ayant une capacité de surcharge suffisante pour accueillir toutes les personnes à bord de l’hélicoptère;
3)
d’au moins un ELT de survie (ELT(S)] pour chacun des canots de sauvetage exigés; et
4)
du matériel de survie, y compris les moyens de subsistance adaptés à la nature du vol concerné.
NCC.IDE.H.230
Équipements de survie
Les hélicoptères exploités au-dessus de régions où les opérations de recherche et de sauvetage seraient particulièrement difficiles sont équipés:
a)
de matériel de signalisation permettant d’envoyer des signaux de détresse;
b)
d’au moins un ELT(S) de survie (ELT(S)]; et
c)
d’équipements de survie additionnels pour l’itinéraire à suivre, en tenant compte du nombre de personnes à bord.
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NCC.IDE.H.232
Hélicoptères certifiés pour une exploitation sur l’eau – équipements divers
Les hélicoptères certifiés pour être exploités sur l’eau sont équipés:
a)
d’une ancre flottante et d’autres équipements nécessaires pour faciliter l’amarrage, l’ancrage ou la manœuvre de l’hélicoptère sur l’eau, appropriés à sa taille, à son poids et à sa manœuvrabilité; et
b)
d’équipements permettant d’émettre les signaux sonores prévus par le règlement international pour prévenir les abordages en mer, le cas échéant.
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NCC.IDE.H.235
Tous les hélicoptères en vol au-dessus de l'eau — amerrissage
Les hélicoptères sont conçus pour atterrir sur l'eau ou certifiés pour amerrir conformément à la spécification de certification applicable ou équipés d'équipements de flottaison d'urgence, lorsqu'ils sont exploités en vol au-dessus de l'eau dans un environnement hostile, à une distance de la terre ferme correspondant à plus de dix minutes de temps de vol à la vitesse de croisière normale.
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NCC.IDE.H.240
Casque
Lorsqu’un système de radiocommunication et/ou de radionavigation est requis, l’hélicoptère est équipé d’un microcasque ou d’un système équivalent, ainsi que d’un bouton d’alternat radio situé sur les commandes de vol pour chacun des pilotes et/ou des membres d’équipage requis à leur poste désigné.
NCC.IDE.H.245
Matériel de radiocommunication
a) Les hélicoptères exploités en IFR ou de nuit, ou lorsque les exigences applicables de l’espace aérien le requièrent, sont équipés d’un matériel de radiocommunication qui, dans des conditions normales de propagation radio, permet:
1)
d’assurer des communications bidirectionnelles avec la tour de contrôle de l’aérodrome;
2)
de recevoir des informations météorologiques;
3)
d’assurer des communications bidirectionnelles à tout moment au cours du vol avec les stations aéronautiques et sur les fréquences préconisées par l’autorité concernée; et
4)
de communiquer sur la fréquence aéronautique d’urgence de 121,5 MHz.
b) Lorsque plus d’un équipement de communication est nécessaire, ils sont indépendants les uns des autres. Autrement dit, la défaillance de l’un d’entre eux n’a aucune incidence sur les autres.
c) Lorsqu’un système de radiocommunication est nécessaire, en plus du système d’interphone de l’équipage de conduite requis en vertu des exigences du point NCC.IDE.H.155, les hélicoptères sont équipés d’un bouton d’alternat radio situé sur les commandes de vol pour chacun des pilotes et des membres d’équipage requis en fonction à son poste.
NCC.IDE.H.250
Équipements de navigation
a) Les hélicoptères sont équipés d’équipements de navigation qui leur permettent de poursuivre un vol conformément:
1)
au plan de vol ATS, le cas échéant; et
2)
aux exigences applicables de l’espace aérien.
b) Les hélicoptères disposent d’un matériel de navigation suffisant pour permettre, en cas de panne d’un équipement à tout moment du vol, aux équipements restants de reprendre la navigation en toute sécurité conformément au point a) ou de
►C2
prendre des mesures d'urgence appropriées en toute sécurité. ◄
c) Les hélicoptères exploités sur des vols dont l’atterrissage est prévu en IMC sont équipés d’équipements de navigation capables de les guider jusqu’à un point permettant un atterrissage à vue. Ces équipements permettent d’assurer un tel guidage pour chaque aérodrome où un atterrissage en IMC est prévu, ainsi que pour tout aérodrome de dégagement désigné.
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d) Lorsque la PBN est requise, les aéronefs doivent satisfaire aux exigences en matière de certification de navigabilité pour la spécification de navigation appropriée.
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e) Les hélicoptères sont équipés d'équipements de surveillance conformément aux exigences applicables de l'espace aérien.
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NCC.IDE.H.255
Transpondeur
Les hélicoptères sont dotés d’un transpondeur de radar secondaire (SSR) transmettant l’altitude-pression, ainsi que de toute autre fonctionnalité du transpondeur SSR requise pour la route à suivre.
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NCC.IDE.H.260
Gestion des bases de données aéronautiques
a)
Les bases de données aéronautiques utilisées sur les applications des systèmes de bord certifiés doivent satisfaire aux exigences en matière de qualité des données qui correspondent à l'utilisation prévue desdites données.
b)
L'exploitant assure la distribution et l'insertion en temps utile de bases de données aéronautiques actualisées et inaltérées à tous les aéronefs qui le requièrent.
c)
Sans préjudice d'autres exigences éventuelles relatives aux comptes rendus d'événements au sens du règlement (UE) no 376/2014, l'exploitant doit communiquer au fournisseur de bases de données les cas de données erronées, incohérentes ou manquantes dont on peut raisonnablement supposer qu'ils portent atteinte à la sécurité du vol.
Dans ce cas, l'opérateur doit informer l'équipage de conduite et les autres membres du personnel concernés et s'assurer que les données concernées ne sont pas utilisées.
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ANNEXE VII
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EXPLOITATION D'AÉRONEFS AUTRES QUE LES AÉRONEFS MOTORISÉS COMPLEXES À DES FINS NON COMMERCIALES
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[PARTIE NCO]
SOUS-PARTIE A
EXIGENCES GÉNÉRALES
NCO.GEN.100
Autorité compétente
a) L’autorité compétente est l’autorité désignée par l’État membre dans lequel l’aéronef est immatriculé.
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b) Si l'aéronef est immatriculé dans un pays tiers, l'autorité compétente est l'autorité désignée par l'État membre dans lequel l'exploitant a son principal établissement, est établi ou réside.
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NCO.GEN.101
Moyens de mise en conformité
Des moyens de conformité alternatifs à ceux adoptés par l’Agence peuvent être utilisés par un exploitant pour assurer la conformité avec le règlement (CE) no 216/2008 et ses modalités d’exécution.
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NCO.GEN.103
Vols de découverte
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Les vols de découverte visés à l'article 6, paragraphe 4 bis, point c), du présent règlement, lorsqu'ils sont exécutés conformément à la présente annexe, doivent:
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a)
commencer et s'achever sur le même aérodrome ou site d'exploitation;
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b)
être exploités en VFR de jour;
c)
être supervisés par une personne désignée pour assurer leur sécurité; et
d)
respecter toutes les autres conditions fixées par l'autorité compétente.
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NCO.GEN.104
Utilisation d'aéronefs figurant sur un CTA par un exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales
a)
Un exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales peut utiliser un aéronef autre qu'un aéronef motorisé complexe figurant sur le CTA d'un exploitant pour effectuer des opérations non commerciales conformément à la présente annexe.
b)
L'exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales qui utilise l'aéronef conformément au point a) établit une procédure:
1)
décrivant clairement le transfert du contrôle opérationnel de l'aéronef entre le titulaire du CTA et l'exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales, comme indiqué au point ORO.GEN.310 de l'annexe III;
2)
décrivant la procédure de transfert de l'aéronef lorsqu'il est rendu au titulaire du CTA.
Cette procédure fait l'objet d'un contrat entre le titulaire du CTA et l'exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales.
L'exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales veille à ce que la procédure soit communiquée au personnel concerné.
c)
Le maintien de la navigabilité de l'aéronef utilisé conformément au point a) est géré par l'organisme responsable du maintien de la navigabilité de l'aéronef mentionné sur le CTA, conformément au règlement (UE) no 1321/2014.
d)
L'exploitant d'aéronefs à des fins non commerciales qui utilise l'aéronef conformément au point a) veille à ce que:
1)
chaque vol effectué sous son contrôle opérationnel soit consigné dans le système de compte rendu matériel de l'aéronef;
2)
aucun changement ne soit apporté aux systèmes ou à la configuration de l'aéronef;
3)
tout défaut ou mauvais fonctionnement technique survenant pendant que l'aéronef est sous son contrôle opérationnel soit signalé à l'organisme visé au point c) immédiatement après le vol;
4)
le titulaire du CTA reçoive une copie de tout rapport d'incident relatif aux vols effectués avec l'aéronef, établi conformément au règlement (UE) no 376/2014 et au règlement d'exécution (UE) 2015/1018.
b) Le pilote commandant de bord s’assure qu’au cours des phases critiques du vol ou chaque fois qu’il le juge nécessaire dans l’intérêt de la sécurité, tous les membres d’équipage sont assis aux postes qui leur sont réservés et ne s’adonnent à aucune activité autre que celles relatives au fonctionnement sûr de l’aéronef.
c) Le pilote commandant de bord a autorité pour refuser de transporter ou débarquer toute personne, tout bagage ou toute partie du chargement pouvant constituer un risque potentiel pour la sécurité de l’avion ou de ses occupants.
d) Le pilote commandant de bord signale dès que possible à l’unité appropriée des services de la circulation aérienne (ATS) toute condition météorologique ou de vol dangereuse susceptible d’avoir une incidence sur la sécurité d’autres aéronefs.
e) Dans une situation d’urgence exigeant une décision et une réaction immédiates, le pilote commandant de bord prend toute mesure qu’il estime nécessaire dans ces circonstances conformément au point 7.d de l’annexe IV du règlement (CE) no 216/2008. Il peut, dans un tel cas, s’écarter des règles, ainsi que des procédures et méthodes opérationnelles dans l’intérêt de la sécurité.
f) Au cours du vol, le pilote commandant de bord:
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1)
garde sa ceinture de sécurité attachée, aussi longtemps qu'il occupe son poste; et
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2)
reste aux commandes de l’aéronef en permanence, sauf si un autre pilote prend les commandes.
g) Le pilote commandant de bord soumet un rapport d’un acte d’intervention illicite sans délai à l’autorité compétente et informe l’autorité locale désignée.
h) Le pilote commandant de bord informe l’autorité appropriée la plus proche, par le moyen le plus rapide, de tout accident d’aéronef ayant entraîné une blessure grave ou le décès d’une personne, ou d’importants dommages sur l’aéronef ou dommages matériels.
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NCO.GEN.110
Conformité aux lois, règlements et procédures
a) Le pilote commandant de bord respecte les lois, règlements et procédures des États dans lesquels des opérations sont exécutées.
b) Le pilote commandant de bord connaît les lois, règlements et procédures dont relève l’accomplissement de ses tâches, applicables aux zones à traverser, aux aérodromes ou aux sites d’exploitation à utiliser et aux installations de navigation aérienne connexes, comme mentionné au point 1.a de l’annexe IV du règlement (CE) no 216/2008.
NCO.GEN.115
Roulage des avions
Un avion n’effectue une opération de roulage sur l’aire de mouvement d’un aérodrome que si la personne aux commandes:
a)
est un pilote correctement qualifié; ou
b)
a été désignée par l’exploitant et:
1)
est formée à faire rouler l’aéronef au sol;
2)
est formée pour utiliser la radiotéléphonie, si des communications radio sont nécessaires;
3)
a reçu une formation concernant le plan de l’aérodrome, les routes, la signalisation, les marques, le balisage lumineux, la signalisation et les instructions du contrôle de la circulation aérienne (ATC), la phraséologie et les procédures; et
4)
est capable de se conformer aux normes opérationnelles requises pour déplacer de manière sûre l’avion sur l’aérodrome.
NCO.GEN.120
Mise en route du rotor — hélicoptères
Le rotor d’un hélicoptère n’est mis en route en vue d’un vol qu’avec un pilote qualifié aux commandes.
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NCO.GEN.125
Appareils électroniques portatifs
Le pilote commandant de bord n'autorise personne à utiliser, à bord d'un aéronef, un appareil électronique portatif (PED), y compris une sacoche de vol électronique (EFB), susceptible d'avoir une incidence négative sur les performances des systèmes et équipements de l'aéronef ou sur l'aptitude des membres de l'équipage de conduite à exploiter l'aéronef.
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NCO.GEN.130
Informations relatives au matériel de secours et de survie embarqué
À l’exception des aéronefs qui décollent et atterrissent sur le même aérodrome ou site d’exploitation, l’exploitant s’assure qu’il existe à tout moment des listes contenant des informations sur le matériel de secours et de survie transporté à bord de l’avion pouvant être communiquées immédiatement aux centres de coordination des opérations de sauvetage (RCC).
NCO.GEN.135
Documents, manuels et informations devant se trouver à bord
a) Les documents, informations et manuels suivants sont transportés à bord de chaque vol, sous la forme d’originaux ou de copies, sauf indication contraire:
1)
le manuel de vol de l’aéronef (AFM), ou document(s) équivalent(s);
2)
l’original du certificat d’immatriculation;
3)
l’original du certificat de navigabilité (CDN);
4)
le certificat acoustique, le cas échéant;
5)
la liste des agréments spécifiques, le cas échéant;
6)
la licence radio de l’aéronef, le cas échéant;
7)
le ou les certificats d’assurance de responsabilité civile;
8)
le carnet de route de l’aéronef, ou équivalent;
9)
les données détaillées du plan de vol circulation aérienne (ATS) déposé, si applicable;
10)
les cartes actualisées et appropriées pour la route suivie
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/la zone parcourue ◄ par le vol proposé et toutes les routes sur lesquelles on peut raisonnablement penser que le vol pourrait être dérouté;
11)
les procédures et informations relatives aux signaux visuels à utiliser par un aéronef d’interception et un aéronef intercepté;
12)
le LME ou CDL, le cas échéant; et
13)
toute autre documentation pouvant être pertinente pour le vol ou qui est exigée par les États concernés par ce vol.
b) Nonobstant le point a), sur les vols:
1)
qui décollent et atterrissent sur le même aérodrome ou site d’exploitation; ou
2)
qui restent dans les limites d’une distance ou zone déterminée par l’autorité compétente,
les documents et informations répertoriés aux points a) 2 à a) 8 peuvent être conservés dans les bureaux de l’aérodrome ou du site d’exploitation.
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d) À la demande de l’autorité compétente, le pilote commandant de bord lui transmet les documents devant se trouver à bord de l’aéronef dans un délai raisonnable.
NCO.GEN.140
Transport de marchandises dangereuses
a) Le transport aérien de marchandises dangereuses est effectué conformément à l’annexe 18 de la convention de Chicago dans sa dernière version, complétée par les Instructions techniques pour la sécurité du transport aérien des marchandises dangereuses (doc. 9284-AN/905 de l’OACI), y compris ses suppléments et tout autre addendum ou correctif.
b) Les matières dangereuses sont uniquement transportées par un exploitant agréé conformément à l’annexe V (partie SPA), sous-partie G, du règlement (CE) no 965/2012, sauf:
1)
lorsque les marchandises ne sont pas soumises aux instructions techniques conformément à la partie 1 desdites instructions; ou
2)
lorsqu’elles sont transportées par des passagers ou le pilote commandant de bord ou se trouvent dans les bagages, conformément à la partie 8 des instructions techniques;
3)
lorsqu’elles sont transportées par des exploitants d’aéronefs ELA2.
c) Le pilote commandant de bord prend toutes les mesures raisonnables pour éviter que des marchandises dangereuses ne soient transportées à bord par inadvertance.
d) Conformément aux instructions techniques, le pilote commandant de bord signale sans délai à l’autorité compétente et à l’autorité concernée de l’État en question tout accident ou incident concernant des matières dangereuses.
e) Le pilote commandant de bord veille à ce que les passagers disposent d’informations suffisantes relatives aux marchandises dangereuses conformément aux instructions techniques.
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f) Les quantités raisonnables d'articles et de substances qui seraient autrement classées comme marchandises dangereuses et qui sont utilisées pour améliorer la sécurité du vol lorsque leur transport à bord de l'aéronef est souhaitable pour en garantir la disponibilité opportune à des fins opérationnelles doivent être considérées comme autorisées en vertu du point 1;2.2.1 a) des Instructions techniques et ce, que le transport de ces articles et substances soit ou non requis ou qu'ils soient ou non destinés à un usage associé à un vol particulier.
L'emballage et le chargement à bord des articles et substances précités sont effectués, sous la responsabilité du pilote commandant de bord, de manière à réduire au minimum les risques pour les membres d'équipage, les passagers, le chargement ou l'aéronef pendant des exploitations aériennes.
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NCO.GEN.145
Réaction immédiate à un problème de sécurité
L’exploitant met en œuvre:
a)
toute mesure de sécurité prescrite par l’autorité compétente conformément au point ARO.GEN.135 c); et
b)
toute information de sécurité contraignante applicable publiée par l’Agence, notamment les consignes de navigabilité.
NCO.GEN.150
Carnet de route
Les détails concernant l’aéronef, son équipage et chaque voyage sont consignés pour chaque vol ou série de vols sous la forme d’un carnet de route ou d’un document équivalent.
NCO.GEN.155
Liste minimale d’équipements
a) Une MEL peut être établie en tenant compte de ce qui suit:
1)
le document prévoit l’exploitation de l’aéronef dans des conditions spécifiées, lorsque certains instruments, équipements ou fonctions ne fonctionnent pas au début du vol;
2)
un document est établi pour chaque aéronef, compte tenu des conditions d’exploitation et de maintenance propres à l’exploitant; et
3)
la MEL repose sur la liste minimale d’équipements de référence (LMER) pertinente, telle que définie dans les données établies conformément au règlement (UE) no 748/2012 de la Commission (
20
), et n’est pas moins restrictive que la LMER.
b) La LME et toute modification qui y est apportée sont notifiées à l’autorité compétente.
SOUS-PARTIE B
PROCÉDURES OPÉRATIONNELLES
NCO.OP.100
Utilisation d’aérodromes et de sites d’exploitation
Le pilote commandant de bord utilise exclusivement des aérodromes et des sites d’exploitation qui sont adaptés au type d’aéronefs et d’exploitation concernés.
NCO.OP.105
Spécifications des aérodromes isolés — avions
En ce qui concerne la sélection des aérodromes de dégagement et la politique de carburant, le pilote commandant de bord considère un aérodrome comme un aérodrome isolé si le temps de vol pour rejoindre l’aérodrome de dégagement à destination adéquat le plus proche est supérieur:
a)
à 60 minutes pour les avions à moteur à pistons; ou
b)
à 90 minutes pour les avions à moteur à turbine.
NCO.OP.110
Minima opérationnels de l’aérodrome — avions et hélicoptères
a) En ce qui concerne les vols à règles de vol aux instruments (IFR), le pilote commandant de bord sélectionne et utilise les minima opérationnels de l’aérodrome pour chaque aérodrome de départ, de destination et de dégagement. Ces minima:
1)
ne sont pas inférieurs à ceux établis par l’État dans lequel l’aérodrome est situé, sauf approbation expresse dudit État; et
2)
en cas d’opérations par faible visibilité, sont approuvés par l’autorité compétente conformément à l’annexe V (partie SPA), sous-partie E, du règlement (UE) no 965/2012.
b) Lors de l’établissement de minima opérationnels pour l’aérodrome, le pilote commandant de bord prend en compte les éléments suivants:
1)
le type, les performances et la manœuvrabilité de l’aéronef;
2)
ses compétences et son expérience;
3)
les dimensions et caractéristiques des pistes, aires d’approche finale et de décollage (FATO) susceptibles d’être sélectionnées pour utilisation;
4)
l’adéquation et les performances des aides visuelles et non visuelles disponibles au sol;
5)
les équipements disponibles à bord de l’aéronef pour assurer la navigation et/ou le contrôle de la trajectoire de vol lors des phases de décollage, d’approche, d’arrondi, d’atterrissage, de roulage à l’atterrissage et d’approche interrompue;
6)
les obstacles situés dans les aires d’approche, les aires d’approche interrompue et les trouées d’envol nécessaires pour l’exécution des procédures d’urgence;
7)
la hauteur/altitude de franchissement d’obstacles pour les procédures d’approche aux instruments;
8)
les moyens de détermination des conditions météorologiques et de leur transmission; et
9)
la technique de vol à utiliser lors de l’approche finale.
c) Les minima d’un type spécifique de procédure d’approche et d’atterrissage sont
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uniquement ◄ utilisés si:
1)
les équipements au sol pour la procédure envisagée sont en état de fonctionnement;
2)
les systèmes à bord de l’aéronef nécessaires pour ce type d’approche sont en état de fonctionnement;
3)
les critères exigés pour les performances de l’aéronef sont remplis; et
4)
le pilote est correctement qualifié.
NCO.OP.111
Minima opérationnels de l’aérodrome — opérations NPA, APV, CAT I
a) La hauteur de décision (DH) à utiliser pour une approche classique (NPA) selon la technique des approches finales à descente continue (CDFA), la procédure d’approche à orientation verticale (APV) ou l’approche de catégorie I (CAT I) n’est pas inférieure à la plus élevée des valeurs suivantes:
1)
la hauteur minimale à laquelle l’aide à l’approche peut être utilisée sans la référence visuelle requise;
2)
la hauteur de franchissement d’obstacles (OCH) pour la catégorie de l’aéronef;
3)
la DH de la procédure d’approche publiée, le cas échéant;
4)
le minimum système spécifié dans le tableau 1; ou
5)
la hauteur de décision (DH) minimale indiquée dans l’AFM ou un document équivalent, s’il en est fait état.
b) La hauteur minimale de descente (MDH) pour une opération NPA sans technique CDFA n’est pas inférieure à la plus élevée des valeurs suivantes:
1)
l’OCH pour la catégorie de l’aéronef;
2)
le minimum système spécifié dans le tableau 1; ou
3)
la MDH minimale spécifiée dans le manuel de vol (AFM), s’il en est fait état.
Tableau 1
Minima système
Installations
DH/MDH minimale (ft)
Système d’atterrissage aux instruments (ILS)
200
Système de navigation par satellite à couverture mondiale (GNSS)/Système utilisant des informations augmentées par satellite (SBAS) (précision latérale avec approche à orientation verticale (LPV)]
200
GNSS (navigation transversale (LNAV)]
250
GNSS/navigation baro-verticale (VNAV) (LNAV/VNAV)
250
Radiobalise (LOC) avec ou sans matériel de télémétrie (DME)
250
Approche au radar de surveillance (SRA) (se terminant à ½ NM)
250
SRA (se terminant à 1 NM)
300
SRA (se terminant à 2 NM ou plus)
350
Radiophare d’alignement omnidirectionnel VHF (VOR)
300
VOR/DME
250
Radiophare non directionnel (NDB)
350
NDB/DME
300
Goniomètre VHF (VDF)
350
NCC.OP.112
Minima opérationnels de l’aérodrome — manœuvres à vue avec des avions
a) La MDH pour une manœuvre à vue avec des avions n’est pas inférieure à la plus élevée des valeurs suivantes:
1)
l’OCH de manœuvre à vue publiée pour la catégorie d’avion;
2)
la hauteur minimale de manœuvre à vue mentionnée dans le tableau 1; ou
3)
la DH/MDH de la procédure d’approche aux instruments précédente.
b) La visibilité minimale pour une manœuvre à vue avec des avions n’est pas inférieure à la plus élevée des valeurs suivantes:
1)
la visibilité de manœuvre à vue pour la catégorie d’avion, si publiée;
2)
la visibilité minimale mentionnée dans le tableau 2; ou
3)
la portée visuelle de piste/visibilité météo convertie (RVR/CMV) de la procédure d’approche aux instruments précédente.
Tableau 1
MDH et visibilité minimale pour les manœuvres à vue en fonction de la catégorie d’avion
Catégorie d’avion
A
B
C
D
MDH (ft)
400
500
600
700
Visibilité météorologique minimale (m)
1 500
1 600
2 400
3 600
NCO.OP.113
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Minimums opérationnels de l’aérodrome — manœuvres à vue avec hélicoptères sur terre
◄
La MDH pour une manœuvre à vue sur terre avec des hélicoptères n’est pas inférieure à 250 ft et la visibilité météorologique est de 800 m au minimum.
NCO.OP.115
Procédures de départ et d’approche — avions et hélicoptères
a) Le pilote commandant de bord utilise les procédures de départ et d’approche établies par l’État de l’aérodrome si elles ont été publiées pour la piste ou la FATO à utiliser.
b) Le pilote commandant de bord peut s’écarter de la route de départ publiée, de la route d’arrivée ou de la procédure d’approche:
1)
à condition que les critères de franchissement d’obstacles puissent être respectés, que les conditions d’exploitation soient parfaitement prises en compte et que toute clairance ATC soit respectée; ou
2)
en cas de guidage radar par une unité ATC.
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NCO.OP.116
Navigation fondée sur les performances — avions et hélicoptères
Le pilote commandant de bord s'assure que, lorsque la PBN est requise pour la route à parcourir ou la procédure à suivre:
a)
la spécification de navigation PBN pertinente est indiquée dans le manuel de vol de l'aéronef (AFM) ou un autre document qui a été approuvé par l'autorité de certification dans le cadre d'une évaluation de la navigabilité ou se fonde sur une telle approbation; et
b)
l'aéronef est exploité conformément aux spécifications de navigation et aux limites pertinentes indiquées dans le manuel de vol de l'aéronef (AFM) ou l'autre document visé ci-dessus.
▼M14
NCO.OP.120
Procédures antibruit — avions et hélicoptères
▼M1
Le pilote commandant de bord tient compte des procédures antibruit publiées pour réduire l’effet de bruit de l’aéronef tout en s’assurant que la sécurité l’emporte sur la réduction du bruit.
▼M11 —————
▼M1
NCO.OP.125
Carburant et lubrifiant — avions
a) Le pilote commandant de bord commence uniquement un vol si l’avion contient suffisamment de carburant et de lubrifiant pour ce qui suit:
1)
pour les vols à règles de navigation à vue (VFR):
i)
de jour, décollage et atterrissage sur le même aérodrome/site d’atterrissage, cet aérodrome/site d’atterrissage restant toujours en vue, suivre la route prévue, puis voler pendant au moins 10 minutes à l’altitude de croisière normale;
ii)
de jour, voler en direction de l’aérodrome d’atterrissage prévu, puis voler pendant au moins 30 minutes à l’altitude de croisière normale; ou
iii)
de nuit, voler en direction de l’aérodrome d’atterrissage prévu, puis voler pendant au moins 45 minutes à l’altitude de croisière normale;
2)
pour les vols en IFR:
i)
lorsque aucun aérodrome de dégagement à destination n’est nécessaire, voler en direction de l’aérodrome d’atterrissage prévu, puis voler pendant au moins 45 minutes à l’altitude de croisière normale; ou
ii)
lorsqu’un aérodrome de dégagement à destination est nécessaire, voler en direction de l’aérodrome d’atterrissage prévu, voler en direction d’un aérodrome de dégagement, puis voler pendant au moins 45 minutes à l’altitude de croisière normale.
b) En calculant la quantité de carburant nécessaire, y compris une réserve de carburant pour parer à toute éventualité, les éléments suivants sont pris en compte:
1)
conditions météorologiques prévues;
2)
routes ATC prévues et retards dans le trafic;
3)
procédures en cas de dépressurisation ou panne d’un moteur en route, le cas échéant; et
4)
toute autre situation susceptible de retarder l’atterrissage de l’avion ou d’augmenter la consommation de carburant et/ou de lubrifiant.
c) Rien n’empêche la modification d’un plan de vol en vol. Le vol est alors redirigé vers une nouvelle destination, à condition que toutes les exigences soient satisfaites au moment où il est replanifié.
| 0.122842
| -0.6297
| 739
| 3,015
| 51
| 51
|
World Trade Agreements
| false
|
99,568
|
github_open_source_100_2_8164
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
{
"ver": "1.0.0",
"uuid": "f5d950d6-bfd7-40b2-921a-376b475dea5f",
"subMetas": {}
}
| 0.340455
| 0.700245
| 3,498
| 13,909
| 271
| -1
|
Node/Javascript
| false
|
99,569
|
10072046_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
Die Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft 1966 war die 14. Saison dieser Meisterschaft. Sie begann am 6. Februar und endete am 11. September 1966.
Meisterschaft
Mit der Weltmeisterschaft 1966 beendete die Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile das seit 1962 geltende GT-Reglement und kehrte zu einer Meisterschaft für Prototypen und Sportwagen zurück. Die Anzahl der Wertungsläufe wurde drastisch reduziert. 1965 zählten 20 Rennveranstaltungen zur Meisterschaft; 1966 waren es nur mehr 13. Als einziges Bergrennen blieb der Schweizer Bergpreis über. Mit dem 500-km-Rennen von Zeltweg fand zum ersten Mal ein Wertungslauf in Österreich statt.
Bei den Prototypen der Gruppe 6 war der Hubraum wie bei den Rennwagen über 2 Liter Hubraum nach oben offen. Gleiches galt für die Sportwagen den Gruppe 4. Darunter wurden die Klassen vereinfacht, um übersichtlichere Wertungen zu schaffen. Auch die heftig kritisierte und für Zuschauer nur schwer zu durchschauende Punktevergabe mittels Koeffizient wurde wieder abgeschafft. Die Wertungspunkte wurden analog zur Formel-1-Weltmeisterschaft für die ersten sechs der Gesamtwertung wie folgt vergeben: 9-6-4-3-2-1. Ausnahmen waren das 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans, wo für die ersten Sechs 12-9-7-5-4-3 Punkte vergeben wurden, und der Schweizer Bergpreis in Crans-Montana, wo es nur halbe Punkte gab. Nur die besten vier Ergebnisse pro Hersteller kamen in die Jahreswertung.
Die ersten beiden Saisonrennen, das 24-Stunden-Rennen von Daytona und 12-Stunden-Rennen von Sebring, gewannen Ken Miles und Lloyd Ruby mit dem Ford GT40 für das Team von Carroll Shelby, der die Ford-Einsätze organisierte. Auch das 24-Stunden-Rennen von Le Mans gewann Ford mit den Fahrern Bruce McLaren und Chris Amon. Ferrari siegte in Monza und bei der Targa Florio und hatte am Saisonende zwei Punkte Rückstand auf Ford. Ford gewann mit 38 Punkten zum ersten Mal die Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft.
Auch bei den Sportwagen blieb Ford vor Ferrari siegreich.
Rennkalender
Marken-Weltmeisterschaft für Konstrukteure
Prototypen über 2-Liter-Hubraum
Prototypen bis 2-Liter-Hubraum
Sportwagen über 2-Liter-Hubraum
Sportwagen bis 2-Liter-Hubraum
Sportwagen bis 1,3-Liter-Hubraum
Literatur
Alain Bienvenu: Endurance. 50 ans d’histoire. Band 1: 1953–1963. Éditions ETAI, Boulogne-Billancourt 2004, ISBN 2-7268-9327-9.
Peter Higham: The Guinness Guide to International Motor Racing. A complete Reference from Formula 1 to Touring Car. Guinness Publishing Ltd., London 1995, ISBN 0-85112-642-1.
Weblinks
Ergebnisse der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft 1966
Motorsportsaison 1966
1966.
| 0.503377
| -0.427857
| 1,200
| 4,704
| 169
| 169
|
Sports Competitions
| false
|
99,570
|
github_open_source_100_2_8165
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
using SC2Sharp.Agents;
namespace SC2Sharp.StrategyAnalysis
{
public class Corruptor : Strategy
{
private static Corruptor Singleton = new Corruptor();
public static Strategy Get()
{
return Singleton;
}
public override bool Detect()
{
return Bot.Main.EnemyStrategyAnalyzer.Count(UnitTypes.CORRUPTOR) > 0;
}
public override string Name()
{
return "Corruptor";
}
}
}
| 0.338773
| 0.485053
| 3,050
| 12,245
| 205
| 205
|
Game Development
| false
|
99,571
|
github_open_source_100_2_8166
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.lucene.analysis.hunspell;
import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.FilterInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import org.apache.lucene.store.ByteBuffersDirectory;
import org.apache.lucene.store.Directory;
import org.apache.lucene.tests.util.LuceneTestCase;
import org.apache.lucene.util.IntsRef;
import org.junit.Test;
public class TestDictionary extends LuceneTestCase {
public void testSimpleDictionary() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("simple.aff", "simple.dic");
assertEquals(3, dictionary.lookupSuffix(new char[] {'e'}).length);
assertEquals(1, dictionary.lookupPrefix(new char[] {'s'}).length);
IntsRef ordList = dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'o', 'l', 'r'}, 0, 3);
assertNotNull(ordList);
assertEquals(1, ordList.length);
assertEquals('B', assertSingleFlag(dictionary, ordList));
int offset = random().nextInt(10);
ordList = dictionary.lookupWord((" ".repeat(offset) + "lucen").toCharArray(), offset, 5);
assertNotNull(ordList);
assertEquals(1, ordList.length);
assertEquals('A', assertSingleFlag(dictionary, ordList));
assertNotNull(dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'a', 'b'}, 0, 2));
assertNotNull(dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'d', 'b'}, 0, 2));
assertNull(dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'b'}, 0, 1));
}
private static char assertSingleFlag(Dictionary dictionary, IntsRef ordList) {
int entryId = ordList.ints[0];
char[] flags = dictionary.flagLookup.getFlags(entryId);
assertEquals(1, flags.length);
return flags[0];
}
public void testProcessAllWords() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("simple.aff", "simple.dic");
try (InputStream stream = getClass().getResourceAsStream("simple.dic")) {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(stream, UTF_8));
Set<String> allWords =
reader.lines().skip(1).map(s -> s.split("/")[0]).collect(Collectors.toSet());
int maxLength = allWords.stream().mapToInt(String::length).max().orElseThrow();
for (int min = 1; min <= maxLength + 1; min++) {
for (int max = min; max <= maxLength + 1; max++) {
checkProcessWords(dictionary, allWords, min, max);
}
}
}
}
public void testProcessSuggestibleWords() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("suggestible.aff", "suggestible.dic");
Set<String> processed = processSuggestibleWords(dictionary, 1, 100);
assertEquals(Set.of("normal", "ambiguous"), processed);
}
private void checkProcessWords(
Dictionary dictionary, Set<String> allWords, int minLength, int maxLength) {
Set<String> processed = processSuggestibleWords(dictionary, minLength, maxLength);
Set<String> filtered =
allWords.stream()
.filter(s -> minLength <= s.length() && s.length() <= maxLength)
.collect(Collectors.toSet());
assertEquals("For lengths [" + minLength + "," + maxLength + "]", filtered, processed);
}
private static Set<String> processSuggestibleWords(
Dictionary dictionary, int minLength, int maxLength) {
Set<String> processed = new HashSet<>();
dictionary.words.processSuggestibleWords(
minLength, maxLength, e -> processed.add(e.root().toString()));
Set<String> cached = new HashSet<>();
SuggestibleEntryCache.buildCache(dictionary.words)
.processSuggestibleWords(minLength, maxLength, e -> cached.add(e.root().toString()));
assertEquals(processed, cached);
return processed;
}
public void testCompressedDictionary() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("compressed.aff", "compressed.dic");
assertEquals(3, dictionary.lookupSuffix(new char[] {'e'}).length);
assertEquals(1, dictionary.lookupPrefix(new char[] {'s'}).length);
IntsRef ordList = dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'o', 'l', 'r'}, 0, 3);
assertSingleFlag(dictionary, ordList);
}
public void testCompressedBeforeSetDictionary() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("compressed-before-set.aff", "compressed.dic");
assertEquals(3, dictionary.lookupSuffix(new char[] {'e'}).length);
assertEquals(1, dictionary.lookupPrefix(new char[] {'s'}).length);
IntsRef ordList = dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'o', 'l', 'r'}, 0, 3);
assertSingleFlag(dictionary, ordList);
}
public void testCompressedEmptyAliasDictionary() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary = loadDictionary("compressed-empty-alias.aff", "compressed.dic");
assertEquals(3, dictionary.lookupSuffix(new char[] {'e'}).length);
assertEquals(1, dictionary.lookupPrefix(new char[] {'s'}).length);
IntsRef ordList = dictionary.lookupWord(new char[] {'o', 'l', 'r'}, 0, 3);
assertSingleFlag(dictionary, ordList);
}
// malformed rule causes ParseException
public void testInvalidData() {
ParseException expected =
expectThrows(ParseException.class, () -> loadDictionary("broken.aff", "simple.dic"));
assertTrue(expected.getMessage().startsWith("Invalid syntax"));
assertEquals(24, expected.getErrorOffset());
List<String> names =
List.of(
"broken_missingAffRule.aff",
"broken_extraAffRule.aff",
"broken_extraAffRule_last.aff",
"broken_extraAffRule_beforeAnother.aff",
"broken_mismatchedAffix.aff");
for (String name : names) {
String msg = "Expected ParseException on " + name;
expectThrows(ParseException.class, msg, () -> loadDictionary(name, "simple.dic"));
}
}
public void testUsingFlagsBeforeFlagDirective() throws IOException, ParseException {
byte[] aff = "KEEPCASE 42\nFLAG num".getBytes(UTF_8);
byte[] dic = "1\nfoo/42".getBytes(UTF_8);
Dictionary dictionary =
new Dictionary(
new ByteBuffersDirectory(),
"",
new ByteArrayInputStream(aff),
new ByteArrayInputStream(dic));
assertEquals(42, dictionary.keepcase);
}
public void testForgivableErrors() throws Exception {
Dictionary dictionary =
loadForgivingDictionary("forgivable-errors.aff", "forgivable-errors.dic");
assertEquals(1, dictionary.repTable.size());
assertEquals(2, dictionary.compoundMax);
loadForgivingDictionary("forgivable-errors-long.aff", "single-word.dic");
loadForgivingDictionary("forgivable-errors-num.aff", "single-word.dic");
}
private Dictionary loadDictionary(String aff, String dic) throws IOException, ParseException {
try (InputStream affixStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream(aff);
InputStream dicStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream(dic);
Directory tempDir = getDirectory()) {
return new Dictionary(tempDir, "dictionary", affixStream, dicStream);
}
}
private Dictionary loadForgivingDictionary(String aff, String dic)
throws IOException, ParseException {
try (InputStream affixStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream(aff);
InputStream dicStream = getClass().getResourceAsStream(dic);
Directory tempDir = getDirectory()) {
return new Dictionary(tempDir, "dictionary", affixStream, dicStream) {
@Override
protected boolean tolerateAffixRuleCountMismatches() {
return true;
}
};
}
}
private static class CloseCheckInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
private boolean closed = false;
public CloseCheckInputStream(InputStream delegate) {
super(delegate);
}
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
this.closed = true;
super.close();
}
public boolean isClosed() {
return this.closed;
}
}
public void testResourceCleanup() throws Exception {
CloseCheckInputStream affixStream =
new CloseCheckInputStream(getClass().getResourceAsStream("compressed.aff"));
CloseCheckInputStream dictStream =
new CloseCheckInputStream(getClass().getResourceAsStream("compressed.dic"));
Directory tempDir = getDirectory();
new Dictionary(tempDir, "dictionary", affixStream, dictStream);
assertFalse(affixStream.isClosed());
assertFalse(dictStream.isClosed());
affixStream.close();
dictStream.close();
tempDir.close();
assertTrue(affixStream.isClosed());
assertTrue(dictStream.isClosed());
}
public void testReplacements() {
TreeMap<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>();
map.put("a", "b");
map.put("ab", "c");
map.put("c", "de");
map.put("def", "gh");
ConvTable table = new ConvTable(map);
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("atestanother");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("btestbnother", sb.toString());
sb = new StringBuilder("abtestanother");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("ctestbnother", sb.toString());
sb = new StringBuilder("atestabnother");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("btestcnother", sb.toString());
sb = new StringBuilder("abtestabnother");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("ctestcnother", sb.toString());
sb = new StringBuilder("abtestabcnother");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("ctestcdenother", sb.toString());
sb = new StringBuilder("defdefdefc");
table.applyMappings(sb);
assertEquals("ghghghde", sb.toString());
}
public void testSetWithCrazyWhitespaceAndBOMs() throws Exception {
assertEquals("UTF-8", getDictionaryEncoding("SET\tUTF-8\n"));
assertEquals("UTF-8", getDictionaryEncoding("SET\t UTF-8\n"));
assertEquals("UTF-8", getDictionaryEncoding("\uFEFFSET\tUTF-8\n"));
assertEquals("UTF-8", getDictionaryEncoding("\uFEFFSET\tUTF-8\r\n"));
assertEquals(Dictionary.DEFAULT_CHARSET.name(), getDictionaryEncoding(""));
}
private static String getDictionaryEncoding(String affFile) throws IOException, ParseException {
Dictionary dictionary =
new Dictionary(
new ByteBuffersDirectory(),
"",
new ByteArrayInputStream(affFile.getBytes(UTF_8)),
new ByteArrayInputStream("1\nmock".getBytes(UTF_8)));
return dictionary.decoder.charset().name();
}
public void testFlagWithCrazyWhitespace() {
assertNotNull(Dictionary.getFlagParsingStrategy("FLAG\tUTF-8", UTF_8));
assertNotNull(Dictionary.getFlagParsingStrategy("FLAG UTF-8", UTF_8));
}
@Test
public void testUtf8Flag() {
Dictionary.FlagParsingStrategy strategy =
Dictionary.getFlagParsingStrategy("FLAG\tUTF-8", Dictionary.DEFAULT_CHARSET);
String src = "привет";
String asAscii = new String(src.getBytes(UTF_8), Dictionary.DEFAULT_CHARSET);
assertNotEquals(src, asAscii);
assertEquals(src, new String(strategy.parseFlags(asAscii)));
}
@Test
public void testCustomMorphologicalData() throws IOException, ParseException {
Dictionary dic = loadDictionary("morphdata.aff", "morphdata.dic");
assertNull(dic.lookupEntries("nonexistent"));
DictEntries simpleNoun = dic.lookupEntries("simplenoun");
assertEquals(1, simpleNoun.size());
assertEquals(Collections.emptyList(), simpleNoun.getMorphologicalValues(0, "aa:"));
assertEquals(List.of("42"), simpleNoun.getMorphologicalValues(0, "fr:"));
assertEquals(List.of("42"), simpleNoun.get(0).getMorphologicalValues("fr:"));
assertEquals("A", simpleNoun.get(0).getFlags());
DictEntries lay = dic.lookupEntries("lay");
String actual =
IntStream.range(0, 3)
.mapToObj(lay::getMorphologicalData)
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.joining("; "));
assertEquals("is:past_2 po:verb st:lie; is:present po:verb; po:noun", actual);
DictEntries sing = dic.lookupEntries("sing");
assertEquals(1, sing.size());
assertEquals(Arrays.asList("sang", "sung"), sing.getMorphologicalValues(0, "al:"));
assertEquals(
"al:abaléar po:verbo ts:transitiva",
dic.lookupEntries("unsupported1").getMorphologicalData(0));
assertEquals("", dic.lookupEntries("unsupported2").getMorphologicalData(0));
}
private Directory getDirectory() {
return newDirectory();
}
}
| 0.524077
| 0.726605
| 3,568
| 14,177
| 260
| -1
|
Java Code
| false
|
99,572
|
bdc10491f273011133747f3262d995dc_1
|
French Open Data
|
Various open data
|
Final Terms dated 17 May 2013
ING Bank N.V.
Issue of 1,000,000 Long ING Turbo Index Limited Certificates
linked to the CAC40 Index
under the Certificates Programme
The Base Prospectus referred to below (as completed by these Final Terms) has been prepared on the basis
that, except as provided in sub-paragraph (ii) below, any offer of Certificates in any Member State of the European
Economic Area which has implemented the Prospectus Directive (2003/71/EC), as amended from time to time
(each, a “Relevant Member State ”) will be made pursuant to an exemption under the Prospectus Directive, as
implemented in that Relevant Member State, from the requirement to publish a prospectus for offers of the
Certificates. Accordingly any person making or intending to make an offer of the Certificates may only do so:
(i) in circumstances in which no obligation arises for the Issuer or any Dealer to publish a prospectus pursuant
to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 16 of the
Prospectus Directive, in each case, in relation to such offer; or
(ii) in that Public Offer Jurisdiction mentioned in Paragraph 33 of Part A below, provided such person is one
of the persons mentioned in Paragraph 33 of Part A below and that such offer is made during the Offer
Period (if any) specified for such purpose therein.
Neither the Issuer nor any Dealer has authorised, nor do they authorise, the making of any offer of
Certificates in any other circumstances.
PART A – CONTRACTUAL TERMS
Terms used herein shall be deemed to be defined as such for the purposes of the conditions set forth in the General
Certificate Conditions and the relevant Product Conditions contained in the Base Prospectus dated 26 June 2012
and the supplements dated 10 August 2012, 4 September 2012, 11 October 2012, 13 November 2012, 22
November 2012, 19 February 2013, 25 February 2013 and 13 May 2013 respectively (together to be referred to as
the "Base Prospectus" ), which constitutes a base prospectus for the purposes of the Prospectus Directive
(Directive 2003/71/EC), as amended from time to time (the “Prospectus Directive ”). This document constitutes
the Final Terms applicable to the issue of Certificates described herein for the purposes of Article 5.4 of the
Prospectus Directive and must be read in conjunction with such Base Prospectus. Full information on the Issuer
and the offer of the Certificates is only available on the basis of the combination of these Final Terms and the
Base Prospectus. Copies of the Base Prospectus may be obtained from ING Bank N.V. and are available for
viewing on the website of the French Autorité des Marchés Financiers (www.amf-france.org). Copies of the Base
Prospectus may be obtained from ING Bank N.V. at Foppingadreef 7, 1102 BD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
(E-mail: [email protected]).
34 Any other special conditions and any modification
to the Terms and Conditions of the Certificates:Not Applicable
PURPOSE OF FINAL TERMS
These Final Terms comprise the final terms required for the issue and public offer in the Public Offer Jurisdictions and
listing and admission to trading on Euronext Paris of the Certificates described herein pursuant to the Certificates
Programme of ING Bank N.V.
RESPONSIBILITY
The Issuer accepts responsibility for the information contained in these Final Terms. To the best of the knowledge and
belief of the Issuer (having taken all reasonable care to ensure that such is the case) the information contained in these
Final Terms is in accordance with the facts and does not omit anything likely to affect the import of such information.
Signed on behalf of the Issuer:
By: ..........................................................................
Duly authorised
By: ..........................................................................
Duly authorised PART B – OTHER INFORMATION
1 LISTING
(i) Listing: Euronext Paris
(ii) Admission to trading: Application will be made for the Certificates to be
admitted to trading on Euronext Paris with effect from
the first day of AIW trading.
(iii) Estimate of total expenses related to admission to
trading:250 EUR
2 RATINGS
Ratings: The Certificates to be issued will not be rated
3 NOTIFICATION
The Netherlands Authority for Financial Markets has provided the competent authorities in each of Belgium,
France and Poland with a certificate of approval attesting that the Base Prospectus has been drawn up in
accordance with the Prospectus Directive. Notwithstanding the foregoing, no offer of the Certificates to the public
may be made in any Relevant Member State which requires the Issuer to undertake any action in addition to the
filing of the Final Terms with the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets unless and until the Issuer
advises such action has been taken.
4 INTERESTS OF NATURAL AND LEGAL PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE ISSUE / OFFER
“Save as discussed in “Subscription and Sale” of the Base Prospectus in respect of any appointed Dealer, so far
as the Issuer is aware, no person involved in the offer of the Certificates has an interest material to the offer.”
5 REASONS FOR THE OFFER, ESTIMATED NET PROCEEDS AND TOTAL EXPENSES
Reasons for the offer See “Use of Proceeds” wording in Base Prospectus
6 INFORMATION CONCERNING THE UNDERLYING
The return on the Certificates is linked to the performance of the underlying Index. The levels of the Index may go
down as well as up throughout the life of the Certificates. Fluctuations in the levels of the Index will affect the
value of the Certificates.
Information and details of the past and future performance of the Index and its volatility can be obtained from
Bloomberg (Bloomberg code: CAC <Index>).
7 POST-ISSUANCE INFORMATION
Post-issuance information in relation to the Certificates will be made available on www.ingturbos.fr. There is no
assurance that the Issuer will continue to provide such information for the life of the Certificates. 8 OPERATIONAL INFORMATION
(i) ISIN Code: NL0010459038
(ii) Common Code: 092244407
(iii) Other relevant code: Not Applicable
(iv) Name of the Principal Certificate Agent: BNP Paribas Securities Services.
| 0.041449
| -0.572636
| 865
| 3,522
| 28
| 28
|
Warrants & Issuer Risk
| false
|
99,573
|
github_open_source_100_2_8167
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
#include "DiagonalGaussian.h"
#include "MixtureOfDiagonalGaussians.h"
#include "HmmSet.h"
#include "ImageIO.h"
#include "SpeechFeatures.h"
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <fstream>
std::vector<int> ReadVector(std::string filename)
{
std::vector<int> ret;
std::ifstream fin;
fin.open(filename.c_str(), std::ios::in);
while(fin.good())
{
double n;
fin >> n;
ret.push_back(static_cast<int>(n)-1);
}
ret.resize( ret.size() - 1 );
return ret;
}
fileutilities::SpeechFeatures ComputePosteriorgram(
fileutilities::SpeechFeatures &sf,
std::vector<statistics::MixtureOfDiagonalGaussians> &mog,
std::vector<int> &index,
unsigned int width)
{
fileutilities::SpeechFeatures ret;
std::vector<std::vector<double> > pgram, record;
record = sf.record(0);
pgram.resize(record.size());
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < record.size(); ++i)
{
pgram[i].resize(width, 0);
double maxval = 0;
for(unsigned x = 0; x < mog.size(); ++x)
{
pgram[i][ index[x] ] += mog[x].Likelihood(record[i]);
if(pgram[i][ index[x] ] > maxval)
maxval = pgram[i][ index[x] ];
}
if(maxval > 0)
for(unsigned int x = 0; x < width; ++x)
pgram[i][x] = pgram[i][x] / maxval;
}
ret.Initialize(pgram);
return ret;
}
int main()
{
statistics::HmmSet htk;
std::string filename("/people/hartmann/research/babel/FlatStartGrapheme/hmm_training/cantonese_plp_grapheme00/hmm39/hmmdefs");
htk.LoadHtkHmmSet(filename);
std::vector<statistics::MixtureOfDiagonalGaussians> mog = htk.states();
std::vector<std::vector<std::string> > names = htk.mixture_names();
std::vector<int> cluster;
cluster = ReadVector(std::string("idx.txt"));
std::cout<<cluster.size()<<std::endl;
fileutilities::SpeechFeatures sf, pgram;
std::string indir = "/people/hartmann/research/babel/features/BP_101/scripted/training/plp/";
std::string outdir = "/people/hartmann/research/babel/features/BP_101/scripted/training/mog_pgram/";
filename = "/people/hartmann/research/babel/features/BP_101/scripted/training/plp/BABEL_BP_101_27619_20111102_195109_L1_scripted.htk.mvn";
sf.ReadHtkFile(filename);
std::vector<double> mean = sf.CalculateRecordMean(0);
for(unsigned int i = 0; i < mean.size(); ++i)
std::cout<<mean[i]<<std::endl;
fileutilities::WriteBinaryPGM(sf.record(0), std::string("example.pgm"));
pgram = ComputePosteriorgram(sf, mog, cluster, 100);
fileutilities::WriteBinaryPGM(pgram.record(0), std::string("posteriorgram.pgm"));
pgram.WriteHtkFile(std::string("test.htk"));
std::string filelist = "/people/hartmann/research/babel/filelist/bp101.scripted.training.list";
std::ifstream fin;
fin.open(filelist.c_str(), std::ios::in);
int count = 0;
while(fin.good())
{
std::string line;
fin >> line;
if(line.length() > 0)
{
std::cout<<count<<": "<<line<<std::endl;
filename = indir + line + std::string(".htk.mvn");
sf.ReadHtkFile(filename);
pgram = ComputePosteriorgram(sf, mog, cluster, 100);
filename = outdir + line + std::string(".pgram");
pgram.WriteHtkFile(filename);
count++;
}
}
fin.close();
return 0;
}
| 0.464307
| 0.49383
| 3,054
| 12,253
| 197
| -1
|
Natural Language Models
| false
|
99,574
|
github_open_source_100_2_8168
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
# Copyright 2021 Hang-Chi Shen. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
import os
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.python.keras.utils.multi_gpu_utils import multi_gpu_model
from utils.dataset import Dataset
from utils.get_resnet_layer import get_resnet_depth_from_name
from . import dwt_resnet_capsule_with_fpn_routing
from . import dwt_resnet_capsule_others
from . import resnet_capsule_others
from . import mobilenet_v2_cifar
from . import resnet_cifar
from . import resnet_cifar_dwt
from .call_backs import get_callbacks
from ..layers.model_base import Model
class ETCModel(Model):
def __init__(self, data_name, model_name='DCT_Efficient_CapsNet', mode='test', config_path='config.json',
custom_path=None, verbose=True, gpu_number=None, optimizer='Adam', heterogeneous=False,
softmax=False, **kwargs):
Model.__init__(self, data_name, mode, config_path, verbose)
self.model_name = model_name
if custom_path is not None:
self.model_path = custom_path
else:
self.model_path = os.path.join(self.config['saved_model_dir'],
f"{self.model_name}",
f"{self.model_name}_{self.data_name}.h5")
os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.config['saved_model_dir'], f"{self.model_name}"), exist_ok=True)
self.model_path_new_train = os.path.join(self.config['saved_model_dir'],
f"{self.model_name}",
f"{self.model_name}_{self.data_name}_{'{epoch:03d}'}.h5")
self.tb_path = os.path.join(self.config['tb_log_save_dir'], f"{self.model_name}_{self.data_name}")
self.heterogeneous = heterogeneous
self.softmax = softmax
self.load_graph()
if gpu_number:
self.model = multi_gpu_model(self.model, gpu_number)
self.optimizer = optimizer
def load_graph(self):
if self.data_name in ['MNIST', 'MNIST_SHIFT', 'FASHION_MNIST', 'FASHION_MNIST_SHIFT']:
input_shape = self.config['MNIST_INPUT_SHAPE']
num_classes = 10
elif self.data_name in ['CIFAR10', 'CIFAR10_SHIFT']:
input_shape = self.config['CIFAR10_INPUT_SHAPE']
num_classes = 10
elif self.data_name == 'SMALLNORB':
input_shape = self.config['SMALLNORB_INPUT_SHAPE']
num_classes = 5
elif self.data_name == 'MULTIMNIST':
raise NotImplemented
else:
raise NotImplemented
if self.model_name.startswith("RESNET"):
# example "RESNET18_DWT_Tiny_Half" "RESNET50_DWT_Tiny_Half"
half = True if "Half" in self.model_name else False
tiny = True if "Tiny" in self.model_name else False
if "DWT" in self.model_name:
self.model = resnet_cifar_dwt.build_graph(
input_shape, num_classes, depth=get_resnet_depth_from_name(self.model_name), half=half, tiny=tiny)
else:
self.model = resnet_cifar.build_graph(
input_shape, num_classes, depth=get_resnet_depth_from_name(self.model_name), half=half)
elif self.model_name == "MOBILENETv2":
self.model = mobilenet_v2_cifar.build_graph(input_shape, num_classes)
elif self.model_name.startswith("DWT_") and self.model_name.endswith("_FPN_CIFAR"):
# example: "DWT_Tiny_Half_R18_Tiny_FPN_CIFAR"
half = True if "Half_R" in self.model_name else False
tiny = True if "DWT_Tiny" in self.model_name else False
if "Tiny_FPN_CIFAR" in self.model_name:
routing_name_list = ["Tiny_FPN", "Tiny_FPN", "Tiny_FPN"]
elif "Attention_FPN_CIFAR" in self.model_name:
routing_name_list = ['Attention', 'Attention', 'Attention']
elif "FPN_CIFAR" in self.model_name:
routing_name_list = ['FPN', 'FPN', 'FPN']
else:
print("FPN type is not support!")
raise NotImplementedError
self.model = dwt_resnet_capsule_with_fpn_routing.build_graph(
input_shape, num_classes=10, routing_name_list=routing_name_list, regularize=1e-4, tiny=tiny, half=half,
depth=get_resnet_depth_from_name(self.model_name), heterogeneous=self.heterogeneous,
softmax=self.softmax)
elif self.model_name.startswith("DWT_") and self.model_name.endswith("_CIFAR"):
self.model = mobilenet_v2_cifar.build_graph(input_shape, num_classes)
routing_name = "Hinton" if "Hinton" in self.model_name else "Efficient"
self.model = dwt_resnet_capsule_others.build_graph(input_shape, num_classes, routing_name,
get_resnet_depth_from_name(self.model_name))
elif self.model_name.startswith("R") and self.model_name.endswith("_CIFAR"):
self.model = mobilenet_v2_cifar.build_graph(input_shape, num_classes)
routing_name = "Hinton" if "Hinton" in self.model_name else "Efficient"
self.model = resnet_capsule_others.build_graph(input_shape, num_classes, routing_name,
get_resnet_depth_from_name(self.model_name))
else:
raise NotImplemented
def train(self, dataset=None, initial_epoch=0, resume=False):
callbacks = get_callbacks(self.model_path_new_train, optimizer=self.optimizer)
if dataset is None:
dataset = Dataset(self.data_name, self.config_path)
dataset_train, dataset_val = dataset.get_tf_data(for_capsule=False)
if self.optimizer == 'SGD':
self.model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(lr=self.config['ETC_MODEL_LR'], momentum=0.9),
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics='accuracy')
elif self.optimizer == 'Adam':
self.model.compile(optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(lr=self.config['ETC_MODEL_LR']),
loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics='accuracy')
else:
print("optimizer must be select in ['Adam', 'SGD']")
raise ValueError
steps = None
if resume:
self.load_graph_weights()
print('-' * 30 + f'{self.data_name} train' + '-' * 30)
history = self.model.fit(dataset_train,
epochs=self.config[f'ETC_MODEL_EPOCHS'], steps_per_epoch=steps,
validation_data=dataset_val, batch_size=self.config['batch_size'],
initial_epoch=initial_epoch,
callbacks=callbacks,
workers=self.config['num_workers'])
self.model.save_weights(os.path.join(self.config['saved_model_dir'],
f"{self.model_name}",
f"{self.model_name}_{self.data_name}.h5"))
return history
def evaluate(self, X_test, y_test, dataset_name="Test"):
print('-' * 30 + f'{self.data_name} Evaluation' + '-' * 30)
y_pred = self.model.predict(X_test)
acc = np.sum(np.argmax(y_pred, 1) == np.argmax(y_test, 1)) / y_test.shape[0]
test_error = 1 - acc
print(f"{dataset_name} acc:", acc)
print(f"{dataset_name} error [%]: {test_error :.4%}")
if self.data_name == "MULTIMNIST":
print(
f"N° misclassified images: {int(test_error * len(y_test) * self.config['n_overlay_multimnist'])} "
f"out of {len(y_test) * self.config['n_overlay_multimnist']}")
else:
print(f"N° misclassified images: {int(test_error * len(y_test))} out of {len(y_test)}")
| 0.501058
| 0.429882
| 2,928
| 11,744
| 196
| 196
|
Machine Learning Examples
| false
|
99,575
|
bub_gb_Gqo-AAAAcAAJ_111
|
French-PD-diverse
|
Public Domain
|
F) Es fer du Pleffs Mornay.] La fureur avec la qui Re de le tourner en ridicule () dans lon (i) ABxipharmacum regium felli draconum d ve neno afhidurs fub Philppi Mornai de Ylejfis nupera Papa aus hiloris abdito cppofiium , ér Seren. D. acobe Magna Britannia Rogi, firena Fanuarie loco muneri mifum, cit fi outrée, que je ne penfe pas qu’on puifle rien faire de plus fanglant contre un auteur. Je pourrois . faire, dit-il (4), un jufte volume des folecifmes, des s, & des autres fautes d'élocution que j'ai trouvées dans le (/) Myftere d'iniquité, mais Je veux é er aux Calviniftes la douleur de voir leur Hec tor digne non feulement de la ferule de Cafaubon le chef des pedans , Alpha Cathedrariorum , mais auffi des verges du moindre cuiltre, qwem ur, virga 10r ubere virgidemia Affciss, Gr multiphcem jaëlura na G) Le Roi d'Angleterre fans aucun menagemens.] vie entre a 4 fon Ecclfiaffieus auéferitati Serenifimi D. Facobi Magne Britannis Regis oppefirus » imprimé l'an 1611. & fon Collyrium regium Brisannis Regi graviter 6x oculis laberansi muner: miflum , im primé la même année, Mais fur tout voiez fa (m) Corons Regiaÿ car je fte à foutenir que (») c’eft fon ouvrage. Ferrarius qui l'a tant loué, lui repro che comme un grand defaut d'avoir critiqué & fatirifé toutes fortes de perfonnes , fans épargner même les. Puiflances fouveraines , & les têtes couronnées. (e) Cum que de tra ingenio , derina , immenfifque in re literaris laboribus infriari non pole, qua ejens rotis Tome !11. caufe Orbis teflimonio comprobatæ, “vertit mecufationem ni miamque éjus ingenii afperitatem , judiciumaque juban flerum , omnibujque infejium arguebat. Nam ne ipffs quidem Regibus fupremifque potejlatibus nnquam peper cie, cum nimis, ar pænè Cynica detrahendi ibidine emnes ordimes non folum rmulto fale defricaret , fed m1 omnems verborum etiam fratéxiatormm Amarisudinen effufiss, ipfs liverarums capita virojque fuperum culiu re verendos totis voluminibus concideret, afperifque facetiis jocum ac ludibrinm facerer. La principale raifon pour quoi fon Ecclefaffieus Fur brûle à Paris, étoit l'info lence qu'il avoit euë d'y repandre de fanglans outta: ges contre Henri le grand. Voiez le continuateur de Mr, de Thou au livre $. page 314. fous l'an 1612, (A) Se glorifia des plaies.] j'ai dejà cité le livre où il rend compte de l'emploi de fesralens: on y trou ve que les domeftiques dc l'Ambañladeur d'Angleter re attaquerent Scioppius dans Madrid l'an 1614. & croiant l'avoir tué s'ecricrent, courage, courage: nous avons enfin ôté du monde ce grand Pape. (p) Sicarierum mndecim de familis Oratoris Anglici, me chum anne 1614. Madriti Srioppium mulris vulneri Hs, Mf rebaninr, confoffum pro mertue relinquerent, its fibi per vias rem praclarè geffam grarulantes au: diebantur: Euge, jam tandem magnumillum Papiftam jugulavimus. ua de re typis deferipts extat Narra tie, qua Legatus Latro imfribitur. Mr. Colomiés a blié une letrre où Scioppius declare qu'il a cté per: cuté par les Proteftans , & qu'ils lui ont tiré des ar: quebufades & des cillocades, jufques à croire qu'ils l'avoient tué; mais qu'encore qu'il fe füt rendu odieux aux heretiques, pour avoir écrit fortement en faveur de l'autorité ecclefaftique des Papes, il fe rcgarderoit comme un heretique plus pernicieux que Luther & que Calvin, s’il écrivoit felon les À “op eu de Baro nius en faveur de la pretenduë puiffance Papale fur le temporel des Rois. (4) Je per difender l'Apeffolaro del Faps bo feritto 1anti libré, quante forfe nifun aliro, « foi perfguitato da Prorefiants, che mi tirareno delle ar chibugiate, € floccate, Cr mi lafciarone per morts. Ma Die mi guardi che non mi metta mai à dir uns parols fois in di 2j del Domivate , con che mi farci maggior beresico che Lusero e Calvino, fi como pin vole «on veffrs D. Reverendifima mi fono dichiarato, € fpero di morir buon Catolio Romane à difperto della Corte Ro mana & di tutti à furi adulateri. 1]l paroït par la fin de ce paflage, que l'Autcur n'étoit gucre fâtisfait de la Cour de Rome. Il venioit de dire (r) qu'il im porte que Baronius foit decredité comme l'ennemi : des Souverains, & de reconoitre que les Annales de ce Cardinal contiennent plufieursmenfonges, & qu'un Bencdiétin y en avoit recueilli deux mille(/). Sciop. pius ne parloit pas de la forte , Quand il écrivoit con. tre le Roi Jaques fon Erclefiaflicus qui fur brûlé à Paris. 1l fe glorihe de la Aléeriffure de ce livre, & il raconte que {on cfhgie fut pendu en Angleterre dans une far. ce qu'on joüa devant le Roi. 1l dit même que la li guc Proteftante decida, qu'il étoit du bien public que Scioppius für mis à mort; ce qui obligea l'Amba deur de {a Majefté Catholique à l’envoier à Milan. Voici le Gxiéme article des comptes qu'il rend de fon adminifiration. (#) Contemitus Moriis: cujns fpeci men eff Ecclefia Gr Sedis Apoflelice # « io. 1. Contra Galles à quibus Ecclefiaflicus ejus publicé crematus quem 1ammex librum Cardinalis Bellarminus, alique magni Theologi fummis tuleruns landibus, 2. Conira Regem Anglia, eujus bérum quatuor diverfis libris editis profligavis : qui propteres feripto publico remedimn ei vielentum fuir comminatus , ejujque Libres in foro «xu rendos curavit. In Mimo tandem , feu Comædie ludi cro coram fe Aëo perfonam ejus induci fecit, ue in ipfum pœnam flatui, nt faucibus fune ebfis (v) ani mam per inferiorem guirurem exploderet : velus in Hz. retici Elenchomeni prafarione widere eff. 3. Contra Principes Protéflantes fæœderis Hallenfis jecies, qui Re temburgi in concilio decreveruns , ipfis Scioppio fublase omnino opus ee: qua oratori Hifpanico D. Balia/ari Zunica caufa fuit, u5 cum Germams reliÆ4 Mediolanum comcedere juberet , Infnériaque Prafidi felutem tjus li teris accurAtiffimé commendare. Trta 1 Foiez la TÉMATUS s. (p) Gap). Seroppiss Padia bu MaAnar mm 4€ divina rum lite rATHES pag. 26. (4) Lettre de Sciop pins au Pe re Fulgenca Thsologien de la Repu élique de Obferva tiones {a Cræ pag. 6 S fra. {n) So 1e che cali per ignoranza ed inad molte cofe falffime; di tal ma niera che un Padre di San Be nedetto, mio allie vo, dice di hiver raccolta ‘due mila crrori di fuoi An nali, ed Jo giudico che im porti non poco, che queft’ huomo fa difcredi tato, come nemico della giu ridittione di tutti i ca que dis Patin dans Les Nowv. de la Rep. des ltires, Avril 1684. pag. 117: {t) Sciop pins FPadid pag. 25. (v) Voies Merici Cafanbons piesas pag. 23 + Voiez dans La re marque K le paÿag de Lam becins. (4) Vie du Pere Paul I£. 191. PAR Leide 1661. (5) 1bid. pag: 192. (ec) Dans ce que je fuprime ser, et con tenu de pallage de lhomreide de foi-mé 1e que je ra def Article Saint Cyran pe. 2641. tre £. (4) Vie du Pere Paul, pag: 195. (e) Voiez vita parentes Ga. Schoppii pas. 156. (P) 1bid, pag. 150. 1ÿt. (8) Sciop pium Mo naci jam efé & in tranfitu jus civita tis Venetæ biduana carceratio ne, cum Paulum Servitim infolentius ac minaci tus fu “ÿ feciffet. Lingels heim. epift. 80 ad Bon garfium elle eft da. tee du 7. de No vembre 1607, 2684 8 CIO P caufe qu’on l’arrêta prifonnier pendant — jours. On lui en a fait des (1) € piquoit le plus, étroit labelle Latinité. Il trouvoit des Pr C7. conltanciez, L'une des chofes dontil reproches mal cir barbarifmes dans les écrits des modernes les plus eftimez pour leur éloquence , & il n'épargna pas méme le plus éloquent (K) Auteur de l'ancienne Rome, 11 merita fous le caraétere de gram mairien le titre Ÿ odieux qui fut donné à Diogene fous le perfounage de philofophe, C'eft tou ( LL. dire. 11 s'écoit fait tant d'ennemis qu'il craignit enfin de manquer d'une retraite affürée, Alavoit 4 (1) Des reproches de fa prifon de Venife mal cir conjfanciez.] 11 s'en faut tenir à la narration de Frere nn. La voici: (4) , Dans ce temps que ces ñ controverfes eftoient desja accommodées à Venize, n ÿ arriva Gafpar ms homme beaucoup connu “au monde par tant de livres qu’il a fait imprimer: n il venoit de Rome pour pañler, comme il difoit, » cn Allemagne , où il alloit pour y porter, comme » on apprit, un efcrit injuricux à la Republique, pour nl'y faire imprimer, & autres efcritures remplies »d'impietés, comme celle d'un certain Religieux » Domiaicain nommé Thomas Campanella. . . . .. » (6) Que ce fuit pour cette raïfon, ou pod quelque # autre caufe fecrette, il eft certain qu'il tomba dans » la difgrace, & que par ordre public il fur arrefté A trois ou quatre jours, apres lefquels on luy ordonna » de fe retirer promptement. Avant que ce malheur » luy arrivaît il eut conference avec le Pere , dans la. » quelle ils difcoururent fort long-temps des belles let “tres, & particulierement de la doétrine des anciens » Stoiques, qü'il profefloit vouloir retirer de l'obfcu. » rité, & mettre à la plus grande lumiere du monde, naufly bien que beaucoup d'autres de {es fçarantes ” peniées, y entre.-meflant mefmes beaucoup de ma » ticres J'Eftat, & plus particulierement de celles des n Proteitans d'Allemagne, Apres quoy prenant le » mefine Pere à part, il commença à luy remonitrer, * # que le Pape en qualité de grand Prince avoit les » mains fort longues : qu'ainfy il ne pouvait qu'il ne nluy mes-arrivait, puis qu'il tenoit avoir efté beau n coup offencé par luy ; qu'auffy n'euft-il pas manqué » de l'avoir desja fait tuer, s'il cuft voulu s'en venger ” de cette forté, Mais que le Pape n'avoit autre def. » fein que de le prendre vif, le faifant enlever de Vc n nize mefmes, pour le conduire à Rome ; non ob » fant quoy il s'offrit luy , pourveu qu'il le confentift n de traitter fa réconciliation, avec autant d'avantage » & d'honneur qu'il en pourroit fouhaiter; affirmant » encore qu'il avoit commifion de faire bien destrait. ntés avec des Princes Allemans, mefme touchant #» leur converfion. Le Pere refpondit qu'il ne fçavnit » Pas avoir fait aucune chofe, pour laquelle Sa Sain. »teté deuft fe tenir offencée (c). . . . . (4) Qu'aa 2, reftc il le remercioit de fa bonne affeétion, ne fe # mettant pou:tant en aucune peine de tous fes advis, » & ne fe voulant departir en aucune façon de l'inte n reft du public, puis qu'il n'en avoit entrepris la def. n fence, qu'apres grande connoiflance de la juftice de » (à caufe. Ses deux propofñtions , de faire tuer, ou # enlever tout vif le Pere, furent trouvées bien eftran n es & prefqu'incroyablesi cependant par ce qui ar # tiva un apres, on peut aifément juger que » Stioppius ne parloit pas en l'air; mais qu'il y avoit n long-temps qu'on avoit conçeu fes deficins contre nlePere. Party qu'il fut de Venize il fft un difcours » Bityrique, auquel parlant de l'entre-veuë de luy & n de ce Pere, il attefta l'avoir coûnu pour bomme non » indoëte ni (e) timide. Ce recit nous montre que les amis de Scaliger s'a bufcrent lourdement, lors qu'ils publierent que Sciop ius alla à Venife un je après la proclamation du nat, contre ceux qui avoient affaffinc Je Pere Paul; & qu'on arréta Scioppius parce qu'on le crut compli ce de l'afhffinat. no] Penetiam profeétus eff: Promul gata crat paulo ante capitalis fententia in ficarios ali quos (affajinos vocant) qui Paulum illum Servitam, cujus fériptum pro affertione juris Vinera Raip. in ma mibus omnjums verfatur , aggreffi fuerant, d vuinera aliques, que tamen lethalia prater mentem scrum non effenr, infhxerant. Eo ergo tempore in urbem cum ut. mire , juju magiffratus in carcerem deduétus eff, quafi rei sg confeins, sut qui alterius eo explorater venifret. Une fiuffeté de cette nature ne pouvoit que faire un ps tort À la caufe de Scaliger; & d'autant plus que ur d’autres chefs lui & fes amis frent paroître, qu'ils recevoient de mzuvais mémoires touchant Scioppius, S'ilseufent confulté Lingelsheim , ils cuflentapris que l'affaffinat de Fra-Paolo ne fut point la caufe de la de tention de Scioppius; mais qu'on l'arrêta pour s'être rendu füfpcét par les paroles hautaines & menaçantes, dont il s'etoit fervi dans une converfation avec ce Servite {g). Scioppius dit qu'on l'arréta, parce qu'on (h) Opori. Jupra pag, 162, 163. beau: © Fomdo. eyes LL 2 fut averti qu'il étoit l'Auteur d'un livre injurieux à la *//"#4iee Seigneurie de Venife; & qu'il alloit negocier contre + 4 elle de la part du Pape avec quelques Princes d'AlleJournal magne. (b) Fidem babuerunt Julio Adoipho Weite. 7, $e, rod rishemio, homini Saxeni , qui . . . . clam ad eos de‘B + tulit Scioppium auélerem efe libri eujufdam pro PentiGa “ fce aduerjus ipfos feripti & Monachii typis impreff, hoc si titulo, uses Macri Romani cum Nicolao Crafo 4 Veneto difceptatio , &c. (quod quidems opus perperss fale ac faceria diffluens, € nr cure sd admiop rabie, pra quo lue tuus Vilhomarns nec biftere auderets Le” multi doëi viri non niff a Scioppio proficifei potuiffe perLES fuajum habebant) Gr une quoque Pontificis mifu ad joie de Principes quefdam in rempublicam ipforum inflammandes ,, 4 il in Germaniam prefetfti. 11 eft für que Sciopplus avoit ,g: 7 compolé ce livre: Rhodius & Placcius (1) fe font S abufez, en le donnant à un proféfleur de Boulogne 5,4, nomme Afcanius Perfius. Voiez la (4) Vifiera alzata PR d de Pierre Jaques Villani de l'Academie des Humorif. Phedre. tes, des Geniaux, & des Inteconds, Cet An (X) Hn'épargna pas méme le plus é Auteur, de l'ancienne Rome. ] Lifez ces paroles de Balzac: _? (4) » L'accufateur de Ciceron dont vous me demande n dez des nouvelles, c’eft le redoutable Schiopius. I1 me » à fait imprimer ua livre à Milan , dans lequel it ac7 » cufe Ciceron d’incongruité & de barbarifme. Jln'y si sd » en à qu'un feul exemplaire en France, & Meffieurs en ” Dupuy me le prefterent lors que j'eftois à Paris. f 1e ais » Cette injuftice faite à Ciceron feroit ane confo°°" 7 » lation à Scaliger, s'il revenoit aujourd'huy au monGa » de. Mais au premier jour je m'attens que le mefme d phé ” ap fera un autre livre, par lequel il entre(») pour rendra de prouver que Caton eftoit un mefchant ms H si n homme, & Jules Cefar un mauvais foldat,,, Dès M JPe l'âge de 10. ans il trouvoit que Phedre fe reffentoit 20724 é quelquefois (m) de la barbarie de la Thrace fon païs d flo naral. Faut-il s'étonner après cela qu'il accufe (n) bi : d'incongruité Scaliger, Lipfe, Cafaubon, Mr. @ ee Thou, Poflérin (e), Voilius, Strada, &c. Ses cén4 £e fures font quelquefois bien fondées, mais non eng toûjours. Voiez ce que le (p) doéte Borrichios a pre contre lui pour la defenfe de Voflius, & du Pere and, Strada. (4) Un Jefuite du College de Rome 4 tra. ts à vaillé à l'apologie de ce dernier; mais je ne fçai point Bénin fi fon travail a paru. Ceux qui ofent condamner ma &iftralement de barbarifme ou de folecifme certaines © hraies, s’expofent beaucoup ; car combien de fois (? A dl eur a-t-on montré dans les Auteurs qu'on nomme +. el Clafiques, les termes & les expreffions qu'ils avoient ul blämées ? (+) La difficulté qui fe trouve dans ces fortes Un de difputes , paroïera fenfiblement à ceux qui Ce dront la peine d'examiner les livres de Jean V. + bruts De Lasinitate murite aut fall fupefa; ceux de Chrif. Eos tophle Cellarius, De Lasinitate medis ge infima aratis, Lati & De barbarifinss de idiotifmis fermonis Lapmi; &ceux Love que Voffius, Borrichius, &c. Gr oris maledicensiffimi , qui propter preflantifimorum ‘°# & de re literaria oprime muritorums virorum inuidas (pas ac pad pe calumniationes, merite Canis Grammati. eus appellatur. Voiez la marge (1), Voiex, Bora On s'étonnera beaucoup moins de l'audace qu'ila richuws ib. eué de critiquer le ftyle ou les phrafes de Ciceron, fi , pag. 268. l'on fe fouvient que de tout tems il y a eu de tels cri. (4) Voies tiques de ce perc de l'éloquence, Leur nombre Les nouvel incroiable, Voiez la preface du Cicers à calemniis },, je le vindicatus d'André Schott; c'eft on traité bien cu. ps fer rieux, & dont le chapitre 8. eft deftiné à repondreà pr é'igai ceux qui accufent Ciceron d'avoir fait des fülecif 304, pag, mes. sa7 (r) Poiez fon Alexipharmacum regium. rum, eponymeleg. Critico pag. M. 740. (f) Lambeeius apud Magi (t) Mr. Gravius à frès-bien décrit l'humeur fatirique de Scioppius dans le preface des œuvres dt Daniel l'Ermise soprimées à Utrerks l'an 1701. (4) Naudé Dialogue de Mafsu rat p454 S CTI OP?P?PLIUS ? 2685 beau fe tenir coi dans Padouë , & s'amufer à des chimeres (L ) apocalÿptiques dont il importu noit le Cardinal Mazarin : il ne laïfloit pas de craindre quelque attentat fur fi vie, Celà porte à croire qu'on n’a pas dit fans raifon qu'il jecta les yeux fur la Hollande, & qu'il temoigna quelque envie de rentrer dans la Communion (M) des Proteftans. On parle diverfement de l'année de (L) Chimeres apocalyptiques dont il importunoit le Cariinal Mazarin.] Voici-un fait qui n'eft pas des ee connus. Naudé voulant refuter la plainte que ’on faifoit que ce Cardinal ne repondoit pas à toutes les lettres qui lui étoient écrires, dir, {#) » Que l'OF. » fice de premier Miniftre en France. cit com » me une nafle où tous les efprits fols, melancholi » Ques, hypochondriaques , extravagants fe vienneñt m prendre; comme un cfcueil où le vaifféau des fols, » nauis illa narragonia fiue flultifira Brent, fe vient m brifer, & comme l'ayman pour attirer à foy tousles mn efprits creux qui font dans le me. De façon n que f le premier Mimfire eftoit oblige de lire tous les ” deffèins chimeriques , toutes les propoñitions extra | m vagantes, tous les advis ridicules & impertinens que An ces efprits luy addreflent , il n'auroit pas aflez de # temps pour les lire, ny pour les examiner, quand n bien mefme il quitteroit toutes fes occupations plus n fericufes, ne vacquer qu'à celles-là feulement, ms... (6) I me fouvient d'avoir conneu depuis n cinq (4) ans trois hommes de vertu fignalée, & de n doétrine extraordinaire, dont le premier qui eft le n Sieur Cattins Chanoine de la ville d'Arras, fouftient s» Qu'il y a une montagne d’or en la Paleftine, que la n Sainte Efcriture promet aux Chreftiens, aprés qu'ils nauront furmonte les Turcs, & que Dieu veut qu'on nluy rebaftiffe un temple au milieu de Hierufaiem, n» dont il a fait graver le plan, avec toutes les n vcs & explications de fon dire tirées de la Ste, n Efcriture: l'autre qui eft le Sieur Scisppiws , dont s le nom eft affez conneu par toute l'Europe, pre mtend qu'il n'y a jamais eu Pere ny Doéteur de n l'Eglife, qui ait mieux entendu la Ste. Efcriture, n ny Plus afleurément conneu par icelle la fin du mon ndc, & les fecrets de l'Apocalypfe que luy: &t le » troïfiefme nommé le Doéteur Coloméi, eft mainte # nant aprés pour faire affembler un Concile Gene s#ril, où l'on puiffe terminer en faveur du Roy de # France, les pretentions qu'il a fur la Navarre, & # fur la Franche-Comté, & a mefme dreflé tous les n Decrets & Canons qu'il y conviendra faire à cette nfin. sites les unes les autres, ny moins propres à s faire perdre le temps aux Miniftres aufquéls on les sraddreffe, s'ils efloient fi fimples que de s'y amu mfer. Et neanmoins parce qu'ils ne le font pas, & s Qu'ils connoiflent foudain par l'experience & la con n noiflance qu'ils ont des affaires, quid féhdum cre » pes, ces Mefficurs les Melincholiques & Hypochon. “driaques, fe croyans rebuttez, prennent de là oc. ” cafion de les blafmer, de dire que l'on ne refpond » point aux lettres de confequence , -car ils fe per #» fuadent que leurs folies font telles, juxta illud , ss Darqus ammat ranam, ranam putat effe Dianam. » Que on negfige les grandes affaires, les moyens “affeurez d'avoir de l'argent, de faire la paix, de nfauver le Royaume, pour samufer à des baga » telles, pour fe joüer avec des finges; & ils font nfibien à force de fe plaindre &.de crier, que l'on ” accufe un pauvre Miniftre, qui n'a pas quelquefois n le loifir détreier, de A pas acquéeter de fa ncharge; de trop deferer à fes plaifirs; de negliger » les lettres qu'on luy cicrit, les advis qu'on luy don. nt; de n’eftre pas digne de la charge qu'il exerce, n & finalement, fi on les vouloit croire, » Collige fareinulas dicer lbertus dr exi, n Fam gravis es nobis., Bien des gens me blâmeront fins doute de n'avoir Pas retranché de ce paflage tout ce qui n'apartient pas à Scioppius; mais je les renvoie à bexucoup d'au tres leéteurs . qui prendront un grand plaifir aux re Bexions de Gabriel Naudé que j'ai raportées. fa Voilà quelle fut la cataftrophe de Scioppius: après avoir emploié plufeurs années à critiquer, à mordre & à dechirer touce la terre , il fe tourna du côté des Propheties de l'Ecritures il en chercha la clef, & (4) il fe ata d’y avoir trouvé cellé que St. Pietre y a laif féc, & que perfonne n'avoit decouverte. Fatigué, laffé de tant de combats, & de tant de coups donnez & reçus, il s'enferma dans ce donjon ; il fe fixa à ce travail; il s'impofa cette tâche pour fa vieilleffe. Tro heureux encore s'il renonça tout.à-fait à la fatire, s'il n'eut point quelque envie d’exciter les peuples à de grandes revolutions , en leur annonçant que les promefles de l'Apocalypfe feroient bientôt accom. plies. Tous ceux qui fe font mélez d’un tel travail, n’ont pas attendu comme lui qu'ils fuffent las de me dire: quelques-uns au contraire y ont aiguife leurs ar. mes, & en font devenus plus fatiriques. Quelques uns auf n'ont eu en vue que d’exciter les paflions, & de remuer les peuples. Vous trouverez le plan de l'ouvrage de Scioppius dans une lettre qu'il écrivit de Padoue le 10. de Fevrier 16421. Il ne nous renvoiait pas à longs jours, & il reduifoit en fyftême l'art pro. phetique. Swarmor Lbelles, difoit.il (e) , fs indicie bus jeu titulss jam confeétes babeo. 1. Fous famemtia imenso digito monfiratus, hoc eff, Ecloga ex Sacrn Scriptura dr fanéis Patribus de Sacra Scriptura fiu dio, ejufque fludii necefftate, utiltate, adjumensis @ temporibns. 2. Clauis féientie ad aperienda regm rœ a kram myferis propediem confummanda , boc «fi; (be. cimen Exegefeos Prophetice in Pfal.4g. 3. Annuncias tio regni Chrifii ac populi Chriffiani in orbem terra faturum afque ad novifimum annorum de expesitio nem Gog C internecionem tjs. 4. Syflema artis pre pherandi, continens ejus artis finem, ojficia, mattriamt fubjelam de infirumenss, sxemplo Galeni in fjffemare ariis Medice. (M) Ouelque envie de rentrer dans La Communion des Protefians.] Mr. Arnauld ne le pouvoit croire, (f) » 11 y a une chofé qui donnerait une très-mechan n te opinion de Schioppius , fi elle étoit vraye : c’eft n qu'il eût voulu fur la 6n de fes jours rranfiger & » traiter de fa Religion avce les Hollandois, & que m Pour cet effet il eut écrit à Leyde qu'il fe feroit Pro n téftant fi on le veuloit recevoir. Mais il y a G peu n de vraifemblance à cela, qu'il faudroit avoir un au » tre garant qu'Hornius pour fe ie perfuader. Il pa » Toit dans tous fes livres tant de zele pour la Reli n gion Catholique , & tant d'éloignement pour les » hérétiques qu'il avoit quittez, qu'il n'y a nulle » apparence qu'il ait voulu retourner à {a premiere n Religion. Il avoit de plus de fi grands tèlens, ou n tre qu’il étoit de naïflance , que s’il avoit ete aflez » miferable n Que trop de Princes Proteflans qui l'auroient reçu à … bras ouverts, fans avoir été obligé de demander du » pain aux Profefeurs de Leyde , qu'il avoit cruelle » ment offenfez par la maniere dont il avoit traité » Jofeph Scaliger leur heros, & leur idole, Voilà » tout ce que je pouvois dire n'ayant point le livre » d'Hornius. Mais j'en viens de recevoir le pañlage »entier, Que j'ay fait mettre au bas de la page, parce » Qu'il fufht de le lire pour n'y hjoûter aucune foi, 4 tant il eft plein d'emportement & de fureur contre n es Catholiques en gencral, & contre Schioppiusen » particulier, accufant lès uns du deffein barbare d'é. » gorger tous lés Proteftans, & l'autre d'avoir été n l'infigateur de cette cruelle refolutian.», Voici le per qui fut envoié à Mr. Arnauld: je le tire de (g! page 386. de l'hiftoire Ecclefaftique de George Hornius, que Mr. Leidecker a continuée, & com mentée, Nunquam res Evangelicorum im majori po fra erant diferimine, quam poff illams Bobemerum ca lamitatem. ]eluitæ emim jam quafi parta de Univera Germania ; 16 oimnibus Évangelicis , wiétori , mfo lenter trinmphabans , ac ñil mifi cadem Proteflantium frirabans , am flagitiofifime GrammaticQ, dé 06 feclers Altorfi Norscéruim commifls infami, Gaipare Schoppio, ex Palarinain fuperiere Nedgers oriunde, fed indigne, qui tâms traffanti mationi apud pofferss accen featur, (fee, nt fé appeilari italice malébar, Scioppio) homine in apoflafiam prelapfe , claficum canente er to tale excidium Proteffantinm promitiente, ac faadente: qui tamen nibil wifi mifcrabilis lirerator fuit ; mt opera efis inepra de maligna effendunt , ae extrema feneéla, Lenptis Patævio, nbi pre Jefuitarum , wire ejus inji Ttt3 | dian avoir cette penfée, il n'auroit trouvé (4) Me Jam exe. geh feu propheria fcripturæ (quam S. Petrus vo cat) plus Er olia ex plevifle, ea ipfa clave ad aperienda cjus my fiéria ulum quam idem A ftolus ei bis reli. quit vix tamen à quoquam adhuc in telletam. Seuoppuus est. ad Vofjiums. C'eft la 314. des lettres écrites à Voflius p.m.22f. fe) Scispp, pif. ad Vefium pag. i1f. (f) Morale fratique tém. 3. chap. 6. PAL. 129n 130. (£) Eire, Lurd. Bat. 167. en favtur dé cehux qui oct hhe autre édi tion je dis we ce paf age fe tronve ab numere 6. du 3. arti= cle du 3. periode. (a) Sciap pus, epifl. ad l'ofium, pag. 215. 216 elle eff datée du 20. de Fe vrisr 1642. (6) Comme ” a fait Mr. Hicse in diario bio graphite. (c) Bailler, enfans celebres P*£245: (1) Dans fes Lettres. (2) Tem. 1. But, Vind. Cef. “ap. fo. Le CTA (3) Four nal des Sjav. (4) Bibl. ve, d mov. (d) Obiis sono 1663. oogenario major, Pope Blount cenfura auétorum pig. 692. 11 auvroit véen 87. ans s'il els vécu juf. qu'en 1663. (e) Celle qui à pour sitre funus literato rum. (f) Per fexdeeim annos in Patavino Gynfnaño «.. Rhe tosis par tes implet. fé, cirea fn. @) Carolus Patinus in Lyceo Patavime pag. 15. (b) Guy Patin let tre 1$, de la 1. édi tion, 22. de la. à La 2686 SCI1OPPIUS. fa mort, mais je croi qu’on la doit (N) mettreàl'an1649. Onne peut nier quecenefütun () D'as très-habfle homme; & s'il avoit eu autant de moderation & de probité que de fçavoir & d’efprit , on le compteroit juftement parmi les Heros de la Republique des lettres. Son aplication au tra vail, fa (0) memoire, la multitude de fes écrits, fonfeu, fon éloquence, fon afcendant fur diantism, metu delitefeebat , Leidam bteris, tranfitis ner iterüm ad Evangelces efferebat , fi in gratiam re cipcretur, fed rejeëtus Apollata contemiufque ob vanita tem fuit. Je n'ai gucre lu d'auteur qui ait parlé de ce deflein de Scioppius, fans fe fonder fur le temoi. gnagc d'Hornius. Cela me tente de croire que l'on n'a qu'un feul temoin, & je doute que cela fuffife dans un fait de cette nature. J'ai oui dire à un fç2 sant Lutherien , que les lettres de Scioppius fur ce fujet ont été entre les mains de Bocclcrus. Mais pour quoi donc ne les a-t.on pas publiées; car on ne fçau. roit ignorer que beaucoup de gens ne traitent de fa ble ce recit d’Hornius ? C'eft pour le moins une in difcretion qui meritoit d'être cenfurée par le Senat Academique. C'eft faire tort à la très-illuftre Univer fité de Leide, que de publier qu'elle rejetta les offres de Scioppius. e conduite n'eût été conforme ni à la prudence humaine ; ni à la charité Chretienne. Il eût été glorieux aux Proteltans de regagner un tel perfonnage; & d'ailleurs l'Eglife ne doit-elle pas toù jours rendre les bras à fes enfans revoltez? Ne faut. 1 pas qu'à l'exemple du ben pañteur elle aille chercher toutes les brebis egarées ? A plus forte raifon peche. roit-elle, en fermant la porte aux brebis qui deman deroient de rentrer dans le berçail. Etoit-il impoffble que Saoppius ne fe repentit? Pouvoit-on decider certaiaernent que fes demandes étoient une fourbe rie? Et en tout cas n'eût-on pas pu prendre garde qu'il ne fit du mal? Notez qu'il remarque dans {a let tre à Voflius, que les livres prophetiques qu'il fou haitoit de faire imprimer , ne contenoient rien qui fût contraire à la Communion de Rome. Il fait affez entendre qu’il reconoît l'injuftice & l'ufurpation de la Cour de Rome, mais il ne dit rien qui infinuë qu'il eût deflcin de fe retirer chez les Protcitans. (4) Pix ausem fherare aude, fers us quicquam iflorum in Isalia édendi venia mibi detur, non que im eis vel décretis Romana Ecclefia de fide, vel bonis moribus ad verfetur, fed quod mores Curit Romana omnes Ecclefia leges jam om in porefistem fuam perduxerint, nec jam cuiquam fas fit quicquam tale dicere aur ftribe re, quale 1ff6 Ponnifices in D. Bernardo, Brigitta © Catharins Senenfi non mode verè reéteque dittum faff front , fed atiam pro faluberrime fidelinm dogmase reli. giesè obferuari voluerunt. Notez aufli que cette lettre contient toutes fortes d'honnétetez, & plufeurs mar. ques de confiance à l'égard de Voflius. (N) On dois mettre fa mert à (b) l'an 1649] Ce que je m'en vai citer de Mr, Baillet, fera conoître que peu de gens fçavent quand Scioppius quitta cetté vic. Cette incertitude l'auroit defolé, s'il l'avoit pre. vuë au tems qu'il faifoic un f grand bruit par toute l'Europe. # (r) Je n'ai pu encore fçavoir nettement » le temps de {a mort. Mr.(1) Patin le Pere l’a mar n quéc en 1649. Mr. (21) Lambecius témoigne qu'il ” Bifoic encore des livres en 1652. D'autres fem » blent avoir prolongé @& vie au delà de l'an 1660. » Monir. (3) Galois parlant de luy en 1665. témoigne » Qu'il eftoit mort depuis peu de temps. Mr. (4) ko n figius écrivant en 1678. dit de luy, Pawcis abbine » anis vivere defiit. » Joignons à cela que d'autres mettent { mort à’{4) l'an 1663. De tous ces Ecri. vains-là celui qui rencontre le mieux eft Mr. Patin; car il eft für que Scioppius mourut l'an 1649. Fer rari en comme d'un me qui n’étoit plus; ilen parle, dis-je, ainfi dans une harangue (e) qu'il recita (f) la r6. annéc de fa profeflion de Padoue, Or à commença de profeffer dans cette Univerfité l'an (g) 1634 Il parloit donc de la forte l'an 16$0. D'où l’on doit conclure que Mr. Patin n'avait pas été mal informé à l'égard de l'an mortuaire, lors qu'il écrivit le 13. de Juillet 1649. ce que je m'en vais copier. n» (4) La mort eft fort fur les gens de lettres cette an "née ; depuis que Mr. Hofman & Mr. Piétre font n» Morts, nous avons aufh vü mourir icy Mr. des n Yveteaux, qui avoit été Précepteur du feu Roy; » Monfieur Juñel Secretaire du Roy, t homme n Qui avoit autrefois été au Maréchal de Bouillon: ou ntre cela font décédés en Hollande Mefheurs Vof nfius & Spanheim; & en Iulic inus Gauden n tius, & Gafpar Scioppius qui a écrit il y a environ » 43. ans un livre fort infame contre l'incomparable = per Scaliger. Ce Scioppius étoit en {à jeunefle # Lutherien; il fe ft Catholique Romain par la leétu mre des Annales Eccleñaftiques de Baronius , à ce fes ” qu difoir, Puis il s'en alla à Rome où il fut fait #» domeftique du Cardinal Madruce, 11 fe voulut alors n faire (i) Jefuite; mais ceux-ci crurent soie väloit “ mieux qu'il demeurét feculier, & qu'il leur pour » roit rendre de plus notables fervices , ce qu'il » écrivant contre Scaliger. 11 fit quelques vo ages » Pour eux en Allemagne & à Venife, déquifé | ) » Puis il fut fait penfonaire de l'Empereur: mais en » fin il fe declara ennemi de l'Empereur & des Jefui ntes, & fe retira pour la {üreté de fa perfonne à Pa. n douë, où il a vécu en afürance de tant d'ennemis, » après avoir obtenu de la Republique de Venife par » don de fa vie paflée. 11 eft foupçonné d'être le plus » grand Autheur de plufieurs livrets faits depuis 15. n ans contre les Jefuites, & entr'autres de Anatomie » Societatis, y de Srratagematis fefustarum. I] a dit » autrefois à un de fes amis, qui eft fort le mien, que » le Cardinal Baronius l'avoit follicité parlettres, lorf n qu'il toit en Allemagne, de fe faire Catholique, » & qu'en ce cas-là il lui promettoit qu'il le feroit de venir ({) Cardinal: que Baronius lui-même efpéroit » de devenir Pape après Paul] V., (0) Son aphication au travail, fa memoire, la mal. titude de fes écrits . . . . fon afcendant fur fes ennemis.] Le Ferrari va nous aprendre qu'il étudioit nuit jour; que pendant les 14. dernieres années de fa vie il fe tint enfermé dans une petite chambre, & qu'il ne faifoit rouler la converfation que fur les fciences avec ceux qui le viftoient; qu'il eût pa comme un * autre Efüras retablir la Sainte Ecrirure fi elle fe fût duë, & qu'il en citoit des paflages tout d'une ha inc plufeurs beures de fuite avec une telle prefence de memoire, que les afliflans ne poavoient affez l'ad mirer, vu Que d'ailleurs il en tiroit des doétrines fort fingulieres , & ignorées des plus favans. Le nombre de fes ouvrages furpafloit le nombre de fes années. Aiant parlé de G faveur auprès des Papes, & de rs Princes, comme aufh des emplois pu blics dont il fut chargé, on continue de cette manie re: (m) Donec inaminem periafus in fe iplum recederet, C partim Mediolani, parti ve bac Urbe (n) wiéuris atermum Lbris bona fide pofleritatis nagotinm tranfigeres. Eos libres in ore farm in commeudations omnium verfa ri. Quumque per omnes fere difciplinas capax inge nium ciremminlers, due tamen in ipfo fine exemplo fatis éxprimi, nedum Llaudari pole, judici vim in aliorum Seripais affimandis, cr ad Latina orationis confuram exi. | miram , atque exaéfam, faytam vero facrarum Serarum peritians , quantam fortaffe nulles ad banc ‘diem, quantamque nemo credas, qui illam auribus non nfurparis, Ur, qued olim de Ejdra diéfum eff, deperdi 103 hngua fanéta Codices felus reparare potuerit. Séilie cet ad extremam feneélam, nuntie rtbus bumanis remife, noëtu diuque in facrarum lterarum commenta tione incredibili labore verfatum, nt ipfum adeuntibus per plures boras uno veluri fprrisn infinits facra pagina bca indlitats memeria felicitaie fiupentibus, atque at sonitis reprafentarer, aique ex ipfis drvma fapientia pa netralibus arcanes etiam doËiffimis igmorata exprimeret. Nimirum cum rard alias prodire in publicums folerer, ex tremis temporibus quatuordecim annos dome, ac ferme anguflo cubiculo claufum diebus noËtibus jungentem ln cubrare perpetuo folitum, cumque à doéfis imviftretur , né unquam à literis abftederet variis, ac fefiivis de re diteraria bus profunde eruditionis fruclus mberri mes commsnicare confuruiffe, huncque ipfs lndum, boc otinm , boc laborum levamen femper fuile. Nec mirum ff atate exaëta plures libres à fe éfos, quam amnos numeraret, ejufque opera vel magnam Bibliorhecam in fruere poffent , ipfe vive ae perambulans Biblietheca marito appellaretur. L'afcendaat qu'il eut fur fes Gr pre loge une ef. de prodige. Nous arons cité ciun paffa De des Ebfrns celebres, où l'on ob y+ 5 ue Dien r prelque toujours recompenfé d'un grand fuccés on travai Aer pates fuite de ce pañlage, (p) Dieu ne permit pas que le travail exceffif de fes études le fifi mourir, ou qu'il fufi nuifible à [a fanté: mais il voulut le fouffrir dans le monde pendant une vingtaine (4) d'O lympiades Cr peus.eftre plus, pour l'execurion de fes def feins Gr peur l'exercice de bien des gens. (P) Ibid. pag. 145. des Spavans pag. 475. dit qu'il à êcn plus de n'en À vÉEN que 71. tres difent ‘il l'a té, qu'il quitta leur Compa £nie. Voiez Mr. Bail. let, Fugrm, 138.535. PA: 476. C''f nne erreur, Voiez Amphot, Sciopp. Pa8: 16m (4) Cela parois faux: le premier Voiage qu'il fit em Allemagne , depuis Cabo me fut em l'année 1607. qu'on F ars réta à Ve mie pen. dant quel. #3 jours, Lparus en . Allemagne avc fahe, Cr comme étan an Service de l'Archidue Ferdinand voie vita paren tes Gaip. Schoppti 156.) 1 dina méme à Amberg avec Le Prince d'Anbal Gouver neur du Palarisat. res reçut des borné terez : voies Amphot, Sciopp. pag. 129» 130. (!) Voies Amphoti des Sciop pianx pag. 169. ; (m) O44 vus Fer rArIMs, in cui titulus Funus litcrato rum. (») C'f à-drre à Padoué, (o) Baillet, Enfani celebres pag 144 (4) Mr. Bailles dans le 3, volume des Fuger. ans il eff fur qu'il (a) C'ejt di qui he La fatire intitulée Hercules tusm fidem five re hypoboli maus, un autre écrit mti anle Vir gula divi na five Apotheo fis Lucretii Vefpillo mis. (6) Voirz Thomafius prafar. in eraiiones Mureti pag. 14. {c) Dans l'article Barthius remar que à (4) Bailler, em. des Spav. vol. 3. pag, 476 477. (e) Tta multorum in fe odia concitaffe, ponens ipfe quo _ ifto rias audire retur, bcilifque Plufquam Gvilibus Mufarum pacem in quietaret. Ferrar. mbi jupra. CN) Nicius Erythraus , Pinaceib. 1.p. 241. H parie d'un cer tain Loi. lus Arde lio. * C'ef fans doute MI MONS Supofi. Lé SCT OEPLEUS 2687 fes ennemis, font des chofes furprenantes : mais fes victoires lui coûterent cher, il falut qu'il ef+ Péiez fuiât (P) milleinjures; & il fe defia même quelquefois de la pointe redoutable & du &tanchant 2 paroles” de fa plume, 11 poffedoit toute la Ÿ Bible fur le bout du doigt. 1 r'eft pas vrai qu'il n'ait point : ut dans la re voulu (@) fe laiffer peindre, 11 laiffa plufñieurs manufcrits (R) qu'on louc beaucoup, Jen'ai marque 0. pu trouver les éloges de Jules Cefar Capaci, où l’on fait mention de lui honorablement, Il à paru deux livres fous le nom d'Andress Sc1opPius frere (S) de Gafpar. C'eft un nom Li {upolé, : ° (P) Qu'il efuist mille injures, Gr il fe defia mé me.] Peu apr:s la publication du Scabiger bytabo i mans on vit paroïître quelques écrits fort outrigeans coatre lui. Baudius en vers, Hcinlus (4) en proie prirent le parti de Scaliger, Un autre fit une fatire Pynes intitulec Vire @ parenses Gafpars Schoppii. Scaliger ne demeura pas les bras croifez , il publia confutatio fabula Burdonum {6} fous le nom de Janus Rutgerfius, qu'il ne defigua que par les lettres initia les J. R. Barthius fe mit de la partie, & Gt 3. fatires contre nôtre Scioppius: j'en parle ailleurs («). Voi ci le titre de quelques autres écrits contre le même hoMime: Albersi de Albertis Lydius lapis imgenu, fhi ritus ac morum Gafparis Scioppui. Efufdem indicsa ge nerales aduerfus famofos Seioppii belles in ‘fefuiras, à Munich 1649. im 12. Hemricr Woitoni Eprijiola de G. Scioppio cui proper argumenti fimiludinem etiam aha Adjtéta fugt, à Amberg 1637. L'un des principaux Tenans des Jefuites contre qui fur le Pere Laurent Fo rerus qui publia Grammaricus Proteus, arcanorum So cieraiis Fefu Dedalus dedolatus, dr genumo fuo vulrs réprafentatus : accefit auélarum ammaduwerjionum in Gafparis Seioppu Ecclefiafheam ajiroligian, à Ingolitad 1636. in 8. Aprendix ad Grammaticum Proteum quid de relation Alphonfi de Vargas fit fentiendium , là mé me en la même annécinS. Les Fefusres, ce font les paroles de Mr. Baillet (#). mows le depeignent comme le plus grand frippon ér le feelerat des hommes, € comme. la pefle publique des Lettres Gr de La focieté bu maine. En effes les plus grands hammes du ficcle je plai noïent de luy tous d'une voix, Casholiques, He : ques, C7 ie ar méme, dr tous donnownt leurs rm pour fa jption, parce qu'il artaguoit indif feremment tous le monde, qu'il dechiroit la reparation des plus bonnéres gens avec autant de plaifir que d'impu dence, dr qu'il fes gloire de n'épargner ny ls qualité n3 de merite. Ferrarius (e) qui l'a tant loüé reconoît u’on le contraignit d'entendre des hiftoires mal-plai ntes, J'ai dit qu'il ne fe fa pas, toûjours à & plumes & voici le fait. Un grané fanfaron dans la Republique , des lettres fe piailoit à maltraiter Scioppius, & à le ranger au plus bas étage des gens d'étude. Ille me même d'un livre qui le convaincroit aux yeux de toute la terre de n'être qu'un franc ignorant. Sciop pius lui envoia fignifier qu'il eût à fe taire, & que s'il continuoit à le De ber il fe ferait des affaires, non pas au tribunal du Parnafle devant les Mufes, mais au tribunal des Magiftrats; que Scioppius mettant bas les armes de l'érudition , n'emploicroit point d'autres écritures que celles que les Greftes de Boulogne lui pourroient fournir. Qu'il y feroit lever les iniorma tions, & la fentence par laquelle ce perfonnage fut declaré convaincu de plufeurs crimes. Voilà, dit-il, de quelles armes je me fervirai, sil continué de m'importuner. Quand cet homme eut oui cette me nace, il abandonna le deffein d'ecrire contre Sciop pius, mais il continua de parler. letarios, set 114 dicam, referendus elfe ajebat ; quem il. le Scioppium, queniam in quedam libello [ua tempora, quafi litératis viris non amica, modejie reprebenderat, Cœpit contumelis omnibus lacerare, atque palam eum Fe nc rudem , Gr omnine omnis eruditions #xper tem aique ignarum afferere, mmitarique, fe libre edire éjus infestiam palar ommbus faBurum. At Scisppius mmifit illi, qui diceres, ff fbi amplius moleflus «jet, non fe pugnaturunm cum eo eloquentis doétrinaque armis, fed diétis tejhinm, ac fentensiis judicum, in publicas sabulas relatis, quims Rononis, rmabrum facinorum argurus, evidus , ac condemnatus fuilfet; bis fe armis curatu purs, Mt ejus projets ad derrahendum bonis viris auda ciainfringererur, ac resunderttur. His auditis, à feri bendi contra illum fententia defirit, feque 1antum mtra verba consmmis. On peut regarder cela comme une rez avec Ceci cé qui Si Jera du dans les remarques difgrace bien mortifiinte pour Scioppius, À propre. D &. Ex ment parler Zoilus Ardelio triompha de lui, car dès ÿe Pairricle qu'un homme de lettres dans une difpute d'érudition é Thumas, a recours aux Magiftrats, aux fergens, & aux procu reurs, c'eft une marque qu'il fc defie de fi plume, & (b) Sciop de (à fcience. 11 change l'état de la queilion, il fuic $ | : : # le combat, il n'ofe aller fur le pré avec fon autagonifes fs te (9) mention de (D) Qu'il n'ait point voulu fe laifer peindre] rh 2 Thomas Bartholin affie que Scioppius n'accorda ja mais aux pricres de fes amis de laifler faire fon porplan ed trait, ni aux Peintres ni aux Graveurs, & il conjesA mohoti. ture que cela venoit de la crainte des cnchantemens. * Ê Mais comme il fe trompe {b) dans le fait, il ne faut = ni 0 : : puinæ vd s'arrêter beaucoup à fa conjcéture: raportons leu {, Ja vais ement fes paroles; on y verra d'autres exemples un Jess Le peu plus certains. (5) Addwer mumquam poruit, Cale hessre par Scioppius, quanquam fape ab armicis rogatus, 08 3, paul be Loi vel ccloribus piétorsms vel ari calsrorum commitreret. Nefcio an ai mriu, quod aduerjanwà pa ram, ques de magnes de mulros babuir, praffigias time. 166. 4: rot. Hine maluit cum AcCCio Poëta, volumimum nom imaginum certamima exercere. Cerfè mes Palæottus , (;) Thom. mec Velferus (k), nec Pinellus, Pr: magni fe vruos de Freberss as 4 . . “ 5 bvli * pingi voluerunt , fieur Calccolarius in Mufée prodidir, = ue Bartholin auroit pa Joindre aux 3. exemples de Cal. 13, pug. ceolarius un Roi (1) de Lacedemone, le Philofophe Gr. 66. (m) Plotin, & un celebre (») Theologien d'Angleter re, ec. (&) F'en (R) Plufieurs manujcrits qu'on lonë beaucoup] Lifcz parle dans ces parokes de Mr. Morhof: (e) Libri Seroppiani drix|, pemare déles multi, arque inter illos ejus Thelaurus, five abloue G lutiffimi de linguë Latini Commentarii pad Job Mi 4, (nav. chaëlm Piernccium , Profejorem Patavinum, latitant, ke, neque hune in diem lucem, cum mdignatione erudito run, vident; de quibus legendus eff Gregor. Ler. Val. () Agef regnante part, 3. lib. 3. pag. 325. Magna bujus libri Laus, soien expeétario apud literaies eff, € qui viderunt, 114 com. fon article mandant, ut in illo gentre nil firmile à quoquam férittum “3 ls fn.
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I WENT three times up the Hudson ; and, if I lived at New- York, should be tempted to ascend it three times a week during the summer. Yet the greater number of ladies on boanl the steamboat remained in the close cabin among the crying babies, even while we were passing the finest scenery of the river. They do not share the taste of a gentleman who, when I was there, actually made the steamboat his place of abode during the entire summer season, sleeping on board at Albany and New-York on al- ternate nights, and gazing at the shores all the day long with apparency undiminishing delight. The first time we went up the early part of the morning was foggy, and the mist hung about the ridge of the Pali- sades, the rocky western barrier of the river. There were cottages perched here and there, and trees were sprinkled in the crevices, and a little yellow strand, just wide enough for the fisherman and his boat, now and then intervened be- tween the waters and the perpendicular rock. In the shad- owy recesses of the shore wore sloops moored. Seagulls dipped their wings in the gleams of the river, and the soli- tary fishhawk sailed slowly over the woods. I saw on the eastern bank a wide flight of steps cut in the turf, leading to an opening in the trees, at the end of which stood a white house, apparently in deep retirement. Farther oi) the river widened into the Tappan Sea, and then the hills rose higher behind the banks, and wandering gleams lighted up a mount- ain region here and there. The captain admitted us, as strangers (of course without any hint from us), into the wheel- room, which was shady, breezy, roomy, and commanding the entire view. Hence we were shown Mr. Irvings^s cot- tage, the spot where Andr6 was captured, and the other in- Digitized by Google 44 WBSTBmil TRAVEL. teresting points of the sceneiy. Then the banks seemed to close, and it was matter for conjecture where the outlet was. The waters were hemmed in by abrupt and dark mountains, but the channel was still broad and smooth enough for all the steamboats in the republic to ride in safety. Ridges of rock plunged into the waters, garnished with trees which seemed to grow without soil ; above them were patches of cultivation on the mountain sides, and slopes of cleared land, with white houses upon them. Doves flitted among the nearest trees, and gay rowboats darted from point to point from one island to another. West Point, beautiful as it is, was always visible too soon. Tet to leave the boat was the only way to remain in sight of die Highlands ; and the charms of the place itself are scarcely to be surpassed. The hotel is always full of good company in the season. Mr. Cozens keeps a table for the officers, and is permitted to add as many guests as his house will hold; but, under such circumstances, he takes pains to admit only such as are fit company for his perma- nent boarders. The views from the hotel are so fine, and there is such a provision of comfort and entertainment, that there would be no hardship in sitting within doors for a week ; but we made the best use we could of our opportu- nities, and saw and achieved everything pertaining to the place, except mounting the Crow's Nest; an expedition which the heat of the weather prevented our undertaking. In some solitary spots of this settlement the stranger can- not help meditating on the vast materials of human happi- ness which are placed at the disposal of the real administra- tors of this gireat country. How great is the apparatus to be yet put to use ! Here, where life is swarming all around, how few are the habitations of men! Here are woods climbing above woods to the clouds and stretching to the horizon, in which myriads of creatures are chirping, hum- ming, and sporting ; clefts whence the waters gush out ; green slopes ready for the plough and the sickle ; flat mead- ows with a few haycocks lying at the foot of mountains as yet untouched. Grasshoppers spring at every step one takes in the rich grass, and many a blue dragon-fly bal- ances itself on the tips of the strongest blades ; butterflies, green, black, white, and yellow, dazzle the eye that would follow them ; yet how few men are near ! A gay group on the steps of the hotel, a company of cadets parading on the Digitized by Google THB HUDSON* 45 green, the ferryman and his fare, and the owners of this, and that, and the other house perched upon the pinnacles of the hills ; these are all as yet visible in a region which will here- after be filled with speech and busy whh thought. On the steep above the landing-place I was introduced to Mr. Irving, with whom I had a few minutes* conversation before he stepped into the ferryboat which was to take him over to* the foundry to dinner. Many other persons with whom I was glad to have the opportunity of becoming acr quainted were at the hotel. Mr. and Mrs. Morris were our guides to Fort Putnam after dinner ; walkers as active and resolute as ourselves. The beauty from this elevated plat* form is really oppressive to the sense. One is glad to di- vert one's attention from its awful radiance by walking in precipitous places, by visiting the cell in which it is said, but doubtfully, that Andr6 was confined, or even by medita- ting on the lot of the solitary cow that has the honour of grazing in the midst of the only ruins that adorn American scenery. A lady in the hotel offered to meet me on the housetop at five o'clock in the morning to see the sun rise. I looked out at three ; there was a solitary light twinkling in the acad- emy, and a faint gleam out of a cloudy sky upon the river. At five the sky was so thickly overspread with clouds that the expedition to the housetop had to be abandoned. The morning afterward cleared, and I went alone down to Kos- ciusko's Garden. I loved this retreat at an hour when I was likely to have it to myself. It is a nook scooped, as it were, out of the rocky bank of the river, and reached by descending several flights of steps from the platform behind the hotel and academy. Besides the piled rocks and the vegetation with which they are clothed, there is nothing but a clear spring, which wells up in a stone basin inscribed with the hero's name. This was his favourite retreat ; and here he sat for many hours in a day with his book and his thoughts. After fancying for some time that I was alone, and playing with the fountain and the leaves of the red beech and the maple, now turning into its autumnal scarlet, I found, on looking up, that one of the cadets was stretched at length on a high projection of rock, and that another was coming down the steps. The latter accosted me, offering to point out to me the objects of interest about the place. We had a long conversation about his academical life. Digitized by Google 46 WB8TBRN TRAVEL. The students apply themselves to mathematics during the first and second years; during the third, to mathematics, chymistry, and natural philosophy ; and during the fourth, to engineering. There is less literary pursuit than they or their friends would like ; but they have not time for every- thing. Their work is from seven in the morning till four in the afternoon, with the exception of two hours for meals* Then come drill and recreation, and then the evening^arade. During six weeks (I think) of the summer they camp out, which some of the youths enjoy, while others like it so much less than living under a roof, that they take this time to be absent on furlough. The friends of others come to see them while the pretty spectacle of a camp is added to the attrac- tions of the place. Every care is used that the proficiency should be maintained at the highest point that it can be made to reach. The.classes consist of not less than one hundred and forty, of whom only forty graduate. Some find the work too hard ; some dislike the routine ; others are post- poned ; and by this careful weeding out the choicest are kept for the public service. This process may go some way to- wards accounting for the present unpopularity of die institu- tion, and the consequent danger of its downfall. The number of disappointed youths, whose connexions will naturally bear a grudge against the establishment, must be great. There is a belief abroad that iu principlie and administration are both anti-republican ; and in answer to an irresistible popular demand, a commiuee of Congress has been engaged in in- vestigating botli the philosophy and practice of this national military academy; for some time prevltuis to which there was difficulty in obtaining the annual appropriation for its support. I have not seen the report of this committee, but I was told that the evidence on which it is founded is very unfa- vourable to the conduct of the establishment in a political point of view. The advantages of such an institution in securing a uniformity of military conduct in case of war, from the young soldiers of all the states having received a common education ; in affording one meeting point where sectional prejudice may be dissolved ; and in concentrating the atten- tion of the whole union upon maintaining a high degree of proficiency in science, are so great, that it is no wonder that an indignant and honest cry is raised against those who would abolish it on account of its aristocratical tendencies. I rather think it is a case in which both parties are more than Digitized by Google THB HVDSOlf • 47 commonly right ; that it is an institution which can scarcely be dispensed with, but which requires to be watched with the closest jealousy, that there may be no abuse of patronage, and no such combination as could lead to the foundation of a military aristocracy. I saw the well-selected library, consisting of several thou- sand TolumeSy the spacious lecture-rooms, and students' apartments. I often wonder whether students are at all aware of the wistful longing, the envy, with which those who are precluded from academical life view the arrange- ments of colleges. No library in a private house conveys any idea of the power of devotion to study which is sug- gested by the sight of a student's apartment in a college. The sight of the snug solitary room, the bookshelves, the single desk and armchair, the larum, and eVen the flower- pot or two in the window, and the portrait of some favourite phOosophical worthy; these things send a thrill of envy through the heart of the thoughtful politician, or man of business, or woman, who cannot command such facilities for study. I know that the fallacy of attributing too much to external arrangements enters here ; that many study to as much advantage under difficulties as any academical mem- ber in his retirement ; I know, too, that the student shares the human weakness of finding evil in his lot, and supposing that he should be better in some other circumstances; I know this by a revelation once made to me by a college student, for whose facilities I had been intensely thankful, a revelation of his deep and incessant trouble because he was living to himself, selfishly studying, and obliged to wait four or five years before he could bestir himself for his race ; yet, in spite of all this knowledge that the common equality of pleasures and pains subsists here, I never see the interior of a college without longing to impress upon its inmates how envied and enviable they are. It i» difficult to remember that the stOlness of the cell is of no avail without the intent- ness of the inind, and that there is no efficacious solitude in the deepest retirement if the spirit is roving abroad after schemes of pleasure or ambition, or even of piety and be- nevolence, which are not the appointed duty of the time. Bat I have wandered from my new acquaintance in Kos- eiusko's Grarden. I was suprised to learn the extraordinary high average of health the place can boast of. The young men enter at the Digitized by Google 48 WBSnUUI TSATBL. age of from fourteen to twenty, stay three or four years, and number about three hundred at a time. The mortality in the seventeen years preceding my visit was only five. For eight years before the winter of 1834 there had been no death. Within a few months after, the superintendent's wife, a servant, and a cadet died ; and this was, of course, considered an extraordinary mortality. I rather wondered at this account, for the young men look anything but robust, and the use of tobacco among them is very free indeed. It is prohibited, but not the less indulged in on that account, nor from the absence of evil example in their superintend- ents. My new acquaintance made very frank confessions on this subject. He told me that he believed the free use of tobacco had extensively and irreparably injured his health, and that he bitterly mourned his first indulgence in it. ^ Do not you mean to leave it oftV^ said I. "No." «« Do you think you could not f **I could ; but it would take three weeks to cure myself; and during that time I could do nothing ; and I cannot afford that. I could not learn my lessons without it, and the loss of three weeks would injure all my prospects in life.** '^Hardly so fatally as the ruin of your health, I should think* Is your case a common one here ?^ ** Too comnaon. But I assure you I do all I can to pre- vent the bad consequences of my own example. I warn my juniors, as they come in, very seriously.*' " Do you find your warnings of much use V* ** I am afraid not much." ** They have the usual fate of mere precept, I suppose ?'* ** Yes, I am afraid so." The manners of the cadets are excellent* They are al- lowed, under restrictions, to mix with the company at Mr. Cozens*s, and thus to be frequently into ladies* society. There is a book kept at the hotel, where every cadet must, at each visit, enter his name at length, and the duration of his stay. The second time I was at West Point was during the camping-out season. The artillery drill in the morning was very noisy and grand to the ladies, who had never seen any^ thing of the "pomp and circumstance of glorious war." Then the cadets retired to their tents, and the ladies flitted about all the morning, making calls on each other. When Digitized by Google THB HUDSON. 49 we had discharged this first of a traveller's duties, we saun- tered to the cemetery. Never did I see such a spot to be buried in. The green hill projects into the river so that the monumental pillar erected by the cadets to the comrade who was killed by the bursting of a gun in 1817 is visible from two long reaches. One other accident had occurred a little while. before; a cadet had been killed by a comrade in fencing. The tombs are few, and the inscriptions simple. Broadr spreading trees overshadow the long grass, and the whole is so hemmed in, so intensely quiet, that no sound is to be heard but the plash of oars from below and the hum of insects around, except when the evening gun booms over the heights, or the summer storm reverberates among the mountains. Such a storm I had beheld the evening before from the piazza of the hotel. I stayed from the parade to watch it. As the thick veil of rain came down, the mountains seemed to retire, growing larger as they receded. As the darkness advanced^ the scene became strangely compound. A friend sat with me in the piazza, talking of the deepest subjects on which human thought can speculate. Behind us were the open windows of the hotel, where, by turning the head, we might see the dancing going on ; the gallant cadets and their pretty partners, while all the black servants of the house ranged their laughing faces in the rear. The music of the ballroom came to us mingling with the pro- longed bursts of thunder ; and other and grander strains rose from the river, where two large steamboats, with their lights, moved like constellations on the water, conveying a regiment from Pennsylvania which was visiting the soldiery of New- York State. They sent up rockets into the murky sky, and poured new blasts of music from their band as they passed our promontory. Every moment the lightning burst ; now illuminating the interior of a mass of clouds; now quivering from end to end of heaven ; now shedding broad livid gleams, which suddenly revealed a solitary figure on the terrace, a sloop on the waters, and every jutting point of rock. Still the dance went on till the hour struck which abruptly called the youths away from their partners, and bade them hie to their tents. On returning from the cemetery we found Mr. and Mrs* Kemble, from the opposite side of the river, waiting to ofifer us their hospitality ; and we agreed to visit them in the af- Vol. I.— E Digitized by Google 00 WESTBEH TSAVBL. teraoon. Mi. Kemble's boat awaited us at tht landing- place by three o'clock, and we rowed about some time be- fore landing on the opposite banl'i so irresistible is the temptation to linger in this scene of magical beauty. The Catholic chapel of Coldspring is well placed on a point above the river ; and the village, bidden from West Point by a headland, is pretty. From Mr. Kemble's we were to be treated with a visit to the Indian Fall, and were carried within half a mile of it by water. We followed the brawl- ing brook for that distance, when we saw the glistening of the column of water through the trees. No fall can be prettier for its size, which is just small enough to tempt one lo climb. A gentleman of our party made the attempt ; but the rocks were too slippery with wet weed, and he narrowly escaped a tumble of twenty feet into the dark pool below. The boys, after bringing us branches of the black cherry, clustered with the fruit, found a safe and dry way up, and appeared waving their green boughs in triumph at the top of the rocks. The tide had risen so that the river was brim- ming full as we returned, and soft with the mountain shad- ows ; but we landed at West Point in time to see the sun set twice, as it happened. At the landing-place we stood to see it drop behind the mountain ; but just after we had bidden it good-night, I saw that a meditative cadet, lying at length upon A rock, was still basking in the golden light, and 1 ran up the «teep to the piazza. There, in a gap between two summits, was the broad disk, as round as ever; and once more we saw it sink in a tranquillity almost as grand as the stormy splendour of the preceding night. Then ensued the evening parade, guitar music in the hotel, and dancing in the camp. This evening a lady and her daughter steamed down from Fishkill with a request to. us to spend a few days there ; and a clergyman steamed up from New- York with an invitation from Doctor Hosack to visit him and his family at Hyde Park. We> could not do-both ; and there was some difficulty in contriving to do either, anxiously as we desired it ; but we presently settled that Fishkill must be given up, and that we must content ourselves with two days at Hyde Park. The next morning I experienced a sensation which I had often heard of, but never quite believed in ; the certainty that one has wakened in another world. Those who have travelled much know that a frequent puzzle, on waking from aound sleep in new places, is to know where one is ; even in Digitized by Google ram nvomm. 5t what country of the world. This night I left my window open close to my head, so that I could see the stars reflected in the river. When I woke the scene was steeped in the light of the sunrisef and as still as death. Its ineffiible beauty was all ; I remarked no individual objects ; but my heart stood still witii an emotion which I should be glad to think I may feel again whenever I really do enter a new scene of existence. It was some time before my senses were separately roused ; during the whole day I could not get rid of the impression that I had seen a vision ; and even now I can scarcely look back upon the scene as the very same which, at other hours, I saw clouded whh earth-drawft vapours, and gilded by the common sun. At eleven o'clock we left West Point ; and I am glad that we felt sure at die time that we should visit it again ; a design which we did not accomplish, as the place was ravaged by scaHet fever at the season of the next year thai we bad fixed for our visit. Mr. Livingston, who had just returned from his French mission, was on board the boat. My letters of introduction to him were at the bottom of my trunk ; but we did not put off Mcomimg adptainted till I could get at them. Mr. Livingston's name is celebrated and honoured in England (as over all Eurq>e), through its connexion with the Louisiana Code, this gentleman's great work. He was bom and educated in the state of New- York. While pus- suing his studies at Princeton College in 1779 and 1780« he was subject to strange interruptions, the professors being repeatedly driven from their chairs by incursions of the enemy, and their scholars on such occasions forming a corps to go out and fight. The library was scattered, the philo- sophical apparatus destroyed, and the college buildings shared with troops quartered in the establishment; yet young Livingston left college a good scholar. He was a member of the fourth Congress, and there made himself remarkable by his exertions to ameliorate the criminal code of the United States, then as sanguinary as those of the Old World. In 1801 he returned to the practice of his profes* sion of the law in New- York, but was not long, permitted to decline public life. He was appointed attorney of the state of New- York, and mayor of the city. He remained in the city, in the discharge of his dutiesi while the yellow fever drove away every one who could remove. He nearly died Digitized by Google 52 WESTERN TRAVEL. of the disease, and was ruined in his private affairs by his devotion to the public service. In 1804 he resigned his offices, and retired to Louisiana (then a new acquisition of the United States) to retrieve his fortunes ; and from thence he discharged all his obligations, paying his debts, with in- terest upon them, to the last farthing. He was deprived, by a mistake of President Jefferson's, of an immense prop- erty which he had acquired there, and was involved in ex- pensive litigation of many years* duration. The law de- cided in his favour, and the controversy ended in a manner the most honourable to both parties ; in a reciprocation of hearty good-wilL During the invasion of Louisiana by the British Mr. Livingston took a prominent part in the defence of the state ; and, when it was over, undertook, with two coadjutors, the formidable task of simplifying its laws, entangled as they were with Spanish prolixities, and all manner of unnecessary and unintelligible provisions. His system was adopted, and has been in use ever since. In 1820 the system of mu- nicipal law was revised -at New-Orleans under the superin* fendence of Mr. Livingston, and his amendments were put in practice in 1823. He was at the same time engaged, without assistance, in preparing his celebrated penal code. When it was all ready for the press, in 1824, he sat up late one night to ascertain finally the correctness of the fair copy ; and, having finished, retired to rest in a state of calm satisfac- tion at his great work being completed. He was awakened by a cry of fire. The room where lie had been employed was burning, and every scrap of his papers was consumed. Not a note or memorandum was saved. He appeared to be stunned for the hour ; but, before the day closed, he had begun liis labours again, and he never relaxed till, in two years from the time of the fire, he pre- sented his work to the legislature of Louisiana, improved by the reconsideration which he had been compelled to give it. Men of all countries who understand jurisprudence seem to think that no praise of this achievement can be exces- sive. He afterward represented Louisiana in both Houses of Congress; became Secretary of State in 1831 ; and, in 1833, minister to France. His was a busy life, of doing, suffer- ing, and, we may confidently add, enjoying ; for his was a Digitized by Google THB HUMON. 53 nature full of simplicity, modesty, and benevolence* His industry is of itself exhilarating to contemplate. During the whole preceding year I had heard Mr. Liv* ingston*8 name almost daily in connexion with his extremely difficult negotiations between the United States and France, or, rather, between President Jackson and Louis Philippe. I had read his despatches (some of which were made public that were never designed to be so), and had not been quite satisfied as to their straightforwardness, but concluded, on the whole, that he had done as much as human wits could well do in so absurd, and perplexed, and dangerous a quarrel, where the minister had to manage the temper of his own potentate as well as baffle the policy of the European monarch. A desire for peace and justice was evident through the whole of Mr. Livingston's correspondence ; and under all, a strong wish to get home. Here he was, now plough- ing his way up his own beloved river, whose banks were studded with the country-seats of a host of his relations. He came to me on the upper deck, and sat looking very placid with his staff between his knees, and his strong, ol>- serving countenance melting into an expression of pleasure when he described to me his enjoyment in burying himself among the mountains of Switzerland. He said he would not now hear of mountains anywhere else ; at least not in either his own country or mine. He gave me some opin* ions upon the government of the King of the French which I little expected to hear from the minister of a democratic republic. We were deep in this subject when a great hiss- ing of the steam made us look up and see that we were at Hyde Park, and that Dr. Hosack and a party of ladies were waiting for me on the wharf. I repeatedly met Mr. Living- ston in society in New-York the next spring, when a deaf- ness, which had been slight, was growing upon him, and im- pairing his enjoyment of conversation. The last time I saw him was at the christening of a grand-niece, when he looked well in health, but conversed little, and seemed rather out of spirits. Within a month of that evening he was seized with pleurisy, which would in all probability have yielded to treatment ; but he refused medicine, and was carried off after a very short illness. Dr. Hosack died some months before him. How little did I think, as I now went from the one to the other, that both these vigorous old men would be E2 Digitized by Google 54 WBSTBRN TRAV£L. laid in their graves even before my return home should call upon me to bid them farewell ! The aspect of Hyde Park from the river had disappointed me» after all I had heard of it. It looks little more than a white house upon a ridge. I was therefore doubly delighted when I found what this ridge really was. It is a natural terrace, overhanging one of the sweetest reaches of the river ; andy though broad and straight at the top, not square and formal, like an artificial embankment, but undulating, sloping, and sweeping between the ridge and the river, and dropped with trees ; the whole carpeted with turf, tempting grown people, who happen to have the spirits of children, to run up and down the slopes, and play hide-and-seek in the hol- lows. Whatever we might be talking of as we paced the terrace, 1 felt a perpetusd inclination to start off for play. Yet, when the ladies and ourselves actually did something like it, threading the little thickets and rounding every promontory, even to the farthest (which they call Cape Horn), I felt that the possession of such a place ought to make a man devout if any of the gifts of Providence can do so. To hold in one's hand that which nielts all strangers' hearts is, to be a steward in a very serious sense of the term. Most liberally did Dr. Hosack dispenso the means of enjoyment he possessed. Hospitality is insepar- ably connected with his name in the minds of all who ever heard it ; and it was hospitality of the heartiest and most gladsome kind. Dr. Hosack had a good library ; I believe, one of the best private libraries in the country; some good pictures, and botanical and mineralogieal cabinets of value. Among the ornaments of his house I observed some biscuits and vases once belonging to Louis XVI., purchased by Dr. Hosack from a gentleman who had them committed to hisf keeping during the troubles of the first French Revolution. In the afternoon Dr. Hosack drove me in his gig round his estate, which lies on both sides of the high road ; the farm on one side and the pleasure-grounds on the other. The conservatory is remarkable for America ; and the flower- garden all that it can be made under present circumstances, but the neighbouring country people have no idea of a gen- tleman's pleasure in his garden, and of respecting it. On occasions of weddings and other festivities, the villagers come up into the Hyde Park grounds to enjoy themselves ; Digitized by Google THB HVD80N.. M and persons who would not dream of any other mode of theft, pull up rare plants, as they would wild flowers in the woods, and carry them away. Dr. Hosack would frequently see, some flower that he had brought with much pains from Europe flourishing in some garden of the village below. As soon as he explained the nature of the case, the plant would be restored with all zeal and eare ; but the: losses were so frequent and provoking as greatly to moderate his horti- cultural enthusiasm. We passed through the poultry-yard, where the congregation of fowls exceeded in. number and bustle any that I had ever seen. We drove round his kitchen-garden too, where he had taken pains to grow every kind of vegetable which will flourish in that climate. Then crossing the road, after paying our respects to his dairy of fine cows, we drove through the orchard, and round Cape Horn, and refreshed ourselves with the sweet river views on our way home. There we ^at in the pavilion, and he told me much of De Witt Clinton, and showed me his own Life of Clinton, a copy of which he said should await me on my return to New- York. When that time came he was no more; but his promise was kindly borne in mind by his lady, from whose hands I received the valued legacy. We saw some pleasant society at Hyde Park : among the rest, some members of the wide-spreading Livingston family, and the Rev. Charles Stewart, who lived for some years as missionary in the South Sea Islands^ and afterward pub- lished a very interesting account of his residence there. His manners, which are particularly gentlemanly and modest, show no traces of a residence among savages, or of the shifts and disorder of a missionary life ; nor of an^ bad effects from the sudden fame which awaited him on his return into civilized life. I remember with great pleasure a conversa- tion we had by the river-side, which proved to me that he understands the philosophy of fame, knowing how to ap- propriate the good and reject the evil that it brings, and which deepened the respect I had entertained for him from the beginning of our acquaintance. The Livingston family, one of the oldest, most numerous, and opulent in the States, has been faithful in the days of its greatness to its democratic principles. In Boston it seems a matter of course that the ** first people'' should be federalists ; that those who may be aristocratic in station should become aristocratic in princi[de. The Livingstons Digitized by Google 66 WB8TBRN TBAVBL. are an evidence that this need not be. Amid their splendid entertainments in New-York, and in their luxurious retire* ments on the Hudson, they maybe heard going further than most in defence of President Jackson's idiosyncracy. Their zeal in faftnir of Mr. Van Buren was accounted for by many from the natural bias of the first family in the state of New- York in favour of the first president furnished by that state ; but there is no reason to find any such cause. The Livingstons have consistently advocated the most liberal principles through all changes ; and that thoy retain their democratic opinions in the midst of their opulence and family influence is not the less honourable to them for their party having now the ascendency. Dr. Hosack and his family accompanied us down to the wharf to see Mr. Stewart off by one boat and our party by another, when, on the third day of our visit, we were obliged to depart. Our hearts would have been more sorrowful than they were if we had foreseen that we should not enjoy our promised meeting with this accomplished and amiable family at New-York. Dn Hosack Was a native American, but his father was Scotch^ After obtaining the best medical education he could in America, he studied in Edinburgh and London, and hence his affectionate relations with Great Britain, atKhthe warmth with which he welcomed English travellers, ^e practised medicine in New-York for upward of forty years, and filled the Professorship of Botany and Materia Meaica in Columbia College for some time. He distinguished himself by his successful attention to the causes and treatment of yellow fever. But his services out of his profession were as emi- nent as any for which his fellow-citizens are indebted to him. He rendered liberal aid to varioQs literary, scientific, and benevolent institutions, and was always willing and inde- fatigable in exertion for public objects. One of the most painful scenes of his life was the duel in which Hamilton perished. Dr. Hosack was Hamilton's second, and, proba- bly, as well aware as his principal and others that the en- counter could hardly end otherwise than as it did. Dr. Hosack was in New- York with his family the winter after my visit to Hyde Park. He was one day in medical con- versation with Dr. M^Vickar of that city, and observed that it would not do for either of them to have an attack of apoplexy, as there would be small chance of their surviving iu With* Digitized by Google PCfB ORCHARD HOU8B. 57 in two we^ks both were dead of apoplexy. Dr. Hosack lost property in the great fire at New- York ; he over-exerted hiroaeir on the night of the fire, and the fatigue and anxiety brought on an attack of the disease he dreaded, under which he presently sank from amid the well-earned enjoyments of a vigorous and prosperous old age. He was in his 67th year, and showed to the eye of a stranger no symptom of decline. His eye was bright, his spirits as buoyant, and his life as full of activity as those of most men of half his years. I always heard the death of this enterprising and useful citizen mentioned as heading the list of the calamities of the Great Fire. PINE ORCHARD HOUSE. ** But the new clory mix** with ihe h«aTen And earth. Man, once descried, imprints for ever His presence on all lifeless things ; the winds Are henceforth voices, wailing or a shout, A querulous mutter Or a quick ga^ laugh ; Never a senseless gust now man is horn. The herded pines commune, and have deep thoughts, A secret they assemble to discuss. When the sim drops behind their trunks which glare Like grates of hell ; the peerless cup afloat Of the lake-lily is an urn some nymph Swims bearing high above her head. ♦ ♦♦♦♦♦# The mom has enterprise ; deep quiet droops With evening ; triumph when the sun takes rest ; Voluptuous transport when the corn-fields ripen Beneath a warm moon, like a happy face ^ And this to fill us with regard for man, Deep apprehension of his passing worth.'' ParaceUuSf Part v. However widely European travellers have differed about other things in America, all seem to agree in their love of the Hudson. The pens of all tourists dwell on its scenery, and their affections linger about it like the magic lights which seem to have this river in their peculiar charge. Yet very few travellers have seen its noblest wonder. I may Digitized by Google 58 WBVTBKlf TMATBL. be singular ; but I own that I was more roovecT by what I saw from the Mountain House than by Niagara itself. What is this Mountain House! this Pine Orchard House? many will ask ; for its name is not to be found in most books of American travels. ** What is that white speck f* I myself asked, when staying at Tivoli, on the east bank of the Hudson, opposite to the Catskills, whose shadowy sur- face was perpetually tempting the eye. I'hat white speck, visible to most eyes only when bright sunshine was upon it, was the Mountain House ; a hotel built for tlie accommoda- tion of hardy travellers who may desire to obtain that com- plete view of the valley of the Hudson which can be had nowhere else. I made up my mind to go ; and the next year I went, on leaving Dr. Hosack's. I think I had rather have missed the Hawk's Nest, the Prairies, the Mississippi, and even Niagara, than this.
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Özlem Türeci (Siegen, Renânia do Norte-Vestfália; 1967) é uma médica, imunologista e empresária alemã de origem turca. É cofundadora e directora médica da BioNTech. Türeci e a sua equipa desenvolveram uma vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2.
Carreira
Türeci é cofundadora e directora médica da BioNTech. Também preside a Associação de Imunoterapia contra o Câncer (CIMT), com sede em Maguncia. Foi uma das iniciadoras e presidente do Cluster para a Intervenção Imunológica Individualizada (Ci3) da região Rin-Meno e é conferencista na Universidade de Maguncia.. É pioneira na imunoterapia contra o câncer e tem trabalhado no desenvolvimento de vacinas individualizadas baseadas no ARN mensageiro.
Em 2001, Türeci participou da fundação da Ganymed Pharmaceuticals como sua directora científica, chegando à sua direcção executiva em 2008. Ganymed passou a ser filial da Astellas Pharma após sua aquisição em 2016 por 1,3 bilhões de euros, tendo esta sido considerada a maior aquisição na indústria biotecnológica alemã até a data.
Durante a pandemia de COVID-19, Türeci se dedicou à investigação de uma vacina contra o SARS-CoV-2, vírus responsável pela COVID-19, em associação com Pfizer. Em 11 de novembro de 2020 a Pfizer informou que a vacina Tozinameran (chamada Comirnaty nos países da União Europeia), desenvolvida por Türeci e sua equipa, oferecia uma eficácia de mais de 90% de imunidade contra o vírus.
Prêmios
Prêmio Georges Köhler da Sociedade Alemã de Imunología (2005).
Prêmio de Sustentabilidade Nacional da Alemanha, Prêmio Honorario (2020).
Eleita Pessoa do Ano do Financial Times (2020).
Empresários da Alemanha
Imunologistas
Pessoas vivas
Cientistas da Alemanha
Mulheres cientistas da Alemanha
Alemães de ascendência turca
BioNTech.
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Plus tard, huit autres noms furent successivement ajoutés à ces huit noms antiques, et le dernier Père que l'Église ait élevé à cette dignité a été saint Bernard. Le grand Hilaire de Poitiers, il est vrai, était depuis longtemps qualifié du titre de Docteur, et les honneurs lui en étaient attribués depuis environ deux siècles par quelques Églises particulières. Il y a plus : à cause de sa puissante et incontestable doctrine, l'office qui lui était assigné par l'Église romaine se composait en grande partie des prières marquées pour la fête des Confesseurs pontifes et Docteurs; mais cependant les traits les plus caractéristiques de l'office d'un saint Docteur y étaient supprimés. Aussi, lorsque les Pères du dernier concile de Bordeaux déclarèrent que la liturgie romaine était, en vertu des précédents conciles de 1582 et de 1624, plus encore qu'en vertu de la constitution de saint Pie V, la liturgie obligatoire de toute leur province, ils constatèrent avec regret que le missel et le bréviaire romain ne conféraient pas à saint Hilaire les hommages solennels qui appartiennent aux Docteurs de l'Église, et ils résolurent de demander au saint-siège qu'il daignât, non-seulement confirmer le titre dont jouissait le saint évêque de Poitiers auprès de quelques Églises particulières, mais encore étendre ce titre à l'Église universelle. Notre saint-père le pape Pie IX accueillit avec faveur et avec joie cette proposition. Sur son invitation, nous nommâmes un postulateur de la cause ; et le procès, Ont été successivement déclarés Docteurs de l'Église : S. Thomas d'Aquin, par S. Pie V ; S. Bonaventure, par Sixte-Quint; S. Anselme, par Clément XI; S. Isidore de Séville, par Innocent XIII; S. Pierre Chrysologue, par Benoît XIII ; S. Léon le Grand, par Benoît XIV; S. Pierre Damien, par Léon XII; S. Bernard, par Pie VIII. 2 Ce fut M. l'abbé Bernier, doyen honoraire de Poitiers et de Luçon, engagé dans toutes les formes, plaidé en sens contradictoire par le promoteur de la foi et par les avocats que nous avions constitués, fut terminé par un décret solennel de la congrégation des Rites et par un bref apostolique, confirmant et étendant à l'univers entier le titre de DOCTEUR désormais assuré à saint Hilaire, et prescrivant à toutes les Églises du rite latin les diverses modifications liturgiques qui sont la conséquence nécessaire de ce titre. VIII. Ainsi, N. T.-C. F., Rome a parlé, la cause est finie. Disons pourtant qu'il fut facile d'établir les droits incontestables qu'avait le grand Hilaire à cette distinction. Sa sainteté est tellement empreinte sur tous les actes de sa longue et glorieuse carrière, que le censeur le plus sévère est forcé d'avouer qu'elle ne peut être l'objet d'aucun doute. Je sais qu'en ces derniers temps la littérature rationaliste, qui s'est attribué la mission de traduire à son tribunal, comme d'humbles écoliers, et de juger avec une ignorance plus ou moins spirituellement insolente, les grands écrivains des premiers âges de l'Église, n'a pas même épargné le caractère moral du saint évêque de Poitiers; mais je sais aussi que ce libertinage d'esprit n'est qu'un plagiat à peu près textuel de l'érudition surannée et mille fois répétée des vétérans du protestantisme. Et je demande pardon aux oreilles chatouilleuses des libres-penseurs de notre temps si je leur renvoie la seule parole dure et sévère qui soit tombée de la plume polie du saint évêque de Genève, se plaignant de ce qu'il ne restera bientôt plus dans l'antiquité ecclésiastique aucun grand et noble caractère qui ne subisse, en fin de compte, si Dieu le veut, le même sort que lui. "Le décret Quod potissimum, daté du 29 mars 1851, et le bref Si ab ipsis, donné sous l'anneau du Pêcheur, le 12 mai suivant, ont été publiés parmi les actes du concile de Bordeaux de 1850. Annot. Promot. Fidei in causa S. Hilarii, n. 2. Le permet, les censures et reproches de ces chrétiens réformés, lesquels, pires que des chiens, cherchent de souiller les plus pures et blanches vies des pères du christianisme. La doctrine de saint Hilaire n'est pas moins irréprochable que sa vie, et les obscurités qui s'y rencontrent quelquefois, comme dans tous les Pères des premiers siècles, ont été victorieusement éclaircies par la science profonde de ses éditeurs, les enfants de saint Benoît. Certes, il a été une lumière brillante de l'Église, et il peut être appelé le père et le maître de tous les Docteurs, celui qui fut pendant sa vie l'âme des synodes et l'oracle des évêques tant d'Orient que d'Occident, celui dont saint Ambroise, saint Augustin, saint Jérôme et tant d'autres ont étudié avec fruit et célébré avec transport les doctes ouvrages, dont Pierre Damien a été l'humble panégyriste, et dont un concile général a invoqué le témoignage péremptoire. Évidemment il ne manquait à sa cause que la déclaration expresse et solennelle du saint-siège. Le saint-siège a prononcé; la sentence est sans appel. IX. Notre très-saint père le pape Pie IX, en exaucant avec tant de bonté les vœux des pères du concile de Bordeaux, ajoute qu'il a voulu donner cette consolation à l'épiscopat français et cette nouvelle gloire à la fidèle Église des Gaules, principalement en cet âge où l'on voit revivre la vieille erreur des Ariens. Ce n'est pas une gloire médiocre pour nous, en effet, que d'avoir fourni au monde chrétien le premier de ses Docteurs dans l'ordre des temps : Hilaire, qui est appelé le porte-étendard et l'astre précurseur des Latins, n'a-t-il pas devancé de quelques Il ne vient, ce solace épiscopatuel rendre et particulier démenti fidèle Galliarum Ecclesia, ce plus particulièrement âge quoique vieux error arianorum reviviscit. Decretum Quod volentesimum. Romanorum antesignanus, Romanorum lucifer. S. Hieronymus-Hincmarus. années, sur la scène du monde et dans le tombeau, Athanase lui-même, le plus ancien des Docteurs grecs? Comme aussi, parmi les combats que nous avons à soutenir dans un siècle où la cause qu'il s'agit de plaider de nouveau n'est autre que la cause même de Jésus-Christ, ce n'est pas une médiocre consolation d'avoir à notre tête le grand adversaire de la vieille erreur qui a reparu sur la terre, l'intrépide défenseur du Verbe incarné, le soldat de l'Église, qu'aucune terreur de la puissance humaine ne put jamais vaincre. La nouvelle auréole qui brille sur son front réchauffera notre ardeur au milieu de la mêlée; l'arsenal de ses écrits nous fournira des armes éprouvées; et la victoire qu'il a remportée jadis, est le gage de celle que nous remporterons sur les ennemis renaissants de la divinité de Jésus-Christ. A ces causes, etc. Nunc mihi non alia ad dicendum causa, quam Christi est. Hilar. Contra Constant., n. 3. Acerrimus divinitatis Christi defensor, quem nullus unquam humanæ potestatis timor vincere potuit. Litteræ Patrum Burdig. ad Pium IX. LETTRE CIRCULAIRE ACCOMPAGNANT L'ENVOI DE LA LETTRE SYNODALE DES PÈRES DU CONCILE DE BORDEAUX. (VIII JANVIER MDCCCLXI.) MESSIEURS ET CHERS COOPÉRATEURS, Nous vous adressons la LETTRE SYNODALE rédigée par notre vénérable métropolitain au nom et avec l'assentiment de tous les pères du concile de Bordeaux. Elle devra être lue publiquement au prône de la messe paroissiale dans toutes les églises de notre diocèse. Les fidèles de cette vaste circonscription métropolitaine apprendront, par ce résumé rapide, quels ont été, durant le cours de nos laborieuses sessions, les principaux objets de notre sollicitude, et ils verront quel précieux et salutaire usage l'Église sait faire de sa liberté lorsqu'elle lui est rendue. Espérons que les dispositions plus équitables qu'on a montrées envers elle seront sans repentance, et que la Fille du ciel, l'Épouse de Jésus-Christ, n'aura pas à subir de nouvelles entraves. L'autorité humaine n'a point de revanche à prendre contre la liberté ecclésiastique, puisque l'histoire atteste que l'Église ne s'est jamais servie de sa légitime indépendance que pour rendre cette autorité plus respectable et plus respectée. Pour peu que l'on soit familier avec nos anciens conciles, en particulier avec ceux du moyen âge, ou avec les constitutions apostoliques émanées du saint siège depuis un siècle, on reconnaîtra que l'Église n'a cessé de signaler et de poursuivre ces doctrines perverses, dont l'instinct conservateur le plus vulgaire est condamné à réprimer aujourd'hui avec tant de rigueur les effroyables conséquences. Puisse la société s'épargner pour l'avenir de si cruelles nécessités en secondant de toutes ses forces l'action spirituelle et l'influence morale de l'Église ! Ni le baume ne manque en Galaad, dit le Seigneur, ni le médecin qui sache l'appliquer; qu'on le veuille seulement, et la cicatrice de la fille de mon peuple sera bientôt fermée. II. Quant au texte même des ACTES et DÉCRETS de ce concile, qui a reçu du saint-siège les éloges les plus flatteurs, il sera prochainement publié et mis à votre disposition. Bien que la promulgation définitive n'en doive être faite qu'à notre prochain synode, nous désirons, Messieurs, que vous ayez au plus tôt entre les mains ce nouveau code de notre province ecclésiastique, qui aura force de loi désormais dans toute l'étendue de dix grands diocèses. Il importe que vous ayez étudié à loisir ces saintes règles, que vous soyez pénétrés de leur esprit, avant le jour où nous les intimerons dans l'assemblée la plus solennelle du clergé diocésain. L'application pratique et sérieuse de ces décrets va devenir la pensée fixe et le but constant de notre gouvernement épiscopal. Nous ne perdrons de vue aucune de leurs dispositions. Cependant, comme rien ne se fait sans le secours du temps, vous ne vous étonnerez pas, Messieurs, si nous ne créons que successivement certaines institutions, et si nous n'entreprenons pas en un même jour tout le bien qui nous est indiqué. Nous essaierons de ne pas bâtir sur le sable ; la promptitude de la construction importe moins que sa solidité, et c'est en ce sens que, pour certaines choses plus difficiles, nous pourrons nous autoriser de l'axiome : Sunt cito, si sit bene. Demandez à Dieu qu'il nous fasse la grâce de pouvoir réaliser tout ce qu'il a mis dans notre cœur. III. Dès ce moment, il y a lieu de faire connaître aux fidèles la teneur du second chapitre du titre premier de notre concile Ce chapitre, intitulé : De sana et de perversa doctrina, contient , sur tous les dogmes qui ont été combattus de nos jours, une courte profession de foi à la doctrine catholique, suivie -de la condamnation des doctrines opposées. Il sera très-utile que chacun de vous expose et développe à ses paroissiens cette affirmation positive de la vérité, cette solennelle réprobation de l'erreur. Le travail que nous vous proposerons pour les conférences ecclésiastiques de cette année consistera dans un commentaire, fait en forme de prône., des divers paragraphes de ce décret doctrinal. Vous comprenez, Messieurs, qu'il ne s'agit pas de faire un traité complet concernant ces matières. Le concile provincial a voulu, sur toutes les questions obscurcies par l'impiété moderne, dire oui à la vérité, non à l'erreur. Les motifs même de l'affirmation, comme de la condamnation, ne doivent être ici que tout au plus insinués. Le concile enseigne et ne discute pas ; or, c'est le décret du concile que vous avez à présenter aux fidèles avec quelques réflexions seulement. IV. Il n'appartient qu'à l'autorité épiscopale d'ordonner, conformément à la lettre et à l'esprit des règles générales ou particulières tracées par le saint-siége, toute prière qui devra être chantée dans les solennités religieuses, et de prescrire les termes dans lesquels « elle devra être conçue ». Toute prescription impérative du pouvoir civil serait, dans la forme sinon dans l'intention, un excès de pouvoir et un empiétement de juridiction. Grevez, etc. XLV HOMÉLIE PRONONCÉE LE JOUR DE LA PROMULGATION SOLENNELLE DU BREF APOSTOLIQUE CONFÉRANT LE TITRE DE DOCTEUR DE L'ÉGLISE UNIVERSELLE A SAINT HILAIRE DE POITIERS. (XIII JANVIER MDCCCLII.) Omnia ossa mea dicent: Domine, quis similis tibi ? Tous mes ossements diront : Seigneur, qui est semblable à vous ? Ps. XXIV, 10. I. Telles sont, Mes Très-Chers Frères, les paroles que notre liturgie place dans la bouche du pontife dont nous célébrons la fête. Aux jours où il habitait cette cité, où il gouvernait «e diocèse, alors qu'en sa qualité d'évêque il était un des juges de la foi, un des surveillants du dépôt sacré, un des dépositaires de l'autorité apostolique, une secte avait surgi qui s'inscrivait en faux, non pas seulement contre tel ou tel point de la doctrine révélée de Jésus-Christ, mais contre la divinité de Jésus-Christ lui-même, de Jésus-Christ envisagé dans sa propre personne et dans sa nature la plus relevée, Breviar. Piectavien. ad anliphon. Laud. dans sa nature céleste et antérieure à son humanité. Par cette audacieuse hérésie le Verbe de Dieu devenait une créature, le Fils n'était pas consubstantiel au Père, et, par conséquent, l'effet étant de la même nature que sa cause et le christianisme s'abaissant aux proportions du Christ ainsi conçu, la loi devenait une chose humaine et la religion n'était plus qu'une philosophie. C'est à combattre cette hérésie, la première et la plus vaste de toutes celles qui ont agité le monde, qu'Hilaire a consacré sa vie entière. Ses écrits, ses voyages, ses exils, ses prières, ses discours, tout cela n'a qu'un objet : affirmer la divinité du Verbe, la divinité du Christ et par conséquent du christianisme, refouler la philosophie dans son domaine et sauver intact le dépôt de la foi. Toutes les facultés d'Hilaire, toutes les parcelles de son être n'avaient qu'une voix, et ne rendaient qu'un son : Mon Seigneur et mon Dieu, Verbe éternel, Verbe fait chair, qui est semblable à vous : Omnia ossa mea dicent : Domine, quis similis tibi? Ses efforts n'ont point été vains. La secte si puissante, si favorisée des princes, si pourvue de beaux esprits, qui niait la divinité du Christ, fut enfin vaincue, vaincue par Hilaire qui lui donna le dernier coup en Orient et en Occident; et l'on vit la Gaule tout entière le recevoir triomphalement et l'étreindre dans un baiser d'amour, alors qu'il revenait non pas tant de l'exil que du combat et du champ d'honneur. Dieu qui a promis d'être avec son Église tous les jours jusqu'à la fin des siècles, sauve quelquefois son Église par l'intervention d'un seul homme. « Et il fut évident, pour tous, dirons-nous avec le célèbre historien Sulpice Sévère, que ce fut par le bienfait du seul Hilaire que la Gaule, ou mieux que la chrétienté entière fut délivrée de l'hérésie d'Arius ». Mais cet historien, M. T.-C. F., n'écrivait que l'histoire des temps passés, et il ne pouvait écrire l'histoire des temps à venir. Hilaire dans un de ses traités s'étonne que , " Sulp. Sever. Saec. hist. L. II. quatre cents ans bientôt après que le Christ a tout rempli de sa religion divine, il se trouve des esprits assez audacieux pour nier la divinité du Christ. Or, voici qu'après que quatorze cents autres années se sont écoulées, quatorze autres siècles tout pleins de Jésus-Christ, de son esprit, de ses œuvres, des prodiges de sa doctrine, voici que l'impiété (qui tourne dans un cercle, nous dit le psalmiste), relève sous un autre nom le vieil arianisme. Voici que des jours reviennent où l'esprit humain prétend encore que le Christ n'est qu'une créature, et que sa religion n'est qu'une philosophie comme une autre, susceptible d'être discutée, modifiée, retouchée ; voici enfin que, l'unité de la foi étant attaquée, le monde est de nouveau ébranlé jusqu'en ses fondements par les symboles mobiles qui se succèdent, se combattent, se détruisent et portent à son comble l'anarchie des intelligences et des volontés. Je vous demande, mes Frères, si les paroles d'Hilaire que je vais vous citer, ne semblent pas dictées d'hier, et écrites pour notre temps ? « Il fallait, dit-il, il fallait que l'intelligence humaine, intelligence faible et infirme, eût plus de modestie; qu'elle sût contenir tout le mystère de sa science religieuse dans les limites de son symbole ; et qu'après avoir confessé et juré la foi de son baptême au nom du Père, du Fils et du Saint-Esprit, elle ne se laissât aller ni au doute ni à l'innovation ». Mais voici que des multitudes de docteurs se mêlant d'écrire ce qui vient d'eux, au lieu de prêcher ce qui vient de Dieu : dum sua scribunt et non quae Dei sunt praedicant, ils ont enlacé les peuples dans une sphère d'erreurs et de querelles qui Il était nécessaire, la modestie de l'humanité infirme, de restreindre au simple conscient de la divinité tout sanctuaire, tout sacrement. Ils ne firent que confesser et jurer sur la foi du baptême, au nom du Père, et du Fils et de l'Esprit saint, et ne songèrent à rien d'autre, de quelque nature qu'il fût, qu'à l'ensevelissement des morts. La constitution d'Alexandrie, livrer. II, chapitre IV, mène la pensée. De puis qu'il n'y a plus une foi unique, la foi du baptême, vous trouvez autant de croyances que d'individus ; et les individus eux-mêmes ont autant de croyances qu'il y a d'années et de mois. Or, il est tout à fait périlleux et c'est une cause de grande misère pour la société : periculosum nobis admodum atque etiam miserabile, qu'il y ait ainsi autant de croyances que de volontés, autant de doctrines que de caprices, et qu'il pullule autant de blasphèmes qu'il y a de vices : tot nunc fides existere quot voluntates et tot nobis doctrinas esse quot mores, et tot causas blasphemiarum pullulare quot vitia sunt. Depuis qu'on n'agite plus que des nouveautés : dum de novitatibus quæstia est ; depuis qu'on s'enveloppe dans tant d'équivoques : dum de ambiguis occasio est; depuis qu'on se partage entre tel ou tel auteur, tel ou tel système : dum de auctoribus querela est, dum de studiis certamen est, le résultat est que personne n'est bientôt plus à Jésus-Christ : prope jam nemo Christi est. La cause incessante, le principe intarissable de notre impiété, c'est que, portant en nous la foi apostolique envers laquelle nous sommes engagés par notre baptême et par les autres sacrements, nous ne voulons pas néanmoins confesser cette foi de notre baptême. Au lieu de dire simplement notre Credo, nous persistons à défendre nos innovations par des flots de paroles plus ou moins sonores; et nous empêchons les peuples de croire, en fait de christianisme, ce que le Christ nous a lui-même enseigné. Ainsi parlait le grand Hilaire. Vous étonnez-vous après cela, M. T.-C. F., que le siège apostolique vienne de donner 3 Dums impietates nostras nobis in populis multiloquuis defendimus, et une nouvelle sanction à la doctrine de ce pontife, et de le déclarer en quelque sorte le Docteur de notre époque ? Ah ! qu'il sorte de sa tombe, qu'il revienne au milieu de nous, le grand défenseur de la consubstantialité du Verbe, le champion de l'immutabilité de la vérité révélée. Nous sommes en plein arianisme, parce que nous sommes en plein rationalisme. Arius n'enlevait au Verbe de Dieu sa divinité que pour mettre la créature à son niveau; et la philosophie contemporaine n'a entrepris d'abaisser le Verbe divin que pour s'égaler à lui, je me trompe, que pour s'élever au-dessus de lui. Ôs ossements d'Hilaire, tressaillez de nouveau dans votre sépulcre, et criez encore : « Seigneur, qui donc est semblable à vous ? » Omnia ossa mea dicent : Domine quis similis tibi ? Mais ce ne serait pas assez de nous avoir révélé le mal de notre temps : il nous importe surtout d'en connaître le remède. Écoutez ces belles paroles : « Ce que le navigateur, par un temps de tempête et de mer agitée, a de plus sûr à faire pour éviter le naufrage, c'est de rentrer dans le port d'où il était sorti ; ce que le jeune homme imprudent qui a voulu gouverner ses affaires autrement que ses ancêtres, et qui a mis en péril sa fortune par l'abus de sa liberté, peut faire de mieux s'il ne veut pas perdre les derniers restes de son patrimoine, c'est de revenir aux sages coutumes et à la bonne administration de la maison paternelle. « Pareillement, nous aussi, au milieu de ces naufrages de tout principe et de toute croyance, quand l'héritage du patrimoine céleste et celui du patrimoine même d'ici-bas sont si gravement compromis, le meilleur parti que nous ayons à prendre : tutissimum nobis est, notre recours le plus nécessaire et le plus certain : necessarius et tutus recursus, c'est de nous en tenir désormais au symbole de notre baptême, et de ne plus changer la première et unique foi évangélique que nous avons apprise et confessée. Souvenons-nous que la foi ne procède pas de la science, mais de la révélation; qu'elle n'est pas une question de philosophie, mais une doctrine d'Évangile : memento eam non quœstionem philosophiœ esse, sed Evangelii doctrinam. » Combien de telles leçons, M. T.-C. F., méritent d'être entendues de nos contemporains ! Pour obtenir de Dieu ce bienheureux retour de tous nos frères à la foi de leur baptême et à l'observation pratique des œuvres que commande cette foi, nous allons faire monter vers le ciel, pendant quarante jours, nos humbles et ferventes supplications, conformément aux intentions du chef de l'Église. C'est à la prière que nous sommes redevables de tous les biens ; c'est elle qui a éloigné de nous les calamités que l'année dans laquelle nous entrons semblait faire planer déjà sur nos têtes; c'est elle qui achèvera l'œuvre de notre délivrance et de notre salut. La France, ce pays de la prière, ne périra pas. IV. * Nous en avons pour gage, mon Révérend Père, les résultats si consolants accordés à votre ministère apostolique, et particulièrement les fruits qu'il a portés dans le cœur de la jeunesse française. Merci du bon vouloir avec lequel vous avez accédé à notre désir, en vous éloignant un instant du théâtre de vos grands travaux pour mores paternæ observantiae transgressi, profusa libertate sua usi sunt, jam sub ipso amittendi patrimonii metu solus illis ad patermae consuetudinis necessarius et tutus recursus sit. Ad Constant. August. L. II, 7. Ita inter haec fidei naufragia, coelestis patrimonii jam pene profligata hereditate, tutissimum nobis est primam et solam evangelicam fidem confessam in baptismo intellectamque retinere, etc. Ibid. 1 Ibid., 8. Les paroles qui suivent ont été adressées au R. P. de Ravignan le soir de la solennité dominicale, en présence de tous les membres de la conférence de Saint-Vincent de Paul réunis à l'évêché. Le soir du troisième jour de la solennité dominicale, en présence de tous les membres de la conférence de Saint-Vincent de Paul réunis à l'évêché. Venus pour gagner le tribut de votre rare éloquence à la mémoire du docteur des Gaules. Aucune de vos paroles ne sera oubliée. Nous sommes heureux et fiers, mes vénérables collègues et moi, eux dont l'Église de Poitiers est la mère, moi dont elle est l'épouse, nous sommes heureux et fiers d'avoir eu aujourd'hui à vous présenter une si nombreuse assistance, et surtout une si intéressante phalange de jeunes soldats de la vérité et de la charité. A ce double titre, les membres des conférences de Saint-Vincent de Paul du Poitou sont les dignes enfants de celui que vous avez su célébrer avec tant d'éclat. Si le grand docteur revenait en ce moment dans sa maison épiscopale, il trouverait ses plus chers désirs accomplis. Poitiers, dès le quatrième siècle, était une ville d'étude, où abondait une jeunesse trop souvent païenne et qui ne venait pas assez tôt à la foi et au baptême. Dans une de ses homélies, le pontife déclare que Jésus-Christ aime ceux qui s'enrôlent à son service de bonne heure afin que le combat soit plus long : vult longi praeligere militem. Tous ceux que vous voyez ici, mon Père, s'y sont pris à temps pour fournir une longue carrière sous les drapeaux de la foi. Permettez-nous d'espérer que vous reviendrez instruire leurs bras à la lutte et leurs mains à la guerre. Plus leur combat doit se prolonger, plus ils ont besoin d'être formés par un chef exercé. Après avoir entendu aujourd'hui les deux points de votre discours, ils ne seront plus seulement les soldats, ils deviendront les héros de la vérité et de la charité. NN. SS. les évêques d'Angoulême et de Blois, tous deux originaires du Poitou, et présents à la cérémonie. Tract, in Psalm. CXVIII, Litter, II, 2. — Litter. XIX, 4. Panégyrique de saint Hilaire, prêché à Poitiers, pour la première célébration de sa fête après le décret du souverain pontife qui lui confère le titre de Docteur. — Œuvres du R. P. de Ravignan: T. III, p. r.L INSTRUCTION PASTORALE SUR L'IMPORTANCE DU NOUVEAU JUBILÉ. (CARÊME MDCCCLII.) I. Depuis quelques mois, Nos Très-Chers Frères, nos diverses Instructions pastorales et la Lettre synodale des Pères du concile ont occupé presque constamment la chaire évangélique dans toute l'étendue de ce diocèse, et c'est à peine si la voix accoutumée des prêtres que nous avons préposés au gouvernement de vos paroisses a pu se faire entendre quelquefois. Nous nous réjouissons d'avoir procuré ce repos à nos bien-aimés coopérateurs, à la suite des longues fatigues que la plupart d'entre eux avaient endurées pendant le cours de l'année sainte, et à la veille des labeurs renaissants que le chef de l'Église leur a préparés par la concession d'une nouvelle indulgence octroyée au monde chrétien. Nous vous en ferons l'aveu, N. T.-C. F., une prudence trop humaine nous inspira quelque appréhension lorsque nous reçûmes l'encyclique qui promulguait un autre Jubilé. Outre que les forces épuisées de nos meilleurs ouvriers apostoliques semblaient ne plus devoir se prêter aux laborieux exercices d'un ministère extraordinaire, nous pouvions craindre que ce grand mot de Jubilé, qui a conservé encore un si salutaire empire sur les multitudes, ne perdît de son prestige et de sa puissance en revenant si promptement frapper leurs oreilles. Aussi paraissait-il à plusieurs que nous serions condamnés à laisser passer cette nouvelle faveur, d'autant plus inaperçue, que nous nous étions appliqués davantage à mettre en relief et à faire fructifier celle qui a précédé. Cette appréciation n'était pas selon Dieu, N. T.-C. F.; et quiconque étudiera les temps et les moments dans lesquels la providence nous a placés, ne tardera pas à discerner dans le don qui nous est offert autant d'opportunité que de libéralité. Oui, ce nouveau bienfait du vicaire de Jésus-Christ répond au plus impérieux besoin de notre situation présente, et il n'en faut pas perdre la moindre partie. Jérusalem, Jérusalem, puisses-tu connaître, en cette conjoncture décisive, ce qui te donnerait la paix! Malheur à toi si tu ne profite pas de cette seconde visite du Seigneur, inspirée par les vues les plus miséricordieuses. Que de fois déjà nous vous l'avons dit, N. T.-C. F. Nos pères se sont éloignés de Dieu, et cet éloignement, cette aversion, comme parlent les Écritures, a été le principe de tous nos maux, la cause de tous nos châtiments. Or, la nature du remède devant correspondre à celle du mal, le principe unique du salut ce sera notre conversion, notre retour vers Dieu. De son côté, le Dieu souverainement bon, qui veut sauver le monde, s'applique à lui faciliter par mille moyens ce salutaire retour, cette conversion nécessaire. Et c'est ainsi qu'à nos yeux le nouveau Jubilé se lie à tout un ordre de providence qu'il est impossible de méconnaître, et que nous aimons à vous faire apercevoir. II. Tout ce que nous voyons s'accomplir nous confirme dans cette persuasion, N. T.-C. F., que nous touchons à une grande époque. La voix toute-puissante qui a dit au flot de l'océan : « Tu viendras jusque-là, et tu n'iras pas plus loin », a marqué aussi une borne aux égarements et aux crimes des nations. Pour tout observateur attentif, c'est une des heures les plus solennelles de l'humanité que celle à partir de laquelle l'esprit d'un peuple prend une direction différente, remonte contre le courant des idées reçues, ressaisit les traditions trop longtemps abandonnées, adore ce qu'il avait brûlé, brûle ce qu'il avait adoré. Or, si les signes des temps ne sont pas trompeurs, nous disons que le milieu du dix-neuvième siècle a été prédestiné, dans les décrets divins, pour commencer la grande séparation de la lumière avec les ténèbres. La révolution qui a toujours marché en Europe depuis trois cents ans, et qui, à travers ses phases diverses, n'a jamais eu qu'un seul caractère, celui de la révolte contre Dieu, la révolution, dis-je, frappée à mort dès la fin du siècle dernier avec lequel elle a noyé son éclat dans le sang et dans la boue, a prolongé pourtant d'un demi-siècle le sombre crépuscule qui devait éclairer les dernières transes de son agonie. Désormais on dirait qu'une autre période s'annonce. L'aurore d'une ère meilleure semble s'être enfin levée, et l'horizon qui blanchit promet d'éclairer de ses feux l'enfantement d'une société nouvelle. Ah! de grâce, ne faisons pas le procès au ciel, et n'allons pas l'accuser de colère, là où il ne faut que bénir son amour. Si Dieu n'a pas permis à notre siècle d'atteindre la moitié de sa course sans que des coups terribles fussent portés au scepticisme triomphant et au matérialisme satisfait ; s'il a comme accusé Mulé à l'entrée de la seconde moitié de ce même siècle, les éléments les plus régénérateurs, je veux dire, les conciles, les croisades (car l'expédition de Rome en est une), les Jubilés et tant d'autres merveilles de l'ordre religieux et surnaturel, plus importantes et plus significatives que les événements les plus retentissants de l'ordre politique, c'est qu'il a voulu écrire lui-même dans les fastes du monde cette grande date de la contre-révolution par excellence, qui est l'heureuse réaction de la vérité contre le mensonge, de la foi contre le doute, de l'esprit contre la chair, de la vertu contre le péché. Mais parce que c'est une œuvre durable, parce que c'est un changement universel que le Très-Haut a résolu d'accomplir sur la terre, à cause de cela sa sagesse et sa bonté se plaisent à réitérer les invitations, à redoubler les secours de la grâce. Si tel a été le but des adversités multipliées de ces derniers temps, c'est aussi la raison des bienfaits multipliés du moment présent, et c'est en particulier le motif de cette seconde indulgence jubilaire, destinée à conserver et à compléter les fruits de la première. III. On nous disait depuis longtemps, N. T. -C. F., que les idées religieuses se réveillaient en France. Nous reconnaissions qu'en effet un esprit meilleur soufflait dans les âmes, mais cette foi renaissante n'était malheureusement encore que spéculative et ne passait guère à la pratique. Il était réservé au Jubilé du demi-siècle de déterminer un pas immense. Le plus grand nombre de nos concitoyens, jusqu'ici chrétiens seulement par le baptême, sont devenus chrétiens par un acte libre et généreux de leur volonté. Ils ont accepté la loi de Jésus-Christ tout entière; ils ont recouru aux sacrements, confessé leurs péchés, obtenu la grâce du pardon, participé à la sainte Eucharistie, en un mot, ils sont devenus justes devant Dieu. Témoins de cette bienheureuse transformation de toute une grande portion de la société, nous avons prophétisé aux ennemis de l'ordre leur prochaine défaite, et nous avons présagé pour notre pays les témoignages les moins équivoques de l'intervention divine. Toutefois, nous durions encore trop longtemps le cantique de la joie et l'hymne de l'action de grâces, si nous n'avions attendu de recueillir au moins quelques premiers gages de la fidélité et de la persévérance de nos frères dans la voie nouvelle où ils venaient d'entrer. N'avaient-ils obéi qu'à des sentiments momentanés de frayeur, qu'à l'impulsion extraordinaire d'un concours de circonstances favorables ? Cette année jubilaire n'était-elle autre chose qu'une halte d'un instant sur la route du péché, et, après ce point d'arrêt, reprendrait-on ce train de vie accoutumé où Dieu n'est compté pour rien, où la vie animale ne laisse aucune place à la vie de l'esprit, où les préoccupations du temps éloignent toute pensée de l'éternité ? Grande question, que le retour de la prochaine Pâque pouvait seule résoudre. Il le faut avouer en effet, rien n'est sérieux que ce qui est durable. Et notre cœur pastoral, après avoir si souvent et si délicieusement tressailli depuis un an, tandis que nous recevions les rapports consolants qui nous étaient faits sur les innombrables conversions du Jubilé, se resserrerait bien douloureusement si nous apprenions que la Pâque suivante n'a point vu reparaître à la table sainte ceux qui s'en étaient approchés avec des dispositions que nous avions jugées si fermes et si sincères. Mais non, N. T.-C. F., nous ne saurions nous arrêter un seul instant à cette supposition. V. Et vous, nos très chers Coopérateurs, ah ! nous sommes sûr d'être compris, d'être exaucé, si nous vous supplions de ranimer vos forces et de retrouver les meilleures inspirations de votre zèle et de votre charité pour assurer et perpétuer au moyen de cet autre Jubilé, les résultats inespérés que votre ministère, aidé de la bénédiction divine, a obtenus durant le Jubilé précédent. C'est l'œuvre la plus importante, la plus méritoire de votre vie sacerdotale qu'il s'agit de consolider. N'épargnez rien de ce qui peut y concourir. Partagez la sainte quarantaine en plusieurs sections; portez-vous mutuellement et successivement secours, tant pour la confession que pour la prédication ; rappelez dans les paroisses, autant que possible, au moins pour une ou deux semaines, ceux de vos dignes confrères qui ont le plus de part à la conversion de votre peuple. Les dispositions énoncées à la fin de ce mandement leur permettront. en quelque sorte de se multiplier. Il est vrai, si nous connaissions moins l'élévation et la délicatesse de vos sentiments, si nous n'avions reçu des preuves récentes du désintéressement qui vous caractérise, nous nous reprocherions de vous demander ces nouveaux actes de dévouement, inséparables de quelques dépenses dont nous ne pouvons pas toujours suffisamment vous décharger, et qui sont très onéreuses pour votre détresse. Mais ce sera l'éternelle gloire du clergé français d'avoir su, en ce siècle d'argent, non seulement mépriser la mammoné de l'iniquité, mais trouver du superflu jusque dans son dénuement, et prendre même sur son nécessaire, pour opérer le salut d'une société qui n'accordait à peu près aucun concours à ceux-là même qu'elle suppliait hautement de défendre ses intérêts matériels contre les cupidités mauvaises. La postérité redira ce noble usage que le sacerdoce n'a point hésité à faire des dernières ressources qu'il ait plu au siècle de lui laisser. Pour notre part, cette pauvreté féconde de l'Église est un phénomène que nous ne nous lassons point d'admirer. Courage, nos vénérables Frères, Laissez aux hommes du temps les richesses du temps; protégeons même au besoin leurs jouissances par nos privations, achetons leur sécurité au prix de nos sacrifices. Il est pour nous d'autres trésors, seuls capables d'exciter notre convoitise. Qu'importe que nous ayons cheminé en arrosant de nos larmes la semence que nous jetons, s'il nous est permis de revenir avec allégresse portant des gerbes à pleines mains? Notre ambition la plus ardente ne sera-t-elle pas satisfaite, si aucune des âmes que nous avons moissonnées ne manque à la prochaine récolte? VI. Mais nous avons des espérances plus étendues, N. T.-C. F., et nous nous flattons que ce second Jubilé achèvera, pour toute une classe d'hommes généralement avantagés des biens de ce monde, une conversion qui n'a été jusqu'ici que commencée. Ce n'est point en vain que le Seigneur nous aura prodigué ainsi la multitude de ses miséricordes. Des sollicitations si fréquentes, des avances si réitérées ne sauraient être repoussées avec dédain. Ne dira-t-on pas qu'en ce moment Jésus-Christ a pris pour lui-même le rôle de cet ami opiniâtre qui frappe à la porte de son ami, et qui persiste à frapper jusqu'à ce que celui-ci, vaincu par l'importunité plutôt que par l'amour, se lève enfin et accorde ce qui lui est demandé? Ah! ce que le Sauveur vous demande, N. T.-C. F., ce qu'il veut obtenir à tout prix, c'est votre âme, qu'il s'agit de purifier, et dont le salut importe au salut même du monde. Voilà pourquoi il ne veut pas quitter le seuil de votre maison. Vainement vous le conjurez de ne pas vous être à charge; vainement vous lui objectez que la porte est fermée pour toute la nuit, et que vous désirez continuer votre tranquille sommeil, il persévère jusqu'à ce qu'il ait lassé votre résistance. Comprenez le dessein d'en haut : ce Jubilé, si rapproché du précédent, 1 Ps. L, "2. — 3 Luc, xi, 5 et seq. — 1 Ibid. n'est autre chose qu'une de ces miséricordieuses indiscrétions, l'une de ces adorables importunités de mon divin Maître ; et j'y trouve aussi la justification de cet excès d'ardeur que vous nous reprochez peut-être. Croyez-le bien, N. T.-C. F. : dans les temps ordinaires, nous savons être patients. Saint Jacques nous propose l'exemple du laboureur qui a confié le grain aux sillons et qui attend le fruit précieux de la terre, supportant avec patience les retards jusqu'à ce que Dieu envoie les pluies de la première et de la seconde saison. Agriculteurs des âmes, nous n'avons point oublié ces enseignements. Mais les indices les plus évidents nous révèlent que le temps de la saison et de l'arrière-saison est arrivé, et nous avons lu dans saint Paul cette autre sentence : « Quand une terre a souvent été arrosée de la pluie qui devait la féconder, et que pour tout résultat elle produit les ronces et les épines, cette terre est réprouvée, la malédiction est imminente pour elle, et son sort définitif sera d'être livrée au feu. » Elle serait donc en quelque sorte désespérée à nos yeux, elle serait à la veille d'être réprouvée et maudite, et la flamme l'aurait déjà envahie, cette classe aussi aveugle que criminelle qui, sous l'influence simultanée de tant de leçons de l'adversité et de tant d'invitations de la grâce, ne porterait pas enfin des fruits de conversion. Jamais ces hommes n'auront plus de motifs réunis pour revenir à l'observation de la loi divine. Attendront-ils pour chercher et invoquer le nom de Dieu qu'il ait couvert leur visage de plus d'ignominie ? Impie facies eorum ignominia, et quærent nomen tuum, Domine. PS. LXXXII, 17. N'ont-ils pas encore reçu des coups assez rudes pour les sentir, et faudra-t-il qu'ils soient écrasés avant de se soumettre à la discipline ? Ou bien sera-t-il nécessaire que le ciel invente pour eux d'autres pardons que ceux que le père de tous les chrétiens vient de leur proposer pour la seconde fois ? Ah ! N. T.-C. F., vous qui appartenez à cette condition si importante et si nombreuse de notre société moderne à laquelle nous avons voué les plus constants efforts de notre ministère, vous à qui nos paroles se sont à peu près exclusivement adressées jusqu'à ce jour, parce qu'il nous semble qu'ayant été les principaux auteurs du mal, c'est à vous qu'il appartient surtout de le réparer en devenant les principaux instruments du bien, non, ne nous reprochez pas le saint acharnement de notre zèle à votre égard; priez au contraire le Seigneur qu'il multiplie pour vous les sages conseillers, et qu'il excite en faveur de votre cause le courage de ses plus éloquents prophètes. Malheur à vous si vous réussissez jamais à nous imposer silence ! Le jour où vous auriez tarit la vérité sur nos lèvres et refoulé la charité dans notre cœur, votre ruine serait consommée. Puisse l'impénitence des privilégiés de la terre ne jamais nous arracher des paroles analogues à celles que Paul et Barnabé adressèrent un jour aux anciens privilégiés de la grâce : « C'était notre devoir de vous annoncer, à vous d'abord, la parole de Dieu, que l'autorité de vos exemples eût rendue plus vénérable pour la multitude; mais parce que vous repoussez obstinément cette parole, et que vous vous jugez indignes de la vie éternelle, dès maintenant nous vous abandonnons à votre malheureux sort, et voici que, selon l'ordre du Seigneur, nous nous tournons exclusivement vers ces foules que vous avez péché. » 2 Tunc constantiter Paulus et Barnabas dixerunt : Vobis oportebat praesertim perverti, et qui ne demandent qu'à connaître la vérité pour en observer les lois avec amour. Non, nous ne voulons jamais tenir envers vous, N. T.-C. F., ce langage désespéré. Résignez-vous donc à nos exhortations persévérantes. Nous sentons d'ailleurs qu'il y aura toujours plus de charité que d'audace dans les agressions de notre zèle.
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Mythology & Lore
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99,580
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github_open_source_100_2_8170
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Github OpenSource
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Various open source
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package com.semantalytics.jena.function.string;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.NodeValue;
import org.apache.jena.sparql.function.FunctionBase2;
import static org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils.*;
import static org.apache.jena.sparql.expr.NodeValue.*;
public final class Contains extends FunctionBase2 {
public static final String name = StringVocabulary.contains.stringValue();
@Override
public NodeValue exec(final NodeValue arg0, final NodeValue arg1) {
final String sequence = arg0.asString();
final String searchSequence = arg1.asString();
return makeBoolean(contains(sequence, searchSequence));
}
}
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Java Code
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6890343_1
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courtlistener
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Public Domain
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PHILLIPS, Circuit Judge.
This is a petition of the Sunray Oil Company 1 to- review a decision of the Tax Court. It involves income taxes for the years 1936 to 1939, inclusive.
During 1936, the State of Oklahoma granted to the taxpayer thirteen oil and gas leases upon tracts of land owned by the state. The taxpayer paid bonuses or advance royalties therefor aggregating $446,-000. In 1937, the taxpayer purchased an undivided one-iourth interest in another oil and gas lease upon a tract of state-owned land, paying therefor $77,868.82. In 1937, the taxpayer acquired a three-fourths interest in an oil and gas lease, paying a bonus therefor of $3,750. In 1935, it paid a bonus of $8,500, in 1936 a bonus of $2,-000, and in 1937 a bonus of $2,400 for interests in an oil and gas lease. The last two mentioned leases were on privately-owned lands in Oklahoma.
The taxpayer contends that its income from the state leases was immune from taxation under the doctrine of Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co., 285 U.S. 393, 52 S.Ct. 443, 76 L.Ed. 815, and Gillespie v. Oklahoma, 257 U.S. 501, 42 S.Ct. 171, 66 L.Ed. 338, and that its income from such leases up to March 7, 1938, the date when those decisions were overruled by Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation, 303 U.S. 376, 58 S.Ct. 623, 82 L.Ed. 907, should be held immune from federal taxation. In other words, that Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation, supra, should not be given retrospective application.
The rule of stare decisis is a salutary one, is founded on sound public policy, and should not be lightly disregarded.2 Nevertheless, it is not inflexible and there is no doubt of the power of a court to depart therefrom and to give retrospective effect to a decision overruling a prior decision.3 There is no vested right in the decisions of a court and a change of decision does not deprive one of equal protection of the laws or property without due process of law.4 -It is a general rule that *964the decision of the highest appellate court of a jurisdiction overruling a former decision is retrospective in its operation. In effect, it declares that the former decision never was law.5 Indeed, the decision in Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation, supra, was given retrospective operation in a situation not substantially different from the one here presented. Moreover, the decisions in the Coronado and Gillespie cases had been so limited by subsequent decisions of the Supreme Court, it may be doubted that even prior to the decision in Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation, supra, income from leases of the character here involved would have been held to be immune from federal taxation. See dissenting opinion, Mountain Producers Corporation v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 10 Cir., 92 F.2d 78, 81.
The taxpayer relies on certain earlier decisions where federal courts chose to follow earlier rather than later decisions of state courts as. correct expositions of state law.6 In those cases the federal courts exercising jurisdiction in diversity of citizenship cases held themselves free to decide what the state law was, and to enforce it as laid down by state court decisions handed down before, rather than those handed down after, the contracts involved were 'made.’7 But that freedom of choice between earlier and later decisions of state courts no longer obtains since Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188, 114 A.L.R. 1487.
Accordingly, we conclude the income from the state leases was subject to federal taxation.
The taxpayer contends that it is entitled to exclude from its gross income in the computation of its income tax an aliquot part of the bonuses or advance royalties paid by it to the lessors. The Commissioner and the Tax Court held that the portions of the advance royalties allocable to the products sold during the taxable years in question should be excluded from the -taxpayer’s gross income from the property for those years in the computation of percentage depletion, but that such portions should be included in its gross income under § 22 (a) of the Revenue Acts of 1936 and 1938, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Code, § 22(a).
Section 23 (m) of the Revenue Acts of 1936 and 1938, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev.Code § 23 (m), which provide for deductions from gross income, in part, read:
“In the case of mines, oil and gas wells, other natural deposits, and timber, a reasonable allowance for depletion and for depreciation of improvements, according to the peculiar condition in each case; *
Section 114(b)(3) of the Revenue Acts of 1936 and 1938, 26 U.S.C.A. Int.Rev. Code, § 114(b)(3), provide:
“In -the case of oil and gas wells the allowance for depletion under section 23(m) shall be 27% per centum of the gross income from the property during the taxable year, excluding from such gross income an amount equal to any rents or royalties paid or incurred by the taxpayer in respect of the property. Such allowance shall not exceed 50 per centum of the net income of the taxpayer (computed without allowance for depletion) from the property, * *
Section 22(a), supra, defines “gross income,” in part, as follows:
“ ‘Gross income’ includes gains, profits, and income derived from * * * -the transaction of any business carried on for gain or profit, * *
Treasury Regulations 94 promulgated under the Revenue Act of 1936, Art. 22 (a)-5, in part, reads:
“Gross income from business.—
“In the case of a * * * mining business ‘gross income’ means the total sales, less the cost of goods sold, *- * * In determining the gross income subtractions should not be made for depreciation, depletion, selling expenses', or losses, or for items not ordinarily used in computing the cost of goods sold.”
*965Art. It is well settled that cash bonus payments paid as consideration for a royalty lease are regarded as advance royalties and are gross income to the lessor and not a recovery of capital.8 The lessor may take a depletion allowance on advance royalties for the year in which they are received.9
In computing percentage depletion under a royalty lease, there must be an apportionment of a single depletion allowance. Out of the gross income from production for the taxable year there is apportioned to the lessor 27% per cent of the current royalties. The remainder of the gross income from production, less advance royalties allocable to the taxable year, is apportioned to the lessee as a percentage depletion base for that year. Each receives a depletion allowance of 27% per cent of that part of gross income from production apportioned to him, but not to exceed 50 per cent of his net income from the property.10 The royalties paid to the lessor are excluded from the gross income from production on which the lessee’s depletion allowance is based because otherwise a double depletion allowance would result.
But it does not follow that a lessee may deduct from his gross income for a taxable year, for income tax purposes, that portion of advance royalties allocable to that particular year. To understand and differentiate depletion from the economic or geological viewpoint and from the standpoint of the income tax, it is essential to keep in mind that depletion is a creature of statute and a matter of legislative grace or discretion.11 There is much force to the argument that items should be separated, when they come to the taxpayer, into their constituent parts of capital and income. The very idea of the income tax from a constitutional viewpoint implies a differentiation between that which is capital and that which is the product or yield of capital. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has definitely set this controversial point at rest. Since the decision of the Supreme Court in Stratton’s Independence v. Howbert, 231 U.S. 399, 418, 34 S. Ct. 136, 58 L.Ed. 285, it has been settled that income derived from the sale of products from a mine or oil well is gross income from the operation of a business and not a recovery of capital.12 In Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 107, 53 S.Ct. 74, 75, 77 L.Ed. 199, the court said:
“By virtue of the lease, the lessee acquires the privilege of exploiting the land for the production of oil and gas for a prescribed period; he may explore, drill, and produce oil and gas, if found. Such operations with respect to a mine have been *966said to resemble a manufacturing business carried on by the use of the soil, to which the passing of title of the minerals is but an incident, rather than a sale of the land or of any interest in it or in its mineral content.”
In Anderson v. Helvering, 310 U.S. 404, 407, 408, 60 S.Ct. 952, 954, 84 L.Ed. 1277, the court said:
“The production of oil and gas, like the mining of ore, is treated as an income-producing operation, not as a conversion of capital investment as' upon a sale, and is said to resemble a manufacturing business carried on by the use of the soil. Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 106, 107, 53 S.Ct. 74, 75, 77 L.Ed. 199; Bankers Coal Co. v. Burnet, 287 U.S. 308, 53 S.Ct. 150, 77 L.Ed. 325; United States v. While advance royalties are regarded as income to the lessor, with respect to.the lessee, they represent cost and are a capital expenditure.14 There is no incongruity in the view that a bonus and royalty are “consideration for the lease, and are income of the lessor.” Burnet v. Harmel, supra, 287 U.S. 103 at page 112, 53 S.Ct. at page 77, 77 L.Ed. 199. Not infrequently, payments made for an article constitute a capital investment by the payor, but income to the recipient. Where a manufacturer processes raw materials and constructs therefrom a finished product, and sells such product, the whole of the purchase price may be a capital investment by the purchaser, but, to the extent it exceeds the cost of goods sold, it is gross income to the manufacturer.15 It is significant that in the accounting practices of 30 of the 32 principal companies engaged in the production of oil, an advance royalty is treated from the payor’s .standpoint as a capital investment.16
The lessee of an oil and gas lease may elect between cost and percentage depletion in a particular tax year.17 Here, the taxpayer elected to take percentage depletion for each of the taxable years involved. Had it elected to take cost depletion, the bonuses or advance royalties would have been included in the base for cost depletion. But the taxpayer may not have the benefit of both cost and percentage depletion. In effect, the taxpayer here is seeking to recover its original invest*967ment in the oil and gas leases by amortizing its cost and deducting a portion thereof from gross income annually in addition to a percentage depletion allowance. There is no statutory basis for such a deduction where percentage depletion has been taken.18 In such a case, the investment can only be recovered through the percentage depletion allowance. To hold otherwise would result in a double depletion allowance.
The decision of the Tax Court is affirmed.
Hereinafter called the taxpayer.
Talbot v. Riggs, 287 Mass. 144, 191 N. E. 360, 361, 93 A.L.R. 964; Goodtitle v. Kibbe, 9 How. 471, 50 U.S. 471, 477, 13 L.Ed. 220.
Hertz v. Woodman, 218 U.S. 205, 212, 30 S.Ct. 621, 54 L.Ed. 1001; Great Northern It. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358, 364, 53 S.Ct. 145, 77 L.Ed. 360, 85 A.L.R. 254; Hawkeye Commercial Men’s Association v. Christy, 8 Cir., 294 F. 208, 212.
Tidal Oil Co. v. Flanagan, 263 U.S. 444, 450-454, 44 S.Ct. 197, 68 L.Ed. 382; Brinkerhoff-Faris Co. v. Hill, 281 U.S. 673, 681, 50 S.Ct. 451, 74 L.Ed. 1107; Patterson v. Colorado, 205 U.S. 454, 461, 27 S.Ct. 556, 51 L.Ed. 879, 10 Ann.Cas. 689; Bonner v. Gorman, 213 U.S. 86, 91, 29 S.Ct. 483, 53 L.Ed. 709; Milwaukee *964Elec. Railway Co. v. Milwaukee, 252 U.S. 100, 106, 40 S.Ct. 306, 64 L.Ed. 476, 10 A.L.R. 892; Worcester County Trust Co. v. Riley, 302 U.S. 292, 299, 58 S.Ct. 185, 82 L.Ed. 268; Great Northern R. Co. v. Sunburst Oil & Refining Co., 287 U.S. 358, 364, 53 S.Ct. 145, 77 L.Ed. 360, 85 A.L.R. 254; Dunbar v. City of New York, . 251 U.S. 516, 519, 40 S.Ct. 250, 64 L.Ed. 384.
See Jackson v. Harris, 10 Cir., 43 F. 2d 513, 516, and authorities there cited.
See Gelpeke v. City of Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175, 17 L.Ed. 520; Butz v. City of Muscatine, 8 Wall. 575, 19 L.Ed. 490; Douglass v. County of Pike, 101 U.S. 677, 25 L.Ed. 968; Anderson v. Santa Anna, 116 U.S. 356, 6 S.Ct. 413, 29 L.Ed. 633; Rowan v. Runnels, 5 How. 134, 139, 46 U. S. 134, 139, 12 L.Ed. 85; Los Angeles v. Los Angeles City Water Co., 177 U.S. 558, 20 S.Ct. 736, 44 L.Ed. 886.
Tidal Oil Co. v. Flanagan, 263 U.S. 444, 451, 452, 44 S.Ct. 197, 68 L.Ed 382.
Herring v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 293 U.S. 322, 324, 55 S.Ct. 179, 70 L.Ed. 389 ; Anderson v. Helvering, 310 U.S. 404, 409, CO S.Ct. 952, 84 L.Ed. 1277; Douglas v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 322 U.S. 275, 280, 64 S.Ct. 988; Palmer v. Bender, 287 U.S. 551, 557, 53 S.Ct. 225. 77 L.Ed. 489.
Law of Federal Income Taxation, Mertens, Vol. 4, § 24.64.
Helvering v. Twin Bell Syndicate, 293 U.S. 312, 321, 55 S.Ct. 174, 79 L.Ed. 383.
Burnet v. Thompson Oil & Gas Co., 283 U.S. 301, 304, 51 S.Ct. 418, 75 L.Ed. 1019; Darby-Lynde Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 10 Cir., 51 F.2d 32, 33; Prairie Oil & Gas Co. v. Motter, 10 Cir., 66 F.2d 309, 310; Anderson v. Helvering, 310 U.S. 404, 407, 408, 60 S.Ct. 952, 84 L.E'd. 1277; Helvering v. Mountain Producers Corporation, 303 U. S. 376, 381, 58 S.Ct. 623, 82 L.Ed. 907.
See Stanton v. Baltic Mining Co., 240 U.S. 103, 114, 36 S.Ct. 278, 60 L. Ed. 546; Burnet v. Harmel, 287 U.S. 103, 107, 53 S.Ct. 74, 77 L.Ed. 109 ; Douglas v. Commissioner o£ Internal Revenue, 322 U.S. 275, 280, 64 S.Ct. 988, 88 L.Ed. 1271; Anderson v. Helvering, 310 U.S. 404, 408, 60 S.Ct. 952, 84 L.Ed. .1277; United States v. Biwabik Mining Co., 247 U.S. 116, 123, 38 S.Ct. 462, 62 L.Ed. 1017.
Cf. Thomas v. Perkins, 301 U.S. 655, 57 S.Ot. 911, 81 L.Ed. 1324.
Baton Coal Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 3 Cir., 51 F.2d 469, 470; Law of Federal Income Taxation, Mertens, Vol. 2, § 12.31; Id., Vol. 4, § 25.22.
See United States v. Ludey, 274 U.S. 295, 302, 47 S.Ct. 608, 71 L.Ed. 1054; Art. 22(a)-5, Tr.Reg. 101.
Depletion in the Oil Industry, Paul Foraste (1943), p. 9.
Law of Federal Income Taxation, Mertens, Vol. 4, § 24.35.
Quintana Petroleum Co. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 5 Cir., 143 F.2d 588, 591.
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The Daily Press Entered as second-class mail matter at the Post Office, Ypsilanti, Mich. GEORGE C. HANDY, Publisher TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION Daily, per week, in city Daily, one year in Ypsilanti trading zone, comprising Washington County, and western portion of Wayne County $3.00 Six Months $1.75 Three Months $1.00 Daily, per year, outside Ypsilanti trading zone $5.00 Independent of politics, and published daily except Sunday, with an aim toward serving the best interests of Ypsilanti and the Ypsilanti trading territory. Telephones: Business Office 470, 471 Editorial Rooms TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 1940 KING ZOG King Zog, exiled monarch of Albania, has extended his "one man war" against Italy to the Italian-Greek frontier where his secret agents battle for Albanian freedom and his restoration. Reliable sources report that Zog hopes for Italian reverses in the war against the Greeks which will give him an opportunity to lead Albanians against Italy. Soon after Italy declared war on Great Britain, Zog was said to have placed himself at the service of the British government. Zog's associates claim that Albanian resistance to the Italian occupation never has ceased. The King and his part American princess, Geraldine, were forced to flee for their lives. The Albanian royal family came to England shortly after the fall of France. British foreign officials may have conferred with Zog since the start of the Italo-Giecian war but thus far they have withheld any specific announcement of policy regarding his country. Albanians claim that since the Italian occupation, liberals, students and professional men meet secretly in towns and villages, organizing resistance. They say that every time Italian authorities undertake a new campaign of repression or terrorism, written slips of paper are circulated among people advising them how to resist. They claim to have received underground reports from Albanian sources loyal to Zog that serious incidents have occurred. Several months ago, these sources said, “hundreds” of Italians were killed when Albanians ambushed a Fascist motorized column in a narrow cut on the Kurja-Burrie Mountain road. There is no word that King Zok will be allowed to establish an Albanian refugee capital, but it is said that he and the British are awaiting developments for an opportune moment for "practical collaboration." THE CHANGED DIZ Not only for old times' sake but in recognition of a certain sterling quality, give a hand to Dix, once one of the most cocky boys in baseball. The Dix, who told the world often and loudly that he was the only pitcher really worth his salt, was one of the first to admit the fact that he was slipping. The Chicago Cubs had paid $185,000 for his services only to discover that he couldn't serve. So the Dean asked to be sent to the bushes to see if he could tread the rocky come-back trail. He did after some two months with the Texas League, experimenting with a side-arm delivery, he returned for another tryout with the Cubs. And of all places, he was sent to Brooklyn to see if he could subdue the Dodgers. Now, the type of razzing which Brooklynites have to make is like a star from the sidelines. If he has it, unmercifully as he fed floaters to the home team. Only occasionally did he try to steam one over, and even then it was evident that Dizzy Dean was no peer the speed artist he used to be. But he has found something better than bravado. No more antics and temperament. No more back talk to the stands. He just concentrated. What's more, he let the Dodgers down 3 to 2 with wily, experienced pitching, when the cut calls faded, he left the field victorious. Dizzy Dean may not be quite the baseball player he once was, but he's a much better man. He has come back the hard way, and it was he who chose that way. If there is any justice in the world, he will yet chalk up wins sufficient to keep him in the old game for some seasons more. HIGH IN AUTOMOBILES World record of motor vehicles was a new record of 4,027,000. Or the 7,734,000 car were registered. In the United States, a total of 30,515,057. The country next highest in registration was the United States, with 2,120,000, three-fourths countries had passed, but the dollar mark was higher than the million mark. These were: France, 2,700,000; Germany, 1,558,210; and Canada, 1,420,024. Latin American countries having the highest record, representing Argentina, with 273,500, Brazil, Mexico, 105,470; Uruguay, 47,589; Chile, 32,931; Cuba, 27,570, Venezuela, 17,035; Colombia, 18,554, Peru, 13,531. United States possessions account for 4,021 vehicles, as follows: Hawaiian Islands, 58,787; Puerto Rico, 22,500, Alaska, 4,515, Virginia Islands, 825. During 1930, 71 percent of the world's passenger cars were registered in United States. Ninety percent of the new cars included in this figure sold at a whole-sale price under $750. Employed in all phases of the motor industry were 6,500,000 laborers in 1939, one seventh of all in the United States workers. According to figures compiled by the association, world road mileage gained 27 percent in 1930-1930. Total world mileage in 1930 was 7. 927.89, Increasing to 10.037.05 in 10 years, the 10-year period 1930 to 1939, fixed States mileage went from 3,024.233 to 3,065,000; Argentine from 131,697 to 253.115; Brazil from 75.407 to 129.057, and Canada from 390,060 to 599.040. Observations Trip Through Albania Not to be Picnic For Italian Troops By diaries F. Stewart THE Greek legation in Washington is considerably depressed by Italy's war move against its small home kingdom. As a Hellenic diplomatic attaché, "One Greek soldier is a match for three or four Italians, but if they pile in five or six to one against us, they may make us a deal of trouble." Our own American military men take it for granted that the Axis will make short work of the little country, possibly with the King Zog exception of its coastal fringe, along which they think that Britain's eastern Mediterranean fleet may help it formidably. To be sure, the Greeks are rated as first-rate fighters and the Italians as pretty weak-kneed warriors. However, the Greeks are away outclassed in numbers, and those they have lack much equipment, whereas the Italians are quite well supplied in the latter respect. Furthermore, it's assumed that, even if Dictator Mussolini does need any assistance, Dictator Hitler will provide him with it—and nobody questions the Germans' prowess on the battlefield. Albania a Factor Albania may prove to be an anti-Axis factor in the equation. It seems funny that that wee little country should signify in the situation. Yet it's across Albania that the Axis forces have been striving to get into Greece over land, dodging the British fleet's superiority on the water. Now Italy recently grabbed the Albanian realm, kicking King Zog out into exile. According to Italian accounts, the Albanians were glad of it, but other stories are to the effect that they were as mad as hornets, and that, today, they're in a state of anti-Italian insurrection. Recitation—determined to resist the passage of Axis troops across their territory into Greece. The Italian version is that the revolutionaries, under the leadership of the Italian government, have made another effort. They relate that, not long ago, the Greeks caught an "Albanian patriot" (a pro-Italian) and chopped his head off. It really happened, probably. But the Greeks' yarn is that the chap wasn't a patriot. They say he was a bandit and that the Albanians were delighted to have his bean amputated. Anyway, there are reports that Albania's in anti-Italian revolt. Rome denies it, and there's no knowing, due to the censorship. The rumors sound probable, though. The Albanians are a superstitious people. Their methods of fighting also are decidedly primitive. In the days before the last World War, I was in Turkey, which then was fighting Albania. The Turks, Rome too civilized themselves, complained that the Albanians were outright savages. They charged that the Albanians were outright savages. They charged that the Albanians were outright savages. Just Making Sure The Albanian high command didn't deny the accusation, but it deeply resented its implications. From Antivari (then their capital) they broadcast their explanation. "When we take a war prisoner," they pointed out, "we haven't the facilities to intern him; yet we do not want to turn him loose to go an fighting us. Neither do we want to kill him. That would be barbarous. So we put him on his honor to remain a non-belligerent if we release him. And, to make sure that he keeps his pledge, we cut his hands off." It's imaginable that Albania may have considered the Greek chopping off of one. Of its patriot's head a trifle too drast. All the same, that's the sort of bunch the Axis will have to deal with if it tries to fight its way overland into Greece. Whether or not Italy has Albania completely licked and pacified. Fled and satisfied, I don't know, because of the censorship. But if it hasn't, it has a mean little stretch of country to fight its way through to put Greece on the spot. After one so-called month in France, when due to lack of fats and other government was forced to order a suspension of soap-making, a decree was published today re-establishing a monthly ration. Beneficial By Local Commanding, M.D. The Government is under a far greater obligation to safeguard the health of a conscript army which is gathered in peacetime than it would be if one were being assembled for an emergency. From what I know of the methods that are being used, the health of the conscript soldier will be assessed very critically. No one should be allowed to be conscripted. Dr. Clendening will answer questions of general interest only, and then only through his column. whose health is likely to break down in service if it is possible to determine such a possibility in advance. As a matter of fact, the careful examination of the draft troops will be a great advantage to the population at large for an average cross-section of the population will have, for the first time, a thorough medical examination. Five Problems The five great problems which present themselves to any army medical board are: (1) tuberculosis, (2) heart disease, (3) psychological state’s, (4) the teeth, and (5) feet and posture. I described a few weeks ago the methods which should obtain for thorough examination for tuberculosis in order to prevent any civilian from entering the army with this disease. It is not only important for the man who has tuberculosis to know he has it, but it is important for those with whom he might be in intimate contact that he should be eliminated as a source of infection. Heart disease, one of our commonest diseases of middle age, really begins somewhere in younger life. During the last war, heart boards were set up and rather belatedly. I think, functioned fairly well: I believe that this time they can function even better. Not only should all rheumatic and valvular heart disease be eliminated, but those who have the slightest trace of high blood pressure should be turned down. Special boards of heart specialists will undoubtedly be appointed to investigate this matter. At the present time we have methods of examining the heart functionally to see how much work it is capable of doing. While they are not perfect, they will still be very helpful in assuring us of an army which would be able to stand up under prolonged conditions of strain and fatigue. I hope that the boards in psychology will begin to function immediately and much better than they did during the last draft. There are many cases of incipient mental disease among us; the individuals are considered by their companions or family to be only somewhat queer and they go on until some sharp experience teaches the family that actual mental disease is present. Such an accident might be the report of a medical board. People go to the point will undoubtedly receive treatment sooner than they otherwise would have and with much better prospects of ultimate cure. For the army of men who are accepted, this will mean that they are not exposed to contact with queer companions and will not be exposed to suggestions which would lead to be behavior disorders. The correction of teeth deformities and postural defects, including foot deformity, can often be sufficiently cared for so that an applicant is rendered fit for service. This is less likely to occur in the case of flat feet than anything else but here, again, a professional opinion may wake a citizen up and lead him to make adjustments that will improve his well-being and his health in general. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS R. H. S., Detroit, Mich.—“What makes soreness of the ball of the feet and stiff knees?" Answer—Sounds like weak foot arches. Often the pain is worse in the knee in these cases, due to strain on the ligaments. W. G., Flint, Mich.—"I would like to know if drinking beer puts on weight. My husband ought to lose twenty pounds. He is careful of what he eats but drinks six bottles of beer a day." Answer—Certainly. A bottle of beer contains about 150 calories. Any alcoholic beverage will be used for energy and thus spare the food for fat formation. VICIY IT Frenchmen were warned today to expect intensified rationing of food within the week. The ministry of Supply said that "If everybody respects the restriction", the winter will pass without insurmountable difficulties". Broadcast; 335 f jragti ~‘S' Being —' bib. — Wednesday The War-NBC 8 a in., 1:45 p.m.; CBS 8. 9 a.m., 5:45 p.m.; MBS 10, 11:15 a.m. 2 p.m. NBC- 2 Betty Cri'i.«T; 3:45—Vic and Sade; 5:17 Reveries. (IIS—3 Mary Margaret Mc-Bride; 3:13 Lecture Hall: 5:15 Iledda Hopper. NBC 12:30 Farm and Home Hour. 2:15 —Let's Talk It Over; 4:15 Club Matinee. MBS- 2:30 Homemakers for um; 4:15 Johnson family. Shoot Waves' GSP G-'h GI GI London 6 questions of the hour; 8:30 Information Please; HAT Budapest 7:30 Opens Concert 2:30 Rome 8:40 Songs from Movie CISCO GAS GAS GAS 10:30 Radio News Rent THE YPSILANTI DAILY PRESS, MICH., TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1940 S. W. Ypsilanti NANCY, JAMES BEAL ENTERTAIN AT PARTY S. W. Ypsilanti, Mich., Nov. 5 Nancy and James Beal entertained ten schoolmates from the seventh and eighth grades at a Halloween party Thursday after school. Games were played before supper was served. The table was decorated with pumpkins and candles and the napkins and table cloth were of the same design. After the lovely supper, a scavenger hunt was enjoyed and more games were played. Several attractive prizes were given to the winners. The rooms were very attractively decorated with the Halloween colors, black and orange. Miss May Peters, Solo, has been a guest of her sister Mrs. Will Elliott and attended the meeting of Riverside Study Club with her Thursday. Mrs. Elliott returned home with Miss Peters to remain a couple of weeks. VICHY—UP—The ministry of interior stated Monday that German occupation authorities now refuse entry to Frenchmen seeking to return to their homes in the occupied area. All repatriation activities have been suspended pending new regulations to be made effective through November. London was almost destroyed by fire five-times between 798 and 1666 - 13,200 - Houses burned. London, Thursday, November 1, 1666. WESTERN GREEN DIVES PICT ON. ALL WHEN IT BELIEVES USED TO BE IN DANGER, WHEREAS AC SALEM, ILLINOIS, OTHER waver birds usually try to fly away NA-VIC AC-DEEP MUD One-Minute Test 1 What was the first important American biography written? 2 How high must one go in a tall building to get away from city street noises? 3 What are bilboes? Hints on Etiquette No need to be self-conscious about speaking to an acquaintance when you meet on the street, even if you are a younger woman and the acquaintance is a man. Say how do you do or "Hello" cordially. It may be construed as "OLD RELIABLE" Twenty Years Ago, An Ypsilanti boy, Clair W. Beck, the son of Mrs. May Berk, 204 Maple St. is now serving with the famous Fifth Regiment of Marines, which was recently awarded the Croix de Guerre four-reagued of the French army for its brilliant work at Belleau Woods and at Soissons and in the Champagne. In spite of the increased seating capacity of The Players' Playhouse, a large number of people have been unable to obtain tickets so the season of 1920-21. In a not very far distant day, Ypsilanti hopes to vie with such other Michigan towns as Jackson, Lansing, Flint, and Kalamazoo in the production of cars. That this is not a vain hope, an inspection of plans for further expansion of the Apex Motor. Corporation &eoms to prove. Two hundred feet of the Grove St. sanitary sewer were dug by the ditch digger before 10 o'clock this morning. There is considerable gravel in the soil, and the digger goes through it without a quiver. The sewer is laid within three long blocks of Michigan Ave. Fifty Years Ago George W. Oles, the renowned American violinist, gave one of his concerts, assisted by local talent, under the auspices of the Young People's Society of the M.E. Church. Wedding: Frank Kelsey and Mrs. Ona Isbell, both of York, at the M.E. Parsonage in Stony Creek by Rev. H. Palmer. VICHY, France—INS— Manuel Azana, president of the Spanish republic during the civil war, died Monday at his exile home in Montauk. Southwestern France, after a long illness. Oddities for your Scrapbook By H.J. SCOTT Tudeness or unfriendliness if you do not speak Words of Wisdom Not in the achievement, but in the endurance of the human soul, does it show its divine grandeur, and its alliance with the Infinite God. — E H Chopin Today's Horoscope A difficult year lies ahead of those who have birthdays today. They should exercise circumspection in all things, including love affairs, and avoid changes. The child born on this date will have half—F broken days TOKYO—UP — The government granted special amnesty to 130 political prisoners Monday as part of the celebration commemorating the 26th. The anniversary of the founding of the Nipponese empire, a strong character, a brilliant intellect, exceptional intellectual and occult powers, endow the child born today, and success seems certain. One-Minute Test Answers 1 Chief Justice Marshall's "Life of Washington" 2 Under average conditions, street noises are said not to be disturbing from the 10th or 12th floor up. 3 It is a name given to a bar of iron with sliding shackles one used to filter prisoners. PUBLIC OPINION Discussion of any subject of general interest is invited in these columns. Writer's name must be given but may be withheld from print if desired. STREET RAILWAY To the Editor: Proposal Three is rightly called a target aimed at the Detroit Street Railway. In the literature presumably published by the Highway Users' Conference, an organization newly fledged to carry this referendum, an argument is made in favor of home rule, on the ground that suburban communities have no voice in determining their transportation under the D.S.R. and that the state law should therefore be substituted. It is hard to see how state regulation gives any further home rule for any single community; saying so does not make it so. Objection is also made to the D.S.R. because it does not pay taxes. Do school buses pay taxes? Yet the law specifically exempts them. Why? Because its authors know that an attack on them would be resented in every county in the state. As a matter of fact, since 1921 the D.S.R. has paid 15 million in taxes to Wayne County and Michigan. Moreover, an investigation of 300 American cities made in 1982 by the Transportation Department of the U.S. of M. showed that the D. S. R., by its lower than average fares, had saved its riders $56 million at this rate they would by 1940 have saved 75 million. Why is not a penny out of one's pocket the same penny whether it goes for fares or taxes? After the private business companies lost a suit against the D.S.R. 11938, they brought pressure to bear on the Legislature of '39 to pass this amendment to the Motor Carrier Act, forcing the D.S. under the control of the State Utilities Commission. This commission has the reputation of being politically controlled; It was condemned by even the legislature that passed the measure. A Smart Marbelle Custom Floor of Armstrong’s Linoleum Costs Little More Than a Plain One If THE MACKRAFT SHOPS WALLPAPER—PAINTS—LINOLEUM OPPOSITE METHODIST CHURCH PHONE 1918 “Walk a Block and Save” Phone 14 for your 4 in 1 Store Call us for Textbooks and Fiction College Supplies Stationery Personal Christmas Cards Sport Shirts Groceries Fresh and Cold Meats Fruits and Vegetables Office Equipment Mimeograph Paper and Supplies Filing and Indexing Materials Typewriters—Sold, Rented, Serviced Ledger sheets and office supplies Beauty Shoppe Permanents Shampoo and Finger Waves Manicures Facials Ypsilanti’s Office Equipment Headquarters The consideration of the referendum. If this proposal carries private companies will have in effect a monopoly of suburban transportation; this will result in replacing at least 1000 well paid drivers by lower paid drivers (no private business company pays). Within 13c an hour, what the D. S. R. pays; It will also force riders to pay higher fares. The D. S. R. has earned its reputation of giving the most frequent, fastest, and cheapest surface transportation of any metropolitan area in America. Thousands of people are too poor to drive to work or to own an auto to take the family to the zoological park. The great majority of the users of the D.S.R., both inside and outside of the city, are in this category. A metropolitan area is an economic unit and should be so treated. Those who believe its people should not be exploited for the benefit of a relatively small number of stockholders will yet be. Proposal for a new proposal. BACKS SERVICE BILL Lansing, Nov. 5 Michigan Merit System Association made public a letter from Mayor F.H. LaGuardia, New York, endorsing the Michigan Civil Service Amendment, which is on the ballot today. DIES IN COLLISION Ferndale, Mich., Nov. 5—Harry O. White, 56, Ferndale, was killed in an automobile collision Monday afternoon at Joy Rd. and Hubbell. Robert Butler, 26, driver of the other car, is in serious condition in Redford Receiving Hospital with a broken left arm and internal injuries.
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At li*nt;tii lie U'thinking binim'lf of rutliU^rt TtiiiNtal thtji bifdiop of I^mdon, and 4*H|M*cially for tin* gn*at conini4'ndati(»n of KraHiiiim ', who in hiM ann«itatioii*i ho (*\t4ill4'th him f«ir hiH Irani- ing. thuN ca^t with lilin*M>lfi\ tliat if Ikv might attain unt«» hi** ncnrici* he<* W4*ru a liappir man. And mi mmniini; to Mr Ilfurv Ifilford th«* kingH c^mt roller, and bringing with him an oration of lHf>crat4*H, whirh h«* had then tran*«latt*d out of (in^t'k into Vav^ liiih, h«* di'^inil him t<i f»|N'aL<* to tin* ^aid bi^hop <if I«4indon for him. Which hi* altwi did. an«l wilh^^l him mort^iviT to writ** an f»|>i*«tl«* to th«* binhop. and to go hiin**4*lfe with him. Which Ih- f (tf KrmtmmM.] ** .\i I thit tbi»u|{hl, the bjrthop of Umdon cwmt to my iHDetntiraunrr. vhmn l-Miniut («rhii«r tooinM makrlh of littlr gnaU irrrAl dtpkanU, and Itftctb up •hart Um Han vh<»ftuevrr gircth him a littlr rtlii- bttooa |irmvtcth ricrvtliiiiclj in ha .\nntitatMma on the Nrv Trvtamriit" Tkadal't M'orij. p J. WILLIAM TINDALL. 195 did likewise, and delivered his epistle to a servant of his, named William Hebilthwaite ', a man of his old acquaintance. But God, who secretlie disposeth the course of things, sawe that was not the best for Tindal''s purpose, nor for the profit of his church ; and therefore gave him to find little favour in the bishops sight. The answer of whom was this, that his house was full; he had no then he could well find, and advised him to seek in London abroad, where he said he could take no service. And so remained he in London, the space almost of a year, beholding and marking with himself the course of the world, and especially the demeanour of the preachers, how they boasted themselves and set up their authority and kingdom; beholding also the pomp of the prelates, with other things more which greatly disliked him: in so much that he understood, not only there to be no room in the bishops' house for him to translate the new testament: but also that there was no place to do it in all England. And therefore finding no place for his purpose within the realm, and having some aid and provision by God's providence. See Mr. Fraser Tytler's Collection of Letters, vol. i. And so remained he in London. We have an account of Tindall's habits at this time, in a letter to Cardinal Wolsey and the rest of the Council, written from the Tower by Humfrey Mummoth or Monmouth, then in confinement there. Four years and a half past, and more, I heard the foresaid Sir William (Tundall) preach two or three sermons at St. Donsters in the West in London; and after that, I chanced to meet with him; and with communication I examined what things he had. He said he had none at all; but he trusted to be with my Lord of London in his service. And therefore I had the better fantasy to him. And afterward he went to my Lord, and spoke to him, as he told me. And my Lord of London answered him, that he had chaplains enough; and he said to him, that he would have no more at that time. And so the priest came to me again, and besought me to help him. And so I took him into my house half a year; and there he lived like a good priest, as he thought. He studied most parts of the day, and of the night, at his book. And he would eat but sodden. En meat by his good will; nor drink but small single beer. I never saw him weare him about him, in the space he was with me. I did promise him ten pounds sterling, to praise for my father and mother their sows, and at Christen sows. I did pay it him, when he made his exchange to Hamborow, &c. Strype's Ecclesiast, Memorials, vol. i. p. 246. Appendix. Also, compare Fox, p. 909. edit. 1610. In the midst of tumult, unto him, by Humphrey Mummoth, and certain other good men, he took his leave of the realm, and determined into Germany. Where the man, in his infancy, infirm with a tender ear and zeal of his country, refused no travel nor alliance, how by all means he knew how by all means he had induced him with all. Whereupon, he considering in his mind and partly also conferring with John Frits, thought with himself no way more to. Of this humble, Muromuth was truly of a notable example of Christian patience, in the creation of Matter, which the Aide, the minister heard at Claudio of master Stalford, the writer of the Divinity lecture in that university, which, according to the Roman, was exposed to the Romans, that we shall tomorrow our friends will do him good, and make him come to his table when he would. It was then at that time when Doctor Coort was in trouble, and would have been burnt if God had not turned the King's heart to the contrary. Now the rich man began to lie a creature man; he began. To smell the gospel. The poor man was a Papist still. It was a time when the high man took off the frill, sitting in his table, where he required the proper care, and such kind of thing, the former man took a great delight against the rich man, inasmuch that he would borrow no more money from his house, he would borrow no more money from his wife, at the worst, than he would have to do before the other man. Now the rich man, not knowing of any such disturbance, offered many times to take with him, and to set him at quiet. It would not be. The poor man had such a knack, that he would not refuse to take with him. If he met the poor man in... The street, he would go out of his way. One time it happened that he met him in so narrow a street, that he could not answer but made sure of him; yet, this more man, I say, I had to say a statement against the rich man, that he was minded to go forward and make sure of him. The man, being a man, caught him by the hand, and asked him, taking. Neighbor, what it comes into your heart to take such deep sorrow with my heart? What have I done at all times to make you amend? Finally, he spoke gently, so chantantly, and friendly, that it was thought fit in the moment man's heart, that by and by he fell down, his heart. And as the man from the moment man's heart, that by and by he fell down, his heart. William Tindall. 197 conduce thereunto, than if the scripture were turned into the vulgar speech, that the poor people might also read and see the simple plain word of God. For first, he wiselle casting in his mind perceived by experience, how that it was not possible to establish the late people in ancient truth, except the scripture were so plainly laid before their eyes in their mother tongue, that they might see the process, order, and meaning of the text: for else whatsoever truth should be taught them, these enemies of the truth would quench it again, either with apparent reasons of sophistry, and traditions of their own making, founded without any ground of scripture; either else juggling with the text, expounding it in such a sense, as impossible it were to gather of the text, if the right process, order, and meaning thereof were seen. Again, right well he perceived and considered, this only, or most chiefly to be the cause of all mischiefs in the church, that the scriptures of God were hidden from the people's eyes: for so long the abominable doings and idolatries maintained by the plural clergy could not be espied; and therefore all their labours. Our was with might and main to keep it down, so that either it should not be read at all, or if it were they would darken the right sense with the mist of their sophistry, and so entangle them which rebuked or despised their abhors, with arguments of philosophic, and with worldliness similitudes, and with worldliness similitudes, and with great reasons of natural wisdom; and with wresting the scripture unto their own purpose, contrary unto the process, order and meaning of the text, would so delude them in descanting upon it with allegories, and amaze them, expounding it in many senses late before the unlearned late people, that though "In their mother tongue." It is not much above an hundred years ago, since scripture hath not been accustomed to be read in the vulgar tongue, or in English, within this realm (the grand prevention and prohibition of this blessing was occasioned by the constitutions of archbishop Arundel in the year 1408): "and many hundred years before that, It was translated and read in the Saxon tongue, which at that time was our mother tongue: whereof there remain yet diverse copies, found lately in old abbies, of such antique manner of writing and speaking, that few men now be able to read and understand them. 198 WILLIAM TIXDALL. thou felt in thy heart, and wert sure that all were falMC that they saicK yet couldst thou not Holve their Hubtilc riddleii. For thefie and such other considerationis this good nian waH moved (and no doubt stirred u|> of tiod) to transkite the Ncri|>- ture into his mother tonprue. for the publicke utilitie and profit of the simple vulgar people of the eountr}* : first setting in liand with the new Testament, which hee first translated * about the * H'kiek ket/ni trmiUod ] More corrrctlj in the yesr 1526. For we find bj a mmditg iasued by ifchbuhop Warhsm to the tuffrAgmn bitho|Mi €»f hit ptoviooe, besriog date Nov. 3, in that year, that there were oopiei of two editions st the letet, ■otne with, othen without marKiiud annotatioM, thrn in GircuUtion : for all which he Jiredi inquitition to lie nuule, and that the eopiea be inunediaiely burned. In the tame mandate, Tkt pmrmbie qf ike Wicked Mmmmom, The Obediemce i/m CkrUlum 3/aii, and Am ImlroJactHm lo the Epiath to Ike Romatu, all written by William Trndall, together with arrrral Bore Kngliah IVacta, and othem in Latin bj lather, ZuingUus, Urentiut, 9te, are prohibited. Willuni't ComciUa, vol. iii. p. 70ti, 7. It was probablj about the latter end of the year 1526, or in the nett year, thai a larffe parcel of thete New Tettamenta were burnt at St. Paul's (*n>w by the order €»f biahop Tonatal ; of which Fox irivea the following account. The New Testament began first to be translated by William Tyndall, and came forth in print, about the year of our Lord 1:29 (1536): wherewith Christopher Tonstall, bishop of London, with Sir Thomas More, being free, devised how to destroy that false erroneous translation, as he called it. It happened that one August in Kingston, a clergyman, was then at Antwerp, where the bishop was. This man favored Tyndall, but showed the contrary intent to the bishop. The bishop, being desirous to bring his purpose to pass, communicated how that he would gladly buy the New Testament. The bishop, hearing him say so, said: My lord, I can due more in that matter than most merchants that be here, if it be your pleasure. For I know the merchants and strangers that have bought them of Tyndall, and have them here to sell; to That if it be your Lordship's pleasure, I must discharge money to pay for them, or else I cannot have them; and if I will assure you that I have every care of them that is printed and unsold, I will assure you that I have every care of them that is printed and unsold. The bishop, thinking he had the money secured, said, "I will give them for me, and I will pay whatsoever they cost; for I intend to burn and destroy them all at Launce Cross." This Augustinian, Plenipotentiary, went unto William Lindall, and declared the whole matter; and so upon a compact made between them, the bishop said, "I will have the money." Wickington the thankee, and Tyndall hail the money. After this, Tyndall favored the same New Testament again, and caused them to be newly improved, as that they came through and through into England. When the bishop performed that, he sent for Buckingham, and said to him, "Him that comes this that there are so many New Testaments among us?" You proposed me that you would buy them all." Then answer, "Surely I bought all that was to be had." But I perceive that they have been of our Lord 1527. After that, he took in hand to translate the old Testament, finishing the five books of Moses, with sundry most learned and godly prologues prefixed before everyone, most worthy to be read and read again of all. Good Christians: as the like also he did upon the new Testament. He wrote about divers other works under sundry titles, amongst which is that most worthy monument of his, entitled, The obedience of a Christian man: wherein with singular dexterity he printed more since. I see it will never be better, so long as they have letters and stamps: wherefore you were best to buy the stamps too; and so you shall be sure. At which answer the bishop smiled: and so the matter ended. In short, after it fortuned, that George Constantine was apprehended by Sir Thomas More, which was then chancellour of England, suspected of certain heresies. During the time that he was in the custody of master More, after divers communications, amongst other things master More asked of him saying, "Constantine, I would have thee be plaine with me in one thing that I will ask, and I promise thee I will show thee favour in all other things, whereof thou art accused. There is beyond the sea, Tindall, Joye, and a great many of you; I know they cannot live without help; There are some that help and succour them with money, and thou being one of them hadst thy part thereof, and therefore knowest from whence it came. I pray thee tell me, who be they that help them thus?" My lord, quoth Constantine, "I will tell you truly: it is the bishop of London, that hath holpen us; for he hath bestowed amongst us a great Of money upon New Testaments to burn them, and that hath bene and yet is our only succour and comfort. Now by the truth, quoth More, I think even the same; for so much I told the bishop, before he went about it. Fox's Acts, p. 929. Anne Boleyn's own copy of Tindal's translation of "The New Testament, imprinted at Antwerp by Marten Emperour, Anno M.D. xxxiiij." is still extant among the books bequeathed, in 1799, to the British Museum, by the Rev. C. M. Cracherode. It is upon vellum, illuminated. Upon the gilding of the leaves, in a red letter, are the words Anna Reina ANGLIAC. See Ellis's Letters, 1st ser. vol. ii. p. 45, where is a letter from her to Cromwell, in favour of Richard Herman of Antwerp, who had been expelled from the English house there, on account of his "helpe to the setting for the of the New Testament in English." The five books of Moses. This translation of the Pentateuch was printed A.D. 1530. It was done from the Hebrew. In the following year he published, with a large Prologue prefixed, a translation of the prophet Jonah; which completes the Catalogue of Undall's performances in translating the Scriptures. In 1535, Coverdale, building upon what had before been done by Tindall, first published the whole Bible in English, dedicating it to king Henry VIII. See Lewis's Hist, of the English Translations of the Bible, p. 72, &c. edit. 1739. WilliAM Tindall. infiiructeth all iiicn in tht* office and duty of Cliriatian obedience ; with divorn other treatiHCft, ait, TA0 mcktd Mammon ; The prac- tie$ ofpr€late$^ with ex{M«itionH u|Nin certaine parta of the Hcrip* ture, and oilier bookeH alHo anHwering to Sir ThomaH More and other adventariefi of the trutli, no lenHo delectahle, then alfio nHmt fruitfull to be read : which {lartlie before being unknowne unto many, partly al^o being almoiit alxiIiHhed and womc out by time, the printer hennif (good lieader) for conaer^ing and nwtoriiig such KinguUr treasures, hath collected and 8c*t forth * in print in one generall volume, all and whole togi*ther ; as aho the workt*fi of John Frith, llames and other, an are to be Hii*ne moHt H|Kfciall and profitable for thy n'a4ling. TIm*»h* l>ookt.*ri of W. Tindall Inking compileil, publiHhed and M*nt over into England, it cannot be H|Hiken wlmt a dcMire of light * • Coiietted 9md §H/crtk.] Tht hook vm published in fuUo, with a Prthee by John Foi. under the foUciwing title : " Tke wkoU worke§ of H\ Tfmdmli^ Mku fWlA, omd Doctor Bmrmet, tkret wortkp Mortjfrg omd yhmeipmii temcker$ ^ tkU Ckmrche 0/ Kmglamd, eoUfcltd omd eompiied m om lomte to^krr, bffmf hifort $€milerfd, 4"^. Lomdtm, primttd Ay Jokm Dmjft^ am, 1573.*' * 1%'kmi a door0 y %Al.] Many of the tracts of Tindall it it crrtain, may •tiU be reail with great pleaaure and pnifit. I'nlrM |ieHia|M we except Sir Tbmnaa More, he waa the aMrtt Kngliih wnter of hit time. t>f one of hi« beat and moflt po|iular works, Tke Ohedirmet 0/0 Cknsham Mmm, Stryfie has preserrrd an anerilote s«i interesting, that 1 shoul«l do wri»ng, if I did not assiirn a place to it in these |iagrs. "In the Unity Anne" was written a fair young gentleman, named Mrs. Clamison: and in her service, she also retained Mr. George Zouch, father to Sir John Zouch. This gentleman, of a neatly sweet person, a Zouch, indeed, was a suitor in way of marriage to the said young lady: and among other things, once he plucked from her a book in English, called Tjmdairs Obedimet, which the lady Anne had lent her to him. About which time the cardinal had given commandment to the great, and especially to Dr. Samson, dean of the King's Chapel, that they should have a vigilant eye over all people for such books that they came not already; that to much as might be, they might not come to the king's raising. But the which He must first feel out upon this occasion. For Mr. Couch - I use the word of the MS. was so respected much the Spint of the speaker as well as the breadth of the reader, as first it did in the heart of the maker of the law. that he was never wrll. Imt when he was reaiting of that book. Mr« (jajnsfurvl »«fit beraiftae ilie nmld not grt the liook fn*in hrr lover t and lie was as reailjr %a wrrfi ttt t|rli«rr it. Hut see the finividenre of (mmI ' Mr /iKirh standing IS the chs|irl lirforr l>r. Sam|Miiii, evrr rrsiling u|Hin this IxMik, and thr •kan m«rr hatihg hit or i4l the iMMik in tlir gentlrman'i haudt, ralird hiiu t«» hiiii. aiktl ilif ii tiistthcd the liook out uf his hand, asked his name, and WILLIAM TINDALL. 201 they opened to the eies of the whole English nation, which before were many yeeres shut up in darknesse. whose man he was. And the book he delivered to the cardinal. In the mean time the lady Anne asked her woman for the book. She on her knees told all the circumstances. The lady Anne shewed herself not sorry nor angiy with either of the two. But, said she, ' Well, it shall be the dearest book that ever the dean, or cardinal took away.' The noble woman goes to the king, and upon her knees she desireth the kings help for the book. Upon the king's token, the book was restored. And now bringing the book to him, she besought his grace most tenderly, to read it. The king did so, and delighted in the book. "For," saith he, "this book is for me and all kings to read." And in a little time the king, by the help of this virtuous lady, by the means aforesaid, had his eyes opened to the truth, to search the truth, to advance God's religion and glory, to abhor the popes doctrine, his lies, his pomp and pride, to deliver his subjects out of the Egyptian darkness, the Babylonian bonds, that the pope had brought him and his subjects under. And so continuing the threats of all the world, the power of princes, rebellions of his subjects at home, and the raging of so many and mighty potentates abroad, he set forward a reformation in religion, beginning with the triple-crowned head at first, and so came down to the members, bishops, abbots, priors, and such. Like." — Strype's Ecclesiast. Memorials, vol. i. p. 12. The reader of this book will see that it was calculated to have a very great influence on the progress of public opinion; and no wonder therefore that the popish clergy did what they could to prevent its circulation. An Italian translation of this tract, by Sebastiano Roccatagliata of Genoa, which is dedicated to Sir Thomas Copley in 1559, is preserved among the MSS. of the old Royal Library in the British Museum. (14 A. vi.) Fox has given us an account of the manner in which another very celebrated reforming book fell into the king's hands, and of other attendant circumstances, which I shall also beg leave to introduce. I apprehend that these anecdotes point out more truly the intertexture of the events, and the progress of the Reformation than many long discourses. The book was the Supplication of Beggars, which was answered, in the year 1529, by Sir Thomas More, then Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, in a tract entitled The Supplication of Souls in Purgatory, Works, p. 288 — 339. " Mr. Simon Fish was a gentleman of Grayes Inne. It happened the first yeare that this gentleman came to London to dwell, which was about the yeare of our Lord 1525, that there was a certaine play or interlude made by one Mr. Roo of the same Inne, gentleman, in which play was matter against the cardinall Wolsey. And where none durst take upon them to play that parte, which touched the said cardinall, this foresaid master Fish tooke upon him to do it; whereupon great displeasure ensued against him, upon the cardinals part : Insomuch as he being pursued by the said cardinal, the said night that this tragedie was played, was compelled of force to voide his owne house, and so fled over the sea unto Tyndall. Upon occasion whereof the next yeare following, this booke (the Supphcation of Beggars) was made (being about the yeare 1527), and so not long after, in the yeare (as I sup- 202 WILLIAM TINDALL. At hm firHt departing nut nf tht> realm, ho tooko hm joiimoy into tin* further {mitIh of (tennany, into Saxony, when* hv lui<l ptmt) 1 S2H, WM tent orer to the Ijulie Anne Bulle ine. who then Uy at » |»Uc« not hr frutn the court. Which hooke her hrother teeing in her handc, t4ioke H and read it, and gare it her again, wilhng her earnestly to give it to the king, which thing the to did. *' The king ader he hail rccei>*ed the liooke, demanded of her who made it. Whereunto the answered and laid, a certain subject of his, one Fith, who was fled out of the realm for several days of the parliament. After the king had kept the house in his hotom there for four days, at it remained reported, through knowledge was given by the kings to the wife of the said Sinnum Fith, that she might boldly tend for her husband without all her or danger. Whereupon the thereby being encouraged, came first and made the king for the safe return of her husband. When understanding whose wife she was, the men followed a gentle and cheerful countenance towards her, making where her husband was. She answered, "If it like your grave matter, I fear it." Then said he, "Fetch him, and he shall come and go safe without peril, and no man shall do him harm." That he had much wrong that he was from her so long; who had been absent now the space of two years and a half. In the which meantime, the remains were dragged, at was after shewed, and matter More set in his place of the chancery. "This fish's wife, mingled by the kings, went immediately to her husband. Being lately come over, and lying privately within a mile of the court, and brought here to the king, although apprised to lie about the year of our reign, when the king saw him, and understood he was the author of the stroke. He came and embraced him with loving manner; who after having taken great pains for the sake of their or four hours, as they were standing together on hunting, at length dimmed him, and heard him take his wife, for she had taken great pains for him. Who answered the king again, and said, "I have done so much so do, for fear of the king's might, then charitably, and Sinkler then." Bishop of London. "Pie kintf takinK hit signet off his finger, willn him to have him reprimanded to the Lord Chancellor, charging him not to lie such a hand as to work as to him any hand." Matter Fish receiving the kings signet, went and drrlaml hit mrisagr to thr lord rhancrllor. wImi t4M>k it as suffirirnt fur his i»wne diMharire ; but hr aaked him if he lia<l any thing fur the disc-hartfc of hi« wifr ; ftir she a littlr before ha<l by rhance displrasnl the fnrrs. for not siiffmng thrm t4i say thrir gospels in iMim in Iter h<msr. unlrssr thry wiMild tay it in Kay/uA. Where- npim the liir«l rhanrrlkHir. althf*iigh he had disrhargnl thr man. yrt lra%-inic not hit gnidtrr tivwar«ls hi* wifr, thr nr«t m«iming sriit hit man fur hrr t<i appearv Itrfurr him. wImi. hail it not lirrn for her young ilauithtrr. mU** thru lay SKke of the platfur, hail brrn likr to dime to murh trouble . of thr «hit-h plague, hrr huiliand. the sanl master Fuh flerrasing within lialfr a yrmtr, mUr aflcrwarvl mamrd one ms«ter James llainhain. Sir .%lrtaiiilrr IWinlkaiiu Sonne, a vorshipfuU knight uf iiUnuT*Xer%\tirr ; thr which foresaid Master JaoM^ llainham. not Imtg afirr was liumrtl. as locontmcntly aAer in thr |ir«»- of this stiine sliall a|i|»eafv. WILLIAM TINDALL. 203 conference with Luther, and other learned men in those quarters. Where after he had continued a certain season, he came down from thence into the Neatherlands, and had his most abiding in the towne of Antwerpe, untill the thne of his apprehension : whereof more shall be said God willing hereafter. Amongst his other books which he compiled, one work he made also for the declaration of the sacrament (as it was then called) of the altar: the which he kept by him, considering how the people were not as yet fully persuaded in other matters tending to superstitious ceremonies and gross idolatry. Wherefore he thought as yet the time was not come to put forth that work; but rather that it should hinder the people from other instructions, supposing that it would seem to them odious to hear any such thing spoken, or set forth at that time, sounding against their great goddess Diana, that is, against their masse, being had everywhere in great estimation, as was the goddess Diana amongst the Ephesians, whom they thought to come from heaven. Wherefore M. Tindall being a man both prudent in his doings, and no less zealous in the setting forth of God's holy truth, after such sort as it might take most effect with the people, did forbear the putting forth of That work, not doubting but by God's merciful grace, a time should come, to have that abomination openly declared, as it is at this present day: the Lord almightie be always praised therefore, Amen! These godlie books of Tindall, and especially the new Testament of his translation, after that they began to come into men's hands, and to spread abroad, as they wrought great and singular profit to the godlie, so the ungodlie, envying and disdaining that "And thus much concerning Simon Fish, the author of the book of beggars; who also translated a book called the Sum of the scripture out of the Dutch." Fox's Acts, p. 924. ' Profit to the godlie.' The following anecdote exhibits strikingly the eagerness and delight with which the Scriptures were received, and at the same time, the bitter domestic trials and conflicts to which occasionally the publication of them gave birth. "One William Maldon happening in the company of John Fox, in the beginning of the reign of queen Elizabeth, and Fox being very inquisitive after those that suffered for religion in the former reign, asked him, if he knew any that were persecuted for the gospel.... He told him he knew one that was whipped by his own father in king Henry's reign. And when Fox was very inquisitive who he was and what was his name, he confessed it was himself; and upon his desire he wrote out all the circumstances. Namely, the people Rhould be any thiii^ wim*r than they, and af]i;ain(* f(*arinf^ Icaat by tht* Hliining beanieft of truth, their falrie hyiNteriMu* aiul workea of (Urkenefwe should be diHcemed ; tn^iji^an to utir with no small adoo, like as at the birtli of Christ* llcnxle and all JiTUsa- lem WBH tn>ul)led with hint. Hut (f<|M*cially Sat ban tho prinee of darken(*8H, inalipiin^ the happie c(»urst* and Huecc*HHe of the gtwpi*!!, set to his nii^ht aim), how to imiK'ach and hinder the blemHtl travailes of that inan : as by thin, and alno by sundry other wai«'S may appeare. For at what time Tindal Imd tranidat«*d the fift book of Moses called Ihutrronomium^ minding to print the same at Hamborough, he sailed thitherward ; where by the way uinhi that ' when the kin(( hm\ wMtmvtl the HiUe tii be ict furth, anil to lie rrm«l in sll chuirhet, immrdiAtrly »evi*nU |MM>r mm in the t4iirn of (lielmtfortl in KMex, where hit father lived, and he was bom, iMMight the New Testament, and on Sundays tat reading it in the lower end of the chtirrh. Many w«mld flock aliout them to hear their reailini; ; ami he amf>nf( the rest, liein|{ then but fiAcen jeart old, came evrrj Sunday to hear thr gUd and iwrrt tiding « of the ffotpel. Hut hit fallirr ol»trn'inf( it onrr angnly frtrhnl him away* and would ha%'e him to tay the l^tin mattint with him ; mhirh Knr%*eil him nuck And at he returned at other timet t4» hear the STi|itiirr reatl. h» fiUher itill wuuld frtrh him away. — 'lliii put him U|Min the thoiightt cif Iram- \n§[ to rrail Kntclish, that t4» he mif(ht rrail the New Testament himself. Which when he hail hy dihgrntv rffrctrd, he and his father's a|i|irrntirf* bouKht the New Testament, ji lining thrir stticks to^rthrr; and t^i nmcral it. laid it under the lied-straw. and rea'l it at nmvrniciit times. One nif(hl. his latber 1>rinK aslrrp, be and his mcHher chanced to discourse conrrnung the cmciliv, and tlie knrrlinK down to it, and knocking on the breast thru u«rd. and holdiuK up the hands t4i it, when it came by «m pnicr^suin. 'iliis he tuld hit rootlier wat plain idiilatry, and against the mmmandmrnt of (ind, mhrrr he taitb, ** llii ai slialt not roakr any gravrn imtge, nor l»t»w dimn to it, nor worship It." Ills mi it her enrage«l at him fur this, s«id, ** Wilt thou ntii wumhip Ibc criMs, whirh was alN»ut thee whrn thou wast chnstrnetl. afid mu«t be IajiI on thee mhrn thtMi art drail i*' In this heat the mother and tm dr|iartnl, and went ti» thrir Itrds. llic sum of this cimferrnce she presently re|teata t<i hrr bttsband. whirb he impatient t4i hrar, and iMulinic in fury against Ins s<in. f<ir denying wurship li» \tr dur U* thr cn»ss. art»sc up fiirthwith. and gors int^t his ton's chamber, tml taking him by thr hair ttt his brail with both bi« hamU. Puurd bitn liiit of thr liol. tiiil «lii|i|4-d bim unmrnifuUy. Anil «brn thr yiMing man (Nirr thit iM'aiing. ts hr rrUlrd. with a kind of joy. ron«idrnng it wat for thrat's stkr, and «bnl not a trtr; his father, seeing that, was m«rre rnragnl. tml ran down tml fetched an halter, and put it t>t»ut hi« nrrk. sty- ing he «i»iiM bsng bim At length, with miirh mtrraty of thr unit hrr and brother. b« ]« ft hi:ii alii«*t drail'I r%lrMt tin* «iut i>f thr ««ri«{ifiAJ rrUlmn uf the |«-r^iii biii««<lf. Mbub be gt«r to John r<'»." Ntr^jir'k is»/r */ Tr^t •er, p 01. 1 WILLIAM TINDALL. 205 the coast of Holland, WILLIAM TINDALL. 205 the coast of Holland. He suffered shipwreck, by which he lost all his books, writings, and copies, and so was compelled to begin all again anew, to his hindrance and doubling of his labours. Thus, having lost by that ship, both money, his copies and time, he came in another ship to Hamborough, where at his appointment master Coverdale taried for him, and helped him in the translating of the whole five books of Moses, from Easter till December, in the house of a worshipful widow, mistrusted Margaret Van Emmerson, anno 1529. A great sweating sickness being the same time in the town. So having dispatched his business at Hamborough, he returned afterward to Antwerp again. Thus, as Sathan is, and ever has been an enemie to all godlie endeavors, and chiefly to the promoting and furtherance of God's word, as by this and many other experiments may be seen; so his ministers and members following the like quality of their master, be not altogether idle for their parts; as also by the popes chaplaines and Grods enemies, and by their cruel handling of the said M. Tindall the same time, both here in England and in Flanders, may well appear. When God will was, that the new Testament in the common tongue should come abroad, Tindall the translator thereof added to the latter end a certain epistle, wherein he desired them that were learned to amend it, if ought were found amiss. Wherefore, if any such default had been, deserving correction, it had been the part of courtesy and gentleness, for men of knowledge and judgment to have shown their learning therein, and to have redressed that was to be amended. But the spiritual fathers then of the clergy being not willing to have that book to prosper, cried out upon it, bearing men in hand that there were a thousand heresys in it, and that it was not to be corrected, but utterly to be suppressed. Some said, "it was not possible to translate the scripture into English; some that it was not lawful for the late people to have it in their mother tongue; some that it would make them all heretics." And to the intent to induce the temporal rulers also unto their purpose, they made matter, and said that it would make the people to rebel and rise against the king. All this, Tindall himself in his own prologue before the first book of Moses declares: and adds further, showing what great pains was taken in examining that translation, and comparing it with their own imaginations and tears, that with less Labor (hoe mipponeth) they might have translated themselves a great part of the subject: showing moreover, that they scanned and examined every little and point in the said translation in such short and so narrow, that there was not one therein, but if it lacked a prick over his head, they did note it, and nourished it unto the ignorant people for an heretic. So great were then the forward descendants of the English clergy (who should have been the guides of light unto the people) to drive the people from the text and knowledge of the Scripture, which neither they would translate themselves, nor yet abide it to be translated of others: to the intent (and Tindall Haith) that the word being kept still in darkness, they might sit in the consequences of the people. Vaine, the Constitution and false doctrine, to satisfy their lusts, their ambition, and unpatriotic covetousness, and to exalt their own honor above king and emperor, yea and above God himself. The binhopH and pn*lat4*fl of the realme, thuA (an ye luive heard) inoenmnl and inflanusl in their mindit, (althcHigh having no caum*) agaiuMt the olde and newe Ti*tttament of the l^inl newly trana- Iate<l by Tin^lall, and rouMpiring togi*ther with all tlM*ir hotuU ami counfM^lbi, how to r«*|M*a]<* the Hame, never r«*Ht4*«l IkToh* they hail brought the king at la#«t to their conw*nt. Hy rea^in whrriMif a proclamation in all luiMte waa deviscnl and H4*t forth under publieke * n'nrnU trtmtlmie Ikemu^irt*.] "But M lu ffmunt *' xMVt Or. Rulirrt IWrnn. in a tnu-t. Thai it i$ Unt/mi /or all i«ni lo rrati tkt Holf Scripimrti "that that trmnftUtnin vai to f aIw : why ilid jrf>u nut thrre t*kr ii|iofi T<>it oprnlr for in aiiirtKl it— and to irt forth tnirly thr holy tmtamrnt of Chnvt * Ycm mutt nrrdri ffmunt that thrrr i« an holy tr«uinrnt of hit on nuth (rv- rrpi you will ilmyr (linttr — . whrrr t% it * Why hare wr it not * If Ikmi wtmrt not it, why ilo not ftm %rl the %*rrT trie trtUmrnt out i Ymi wrrr rr»i1y to rrindrtnne anothrr man« faytliful UImiut and dilitfrnre ; hut you hail no rharytir t^i amrnde it. If you hail rf»ndrmnrd tkmi all onrly lirniutr f>f rrrmir, yrt at thr Iraat wayr« }iiu ihoulfl iMith of rhantir. and aJ<ii» itf dutir hare trt forth thr trrwr trtt, and tlirn would mrn ha%-f th<iU|{ht. that yiMi condrmnr«l thr othrr hy thr rrafton of rrrtiurt Hut mrn ni»y now rvydrntly Me, tlial you dyil mrt condrmn it for rrrour* takni. hut all onrly lirrauftp the rrntir was thrmn, that whirh you coulil not ahydr tliat mrn ib«iuld knowr.*' H'orij, |» :;t.i. rdit. i:i7i. fid. In anothrr plarr, hr rrmarkn. \rry prrtinrntly " Put darr 1 tay iMdilly. that thr new t<-«tamrnt in Kn^li^hr » Ifn timr« Inirr. thrn thr old Irannlation in l^in i« ; in thr whirh l»rr inanv pUm that «lf» w»nt wholr ftrntrni-r* ; and many plarrt that no ni»n rmu drfmd mih-tut hrrr«ir, as thu trttr, Som ommn tmmmiuhtmmr ,- '\ t*4ir. i\.
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US-30244052-A_1
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USPTO
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Public Domain
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Golf green drag
Sept. 27, 1955 P. BRAZEAU Filed Aug. 2, 1952 GOLF GREEN DRAG 2 Shee'cs-Sheet l INVENTOR.
K fie/"re @eau BY @Mw 7J P. BRAZEAU GOLF @REE Sept. 27, 1955 N DRAG 2Sheets-Sheet 2 v Filed Aug 2a 1952 .nir-- 1y.
UnitedStates Patent O GOLF GREEN DRAG Pierre Brazeau, Chicago, Ill.
Application August 2, 1952, Serial No. 302,440
6 Claims. (Cl. 471) This invention relates to an apparatus for draggingor sweeping golf greens or the like to remove dew or other moisture, aswell as fungus growth, leaves, twigs and other matter so as to conditionthe greens or like surfaces for play. The apparatus is particularlyuseful for sweeping greens on golf courses, but may also be used forcleaning and evening other surfaces such as bowling greens, bent grasslawns or the like.
As is well known, it is often necessary to sweep golf greens to removedew and other matter therefrom in the early morning before golf playbegins. This is ordinarily done by hand by means of a flexible bamboopole or other form of hand sweeper. Sweeping the greens in this manneris slow and requires particular skill and care to obtain uniform surfaceconditions and thorough removal of moisture and other foreign matter. j
The primary object of my invention is to provide an apparatus wherebythe sweeping may be performed much more quickly and thoroughly than hashitherto been possible and which does not require particular skill orspecial care in use in order to obtain uniform and satisfactory results.
A more particular object is to provide for this purpose a vehicular dragwhich need only be run over the green or other surface to be cleared tothoroughly remove dew and other extraneous matter in a minimum of time.
A highly important advantage of the device is that it breaks up themycelium or fungus growth which forms on greens and causes brown patchand other damage. It has been found that by the regular use of thisapparatus such damage is greatly ameliorated and often practicallyeliminated.
Another object is to provide an apparatus for this purpose which islight in weight and easily handled on the greens as well as transportedfrom green to green.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing description, which, taken in connection with the accompanyingdrawings, discloses a preferred but only an illustrative embodimentthereof.
Referring more particularly to the drawings:
Fig. 1 is atop plan view, partly diagrammatic, of a green sweepingapparatus in which my invention is embodied;
Fig. 2 is a detailed and partially sectionalized View of the part of theapparatus in the lower left-hand corner of Fig. l;
Fig. 3 is a fragmentary and sectional view taken substantially along theline 3 3 in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is a side elevational view of the apparatus with the handle shownin full lines in the raised or operative position and in dotted lines inthe lowered position resting on the ground;
Fig. 5 is a view, partially in section and partially in elevation, takensubstantially along the line 5--5 in Fig. l, showing one of the wheelsand one of the runners of the chain drag on the ground;
Fig. 6 is an enlarged sectional and elevational view taken substantiallyon the line 6 6 in Fig. l;
Fig. 7 is a sectional view showing the attachment of pice one of thebrackets or braces to one of the runners, being taken substantially onthe section line 7-7 in Fig. 5;
Fig. 8 is a detailed view taken substantially on the line 8--8 in Fig.4; and
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of an adjustable collar and associatedmember by which the runners and chains will be held at a proper anglewith all the bottom area of the runners in contact with the ground, eventhough the handle be raised to a position which would otherwise causethe runners to tilt.
The apparatus, as thus illustrated, includes a cross shaft 11 on theends of which rubber-tired wheels 12 are mounted by means of axles 13and axle plugs 14, the wheels being held in place on the axles bysuitable nuts 15.
Runners 16 having upturned ends 17 (best shown in Fig. 5) are connectedwith the cross shaft 11 by means of brackets 18 and 19. The brackets 18are rigidly secured at their upper ends to sleeves 21 mounted on thecross shaft 11 and at their lower ends are rigidly connected, as bywelding of bent portions 22, with washers 23 mounted on runner pins 24,which extend through bushings 25 provided on the upper side of therunners 16.
Mounted on the cross shaft 11, adjacent the sleeves 21, are collars 26,which are adapted to be secured to the shaft 11 in desired position ofadjustment by means of set screws 27. Arms 23 are rigidly secured, as bywelding, to the collars 26 and bear upon the brackets 18 as shown inFigs. l and 2, for example, so as to hold the runners down to the groundthroughout their length even though the handle (to be later described)be elevated to an extraordinary height, as when used by a very talloperator.
ing ve of such chains shown in the drawings, with the end links thereofsecured to the runners as by welding (as indicated at 33 in Fig. 2).Wire spacers 34 are provided at suitable intervals along the chains tokeep them properly spaced from each other and a wire connection 35 isprovided between the innermost chain and the cross shaft 11, as shown inFigs. l and 5.
A handle member 36, with a hand piece 37 at the outer end thereof, issecured to the cross shaft 11 by means of a handle bracket 38 secured,as by welding, to the cross shaft 11 and attached to the handle member36 by means of bolts 39. The handle member is, or may be, further bracedand secured to the shaft 11 by means of links or guy wires 41 attachedat one end to said cross shaft and connected at the other end to aclevis 42 clamped to the handle member 36 by means of bolts 43.. ThehandleA may be raised and lowered within limits, as shown in Fig. l,without effect upon the runners but if raised above a predeterminedheight it would tend to tilt the runners except for the action of thearms 28 on the bracket 18.
It will now be evident that to sweep or drag the green or other surfaceto be cleaned of moisture or other matter the attendant need merely pullor push the apparatus over the green, assuming that a proper adjustmenthas been obtained as between the runners and chains on the one hand andthe handle on the other by setting the collars Z6 in suitable position.No special skill is required and the job may be quickly done withthrough and uniform results without the exercise of special care. Theswath covered by the apparatus of course may be varied as desired by thespacing of the runners 16 in the construction of the apparatus; also twoor more of the devices could be connected together if desired andarranged to be operated from one handle, thus increasing the width ofthe swath covered by one traversing of the green. Of course the numberand weight of the chains or other flexible sweeping elements (ifelements other than chains are employed', as conceivably they might be)may be selected by the manufacturer to suit the particular conditions ofuse of machines of different Sizes and constructions. The exibility ofthe chains or like sweeping or dragging elements, andthe Weight thereof,causes them to cling closely to the' grass or other surface to effectthorough and uniform coverage of all parts thereof.
The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness ofunderstanding'only and no unnecessary limitations should be understoodtherefrom, but the appended claims should be construed as broadly aspermissible in view of the prior art.
I claim:
1. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners, brackets extending` between said frame and saidrunners and providing a pivotal connection therebetween, with saidrunners arranged to slide at upon the ground, one or more chains havingnon-scarifying bottom surfaces and extending between said runners andadapted to drag upon the grass when the apparatus is propelled over thegreen, and a manually manipulatable handle connected with the frame andmovable up and down relative to said runners without disturbing the flatposition of the latter whereby the apparatus may be so propelled overthe green.
2. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners, brackets extending between said frame and saidrunners and providing a pivotal connection therebetween, with saidrunners arranged to slide at upon the ground, the ends of said runnersbeing upturned, one or more chains having non-scarifying bottom surfacesand extending between said runnersfand adapted to drag upon the grasswhen the apparatus is propelled over the green, and a manuallymanipulatable handle connected with said frame and movable up and downrelative to said runners without disturbing the flat position of thelatter whereby the apparatus may be so propelled over the green.
3. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, Comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners, brackets extending between said frame and saidrunners and providing a pivotal connection therebetween, with saidrunners arranged to slide at upon the ground, a plurality of chainshaving non-scarifying bottom surfaces and extending between said runnersand adapted to drag upon the grass when the apparatus is propelled overthe green, spacers connecting said chains and adapted to keep the samein spaced relationship, and a manually manipulatable handle connectedwith said frame and movable up and down relative to said runners withoutdisturbing the iiat position of the latter whereby the apparatus may bepropel-led over the green.
4. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners arranged to slide iiat upon the ground, bracketsconnecting said runners with said cross shaft, a plurality of chainshaving non-scarifying bottom surfaces and extending between said runnersand adapted to drag upon the grass when the apparatus is propelled overthe green, a handle connected with said cross shaft whereby theapparatus may be so propelled over the green, and adjustable means onsaid cross shaft including a member movable with said handle andengageable with and adapted to act upon said brackets when the manuallymanipulatable handle is raised above a predetermined height to maintainthe runners and chains in contact with the green.
5. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners arranged to slide flat upon the ground, bracketsconnecting said runners with said cross shaft, a plurality of chainsextending between said runners and adapted' to drag upon the grass whenthe apparatus is propelled over the green, aV handle connected with saidcross shaft whereby the apparatus may be so propelled over the green,and adjustable means on said cross shaft adapted to act upon saidbrackets when the handle is raised above a predetermined height tomaintain the runners and chains in contact with the green, said meanscomprising collars rotatably mounted on said shaft, set screws forsecuring the same on the shaft in desired position of adjustment, andarms carried by said collars and engageable with said brackets forholding the same in desired angular position corresponding to theadjusted position of the collars.
6. A vehicular drag apparatus for golf greens or the like, comprising aframe, including a cross shaft, supporting wheels carried by said shaft,a pair of runners, brackets extending between said frame and saidrunners and providing a pivotal connection therebetween, with saidrunners arranged to slide at upon the ground, one or more flexiblemembers having non-scarifying bottom surfaces and extending between saidrunners and adapted to drag upon the grass when the apparatus ispropelled over the green, and a manually manipulatable handle connectedwith the frame and movable up and down relative to said runners withoutdisturbing the at position of the latter whereby the apparatus may be sopropelled over the green.
References Cited in the tile of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS1,158,803 Gullickson Nov. 2, 1915 1,212,563 Rowe Ian. 16, 1917 FOREIGNPATENTS 42,849 Netherlands Mar. 15, 1938 412,000 Italy Sept. 4, 1945.
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sim_rusi-journal_1880_24_106_20
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English-PD
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Public Domain
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The Commissariat Officer gave a short lecture on the subject of requisitions, 1 “Notices” are items of information or orders given by the instructors, either in writing or verbally. A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. &e, ; the seale of allowances for the troops as if in real existence is shown to the Officers ; and watches were regulated by that of the Chief Instructor. The lecture here ended and the Officers were dismissed. The Commanders of the two brigades and 4th Dragoon Regiment remained behind to prepare their orders. The Chief Instructor examined these orders and altered or completed his “ Notices” accordingly. The Brigade Com- manders received the “ Notices” for their commands for distribution ; the “ Notices” for detachments which happened to be accompanied by a Staff Officer were given not to the commander, but to the Staff Officer for delivery at the proper time.’ To prevent errors the “ Notices” for each line of march were in different coloured envelopes. It is perhaps desirable to say here that there was no enemy of any kind, even skeleton, on the ground. The enemy existed only in the minds of the Chief Instructor and the General Staff. In the book we are discussing a chapter is devoted to the imaginary move- ments of the enemy, but this only served as a guide to the instructors. The Officers under instruction learnt from the “ Notices” which were handed to them, or which, when in their own possession, they were allowed to open at certain places and times, such fragmentary knowledge as they could have obtained in real warfare. These “ Notices” are in fact the most characteristic feature of the tour we are describing from Colonel v. Merta’s book. We shall extract so much of the account as our space and the limits of our map render possible, enough we hope to explain the system ; for the complete account of the whole manceuvre our readers must have recourse to the book itself. The commander of the 4th Dragoons communicated at 11 p.m, verbally to the commanders of the ist and 2nd Squadrons, the following order of which they took notes in their memorandum books ; these notes he countersigned : 1. The main body of the enemy appears to have retreated on Briinn, but weak detachments seem to have failen back by Buehlowitz and Koritschan. 2. They will be followed up to-morrow. 3. With this object the Cavalry Division has to reach the Hanna; the main body will move off at 7 A.M., advance through Bohuslawitz to Jestrzaby, and then, according to circumstances, to Zdaunek, or Wischau. 4, The 1st and 2nd Squadrons will reconnoitre in front of the left wing of the Division. 5. The 1st Squadron will move off at 6 4.M., in the direction of Steinitz, Butz- chowitz, and Wischau; its object is to reconnoitre the space between the lines Archlebau-Drazowitz-Lultsch, and Gross-Lowtschitz, Millonitz, Neu-Hwiezdlitz, Herolitz on the Hanna. 6. The 2nd Cay. Div., which is marching by Nasedlowitz to Austerlitz, will establish and maintain the connection with the squadron. 7. The 2nd Squadron moves off at 6 A.M., from Nietschitz, in the direction of 3ohuslawitz, Koritschan, Strzilek, Littenschitz to Patschlawitz, and will obtain information on both sides of its line of march, connecting with the 1st Squadron, and with a squadron of the 3rd Dragoons, which will advance by Zerawitz, Stupawa, Strzilek to Zborowitz. 8. During the march, the squadrons are to have an Officer’s party from 4 to 5 miles in advance, with other patrols as required. 9. If the enemy is met with, it is to be remembered that the main bedy of the Division will be moving ready to attack them. 10. Unless prevented, the 1st Squadron will halt at Kozlan, the 2nd at Litten- schitz ; the march to be resumed at 11 o’clock. From 10 to 11, the main body of 1 The Instructors may at any time modify the “ Notices ” originally drawn up, or may issue fresh ‘‘ Notices” if circumstances arise to necessitate this during the course of the day’s proceedings. a A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. the Division will probably be found on the Littawa, between Lettoschau and Strzilek. 11. Connection is in general to be felt for, and kept up to the right ; the columns must be connected on the line Butschowitz-Lettoschau-Strzilek, and Kozlan-Litten- schitz~-Zdaunek, and to both flanks on reaching the end of the march. 12. Reports must be made to the Division during the halt, and on the conclusion of the march. 13. Food and forage for the 8th to be carried ; for the 9th, to be obtained by requisitions near the line of march. 14. In the neighbourhood of Wieterschau, there are outposts of our 10th Army Corps, and at Borschau of the 12th Rifles; these latter move off at 5 a.M., towards Bohuslawitz and Jestrzaby. 15. The 10th Army Corps will establish a line of orderlies by Steinitz to Buts- chowitz, and from Gaya to Koritschan. 16. The sealed cover contains the countersign. 17. Each of the two squadrons receives two copies of the special map, and one general map. The commander of the 1st Squadron 4th Dragoons, Rittmeister W., sum- moned at 12, midnight, Lieutenant H., imagined a Sergeant-Major, W., and gave both verbally the following orders (notes taken in memorandum book) :— The enemy (asin No. 1, previous orders) ; the Cavalry Division advances to-day to the Hanna, to look for and pursue the enemy ; the 1st Squadron as in paragraph 5; the 2nd Squadron moves off at 6 A.M., and marches by Bohuslawitz-Koritschan- Littenschitz to Patschlawitz. Lieutenant H., with 1 non-commissioned officer and 9 dragoons, will form the information-patrol in front of the main body of the squadron. He will move off at 5 a.M., and follow generally the line Sobulek- Wieterschau-Steinitz-Butschowitz-Bochdalitz-Wischau ; our outposts are at Wieter- schau ; messages are to be sent without fail from Steinitz, from Butschowitz, from Bochdalitz, and after reaching Wischau ; the squadron will halt between Kozlan and Bochdalitz, and move off again at 11 to Wischau. After passirg Wischau, you must be guided by circumstances; try to keep touch of the enemy ; food and forage, &c., to be obtained as follows. . . .; here is the countersign. Sergeant-Major W., with 6 dragoons, will act as an information-patrol, go by Ostrowanek, Great Lowtschitz, through the Steinitzer Wood, to the guard-house (Wacht-haus), then by Lettoschau, Millonitz, Neu-Hwiezdlitz, and on to Herotitz. Remaining orders similar to Lieutenant H.; watches compared ; Sergeant- Major W. has a special map, Lieutenant H., a sketch map. After dismissal of the patrol commanders, the Rittmeister W. gave the cor- poral of the day orders for the march of the squadron in the presence of the acting Sergeant-Major. 4.A.M., feed ; 5.15, saddle ; 5.30, form up. The 10 men of Lieutenant H’s. party must feed at 3 A.m., and saddle at 4.15. Food and forage for to-day, 8th August, the meat ration in the canteen will be carried on the horse; casualties, both men and horses, remain behind with the regiment. Mi ~ ry rp T ANT rv r 2 = . 4 s Wh L aN va . 4 4a £Aa . 4a.) z a A.—TueE INFORMATION-PATROL OF LIEUTENANT H. AND THE MAIN Bopy OF THE IST SQUADRON. A Staff Officer accompanied the patrol ; the Director accompanied the main body of the squadron, and the Officers not told off for the day joined him. Lieutenant H. visited his men at 4.30, gave them general instructions about the march, and made Corporal K., as second in command, acquainted with the objects in view. obs A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. Lieutenant H. moved off at 5 a.m. (Im Rudel?) and at trot and walk reached Wieterschau at 5.30. The Staff Officer accompanying him, halted him here, and handed him a “Notice ;’ from this, Lieutenant H. learnt that he was close to an infantry main post, and that on enquiry its commander tells him, that the Smerdiak Mill was during the night occupied by a party of the enemy’s cavalry, from which early in the morning scouts had ventured as far as Hrahowetz Mill and Nechwalin. In consequence of this information, Lieutenant H. determined not to take the easiest road by the Hrahowetz Mill, but that directly over the hill to Steinitz. At 6 A.m., the patrol reached the hill between the Smerdiak Mill and the Great Lowtschitz Brook, from whence the Smerdiak Mill, Steinitz, and Great Lowtschitz could be overlooked. Lieutenant H. here learnt, by “ Notice,”? that an enemy’s horseman followed by 6 lancers was visible westward riding rapidly along the road towards the wood, beyond Steinitz ; he therefore concludes his patrol has been seen by the enemy. The fact that smoke is rising from the chimneys in Steinitz and Great Lowtschitz, tells him that the inhabitants have not fled ; nothing of the enemy was seen in Smerdiak Mill. Lieutenant H. determined to move along the ridges towards Steinitz and follow up the enemy, but at the same time to obtain news from Great Lowtschitz. With this object he gave at 6.5 a.m. the order :— Dragoon D. 1, as commandant, will ride with Dragoon D. 2 to Smerdiak Mill; this he will examine, and then move on as left flankers to the patrol (which I shall lead on by the road to the left on Steinitz), by the bye-road further on through the valley ; if no enemy is observed at the edge of the wood, the dragoons return to me. Dragoon D. 3 will ride with Dragoon D. 4 to Lowtschitz, see whether the place is occupied, and if not, he will enquire whether the enemy passed through yesterday, and if so, in what force. The two dragoons will then ride past Steinitz on the right to the edge of the wood, and if they do not find the enemy, return to me. I shall halt on the high road at the edge of the wood. Lieutenant H. then trotted on by the farm road towards Steinitz. A coun- tryman whom he met on the way, “ Notice,” informed him that there were none of the enemy in Steinitz, but that yesterday, at 8 in the evening, 100 men of the enemy’s cavalry coming from Gaya, halted near the Sugar Mill, but after a short time retreated towards Butschowitz ; in the night, some 10 of the enemy’s lancers were believed to be in Smerdiak Mill, and repeatedly single horsemen were sent from there to Butschowitz. As nothing was seen of the enemy in or about Steinitz, Lieutenant H. ventured straight down the hill to the Sugar Mill, meanwhile ordering Dra- goon D. 5 :— Dragoon D.5 ride straight through the town, trot and gallop, and return to me to the left on the road. He trotted forward himself in the valley to the church opposite the wood. On reaching the vineyard at the north end of Steinitz, the patrol by “Notice” learnt that they were fired on from the edge of the wood. They halted, and concealed themselves. Lieutenant H. dismounted, and or- dered :— Corporal K., I shall advance to look out, you are meanwhile the commander of the patrol; stay here, and send at once a man dismounted through the vineyard as a vedette. The expression “ Im Rudel” means in loose order, as a Staff and Gallopers follow their General. 2 This was a verbal “ Notice” from the Instructor. A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. 569 Lieutenant H. advanced cautiously through the vineyard. During this time imaginary shots are heard to the right and left, a proof that the scouts sent out to the right and left have fallen in with the enemy. Lieutenant H. could not pass the edge of the vineyard, as by “ Notice ” he was discovered and fired on. But he had been able to gather that the enemy consisted of dismounted cavalry, and occupied about forty paces of the wood’s edge. In the meantime, Dragoon D. 6 (the vedette) came up on foot to him; he gave him the order :— Remain here ; as soon as the enemy advances, fire a signal shot, and then come in at once. Lieutenant H. now came back to his patrol, where he found Dragoons D, 2 and D. 4, who “ Notice”! reported :— We were fired on from the edge of the wood; there seemed to be about 5 or 6 lancers, one of them mounted. We saw nothing of the enemy and heard no news of him in Lowtschitz. Lieutenant H. now made up the following report :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. Lieutenant H. No. 1. Report. To the Commander of the 1st Squadron 4th Dragoons, on the march to Steinitz. On the road north of Steinitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 7 A.M. The border of the wood north of Steinitz is occupied by some 50 or 60 dismounted lancers. I cannot proceed with my march. Smerdiak Mill was occupied during the night by a cavalry patrol; none of the enemy are in Steinitz or Lowtschitz ; there appears to be a squadron in Butschowitz, which retired yesterday evening from Gaya. : H., Lieutenant. When the envelope was ready, he ordered :— D. 8, carry this order by the same road as we came. Trot and gallop to the Rittmeister W. He then ordered :— Dragoons D. 2 and D. 4 return to D.1 and D.3; remain where they are, and report to me anything new. Considering the strong opposing force that he had in front of him, Lieu- tenant H. did not think it would be any use attempting to get past the enemy by avoiding it, as he had already been seen. He therefore confined him- self to an examination of the ground, so as to be able to assist the squadron when it came up.. Ten minutes before Rittmeister W. had to move off from Gaya, he was desired to communicate to the Director his object, his views, and the orders he had issued. In accordance with the principle not to interfere with the freedom of individual decisions, the Director refrained from all criticism either of the apprehension of the task given, or of the way in which it was to be carried out. To encourage the Officers in forming independent decisions, it is enjoined that the Instructor should enter into their ideas, and leave them a certain latitude as regards the technicalities of orders and leading ; events will, as they arise, speak for themselves, and afford a standard for determining whether the means hit upon were suited to their object. These principles guided the conduct of the Director, when shortly after passing Gaya, Rittmeister W. left the road in the bed of the Sobulka Brook, 1 This was a verbal “ Notice” from the Instructor, VOL. XXIV. oR 570 A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. which he thought he was following ; and led astray by tracks of wheels went off towards the north, in the hollow to the west of Gaya. The immediate notice of the error would have been of no advantage. The Director, who followed Rittmeister W. at 100 to 200 yards distance, considered it better to let Rittmeister W. ride on in error, and so give him an opportunity of spelling out his route on the old sketch map, of learning the necessity of accurate reading of the map, and the bad results which an acci- dent of this kind might have on the connection with his patrol. After some considerable loss of time, the squadron reached Wieterschau. From the supposed main post the same message was received as had been given to Lieutenant H., and besides, it was reported that that Officer had passed through at 5.30 in the direction of Steinitz. The squadron followed steadily the country road leading direct on Steinitz; on passing the bridge over the Lowtschitz Brook, the report No. 1 from Lieutenant H. was received. Ritt- meister W. noted on the cover the receipt of the report, and gave the trooper who carried it the order to return to the patrol, and tell the commander that the squadron was moving up quickly to Steinitz. The Rittmeister then led the squadron, trot and walk, to the north end of Steinitz, where, at 8.15, Lieutenant H. received him with the following verbal report :-— The edge of the wood on both sides of the road is occupied by the enemy ; there are about 50 men, it appears, on the main road; and on each of the next farm roads, entering the wood to the left and right, about 5 or 6 ; an advance of mounted men against the enemy’s position does not appear to me advisable; if the enemy is to be opposed by a fire action, I think the best plan would be to advance west of the road where the vineyard affords cover. Rittmeister W. then ordered :— Lieutenant H., draw in your detached men as soon as they are relieved by my scouts. Follow the enemy if he gives way. Lieutenant O. (imaginary), I advance to reconnoitre the ground, and shall return immediately. Remain in the meantime halted on the road with the squadron. Rittmeister W. having examined the ground found the ideas of Lieu- tenant H. sound, and decided to attack the enemy dismounted, and ordered :— Column 1, Zugs 1, 2, 3, fire-fight. Dismount. Lieutenant O. commands the fire line, deploy left west of the road, then advance and drive off the enemy ; right wing rests on the road. Zug 4, as reserve, remains mounted, and covers the right flank. Led horses to the rear to the church. I remain here with the patrol of Lieutenant H. To be carried out at once. The enemy “ Notice” did not wait for the attack, but during the deploy- ment of the squadron gave way. Lieutenant H. followed on his heels. Ritt- meister W. now ordered :— Led horses to the front. Mount. Zug 4 rejoin. Before the retreat of the enemy, Rittmeister W. received from the Director the following written memorandum, delivered by a supposed connecting patrol from the imaginary 2nd Cavalry Division. 5th Lancers, 2nd Squadron. Lieutenant L. To the Officer commanding the party of the Ist Cavalry Division advancing along the Steinitz-Butschowitz road. Nasedlowitz, 5.30 a.m. I am advancing on Austerlitz ; as yet no sign of the enemy in front of me. N. N., Rittmeister. Rittmeister W. retained this imaginary connecting patrol till the state of affairs was cleared up; then he sent them back with the following informa- tion :— Steinitz, 8.30. I am in contact with an enemy’s squadron which, overtaken in its retreat from 71 or A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. Gaya, attempted to make a stand near Steinitz, but is now falling back towards Butschowitz: I pursue. W., Rittmeister. Rittmeister W. gave out besides the following orders :— Cadet N. (imaginary), ride with 4 dragoons as a left flank patrol with the advanced- guard to the first clearing in the wood ; follow this road to the left, and as soon as it leaves the wood, take the first bye-road to the right along the edge of the wood to Butschowitz (the map was supposed to have been shown this Officer). Lieutenant L. 2 (imaginary), call in the left flank patrol, and give verbally in person an order to the right flank patrol to move forward as flankers along the road through the wood they are now on. Tell the commanders of the flank patrols that some 800 yards on in the wood the road descends, and until leaving the forest follows the bed of the valley in a northerly direction. The advanced-patrol as before, Lieutenant L. 1 (imaginary). The information-patrol of Lieut2nant H., which had immediately followed the enemy, trotted in loose order along the road through the wood, and with- out having to fight, reached the Rothen Kreuz.’ From here there was a good view looking down upon Butschowitz, and it was learnt that the main body of the enemy, a squadron, was moving at a trot from Klobautschek to But- schowitz. Lieutenant H. determined to ride round this place, to gain the heights of Tschertschein, to ride along the ridge, and watch the enemy’s squadron. With this view he turned off before Klobautschek, took the direction of Witzome- litz, and mounted the hill; but when halfway up the hill, attacked in front and on the left flank by two strong patrols of the enemy, Lieutenant H. had to retire ; he was followed as far as the Littawa. At about 9.45, Lieutenant H., in his retreat, had got back close to Klo- bautschek ; here he met the squadron, which in the meanwhile had come up. Whereupon he reported verbally to the commander what had happened. At the same time as this report was received, Rittmeister W. learnt from his advanced-patrol that dismounted cavalry were on the bridge near Butscho- witz, who appeared not likely to give way without fighting. Rittmeister W. asked Lieutenant H. whether the Littawa was fordable, and on Lieutenant H. saying it was, he ordered as follows :— Lieutenant H., I advance to the heights of Tschertschein, and from thence move on to Bochdalitz. Try to advance by Marhéf and the Wetternich Berg, and con- tinue your reconnaissance duties. Lieutenant L. 1 (imaginary), stand fast with the advanced-patrol until I have reached Witzomelitz with my squadron. Then follow, and, as soon as the enemy leaves Butschowitz, try to gain the Butschowitz and Bochdalitz road ; then act as a left flank patrol; take the left flank patrol with you. Zug-leader Z. (imaginary), with the centre patrol of the Ist Zug, as an advanced- patroi; to that village (Witzomelitz) then to that height (1'schertschein). Trot !— March! During the march from Klobautschek to Witzomelitz, the scouts of the enemy were observed on the heights of Tschertschein. The squadron passed Witzomelitz and gained the height. From thence the enemy’s squadron was seen moving out of the north end of Butschowitz and retreating at a trot to Deutsch-Malkowitz. At this time, 10.10, a connecting patrol (represented by one man) from the 2nd Squadron of the regiment arrived with the follow- ing message :— 4th Dragoon Regiment, 2nd Squadron. To 1st Squadron Commander in Butscho- witz. Koritschan, 8 | 8 | 78, 8.30 a.m. Last night 400 lancers, 500 infantry, and 6 guns were in Koritschan. The 1 From this part of the account the word “ Notice” is generally omitted. 2R2 972 A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. heights north of Koritschan are occupied by a weak cavalry party. I attack them. ihe bearer is to be sent on by Lettoschau, Brankowitz, to Litteuschitz. N., Rittmeister. To the dragoon who brought this information, Rittmeister W. handed the following :— 4th Dragoons, lst Squadron. To 2nd Squadron Commander. Height east of Butschowitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 10.15 a.mM. I have been in contact with an enemy’s squadron, which retreats from my attack, and is being followed up in its retreat on Deutsch-Malkowitz. We have established connection with the 2nd Cav. Div. After a short rest I shall continue my advance on Wischau. W., Rittmeister. At this moment the report of the (imaginary) Sergeant-Major W. came in from Lettoschau :— I learn from the inhabitants in Lettoschau that a squadron of the enemy’s lancers has retreated by Millonitz to Neu-Hwiezdlitz, and ought to have reached it about an hour ago. I follow them with my patrol on the same road. Rittmeister W. prepared for the commander of the Ist Cavalry Division the following report :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. Hill east of Butschowitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 10.15 a.m. I have encountered a squadron of the enemy’s lancers near Steinitz; have fol- lowed them as far as Butschowitz ; they are falling back on Wischau ; I follow. Connection established with 2nd Cavalry Division in Steinitz. The report relating to that forwarded. W., Rittmeister. Ride, trot, and walk by Newojitz, Lettoschau, if necessary to Strzilek ; return by Bochdalitz to Wischau. The orderly from Sergeant-Major W. received orders to rejoin by Neu- Hwiezdlitz. Rittmeister W. utilized the time required for the despatch of the connecting patrol and the preparation of the report, by giving his squadron a rest ; he determined to pursue his march, not on the valley road but on the road by Kojatek to Bochdalitz. Lieutenant H. had, in the meanwhile, led his patrol to Marhéf, and learnt that none of the enemy were there ; he rode rapidly through Marhdéf, crossed the Littawa, and moved on in the low ground to Lettonitz. The patrol, how- ever, must have been observed by the enemy, for by “ Notice” during the passage of the Littawa, two of the enemy’s scouts were seen on the heights east of the Lisker Mill; they retreated slowly up the slope from Butschowitz to the Wetternich Berg. What “ Notice” Lieutenant H. learnt on the road from the miller of Lisker Mii! is contained in the following report :— 4th Dragoons, lst Squadron. Lieutenant H. No. 2. Report. ‘Vo the Commander of the 1st Squadron, 4th Dragoons. Lisker Mill, 8 | 8 | 78, 10.10 a.m. An inhabitant of Krzizanowitz says he saw early this morning several hundred horsemen and many wagons marching from Nischkowitz by Austerlitz towards the Posoritzer cross-roads.!_ I have a weak patrol before me. H., Lieutenant. Trot and walk by Butschowitz, Kojatek, Bochdalitz. In front of Lettonitz Lieutenant H. struck off to the westward and reached, unopposed, the copses. He then followed the road from Niemtschau to the Wetternich Berg. On leaving the wood an enemy’s horseman was seen on the 1 Westwerd outside the map. ? A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. 573 Wetternich Berg ; clouds of dust in the neighbourhood of Deutsch-Malkowitz showed that something unusual was happening. No trace of the enemy was seen near Drazowitz and Lettonitz. Lieutenant H. determined, as he could not advance further unobserved, to remain for the present in the wood and give his horses a rest. Rittmeister W. moved on again with his squadron at 10.25 a.m. to Kojatek. Immediately after commencing the march, Sergeant-Major W. (imaginary) sent in the following report :— 4th Dragoon Regiment, Ist Squadron. Sergeant-Major W. No. 2. Report. To the Ist Squadron of the 4th Regiment in Butschowitz. Millonitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 9.50 a.m. The inhabitants in Millonitz agree in asserting that at 8 o’clock in the morning 4 squadrons of lancers, 1 battalion of infantry, and 6 guns, commanded by a General, coming from Neuschoss, passed through Millonitz to Kozlan. An hour ago another squadron of lancers followed this column. T have an enemy’s patrol in front of me, but I do not think they have observed me. I move on to Neu-Hwiezdlitz. W., Sergeant-Major. This report was acknowledged as follows :-—— To Sergeant-Major W. Tschertschein, 8 | 8 | 78, 10.25 a.m. A squadron of enemy’s lancers has retreated along the road Butschowitz-Boch- dalitz. W., Rittmeister. Rittmeister W. passed Kojatek with his left patrol (imaginary), Lieutenant L. 1 workingalong the ridge west of that place, and took the direction of Kozlan, The enemy’s squadron had in the meanwhile retreated behind the ridge which separates Deutsch-Malkowitz from Kozlan. Only a patrol was visible on the ridge as Rittmeister W. reached the cross-roads Kojatek-Kozlan, Deutsch- Malkowitz, Neu-Hwiezdlitz. He suddenly perceived a squadron moving against him from the north, and another from the north-west. He did not await the attack, but rode at a trot back to Kojatek. The enemy’s detachments did not follow him up, but soon went about and disappeared behind the hills, where- upon Rittmeister W. fronted and resumed his march. At this time, 11 A.m., the following report came in :— 5th Lancers, 2nd Squadron. Austerlitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 8 a.m. Have reached Austerlitz. The enemy, about 2 cavalry regiments and a battery strong, is in retreat on the Posoritzer cross-roads. I follow him. N. N., Rittmeister. The imaginary connecting patrol which brought this message received the following message in return :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. To the 2nd Squadron of the 5th Lancers. Height east of D. Malkowitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 11 a.m. 6 lancer squadrons, 1 battalion, and 1 battery of the enemy retreated early this morning from Koritschan to Wischau. Iam in contact with the rear-guard of this column and advance on Wischau. W., Rittmeister. Trot and walk by Butschowitz and Austerlitz. Rittmeister W. reached Kozlan unopposed and determined to halt here an hour. To secure the rest, he ordered :— Corporal K. 1, ride to Lieutenant L. 1, to the left on the road; tell him that the squadron will rest here till 12.30. The lieutenant is to advance on the heights (between Bochdalitz and Kutscherau) and secure the left flank of the squadron. Corporal K. 2, ride to the advanced patrol and tell the Zug-leader Z. that the old A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. squadron will rest here till 12.30. The advanced-guard will push on to the wind- mull. Corporal K. 2, ride to the right flank patrol, &. The flank patrol will advance along the road to Neu-Hwiezdlitz till a good view is obtained, and act as protection on the right flank. Rittmeister W. learnt in Kozlan that about a battalion of infantry, four squadrons of cavalry, and six guns, coming from Millonitz had passed Kozlan in the direction of Bochdalitz, and that shortly after 11 another. squadron had followed this column. Lieutenant H. reported at 12 :— 4th Dragoons, Ist Squadron. Lieutenant H. No. 3. Report. Wetternich Berg, 8 | 8 | 78, 11 a.m. 2 squadrons of the enemy are in retreat from Kozlan to Mannersdorf ; from the clouds of dust there appear to be large bodies of troops near Wischau ; a column of the enemy, of about 1 squadron and 1 company, are marching from Rosternitz to Lultsch. Movement going on on the railway from Rausnitz to Wischau. H., Lieutenant. The commander of the Ist Squadron collected the messages received since 10.15 in the following report to the commander of the 1st Cavalry Division :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. Rittmeister W. No. 2. Report. To the Commander of the 1st Cavalry Division on the line Neuschloss-Brankowitz- Kozuschutz-Strzilek. Kozlan, 8 | 8 | 78, 12 noon. 1 battalion, 4 squadrons of lancers, and 1 battery of the enemy are retreating from Millonitz by Neu-Hwiedlitz and Kozlan (report of inhabitants). They should by this time have reached Wischau. A detachment of the enemy, consisting of 1 squadron and 1 company, has retired from Bochdalitz by Rosternitz and Lultsch (authenti- cated by Lieutenant H.’s patrol). I have in frunt of me 2 squadrons of lancers of the enemy. I shall resume my march on Wischau at 12.30. We are in connection with the 2nd Cavalry Division. The message relating to that is enclosed. W.., Rittmeisier. During the halt Rittmeister W. gave orders :— Corporal K. 2 (supposed), remain with 4 men as an orderly post till further orders, and carry on the letter service between Wischau and the orderly post established by the 10th Army Corps in Butschowitz. Obtain at once 3 stage carts, to save your horses. Feed at once and get food for your men from the authorities of the place. In accordance with instructions, Rittmeister W. took steps to connect with the 2nd squadron of his regiment. To the orderly sent for this purpose he gave the following :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. To the Commander of the 2nd Squadron, 4th Dragoons. Kozlan, 8 | 8 | 78, 12.5 noon. Reached Kozlan at 11.30. Rest here one hour. Am in contact with 1-2 squad- rons of the enemy’s lancers, which appear to be the rear-guard of a cavalry brigade. I have no news whatever of our own Cavalry Division. Send back the bearer by Kozlan to Wischau. Ride, walk, and trot by Neu-Hwiezdlitz-Littenschitz, then to Morkowitz. Rittmeister W. thought also the following precautions necessary :— One-year Volunteer F. (imaginary), ride, after the halt, with 4 dragoons of the 4th Zug, by Kutscherau to Rosternitz. About an hour ago a squadron of lancers and 1 company are believed to have retreated from Rosternitz to Lultsch. You will bring further news of this detachment, and remain cut during the night. Send reports through Hobitschau to Tlustomaczek-Wischau. In Rosternitz or Hobit- schau requisition the necessary food and forage. A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. O75 Lieutenant H. had, as we know, ordered a halt at the edge of the wood, between Lettonitz and Drazowitz. This halt lasted half an hour. At 10.45 the last enemy’s scout disappeared from the ridge of the Wetter- nich Berg. Lieutenant H. advanced to the hill, and reached the summit unopposed. What he here ascertained has been already shown in his report 3. Soon after 11, Lieutenant H. led his patrol to Kutscherau, and as he could glean nothing there, he moved on to the Tlustomaczek Wood, which he gained at 12 noon, What he saw there, by “notice,” he sent in the following report :— 4th Dragoons, Ist Squadron. Lieutenant H. No. 4. Report. Tlustomaczek, 8 | 8 | 78, 12.30 noon. The enemy’s detachment reported on in No. 3, seen on the march from Rosternitz to Lultsch, came from Bochdalitz at about 10 ‘o'clock. 4 squadrons of lancers, 1 battalion, and 6 guns of the enemy passed Tlustomaczek in the direction of Wischau. 1 can see this column marching between Wischau and Drnowitz ; I see their cavalry rear-guard at the south-east entrance of Wischau. Since 10 o'clock 3 luggage trains have passed from Rausnitz to Wischau, and gone on towards Eywanowitz. ‘I remain for the present in the Tlustomaczek wood. H., Lieutenant. Rittmeister W. led his squadron, at 12.30, through Bochdalitz and Manners- dorf, and received on the road No. 4 report from Lieutenant H. At 1 p.m. he got to Thereschau, halted his squadron, and himself rode on to Lieutenant H. Krom the hill of Tlustomaczek there is a good view as far as the Chaussée. Rittmeister W. examined the country to his front with a telescope, and gathered— a. Gleams of arms near Lultsch, near the church of St. Martin, and near Drnowitz ; 6. A small infantry detachment at the edge of the wood north of Drnowitz ; ce. Cavalry halted between Dieditz and Oppatowitz ; d. A detachment probably in Brundlitz, because single horsemen were riding between that place and Wischau ; Nothing remarkable on the Chaussées, Rausnitz-Wischau-Prossnitz, and Wischau-Ey wanowitz ; f. No movement on ‘the railway. ‘The following report came in from (imaginary) Sergeant-Major W. 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron, Sergeant-Major W. No. 3. , Mahr-Preuss, 8 | 8 | 70, 11 a.m. I have not come in contact with the enemy ; the inhabitants state that the column which passed Millonitz this morning took the direction of Kozlan. Small patrols visited Neu-Hwiezdlitz to-day, but none got as far as Mahr-Preuss. I am going on to Herotitz. W.., Sergeant-Major. The decision come to by Rittmeister W., in consequence of the observations and reports, is contained in the following report :—- 4th Dragoons, Ist Squadron. Rittmeister W. No. 3. * To the Commander of the 1st Cavalry Division. Tlustomaczek, 8 | 8 | 78, 2 p.m The situation in my front is as follows:—About 1 squadron of lancers and 1 company are at Lultsch-Nemojan; weak detachments of infantry at Drnowitz and Dieditz, and a considerable body of cavalry (4 to 6 squadrons of lancers) between Dieditz and Oppatowitz. Wischau, Brundlitz, and Kreckowitz are oce upied by the enemy. ‘The neighbourhood of Toppolan- -Herotitz appears free from the enemy. Any further advance would only lead to an unequal stru uggle with the superior force LS ‘ 6 A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. of the enemy. I remain here, the more so that I have an excellent view of the country, as far as the edge of the forest west of the railway. W., Rittmeister. Sent by Kozlan-Lettoschau to Brankowitz. In consequence of the decision come to, as expressed in the report, Lieu- tenant O. (imaginary), 2nd Zug, received verbal orders : The squadron halts west of Thereschau. Lieutenant O., with his zug, will under- take the outpost duty; establish a post at the south-west corner of the wood and another close to the ridge. With the rest of your men remain near Zouwalka, send out patrols as far as Hobitschau, and to the saddle south of Toppolan. Rittmeister W. then gave orders :— 1st Zug and Lieutenant H.’s patrol can feed and cook; Zugs 3 and 4 inlying picket, in readiness. The bearer of No. 3 report, sent to the Divisional Headquarters by Kozlan- Millonitz-Brankowitz, returned at 3 P.M. with the following order :-— 1st Cavalry Division. No... Kozlan, 8 | 8 | 78, 2.30 p.m. Keep a look out and touch of the enemy. The main body will encamp between Kozlan and Bochdalitz ; in the direction of Niemschitz-Kojetein, the line of the next column on the right, only small parties (apparently hussars), have fallen back. The countersign herewith, available from 9 p.m. till 9 P.M. to-morrow. Your orderly post in Kozlan has been ordered to rejoin you. Rittmeister W. had now to think of his supplies, and as Thereschau and Zouwalka afforded none, he had to look to Marisch-Preuss, and Hobitschau ; he therefore gave to an imaginary Pay-Sergeant-Major the following order :— Feed your horse at 5 p.m.; ride to Mahrisch-Preuss, and demand from the Burgomaster the articles in the requisition. Lieutenant L. 2 will give you 4 dragoons from his Zug No. 4 as escort. Let me know at once if the articles are not forthcoming. Try to return with the articles, which must be sent by the parish authorities, at 9 P.M. In accordance with orders, Rittmeister W. had to establish connection with the 2nd squadron, he therefore ordered— Lieutenant L. 2 (imaginary), send 2 well-mounted men to gain connection with the 2nd Squadron. Give them this report :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron. To the 2nd Squadron, 4th Dragoons, in Patschlawitz. Enemy (1 cavalry regiment, 1 battalion, 1 battery) in and west of Wischau; the neighbourhood of Herotitz appears free from them. Tam now and shall remain on the height of Tlustomaczek ; the main body of the Division is about Bochdalitz. W., Rittmeister. Sent at 3 p.st., by Marisch-Preuss, Ribniczek Schwabenitz, to Patschlawitz. If this connecting patrol meets a corresponding one of the 2nd Squadron, it may return, after interchange of messages. In the course of the afternoon the following reports came in :— a, At 4 P.M. from the imaginary patrol of Sergeant-Major W. :— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron, Sergeant-Major W. No. 4. Report. To the 1st Squadron, 4th Dragoons. Hoschtitz, 3 p.m., 8 | 8 | 78. I have not during my march come in contact with the enemy. A patrol of the enemy of 4 lancers came here from Wischau at 11 A.M., and halted at the railway station till 12; at this time another patrol, same strength, came from Eywanowitz, the patrol leaders had a conversation, and on the spot the enclosed envelope was found. Railway traffic suspended, the officials left and carried off telegraph instruments by 12 noon train; the line and wires are untouched. I remain here and shall pass the night in Ribniczek. bo | A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. 57 The envelope referred to had on it :— Rittmeister R., 13th Landwehr Hussars. To the nearest detachment under Major-General L., on the Wischau road. Route, Nezamislitz, Eywanowitz, Wischau ; sent at 10 A.M. - 6. At 4 p.m. from (imaginary) One-year Volunteer F.:— 4th Dragoons, 1st Squadron, One-year Volunteer F. No: 1. Report. To the 1st Squadron, 4th Dragoons. Rosternitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 3 p.m. The inhabitants say that at about 10 a.m. about 150 infantry and 100 lancers passed through to Lultsch. I got as far as Lerchen Wood, and saw from there enemy’s infantry by St. Martin’s Church and at south-east entrance to Lultsch ; orderlies are passing from Lultsch to Drnowitz; no railway traffic since 11; the enemy’s infantry patrols are making for the Lerchen Wood, I stop therefore in Rosternitz ; have made friends with a peasant, who remains in the Lerchen Wood. c. At 5 p.m. from the 2nd Squadron of the 4th Dragoons :—= 4th Dragoons, 2nd Squadron. Patschlawitz, 8 | 8 | 78, 3.35 p.m. Got here at 3 P.M.; have only weak detachments of hussars and lancers in front of me, which have retired over the Hanna. A large body has retreated on Boch- dalitz. Please retain the bearer, and give him food and forage, and send him back at 4 A.M. to-morrow. N., Rittmeister. Rittmeister W. countersigned the reports of his patrols, and sent his papers on to Headquarters at Bochdalitz. At 5 p.m, Rittmeister W. gave orders :— Zug 1 takes the outposts over from Zug 2; Zug 4 feeds and cooks, relieves at 9 p.m. the 2nd Zug ; 3rd Zug, inlying picket in readiness, cook and feed at 9. Lieutenant H. will after 9 reconnoitre the Wischau-Pustomirz road ; he should procure a guide. It may be remembered that in the Gaya party attached to the General Staff, were a Lieutenant-Colonel R. and 2 Subalterns under instruction. This Lieutenant-Colonel R. is the commander of the 4th Dragoons mentioned in the account of the main body, and the Lieutenant P. is one of the Subalterns who becomes commander of the rifle battalion. These, with Lieutenant-Colonel F., detailed at page 4, as commander of the main body, form the working party of the events about to be narrated. B.—Tue Matin Bopy or THE CAVALRY Division ON THE LINE oF MARCH, Gaya, KoritscnHan, Lerroscuau, BocuDauirz. Major-General B. 1 (Lieutenant-Colonel F.) gave orders to the Brigade- Major as follows for the march of the main body of the Cavalry Division :— Reveille at the main guard at 4 A.M.; then feed. At 6.45, “ Boot and Saddle” to be sounded; care of train, &e. At 6 a.m., August 8th, Major-General B. 1 summoned the commanders of the Ist Hussars, the Divisional Artillery, and 2nd Lancers, and gave them the following verbal orders :— The Division marches to look for and pursue the enemy to the Hanna; strong information parties are in our front ; I command the main body; the 4th Dragoons form the advance guard ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. moves off at 7 through Borschau, and marches first to Bohuslawitz and then to Jestrzaby ; the main body passes Gaya at 7 a.M., &c. The remaining usual orders for a march are written out. The commander HY Eo) A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. of the 4th Dragoons, Lieutenant-Colonel R., summoned his Staff and squadron leaders, and communicated as follows :— The division, &c.; the regiment marches, &e.; patrols are in front of us; the Ist Squadron on the line Butschowitz-Wischau; the 2nd Squadron on the line Koritschan-Strzilek-Littenschitz-Patschlawitz. The remaining orders for cavalry advanced-guard, infantry advance, side patrois, both left and right, a special squadron by a parallel road, the distance of the advanced-guard reserve 2 miles from the main body, and the train are written out in detail. By means of the ‘‘ Notices” the following events take place :— The Lieutenant commanding the 12th Rifles learns from Lieutenant Z., commanding the information-patrol, that he has had to evade a dismounted party just beyond Bohuslawitz. Lieutenant P. resolves to attack them, and they give way ; the head of advanced-guard reached Jestrzaby at 8 A.M. ; the com- mander of the advanced-guard learnt from reports from the 2nd Squadron and from villagers “ Notices” that the considerable forces of the enemy we have heard of at Wischau, &c., had moved across in that direction from Koritschan ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. allowing the head of the advanced-guard to move on, returns himself to Lieutenant-Colonel F. to report ; as he arrives, the report from the 2nd Squadron comes in to the main body to the same effect ; here- upon the commander of the Division, represented by one of the Instructors, orders the column to take the Wischau road. Major-General B. 1 (Lieutenant- Colonel F.) orders the change of direction of main body ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. is ordered to change his advanced-guard arrangements ; the information squadron has notice of the change of route sent them ; Lieutenant-Colonel R. gives his detailed orders for changes of side and advanced patrols ; the march proceeds ; the bridges across the Littawa ‘ Notices” are found broken ; the reports where materials for repair are to be found, and the calling up the imaginary pioneers, and the giving them their orders, are gone through. The bank is scarped as a temporary measure, the cavalry patrols move on ; ultimately the bridges are repaired, and the column halts to rest beyond the stream. The orders for the advanced cavalry during the halt are given. A portion of the rear of the column rests on the left bank during the halt. Report No. 1 came in from Rittmeister W. viz., at 11 a.m. ; this contained the report of connection with the Austerlitz column on the left. Report No. 2 came in from Rittmeister N., viz., at 11.30; this contained a report of connection with the Bisenz column on the right. Report No. 3 from Rittmeister W. came in at 12.30 ; this contained a second report of connection with the Austerlitz column, &c. The Major-General of the main body and Lieutenant-Colonel F., the com- mander of the advance guard, receive from the Divisional Headquarters, at 11.30, orders for the resumption of march, and measures to be taken on its termination. The march proceeds to Kozlan ; the advanced-guard reached 30chdalitz at 1.30, the main body at 2. At 1.45, Lieutenant-Colonel R. summons his imaginary Staff and squadron leaders, and announces verbally :— The Division encamps between Kozlan and Bochdalitz ; we have to furnish the outposts. The detailed orders are written out as supposed to be spoken. Lieutenant-Colonel F. receives from the Divisional Headquarters the details for his encampment. Lieutenant-Colonel F. gives orders on reaching camp :—- The Division will encamp here. Divisional Headquarters at the Parsonage. Brigade Staff at No. 45 House. Cook at once, &c., &e. A CAVALRY TOUR OF INSTRUCTION. og The main body having been brought into camp, we say a few more words concerning the outlying 1st Squadron and its patrols. With outposts, it was not considered necessary to keep out the squadron. Therefore, at 4.30 p.m., orders went to the outpost commander and the Ist Squadron. The 1st Squadron is to rejoin the regiment at Mannersdorf, only the out- lying information-patrols will stand fast. Rittmeister W. then gives orders to Lieutenant H. :— 1. The squadron marches in. You will report to the commander of the outposts direct, &e., Ke. 2. ‘The Paymaster to bring in the articles requisitioned on Wazan. 3. As we rejoin at once, the detachments who have not cooked and fed must do so in the new encampment. 4. Draw in the vedettes. Lastly, Lieutenant-Colonel R., as commander of the outposts, gives orders for disposition of the rifle battalion. We do not propose to give details of the 2nd Squadron nor of the informa- tion party of the right branch of the left column, nor of Major-General B. 2, the Bisenz column with its two information-patrols, its two information squadrons and main body, as limits of space prevent us from doing so. We pass on to the discussion following on the proceedings of the first day. On the last “‘ Notice” handed to each Officer on the 8th, the order was written for all Officers, each with a mounted orderly, to assemble on the 9th at Patschlawitz, for the discussion of the operations of the 8th. When the Officers had all assembled on the 9th, they were questioned by the Chief Instructor on the events, orders, and decisions of the previous day. We select our examples from those Officers whose proceedings we have described. Questions Propounded.
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维也纳奥古斯丁教堂（德语：Augustinerkirche）是奥地利首都维也纳市中心的一座天主教堂，位于霍夫堡皇宫旁的约瑟夫广场，正面朝向西北方，长85米，宽20米。
1327年，奥地利公爵腓特烈三世下令建造教堂和奥斯定会修道院，由建筑师迪特里希Landtner 设计，完成于1339年，1349年11月1日祝圣。由于邻近的霍夫堡皇宫扩展，奥古斯丁教堂逐渐演变为该建筑群的一部分。1634年，奥古斯丁教堂成为皇家的宫廷教堂。此后哈布斯堡王朝曾多次在此举行皇室婚礼。其中包括1736年女大公玛丽亚·特蕾西亚与洛林公爵弗朗茨·斯蒂芬的婚礼，1810年女大公 Marie Louise与法国皇帝拿破仑一世的婚礼，以及1854年奥地利皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世与巴伐利亚茜茜公主的婚礼。这座教堂尽管外表不太醒目，但是内部则相当豪华。
主祭坛右侧的洛雷托小礼拜堂的银瓮内安放着哈布斯堡家族54位成员的心脏，而他们的尸体被保存在东面不远处嘉布遣会教堂的皇帝墓穴。
弗朗茨·舒伯特曾在此指挥他创作的弥撒曲，安东·布鲁克纳的弥撒曲也在此举行世界首演。在21世纪，这座教堂以举办高品质的宗教音乐会而著称，尤其是在每周的主日弥撒有完整的管弦乐队和唱诗班。这座教堂还有两台管风琴。
參考資料
官方网站
维也纳教堂
奥地利天主教堂.
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from barrel import Store, Field, FloatField
class Price(Store):
"""Helper class to use with the new reaktor price fields."""
amount = FloatField(target='amount')
currency = Field(target='currency')
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<template>
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<md-toolbar class="md-primary app-header">
<span class="app-logo">
<md-icon :md-src="appLogo" />
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<a href="https://github.com/pranayrauthu/fetcher" target="_blank" class="github-link">
<md-button class="md-icon-button">
<md-icon :md-src="githubLogo"></md-icon>
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<a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fpranayrauthu%2Ffetcher&via=pranay_rauthu&text=generate%20HTTP%20request%20code%20with&hashtags=fetcher" target="_blank">
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<md-content class="input-tab md-elevation-2">
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<HeaderForm :formData="addHeaderForm" @add-header="addRequestHeader" :requestHeaders="inputData.requestHeaders" @delete-header="deleteHeader">
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</md-content>
<md-content class="output-tab md-elevation-2">
<md-tabs :md-active-tab="'tab-'+$route.path.slice(1)">
<md-tab id="tab-response" md-label="Response" to="/response">
</md-tab>
<md-tab id="tab-fetch" md-label="JavaScript" to="/fetch">
</md-tab>
<md-tab id="tab-curl" md-label="cURL" to="/curl">
</md-tab>
<md-tab id="tab-csharp" md-label="C#" to="/csharp">
</md-tab>
<md-tab id="tab-http" md-label="HTTP" to="/http">
</md-tab>
<md-tab id="tab-powershell" md-label="PowerShell" to="/powershell">
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<md-tab id="tab-java" md-label="Java" to="/java">
</md-tab>
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<hr>
<router-view :inputData="inputData" @copy-output-code="copyOutputCode" class="current-code-component"></router-view>
</md-content>
</md-content>
<md-snackbar :md-position="'center'" :md-duration="2000" :md-active.sync="showSnackbar" md-persistent>
<span>text copied to clipboard.</span>
<md-button class="md-primary" @click="showSnackbar = false">close</md-button>
</md-snackbar>
</md-content>
</template>
<script>
import RequestInfoForm from "./components/RequestInfoForm.vue";
import HeaderForm from "./components/HeaderForm.vue";
export default {
data: function () {
return {
appName: "Fetcher",
appLogo: STATIC_ICONS_BASE + 'app-logo.svg',
shareIcon: STATIC_ICONS_BASE + 'share2.svg',
githubLogo: STATIC_ICONS_BASE + 'github.svg',
inputData: {
method: "GET",
fetchUrl: "",
requestBody: "",
requestHeaders: {}
},
addHeaderForm: {
headerKey: "",
headerValue: ""
},
showSnackbar: false,
yourCode: "// enter your code"
};
},
methods: {
addRequestHeader: function ({ headerKey, headerValue }) {
if (
!headerKey ||
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this.inputData.requestHeaders[headerKey]
) {
return;
}
this.inputData.requestHeaders = Object.assign(
{},
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this.addHeaderForm.headerValue = "";
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{},
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copyOutputCode: function (copyText) {
if (navigator.clipboard) {
navigator.clipboard.writeText(copyText)
.then(() => {
this.showSnackbar = true;
})
.catch(err => {
console.error('Could not copy text: ', err);
});
}
// TODO: Handle old browsers
}
},
components: {
RequestInfoForm,
HeaderForm,
}
};
</script>
<style lang="scss">
@import "~vue-material/dist/theme/engine";
@include md-register-theme("default", (primary: #ff4500, accent: #1a11e8));
@import "~vue-material/dist/theme/all"; // Apply the theme
body {
overflow-x: hidden;
.CodeMirror {
height: 400px;
pre {
font-family: "Source Code Pro", Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New",
monospace;
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}
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<style lang="scss" scoped>
.app-header {
position: fixed;
top: 0;
z-index: 6;
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margin: auto;
margin-left: 5px;
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width: 100px;
}
}
}
.app-container {
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: 30% 70%;
grid-template-rows: auto;
grid-column-gap: 10px;
grid-row-gap: 10px;
margin: 10px;
margin-top: 80px;
.input-tab,
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padding: 10px;
height: auto;
}
.output-tab {
.current-code-component{
margin-top: 15px;
}
}
.github-link {
color: white;
}
}
@media only screen and (max-width: 800px) {
.app-container {
grid-template-columns: 100%;
}
}
</style>
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61 alike, from the hillside or the rock ; or, in its absence, where a fair branch, trickling over a bed of small and yellow pebbles, kept up a perpetually clear and undiminishing current; where the groves were thick and umbrageous ; and lastly, but not less important than either, where agues and fevers came not, bring¬ ing clouds over the warm sunshine, and taking all the hue, and beauty, and odor from the flower. These considerations were at all times the most important to the settler when the place of his abode was to be determined upon; and, with these advan¬ tages at large, the company of squatters, of whom Mark For¬ rester, made one, by no means the least important among them, had regularly, for the purposes of gold-digging, colonized the little precinct into which we have now ventured to penetrate. Before we advance farther in our narrative, it may be quite as well to say, that the adventurers of which this wild congre¬ gation was made up were impelled to their present common centre by motives and influences as various as the differing fea¬ tures of their several countenances. They came, not only from all parts ofHne surrounding country, but many of them from all parts of the surrounding world ; oddly and confusedly jumbled together; the very otia-podrid/i of moral and mental combina¬ tion. They were chiefly those to whom the ordinary operations of human trade or labor had proved tedious or unproductive — with whom the toils, aims, and impulses of society were de¬ ficient of interest; or, upon whom, an inordinate desire of a sudden to acquire wealth had exercised a sufficiently active in¬ fluence to impel to the novel employment of gold-finding—or rather gold -seeking, for it was not always that the search was successful—the very name of such a pursuit carrying with it to many no small degree of charm and persuasion. To these, a wholesome assortment of other descriptions may be added, of character and caste such as will be found ordinarily to compose everywhere the frontier and outskirts of civilization, as rejected by the wholesome current, and driven, like the refuse and the scum of the waters, in confused stagnation to their banks and margin. Here, alike, came the spendthrift and the indolent, the dreamer and the outlaw, congregating, though guided by contradictory impulses, in the formation of a common caste, and in the pursuit of a like object — some with the. view to profit and 62 GUY RIVERS. gain; others, simply from no alternative being left them; and that of gold-seeking, with a better sense than their neighbors, being in their own contemplation, truly, a dernier resort. The reader can better conceive than we describe, the sorts of people, passions, and pursuits, herding thus confusedly together; and with these various objects. Others, indeed, came into the society, like the rude but honest woodman to whom we have al¬ ready afforded an introduction, almost purely from a spirit of adventure, that, growing impatient of the confined boundaries of its birthplace, longs to tread new regions and enjoy new pleasures and employments. A spirit, we may add, the same, or not materially differing from that, which, at an earlier period of human history, though in a condition of society not dissimi¬ lar, begot the practices denominated, by a most licentious cour¬ tesy, those of chivalry. But, of whatever stuff the morale of this people may have been made up, it is not less certain than natural that the mix¬ ture was still incoherent — the parts had not yet grown to¬ gether. Though ostensibly in the pursuit of the same interest and craft, they had anything but a like fortune, and the degree of concert and harmony which subsisted between them was but shadowy and partial. A mass so heterogeneous in its origin and tendency might not so readily amalgamate. Strife, discon¬ tent, and contention, were not unfrequent; and the laborers at the same instrument, mutually depending on each other, not un¬ commonly came to blows over it. The successes of any one m dividual — for, as yet, their labors were unregulated by arrange¬ ment, and each worked on his own score—procured for him the hate and envy of some of the company, while it aroused the ill- disguised dissatisfaction of all; and nothing was of more com¬ mon occurrence, than, when striking upon a fruitful and productive section, even among those interested in the dis¬ covery, to find it a disputed dominion. Copartners no longer, a division of the spoils, when accumulated, was usually terminated by a resort to blows; and the bold spirit and the strong hand, in this way, not uncommonly acquired the share for which the proprietor was too indolent to toil in the manner of his companions. Th< issue of these conflicts, as may be imagined, was some- MAIIK FORRESTER — THE GOLD VILLAGE. 63 ;lmes wounds and bloodshed, and occasionally death : the field, we need scarcely add — since this is the history of all usurpa¬ tion—remaining, in every such case, in possession of the party proving itself most courageous or strong. Nor need this history surprise — it is history, veracious and sober history of a period, still within recollection, and of events of almost recent occur¬ rence. The wild condition of the country — the absence of all civil authority, and almost of laws, certainly of officers suffi¬ ciently daring to undertake their honest administration, and shrinking from the risk of incurring, in the performance of their duties, the vengeance of those, who, though disagreeing among themselves, at all times made common cause against the minis¬ ters of justice as against a common enemy —may readily ac¬ count for the frequency and impunity with which these desper¬ ate men committed crime and defied its consequences. But we are now fairly in the centre of the village — a fact of which, in the case of most southern and western villages, it is necessary in so many words to apprize the traveller. In those parts, the scale by which towns are laid out is always magnifi¬ cent. The founders seem to have calculated usually upon a population of millions; and upon spots and sporting-grounds, measurable by the Olympic coursers, and the ancient fields of combat, when scythes and elephants and chariots made the warriors, and the confused cries of a yelping multitude com¬ posed the conflict itself. There was no want of room, no risk of narrow streets and pavements, no deficiency of area in the formation of public squares. The houses scattered around the traveller, dotting at long and unfrequent intervals the ragged wood which enveloped them, left few stirring apprehensions of their firing one another. The forest, where the land was not actually built upon, stood up in its primitive simplicity undis- lionored by the axe. Such was the condition of the settlement at the period when our hero so unconsciously entered it. It was night, and the lamps of the village were all in full blaze, illuminating with an effect the most picturesque and attractive the fifty paces imme¬ diately encircling them. Each dwelling boasted of this auxiliai and attraction; and in this particular but few cities afford so abundantly the materials for a blaze as x>ur country villages, GUY K1VER3. i4 Three or four slight posts are erected at convenient distances from each other in front of the building—a broad scaffold, sufficiently large for the purpose, is placed upon them, on which a thick coat of clay is plastered; at evening, a pile is built upon this, of dry timber and the rich pine which overruns and mainly marks the forests of the south. Those piles, in a blaze, serve the nightly strollers of the settlement as guides and bea¬ cons, and with their aid Forrester safely wound his way into the little village of Chestatee. Forming a square in the very centre of the town, a cluster of four huge fabrics, in some sort sustained the pretensions of the settlement to this epithet. This ostentatious collection, some of the members of which appeared placed there rather for show than service, consisted of the courthouse, the jail, the tavern, and the shop of the blacksmith — the two last-mentioned being at all times the very first in course of erection, and the essential nucleus in the formation of the southern and western settlement. The courthouse and the jail, standing directly opposite each other, carried in their faces a family outline of sympathetic and sober gravity. There had been some effect at pretension in their construction, both being cumbrously large, awkward, and unwieldy ; and occupying, as they did, the only portion of the village which had been stripped of its forest covering, bore an aspect of mutual and ludicrous wildness and vacancy. They had both been built upon a like plan and equal scale; and the only difference existing between them, but one that was immediately perceptible to the eye, was the superfluous abundance of windows in the former, and their deficiency in the latter. A moral agency had most probably prompted the architect to the distinction here hit upon — and he felt, doubt¬ less, in admitting free access to the light in the house of justice, and in excluding it almost entirely from that of punishment, that he had recognised the proprieties of a most excellent taste and true judgment. These apertures, clumsily wrought in the logs of which the buildings were made, added still more to their generally uncouth appearance. There was yet, however, another marked difference between the courthouse and jail, which we sh uld not omit to notice. The former had the advantage o its neighbor, in being surmounted by a small MARK FORRESTER-THE GOLD VILLAGE. 05 tower or cupola, in which a bell of moderate size hung sus- pended, permitted to speak only on such important occasions as the opening of court, sabbath service, and the respective anniversaries of the birthday of Washington and the Declara¬ tion of Independence. This building, thus distinguished abovo its fellows, served also all the purposes of a place of worship, whenever some wandering preacher found his way into the settlement; an occurrence, at the time we write, of very occa¬ sional character. To each of the four vast walls of the jail, in a taste certainly not bad, if we consider the design and charac¬ ter of the fabric, but a single Avindow was allotted—that too of the very smallest description for human uses, and crossed at right angles with rude and slender bars of iron, the choicest specimens of workmanship from the neighboring smithy. The distance between each of these four equally important buildings was by no means inconsiderable, if we are required to make the scale for our estimate, that of the cramped and diminished limits accorded to like places in the cities, where men and women appear to increase in due proportion as the field lessens upon which they must encounter in the great struggle for exist¬ ence. Though neighbors in every substantial respect, the four fabrics were most uncharitably remote, and stood frowning gloomily at one another—scarcely relieved of the cheerless and sombre character of their rough outsides, even when thus brightly illuminated by the glare thrown upon them by the several blazes, flashing out upon the scene from the twin lamps in front of the tavern, through whose wide and unsashed win¬ dows an additional lustre, as of many lights, gave warm indica¬ tions of life and good lodgings within. At a point equidistant from, and forming one of the angles of the same square with each of these, the broader glare from the smith’s furnace streamed in bright lines across the plain between, pouring through the unclayed logs of the hovel, in which, at his craft, the industrious proprietor was even then busily employed. Oc¬ casionally, the sharp click of his hammer, ringing upon and resounding from the anvil, and a full blast from the capacious bellows, indicated the busy animation, if not the sweet concert, the habitual cheerfulness and charm, of a more civilized and better regulate . society. GUY RIVEIte. (it) Nor was the smith, at the moment of our entrance, the only noisy member of the little village. The more pretending establishment to which we are rapidly approaching, threw out its clamors, and the din of many voices gathered upon the breeze in wild and incoherent confusion. Deep bursts of laugh¬ ter, and the broken stanza of an occasional catch roared out at intervals, promised something of relief to the dull mood; while, as the sounds grew more distinct, the quick ear of Forrester was enabled to distinguish the voices of the several revellers. “ There they are, in full blast,” he muttered, “ over a gallon of whiskey, and gulping it down as if ’twas nothing better than common water. But, what’s the great fuss to-night ? There’s a crowd, I reckon, and they’re a running their rigs on somebody.” Even Forrester was at a loss to account for their excess of hilarity to-night. Though fond of drink, and meeting often in a crowd, they were few of them of a class—using his own phrase — “to give so much tongue over their liquors.” The old toper and vagabond is usually a silent drinker. His amuse¬ ments, when in a circle, and with a bottle before him, are found in cards and dice. His cares, at such a period, are too consid¬ erate to suffer him to be noisy. Here, in Chestatee, Forrester well knew that a crowd implied little good-fellowship. The ties which brought the gold-seekers and squatters together were not of a sort to produce cheerfulness and merriment. Their very sports were savage, and implied a sort of fun which com¬ monly gave pain to somebody. He wondered, accordingly, as he listened to yells of laughter, and discordant shouts of hilarity; and he grew curious about the occasion of uproar. “ They’re poking fun at some poor devil, that don’t quite see what they’re after.” A nearer approach soon gave him a clue to the mystery; but all his farther speculations upon it were arrested, by a deep groan from the wounded man, and a writhing movement in the bottom of the wagon, as the wheel rolled over a little pile of stones in the road. Forrester’s humanity checked his curiosity. He stooped to the sufferer, composed his limbs upon the straw, and, as the vehicle, by this time, had approached the tavern, he ordered the wagoner to drive to the rear of the building, that the wounded MARK FORRESTER — THE GOLD VILLAGE. 67 man might lose, as much as possible, the sounds of clamor which steadily rose from the hall in front. When the wagon stopped, he procured proper help, and, with the tenderest care, assisted to bear our unconscious traveller 'from the vehicle, into the upper story of the house, where he gave him his own bed, left him in charge of an old negro, and hurried away in search of that most important person of the place, the village-doctor. . v 7 •; ’ r '-T K 0 j : 9£l‘ r* hr, t t . i r\t 6S GUY RIVERS CHAPTER VI. CODE AND PRACTICE OF THE REGULATORS. Forrester was fleet of foot, and the village-doctor not distant. He was soon procured, and, prompt of practice, the hurts of Ralph Colleton were found to be easily medicable. The wound was slight, the graze of a bullet only, cutting some smaller blood-vessels, and it was only from the loss of blood that insensibility had followed. The moderate skill of our country-surgeon was quite equal to the case, and soon enabled him to put the mind of Mark Forrester, who was honestly and humanely anxious, at perfect rest on the subject of his unknown charge. With the dressing of his wound, and the application of restoratives, the consciousness of the youth returned, and he was enabled to learn how he had been discovered, where he was, and to whom he was indebted for succor in the moment of his insensibility. Ralph Colleton, of course, declared his gratitude in warm and proper terms; but, as enjoined by the physician, he was dis¬ couraged from all unnecessary speech. But he was not denied to listen, and Forrester was- communicative, as became his frank face and honest impulses. The brief questions of Ralph obtained copious answers; and, for an hour, the woodman cheered the solitude of his chamber, by the narration of such matters as were most likely to interest his hearer, in respect to the new region where he was, perforce, kept a prisoner. Of Chestatee, and the people thereof, their employment, and the resources of the neighborhood, Forrester gave a pretty correct account; though he remained prudently silent in regard to the probable parties to that adventure in which his hearer had re ceived his hurt. CODE AND PRACTICE OF THE REGULATORS. 69 From speaking of these subjects, the transition was natural to the cause of uproar going on below stairs. The sounds of the hubbub penetrated the chamber of the wounded man, and he expressed some curiosity in respect to it. This was enough for the woodman, who had partially informed himself, by a free conversation with the wagoner who drove the vehicle which brought Ralph to the tavern. He had caught up other details as he hurried to and fro, when he ran for the doctor. He was thus prepared to satisfy the youth’s inquiry. “Well, squire, did you ever see a live Yankee?” The youth smiled, answering affirmatively. “ He’s a pedler, you know, and that means a chap what can wheedle the eyes out of your head, the soul out of your body, the gould out of your pocket, and give you nothing but brass, and tin, and copper, in the place of ’em. Well, all the hubbub you hear is jest now about one of these same Yankee pediets. The regilators have caught the varmint — one Jared Buncc, as he calls himself—and a more cunning, rascally, presumptions critter don’t come out of all Connecticut. He’s been a cheating and swindling all the old women round the country. He’ll pay for it now, and no mistake. The regilators caught him about three hours ago, and they’ve brought him here for judgment and trial. They’ve got a jury setting on his vart.ues, and they’ll hammer the soul out of him afore they let him git out from under the iron. I don’t reckon they kin cure him, for what’s bred in the bone, you know, won’t come out of the flesh ; but they’ll so bedevil bone and flesh, that I reckon he’ll be the last Yankee that ever comes to practice again in this Chestatee country. Maybe, he ain’t deserving of much worse than they kin do. Maybe, he ain’t a scamp of the biggest wethers. His rascality ain’t to be measured. Why, he kin walk through a man’s pockets, jest as the devil goes through a crack or a key¬ hole, and the money will naterally stick to him, jest as of he was made of gum turpentine. His very face is a sort of kining [coining] machine. His look says dollars and cents ; and its always your dollars and cents, and he kines them out of your hands into his ’n, jest with a roll of his eye, and a mighty leetle turn of his finger. He cheats in everything, and cheats every¬ body. Thar’s not an old woman fin the country that don’t say 70 GUY RIVERS. her prayers back’ards when she thinks of Jared Bunce. Thar’s his tin-wares and his wood-wares—his coffeepots and kettles, all put together with saft sodder—that jest go to pieces, as ef they had nothing else to do. And he kin blarney you so—and he’s so quick at a mortal lie — and he’s got jest a good reason for everything—and he’s so sharp at a ’scuse [excuse] that it’s onpossible to say where lie’s gwine to have you, and what you’re a gwine to lose, and how you’ll get oft' at last, and in what way he’ll cheat you another time. He’s been at this business, in these diggings, now about three years. Theregila- tors have swore a hundred times to square off with him; but he’s always got off tell now; sometimes by new inventions — sometimes by bible oaths—and last year, by regilarly cutting dirt [flight]. He’s hardly a chance to git cl’ar now, for tliereg- ilators are pretty much up to all his tricks, and he’s mighty nigh to ride a rail for a colt, and get new scores ag’in old scores, laid on with the smartest hickories in natur’.” “And who are the regulators'?” asked the youth, languidly. “What! you from Georgy, and never to hear tell of thereg- ilators ? Why, that’s the very place, I reckon, where the breed begun. The regilators are jest then, you see, our own people. We liain’t got much law and justice in these pairts, and when the rascals git too sassy and plentiful, we all turn out, few or many, and make a business of cleaning out the stables. We turn justices, and sheriffs, and lawyers, and settle scores with the growing sinners. We jine, hand in hand, agin such a chap as Jared Bunce, and set in judgment upon his evil-doings. It’s a regilar court, though we make it up ourselves, and app’ints our own judges and juries, and pass judgment ’cordin’ to the case. Ef it’s the first offence, or only a small one, we let’s the fellow off with only a taste of the hickory. Ef it’s a tough case, and an old sinner, we give him a belly-full. Ef the whole coun¬ try’s roused, then Judge Lynch puts on his black cap, and the rascal takes a hard ride on a rail, a duck in the pond, and a perfect seasoning of hickories, tell thar ain’t much left of him, or, may be, they don’t stop to curry him, but jest halters him at once to the nearest swinging limb.” “ Sharp justice! and which of these punishments will they be likely to bestow upon the Yankee 1 ?” CODE AND PRACTICE OP THE REGULATORS. 71 “Well, tliar’s no telling; but I reckon lie runs a smart chance of grazing agin the whole on ’em. They’ve got i long account agin him. In one way or t’other, lie’s swindled every¬ body with his notions. Some bought his clocks, which only went while the rogue stayed, and when he went they stopt for¬ ever. Some bought ready-made clothes, which went to pieces at the very sight of soap and water. He sold a fusee to old Jerry Seaborn, and warranted the piece, and it bursted into flinders, the very first fire, and tore little Jerry’s hand and arm — son of old Jerry—almost to pieces. He’ll never have the right use of it agin. And that ain’t all. this direction, but was somewhat more earnest in insisting upon the general propriety of forbearance, in a practice which milita¬ ted against law and order, and that justice should be adminis¬ tered only by the proper hands. But to this, Mark Forrester had his ready answer; and, indeed, our young traveller was speaking according to the social standards of a wholly different region. “ There, again, ’squire, you are quite out. The laws, some¬ how or other, can’t touch these fellows. They run through the country a wink faster than the sheriff, and laugh at all the pro¬ cesses you send after them. So, you see, there’s no justice, no how, unless you catch a rogue like this, and wind up with him for all the gang—for they’re all alike, all of the same family, and it comes to the same thing in the end.” The youth answered languidly. He began to tire, and na¬ ture craved repose, and the physician had urged it. Forrester readily perceived that the listener’s interest was flagging—nay, he half fancied that much that he had been saying, and in his best style, had fallen upon drowsy senses. Nobody likes to have his best things thrown away, and, as the reader will readi¬ ly conceive, our friend Forrester had a sneaking consciousness that all the world’s eloquence did not cease on the day when Demosthenes died. But he was not the person to be offended because the patient desired to sleep. Far from it. He was only reasonable enough to suppose that this was the properest thing that the wounded man could do. And so he told him; and adjusting carefully the pillows of the youth, and disposing the bedclothes comfortably, and promising to see him again be¬ fore he slept, our woodman bade him good night, and descended to the great hall of the tavern, where Jared Bunce was held in durance. The luckless pedler was, in truth, in a situation in which, for the first time in his life, he coveted nothing. The peril was one, also, from which, thus far, his mother-wit, which seldom failed before, could suggest no means of evasion or escape. His prospect was a dreary one; though with the wonderful capacity for endurance, and the surprising cheerfulness, common to the class to which he belonged, he beheld it without dismay though with many apprehensions. CODE AND PRACTICE OF THE REGULATORS. 73 Justice he did not expect, nor, indeed, as Forrester has already told us, did he desire it. He asked for nothing less than justice. He was dragged before judges, all of whom had complaints to prefer, and injuries to redress; and none of whom were over-scrupulous as to the nature or measure of that punish¬ ment which was to procure them the desired atonement. The company was not so numerous as noisy. It consisted of some twenty persons, villagers as well as small farmers in the neigh¬ borhood, all of whom, having partaken ad libitum of the whis¬ key distributed freely about the table, which, in part, they surrounded, had, in the Indian phrase, more tongues than brains, and were sufficiently aroused by their potations to enter readily into any mischief. Some were smoking with all the industrious perseverance of the Hollander; others shouted forth songs in honor of the bottle, and with all the fervor and ferment of Bacchanalian novitiates; and not a few, congregating about the immediate person of the pedler, assailed his ears with threats sufficiently pregnant with tangible illustration to make him un¬ derstand and acknowledge, by repeated starts and wincings, the awkward and uncomfortable predicament in which he stood. At length, the various disputants for justice, finding it difficult, if not impossible, severally, to command that attention which they conceived they merited, resolved themselves into some¬ thing like a committee of the whole, and proceeded to the settle¬ ment of their controversy, and the pedler’s fate, in a manner more suited to the importance of the occasion. Having pro¬ cured that attention which was admitted to be the great object, more by the strength of his lungs than his argument, one of the company, who was dignified by the title of colonel, spoke out for the rest. “ I say, boys—’tisn’t of any use, I reckon, for everybody to speak about what everybody knows. One speaker’s quite enough in this here matter before us, Here’s none of us that ha’n’t something to say agin this pedler, and the doings of the grand scoundrel in and about these parts, for a matter going on now about three years. Why, everybody knows him, big and little; and his reputation is so now, that the very boys take his name to frighten away the crows with. Now, one person can jist as well make a plain statement as another. I know, of my 4 74 GUY RIVERS. own score, there’s not one of my neighbors for ten miles round, that can’t tell all about the rotten prints he put off upon my old woman ; and I know myself of all the tricks lie’s played at odd times, more than a dozen, upon ’Squire Nichols there, and Tom Wescott, and Bob Snipes, and twenty others; and everybody knows them just as well as I. Now, to make up the score, and square off with the pedler, without any flustration, I move you that Lawyer Pippin take the chair, and judge in this matter; for the day has come for settling off accounts, and 1 don’t see why we shouldn’t be the regulators for Bunce, seeing that every¬ body agrees that lie’s a rogue, and a pestilence, and desarves regilation.” This speech was highly applauded, and chimed in admirably with all prejudices, and the voice that called Lawyer Pippin to preside over the deliberations of the assembly was unanimous. The gentleman thus highly distinguished, was a dapper and rather portly little personage, with sharp twinkling eyes, a ruby and remarkable nose, a double chin, retreating forehead, and corpulent cheek. He wore green glasses of a dark, and a green coat of a light, complexion. The lawyer was the only member of the profession living in the village, had no competitor save when the sitting of the court brought in one or more from neigh¬ boring settlements, and, being thus circumstanced, without op¬ position, and the only representative of his craft, he w'as liter¬ ally, to employ the slang phrase in that quarter, the “ cock of the walk.” He was, however, not so much regarded by the villagers a worthy as a clever man. It required not erudition to win the credit of profundity, and the lawyer knew how to make the most of his learning among those who had none. Like many other gentlemen of erudition, he -was grave to a proverb when the occasion required it, and would not be seen to laugh out of the prescribed place, though “ Nestor swore the jest was laughable.” He relied greatly on saws and sayings — could quote you the paradoxes of Johnson and the infidelities of Hume without always understanding them, and mistook, as men of that kind and calibre are very apt to do, the capacity to repeat the grave absurdities of others as a proof of some¬ thing in himself. His business was not large, however, and among the arts of his profession, and as a means for supplying CODE AND PRACTICE OF THE REGULATORS. 75 the absence of more legitimate occasions for its employment, he was reputed as excessively expert in making the most of any difficulty among his neighbors. The egg of mischief and con¬ troversy was hardly laid, before the worthy lawyer, with mater¬ nal care, came clucking about it; he watched and warmed it without remission; and when fairly hatched, he took care that the whole brood should be brought safely into court, his voice, and words, and actions, fully attesting the deep interest in their fortunes which he had manifested from the beginning. Many a secret slander, ripening at length into open warfare, had been traced to his friendly influence, either ab ovo , or at least from the perilous period in such cases when the very existence of the embryo relies upon the friendly breath, the sustaining warmth, and the occasional stimulant. Lawyer Pippin, among his neighbors, was just the man for such achievements, and they gave him, with a degree of shrewdness common to them as a people, less qualified credit for the capacity which he at all times exhibited in bringing a case into, than in carrying it out of court. But this opinion in nowise affected the lawyer’s own estimate of his pretensions. Next to being excessively mean, he was excessively vain, and so highly did he regard his own opinions, that he was never content until he heard himself busily employed in their utterance. An opportunity for a speech, such as the present, was not suffered to pass without due regard; but as we propose that he shall exhibit himself in the most happy manner at a later period in our narrative, we shall abridge, in few, the long string of queerly-associated words in the form of a speech, which, on assuming the chair thus as¬ signed him, he poured forth upon the assembly. it, you undoubtedly are; and here let me remark, my fr ends, the excellent and nice distinction which this phrase makes between the man and the soil, between the noble intellect and the high soul, and the mere dirt and dust upon which we daily tread. This very phrase, my friends, is a fine embodiment of that democratic principle upon which the glorious constitution i& erected. But, as I was saying, my friends, I am required to arraign before you this same pedler, Jared Bunce, on sundry charges of misdemeanor, and swindling, and fraud — in short, as I understand it, for endeavoring, without having the fear of God and good breeding in his eyes, to pass himself off upon the good people of this county as an honest man. Is this the charge, my friends V* “ Ay, ay, lawyer, that’s the how, that’s the very thing itself. Put it to the skunk, let him deny that if he can — let him deny that his name is Jared Bunce — that he hails from Connecticut —that he is a shark, and a pirate, and a pestilence. Let him deny that he is a cheat — that he goes about with his notions and other rogueries—that he doesn’t manufacture maple-seeds, and hickory nutmegs, and ground coffee made out of rotten rye. Answer to that, Jared Bunce, you white-livered lizard.” Tlius did one of his accusers take up the thread of the dis¬ course as concluded in part by the chairman. Another and another followed with like speeches in the most rapid succession, until all was again confusion; and the voice of the lawyer, after a hundred ineffectual efforts at a hearing, degenerated into a fine squeak, and terminated at last in a violent fit of cough¬ ing, that fortunately succeeded in producing the degree of quiet around him to secure which his language had, singularly enough, entirely failed. For a moment the company ceased its clamor, out of respect to the chairman’s cough ; and, having cleared his throat with the contents of a tumbler of Monongahela which seemed to stand permanently full by his side, he recommenced the proceedings; the offender, in the meantime, standing mute and motionless, now almost stupified with terror, conscious of repeated offences, knowing perfectly the reckless spirit of those who judged him, and hopeless of escape from their hands, witlumt, in the country phrase, the loss at least of “wing and tail feathers.” The chairman with due gravity began : — CODE AND PRACTICE OP THE REGULATORS. 77 “ Jared Bunce — is that your name •?” “ Why, lawyer, I can’t deny that I have gone by that name, and I guess it’s the right name for me to go by, seeing that I was christened Jared, after old Uncle Jared Withers, that lives down at Dedham, in the state of Massachusetts. He did prom¬ ise to do something for me, seeing I was named after him, hut he ha’n’t done nothing yet, no how. Then the name of Bunce, you see, lawyer, I got from my father, his name being Bunce, too, I guess.” “Well, Jared Bunce, answer to the point, and without cir¬ cumlocution. You have heard some of the charges against you. Having taken them down in short-hand, I will repeat them.” The pedler approached a few steps, advanced one leg, raised a hand to his ear, and put on all the external signs of devout attention, as the chairman proceeded in the long and curious array. “ First, then, it is charged against you, Bunce, by young Dick Jenkins, that stands over in front of you there, that somewhere between the fifteenth and twenty-third of June—last June was a year — you came by night to his plantation, he living at that time in De Kalb county; that you stopped the night with him, without charge, and in the morning you traded a clock to his wife for fifteen dollars, and that you had not been gone two days, before the said clock began to go whiz, whiz, whiz, and commenced striking, whizzing all the while, and never stopped till it had struck clear thirty-one, and since that time it will neither whiz, nor strike, nor do nothing.” “Why, lawyer, I ain’t the man to deny the truth of this transaction, you see; but, then, you must know, much depends upon the way you manage a clock. A clock is quite a delicate and ticklish article of manufacture, you see, and it ain’t every¬ body that can make a clock, or can make it go when it don’t want to; and if a man takes a hammer or a horsewhip, or any other unnatural weapon to it, as if it was a house or a horse, why, I guess, it’s not reasonable to expect it to keep in order, and it’s no use in having a clock no how, if you don’t treat it well. As for its striking thirty-one, that indeed is something remarkable, for I never heard one of mine strike more than twelve, and that's zactly the number they’re regulated to strike. 78 GUY RIVERS. But, after all, lawyer, I don’t see that Squire Jenkins has been much a loser by the trade, seeing that lie paid me in bills of the Hogee-nogee bank, and that stopped payment about the time, and before I could get the bills changed. It’s true, I didn’t let on that I knowed anything about it, and got rid of the paper a little while before the thing went through the country.” “Now, look ye, you gingerbread-bodied Yankee—I’d like to know what you mean about taking whip and hammer to the clock. If you mean to say that I ever did such a thing, I’ll lick you now, by the eternal scratch !” “ Order, order, Mr. Jenkins—order! The chair must be re¬ spected. You must come to order, Mr. Jenkins—” was the vociferous and urgent cry of the chairman, repeated by half a dozen voices; the pedler, in the meanwhile, half doubting the efficacy of the call, retreating with no little terror behind the chair of the dignified personage who presided. “ Well, you needn’t make such a howling about it,” said Jen¬ kins, wratlifully, and looking around him with the sullen fero¬ city of a chafed bear. “ 1 know jist as well how to keep order, I reckon, as any on you; but I don’t see how it will be out of order to lick a Yankee, or who can hinder me, if I choose it.” “Well, don’t look at me, Dick Jenkins, with such a look, or I’ll have a finger in that pie, old fellow. I’m no Yankee to be frightened by sich a lank-sided fellow as you; and, by dogs, if nobody else can keep you in order, I’m jist the man to try if I can’t. So don’t put on any shines, old boy, or I’ll darken your peepers, if I don’t come very nigh plucking them out alto getlier.” So spake another of the company, who, having been much delectified with the trial, had been particularly solicitous in his cries for order. Jenkins was not indisposed to the affray, and made an angry retort, which provoked another still more angry; but, other parties interfering, the new difficulty was made to give place to that already in hand. The imputation upon Jen¬ kins, that his ignorance of the claims of the clock to gentle treatment, alone, had induced it to speak thirty-one times, and at length refuse to speak at all, had touched his pride; and, sorely vexed, he retired upon a glass of whiskey to the farther cornel of the room, and with his pipe, nursing the fumes of his CODE AND PRACTICE OF THE REGULATORS. 79 wrath, he waited impatiently the signal for the wild mischief which he knew would come.
| 0.486482
| -0.49804
| 1,071
| 4,191
| 216
| -1
|
Text Descriptions
| false
|
99,590
|
github_open_source_100_2_8173
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
//
// KMMMovieSummaryParserTests.m
// Dejavu
//
// Created by Kerr Marin Miller on 16/11/2014.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Kerr Marin Miller. All rights reserved.
//
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import <XCTest/XCTest.h>
#import "KMMMovieSummary.h"
@interface KMMMovieSummaryParserTests : XCTestCase
@end
@implementation KMMMovieSummaryParserTests
- (void)setUp {
[super setUp];
// Put setup code here. This method is called before the invocation of each test method in the class.
}
- (void)tearDown {
// Put teardown code here. This method is called after the invocation of each test method in the class.
[super tearDown];
}
- (void)testParsingIsSuccessfulWithValidJSON {
// This is an example of a functional test case.
id validJSON = @{@"adult":@false,
@"backdrop_path":@"/5X0l0G0S95iTzJMptyIMZO80XNS.jpg",
@"id":@54833,
@"original_title":@"The Big Man",
@"release_date":@"1991-08-09",
@"poster_path":@"/v2RAbH8HJuLdMYnwC9RAFx08aeU.jpg",
@"popularity":@"0.209660090867616",
@"title":@"The Big Man",
@"vote_average":@10.0,
@"vote_count":@10};
KMMMovieSummaryParser *parser = [KMMMovieSummaryParser new];
KMMMovieSummary *movieSummary = [parser movieSummaryFromDictionary:validJSON];
XCTAssertNotNil(movieSummary);
}
@end
| 0.568895
| 0.669335
| 3,442
| 13,668
| 270
| 270
|
Testing Item Definitions
| false
|
99,591
|
github_open_source_100_2_8174
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
import React from "react";
import { Menu, MenuItem, MenuDivider } from "../menu";
import NavigationBar from "../navigation-bar";
import GlobalHeader from "./global-header.component";
import CypressMountWithProviders from "../../../cypress/support/component-helper/cypress-mount";
import carbonLogo from "../../../logo/carbon-logo.png";
import navigationBar from "../../../cypress/locators/navigation-bar";
import {
globalHeader,
globalHeaderLogo,
} from "../../../cypress/locators/global-header";
const FullMenuExample = () => (
<>
<GlobalHeader>
<Menu menuType="black" display="flex" flex="1">
<MenuItem flex="1" submenu="Product Switcher">
<MenuItem href="#">Product A</MenuItem>
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem flex="0 0 auto" submenu="Parent Menu 1">
<MenuItem href="#">Child Item 1</MenuItem>
<MenuItem href="#">Child Item 2</MenuItem>
<MenuItem href="#">Child Item 3</MenuItem>
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem flex="0 0 auto" submenu="Parent Menu 2">
<MenuItem>Child Item</MenuItem>
</MenuItem>
</Menu>
</GlobalHeader>
<NavigationBar position="fixed" orientation="top" offset="40px">
<Menu display="flex" flex="1">
<MenuItem flex="1">Menu Item One</MenuItem>
<MenuItem flex="0 0 auto" href="#">
Menu Item Two
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem flex="0 0 auto" submenu="Menu Item Three">
<MenuItem href="#">Item Submenu One</MenuItem>
<MenuItem href="#">Item Submenu Two</MenuItem>
<MenuDivider />
<MenuItem icon="settings" href="#">
Item Submenu Three
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem href="#">Item Submenu Four</MenuItem>
</MenuItem>
<MenuItem flex="0 0 auto" submenu="Menu Item Four">
<MenuItem href="#">Item Submenu One</MenuItem>
<MenuItem href="#">Item Submenu Two</MenuItem>
</MenuItem>
</Menu>
</NavigationBar>
</>
);
context("Testing Global Header component", () => {
it("should check that z-index of component is greater than that of NavigationBar", () => {
CypressMountWithProviders(<FullMenuExample />);
globalHeader()
.invoke("css", "z-index")
.then(parseInt)
.then(($globalHeaderZIndex) => {
navigationBar()
.invoke("css", "z-index")
.then(parseInt)
.should(($navigationBarZIndex) => {
expect($globalHeaderZIndex).to.be.greaterThan($navigationBarZIndex);
});
});
});
it("should check when logo prop is passed, the height of the logo element never exceeds the maximum height of the component", () => {
const logoHeight = 41;
const expectedHeight = 40;
const logo = (
<img
data-element="logo"
height={logoHeight}
src={carbonLogo}
alt="Carbon logo"
/>
);
CypressMountWithProviders(<GlobalHeader logo={logo}>Example</GlobalHeader>);
globalHeaderLogo().should("have.css", "height", `${expectedHeight}px`);
});
});
| 0.105906
| 0.707786
| 3,491
| 14,022
| 70
| 70
|
React Components & Styling
| false
|
99,592
|
github_open_source_100_2_8175
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
@extends('layouts.admin-1.master')
@section('title', 'Support Tickets')
@section('breadcrumb')
<ul class="page-breadcrumb">
<li>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.index') }}">Home</a>
<i class="fa fa-circle"></i>
</li>
<li>
<span>Apps</span>
</li>
</ul>
@endsection
@section('content')
<h1 class="page-title"> Support Tickets
<small>main support page</small>
</h1>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<!-- BEGIN PROFILE SIDEBAR -->
<div class="profile-sidebar">
<!-- PORTLET MAIN -->
<div class="portlet light profile-sidebar-portlet ">
<!-- SIDEBAR USERPIC -->
<div class="profile-userpic">
<img src="{{ asset('assets/pages/media/profile/profile_user.jpg') }}" class="img-responsive" alt="">
</div>
<!-- END SIDEBAR USERPIC -->
<!-- SIDEBAR USER TITLE -->
<div class="profile-usertitle">
<div class="profile-usertitle-name"> Marcus Doe </div>
<div class="profile-usertitle-job"> Developer </div>
</div>
<!-- END SIDEBAR USER TITLE -->
<!-- SIDEBAR BUTTONS -->
<div class="profile-userbuttons">
<button type="button" class="btn btn-circle green btn-sm">Follow</button>
<button type="button" class="btn btn-circle red btn-sm">Message</button>
</div>
<!-- END SIDEBAR BUTTONS -->
<!-- SIDEBAR MENU -->
<div class="profile-usermenu">
<ul class="nav">
<li class="active">
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.app-support') }}">
<i class="icon-home"></i> Ticket List
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-staff') }}">
<i class="icon-settings"></i> Support Staff
</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-config') }}">
<i class="icon-info"></i> Configurations
</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- END MENU -->
</div>
<!-- END PORTLET MAIN -->
<!-- PORTLET MAIN -->
<div class="portlet light ">
<!-- STAT -->
<div class="row list-separated profile-stat">
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-6">
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-title"> 37 </div>
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-text"> New </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-6">
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-title"> 51 </div>
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-text"> Processed </div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4 col-sm-4 col-xs-6">
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-title"> 61 </div>
<div class="uppercase profile-stat-text"> Completed </div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END STAT -->
<div>
<h4 class="profile-desc-title">About Marcus Doe</h4>
<span class="profile-desc-text"> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet diam nonummy nibh dolore. </span>
<div class="margin-top-20 profile-desc-link">
<i class="fa fa-globe"></i>
<a href="http://www.keenthemes.com">www.keenthemes.com</a>
</div>
<div class="margin-top-20 profile-desc-link">
<i class="fa fa-twitter"></i>
<a href="http://www.twitter.com/keenthemes/">@keenthemes</a>
</div>
<div class="margin-top-20 profile-desc-link">
<i class="fa fa-facebook"></i>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/keenthemes/">keenthemes</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END PORTLET MAIN -->
</div>
<!-- END BEGIN PROFILE SIDEBAR -->
<!-- BEGIN TICKET LIST CONTENT -->
<div class="app-ticket app-ticket-list">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-12">
<div class="portlet light ">
<div class="portlet-title tabbable-line">
<div class="caption caption-md">
<i class="icon-globe theme-font hide"></i>
<span class="caption-subject font-blue-madison bold uppercase">Ticket List</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="portlet-body">
<div class="table-toolbar">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="btn-group">
<button id="sample_editable_1_new" class="btn sbold green"> Add New
<i class="fa fa-plus"></i>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-6">
<div class="btn-group pull-right">
<button class="btn green btn-outline dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Tools
<i class="fa fa-angle-down"></i>
</button>
<ul class="dropdown-menu pull-right">
<li>
<a href="javascript:;">
<i class="fa fa-print"></i> Print </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="javascript:;">
<i class="fa fa-file-pdf-o"></i> Save as PDF </a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="javascript:;">
<i class="fa fa-file-excel-o"></i> Export to Excel </a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table class="table table-striped table-bordered table-hover table-checkable order-column" id="sample_1">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="group-checkable" data-set="#sample_1 .checkboxes">
<span></span>
</label>
</th>
<th> ID # </th>
<th> Title </th>
<th> Cust. Name </th>
<th> Cust. Email </th>
<th> Date/Time </th>
<th> Assigned To </th>
<th> Status </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1123</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Changing Colors</a>
</td>
<td> Jane </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Hugh Jackman </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-warning"> New </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1134</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Modals popup customization</a>
</td>
<td> Randy </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-info"> Processed </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1144</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Form Input styling</a>
</td>
<td> Samantha </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-success"> Completed </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1243</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Counter skipping numbers</a>
</td>
<td> Daniel </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-default"> Pending </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1276</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Menu not working</a>
</td>
<td> Billy </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Hugh Jackman </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-default"> Pending </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1345</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Changing Colors</a>
</td>
<td> Jane </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Hugh Jackman </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-warning"> New </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1354</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Modals popup customization</a>
</td>
<td> Randy </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-default"> Pending </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1365</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Form Input styling</a>
</td>
<td> Samantha </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-success"> Completed </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1371</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Counter skipping numbers</a>
</td>
<td> Daniel </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Marcus Doe </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-default"> Pending </span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd gradeX">
<td>
<label class="mt-checkbox mt-checkbox-single mt-checkbox-outline">
<input type="checkbox" class="checkboxes" value="1">
<span></span>
</label>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">1373</a>
</td>
<td>
<a href="{{ route('admin-1.partial.support-details') }}">Menu not working</a>
</td>
<td> Billy </td>
<td>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]"> [email protected] </a>
</td>
<td class="center"> 10/12/15 1:45pm </td>
<td> Hugh Jackman </td>
<td>
<span class="label label-sm label-success"> Completed </span>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- END PROFILE CONTENT -->
</div>
</div>
@endsection
@push('page-level-plugins-header')
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/bootstrap-fileinput/bootstrap-fileinput.css') }}">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/datatables/datatables.min.css') }}">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/datatables/plugins/bootstrap/datatables.bootstrap.css') }}">
@endpush
@push('page-level-styles')
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('assets/pages/css/profile.min.css') }}">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{{ asset('assets/apps/css/ticket.min.css') }}">
@endpush
@push('page-level-plugins-footer')
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/bootstrap-fileinput/bootstrap-fileinput.js') }}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/jquery.sparkline.min.js') }}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/global/scripts/datatable.js') }}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/datatables/datatables.min.js') }}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/global/plugins/datatables/plugins/bootstrap/datatables.bootstrap.js') }}"></script>
@endpush
@push('page-level-scripts')
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/pages/scripts/profile.min.js') }}"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="{{ asset('assets/pages/scripts/table-datatables-managed.min.js') }}"></script>
@endpush
@push('page-level-scripts')
<script>
$('body').addClass('page-container-bg-solid page-sidebar-closed');
$('ul.page-sidebar-menu').addClass('page-sidebar-menu-closed');
</script>
@endpush
| 0.142948
| 0.863273
| 3,812
| 15,305
| 80
| 80
|
HTML & Bootstrap
| false
|
99,593
|
31612_1
|
Wikipedia
|
CC-By-SA
|
သဘော့ငူရွာ၊ သဘော့ငူ
ကိုးကား
မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရွာများ
ဧရာဝတီတိုင်းဒေသကြီးရှိ ရွာများ
BotUpload.
| 0.716364
| -0.337183
| 1,398
| 5,485
| 7
| 7
|
Towns and villages
| false
|
99,594
|
github_open_source_100_2_8176
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
package controllers
import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer
import scala.collection.mutable.Map
import scala.math.BigDecimal.double2bigDecimal
import scala.math.BigDecimal.int2bigDecimal
import com.patson.Util
import com.patson.data.AirlineSource
import com.patson.data.AirplaneSource
import com.patson.data.AirportSource
import com.patson.data.LinkSource
import com.patson.model._
import com.patson.model.Computation
import com.patson.model.LinkConsumptionDetails
import com.patson.model.airplane.Airplane
import com.patson.model.airplane.Model
import play.api.data.Form
import play.api.data.Forms.mapping
import play.api.data.Forms.number
import play.api.libs.json._
import play.api.libs.json.JsBoolean
import play.api.libs.json.JsNumber
import play.api.libs.json.JsObject
import play.api.libs.json.JsObject
import play.api.libs.json.Json
import play.api.libs.json.Json.toJsFieldJsValueWrapper
import play.api.mvc._
import com.patson.data.airplane.ModelSource
object LinkApplication extends Controller {
object TestLinkReads extends Reads[Link] {
def reads(json: JsValue): JsResult[Link] = {
val fromAirportId = json.\("fromAirportId").as[Int]
val toAirportId = json.\("toAirportId").as[Int]
val airlineId = json.\("airlineId").as[Int]
val capacity = json.\("capacity").as[Int]
val price = json.\("price").as[Int]
val fromAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(fromAirportId).get
val toAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(toAirportId).get
val airline = AirlineSource.loadAirlineById(airlineId).get
val distance = Util.calculateDistance(fromAirport.latitude, fromAirport.longitude, toAirport.latitude, toAirport.longitude)
val rawQuality = json.\("quality").as[Int]
val link = Link(fromAirport, toAirport, airline, price, distance.toInt, capacity, rawQuality, distance.toInt * 60 / 800, 1)
(json \ "id").asOpt[Int].foreach { link.id = _ }
JsSuccess(link)
}
}
implicit object LinkFormat extends Format[Link] {
def reads(json: JsValue): JsResult[Link] = {
val fromAirportId = json.\("fromAirportId").as[Int]
val toAirportId = json.\("toAirportId").as[Int]
val airlineId = json.\("airlineId").as[Int]
//val capacity = json.\("capacity").as[Int]
val price = json.\("price").as[Int]
val fromAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(fromAirportId).get
val toAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(toAirportId).get
val airline = AirlineSource.loadAirlineById(airlineId).get
val distance = Util.calculateDistance(fromAirport.latitude, fromAirport.longitude, toAirport.latitude, toAirport.longitude).toInt
val airplaneIds = json.\("airplanes").as[List[Int]]
val frequency = json.\("frequency").as[Int]
val modelId = json.\("model").as[Int]
val capacity = frequency * ModelSource.loadModelById(modelId).fold(0)(_.capacity)
val duration = ModelSource.loadModelById(modelId).fold(Integer.MAX_VALUE)(Computation.calculateDuration(_, distance))
val airplanes = airplaneIds.foldRight(List[Airplane]()) { (airplaneId, foldList) =>
AirplaneSource.loadAirplanesWithAssignedLinkByAirplaneId(airplaneId) match {
case Some((airplane, Some(link))) if (link.from.id != fromAirport.id || link.to.id != toAirport.id) =>
throw new IllegalStateException("Airplane with id " + airplaneId + " is assigned to other link")
case Some((airplane, _)) =>
airplane :: foldList
case None =>
throw new IllegalStateException("Airplane with id " + airplaneId + " does not exist")
}
}
var rawQuality = json.\("rawQuality").as[Int]
if (rawQuality > Link.MAX_RAW_QUALITY) {
rawQuality = Link.MAX_RAW_QUALITY
} else if (rawQuality < 0) {
rawQuality = 0
}
val link = Link(fromAirport, toAirport, airline, price, distance, capacity, rawQuality, duration, frequency)
link.setAssignedAirplanes(airplanes)
(json \ "id").asOpt[Int].foreach { link.id = _ }
JsSuccess(link)
}
def writes(link: Link): JsValue = JsObject(List(
"id" -> JsNumber(link.id),
"fromAirportId" -> JsNumber(link.from.id),
"toAirportId" -> JsNumber(link.to.id),
"fromAirportCode" -> JsString(link.from.iata),
"toAirportCode" -> JsString(link.to.iata),
"fromAirportName" -> JsString(link.from.name),
"toAirportName" -> JsString(link.to.name),
"fromAirportCity" -> JsString(link.from.city),
"toAirportCity" -> JsString(link.to.city),
"airlineId" -> JsNumber(link.airline.id),
"price" -> JsNumber(link.price),
"distance" -> JsNumber(link.distance),
"capacity" -> JsNumber(link.capacity),
"rawQuality" -> JsNumber(link.rawQuality),
"computedQuality" -> JsNumber(link.computedQuality),
"duration" -> JsNumber(link.duration),
"frequency" -> JsNumber(link.frequency),
"availableSeat" -> JsNumber(link.availableSeats),
"fromLatitude" -> JsNumber(link.from.latitude),
"fromLongitude" -> JsNumber(link.from.longitude),
"toLatitude" -> JsNumber(link.to.latitude),
"toLongitude" -> JsNumber(link.to.longitude)))
}
implicit object LinkConsumptionFormat extends Writes[LinkConsumptionDetails] {
def writes(linkConsumption: LinkConsumptionDetails): JsValue = {
val fromAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(linkConsumption.fromAirportId)
val toAirport = AirportSource.loadAirportById(linkConsumption.toAirportId)
val airline = AirlineSource.loadAirlineById(linkConsumption.airlineId)
JsObject(List(
"linkId" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.linkId),
"fromAirportCode" -> JsString(fromAirport.map(_.iata).getOrElse("XXX")),
"fromAirportName" -> JsString(fromAirport.map(_.name).getOrElse("<unknown>")),
"toAirportCode" -> JsString(toAirport.map(_.iata).getOrElse("XXX")),
"toAirportName" -> JsString(toAirport.map(_.name).getOrElse("<unknown>")),
"airlineName" -> JsString(airline.map(_.name).getOrElse("<unknown>")),
"price" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.price),
"distance" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.distance),
"profit" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.profit),
"capacity" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.capacity),
"soldSeats" -> JsNumber(linkConsumption.soldSeats)))
}
}
implicit object ModelPlanLinkInfoWrites extends Writes[ModelPlanLinkInfo] {
def writes(modelPlanLinkInfo : ModelPlanLinkInfo): JsValue = {
val jsObject = JsObject(List(
"modelId" -> JsNumber(modelPlanLinkInfo.model.id),
"modelName" -> JsString(modelPlanLinkInfo.model.name),
"duration" -> JsNumber(modelPlanLinkInfo.duration),
"maxFrequency" -> JsNumber(modelPlanLinkInfo.maxFrequency),
"isAssigned" -> JsBoolean(modelPlanLinkInfo.isAssigned)))
var airplaneArray = JsArray()
modelPlanLinkInfo.airplanes.foreach {
case(airplane, isAssigned) =>
airplaneArray = airplaneArray.append(JsObject(List("airplaneId" -> JsNumber(airplane.id), "isAssigned" -> JsBoolean(isAssigned))))
}
jsObject + ("airplanes" -> airplaneArray)
}
}
implicit object LinkWithProfitWrites extends Writes[(Link, Int)] {
def writes(linkWithProfit: (Link, Int)): JsValue = {
val link = linkWithProfit._1
val profit = linkWithProfit._2
Json.toJson(link).asInstanceOf[JsObject] + ("profit" -> JsNumber(profit))
}
}
case class PlanLinkData(airlineId: Int, fromAirportId: Int, toAirportId: Int)
val planLinkForm = Form(
mapping(
"airlineId" -> number,
"fromAirportId" -> number,
"toAirportId" -> number
)(PlanLinkData.apply)(PlanLinkData.unapply)
)
def addTestLink() = Action { request =>
if (request.body.isInstanceOf[AnyContentAsJson]) {
val newLink = request.body.asInstanceOf[AnyContentAsJson].json.as[Link](TestLinkReads)
println("PUT (test)" + newLink)
LinkSource.saveLink(newLink) match {
case Some(link) =>
Created(Json.toJson(link)).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
case None => UnprocessableEntity("Cannot insert link").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
} else {
BadRequest("Cannot insert link").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
}
def addLinkBlock(request : Request[AnyContent]) : Result = {
if (request.body.isInstanceOf[AnyContentAsJson]) {
val incomingLink = request.body.asInstanceOf[AnyContentAsJson].json.as[Link]
if (incomingLink.getAssignedAirplanes.isEmpty) {
return BadRequest("Cannot insert link - no airplane assigned").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
val links = LinkSource.loadLinksByCriteria(List(("airline", incomingLink.airline.id), ("from_airport", incomingLink.from.id)), true).filter { _.to.id == incomingLink.to.id }
if (!links.isEmpty) {
incomingLink.id = links(0).id
}
val isNewLink = links.isEmpty
//validate frequency by duration
val maxFrequency = Computation.calculateMaxFrequency(incomingLink.duration)
if (maxFrequency * incomingLink.getAssignedAirplanes().size < incomingLink.frequency) { //TODO log error!
println("max frequecny exceeded, max " + maxFrequency + " found " + incomingLink.frequency)
return BadRequest("Cannot insert link - frequency exceeded limit").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
//TODO validate slot on airport ....probably rethink how to simplify all these calculation!
val airplanesForThisLink = incomingLink.getAssignedAirplanes
//validate all airplanes are same model
val airplaneModels = airplanesForThisLink.foldLeft(Set[Model]())(_ + _.model) //should be just one element
if (airplaneModels.size != 1) {
return BadRequest("Cannot insert link - not all airplanes are same model").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
//check if the assigned planes are either previously unassigned or assigned to this link
val occupiedAirplanes = airplanesForThisLink.flatMap { airplaneForThisLink =>
val assignedLink = AirplaneSource.loadAirplanesWithAssignedLinkByAirplaneId(airplaneForThisLink.id).get._2
if (assignedLink.isDefined && assignedLink.get.id != incomingLink.id) {
List(airplaneForThisLink)
} else {
List.empty
}
}
if (!occupiedAirplanes.isEmpty) {
return BadRequest("Cannot insert link - some airplanes already occupied " + occupiedAirplanes).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
println("PUT " + incomingLink)
if (isNewLink) {
LinkSource.saveLink(incomingLink) match {
case Some(link) => Created(Json.toJson(link)).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
case None => UnprocessableEntity("Cannot insert link").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
} else {
LinkSource.updateLink(incomingLink) match {
case 1 => Accepted(Json.toJson(incomingLink)).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
case _ => UnprocessableEntity("Cannot update link").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
}
} else {
BadRequest("Cannot put link").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
}
def addLink() = Action { request => addLinkBlock(request) }
def getLink(linkId : Int) = Action { request =>
val link = LinkSource.loadLinkById(linkId)
Ok(Json.toJson(link)).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
}
def getAllLinks() = Action {
val links = LinkSource.loadAllLinks()
Ok(Json.toJson(links)).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
}
def getLinks(airlineId : Int, getProfit : Boolean) = Action {
val links = LinkSource.loadLinksByAirlineId(airlineId)
if (!getProfit) {
Ok(Json.toJson(links)).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
} else {
val consumptions = LinkSource.loadLinkConsumptionsByAirline(airlineId).foldLeft(Map[Int, LinkConsumptionDetails]()) { (foldMap, linkConsumptionDetails) =>
foldMap + (linkConsumptionDetails.linkId -> linkConsumptionDetails)
}
val linksWithProfit = links.map { link =>
(link, consumptions.get(link.id).fold(0)(_.profit))
}
Ok(Json.toJson(linksWithProfit)).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
}
}
def deleteAllLinks() = Action {
val count = LinkSource.deleteAllLinks()
Ok(Json.obj("count" -> count)).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
def deleteLink(linkId: Int) = Action {
val count = LinkSource.deleteLink(linkId)
Ok(Json.obj("count" -> count)).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
def getLinkConsumption(linkId : Int) = Action {
val linkConsumptions = LinkSource.loadLinkConsumptionsByLinkId(linkId)
if (linkConsumptions.isEmpty) {
Ok(Json.obj()).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
} else {
Ok(Json.toJson(linkConsumptions(0))).withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
}
def getAllLinkConsumptions() = Action {
val linkConsumptions = LinkSource.loadLinkConsumptions()
Ok(Json.toJson(linkConsumptions)).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
}
def planLink() = Action { implicit request =>
val PlanLinkData(airlineId, fromAirportId, toAirportId) = planLinkForm.bindFromRequest.get
AirportSource.loadAirportById(fromAirportId, true) match {
case Some(fromAirport) =>
AirportSource.loadAirportById(toAirportId, true) match {
case Some(toAirport) =>
var existingLink : Option[Link] = None
val distance = Util.calculateDistance(fromAirport.latitude, fromAirport.longitude, toAirport.latitude, toAirport.longitude).toInt
val (maxFrequencyFromAirport, maxFrequencyToAirport) = getMaxFrequencyByAirports(fromAirport, toAirport, Airline.fromId(airlineId))
val airplanesWithAssignedLinks : List[(Airplane, Option[Link])] = AirplaneSource.loadAirplanesWithAssignedLinkByOwner(airlineId)
val freeAirplanes = airplanesWithAssignedLinks.filter {
case (_ , Some(_)) => false
case (airplane, None) =>
airplane.model.range >= distance
}.map(_._1)
val assignedToThisLinkAirplanes = airplanesWithAssignedLinks.filter {
case (airplane , Some(link)) if (link.from.id == fromAirportId && link.to.id == toAirportId) =>
existingLink = Some(link)
true
case _ => false
}.map(_._1)
//group airplanes by model, also add boolean to indicated whether the airplane is assigned to this link
val availableAirplanesByModel = Map[Model, ListBuffer[(Airplane, Boolean)]]()
var assignedModel : Option[Model] = existingLink match {
case Some(link) => link.getAssignedModel()
case None => None
}
freeAirplanes.foreach { freeAirplane =>
availableAirplanesByModel.getOrElseUpdate(freeAirplane.model, ListBuffer[(Airplane, Boolean)]()).append((freeAirplane, false))
}
assignedToThisLinkAirplanes.foreach { assignedAirplane =>
availableAirplanesByModel.getOrElseUpdate(assignedAirplane.model, ListBuffer[(Airplane, Boolean)]()).append((assignedAirplane, true))
}
val planLinkInfoByModel = ListBuffer[ModelPlanLinkInfo]()
availableAirplanesByModel.foreach {
case(model, airplaneList) =>
val duration = Computation.calculateDuration(model, distance)
val existingSlotsUsedByThisModel= if (assignedModel.isDefined && assignedModel.get.id == model.id) { existingLink.get.frequency } else { 0 }
val maxFrequencyByModel : Int = Computation.calculateMaxFrequency(duration)
planLinkInfoByModel.append(ModelPlanLinkInfo(model, duration, maxFrequencyByModel, assignedModel.isDefined && assignedModel.get.id == model.id, airplaneList.toList))
}
var resultObject = Json.obj("distance" -> distance,
"suggestedPrice" -> Pricing.computeStandardPrice(distance),
"maxFrequencyFromAirport" -> maxFrequencyFromAirport,
"maxFrequencyToAirport" -> maxFrequencyToAirport) + ("modelPlanLinkInfo", Json.toJson(planLinkInfoByModel.toList))
if (existingLink.isDefined) {
resultObject = resultObject + ("existingLink", Json.toJson(existingLink))
}
Ok(resultObject).withHeaders(
ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*"
)
case None => BadRequest("unknown toAirport").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
case None => BadRequest("unknown toAirport").withHeaders(ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_ORIGIN -> "*")
}
}
class PlanLinkResult(distance : Double, availableAirplanes : List[Airplane])
//case class AirplaneWithPlanRouteInfo(airplane : Airplane, duration : Int, maxFrequency : Int, limitingFactor : String, isAssigned : Boolean)
case class ModelPlanLinkInfo(model: Model, duration : Int, maxFrequency : Int, isAssigned : Boolean, airplanes : List[(Airplane, Boolean)])
private def getMaxFrequencyByAirports(fromAirport : Airport, toAirport : Airport, airline : Airline) : (Int, Int) = {
val airlineId = airline.id
val links = LinkSource.loadLinksByCriteria(List(("airline", airlineId), ("from_airport", fromAirport.id)), true).filter { _.to.id == toAirport.id }
val existingLink : Option[Link] = if (links.size == 1) Some(links(0)) else None
val existingSlotsByThisLink = existingLink.fold(0)(_.frequency)
val maxFrequencyFromAirport : Int = fromAirport.getMaxSlotAssignment(airlineId) - fromAirport.getAirlineSlotAssignment(airlineId) + existingSlotsByThisLink
val maxFrequencyToAirport : Int = toAirport.getMaxSlotAssignment(airlineId) - toAirport.getAirlineSlotAssignment(airlineId) + existingSlotsByThisLink
(maxFrequencyFromAirport, maxFrequencyToAirport)
}
}
| 0.452841
| 0.854758
| 3,822
| 15,196
| 164
| -1
|
Exceptions Summary
| false
|
99,595
|
sn83021205_1860-07-19_1_3_2
|
US-PD-Newspapers
|
Public Domain
|
Jewelry ot every description, and ninny other useful ar ticles all to be sold to the highest bidder, and at private sale during the day. J. sN<)W, Salesman. dtf E. W. VAILL, Auct’r. A SSIGNEEZS SALE OF REAL ES -1 A ’l E AND PERSONAL PROPERTY. Will be nV 1 ! 0 °n the premises, on SATUR- h'Vi nt 1 ~,c,ock P-m.. all the icht, title and interest Snell A Brothers have in the !-° , u ?L n " a Estate, viz.: 3 Factories used for manu tactiiring \ngers and Bitts, 1 s a « ynn aj l( i Water Pow er. _ Dwe lings together with 3or 4 acres of Land. Also, all the Machinery contained in the above shops, ots o Aimers and Bitts, finished and unfinished, a quan tity of Steel, Hardand Soft Coal. Ar., arc 4 The above property will be sold subject to a mortgage, oi which statements will be made at time of sale fl3kMe.Jmyl2.lb6o. K ' U for Sab or (L o SBE FIRST r.tur. ' ' , FOR SALE—A Cottage Hous* tan rooms, conveniently arranged for ° r ry? Pleasantly situated corner »<-e ts. lhe lot contains about 8000 and bushes ’ W th u variety ot th «tV young fruit trees, N. B.—The House and a part of the Land will be sold separate it desired. Apply on the premieses. £• 51 • SEAVER. ’PO RENT—The office numbered 8 Me- *»* Apply on r pO LET—A genteel lower tenenTant ~o r 10 rooms, recently occupied by Chas B. Whiting on Hammond street, and is one of the most desirable resl ’ deuces in the city. Inquire of resi . , ... JAMES R. PEIRCE, |CO tor. Main and Austin street. T° LET, at Sorrn Lancaster. Mass?. Grand, bactor y Building, two stories Wheel L-horse power. It is located on the Nashua river which affords a convenient access. It is about 41 rods from the main street, with a new Nashua Railroad. Sir. I have been in business for honesty and capacity for business. TAYLOR & FAIRLEY, Melodeon Manufacturers, 315 Main Street, Worcester. Salexis wanted —To sell Lincofa Bainlin stationery rackets. Call at 275 Main Street, Worcester. Auctioneers Wanted. — Five or more men can obtain work by calling on E.C. Cleveland Arms Building, Central Street. Auctioneer Wanted—By a competent bookkeeper, address B.F., at this office. Wanted—Second Hand Furniture, which the highest cash price will be paid. Enquire at E.B. Auction and Commission Store, 66, 68, and 71 Main Street, which will be promptly attended to, see advertisement in another column. Immediately—Expert Gun and Pistol makers. Apply at the Joslyn Arms Manufactory. General Wanted—To sell Lincoln Pictures. A General Wanted—To canvass for an article for which there is already a great demand. Agents can make money from it as it has been thoroughly. Particulars, inquire at 236 Main Street, Worcester, Mass. For Sale—Bicycle, a good article for sale. John Alcock's Superior Crockery! For sale, a good article for sale. Beat in the market. PIATED K E PITCHERS. WIKE IHIIII VOVEKS. With tin. TIT TO LET SETS. FINE ITTI.EKY. CHIN A DINNEEN HETH. HUS 4 OKN°A E A^ VA * ~E ’ rY ° p MANTM. Gas Pictures, OF ALL STYLES, AND AT LOW PRICES. Paper Hangings. Paper Hangings, In an endless variety of styles and at very low prices. Very handsome. EIRE BOARD PRINTS. Gilt and Fancy Curtains. CURTAIN FIXTURES, the best in market. Futromci 11,1 jl “" n,l “ do °f South Otthe m y! ALBERT H. BUOWX. el titA'El\ ED, 5 (Cross Mus. Wil- K<| « "ul'l-un ‘an m ‘ tu,be »™de. by WKU. k ail Rk 201 Main street <ttf.
| 0.557521
| -0.544741
| 945
| 3,811
| 233
| 233
|
Mining & Industry
| false
|
99,596
|
github_open_source_100_2_8177
|
Github OpenSource
|
Various open source
|
using System;
namespace UCLouvain.FloodingSystem
{
public interface IDepthSensor
{
double GetDepth ();
}
}
| 0.419611
| 0.755744
| 3,629
| 14,426
| 293
| 293
|
AWS EC2 & Route53
| false
|
99,597
|
historyofchris02scha_21
|
English-PD
|
Public Domain
|
humanity gradually so penetrated the spirit of the age that the better emperors, from the time of Trajan, began to direct their attention to the diminution of these crying evils ; but the best legal enactments would never have been able to eradicate them without the spiritual influence of the church. The insti- tutions and donations of Trajan, Antonius Pius, Septimius Se- verus, and private persons, for the education of poor children, boys and girls, were approaches of the nobler heathen towards the genius of Christianity. Coustantine proclaimed a law in 315 throughout Italy "to turn parents from using a parricidal hand on their new-born children, and to dispose their hearts to the best sentiments." The Christian fathers, councils, emperors, and lawgivers united their efforts to uproot this monstrous evil and to banish it from the civilized world.^ § 100. Brotherly Love, and Love for Enemies. SCHAUBACH : Das Verhdltniss der Moral des classischen Alterthums zur christlichen, beleuchtet durch vergleiehende Erorterung der Lehre von der Feindesliebe, in tlie "Studien und Kritiken " for 1851, p. 59-121. Also the works of Schmidt, Chastel, Uhlhorn, etc., quoted at ^ 88. ItJs generally admitted, that selfishness was the soul of het^- thenjnoralitji. The great men of antiquity rose above its sor- did forms, love of gain and love of pleasure, but were the more manner than if they had strangled them? Who can doubt tliat he is impious who gives occasion for the pity of others? For, although that wliich he has wished should befall the child— namely, that it should be brought up — he has certainly consigned his own ofispring either to servitude or to the brothel? But who does not understand, who is ignorant what things may happen, or are accustomed to happen, in the case of each sex, even through error? For this is shown by the example of CEdipus alone, confused with twofold guilt. It is therefore as wicked to expose as it is to kill. But truly parricides complain of the scantincfs of their means, and allege that they have not enough for bringing up more children ; as though, in truth, their means were in the power of those who possess them, or God did not daily make the rich poor, and the poor rich. Wherefore, if any one on account of poverty sliall be unable to bring up children, it is better to abstain from marriage than with wicked hands to mar the work of God." • For further details see Brace, I. c. 79 sqq., and Terme et Monfalcon, Hi«L des en/ants trouvcs. Paris, 1840. 2100. BROTHERLY LOVE, AND LOVE FOR ENEMIES. 371 under the power of ambition and love of fame. It was for fame that Miltiades and Themistocles fought against the Persiang; that Alexander set out on his tour of conquest ; that Herodotus wrote his history, that Pindar sang his odes, that Sophocles composed his tragedies, that Demosthenes delivered his orations, that Phidias sculptured his Zeus. Fame was set forth in the Olympian games as the highest object of life ; fame was held up by ^schylus as the last comfort of the suffering ; fame was de- clared by Cicero, before a large assembly, the ruling passion of the very best of men.^ Even the much-lauded patriotism of the heroes of ancient Greece and Rome was only an enlarged ego- tism". In the catalogue of classical virtues we look in vain for the two fundamental and cardinal yirtueSjJoye_jmdLJiumJl^ The very word w4iich corresponds in Greek to humility'^ signi- fies generally, in classical usage, a mean, abject mind. The no- blest_and purestJorm^f_love^nown_to_the heathen_nioralist_is_ friendshijD, which Cicero praises as the highest good next to wisdom. But friendship itself rested, as was freely admitted, on a utilitarian, that is, on an egotistic basis, and was only pos- sible among persons of equal or similar rank in society. For the stranger, the barbarian, and the enemy, the Greek and Ro- man knew no love, but only contempt and hatred. The jus talionis, the return of evilJbr_eyijjjv^Bjiniyei^^ atiknowledged throughout the heathen world asj^Justjfirin^ipl£-and. maxim, in 3irect opposition to the plainest injunctions of the New Testa- ment.^ We must offend those who offend us, says ^schylus.^ Not to take revenge was regarded as a sign of weakness and cowardice. To return evil for good is devilish ; to return good for good is human and common to all religions ; to return good * Pro Archia poeta, c. 11 : " Trahimur omnes laudis studio, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur." ^ TaneivSc, Ta'KELv6(f)puv, rairsivdrrig, Ta'KEivo(ppoovvTi. » Matt. 5: 23, 24, 44; 6: 12; 18: 21. Rom. 12: 17, 19, 20. 1 Cor. 13: 7. 1 These. 5: 15. IPet. 3: 9. * Prom. Vinct. v. 1005, comp. 1040. Many passages of similar import from Homer, Hesiod, Sophocles, Enripideg, etc., see quoted on p. 81 sqq. of th« wticle of Schaubach referred to above. 372 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. for evil is Christlike and divine, and only possible in the Chris-. tian religion. Ou the other hand, however, we should suppose that every Christian virtue must find some basis in the noblest moral in- stincts and aspirations of nature; since Christianity is not against nature, but simply above it and intended for it. Thus we may regard the liberality, benevolence, humanity and magnanimity which we meet with in heathen antiquity, as an approximation to, and preparation for, the Christian virtue of charity. The better schools of inoralists rose more or less abovethe_popular approval of hatred of the enemy, wrath and revenge. Aristotle and the Peripatetics, without condemning this passion as wrong in itself, enjoined at least moderation in its exercise. The Stoics went further, and required complete apathy or suppression of all strong and passionate affections. Cicero even declares placability and clemency one of the noblest traits in the character of a great man,' and praises Csesar for forgetting nothing except injuries. Seneca, Epictetu.s, Plutarch, and Marcus Aurelius, who were already indirectly and unconsciously under the influence of the atmosphere of Christian morality, decidedly condemn anger and vindictiveness, and recommend kindness to slaves, and a gene- rous treatment even of enemies. But this sort of love for an enemy, it should be remembered, In the first place, does not flow naturally from the spirit of hea- thenism, but is, as it were, an accident ancj^jis^eption ; secondly, it i^ji(2t-Clii<2iiied-J^g_3 <^eneraj du_ty, but expected only from the great and the wise; thirdly, it docs not rii-^e above the conce]>tion of magnanimity, whicli, more closely considered, is itself con- nected with a refined form of cgotisiiT, and with a noble pride that regards it below the dignity of a gentleman to notice the malice of inferior men;" fourthly, it is commended only in its * De Offic. I. 25 : " Nihil enim laudabilius, nihil magna et prcBclaro viro dignitis placabililate ct clemenlia." * Comp. Seneca, De ira II. 32: " Marfni animi est injurias despicere. Illf magnus et nobilis est, qui more magna. Jcra latralm miniUorum canum securv4 exaudit'' 2100. BROTHERLY LOVE, AND LOVE FOR ENEMIES. 373 pegative aspect as refraining from the right of retaliation, not as active benevolence and charity to the enemy, which returns good for evil; and finally, it is nowhere derived from a religions principle, the love of God to man, and therefore has no proper root, and lacks the animating soul. No wonder, then, that in spite of the finest maxims of a fe\f philosophers, the imperial age wascontrolled by the coldest sel- fishness, so that, according to the testimony of Plutarch, friend- ehip had died out even in families, and the love of brothers and Bisters was supposed to be possible only in a heroic age long passed by. The old Roman world was a world without charity. Julian the Apostate, who was educated a Christian, tried to engraft charity upon heathenism, but in vain. The idea of the infinite value of each human soul, even the poorest and hum- blest, was wanting, and with it the basis for true charity. It was in such an age of universal egotism that Christianity first revealed the true spirit of love to man as ^owmgfoom Jhe, jove of God, and exhibited it in actual lifel This cardinal vir- tue we meet first witBin thelChurcfi itself, as the bond of union among believers, and the sure mark of the genuine disciple of Jesus. " That especially," says Tertullian to the heathen, in a celebrated passage of his Apologeticus, "which love works among us, exposes us to many a suspicion. ' Behold,' they say, ' how they love one another !' Yea, verily this must strike them ; for they hate each other. 'And how ready they are to die for one another!' Yea, truly ; for they are rather ready to kill one an- other. And even that we call each other ' brethren,' seems to them suspicious for no other reason, than that, among them, all expressions of kindred are only feigned. We are even your brethren, in virtue of the common nature, which is the mother of us all ; though ye, as evil brethren, deny your human natm-e. But how much more justly are those called and considered brethren, who acknowledge the one God as their Father ; who have received the one Spirit of holiness ; who have awaked from the same darkness of uncertainty to the light of the same truth ? , . . And we, who are united in spirit and in soul, do not hesi- 374 SECOND PERIOD. A.D. luO-311. tate to have also all things common, except wives. For we break fellowship just where other men practice it." This brotherly love flowed from community of life in Christ. Hence Ignatius calls believers "Christ-bearers" and. "God- bearers." * The article of the Apostles' Creed : " I believe in the communion of saints;" the current appellation of "brother" and "sister;" and the fraternal kiss usual on admission into the church, and at the Lord's Supper, were not empty forms, nor even a sickly sentimental ism, but the expression of true feeling and experience, only strengthened by the common danger and persecution. A travelling Christian, of ^yhate\^cr language or country^-j^itlLa letter of recommendatiogjrom his bishop," was evei'y\vhere hospitably received asji long knownfriend. It was a current phrase : In thy brother thou hast seen the Loixl him- self. The force of love reached beyond the grave. Families "W^ere accustomed to celebrate at appointed times the memory of their departed members; and this was one of the grounds on which Tertullian opposed second marriage. nrVipJtrofhPTly h>v"P eYprps!^ied_jtgelf, abovft a,11y-in.-4bft-4iiQst self-sacrificing beneiicence to the poor and sicl<, to widows and orphans, to strangers and prisoners, particularly to confessors in bonds. It magnifies this virtue in our view, to reflect, that the Christians at that time belonged mostly to the lower classes, and in times of persecution often lost all their possessions. Ever^ congregation was a charitable society, and in its public worship took regular collections for its needy members. The offerings at the commvmion and love-feasts, first held on the evening, after- wards on the morning of the Lord's Day, were coneidered a part of worship.' To these were added numberless private charities, given in secret, which eternity alone will reveal, llie church at Rome had under its care a great multitude of widows, orphans, • XpiaroipSpot, ^eotpSpot, • Tpd/ifiaTa Tervrru/iiva or Koi\uviKd; epistolce or lilerat format (t ; so called, because composed after a certain Tdiroj or forma, to guard against frequenl forgeries, • Comp. James 1 : 27 , Hebr. 13 : 1-3, 11 § 100. BROTHERLY LOVE, AND LOVE FOR ENEMIES. 375 blind, lame, and sick/ whom the deacon Laurentius, in the De- cian persecution, showed to the heathen prefect, as the most pre- cious treasures of the church. It belonged to the idea of a Christian housewife, and was particularly the duty of the dea- conesses, to visit the Lord, to clothe him, and give him meat and drink, in the persons of his needy disciples. Even such oppo- nents of Christianity as Lucian testify to this zeal of the Chris- tians in labors of love, though they see in it nothing but an innocent fanaticism. "It is incredible," says Lucian, "to see the ardor with which the people of that religion help each other in their wants. They spare nothing. Their first legislator haa put into their heads that they are all brethren."* This beneficence reached beyond theimmediate neighborhood. Charity Begins at honie, but does not stay at home. In cases of 8;eneral distress the bishops appointed special collections, and also fasts, by which food might be saved for sufi*ering brethren. The Roman church sent its charities great distances abroad.^ Cyprian of Carthage, who, after his conversion, sold his own estates fo^_the benefit of the poor, collected a hundred thousand sestertia, or more than three thousand dollars, to redeem Chris- tians of Numidia, who had been taken captive by neighboring barbarians; and he considered it a high privilege "to be able to ransom for a small sum of money him, who has redeemed us from the dominion of Satan with his own blood." A father, who refused to give alms on account of his children, Cyprian charged with the additional sin of binding his children to an earthly inheritance, instead of pointing them to the richest and most loving Father in heaven. Finally^ this brotherly love expanded to love even for ene- mieg, which returned the heathens good for evil, and not rarely, in persecutions and public misfortunes, heaped coals of fire on their heads. During_the persecution under Gallus (252),jwh^p the pp-Rfjlence_rfl.ged in Carthage, and the heathens threw out their dead and sick upon the streets, ran away from them for ^ Cornelius, in Euseb. H. E. VI. 43. * De Morte Peregr. c. 13. 8 Dionysius of Corinth, in Eus. IV- 23. 376 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311 fear of the contagion, and cursed the Christians as the supposed authors of the plague, Cyprian assembled JiigcongregatioUj and exhorted them to love their enemies; whereupon all went to work; the rich with their money, the poor with their hands, and rested not, till the dead were buried, the sick cared for, and the city saved from desolation. The same self-denial appeared in the Christians of Alexandria during a ravaging plague under the reign of Gallienus. These are only a few prominent mani- festations of a spirit which may be traced through the whole history of martyrdom and the daily prayers of the Christians for their enemies and persecutors. For while the love of friends, says Tertullian, is common to all men, the loy_e ofLenemies is Sk virtue peculiar^to Christians.^ "You forget," he says to the heathena in his Apology, "that, notwithstanding your persecu- tions, far from conspiring against you, as our numbers would perhaps fm-nish us with the mcEuis of doing, we pray for you and do good to you ; that, if we give nothing for your gods, we do give for your poor, and that our charity spreads more alms in your streets than the offerings presented by your religion in your temples." The organized congregational charity of the ante-Nicene age provided for all the immediate wants. When the state professed Christianity, there sprang up permanent charitable institutions for the poor, the sick, for strangers, widows, orphans, and help- less old men.'' The first clear proofof_such institutions we find in the age of Julum_thci\j20sta4^^ who tried to check the pro- gress of Ciiristiunity and to revive paganism by directing the high priest of Galatia, Arsacius, to establish in every town a Xenodochium to be supported by the state and also by private contributions; for, he said, it was a shame that the heathen * Ad Scapulam, c. 1 : " Ita enim discipUna jithemur diligere inmicos quoqve et orare pro its qui 7ios perseqmtntur, ut haec sit pcrfecla et propria honitas nostra, nan communis. Amicos enim diligere ovinium est, inimiros autem solorum Chri^" tianurumV ' Nosocomia, Ptocliotropliia, Xonodocliia, Cherotrojilua, Orplianotropliia, Brephotrophia, Gerontocomia (for old men). 2101. PRAYER AND FASTING. 377 should be left without support from their own, while " among the Jews no beggar can be found, and the godless Galilseans " (i. e. the Christians) " nourish not only their own, but even our own poor." A_fevy yenra nftPTwaxdsj(370)^w^jhea£_of^^ cele- brated hospital at Coesarea, founded by St. Basilius, and called after him " Basilias," and similar institutions all over the pro- vince of Cappadocia. We find one at Autioch at the time of Chrysostom, who took a practical interest in it. At Constanti- nople there were as many as thirty-five hospitals. In the West such institutions spread rapidly in Rome, Sicily, Sardinia, and Gaul.» § 101. J^rayer and Fasting. In regard to the importance and the necessity of prayer, as the pulse and thermometer of spiritual life, the ancient church had but one voice. Here the plainest and the most enlightened Christians met; the apostolic fathers, the steadfast apologists, the realistic Africans, and the idealistic Alexandrians. Tertul- lian seesin prayer tlip daily s?ij;rifice of the Chris|jari,tl"^ -bul- wark of faith, the weapon against_gJL-the enemies of the soul, The believer should not go to his bath nor take his food without prayer; for the nourishing and refreshing of the spirit must precede that of the body, and the heavenly must go before the earthly. " Prayer," says he, "blots out sins, repels temptations, quenches persecutions, comforts the desponding, blesses the high- minded, guides the wanderers, calms the billows, feeds the poor, directs the rich, raises the fallen, holds up the falling, preserves them that stand." Cypriaoj'equires grayer by_dayandJjjMiightj pointing to heaven, where we shall never cease to pray and give thanks. The same father, however, falls already into that false, unevangelical view, which represents prayer as a meritorious Work and a satisfaction to be rendered to God.^ Clement of » See Uhlhorn, Book III. ch. 4 (p. 319 sqq.). ' De Oral. Domin. 33 : " Oito orationes ad Deum adscendunt, quas ad Deum merita open's nostri imponunt." De Lapsis 17 : '* Dominus orandus est, Dominus nostra satisfactione placandus est." Epist. xl. 2 : '' Preees et orationes, qidhus Dominus longa et continua satisfactione placandus est." 378 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. Alexandria conceives the life of a gennir^p QTiristian aa an un* broken prayer. " In every place he will pray, though not openly, in the sight of the multitude. Even on his walks, in his intercourse with others, in silence, in reading, and in labor, he prays in every way. And though he commune with God only in the chamber of his soul, and call upon the Father only with a quiet sigh, the Father is near .him." The same ideajve findinOrigen, who discourses in enthusiastic terms of the mighty inward and outward effects of prayer, and with all his enormous learning, regards prayer as the sole key to the spiritual mieaning of the_ Scriptures. The order of human life, however, demands special times for this consecration of the every-day business of men. The Chris^ tians generally followed the Jewish usage, observed as_timeg_of pra;7er^he hours jiLjiLae^twelye, and three, corresponding also to the crucifixion of Christ, his death, and his descent from the cross J the cock-crowing likewise, and the still hour of midnight they regarded as calls to prayer. "With prayer for their own welfare, they united jntercessiona for the whole church, for all classes of men, especially for the sick and the needy, and even for the unbelieving. Polycarp enjoins on the church of Philippi to pray for all the saints, for kings and rulers, for haters and persecutors, and for the enemies of the cross. " We pray," says Tertullian, " even for the empe- rors and their ministers, for the holders of power on earth, for the repose of all classes, and for the delay of the end of the world." "With the free outpourings of the heart, without which living piety cannot exist, we must su])pose, that, after the example of the Jewish church, gtanding^ forms of prayer were also nssdf especially such as wera easily impressed on the memory and could thus be freely delivered. The familiar " ex pedore " and " sine monitore " of Tertullian prove nothing against this ; for a prayer coraraitted to memory may and should be at the same time a prayer of t\\Q. lieart, as a familiar psalm or hymn may be read or sung with ever new devotion. The general use_of_th8 § 101. PRAYER AND FASTING. 379 Lord's Prayer in the ancient church in household anr! pujijjo^ worship is beyond all doubt. The DidacJie (ch. 8) enjoins it three times a day. Tertullian, Cyprian, Origen, wrote special treatises upon it. They considered it the model prayer, prescribed by the Lord for the whole church. Tertullian calls it the "regular and usual prayer, a brief summary of the whole gospel, and foundation of all the other prayers of the Christians." The use of it, however, was restricted to communicants ; because the address presupposes the worshipper's full sonship with God, and because the fom-th petition was taken in a mystical sense, as referring to the holy Supper, and was therefore thought not proper for catechumens. As to posture in prayer ; kneeling or standing, the raising or closing of the eyes, the extension or elevation of the hands, were considered the most suitable expressions of a bowing spirit and a soul directed towards God. On Sunday the standing posture was adopted, in token of festive joy over the resurrection from sin and death. But there was no uniform law in regard to these forms. j>ngPTi Inys nbipf sfrpss on the Ijftin^jrf the soul to God and the bowing of the heart before him ; and says that, where circumstances require, one can worthily pray sitting, or lying, or engaged in business. After the Jewish custom, fasting was frequently joined with prayer, that the mind, unencumbered by earthly matter, might devote itself with less distraction to the contemplation of divine things. The apostles themselves sometimes employed this whole- some discipline/Though without infringing tEe gospel freedom by legal pres7;riptions. As the Pharisees were accustomed to fast twice in the week, on Monday and Thursday, the Christians appointed Wednesday and especially Friday, as days of half- fasting or abstinence from flesh,^ in commemoration of the pas- sion and crucifixion of Jesus. They did this with reference to the Lord's words : " When the bridegroom shall be taken away from them, then will they fast"* » Comp. Acts 13: 2; 14: 23; 2 Cor. 6: & ' Semijejunium, abstinentia, * Matt. 9 : 15. 380 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. Jn^^esecond^entur^^aroge^also the custom of Quadragesimai fasts before Easter, which, however, differed iu length in differ- ent countries; being sometimes reduced to forty hours, some- times extended to forty days, or at least to several weeks. Per- haps equally ancient are the nocturnal fasts or vigils before the high festivals, suggested by the example of the Lord and the apostles.* But the Quatemporal fasts ^ are of later origin, though founded likewise on a custom of the Jews after the exile. On special occasions the bishops ai^pointpfl pv<^vi^^»-^ii"^vy f-isf,%_aiid applied the money saved to^charitable pnrpnspsj ; a usage which became often a blessing to the poor. Yet hierarchical aiTogance and Judaistic legalism early intruded here, even to the entire destruction of the liberty of a Christian man.^ This_rjgidity appeared_most in theMontanistS:, Besides the usual fasts, they observed special Xerophagice* as they were called ; seasons of two weeks for eating only dry, or properly uncooked food, bread, salt, and water. The Catholic church, with true feeling, refused to sanction these excesses as a general rule, but allowed ascetics to carry fasting even to extremes. A confessor in Lyons, for example, lived on bread and water alone, but forsook that austerity when reminded that he gave offence to other Christians by so despising the gifts of God. Against the frequent over-valuation of fasting, Clement of Alexandria quotes the word of Paul : The kingdom of God is not meat and drink, therefore neither abstinence from wine and flesh, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. § 102. Treatment of the Lead, Comp. Chapter VII. on the Catacombs. ThejMOUS care of thcliving for the beloved dead is rootedjn the noblest instincts of human nature, and is found among all nations, ancient and modern, even among barbarians. Henc« * Luke 6 : 12. Acta 16 : 25. » From qvatuor tempora. » Comp. Matt. 9 : 15; Gal. 4: 9; 5: 1. * "Zvprxfiayini, aridus victm. See Tertullian, De Jejuu, 15 ; HippoiytiiB, rhUos. VIII. 19. 1 102. TREATMENT OF THE DEAD. 381 the general custom of surrounding the funeral with solemn rites and prayers, and giving the tomb a sacred and inviolable cha- racter. The profane violation of the dead and robbery of graves were held in desecration, and punished by law.^ No traditions and laws were more sacred among the Egyptians, Greeks, and Eomans than those that guarded and protected the shades of the departed who can do no harm to any of the living. " It is the popular belief," says Tertullian, " that the dead cannot enter Hades before they are buried." Patroclus appears after his death to his friend Achilles in a dream, and thus exhorts him to provide for his speedy burial : "Achilles, sleepest thou, forgetting me? Never of me unmindful in my life, Thou dost neglect me dead. O, bury me Quickly, and give me entrance through the gates Of Hades ; for the souls, the forms of those Who live no more, repulse me, suffering not That I should join their company beyond The river, and I now must wander round The spacious portals of the House of Death." * Christianity intensified this regard for the departed, and gave it a solid foundation by the doctrin£^of the^immprtality of the soul and the resurrection of the body. Julian theApostate traced the rapid_spread an^^^^igS^arof thnt religion to three causes : benevolence, care of the dead, and honesty.^ After the persecution under Marcus Aurelfus, the Christians in Southern Gaul were much distressed because the enraged heathens would not deliver them the corpses of their brethren for burial.* Sometimes the vessels of the church were sold for the purpose. During the ravages of war, famine, and pestilence, they con- sidered it their duty to bury the heathen as well as their fellow- ' And it occurs occasionally even among Christian nations. The corpse of the richest merchant prince of New York, Alexander T. Stewart (d. 1876), was stolen from St. Mark's grave-yard, and his splendid mausoleum in Gar- den City on Long Island is empty. » Iliad XXIII. 81-88, in Bryant's translation (II. 284). » Epist. XLIX. ad Arsacium, the pagan high-priest in Galatia. ♦ Eus. IX. 8. 382 vSECOXD PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. Christians. AVhen a pestilence depopulated the cities in th« reign of the tyrannical persecutor Maximinus, "the Christians were the only ones in the mids^^f_sucb^distr^jinj;jnrcumstancea that exhibited sympathy and humanly in their conduct. They continued the whole day, some in the care and burial of the dead, for numberless were they for whom there was none to care; others collected the multitude of those wasting by the famine throughout the city, and distributed bread among all. So that the fact was cried abroad, and men glorified the God of the Christians, constrained, as they were by the facts, to acknow- ledge that these were the only really pious and the only real worshippers of God." ^ Lactantius says: "The last amL greatest offiee_of piety is the burying of strangers and the^OQn; which subject these teachers of virtue and justice have not touched upon at all, as they measure all their duties by utility. We will not suffer the image and workmanship of God to lie exposed as a prey to beasts and birds ; but we will restore it to the earth, from which it had its origin ; and although it be in the case of an unknown man, we will fulfil the office of relatives, into whose place, since they are wanting, let kindness succeed ; and wherever there shall be need of man, there we will think that our duty is required.'"^ The early church fUffprpd fmm f'hp, pag^n a"d even from the Jewish notions by a chfierful and hopeful view of death^ and by discarding lamentations, rending of clothes, and all signs of extravagant grief. The terrors of the grave were dispelled by the light of the resurrection, and the idea of death was transformed into the idea of a peaceful slumber. No one,..5axS-,Cyprian, Khonldjw mn.de sad by_death. since in living is labor and peril, in dying peace and the certainty of resurrection ; and he quotes the examples of Enoch who was translated, of Simeon who wished to depart in peace, several passages from Paul, and the assurance of the Lord that he went to the Father to prepare heavenly mansions for us.' The day of a belieyer^death, espe.- > Eusebius, IL E. V. L » InstU. Div. VI. c 12. ' Testim. L 111. c 58. 2 102. TREATMENT OF THE DEAD. 383 cialljrjf he were a mart^, was called the day of his heavenly birth. His grave was surrounded with symbols of hope and of victory; anchors, harps, palms, crowns. The primitive^ Chris- tians always showed a tender care fqrjhe dead ; under a vivid impression of the unbroken communion of saints and the future resurrection of the body in glory^ For Christianity redeems the body as well as the soul, and consecrates it a temple of the Holy Spirit. Hence the Greek nnri T^,Qrnfln ci^stoin of Imrriino- th^ corpse (crematio) wasrepugnant to Christian fe^Iiog and the sacredness of the body.^ Tertullian even declared it a symbol of the fire of hell, and Cyprian regarded it as equivalent to apostasy. In its stead, the church adopted the primitive Jewish usage of burial {inhumatio),^ practiced also by the Egyp- tians and Babylonians. The bodies of the dead were washed,^ wrapped in linen cloths,* sometimes embalmed,^ and then, in the presence of ministers, relatives, and friends, with prayer and singing of psalms, committed as seeds of immortality to the bosom of the earth. Funeral discourses were very common as early as the Nicene period.^ But in the times of persecution the interment was often necessarily performed as hastily and secretly as possible. The death-days of martyrs the churcli^ celebrated annually at their graves with oblations, love- feasts, and the Lord's Supper. Families likewise commemorated their departed members in the domestic circle. The current prayers for the dead were originally only thanksgivings for the grace of God » Comp. 1 Cor. 3 : 16 ; 6 : 19 ; 2 Cor. 6 : 16. Burial was the prevailing Oriental and even the earlier Roman custom before the empire, and was afterwards restored, no doubt under the influence of Christianity. Minucius Felix says ( Octav. c. 34) : " Veterem et meliorem consuetudinem humandi fre- quentamus." Comp. Cicero, De Leg. II. 22 ; Pliny, Hist. Nat. VII. 54 ; Augus- tin, De Civ. Dei I. 12, 13. Sometimes dead Christians were burned during the persecution by the heathen to ridicule their hope of a resurrection. 2 Comp. Gen. 23 : 19 ; Matt. 27 : 60 ; John 11 : 17 ; Acts 5 6 ; 8 : 2. •Acts 9: 37. *Matt. 27: 59; Luke 23 : 53; John 11: 44. » John 19: 39 sq. ; 12: 7. • We have the funeral orations of Eusebius at the death of Constantine, of Gregory of Nazianzum on hi« father, brother, and sister, of Ambrose on Theodosius. 384 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. manifested to them. But they afterwards passed into interces- sions, without any warrant in the teaching of the apostles, and in connection with questionable views in regard to the interme- diate state. Tertullian, for instance, in his argument against second marriage, says of the Christian widow, she prays for the soul of her departed husband,* and brings her annual offering on the day of his departure. The same feeling of the inseparable communion of saints _gave, rise to the usage, unknown to the heathens, of consecrated places of common burial.^ For these cemeteries, the Christians, in the times of persecution, when they were mostly poor and enjoyed no corporate rights, selected remote, secret spots, and es])ecially subterranean vaults, called at first crypts, but after the sixth century commonly termed catacombs, or resting-places, which have been discussed in a previous chapter. We close with a few stanzas of the Spanish poet Prudentiua (d. 405), in which he gives forcible expression to the views and feelings of the ancient church before the open grave :* " No more, ah, no more sad complaining ; Resign these fond pledges to earth : Stay, mothers, the thick -falling tear-drops; This death is a heavenly birth. Take, Earth, to thy bosom so tenders- Take, nourish this body. How fair. How noble in death ! We surrender These relics of man to thy care. This, this was the home of the spirit, Once built by the breath of our God; And here, in the light of his wisdom, Christ, Head of the risen, abode. * " Pro anima ejus oral." Compare, however, the prevailing cheerful too© of the epigraphs in the catacombs, p. 301-303. * Koifi7fTf/pca, cimeteria, dormiforia, arece, ' From Ills lam mcesta quiesce qiierela, the concluding part of his tenth Cathemerinon, Opera, ed. Obbarius (1845), p. 41 ; Schaff, Christ in Sony, p. 506 (London ed.). Another version by E. C!a,swall : "Cense, ye tearful mourners^ Thus your hearts to rend : Death is life's beginning Rather than its end." § 103. SUMMAEY OF MORAL REFORMS. 385 Guard well the dear treasure we lend thee The Maker, the Saviour of men : Shall never forget His beloved, But claim His own likeness again." i § 103. Summary of Moral Reforms. Christianity represents the thoughts and purposes of God in history. They shine as so many stars in the darkness of sin and error. They are unceasingly opposed, but make steady progress and are sure of final victory. Heathen ideas and practices with their degrading influences controlled the ethics, politics, litera- ture, and the house and home of emperor and peasant, when the little band of despised and persecuted followers of Jesus of Na- zareth began the unequal struggle against overwhelming oddg and stubborn habits. It was a struggle of faith against super- stition, of love against selfishness, of purity against corruption, of spiritual forces against political and social power. Under the inspiring influence of the spotless purity of Christ's teaching and example, and aided here and there by the nobler instincts and tendencies of philosophy, the Christian church from the beginning asserted the individual rights of man, recog- nized the divine image in every rational being, taught the com- mon creation and common redemption, the destination of all for immortality and glory, raised the humble and the lowly, comforted the prisoner and captive, the stranger and the exile, proclaimed chastity as a fundamental virtue, elevated woman to dignity and equality with man, upheld the sanctity and inviolability of the marriage tie, laid the foundation of a Christian family and happy home, moderated the evils and undermined the foundations of slavery, opposed polygamy and concubinage, emancipated the children from the tyrannical control of parents, denounced the exposure of children as murder, made relentless war upon the bloody games of the arena and the circus, and the shocking in- decencies of the theatre, upon cruelty and oppression and every vice, infused into a heartless and loveless world the spirit of love and brotherhood, transformed sinners into saints, frail Vol II.— 25 386 SECOND PEKIUD. A, D. 100-311. women into heroines, and lit u]) the darkness of the tomb by the bright ray of unending bliss in heaven. Christianity reformed society from the bottom, and built up- wards until it reached the middle and higher classes, and at last the emperor himself. Then soon after the conversion of Con- stantine it began to influence legislation, abolished cruel insti- tutionSj and enacted laws which breathe the spirit of justice and humanity. We may deplore the evils which followed in the train of the union of church and state, but we must not over- look its many wholesome effects upon the Justinian code which gave Christian ideas an institutional form and educational power for whole generations to this day. From that time on also be- gan the series of charitable institutions for widows and orj)hans, for the poor and the sick, the blind and the deaf, the intempe- rate and criminal, and for the care of all unfortunate, — institu- tions which we seek in vain in any other but Christian countries. Nor should the excesses of asceticism blind us against the moral heroism of renouncing rights and enjoyments innocent in themselves, but so generally abused and poisoned, that total abstinence seemed to most of the eai-ly fathers the only radical and effective cure. So in our days some of the best of men regard total abstinence rather than temperance, the remedy of the fearful evils of intemperance. Christianity could not prevent the irruption of the Northern barbarians and the collapse of the Roman enn)ire. The pro- cess of internal dissolution had gone too far; nations as well as individuals may physically and morally sink so low that they are beyond the possibility of recovery. Tacitus, the heathen Stoic in the second century, and Salvianus, the Christian pres- byter in the fifth, each a Jeremiah of his age, predicted the approaching doom and destruction of Roman society, looked towards the savage races of the North for fresh blood and new vigor. But the Keltic and Germanic conquerors Mould have turned Southern Europe into a vast solitude (as the Turks have laid waste the fairest portions of Asia), if they had not embraced the principles, laws, and institutions of the Christian church. CHAPTER IX. ASCETIC TENDENCIES. § 104. AscetiG Virtue and Piety. Ad. Mohler (R. C.) : Geschichte des Monchthums in der Zeit seiner ersten Entstehung u. ersten Ausbildung, 1836 (" Vermischte Schriften," ed. Dollinger. Regensb. 1839, II. p. 165 sqq.). Is. Taylor (Independent) : Ancient Christianity, 4th ed. London, 1844, I. 133-299 (anti-Piiseyite and anti-Catholic). H. RuFFNER (Presbyt.): The Fathers of the Desert; or an Account of the Origin and Practice of Monkery among heathen nations ; its paS'' sage into the church ; and some wonderful Stories of the Fathers con- cerning the primitive Moyiks and Hermits. N. York, 1850. 2 vols. Otto Zockler (Lutheran) : Kritische Geschichte der Askese. Frkf. and Erlangen, 1863 (434 pages). P. E. Lucius : Die Therapeuten und ihre Stellung in der Geschichte der Askese. Strasburg, 1879. H. Weingarten : Ueber den TJrsprung des Monchthums im nach-Kon- stantinischen Zeitalter. Gotha, 1877. And his article in Herzog's "Encykl." new ed. vol. X. (1882) p. 758 sqq. (abridged in Schaff's Herzog, vol. II. 1551 sqq. N. Y. 1883). Ad. Harnack : Das Monchthum, seine Ideale und seine Geschichte. Giessen, 1882. The general literature on Monasticism is immense, but belongs to the next period. See vol. III. 147 sq., and the list of books in Zockler, I. c p. 10-16. Here we enter a field where the early church appears most remote from the free spirit of evangelical Protestantism and modern ethics, and stands nearest the legalistic and monastic ethics of Greek and Roman Catholicism. Christian life was viewed as consisting mainly in certain outward exercises, rather than an inward disposition, in a multiplicity of acts rather than a life of faith. The great ideal of virtue was, according to the prevailing notion of the fathers and councils^ not so much to transform the world and sanctify the natural things and rela- .387 388 SECOND PERIOD. A. D. 100-311. tions created by God, as to flee from the _\vorld into monastio seel usion, and vol imtarHy renounce ])ropcrty and marriage. "TRe'^auline doctrine of faith and of justification by grace alone steadily retreated, or rather, it was never yet rightly en- throned in the general thought and life of the church. The qualitative view of morality yielded more and more to quanti- tative calculation by the number of outward meritorious and even supererogatory works, prayer, fasting, alms-giving, volun- tary poverty, and celibacy. This^ necessarily brought with it a Judaizing self-righteousness and over-estimate of the ascetic lif£y-.which developed, by an irresistible impulse, into the her- mit-life and monasticism of the Nicene age. All the germs oj* this asceticism appear in the second half of the third century';^ and even earlier. Asceticism in general is a rigid oiitward self-discipline^ by which the spirit^-ives after fulf^minion over theflesh, and a superior grade of virtue.^ It includes not only that true moderation or restraint of the animal appetites, which is a universal Christian duty, but total abstinence from enjoyments in themselves lawful, from wine, animal food, property, and marriage, together with all kinds of penances and mortifications of the body. In the union of the abstractive and penitential elements, or of self-denial and self-punishment, the catholic asceticism stands forth complete in light and shade; exhibiting;, on the one hand, wonderful examples of heroic renunciation ^'Ackt/cic, from aaKeu, to exercise, to strengthen; primarily applied to athletic and gymnastic exercises, but used also, even by the heathens and by Philo, of moral self-discipline. Clement of Alex, represents the whole Christian life as an aoKTiaiq [Strom. IV. 22) and calls the patriarch Jacob an aoKTirr/c (Poedag. I. 7). But at the same time the term acKrjrai was applied from the middle of the second century by Athenagoras, TertuUian, Origen, Eusebins, Athanasius, Epiphanius, Jerome, etc, to a special class of self-denying Christians. Clement of Alex, styles them kKkEKruv eK^eKrdrepoi (Quis Dives salv. 36; Strom. VIII. 15). Thus ''ascetics" assumed the same meaning as "religious" in the middle a^es. Zockler takes a comprehensive view of asceticism, and divides it into eight branches, 1) the a=(ceticism of penal discipline and sclf-castigation ; 2) of domestic life; 3) of diet (fa.sting, abstinence) ; 4) of sexual life (celibacy); 5) of devotion; 6) of contemplation; 7) of practical life; 8) of social life (solitude, poverty, obedience). ? 104. ASCETIC VIBTUE AND PIETY. 389 of self and the world, but very often, on the other, a total mis- apprehension and perversion of Christian morality ; the renun- ciation involving more or less a Gnostic contempt of the gifts and ordinances of the God of nature, and the penance or self- punishment running into practical denial of the all-sufficient merits of Christ. The ascetic and monastic tendency rests primarily upon a lively, though morbid sense of the sinfulness of the f\^s^ and the corruption of the world ; then upon the desire for so1itnr]e and exclusive occupation with divine things.; and finally, upon the, ambition to attain extraordinary holineag and merit. It would antici2)ate upon earth the life of angels in heaven.^ It^substitutes an abnormal, self-appo'"tpd virtue nT)f\^ piety for thj nm'mal forms prescribed by tlie_Creator : and not rarely looks down upon the divinely-ordained standard with spiritual pride. It is a mark at once of moral strength and moral weakness. It presmnes a certain degree of culture, in which man has emancipated himself from the powers of nature and risen to the consciousness of his moral calling ; but thinks to secure itself against temptation only by entire separation from the world, instead of standing in the world to overcome it and transform it into the kingdom of God.
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Hexing (kinesiska: 合兴, 合兴乡) är en socken i Kina. Den ligger i storstadsområdet Chongqing, i den sydvästra delen av landet, omkring 77 kilometer nordost om det centrala stadsdistriktet Yuzhong.
Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är september, med i genomsnitt mm nederbörd, och den torraste är januari, med mm nederbörd.
Källor
Indelningar i Chongqing
WP:Projekt Kina.
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HMS Vidette (viirinumero D48) oli Britannian kuninkaallisen laivaston Amiraliteetin V-luokan hävittäjä ensimmäisen maailmansodan lopulla ja toisessa maailmansodassa.
Valmistus
Alus tilattiin vuosien 1916-1917 laivasto-ohjelman 9. tilauksessa Alexander Stephen and Sonsilta Govanista Glasgow'sta, missä köli laskettiin 1. helmikuuta 1917. Alus laskettiin vesille 28. helmikuuta 1918 ja valmistui pari kuukautta myöhemmin 27. huhtikuuta.
Palvelus
Euroopan sotatoimien päätyttyä alus poistettiin palveluksesta. Se sijoitettiin 1947 poistolistalle ja myytiin 3. huhtikuuta BISCOlle. Alus saapui vielä samana vuonna hinattuna G. W. Bruntonille Avonmouthiin romutettavaksi.
Lähteet
Viitteet
Kuninkaallisen laivaston V- ja W-luokkien hävittäjät
Stephenin valmistamat alukset
Yhdistyneen kuningaskunnan toisen maailmansodan hävittäjät.
| 0.425467
| -0.397564
| 1,261
| 4,955
| 160
| 160
|
Biographies & Entertainment
| false
|
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