Elfsong/CISCO_QG_DS · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringlengths 39 333	options stringlengths 38 750	correct_answer stringclasses 7 values
What family of LAN standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), specifies the physical and data-link layers for the world's most popular wired LAN technology, encompassing cabling, connectors, and protocol rules?	['A. Ethernet LAN Standards (IEEE 802.3)', 'B. Wireless LAN Standards (IEEE 802.11)', 'C. TCP/IP Protocol Suite', 'D. SOHO LAN Technology']	['A']
In the context of the Ethernet data-link layer, what does the term 'frame' specifically refer to?	['A. The physical cable itself.', 'B. The header and trailer of a data-link protocol, plus the data encapsulated inside.', 'C. A device used to connect different networks.', 'D. The electrical signal transmitted over the cable.']	['B']
Which statement accurately describes an RSTP Edge Port?	['A. A port connected to another switch that is not at the edge of the network.', 'B. A port connected to a hub, typically operating in half-duplex mode.', 'C. A port connected to a single endpoint device, such as a PC or server, at the edge of the network.', 'D. A port that is designated as the best path to the root bridge.']	['C']
Which of the following port roles are introduced by Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to enhance convergence by providing immediate failover capabilities for other primary port roles?	['A. Root Port and Designated Port', 'B. Alternate Port and Backup Port', 'C. Learning Port and Forwarding Port', 'D. Disabled Port and Shared Port']	['B']
According to one definition, what does a Local Area Network (LAN) include?	['A. All devices in different broadcast domains.', 'B. Only servers and routers in a single location.', 'C. All devices in the same broadcast domain.', 'D. Devices connected only via wireless access points.']	['C']
What is the primary function of the auto-MDIX feature in Ethernet devices?	['A. To automatically negotiate the highest possible link speed.', 'B. To detect and correct incorrect UTP cable pinouts.', 'C. To provide power over Ethernet (PoE) to connected devices.', 'D. To encrypt data transmitted over the Ethernet link.']	['B']
According to the provided content, what is the primary characteristic that defines Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks?	['A. They are large networks created by corporations for enterprise-wide communication.', 'B. They are exclusively used for high-speed Internet connections like fiber Ethernet or cable TV.', 'C. They are smaller networks typically found in homes but utilized for business purposes.', 'D. They primarily consist of complex infrastructure represented by a cloud in network diagrams.']	['C']
In networking discussions, when referring to a protocol operating at the Application layer of the five-layer TCP/IP model, what is the commonly used OSI layer number reference based on OSI and TCP/IP Layer Mapping?	['A. Layer 1', 'B. Layer 3', 'C. Layer 4', 'D. Layer 7']	['D']
In a fiber-optic cable, which component is primarily responsible for reflecting light back into the core to facilitate transmission?	['A. The outer jacket', 'B. The core', 'C. The cladding', 'D. The strengthening members']	['C']
What does the term Ethernet primarily refer to?	['A. A family of WAN standards', 'B. A family of LAN standards', 'C. A specific type of fiber-optic cable', 'D. A proprietary networking protocol']	['B']
Which Cisco feature combines multiple physical links between two switches into a single logical interface, preventing STP convergence during a single link failure and allowing all bundled links to forward traffic simultaneously?	['A. PortFast', 'B. BPDU Guard', 'C. EtherChannel', 'D. Loop Guard']	['C']
In a stable Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) network, what is the primary role of the Hello BPDU Mechanism?	['A. To initiate the root bridge election process among all switches.', 'B. To advertise MAC addresses learned on ports to other switches.', 'C. To confirm the continued availability of the path to the root switch and maintain the current spanning tree topology.', 'D. To transition ports directly from a blocking state to a forwarding state.']	['C']
What specific wiring conventions dictate how UTP Ethernet cables are constructed to ensure proper data transmission between different types of devices (e.g., PC to Switch) and similar devices (e.g., Switch to Switch)?	['A. Auto-MDIX functionality', 'B. Ethernet Cable Pinouts (Straight-Through, Crossover)', 'C. Various SFP/GBIC transceiver form factors', 'D. Electrical encoding schemes for binary data']	['B']
What type of physical cabling and its internal structural element are primarily used for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T Ethernet standards, and are designed to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk?	['A. Fiber Optic Cables and Cladding', 'B. Coaxial Cables and Braided Shielding', 'C. UTP Cabling and Twisted Pairs', 'D. STP Cabling and Individual Wire Insulation']	['C']
A network engineer configures an interface on Switch A with `switchport mode trunk` and `switchport nonegotiate`. The connected interface on Switch B is configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto`. Which of the following best describes the operational state of this link?	['A. Both Switch A and Switch B will successfully establish a trunk link, allowing all VLAN traffic to pass.', 'B. Neither Switch A nor Switch B will establish a trunk link; both interfaces will operate as access ports, forwarding only native VLAN traffic.', 'C. Switch A will operate as a trunk, sending tagged frames, but Switch B will operate as an access port and discard all received tagged frames, while native VLAN traffic will pass successfully.', 'D. Switch B will operate as a trunk, and Switch A will operate as an access port, leading to all traffic being discarded.']	['C']
What concept is fundamental for understanding modern networking terminology and for comparing different networking models, specifically regarding the correspondence of layer names, numbers, and functions between the seven-layer OSI model and the five-layer TCP/IP model?	['A. Data Encapsulation Terminology', 'B. Protocol Data Unit (PDU)', 'C. OSI and TCP/IP Layer Mapping', 'D. TCP/IP Five-Step Process']	['C']
What is the primary process described as 'putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data'?	['A. De-encapsulation', 'B. Encapsulation', 'C. Segmentation', 'D. Multiplexing']	['B']
What term is used to describe smaller networks, often established at home, when they are utilized for business purposes?	['A. Enterprise networks', 'B. Wide Area Networks (WANs)', 'C. Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks', 'D. Local Area Networks (LANs)']	['C']
According to networking fundamentals, what is the primary job of any network?	['A. Providing high-speed internet connections for end-users', 'B. Securing data from unauthorized access and cyber threats', 'C. Moving data from one device to another', 'D. Managing user identities and access privileges across an organization']	['C']
According to the provided content, what is the primary reason the OSI model remains significant in modern networking discussions and documentation, even though TCP/IP is the dominant networking model?	["A. The OSI model's original protocols are still widely implemented and preferred over TCP/IP for specific network functions.", 'B. It provides a universally accepted framework for comparing and understanding networking functions and is the source of much networking terminology and layer numbering.', 'C. It offers a more robust and secure alternative to the TCP/IP model for mission-critical applications.', 'D. The CCNA exam requires a deep technical understanding of OSI protocol implementations for troubleshooting.']	['B']
What is the name of the algorithm used by Ethernet nodes in half-duplex mode to manage access to the shared medium and handle collisions?	['A. TCP/IP', 'B. CSMA/CD', 'C. ARP', 'D. DHCP']	['B']
Which criteria does Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) use, in order, to elect the Root Switch?	['A. Lowest MAC address, then lowest bridge priority.', 'B. Lowest bridge priority, then lowest MAC address.', 'C. Lowest port cost, then lowest bridge priority.', 'D. Lowest bridge priority, then lowest port cost.']	['B']
According to the five-step TCP/IP data transmission process, which layer is responsible for adding both a header and a trailer to the data?	['A. Application Layer', 'B. Transport Layer', 'C. Network Layer', 'D. Data-Link Layer']	['D']
According to the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Terminology, what is the generic term used to refer to any message defined by a protocol, such as a TCP segment, an IP packet, or an Ethernet frame?	['A. Segment', 'B. Packet', 'C. Frame', 'D. Protocol Data Unit (PDU)']	['D']
Which of the following topics describes the specific wiring conventions for Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables used in Ethernet networks to ensure proper data transmission between different types of devices, such as connecting a PC to a switch or two switches together?	['A. Auto-MDIX functionality', 'B. UTP cable categories', 'C. Ethernet Cable Pinouts (Straight-Through, Crossover)', 'D. Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC)']	['C']
What is the difference in UTP cable wire pair requirements between 10BASE-T/100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T Ethernet standards?	['A. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T require two pairs of wires, while 1000BASE-T requires four pairs.', 'B. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T require four pairs of wires, while 1000BASE-T requires two pairs.', 'C. All three standards (10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T) require two pairs of wires.', 'D. All three standards (10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T) require four pairs of wires.']	['A']
In a stable Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) topology, what is the primary activity of the root switch?	['A. Generating and sending Hello BPDUs with a root cost of 0 out of all its working interfaces.', 'B. Forwarding Hello BPDUs received on its root port out of all designated ports.', 'C. Waiting MaxAge seconds for Hellos before re-evaluating the STP topology.', 'D. STP Root Switch Role']	['A']
Which protocol was introduced as IEEE 802.1w to significantly improve network convergence over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?	['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)', 'C. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)', 'D. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+)']	['B']
Which concept describes the fundamental ways in which different layers within a networking model cooperate to enable communication?	['A. TCP/IP Architectural Model', 'B. Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions', 'C. Internet Protocol Addressing', 'D. Transport Layer Error Recovery']	['B']
What is the primary purpose of breaking down the TCP/IP networking model into layers?	['A. To allow vendors to create proprietary protocols for each layer.', 'B. To simplify understanding and categorize functions, with each layer including related protocols and standards.', 'C. To reduce the total number of protocols required for network communication.', 'D. To ensure that only a single protocol is implemented at each layer.']	['B']
Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of a switch port operating in the STP Blocking state?	['A. It forwards user traffic, learns MAC addresses, and processes all received frames.', 'B. It does not forward user frames, does not learn MAC addresses, and processes only STP/RSTP messages.', 'C. It forwards only broadcast frames and learns MAC addresses for known destinations.', 'D. It immediately transitions to the Forwarding state upon detecting a link failure.']	['B']
A network engineer configures a switch port (Fa0/4) to support an IP phone, with a data VLAN of 10 and a voice VLAN of 11. Which of the following statements about verifying this configuration using key `show` commands is TRUE?	['A. The `show vlan brief` command will list Fa0/4 as an access port in VLAN 10 and also separately in VLAN 11.', "B. The `show interfaces FastEthernet 0/4 switchport` command will display 'Operational Mode: trunk' because it carries traffic for two VLANs.", 'C. The `show interfaces trunk` command (without an interface specified) will list Fa0/4 as an active trunk port.', "D. The `show interfaces FastEthernet 0/4 trunk` command will show 'Status: not-trunking' but list both VLAN 10 and VLAN 11 as 'Vlans allowed on trunk'."]	['D']
Which of the following is a primary function of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) in a switched network?	['A. To accelerate the forwarding of all broadcast frames across the LAN.', 'B. To prevent Layer 2 loops, broadcast storms, and MAC table instability.', 'C. To dynamically assign IP addresses to end devices.', 'D. STP Root Port and Designated Port Selection.']	['B']
Which set of commands correctly configures a Cisco switch interface FastEthernet0/1 as an access port belonging to VLAN 20, explicitly creating and naming VLAN 20 as 'Sales'?	['A. SW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# exit\nSW1(config)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales', 'B. SW1(config)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales\nSW1(config-vlan)# exit\nSW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access', 'C. SW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access\nSW1(config-if)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales', 'D. SW1(config)# vlan 20 name Sales\nSW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access']	['B']
What is the key purpose of VLAN Trunking in a network with multiple interconnected switches?	['A. To allow a Layer 2 switch to route traffic between different VLANs.', 'B. To enable a single physical link between switches to carry traffic for multiple VLANs simultaneously.', 'C. To reduce the CPU overhead on end devices by filtering broadcast frames.', 'D. To provide a secure connection for untagged frames from the native VLAN.']	['B']
On a Cisco switch port connecting an IP phone and a PC, which specific type of VLAN is configured to carry the IP phone's traffic, typically tagged with an 802.1Q header, separate from the PC's data traffic?	['A. Voice VLAN (IP Telephony)', 'B. Data VLAN', 'C. Native VLAN', 'D. Default VLAN']	['A']
What is the default VLAN ID to which all interfaces on a Cisco switch are assigned immediately after boot-up with no configuration?	['A. 1', 'B. 10', 'C. 100', 'D. 1002']	['A']
Which STP feature is designed to prevent a forwarding loop that can occur when a root or alternate port on a switch, especially one with a higher STP priority, stops receiving BPDUs (Hellos) due to a unidirectional link failure and attempts to transition to a designated port, causing all links to forward?	['A. BPDU Guard', 'B. Root Guard', 'C. Loop Guard', 'D. PortFast']	['C']
When verifying an IP telephony port configured with a data VLAN (VLAN 10) and a voice VLAN (VLAN 20), which command will show both VLAN IDs listed under 'Vlans allowed on trunk' but also indicate 'Status: not-trunking'?	['A. show interfaces Fa0/1 switchport', 'B. show interfaces trunk', 'C. show interfaces Fa0/1 trunk', 'D. show vlan brief']	['C']
In networking diagrams, what does a cloud typically represent?	['A. A wireless connection.', "B. A part of a network whose details are not important to the diagram's purpose.", 'C. The Internet itself.', 'D. A server farm.']	['B']
What Ethernet feature allows a device to automatically detect and correct an incorrect UTP cable pinout, such as using a straight-through cable where a crossover cable is required?	['A. Auto-MDIX', 'B. SFP+', 'C. GBIC', 'D. Encoding Scheme']	['A']
The STP Bridge ID (BID) is an 8-byte value consisting of a 2-byte priority field and a 6-byte system ID based on the switch's MAC address. What is the primary function of Hello Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) in STP, and what key information related to the BID do they typically carry?	["A. Hello BPDUs are used to prevent MAC address table instability; they carry only the switch's operational status and VLAN ID.", "B. Hello BPDUs facilitate the election of the root switch and topology convergence; they include the sending switch's BID, the root bridge ID, and the sender's root cost.", 'C. Hello BPDUs are responsible for forwarding user data frames; they contain only the destination MAC address and frame checksum.', 'D. Hello BPDUs are used to dynamically assign IP addresses to end devices; they carry only the default gateway IP and subnet mask.']	['B']
Which network protocol introduces the 'Discarding' port state and the 'Alternate' port role to achieve significantly faster convergence times compared to its predecessor?	['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)', 'C. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)', 'D. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+)']	['B']
In a fiber-optic cable, what is the main function of the cladding?	['A. To protect the outer jacket', 'B. To reflect light back into the core', 'C. To strengthen the cable', 'D. To transmit light directly']	['B']
Which characteristic accurately describes Single-mode Fiber (SMF) cabling?	['A. It uses an LED-based transmitter and a large core to allow multiple angles of light.', 'B. It uses a laser-based transmitter and a smaller-diameter core to send light at a single angle.', 'C. It is primarily designed for maximum distances of up to 100 meters due to its low cost.', 'D. It is susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electrically noisy environments.']	['B']
What aspect of Ethernet technology ensures a unified communication mechanism across various physical layer implementations (e.g., UTP, fiber, different speeds) by defining a common header and trailer for data transmission?	['A. Ethernet Physical Layer Standards', 'B. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standards', 'C. Ethernet Data-Link Layer (Frames)', 'D. SOHO LAN Switches']	['C']
Which statement accurately describes a key difference between multimode and single-mode fiber used for Ethernet over Fiber implementations?	['A. Multimode fiber uses a laser-based transmitter and is suitable for distances up to 30km, whereas single-mode fiber uses LED transmitters for distances up to 400m.', 'B. Single-mode fiber allows for multiple angles of light waves and is more susceptible to electromagnetic interference than multimode fiber.', 'C. Multimode fiber uses a larger core and less expensive transmitters for shorter distances, while single-mode fiber uses a smaller core with laser transmitters for much longer distances.', 'D. Both multimode and single-mode fiber are equally susceptible to electromagnetic interference and emit faint signals outside the cable.']	['C']
According to the text, what is the primary purpose of an Enterprise Network?	['A. To provide high-speed internet access for individual home users.', 'B. To allow employees of a single corporation or enterprise to communicate.', 'C. To connect a cable modem to a cable TV (CATV) outlet.', 'D. To facilitate social media usage and media downloads for end-users.']	['B']
What is necessary for devices located in different VLANs to communicate with each other?	['A. VLAN Trunking', 'B. Inter-VLAN Routing', 'C. Native VLAN configuration', 'D. 802.1Q tagging']	['B']
In what specific network design scenario is the RSTP backup port role typically applicable?	['A. When a switch connects to multiple endpoint devices.', 'B. When a switch connects to another switch via a point-to-point link.', 'C. When a switch connects with multiple ports to the same hub.', 'D. When a switch has multiple alternate ports.']	['C']
What is the primary function of the Root Guard feature in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) enabled network?	['A. To immediately move an access port to a forwarding state upon link-up.', 'B. To disable a port if it receives any Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs).', 'C. To prevent a port from becoming a root port if it receives a superior BPDU, thereby enforcing root bridge placement.', 'D. To disable STP on an interface by filtering all sent and received BPDUs.']	['C']
Which material is primarily used for the core of fiber-optic cables?	['A. Copper', 'B. Plastic', 'C. Fiberglass', 'D. Aluminum']	['C']
Which Cisco proprietary protocol is responsible for negotiating trunking parameters, such as the trunking type and whether to trunk at all, between two connected switches?	['A. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)', 'B. Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)', 'C. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)', 'D. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)']	['B']
Which of the following pieces of information are typically included in a Hello BPDU?	['A. Root bridge ID', "B. Sender's bridge ID", "C. Sender's root cost", 'D. VLAN name', 'E. Timer values on the root switch']	['A', 'B', 'C', 'E']
Which type of Ethernet cable is traditionally required to connect two 100BASE-T switches together if neither supports auto-MDIX?	['A. Straight-through cable', 'B. Crossover cable', 'C. Rolled cable', 'D. Coaxial cable']	['B']
Which of the following correctly lists the default values for the STP Timers: Hello, MaxAge, and Forward Delay, respectively?	['A. 2 seconds, 20 seconds, 15 seconds', 'B. 10 seconds, 2 seconds, 15 seconds', 'C. 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 2 seconds', 'D. 2 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds']	['A']
In the context of data encapsulation for sending data, which layer is explicitly mentioned as adding both a header and a trailer?	['A. Application layer', 'B. Transport layer', 'C. Network layer', 'D. Data-link layer']	['D']
What networking feature allows a single physical link between two switches to carry traffic for multiple Virtual LANs (VLANs) by adding a VLAN identifier to each frame?	['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. VLAN Trunking', 'C. Port Security', 'D. EtherChannel']	['B']
Some users might not have a concept of how the network works and instead just enjoy its functions. Which of the following is NOT listed as a function they might enjoy?	['A. Posting messages to social media sites.', 'B. Making phone calls.', 'C. Building enterprise networks.', 'D. Downloading apps to their phones.']	['C']
What is the primary advantage of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?	['A. RSTP supports more VLANs than STP.', 'B. RSTP Port States.', 'C. RSTP provides faster network convergence.', 'D. RSTP eliminates the need for bridge IDs.']	['C']
What is the primary impact when native VLANs are mismatched on an 802.1Q trunk link between two switches?	['A. The trunk link will fail to establish, preventing any traffic from passing.', 'B. All frames, both tagged and untagged, will be dropped by the receiving switch.', 'C. Frames sent in the native VLAN on one switch will be mistakenly forwarded into a different VLAN on the neighboring switch, a phenomenon known as VLAN hopping.', 'D. Only tagged frames for non-native VLANs will be forwarded successfully, while untagged frames will be discarded.']	['C']
Which two Ethernet communication modes describe whether a device can send and receive data simultaneously or must wait?	['A. Unicast and Broadcast', 'B. Full Duplex and Half Duplex', 'C. CSMA/CD and FCS', 'D. OUI and MAC Address']	['B']
According to the text, what is the name of the wireless technology a tablet computer uses?	['A. Ethernet', 'B. Wireless Local-Area Network (Wireless LAN)', 'C. Cable Modem', 'D. Fiber Ethernet']	['B']
According to the VLAN Trunking Configuration details, if two interconnected Cisco switches are initially configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto` on their respective interfaces, which administrative mode, when applied to one of the interfaces, will cause that switch to initiate negotiation to form an operational VLAN trunk?	['A. access', 'B. trunk', 'C. dynamic auto', 'D. dynamic desirable']	['D']
Which type of fiber optic cable is characterized by a smaller-diameter core and uses a laser-based transmitter to send light at a single angle?	['A. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)', 'B. Multimode Fiber (MMF)', 'C. Single-mode Fiber (SMF)', 'D. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)']	['C']
What is a primary benefit of implementing Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) in a network design?	['A. It eliminates the need for Layer 3 routing between different subnets.', 'B. It reduces the size of broadcast domains, improving network performance and security.', 'C. It simplifies network cabling by requiring a dedicated physical link for each VLAN between switches.', 'D. It automatically assigns IP addresses to devices based on their VLAN membership.']	['B']
A network engineer connects two Cisco switches, SW1 and SW2, with a Gigabit Ethernet link. SW1's interface is configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto`, and SW2's interface is configured with `switchport mode dynamic desirable`. What will be the operational mode of this link?	['A. Access', 'B. Trunk', 'C. Not-trunking', 'D. Dynamic Auto']	['B']
Which pair of processes correctly describes the addition of a header and trailer to an IP packet to create an Ethernet frame for transmission, and the subsequent removal of that header and trailer upon reception to extract the original IP packet?	['A. Routing and Forwarding', 'B. Segmentation and Reassembly', 'C. Encapsulation and De-encapsulation', 'D. Flow Control and Error Recovery']	['C']
Which optional STP feature immediately moves a port to the designated port (DP) role and forwarding state after the interface reaches a connected state, bypassing the normal listening and learning states?	['A. EtherChannel', 'B. PortFast', 'C. BPDU Guard', 'D. Root Guard']	['B']
What is the most significant improvement of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?	['A. RSTP uses a more efficient algorithm for electing the root bridge, reducing initial setup time.', 'B. RSTP introduces the discarding state, which completely eliminates the need for any port to be in a blocking state.', 'C. RSTP significantly improves network convergence speed by avoiding or shortening timers and allowing rapid transitions between port states.', 'D. RSTP can operate across multiple VLANs simultaneously, unlike STP which is limited to a single VLAN.']	['C']
Which of the following best describes the primary distinction between a network user's perspective and a network engineer's perspective?	["A. A network user is primarily concerned with the applications and services available over the network, while a network engineer focuses on building and ensuring the network's capability to move data between devices.", 'B. A network user only interacts with SOHO networks, whereas a network engineer exclusively manages enterprise networks.', "C. A network user's main objective is to troubleshoot network connectivity issues, while a network engineer's goal is to consume content and utilize social media.", 'D. A network user exclusively uses wireless connections, while a network engineer is solely responsible for wired infrastructure.']	['A']
What is the specific term used to refer to a message at the transport layer, including its header and the data it carries?	['A. Packet', 'B. Frame', 'C. Segment', 'D. Datagram']	['C']
Which component of Ethernet technology ensures consistent behavior across various physical links by defining a common header and trailer for data transmission?	['A. Ethernet Physical Layer Standards', 'B. Ethernet Data-Link Layer (Frames)', 'C. IEEE 802.3 Standards', 'D. TCP/IP Protocol Suite']	['B']
Which of the following mechanisms contribute to Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)'s faster convergence compared to the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?	['A. The elimination of the Listening port state and the ability for Alternate and Backup ports to immediately transition to a forwarding state.', 'B. Reducing the reliance on fixed timers by allowing switches to exchange explicit messages and direct neighbors to flush MAC tables upon topology changes.', 'C. Each switch independently generating its own Hello BPDUs and supporting queries between neighbors to quickly detect and react to changes.', 'D. Extending the MaxAge timer to ensure all switches have ample time to learn about topology changes before converging.']	['A', 'B', 'C']
In a stable STP network, which mechanism is primarily responsible for the continuous verification of the path to the root switch and for detecting when that path becomes unreliable due to missing periodic messages?	['A. MaxAge Timer', 'B. Hello BPDU Mechanism', 'C. Forward Delay Timer', 'D. Root Port Election']	['B']
Which core mechanism is primarily used by Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to determine which switch ports are placed in a forwarding or blocking state to create a loop-free network?	['A. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assignment', 'B. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Root Port and Designated Port Selection', 'C. Network Address Translation (NAT) table lookups', 'D. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) trunking configuration']	['B']
The generic term 'Protocol Data Unit' (PDU) can refer to which of the following?	['A. Only a TCP segment', 'B. Only an IP packet', 'C. Only an Ethernet frame', 'D. Any message defined by a protocol']	['D']
According to the text, which networking technology is used when a PC connects to a cable modem or when a router communicates with the Internet using a fiber-optic cable?	['A. Ethernet', 'B. Wireless LAN', 'C. Coaxial cable', 'D. CATV']	['A']
Which of the following is defined by the Ethernet data-link protocol and consists of an Ethernet header, encapsulated data, and an Ethernet trailer?	['A. IP Packet', 'B. TCP Segment', 'C. Ethernet Frame', 'D. UDP Datagram']	['C']
What is the primary purpose of Virtual LANs (VLANs) on a single switch?	['A. To allow all devices to be in the same broadcast domain.', 'B. To reduce the number of physical switches required for a network.', 'C. To create multiple broadcast domains on a single switch.', 'D. To connect devices across different physical locations without routers.']	['C']
What is the initial step in the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process for determining the network topology and preventing loops?	['A. Root Port Calculation', 'B. Designated Port Selection', 'C. STP Root Bridge Election', 'D. MAC Address Table Instability Prevention']	['C']
Which of the following STP Interface States allows a switch to learn MAC addresses but prevents it from forwarding data frames?	['A. Blocking', 'B. Listening', 'C. Learning', 'D. Forwarding']	['C']
An engineer wants to influence the STP topology to favor a specific link. What action can be taken regarding STP/RSTP port costs?	['A. Increase the port cost on the desired link.', 'B. Decrease the port cost on the desired link.', 'C. Configure the link as a trunk port.', 'D. Disable STP/RSTP on the desired link.']	['B']
According to the IEEE Ethernet physical layer naming conventions, what does a suffix including 'T' (e.g., 1000BASE-T) typically indicate about the cabling?	['A. It uses fiber-optic cabling.', 'B. It supports speeds of 10 Gigabits per second.', 'C. It uses unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper cabling.', 'D. It is an experimental standard.']	['C']
What are the two primary operational states that Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) places switch ports in to prevent network loops?	['A. STP Port States (Forwarding and Blocking)', 'B. Root Port and Designated Port', 'C. Learning and Listening', 'D. Up/Up and Down/Down']	['A']
What is the total time required for an STP interface to transition from a blocking state to a forwarding state, assuming default timer values?	['A. 15 seconds', 'B. 20 seconds', 'C. 30 seconds', 'D. 50 seconds']	['C']
What type of network is created by a single corporation or enterprise specifically for its employees to communicate?	['A. SOHO Network', 'B. Enterprise Network', 'C. Wireless LAN', 'D. High-Speed Internet Connection']	['B']
At which OSI layer do LAN hubs operate?	['A. Layer 1 (Physical)', 'B. Layer 2 (Data Link)', 'C. Layer 3 (Network)', 'D. Layer 4 (Transport)']	['A']
Which three components define the fundamental structure of an Ethernet Frame?	['A. Preamble, Data, and Frame Check Sequence (FCS)', 'B. Ethernet Header, Encapsulated Data, and Ethernet Trailer', 'C. Source MAC Address, Destination MAC Address, and Type field', 'D. Start Frame Delimiter (SFD), Data and Pad, and FCS']	['B']
Which of the following terms refers to the two primary modes of data transmission on an Ethernet link, distinguishing between simultaneous sending/receiving and requiring waiting?	['A. MAC Address and IP Address', 'B. Unicast and Broadcast', 'C. Full Duplex and Half Duplex', 'D. Preamble and SFD']	['C']
Which statement accurately describes the Data Encapsulation Process as data travels down the TCP/IP stack?	['A. Each layer removes its specific header and trailer before passing the data to the next lower layer.', 'B. The transport layer adds an IP header, and the network layer adds a TCP or UDP header.', 'C. Each layer adds its own header, and the data-link layer also adds a trailer, to the data supplied by the higher layer.', 'D. The process focuses on converting data into electrical signals for physical transmission.']	['C']
Which range of VLAN IDs is considered the 'normal range' on Cisco switches, and which range is for 'extended-range' VLANs?	['A. Normal: 1-1005; Extended: 1006-4094', 'B. Normal: 1-255; Extended: 256-4094', 'C. Normal: 1-1024; Extended: 1025-4094', 'D. Normal: 1-500; Extended: 501-4094']	['A']
Which of the following protocols operates at the TCP/IP Transport layer?	['A. HTTP', 'B. IP', 'C. TCP', 'D. Ethernet']	['C']
How does RSTP primarily achieve faster convergence compared to STP when a topology change occurs?	['A. By increasing the MaxAge timer.', 'B. By relying on longer Forward Delay timers.', 'C. By using messages to communicate topology changes and flush MAC tables without waiting for timers.', 'D. By always transitioning through the Listening state.']	['C']
What is the function of the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in an Ethernet frame?	['A. To specify the maximum transmission unit (MTU).', 'B. To identify the source of the frame.', 'C. To detect whether the frame experienced transmission errors.', 'D. To define the type of protocol carried inside the frame.']	['C']
How might a PC user connect to an enterprise network, as described in the text?	['A. Through a coaxial cable to a CATV outlet.', 'B. Through an Ethernet cable to a matching wall outlet.', 'C. Only through wireless LAN from a laptop.', 'D. Directly to the Internet via fiber-optic cable.']	['B']
Which command is used to configure the Allowed VLANs on Trunks, thereby limiting the VLANs whose traffic can traverse a specific trunk interface?	['A. switchport mode trunk', 'B. switchport trunk allowed vlan <vlan-list>', 'C. vlan <vlan-id>', 'D. no shutdown vlan <vlan-id>']	['B']
According to the text, what is an 'enterprise network'?	['A. A small network at home used for business purposes.', 'B. A network created by one corporation for employee communication.', 'C. A public network used by many different companies.', 'D. A network exclusively for connecting to the Internet.']	['B']
What is the primary advantage of RSTP over the original STP?	['A. Increased security', 'B. Faster convergence', 'C. Support for more VLANs', 'D. Lower power consumption']	['B']
When referring to messages at the network layer, such as after an IP header has been added, what term is commonly used?	['A. Segment', 'B. Packet', 'C. Frame', 'D. PDU']	['B']

What family of LAN standards, defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), specifies the physical and data-link layers for the world's most popular wired LAN technology, encompassing cabling, connectors, and protocol rules?

['A. Ethernet LAN Standards (IEEE 802.3)', 'B. Wireless LAN Standards (IEEE 802.11)', 'C. TCP/IP Protocol Suite', 'D. SOHO LAN Technology']

['A']

In the context of the Ethernet data-link layer, what does the term 'frame' specifically refer to?

['A. The physical cable itself.', 'B. The header and trailer of a data-link protocol, plus the data encapsulated inside.', 'C. A device used to connect different networks.', 'D. The electrical signal transmitted over the cable.']

['B']

Which statement accurately describes an RSTP Edge Port?

['A. A port connected to another switch that is not at the edge of the network.', 'B. A port connected to a hub, typically operating in half-duplex mode.', 'C. A port connected to a single endpoint device, such as a PC or server, at the edge of the network.', 'D. A port that is designated as the best path to the root bridge.']

['C']

Which of the following port roles are introduced by Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) to enhance convergence by providing immediate failover capabilities for other primary port roles?

['A. Root Port and Designated Port', 'B. Alternate Port and Backup Port', 'C. Learning Port and Forwarding Port', 'D. Disabled Port and Shared Port']

['B']

According to one definition, what does a Local Area Network (LAN) include?

['A. All devices in different broadcast domains.', 'B. Only servers and routers in a single location.', 'C. All devices in the same broadcast domain.', 'D. Devices connected only via wireless access points.']

['C']

What is the primary function of the auto-MDIX feature in Ethernet devices?

['A. To automatically negotiate the highest possible link speed.', 'B. To detect and correct incorrect UTP cable pinouts.', 'C. To provide power over Ethernet (PoE) to connected devices.', 'D. To encrypt data transmitted over the Ethernet link.']

['B']

According to the provided content, what is the primary characteristic that defines Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks?

['A. They are large networks created by corporations for enterprise-wide communication.', 'B. They are exclusively used for high-speed Internet connections like fiber Ethernet or cable TV.', 'C. They are smaller networks typically found in homes but utilized for business purposes.', 'D. They primarily consist of complex infrastructure represented by a cloud in network diagrams.']

['C']

In networking discussions, when referring to a protocol operating at the Application layer of the five-layer TCP/IP model, what is the commonly used OSI layer number reference based on OSI and TCP/IP Layer Mapping?

['A. Layer 1', 'B. Layer 3', 'C. Layer 4', 'D. Layer 7']

['D']

In a fiber-optic cable, which component is primarily responsible for reflecting light back into the core to facilitate transmission?

['A. The outer jacket', 'B. The core', 'C. The cladding', 'D. The strengthening members']

['C']

What does the term Ethernet primarily refer to?

['A. A family of WAN standards', 'B. A family of LAN standards', 'C. A specific type of fiber-optic cable', 'D. A proprietary networking protocol']

['B']

Which Cisco feature combines multiple physical links between two switches into a single logical interface, preventing STP convergence during a single link failure and allowing all bundled links to forward traffic simultaneously?

['A. PortFast', 'B. BPDU Guard', 'C. EtherChannel', 'D. Loop Guard']

['C']

In a stable Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) network, what is the primary role of the Hello BPDU Mechanism?

['A. To initiate the root bridge election process among all switches.', 'B. To advertise MAC addresses learned on ports to other switches.', 'C. To confirm the continued availability of the path to the root switch and maintain the current spanning tree topology.', 'D. To transition ports directly from a blocking state to a forwarding state.']

['C']

What specific wiring conventions dictate how UTP Ethernet cables are constructed to ensure proper data transmission between different types of devices (e.g., PC to Switch) and similar devices (e.g., Switch to Switch)?

['A. Auto-MDIX functionality', 'B. Ethernet Cable Pinouts (Straight-Through, Crossover)', 'C. Various SFP/GBIC transceiver form factors', 'D. Electrical encoding schemes for binary data']

['B']

What type of physical cabling and its internal structural element are primarily used for 10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T Ethernet standards, and are designed to mitigate electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk?

['A. Fiber Optic Cables and Cladding', 'B. Coaxial Cables and Braided Shielding', 'C. UTP Cabling and Twisted Pairs', 'D. STP Cabling and Individual Wire Insulation']

['C']

A network engineer configures an interface on Switch A with `switchport mode trunk` and `switchport nonegotiate`. The connected interface on Switch B is configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto`. Which of the following best describes the operational state of this link?

['A. Both Switch A and Switch B will successfully establish a trunk link, allowing all VLAN traffic to pass.', 'B. Neither Switch A nor Switch B will establish a trunk link; both interfaces will operate as access ports, forwarding only native VLAN traffic.', 'C. Switch A will operate as a trunk, sending tagged frames, but Switch B will operate as an access port and discard all received tagged frames, while native VLAN traffic will pass successfully.', 'D. Switch B will operate as a trunk, and Switch A will operate as an access port, leading to all traffic being discarded.']

['C']

What concept is fundamental for understanding modern networking terminology and for comparing different networking models, specifically regarding the correspondence of layer names, numbers, and functions between the seven-layer OSI model and the five-layer TCP/IP model?

['A. Data Encapsulation Terminology', 'B. Protocol Data Unit (PDU)', 'C. OSI and TCP/IP Layer Mapping', 'D. TCP/IP Five-Step Process']

['C']

What is the primary process described as 'putting headers (and sometimes trailers) around some data'?

['A. De-encapsulation', 'B. Encapsulation', 'C. Segmentation', 'D. Multiplexing']

['B']

What term is used to describe smaller networks, often established at home, when they are utilized for business purposes?

['A. Enterprise networks', 'B. Wide Area Networks (WANs)', 'C. Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) networks', 'D. Local Area Networks (LANs)']

['C']

According to networking fundamentals, what is the primary job of any network?

['A. Providing high-speed internet connections for end-users', 'B. Securing data from unauthorized access and cyber threats', 'C. Moving data from one device to another', 'D. Managing user identities and access privileges across an organization']

['C']

According to the provided content, what is the primary reason the OSI model remains significant in modern networking discussions and documentation, even though TCP/IP is the dominant networking model?

["A. The OSI model's original protocols are still widely implemented and preferred over TCP/IP for specific network functions.", 'B. It provides a universally accepted framework for comparing and understanding networking functions and is the source of much networking terminology and layer numbering.', 'C. It offers a more robust and secure alternative to the TCP/IP model for mission-critical applications.', 'D. The CCNA exam requires a deep technical understanding of OSI protocol implementations for troubleshooting.']

['B']

What is the name of the algorithm used by Ethernet nodes in half-duplex mode to manage access to the shared medium and handle collisions?

['A. TCP/IP', 'B. CSMA/CD', 'C. ARP', 'D. DHCP']

['B']

Which criteria does Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) use, in order, to elect the Root Switch?

['A. Lowest MAC address, then lowest bridge priority.', 'B. Lowest bridge priority, then lowest MAC address.', 'C. Lowest port cost, then lowest bridge priority.', 'D. Lowest bridge priority, then lowest port cost.']

['B']

According to the five-step TCP/IP data transmission process, which layer is responsible for adding both a header and a trailer to the data?

['A. Application Layer', 'B. Transport Layer', 'C. Network Layer', 'D. Data-Link Layer']

['D']

According to the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Terminology, what is the generic term used to refer to any message defined by a protocol, such as a TCP segment, an IP packet, or an Ethernet frame?

['A. Segment', 'B. Packet', 'C. Frame', 'D. Protocol Data Unit (PDU)']

['D']

Which of the following topics describes the specific wiring conventions for Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cables used in Ethernet networks to ensure proper data transmission between different types of devices, such as connecting a PC to a switch or two switches together?

['A. Auto-MDIX functionality', 'B. UTP cable categories', 'C. Ethernet Cable Pinouts (Straight-Through, Crossover)', 'D. Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC)']

['C']

What is the difference in UTP cable wire pair requirements between 10BASE-T/100BASE-T and 1000BASE-T Ethernet standards?

['A. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T require two pairs of wires, while 1000BASE-T requires four pairs.', 'B. 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T require four pairs of wires, while 1000BASE-T requires two pairs.', 'C. All three standards (10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T) require two pairs of wires.', 'D. All three standards (10BASE-T, 100BASE-T, and 1000BASE-T) require four pairs of wires.']

['A']

In a stable Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) topology, what is the primary activity of the root switch?

['A. Generating and sending Hello BPDUs with a root cost of 0 out of all its working interfaces.', 'B. Forwarding Hello BPDUs received on its root port out of all designated ports.', 'C. Waiting MaxAge seconds for Hellos before re-evaluating the STP topology.', 'D. STP Root Switch Role']

['A']

Which protocol was introduced as IEEE 802.1w to significantly improve network convergence over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?

['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)', 'C. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)', 'D. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+)']

['B']

Which concept describes the fundamental ways in which different layers within a networking model cooperate to enable communication?

['A. TCP/IP Architectural Model', 'B. Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions', 'C. Internet Protocol Addressing', 'D. Transport Layer Error Recovery']

['B']

What is the primary purpose of breaking down the TCP/IP networking model into layers?

['A. To allow vendors to create proprietary protocols for each layer.', 'B. To simplify understanding and categorize functions, with each layer including related protocols and standards.', 'C. To reduce the total number of protocols required for network communication.', 'D. To ensure that only a single protocol is implemented at each layer.']

['B']

Which of the following accurately describes the characteristics of a switch port operating in the STP Blocking state?

['A. It forwards user traffic, learns MAC addresses, and processes all received frames.', 'B. It does not forward user frames, does not learn MAC addresses, and processes only STP/RSTP messages.', 'C. It forwards only broadcast frames and learns MAC addresses for known destinations.', 'D. It immediately transitions to the Forwarding state upon detecting a link failure.']

['B']

A network engineer configures a switch port (Fa0/4) to support an IP phone, with a data VLAN of 10 and a voice VLAN of 11. Which of the following statements about verifying this configuration using key `show` commands is TRUE?

['A. The `show vlan brief` command will list Fa0/4 as an access port in VLAN 10 and also separately in VLAN 11.', "B. The `show interfaces FastEthernet 0/4 switchport` command will display 'Operational Mode: trunk' because it carries traffic for two VLANs.", 'C. The `show interfaces trunk` command (without an interface specified) will list Fa0/4 as an active trunk port.', "D. The `show interfaces FastEthernet 0/4 trunk` command will show 'Status: not-trunking' but list both VLAN 10 and VLAN 11 as 'Vlans allowed on trunk'."]

['D']

Which of the following is a primary function of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) in a switched network?

['A. To accelerate the forwarding of all broadcast frames across the LAN.', 'B. To prevent Layer 2 loops, broadcast storms, and MAC table instability.', 'C. To dynamically assign IP addresses to end devices.', 'D. STP Root Port and Designated Port Selection.']

['B']

Which set of commands correctly configures a Cisco switch interface FastEthernet0/1 as an access port belonging to VLAN 20, explicitly creating and naming VLAN 20 as 'Sales'?

['A. SW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# exit\nSW1(config)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales', 'B. SW1(config)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales\nSW1(config-vlan)# exit\nSW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access', 'C. SW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access\nSW1(config-if)# vlan 20\nSW1(config-vlan)# name Sales', 'D. SW1(config)# vlan 20 name Sales\nSW1(config)# interface FastEthernet0/1\nSW1(config-if)# switchport access vlan 20\nSW1(config-if)# switchport mode access']

['B']

What is the key purpose of VLAN Trunking in a network with multiple interconnected switches?

['A. To allow a Layer 2 switch to route traffic between different VLANs.', 'B. To enable a single physical link between switches to carry traffic for multiple VLANs simultaneously.', 'C. To reduce the CPU overhead on end devices by filtering broadcast frames.', 'D. To provide a secure connection for untagged frames from the native VLAN.']

['B']

On a Cisco switch port connecting an IP phone and a PC, which specific type of VLAN is configured to carry the IP phone's traffic, typically tagged with an 802.1Q header, separate from the PC's data traffic?

['A. Voice VLAN (IP Telephony)', 'B. Data VLAN', 'C. Native VLAN', 'D. Default VLAN']

['A']

What is the default VLAN ID to which all interfaces on a Cisco switch are assigned immediately after boot-up with no configuration?

['A. 1', 'B. 10', 'C. 100', 'D. 1002']

['A']

Which STP feature is designed to prevent a forwarding loop that can occur when a root or alternate port on a switch, especially one with a higher STP priority, stops receiving BPDUs (Hellos) due to a unidirectional link failure and attempts to transition to a designated port, causing all links to forward?

['A. BPDU Guard', 'B. Root Guard', 'C. Loop Guard', 'D. PortFast']

['C']

When verifying an IP telephony port configured with a data VLAN (VLAN 10) and a voice VLAN (VLAN 20), which command will show both VLAN IDs listed under 'Vlans allowed on trunk' but also indicate 'Status: not-trunking'?

['A. show interfaces Fa0/1 switchport', 'B. show interfaces trunk', 'C. show interfaces Fa0/1 trunk', 'D. show vlan brief']

['C']

In networking diagrams, what does a cloud typically represent?

['A. A wireless connection.', "B. A part of a network whose details are not important to the diagram's purpose.", 'C. The Internet itself.', 'D. A server farm.']

['B']

What Ethernet feature allows a device to automatically detect and correct an incorrect UTP cable pinout, such as using a straight-through cable where a crossover cable is required?

['A. Auto-MDIX', 'B. SFP+', 'C. GBIC', 'D. Encoding Scheme']

['A']

The STP Bridge ID (BID) is an 8-byte value consisting of a 2-byte priority field and a 6-byte system ID based on the switch's MAC address. What is the primary function of Hello Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) in STP, and what key information related to the BID do they typically carry?

["A. Hello BPDUs are used to prevent MAC address table instability; they carry only the switch's operational status and VLAN ID.", "B. Hello BPDUs facilitate the election of the root switch and topology convergence; they include the sending switch's BID, the root bridge ID, and the sender's root cost.", 'C. Hello BPDUs are responsible for forwarding user data frames; they contain only the destination MAC address and frame checksum.', 'D. Hello BPDUs are used to dynamically assign IP addresses to end devices; they carry only the default gateway IP and subnet mask.']

['B']

Which network protocol introduces the 'Discarding' port state and the 'Alternate' port role to achieve significantly faster convergence times compared to its predecessor?

['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)', 'C. Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)', 'D. Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+)']

['B']

In a fiber-optic cable, what is the main function of the cladding?

['A. To protect the outer jacket', 'B. To reflect light back into the core', 'C. To strengthen the cable', 'D. To transmit light directly']

['B']

Which characteristic accurately describes Single-mode Fiber (SMF) cabling?

['A. It uses an LED-based transmitter and a large core to allow multiple angles of light.', 'B. It uses a laser-based transmitter and a smaller-diameter core to send light at a single angle.', 'C. It is primarily designed for maximum distances of up to 100 meters due to its low cost.', 'D. It is susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI) in electrically noisy environments.']

['B']

What aspect of Ethernet technology ensures a unified communication mechanism across various physical layer implementations (e.g., UTP, fiber, different speeds) by defining a common header and trailer for data transmission?

['A. Ethernet Physical Layer Standards', 'B. IEEE 802.11 Wireless Standards', 'C. Ethernet Data-Link Layer (Frames)', 'D. SOHO LAN Switches']

['C']

Which statement accurately describes a key difference between multimode and single-mode fiber used for Ethernet over Fiber implementations?

['A. Multimode fiber uses a laser-based transmitter and is suitable for distances up to 30km, whereas single-mode fiber uses LED transmitters for distances up to 400m.', 'B. Single-mode fiber allows for multiple angles of light waves and is more susceptible to electromagnetic interference than multimode fiber.', 'C. Multimode fiber uses a larger core and less expensive transmitters for shorter distances, while single-mode fiber uses a smaller core with laser transmitters for much longer distances.', 'D. Both multimode and single-mode fiber are equally susceptible to electromagnetic interference and emit faint signals outside the cable.']

['C']

According to the text, what is the primary purpose of an Enterprise Network?

['A. To provide high-speed internet access for individual home users.', 'B. To allow employees of a single corporation or enterprise to communicate.', 'C. To connect a cable modem to a cable TV (CATV) outlet.', 'D. To facilitate social media usage and media downloads for end-users.']

['B']

What is necessary for devices located in different VLANs to communicate with each other?

['A. VLAN Trunking', 'B. Inter-VLAN Routing', 'C. Native VLAN configuration', 'D. 802.1Q tagging']

['B']

In what specific network design scenario is the RSTP backup port role typically applicable?

['A. When a switch connects to multiple endpoint devices.', 'B. When a switch connects to another switch via a point-to-point link.', 'C. When a switch connects with multiple ports to the same hub.', 'D. When a switch has multiple alternate ports.']

['C']

What is the primary function of the Root Guard feature in a Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) enabled network?

['A. To immediately move an access port to a forwarding state upon link-up.', 'B. To disable a port if it receives any Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs).', 'C. To prevent a port from becoming a root port if it receives a superior BPDU, thereby enforcing root bridge placement.', 'D. To disable STP on an interface by filtering all sent and received BPDUs.']

['C']

Which material is primarily used for the core of fiber-optic cables?

['A. Copper', 'B. Plastic', 'C. Fiberglass', 'D. Aluminum']

['C']

Which Cisco proprietary protocol is responsible for negotiating trunking parameters, such as the trunking type and whether to trunk at all, between two connected switches?

['A. VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)', 'B. Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)', 'C. Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)', 'D. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)']

['B']

Which of the following pieces of information are typically included in a Hello BPDU?

['A. Root bridge ID', "B. Sender's bridge ID", "C. Sender's root cost", 'D. VLAN name', 'E. Timer values on the root switch']

['A', 'B', 'C', 'E']

Which type of Ethernet cable is traditionally required to connect two 100BASE-T switches together if neither supports auto-MDIX?

['A. Straight-through cable', 'B. Crossover cable', 'C. Rolled cable', 'D. Coaxial cable']

['B']

Which of the following correctly lists the default values for the STP Timers: Hello, MaxAge, and Forward Delay, respectively?

['A. 2 seconds, 20 seconds, 15 seconds', 'B. 10 seconds, 2 seconds, 15 seconds', 'C. 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 2 seconds', 'D. 2 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds']

['A']

In the context of data encapsulation for sending data, which layer is explicitly mentioned as adding both a header and a trailer?

['A. Application layer', 'B. Transport layer', 'C. Network layer', 'D. Data-link layer']

['D']

What networking feature allows a single physical link between two switches to carry traffic for multiple Virtual LANs (VLANs) by adding a VLAN identifier to each frame?

['A. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)', 'B. VLAN Trunking', 'C. Port Security', 'D. EtherChannel']

['B']

Some users might not have a concept of how the network works and instead just enjoy its functions. Which of the following is NOT listed as a function they might enjoy?

['A. Posting messages to social media sites.', 'B. Making phone calls.', 'C. Building enterprise networks.', 'D. Downloading apps to their phones.']

['C']

What is the primary advantage of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?

['A. RSTP supports more VLANs than STP.', 'B. RSTP Port States.', 'C. RSTP provides faster network convergence.', 'D. RSTP eliminates the need for bridge IDs.']

['C']

What is the primary impact when native VLANs are mismatched on an 802.1Q trunk link between two switches?

['A. The trunk link will fail to establish, preventing any traffic from passing.', 'B. All frames, both tagged and untagged, will be dropped by the receiving switch.', 'C. Frames sent in the native VLAN on one switch will be mistakenly forwarded into a different VLAN on the neighboring switch, a phenomenon known as VLAN hopping.', 'D. Only tagged frames for non-native VLANs will be forwarded successfully, while untagged frames will be discarded.']

['C']

Which two Ethernet communication modes describe whether a device can send and receive data simultaneously or must wait?

['A. Unicast and Broadcast', 'B. Full Duplex and Half Duplex', 'C. CSMA/CD and FCS', 'D. OUI and MAC Address']

['B']

According to the text, what is the name of the wireless technology a tablet computer uses?

['A. Ethernet', 'B. Wireless Local-Area Network (Wireless LAN)', 'C. Cable Modem', 'D. Fiber Ethernet']

['B']

According to the VLAN Trunking Configuration details, if two interconnected Cisco switches are initially configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto` on their respective interfaces, which administrative mode, when applied to one of the interfaces, will cause that switch to *initiate negotiation* to form an operational VLAN trunk?

['A. access', 'B. trunk', 'C. dynamic auto', 'D. dynamic desirable']

['D']

Which type of fiber optic cable is characterized by a smaller-diameter core and uses a laser-based transmitter to send light at a single angle?

['A. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)', 'B. Multimode Fiber (MMF)', 'C. Single-mode Fiber (SMF)', 'D. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)']

['C']

What is a primary benefit of implementing Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) in a network design?

['A. It eliminates the need for Layer 3 routing between different subnets.', 'B. It reduces the size of broadcast domains, improving network performance and security.', 'C. It simplifies network cabling by requiring a dedicated physical link for each VLAN between switches.', 'D. It automatically assigns IP addresses to devices based on their VLAN membership.']

['B']

A network engineer connects two Cisco switches, SW1 and SW2, with a Gigabit Ethernet link. SW1's interface is configured with `switchport mode dynamic auto`, and SW2's interface is configured with `switchport mode dynamic desirable`. What will be the operational mode of this link?

['A. Access', 'B. Trunk', 'C. Not-trunking', 'D. Dynamic Auto']

['B']

Which pair of processes correctly describes the addition of a header and trailer to an IP packet to create an Ethernet frame for transmission, and the subsequent removal of that header and trailer upon reception to extract the original IP packet?

['A. Routing and Forwarding', 'B. Segmentation and Reassembly', 'C. Encapsulation and De-encapsulation', 'D. Flow Control and Error Recovery']

['C']

Which optional STP feature immediately moves a port to the designated port (DP) role and forwarding state after the interface reaches a connected state, bypassing the normal listening and learning states?

['A. EtherChannel', 'B. PortFast', 'C. BPDU Guard', 'D. Root Guard']

['B']

What is the most significant improvement of Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) over the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?

['A. RSTP uses a more efficient algorithm for electing the root bridge, reducing initial setup time.', 'B. RSTP introduces the discarding state, which completely eliminates the need for any port to be in a blocking state.', 'C. RSTP significantly improves network convergence speed by avoiding or shortening timers and allowing rapid transitions between port states.', 'D. RSTP can operate across multiple VLANs simultaneously, unlike STP which is limited to a single VLAN.']

['C']

Which of the following best describes the primary distinction between a network user's perspective and a network engineer's perspective?

["A. A network user is primarily concerned with the applications and services available over the network, while a network engineer focuses on building and ensuring the network's capability to move data between devices.", 'B. A network user only interacts with SOHO networks, whereas a network engineer exclusively manages enterprise networks.', "C. A network user's main objective is to troubleshoot network connectivity issues, while a network engineer's goal is to consume content and utilize social media.", 'D. A network user exclusively uses wireless connections, while a network engineer is solely responsible for wired infrastructure.']

['A']

What is the specific term used to refer to a message at the transport layer, including its header and the data it carries?

['A. Packet', 'B. Frame', 'C. Segment', 'D. Datagram']

['C']

Which component of Ethernet technology ensures consistent behavior across various physical links by defining a common header and trailer for data transmission?

['A. Ethernet Physical Layer Standards', 'B. Ethernet Data-Link Layer (Frames)', 'C. IEEE 802.3 Standards', 'D. TCP/IP Protocol Suite']

['B']

Which of the following mechanisms contribute to Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)'s faster convergence compared to the original Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)?

['A. The elimination of the Listening port state and the ability for Alternate and Backup ports to immediately transition to a forwarding state.', 'B. Reducing the reliance on fixed timers by allowing switches to exchange explicit messages and direct neighbors to flush MAC tables upon topology changes.', 'C. Each switch independently generating its own Hello BPDUs and supporting queries between neighbors to quickly detect and react to changes.', 'D. Extending the MaxAge timer to ensure all switches have ample time to learn about topology changes before converging.']

['A', 'B', 'C']

In a stable STP network, which mechanism is primarily responsible for the continuous verification of the path to the root switch and for detecting when that path becomes unreliable due to missing periodic messages?

['A. MaxAge Timer', 'B. Hello BPDU Mechanism', 'C. Forward Delay Timer', 'D. Root Port Election']

['B']

Which core mechanism is primarily used by Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to determine which switch ports are placed in a forwarding or blocking state to create a loop-free network?

['A. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) assignment', 'B. Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Root Port and Designated Port Selection', 'C. Network Address Translation (NAT) table lookups', 'D. Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) trunking configuration']

['B']

The generic term 'Protocol Data Unit' (PDU) can refer to which of the following?

['A. Only a TCP segment', 'B. Only an IP packet', 'C. Only an Ethernet frame', 'D. Any message defined by a protocol']

['D']

According to the text, which networking technology is used when a PC connects to a cable modem or when a router communicates with the Internet using a fiber-optic cable?

['A. Ethernet', 'B. Wireless LAN', 'C. Coaxial cable', 'D. CATV']

['A']

Which of the following is defined by the Ethernet data-link protocol and consists of an Ethernet header, encapsulated data, and an Ethernet trailer?

['A. IP Packet', 'B. TCP Segment', 'C. Ethernet Frame', 'D. UDP Datagram']

['C']

What is the primary purpose of Virtual LANs (VLANs) on a single switch?

['A. To allow all devices to be in the same broadcast domain.', 'B. To reduce the number of physical switches required for a network.', 'C. To create multiple broadcast domains on a single switch.', 'D. To connect devices across different physical locations without routers.']

['C']

What is the initial step in the Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) process for determining the network topology and preventing loops?

['A. Root Port Calculation', 'B. Designated Port Selection', 'C. STP Root Bridge Election', 'D. MAC Address Table Instability Prevention']

['C']

Which of the following STP Interface States allows a switch to learn MAC addresses but prevents it from forwarding data frames?

['A. Blocking', 'B. Listening', 'C. Learning', 'D. Forwarding']

['C']

An engineer wants to influence the STP topology to favor a specific link. What action can be taken regarding STP/RSTP port costs?

['A. Increase the port cost on the desired link.', 'B. Decrease the port cost on the desired link.', 'C. Configure the link as a trunk port.', 'D. Disable STP/RSTP on the desired link.']

['B']

According to the IEEE Ethernet physical layer naming conventions, what does a suffix including 'T' (e.g., 1000BASE-T) typically indicate about the cabling?

['A. It uses fiber-optic cabling.', 'B. It supports speeds of 10 Gigabits per second.', 'C. It uses unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper cabling.', 'D. It is an experimental standard.']

['C']

What are the two primary operational states that Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) places switch ports in to prevent network loops?

['A. STP Port States (Forwarding and Blocking)', 'B. Root Port and Designated Port', 'C. Learning and Listening', 'D. Up/Up and Down/Down']

['A']

What is the total time required for an STP interface to transition from a blocking state to a forwarding state, assuming default timer values?

['A. 15 seconds', 'B. 20 seconds', 'C. 30 seconds', 'D. 50 seconds']

['C']

What type of network is created by a single corporation or enterprise specifically for its employees to communicate?

['A. SOHO Network', 'B. Enterprise Network', 'C. Wireless LAN', 'D. High-Speed Internet Connection']

['B']

At which OSI layer do LAN hubs operate?

['A. Layer 1 (Physical)', 'B. Layer 2 (Data Link)', 'C. Layer 3 (Network)', 'D. Layer 4 (Transport)']

['A']

Which three components define the fundamental structure of an Ethernet Frame?

['A. Preamble, Data, and Frame Check Sequence (FCS)', 'B. Ethernet Header, Encapsulated Data, and Ethernet Trailer', 'C. Source MAC Address, Destination MAC Address, and Type field', 'D. Start Frame Delimiter (SFD), Data and Pad, and FCS']

['B']

Which of the following terms refers to the two primary modes of data transmission on an Ethernet link, distinguishing between simultaneous sending/receiving and requiring waiting?

['A. MAC Address and IP Address', 'B. Unicast and Broadcast', 'C. Full Duplex and Half Duplex', 'D. Preamble and SFD']

['C']

Which statement accurately describes the Data Encapsulation Process as data travels down the TCP/IP stack?

['A. Each layer removes its specific header and trailer before passing the data to the next lower layer.', 'B. The transport layer adds an IP header, and the network layer adds a TCP or UDP header.', 'C. Each layer adds its own header, and the data-link layer also adds a trailer, to the data supplied by the higher layer.', 'D. The process focuses on converting data into electrical signals for physical transmission.']

['C']

Which range of VLAN IDs is considered the 'normal range' on Cisco switches, and which range is for 'extended-range' VLANs?

['A. Normal: 1-1005; Extended: 1006-4094', 'B. Normal: 1-255; Extended: 256-4094', 'C. Normal: 1-1024; Extended: 1025-4094', 'D. Normal: 1-500; Extended: 501-4094']

['A']

Which of the following protocols operates at the TCP/IP Transport layer?

['A. HTTP', 'B. IP', 'C. TCP', 'D. Ethernet']

['C']

How does RSTP primarily achieve faster convergence compared to STP when a topology change occurs?

['A. By increasing the MaxAge timer.', 'B. By relying on longer Forward Delay timers.', 'C. By using messages to communicate topology changes and flush MAC tables without waiting for timers.', 'D. By always transitioning through the Listening state.']

['C']

What is the function of the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field in an Ethernet frame?

['A. To specify the maximum transmission unit (MTU).', 'B. To identify the source of the frame.', 'C. To detect whether the frame experienced transmission errors.', 'D. To define the type of protocol carried inside the frame.']

['C']

How might a PC user connect to an enterprise network, as described in the text?

['A. Through a coaxial cable to a CATV outlet.', 'B. Through an Ethernet cable to a matching wall outlet.', 'C. Only through wireless LAN from a laptop.', 'D. Directly to the Internet via fiber-optic cable.']

['B']

Which command is used to configure the Allowed VLANs on Trunks, thereby limiting the VLANs whose traffic can traverse a specific trunk interface?

['A. switchport mode trunk', 'B. switchport trunk allowed vlan <vlan-list>', 'C. vlan <vlan-id>', 'D. no shutdown vlan <vlan-id>']

['B']

According to the text, what is an 'enterprise network'?

['A. A small network at home used for business purposes.', 'B. A network created by one corporation for employee communication.', 'C. A public network used by many different companies.', 'D. A network exclusively for connecting to the Internet.']

['B']

What is the primary advantage of RSTP over the original STP?

['A. Increased security', 'B. Faster convergence', 'C. Support for more VLANs', 'D. Lower power consumption']

['B']

When referring to messages at the network layer, such as after an IP header has been added, what term is commonly used?

['A. Segment', 'B. Packet', 'C. Frame', 'D. PDU']

['B']