text
stringlengths 217
292k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| metadata
dict |
|---|---|---|
Taxes have been a hot political topic this political season. Taxes were also a hot religious-political topic in first century Palestine. Questioned about it, Jesus' answer gave birth to the familiar quote "Render to Caesar what is Caesar's . . ."
Palestine was a country occupied and governed autocratically by a foreign power, Rome. Taxes had been imposed by Rome on the citizenry, who had no voice or vote. In addition, these taxes were paid in Roman currency, which bore the image of Caesar Tiberius (at the time of Jesus) and which claimed him to be divine. The Jews of Palestine were offended by this representation of a god other than their God. Two laws of their own religion were that there should be no gods other than the one God and that their should be no images of God (or god). These religious laws were honored, for the most part, by Rome in Palestine, with the exception of coin.
Jesus' detractors sought to entrap him in a debate during the highly emotional and significant time of the Passover. A question over the "lawfulness" of paying taxes to Rome seemed to be the perfect question. If Jesus supported paying the tax, then he would lose the support of many of his followers who resented the tax because it represented the Roman rule and broke the understanding of proper piety. On the other hand, if he argued against payment of the tax, he could be brought before the regional prefect, Pilate, for sedition against Rome. It was an apparent no-win situation for Jesus.
In perhaps the first recorded "both-and" statement, Jesus gave his answer to his detractors. As to the tax, his solution was "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's." (The Roman coin, as noted, bore the ruler Caesar's image, and to a great extent, it was spent for the common good -- roads, protection, etc .)Taking the question a step further, unbidden, Jesus continued his answer: "And (give back) to God what is God's"
What is God's? It is an important question. According to Judeo-Christian understanding, everything on earth and in the universe belongs to the Creator. And in this belonging to God, the human, most importantly, bears a special responsibility. Only the human, "stamped" with the image of God, is under the obligation to return the whole self to God, ultimate ruler of heaven and earth.
America, unlike first century Palestine, is a democracy where people participate actively in government. In participatory government, government is not imposed upon people, but is itself shaped by people, people who bear the stamp or image of their creator. Particularly at this election time of year, people of faith are challenged to consider carefully how they render to Caesar and to God. In a democracy, where the citizenry has the right and privilege of the vote, people of faith not only answer the question, "What is God's" but also the question, "How does my vote move my community, state, or nation toward the kind of country and world scripture reveals God to desire?" People of faith have a call to reflect seriously and faithfully on the options the ballot offers them.
Therefore, as the various candidates discuss the issues -- the economy, taxes, the poor, welfare, the aged and the alien, the rights of the fetus and the rights of a woman, relations with other countries, the oppressed, the environment, the needs of children -- the citizens have three tasks
The three step process requires education, prayer, and discernment. It is not easy because the problems are complex and do not lend themselves to simplistic answers or twenty second sound bites.
This election year, residents of the Danbury area are fortunate because the Association of Religious Communities (ARC) is sponsoring an occasion whereby persons of all faith traditions can gather to learn more about the human needs of persons in this country. Those who attend will be given opportunity to reflect on those needs and what it means to be a community sensitive to and responsive to those needs. It will also be a time of interfaith prayer and discernment. This helpful event will be held this Sunday, November 3, at 4:00 PM at the Assumption Greek Orthodox Church, Clapboard Ridge Road, Danbury. You are invited to come so that on Tuesday, November 5, you may have greater insight and wisdom on how you will "Render unto Caesar what is Caesar's and unto God what is God's."
Back to Forum On Faith weekly article listing
|
<urn:uuid:83983b53-022d-4dfb-8d76-6eebbe129d93>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://www.danbury.org/org/religion/forum/nov3-96.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461861754936.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428164234-00132-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9759542942047119,
"token_count": 928,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
A six-sided die is rolled 30 times and the numbers 1 through 6 appear as shown in the following frequency distribution. At the .10 significance level, can we conclude that the die isfair?
Answer to relevant QuestionsClassic Golf Inc. manages five courses in the Jacksonville, Florida, area. The director of golf wishes to study the number of rounds of golf played per weekday at the five courses. He gathered the following sample ...The bank credit card department of Carolina Bank knows from experience that 5% of its card holders have had some high school, 15% have completed high school, 25% have had some college, and 55% have completed college. Of the ...As part of a recent survey among dual-wage-earner couples, an industrial psychologist found that 990 men out of the 1,500 surveyed believed the division of household duties was fair. A sample of 1,600 women found 970 ...A recent article reported that a job awaits only one in three new college graduates. The major reasons given were an overabundance of college graduates and a weak economy. A survey of 200 recent graduates from your school ...A coin toss is used to decide which team gets the ball first in most sports. It involves little effort and is believed to give each side the same chance. In 47 Super Bowl games, the National Football Conference has won the ...
Post your question
|
<urn:uuid:95082aae-f782-4747-a0bb-ef7c0a4126e0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "http://www.solutioninn.com/a-sixsided-die-is-rolled-30-times-and-the-numbers",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541783.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00350-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9746767282485962,
"token_count": 278,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Innovative Waste-Free Flushing Cleans Pipes and Saves Water - September 2016
Water main flushing is a necessary program for water agencies to ensure high-quality water. The traditional method of flushing involves opening up fire hydrants and letting the water flow out to scour and remove the buildup in pipes that may cause discoloration or degrade water quality. As water flows at high velocities through the mains, deposits and fine sediment are dislodged. The resulting discolored water leaves the distribution system through the open fire hydrants, runs down the street, and out to the sewer or storm drain systems. This method requires a lot of water. It also causes alarm and sometimes even resentment when everyone is “Doing Their Part” to save water and conserve due to the multi-year drought and our critically-overdrafted groundwater basin.
This May, Soquel Creek Water District re-initiated its Flushing Program, which was suspended due to the water shortage condition in the Mid-County region, and began using a new machine called the NO-DES which eliminates water waste during the flushing program.
In this month’s column, we’ve asked Christine Mead, our Operations and Maintenance Manager, to share and explain this new innovative technology that will keep our pipes clean and save water:
Question: How does the NO-DES Unit work?
By linking together two fire hydrants with a pump, an oversized fire hose and filtering system mounted atop a flatbed truck, the water is circulated at optimum velocities in a temporary loop. The water passes through filters which removes the sediment and particulates and is returned to the District’s water pipes. Disinfectant can be added to further improve water quality. Inline turbidity meters indicate when desired clarity levels are met.
Question: How much did the NO-DES Unit Cost and how did the District pay for it?
The cost of the NO-DES unit and truck was approximately $380,000. The majority of the purchase was funded by the District’s Water Demand Offset Program, a conservation program that requires new development to offset their projected water demand by 200% through funding conservation projects in the District.
Question: How much water is saved?
It takes approximately 6 million gallons to flush the District’s distribution system using the traditional method. In addition to saving the 6 million gallons, the NO-DES unit can be used in areas with poor drainage that can’t be flushed properly with the traditional method.
Question: Who else is using Waste-Free flushing to clean their water mains?
San Jose Water Company, and the Cities of Hillsborough, Pasadena, and Fresno are a few of the water agencies in California that I know of who have purchased a NO-DES system.
Question: What areas in the system is the District currently conducting its Flushing Program?
The District is focusing on flushing the western portion of the distribution system first. Flushing the water mains is a necessary step to prepare for receiving water from the City of Santa Cruz as part of the pilot water transfer project. This portion of the District will receive the greatest percentage of Santa Cruz water. It is important to clean the mains to minimize the potential for release of metals and other solids when receiving the water from Santa Cruz.
Question: Will customers experience anything noticeable when the water mains are being flushed?
District customers may temporarily experience discolored water during water main flushing. Water users are advised not to be alarmed if water looks rusty as this discolored water is caused by sediments being stirred up within the water mains. If District customers experience any of these changes or see some cloudiness or rust color in their water, we recommend flushing the pipes of the home. Flushing of a customer’s home pipes can be done by opening the front outside hose bib until it runs clear. If the water does not clear the first time, wait a few minutes and run the water again. It is also advised that customers make sure the water is clear before doing laundry or other projects for which discolored water could cause problems. It is important to not run hot water if customers notice it is discolored, as the discolored water can be drawn into the hot water tank.
As always, if you have any questions about this month’s topic or anything else related to Soquel Creek Water District, feel free to contact Melanie Schumacher at [email protected] or 831-475-8501x153 and visit www.soquelcreekwater.org for more information.
|
<urn:uuid:32dcb226-6ccb-43a1-95ce-6459d0e766f7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://www.soquelcreekwater.org/news/latest-news/innovative-waste-free-flushing-cleans-pipes-and-saves-water-september-2016",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574050.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920155311-20190920181311-00502.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9460878968238831,
"token_count": 966,
"score": 3.265625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
One in four teens feel worried, stressed or down about their friendships several times a month.
What adults might call ‘bullying’, teens tend to think of as ‘miscommunication’ and ‘friendship issues’. Teens don’t want to think badly of their friends, even when being shut down, left out or ganged up on are classic bullying behaviours. Along with other forms of negative peer pressure, these are all signs of bad friendships.
You can help your teen recognise and understand that this kind of behaviour isn’t okay. Although they may feel there’s nothing they can do, there are ways you can support them and help them to take action.
Friendship ‘drama’ can be a big issue for your teen
Your teen’s friendship groups are incredibly important to them and have a huge impact on their wellbeing.
Good friendships support your teen and help their personal growth. They also positively influence their social and emotional skills throughout their adolescent years, which are significant in forming who they are. Bad friendships, however, can undermine their self-confidence and cause them deep distress and anxiety.
Even confident teens are vulnerable. The desire to be accepted within friendship groups can be so strong that most teens will put up with a lot of bad behaviour to avoid being alone.
Bad friendships can affect your teen in both their online and offline worlds
Teens don’t differentiate between their online and offline worlds. They may even consider online behaviour as more threatening, because people can hide and say and do things they wouldn’t say or do in person. Gossip and rumours, as well as news, also spread further and faster online.
Bad friendship behaviour occurs both online and face-to-face, and a combination of the two can have a huge negative effect on a teen’s wellbeing.
Signs your teen is in a bad friendship
Red flags that your teen may be in a bad friendship are when people within their group:
- behave in a manipulative or bullying manner, such as by blocking or excluding your teen, or spreading rumours about them
- make your teen feel negative about themselves, causing them to become withdrawn
- behave in self-destructive ways, such as drinking heavily or taking drugs, threatening suicide, becoming violent or threatening others
- encourage your teen to be secretive about their friends and what they’re doing
- are much older than your teen and you don’t know or trust them
- pressure your teen to engage in risky behaviours, such as being sexually active before they’re ready.
Ways you can support your teen
If your teen is suffering in a bad friendship, knowing that you’re there for them is one of the greatest protections you can give them.
Tell your teen that you understand how important their friendships are, but that you’ve noticed bad behaviour in their group. Letting them know that this behaviour isn’t okay can help them think about their own boundaries, and to recognise negative behaviour for what it is.
Build them up at home
Let your teen know that they’re not on their own; that you have their back and are always available to talk to. Encourage them to open up to and lean on their support network – you, other family members, and good friends – and not to isolate themselves or try to cope on their own.
To help your teen relax, worry less and sleep better, you can suggest some things they can do to feel better mentally and physically. Examples include:
- mindfulness or meditation, using apps like ReachOut Breathe, Headspace or Calm
- physical exercise, such as running, cycling or walking, or they could check out ways to exercise that don’t feel like exercising
- eating well, including less caffeine, sugar and processed food.
Learn more about developing a wellbeing plan for your family here. You can also help your teen to value themselves, and not feel they have to change who they are, by reminding them of their personal qualities that you and others admire.
Help them at school
If the issues are with school friends, reassure your teen that you understand they might have concerns about reporting the problem to the school. If they feel comfortable with any of their teachers, suggest that your teen have a chat to them. A trusted teacher might be able to handle the situation sensitively so the behaviour doesn’t escalate or cause your teen to lose their friendship group.
If the drama’s happening on the school bus, suggest that your teen gets some space without making a big deal of it by walking or cycling to school instead.
If issues at school persist, talk to your teen about possibly changing schools and whether there’s another school they would enjoy more.
Encourage them outside of school
You can support your teen’s positive friendships by suggesting they get away from the drama by spending time with those positive friends at the park, at the shops or just hanging out at home.
Encourage them to do things they enjoy, such as participating in hobbies or sports they love. They could also expand their social circle by getting a job where other people their age work, or by joining a local group or team.
Remind them that talking helps. If they don’t want to talk to someone they know about the issues that are going on for them, they can connect anonymously with other young people on the ReachOut Forums.
Understand their reluctance to talk about friendship issues
If your teen is feeling stressed by a bad friendship, they may be unwilling to talk about it because they believe that:
- reporting someone’s bullying behaviour will cause it to escalate
- they’ll be excluded from their friendship group
- talking about it won’t change anything
- talking about it is painful.
Remember that if they don’t want to talk, it’s not anyone’s fault. Try not to bring your own feelings into it. Be patient and just let your teen know that you’re there for them.
Things to look out for
It’s important that your teen knows the difference between tackling bad friendships and behaving in a negative or bullying way, which can lead to even more friendship problems. Talk to your teen about being careful that:
- ignoring negative friends doesn’t lead to those friends being intentionally left out
- avoiding negative friends doesn’t become excluding or blocking them out
- talking about friendship issues with friends doesn’t become spreading rumours about other people
- standing up to someone doesn’t lead to insulting them or calling them names.
Some online strategies for targeting friendship issues can also have drawbacks. For example:
- Snapchat alerts the other person when you’ve taken a screenshot.
- If you block someone, they can still contact you via another platform.
- Turning off your phone to avoid hurtful messages or comments can also isolate you from your other friends and family.
- Not looking at messages is hard if a friend is the one sending them.
Finally, talk to your teen in their language
Rather than talk about ‘bullying’, talk to them about ‘friendship issues’. Let them know that it’s never okay for friends to behave in a negative way towards them, and that you’re there to support them.
|
<urn:uuid:a832afdd-f73f-480b-95aa-d26656e1df94>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://parents.au.reachout.com/common-concerns/everyday-issues/things-to-try-bullying/talking-to-your-teen-about-bad-friendships",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00293.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9672364592552185,
"token_count": 1533,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Schools Environment Survey of 2010 showed that the learning environment is key to children's behaviour and happiness - and over 95% of teachers agree.
At Smarter Spaces, we want to help make school environments more attractive, affordable and inspiring for teachers and learners.
To do this, we have gathered all of the evidence from existing research to inform our education design principles.
Areas of Consideration
A classroom shouldn’t just be a backdrop for learning, but a positive influence on it.
It should engage pupils in their subject and with each other - so learning is more collaborative and fun. But at secondary school the classroom environment is too often neglected. Amid other priorities and pressures, the importance of design and environment can be easily forgotten.
Gary Spracklen, the Director of Change and Innovation at IPACA, said: ‘Classrooms in primary school tend to be more engaging than at secondary. It’s time that secondary school caught up.’
Walls aren’t just room fixtures; they’re opportunities to make learning more collaborative, with projectors, whiteboards and glass surfaces. Consider the benefits of writable surfaces - encouraging more collaborative learning, where pupils engage with their work and each other.
Easily moveable furniture provides flexibility, so you and your learners can choose the best layout for individual lessons. In general rows are better for focus-led learning, while group tables encourage more participation.
Make it Fun
Fun is the easiest way to change behaviour - so says Volkswagen’s ‘fun theory’. We agree. At secondary level, spaces that reflect the ‘real world’ and the environment of the work place can help learners feel engaged as they think more seriously about their future lives and careers.
IPACA, Isle of Portland
As part of a larger project, the learners were tasked with the redevelopment of their classrooms.
With an ambition to not simply create generic boxes for classrooms but lively, dynamic areas, the learners were inspired by major cities around the world in the design of their classrooms.
Alongside murals of London, New York and Sydney, the spaces are equipped with flexible furniture, writable surfaces and a Twitter-booth - all of which help to create a sense of excitement, maturity and relevance to the outside world.
Useful Questions to Ask Yourself
- Are my classrooms - especially for low-participation subjects - visually inspiring?
- Is my furniture layout flexible enough for different activities?
- Could writable surfaces be used in our classrooms to support group work?
- Do any of our classrooms feel too stuffy?
The Perfect Product
Diamond Matt Light & Space uses revolutionary Lumitec technology that helps reflect twice as much light around a room making even the smallest spaces look and feel bigger and brighter.
How We Can Help You
|
<urn:uuid:877b7c2e-888a-4a3c-a6b2-a3f0bfd2557f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30",
"url": "https://www.duluxtradepaintexpert.co.uk/en/education/define-your-goals/secondary-classrooms",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195524685.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190716180842-20190716202842-00227.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9345247149467468,
"token_count": 582,
"score": 2.9375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
We don’t notice toadstools in our high-tech modern life. We hardly ever see them, except on pizza or in a quiche. However, if we go to draw a fairy in our free time, or if we take a look at the gnome in our neighbor’s garden, we’ll notice that the little creature is sitting atop or hiding beneath a mushroom. Mushrooms and fairies are inextricably linked. This connection dates back to the ancient belief in Britain that fairy rings – those circlets of mushrooms that appear in fields – are caused by the dancing steps of fairies (more about the origins of fairy rings).
The literal belief in fairy rings faded out during the Enlightenment in the 1700’s, when superstition made way to science. But before the Enlightenment could push fairies aside entirely, poets and artists drew upon that link forged in legends to enrich their works, thereby introducing it to high art. These craftsmen ensured that fairies and toadstools would live side by side in the popular imagination to this day.
Mushrooms began emerging into high art during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, when some of the era’s most eminent authors chose fairies as subjects. While Edmund Spenser’s epic poem The Faerie Queene (1596) does center around a fairy court, Shakespeare deserves credit for introducing the whimsical world of fairy lore into a sophisticated form of literature. As T.F. Thiselton Dyer states in his book Folk-lore of Shakespeare (1883), “Judging, then, from the elaborate account which the poet has bequeathed us of the fairies, it is evident that the subject was one in which he took special interest…It has also been observed that well acquainted, from the rural habits of his early life, with the notions of the peasantry respecting these beings, he saw that they were capable of being applied to a production of a species of the wonderful” (1-2).
Shakespeare’s Queen Mab, from Mercutio’s speech in Romeo and Juliet (1597), became the typical monarch of the Fairy kingdom. During the period following Elizabeth’s reign, it became popular to describe Mab’s court in detail after Mercutio’s example. Jacobean and Restoration poets created vivid and pleasing scenes by describing the objects around the Queen and their minute building materials. Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1623-1673) was one such author whose poem “The Pastime of the Queen of Fairies” embodies this trend.
It is devoted to describing Queen Mab’s nighttime routine. Lines 23-30 depict the objects involved in her royal meal, one of which is a mushroom:
Then to her dinner she goes straight,
Where all her imps in order wait.
Upon a mushroom there is spread
A cover fine of spiders web;
And for her stool a thistle-down;
And for her cup an acorn’s crown,
Wherein strong nectar there is filled,
That from sweet flower is distilled.
With a tradition of portraying the fairies’ court and the mushrooms therein well established in poetry, painters began to transpose the image from the written word onto canvas. The first serious fairy paintings were illustrations of literature, especially Shakespeare’s plays. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) kicked off the sub-genre with his 1789 painting of Puck (directly above). As the sprite’s seat, the mushroom takes a primary spot in the composition of this painting, like they had in the descriptive poetry Reynolds used as a model. Henry Fuselli (1741-1825), following in Reynolds’s pattern, depicts a whole fairy court atop a mushroom in his painting Tatiana’s Awakening (1785) (pictured below). The genre of fairy painting took off in the Victorian era (1837-1901): such artists as Richard Dadd, Richard “Dicky” Doyle (top), and George Cruikshank produced works on the subject, almost all of which include mushrooms. John Anster “Fairy” Fitzgerald even put into visual form the banquet image Cavendish and others wrote about (bottom). Mushrooms, serving as tables, diases, centerpieces, and umbrellas, found themselves firmly ensconced in high art, and continued to be a common prop in the visual language of fairyland.
What is small and close to the ground holds a fascination for us in our world of fast-evolving technology that has been removing us from nature for three hundred years. What is close to the ground holds an element of whimsy, but also something of desire that tinges images and descriptions of them with magic. That magic manifests in fairies, and thus fairies transformed the unlovely fungal form of life into something to be admired.
|
<urn:uuid:dfc91aef-52ae-478e-8db1-a0c08fd92ff4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-13",
"url": "http://fairyroom.com/2013/04/how-fairies-brought-toadstools-into-high-art/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189495.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00334-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9548345804214478,
"token_count": 1031,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Root Canal Therapy
Root canal therapy is treatment used to repair and save a tooth that has been infected due to a deep cavity or cracked tooth. The treatment involves removing the pulp, blood supply and the nerves of the tooth, and cleaning the infected area. A tooth's pulp and nerve is not important to a tooth's health and function after the tooth has fully emerged from the gums. If the treatment is not performed, pus builds up at the root tip and the infection of the pulp can spread to the surrounding bone. The results in pain and swelling (absess), and your tooth would likely have to be removed.
What are the signs that a root canal is needed?
- Severe tooth pain while chewing
- Your tooth pain wakes you up at night
- Teeth that are highly sensitive to hot or cold, with the sensitivity lingering for some time.
- Discoloration or darkening of the tooth
- Swollen gums in the area of the infected tooth
What does the treatment involve?
First, an opening is made into the pump chamber through the crown of the tooth.. Once the pulp is removed, the root canal is thoroughly cleaned. If the dentist decides to complete the root canal therapy in multiple visits, a temporary filling will be placed to protect the tooth. When you return, the dentist will remove the temporary filling, re-clean the root canal and pulp chamber, and have you return to place a permanent filling and / or crown over the tooth.
Root canal therapy has a high rate of success and many teeth undergoing the procedure can be saved to last a lifetime. Additionally, the crown or filling placed after the completion of the root canal procedure makes the tooth structure more durable and stable.
|
<urn:uuid:0dc8b427-5851-443d-ba6a-25fa2e6118d6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://www.birminghameasternfamilydental.com/procedures/1362-root-canal-therapy.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886104560.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818024629-20170818044629-00399.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9394093751907349,
"token_count": 350,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Squall wrote: Jersey Tom wrote:
Pierce89 wrote:movement across the ground combined with steering angle data gives you perfect slip angle info
Well, not quite. But close.
In any event, for those curious about optical sensors... feel free to read up on them
Very interesting, thank you!
Do you know how (the physical principle) a laser can measure speed?
Pitot Tube is used for measuring speed in F1.
A laser can measure speed with two different methods:
1) The instrument shoot a "ray" to an object and it analyzes the frequency of the ray that "returns" to the instrument. It uses Doppler Effect: the frequency of the ray that returns changes depending of the speed of the object.
2) The instrument measures how long a ray shot to an object does take to "return" to the instrument. It uses the kinematics formula of uniform motion: d=c*t
c= speed of light
t= time for the "returning" of the ray
|
<urn:uuid:ec74357e-3596-4123-83d5-6cbe85815862>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44",
"url": "http://www.f1technical.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=12018&start=15",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719542.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00291-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9026299118995667,
"token_count": 219,
"score": 3.234375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
If you’re interested but also curious about the industrial hydraulic equipment market, you might be asking yourself, how do hydraulics work?
We’ve been in the industry for a long time: over 30 years! PIRTEK has learned a thing or two over three decades, and we’re always looking to share that information with our franchisees to help them establish and grow a thriving business.
Hydraulic hoses are specially designed for industrial hydraulic equipment to move hydraulic fluid to components, valves, actuators, and tools (Source: Hose Shop). They often withstand operating at both high pressure and high temperature, and as such, are reinforced and constructed with three layers.
These layers help maintain a consistent flow as well as prevent the hose from breaking down. The inner tube is made from PDFE, thermoplastic, or synthetic rubber, followed by a reinforcement layer consisting of a coil or braided wire. Lastly, the outer layer is made of rigid materials, designed to protect the inside components of the hydraulic hose.
How Do Hydraulics Work?
By applying mechanical pressure, liquids are used to transfer force more efficiently than gas or air. The port’s size can control the force exerted by the liquids. If the ending port is smaller, the force will be stronger.
Hydraulic hoses allow movement from one port location to another and reduce vibrations across manufacturing equipment (Source: Hose Assembly Tips). Thanks to its flexibility, the hose helps line up ports that may be maligned or modified or those that have moving components. In regards to reducing vibration, hoses reduce pressure waves in fluid during motion. By swapping rigid tubes or pipes with hydraulic hose, vibration can be absorbed and thus reduce the resonance or change its pitch, reducing noise intensity.
Hydraulic Hose Repair or Replacement
Our franchisees own and operate stores and fleets of vehicles in order to provide hydraulic hose repair and replacement to all sorts of clients. Customers rely heavily on the expertise of a professional technician from Pirtek to do the job as many different factors can contribute to malfunction, and ultimately interrupt work flow. As a Pirtek franchisee you can provide these valuable services.
The general process for repair or replacement of hoses in industrial hydraulic equipment includes (Source: The Hydraulic Hose):
- Finding the leak. By running the equipment, you can determine the location of the leaking fluid and which hose needs repair or replacement.
- Reducing pressure. By turning off the hydraulics and compressed air control switch, you’ll release the pressure from the system and be able to remove the damaged hose.
- Preparing the area. Before removing the hose, a suitable-size container should be placed under the hose to catch any remaining fluids. The fitting should be able to be loosened with a wrench, and some equipment might have to be removed to reach the fitting.
- Setting the hose. After removing the hose, make repairs if possible, and if not, replace the hose. Some cleaning of the area is suggested if there is debris on the fittings or aprons.
- Testing the new hose. Run the system and see if there are leaks in other places. More fluids may be required to test the system fully.
This process is best completed by an experienced technician, as the correct pressure is required to function properly, and that’s why our Pirtek services are invaluable to our customers.
We hope you’ve learned a bit about how hydraulics work. Consider a franchise with PIRTEK to tap into the recession-resistant market for industrial hydraulic equipment repair and replacement.
PIRTEK’s industrial hydraulic equipment franchise opportunities have been thriving in recent years. Contact us today to learn more about what we have to offer!
|
<urn:uuid:39c007af-3b30-410a-bc69-ef43cb902aae>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://pirtekusafranchise.com/blog/repairing-or-replacing-industrial-hydraulic-equipment-with-pirtek/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588113.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027084718-20211027114718-00050.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9334180951118469,
"token_count": 779,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Clues to life on Mars may be hiding in one of the most inhospitable places on Earth, and a model Mars rover driving around there just found something interesting.
The Atacama Desert is a sort of nexus of science research. The desert in Chile is dry as a bone, receiving less than an inch of rain per year, and a lot of astronomical observatories live out there because of the dry air. The Atacama is ideal for another kind of space research, too. Those dry, arid conditions are just about as close as you can get to Mars here on Earth.
"Some of the most Mars-like soils on Earth are in the Atacama Desert in Chile," says Stephen Brian Pointing, a professor at the Yale-National University of Singapore. "There is very little water input to the desert and soils have become very nutrient-poor and extremely salty and alkaline over time, and this is very similar to the way that Martian soils have developed."
As a result, life doesn't exactly thrive here. But as Pointing and his colleagues point out in a paper today in Frontiers in Microbiology, life does survive, which could point the way toward finding what modern day life persists on Mars, if any.
Pointing and his colleagues looked for life by building their own little Mars rover. The bot dug under the salty, dry soil of the Atacama, and often came up empty. He says the air and top soil had an average number of bacteria, but down below was usually more barren in terms of life. And yet the rover found little pockets along the way where extreme, brine-loving microbes thrived, make those micro-residents some of the hardiest organisms on Earth.
"Just below the surface is where it starts to get interesting," Pointing says. "We saw that with increasing depth the bacterial community became dominated by bacteria that can thrive in the extremely salty and alkaline soils."
Pointing says the finding also demonstrates that wherever life could exist in the Atacama, it did. "Overall the bacterial distribution in soil horizons was also extremely patchy and this was correlated with increased salt levels that limited the bio-availability of water," he says. "These bacteria clearly survive right at the limit of habitability."
Now let's take that to Mars, a once-wet world whose water is now isolated into brine, it's surface battered by radiation and some of the driest conditions in the solar system. According to the paper, we might still be able to find isolated pockets of life there by looking at the very limits of habitability in the subsurface environment.
There are a few problems, Pointing says. One of which has to do with the relative rarity, and the other of which deals with the actual conditions the life might be under.
"The patchy nature of the colonization suggest that a rover would be faced with a 'needle in a hay stack' scenario in the search for Martian bacteria," he says, wherein a rover has to look over and over, hoping to get the right spot. "Also, our study showed that paleo-soil features formed long ago when water was abundant but with no recent history of water input had no recoverable bacteria, and Martian soils are likely very similar to these in many places."
So it might be hard for life to persist on Mars today, but not impossible—and if we need any place that's a proof of concept, there's a desert in South America ready to provide us some hints.
|
<urn:uuid:56376be7-e975-448d-96a7-0412997e79cb>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/moon-mars/a26561891/rover-south-america-mars/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107883636.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024135444-20201024165444-00228.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9703251719474792,
"token_count": 727,
"score": 3.9375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Typically, if elevated blood pressure (BP) is noted before the 20th week it is considered chronic or preexisting to the pregnancy. After 20 weeks pregnant, new onset blood pressure is often caused by chemicals released by the baby resulting in Preeclampsia or Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH). Both diseases require additional baseline laboratories and fetal surveillance, i.e. ultrasounds and fetal heart monitoring in the office.
Chronic Hypertension usually requires medication throughout the pregnancy to keep it under control. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension may require blood pressure medication at the time of delivery, along with Magnesium Sulfate to prevent maternal seizures. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension is more common with your first baby, in people with preexisting chronic hypertension and in those who had Pregnancy Induced Hypertension with their previous pregnancy.
|
<urn:uuid:9c7b8e8f-b0ef-4c92-afe1-968ec5b88e40>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10",
"url": "https://www.friscowomenshealth.com/high-blood-pressure-what-do-i-do/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362899.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301182445-20210301212445-00507.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9365771412849426,
"token_count": 177,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
From medieval castles to dreamy mosques and futuristic museums, the list of landmarks in Spain is truly impressive. From Barcelona to Madrid and beyond, these incredible Spain landmarks tell stories of the country’s rich history.
From Gothic to Gaudi to Gehry, Spain has stunningly beautiful and innovative monuments and landmarks. So, here are 30 famous landmarks of Spain to tick off your bucket list.
- 30 Spain Landmarks To Tick Off Your Bucket List
- Famous Spain Landmarks
- Historic Landmarks in Spain
- Religious Landmarks of Spain
- Spain’s Natural Landmarks
- Landmarks in Madrid
- Intangible Landmarks of Spain
30 Spain Landmarks To Tick Off Your Bucket List
Famous Spain Landmarks
1- Basilica La Sagrada Familia (Barcelona)
Conjured from the fertile imagination of one of the world’s most famous architects of all time, Basilica La Sagrada Familia is Gaudi’s most famous work and a landmark in Barcelona that stands out.
He started building it in Barcelona in 1883 and worked on it right up until his death but even today, this world-famous landmark in Spain is still not complete.
When Gaudi took over the project from the original architect, who had planned a neo-Gothic building, it changed Barcelona forever taking its place as one of the most famous landmarks in Spain.
Gaudí managed to complete the chapel of San José, the crypt and the door of El Nacimiento.
La Sagrada Familia is at Carrer de Mallorca, 401, 08013 Barcelona, Spain. Book a tour to see it here.
2- Alhambra (Granada)
Alhambra is a Spain landmark that impresses most visitors. It’s a dreamy palace and fortress in Andalucia.
The Alhambra in Granada is a mysteriously alluring complex of buildings and gardens, with tree-lined walkways and flowing streams.
Once a major political hub for the Muslims in the west, the palace is a breathtaking geometrical landmark in Spain with rectangular courtyards and fountains.
It’s a fairytale palace with Nasrid buildings, which was once where the Muslim rulers lived, and the enchanting courtyard of the Lions with its magical fountains.
Alcazaba citadel is the oldest structure in Alhambra while the view from La Vela tower is stunning.
Spain’s most famous landmark can be explored while on an Andalucia road trip.
Alhambra is a popular attraction that can get very busy so beat the queues and pre-purchase your ticket and tour here.
Alhambra is at Calle Real de la Alhambra, Granada, Spain.
3- Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao)
As soon as you set eyes on the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao you will know why it’s a famous landmark in Spain. The futuristic design by Frank Gehry is jaw-dropping.
A contemporary architectural masterpiece in the heart of Spain’s Basque Country, Bilbao’s Guggenheim Museum is a Spain landmark that is truly awe-inspiring.
Built from titanium, glass and limestone, the futuristic design of the museum makes it one of the most impressive buildings of the 20th century.
The titanium curves and soaring glass gives the building a timeless look that would most likely not be out of place 100 or 200 years from now.
Even though there are a number of worthwhile things to do in Bilbao, spending time in this modern museum designed by Frank Gehry and admiring its architecture is one of the main reasons why you would visit this city.
Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is at Abandoibarra Etorb., 2, 48009 Bilbo, Bizkaia, Spain.
4- Alcázar Fortress (Segovia)
Alcazar is one of the most famous landmarks in Spain.
Built on to of a rock, Alcazar Fortress in Segovia looks like a fairytale castle straight out of a Medieval story.
Alfonso VIII lived in the fortress in the 12th century before architectural improvements turned it into a Gothic castle in the 13th century.
Charles II founded the Royal College of Artillery at the fortress in 1764 and it’s worth paying a visit to the Artillery Museum.
The fortress has secret passageways used to escape to the river and connected a number of palaces within the city.
Alcazar is a popular landmark in Spain and the palace is often packed with visitors so do book your ticket in advance to avoid having to queue.
Alcazar is at Patio de Banderas, Sevilla, Spain.
5- Great Mosque (Cordoba)
The Great Mosque in Cordoba is a unique landmark in Spain.
Built in 785 by Emir Abdurrahman I, the Great Mosque of Cordoba is a representation of Spain’s Muslim art.
One of the unique things about this mosque is it was constructed on the site where the ancient Visigoth church of San Vicente once stood.
Inside the mosque is a labyrinth of columns with double arcades and horseshoe arches.
In 1523, the Christians conquered the region and built a cathedral inside the mosque.
The internal craftsmanship is impeccable and it’s impressive to see the Byzantine mosaic and crafted marble.
Mosque of Cordoba is at Calle Cardenal Herrero, Córdoba, Spain.
For more about Spain read:
- 10 Things To Do In Bilbao
- 12 Things To Do In San Sebastian
- 10 Things To Do In Oviedo
- Storybook Village of Santillana del Mar
- An Amazing Andalusia Road Trip
6- Niemeyer Centre (Asturias)
The Niemeyer Centre in Asturias is one of the most architecturally intriguing Spanish landmarks of modern times.
Located minutes from the historic town centre of Aviles, the Niemeyer Centre is a modern architectural Spanish landmark built in 2011.
Designed by Oscar Niemeyer, the famous architect who designed many Brazilian landmarks, the centre is a cultural hub with a programme of concerts, exhibitions, plays, dances, films and cultural events.
The design consists of an auditorium, dome, a 20m tower and there’s also a restaurant with great views of the city.
Niemeyer Centre is at Avenida del zinc s/n, 33402 Avilés, Asturias (Principality of Asturias).
7- Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias (Valencia)
Another contemporary landmark in Spain is the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia.
Spanish architect’s Santiago Calatrava’s stunning suite of contemporary buildings is an impressive landmark in the Spanish city of Valencia.
The futuristic cluster of museums and art halls along with an aquarium designed by another Spaniard Félix Candela were completed in 2005 have been used as film sets for Dr Who and Tomorrowland.
Oceanografic resembles a water lily and is Europea’s largest aquarium, home to over 500 species of marine life from all over the world.
The Principe Felipe Science Museum has interactive displays and demonstrations of scientific principals while the Hemisferic Cinema, with its spherical roof, is the place to watch fascinating 3D shows.
Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias (City of Arts and Sciences) cost €900 million to build and is at Av. del Professor Lopez Pinero, Valencia. This ticket offers discounts to the Hemisferic, Principe Felipe Science Museum and Oceanographic.
Historic Landmarks in Spain
8- Parc Guell
Parc Guell is a colourful and creative creation from the imagination of Spain’s most famous painter, Antonio Gaudi.
The UNESCO World Heritage Site is an opulent artistic attraction in Barcelona built between 1904 and 1906 that was originally intended to be a garden.
Visiting Parc Guell offers a peek into the flamboyant world of Gaudi and Catalan Modernisme architecture where there are no straight lines.
Highlights are the Gaudi Museum House, Greek Theatre, Austrian Garden and Hypostyle Room. Book your ticket to Parc Guell here.
9- Altamira Caves (Cantabria)
Two kilometres from the picturebook town of Santillana del Mar lies 14,000-year-old cave paintings of animals in the Altamira Caves.
This World Heritage-listed site is home to some of the best prehistoric rock art in the world.
The paintings depict prehistoric scenes of animals such as bison, deer and wild boar using natural red ochre with black outlines.
Unfortunately, you’re not allowed into the original cave as the paintings are fragile but there’s a reproduction in the Altamira Museum cave.
Altamira Caves is at Avenida Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, s/n, 39330, Cantabria, Spain. Visit Santillana del Mar and the Altamira Museum together.
10- The Walls of Avila
The medieval walls of Avila, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, were constructed between the 11th and 14th centuries.
The Walls of Avila form a circuit of 2.5 km (1.5 miles) around the old city.
The 88 semi-circular towers are an impressive sight as you walk around the walls, making this a spectacular Spain monument.
Once part of Roman Lusitania, Avila was conquered by Arab and Berber invaders in 714 CE before Alfonso VI of León and Castile sacked the Muslim rulers in 1088 AD.
Avila is about 100km from Madrid in Castile and León’s autonomous community.
11- Roman Walls (Lugo)
Lugo’s Roman walls were built in the 3rd century as a defence for Lugo’s town (then known as Lucus Augusti) from 263 to 276 AD against Germanic attackers.
The wall stretches over two kilometres surrounding the town and is in good shape.
There are 10 gates, five of which date back to the Roman era, and 49 original towers that are still intact.
The UNESCO’s World Heritage-listed wall is one of the finest remaining in Europe.
12- Roman remains of Tarragona
Tarragona’s Roman remains is one of the iconic Spain landmarks because it is the most intact Roman remains in the country.
Also known as Tárraco, it was the first Roman settlement on the Iberian Peninsula and a thriving city of Roman times.
The 2nd AD amphitheatre, Roman walls, Roman forum and citadel form part of this incredible World Heritage Site.
Tarragona is a Mediterranean city port on the Costa Daurada in Catalonia.
13- Plaza de España (Seville)
Plaza de España (Spanish Steps) is a landmark in Seville located within Maria Luisa Park.
Famous for its blend of Renaissance, Baroque and Moorish architecture, Plaza de Espana was built in 1928 for the Ibero-American Exposition.
It’s home to government offices and surrounded by lovely gardens.
This Spanish landmark’s unique feature is the half-circle design with a moat and buildings linked by bridges symbolizing Spain’s four ancient kingdoms.
Vicente Traver fountain is an eye-catching landmark within a landmark that compliments the plaza’s blue-tiled walls.
Plaza de España is in Seville and can be reached on the metro Prado de San Sebastian (line 1).
14- Tower of Hercules (La Coruna)
One of Spain’s oldest landmarks, the Tower of Hercules in La Coruña is a lighthouse dating back to the 2nd century.
This famous landmark graces the Galician coast and is a replica of the Pharos of Alexandria.
The Tower of Hercules was an offering to Mars, the Roman god of war, and has been a beacon on the coastline or 1,900 years.
Here are more amazing landmarks in Europe
Religious Landmarks of Spain
15- Santiago de Compostela Cathedral (Santiago)
Cathedral Santiago de Compostela is a beautiful landmark in Spain that attracts pilgrims from around the world.
Of all the monuments in the World Heritage city of Santiago, the Cathedral Santiago de Compostela is the one that stands out as a landmark in Spain that has stood the test of time.
The cathedral is in Plaza del Obradoiro square and is where all roads into Santiago converge.
The most significant feature of this hallowed Spain landmark is the Cathedral is the final stop on the pilgrims’ journey.
Built the Romanesque architectural style, construction started in 1075 during the reign of Alfonso VI but over the years, Gothic, Baroque, Plateresque and Neoclassical extensions and improvements have been added to the original building.
The floor plan is a Latin cross and the La Gloria portico at the main entrance has a display of 200 figurines representing the Apocalypse.
Saint James the apostle stands on a column to welcome pilgrims.
The Cathedral’s Obradoiro façade, the work of Fernando de Casas y Novoa, is one of the most famous examples of Spanish Baroque design.
Santiago de Compostela is at Praza do Obradoiro, s/n, 15704 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain. Book this full-day tour of Santiago de Compostela.
16- Tibidabo Cathedral
The impressive Tibidabo Cathedral is a landmark in Spain everyone should visit while in Barcelona.
It took two generations of architects to complete Tibidabo Cathedral between 1902 and 1961.
The modernista and neogothic cathedral sits on Tibidabo hill and is a handsome architectural landmark of Barcelona the resembles the Basilica de Sacre-Coeur in Paris.
The cathedral has beautiful stonework, amazing stained-glass windows, a crypt and viewing platforms to enjoy views of Barcelona.
Tibidabo Cathedral is at Cumbre del Tibidabo, Barcelona. These tours will get you to Tibidabo:
17- Burgos Cathedral
The Santa Iglesia Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de Santa María de Burgos is a Catholic church in the city of Burgos.
This relatively unknown gem is one of the great Gothic churches of Spain and honours the Virgin Mary.
This historic landmark in Spain has beautiful French Gothic architecture from the 13th century and is home to artworks and sculptures.
The UNESCO World Heritage-listed cathedral has 15 chapels, altars and beautiful spires.
Burgos Cathedral is at Plaza de Santa María, Burgos.
18- Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias
Another UNESCO World Heritage gem, the Monuments of Oviedo represent a time when Christianity reigned supreme on the Iberian Peninsula.
These Spanish historical monuments date back to the 9th century. They are some of the most significant examples of religious architecture.
Many are within Santa Maria del Naranco, Santa Cristina de Lena and San Miguel de Lillo churches.
Another iconic monument here is the hydraulic engineering structure, La Foncalada, which is visionary for its time.
For more landmarks in the Americas see:
Spain’s Natural Landmarks
19- Antequera (Andalusia)
Antequera is another UNESCO World Heritage archaeological gem, located in the heart of Andalusia in Southern Spain.
Its impressive megalithic tombs (Viera, El Romeral and Menga) dates back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age and are the best-preserved dolmens in Europe.
Antequera’s natural monuments, La Peña de los Enamorados (Lover’s Rock) and El Torcal are uniquely-shaped rocks that are two of Spain’s best natural landmarks.
The closest airport to Antequera is Malaga Airport.
20- Torre de Cerredo (Picos de Europa)
Torre de Cerredo (2650m) is the highest peak in Picos de Europa (or peaks of Europe) and a stunning natural landmark of Spain.
The mountain range is on the north coast, 20 km inland from the northern coast of Spain.
Although Torre de Cerredo is the tallest mountain, what makes this range such an attraction is there are many peaks over 2600 m.
This stunning mountain range is a hidden gem that is a magnet for those who love hiking and mountaineering.
With a landscape of glistening glacier-fed lakes, soaring limestone peaks and plunging gorges, Picos de Europa is a place in Spain to tick off your bucket list.
The villages of Espinama and Sotres are excellent places to use as a base for hiking trips. The nearest airports Santander and Bilbao.
21- Monte Perdido (Pyrénées)
The Pyrénées straddles Spain and France, however, the Spain side of the border has the largest and deepest canyons.
Monte Perdido is 3,355 m high Monte Perdido is the third-highest mountain in the Pyrenees, and its summit is in Spain.
It’s is home to canyons, lakes, alpine flora and fauna such as the Lammergeier (Bearded Vulture).
The range’s pastoral landscape holds the history of the region’s agricultural activities and the curving mountain roads lead past farms, fields and pastures.
Monte Perdido is to the north of Huesca province.
Landmarks in Madrid
Watching Flamenco dancers, eating in tapas bars and exploring museums are some of the exciting things to do in Madrid and beyond. Madrid is Spain’s capital and also home to several historic landmarks of Spain. So, if you only have time to visit Madrid, here are some Spain landmarks you can see in one visit.
22- San Lorenzo de El Escorial
Saint Lorenzo El Escorial is a stunning Spain landmark near Madrid.
San Lorenzo de El Escorial is a sprawling historic royal complex with a grand palace, monastery, church, mausoleum, library and museum.
This Spanish monument is dedicated to the reign of Philip II and has courtyards, rooms and halls connected by 16 km of corridors.
Herrera’s 30 m jasper and red marble retablo is an impressive religious work of art and a main feature in the church while the Tibaldi’s frescoes a festooned in the library and other rooms.
The Panteón de los Reyes is a historic Baroque burial vault and final resting place of several Spanish kings.
The palace highlights the grand lifestyles of Spain’s monarchy with displays of paintings by famous artists, tapestries and antique furniture.
San Lorenzo de El Escorial is in El Escorial de Arriba, which is a town 47 km from Madrid. As this is a very popular attraction, it’s worth skipping the line and booking a tour like this one in advance.
23- Plaza Mayor
As you sit in one of the alfresco cafes in the centre of Plaza Mayor sipping on a café solo, a shot of strong black coffee, it is easy to envisage the bustling marketplace that once took place right in Madrid’s historical heart.
This lively town centre also played host to royal festivities, the ritual burning of heretics and gory bullfights.
Today’s entertainment, however, is a touch milder with local artists painting pictures of bullfights, people queuing up for promotional sachets of food samples and a myriad of busy craft shops filled with visitors hunting for souvenirs.
In the centre of the Plaza, there is a statue of King Felipe III astride his mighty stallion.
If you happen to be in Madrid on a Sunday morning, you’ll find a bustling stamp and coin collectors’ market here.
Stroll through Plaza Mayor into the charming Hapsburg section of town, known to the locals as the Austrian area.
In 1516 Carlos V rose to power and the Hapsburg reign flourished for almost two hundred years in Spain.
Plaza Mayor is at Plaza Mayor, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
24- Palacio Real
In the 9th century, the Islamic Kingdom of Toledo built a defensive fort on the site where Palacio Real now stands.
As European palaces go, Palacio Real holds its own.
The current palace was built in Italianate baroque style by the Bourbons in the 18th century and served as the royal residence until 1931.
It’s a massive monument to a bygone royal era; with over 2800 rooms although only 50 are open to visitors.
Highlights include the opulent red and gold Throne Room, and a Gala Dining room which seats thousands.
The Royal Armoury displays some intriguing sets of armour that belonged to the various rulers of Spain.
The rooms of Carlos II feature a vault fresco known as The Apotheosis of Trajan by Anton Raphael Mengs.
The Gasparini Room has a delicate stucco ceiling and walls of embroidered silk. Watch the changing-of-the-guard on the first Wednesday of every month.
The Royal Palace of Madrid is at Calle de Bailén, s/n, 28071 Madrid, Spain.
25- Museo Nacional del Prado
The Prado Museum is one of the top Spain landmarks to visit.
With over 8600 paintings, Museo Nacional del Prado is one of Europe’s best art museums.
The museum has an impressive array of Spanish paintings that – over the centuries – graced the walls of Spain’s royal palaces for the private viewing of the royal family.
Most of these royal paintings were never shown to the public and the court painters remained unknown until the Prado Museum collection was formed to display these national treasures.
There are 12th-century Romanesque murals, Renaissance works by El Greco and over 100 works by Goya, as well as paintings by Ribera, Murillo and Velazquez.
There are also works by French, Flemish, Dutch, German and Italian painters and sculptors.
The Prado Museum is the jewel in Madrid’s crown and a museum you should make a point of visiting, even if you aren’t a fan of museums.
The number of masterpieces on display is mind-boggling and the talent of the artists is absolutely inspiring.
It makes you wonder how so much talent could have ever existed in the past.
The gallery houses major European masterpieces, among them are Goya’s The Third of May, The Annunciation by Fra Angelico and Ribera’s Jacob’s Dream.
Fans of Harry Bosch (the detective in Michael Connelly’s novels who was named after the European master) will love seeing The Garden of Earthly Delights by Hieronymous Bosch.
Of course, besides the staple masterpieces, the museum also has exhibitions, such as a showcase of the works of Luis de Morales (one of the most significant Spanish Renaissance masters).
Museo Nacional del Prado is at Calle de Ruiz de Alarcon, 23, 28014 Madrid, Spain.
26- Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas
Plaza de Toros is a famous Spain landmark.
While bullfighting is a controversial sport in Spain today, it remains an undeniable part of Spanish history.
The best time to see a bullfight in Madrid is during the Feria de San Isidro (Festival of San Isidro) that takes place from mid-May through to June.
During the festival, there are fights every evening.
The festival has a variety of different fights including bullfights with novillos (young bulls), rejones (bullfights on horseback) and Goyesca fights (in period costume).
At other times, regular bullfights occur from March to October, generally on Sunday evenings at the Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas.
Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is at Calle de Alcalá, 237, 28028 Madrid, Spain
27- Real Madrid Santiago Bernabeu Stadium
Head to Santiago Bernabeu Stadium and join the crowds cheering for soccer star David Beckham and celebrity team Real Madrid.
Real Madrid recently beat Manchester United for the title of the world’s richest football club.
This 100 plus year-old team were the 2002 European Champions and have a massive fan base.
Santiago Bernabeu Stadium is at Av. de Concha Espina, 1, 28036 Madrid, Spain.
28- Atocha railway station
On 11 March 2004, terrorist bombs ripped through a number of trains heading into Atocha railway station killing 191 people.
On the second floor or the station, there is an area which is dedicated as a shrine to the victims of that bombing.
Visitors can leave hand-silhouettes and messages on one of the graffiti remembrance tubes that hang from the ceiling.
The station itself is worth a look for its iron-and-glass architecture that houses a 2,000-square-meter botanical garden.
Moist air is pumped into the centre of the station so that giant ferns, palms and massive banana trees are able to thrive next to lily-filled ponds.
Pop into the café beneath the rainforest for a drink and a snack.
Madrid Atocha Railway Station is at 28045 Madrid, Spain.
Intangible Landmarks of Spain
Although Spain has many breathtakingly beautiful monuments that are landmarks across the country, thousands of years of history also means there are some amazing cultural landmarks to experience.
29- Flamenco Dancing in Madrid
The Flamingo dance is one of the cultural landmarks in Spain.
Soak in the atmosphere and passionate rhythms of the Flamenco at one of Madrid’s many Tablao Flamencos.
Although the Flamenco originated in southern Spain, some of the best artists continue to flock to Madrid establishing this city as one of Spain’s popular Flamenco hotspots.
Flamenco consists of three artistic elements – the singing, the dancing and the guitar performance.
While there is a basic structure for the performers to follow, much of the Flamenco is an improvised form of expression centred on the singing.
Corral de la Moreria (tel: +91 365 8446) has a nightly event with foot-stomping performances that convey that passionate Spanish soul.
This well-known Flamenco establishment features some of the best Flamenco performers, as well as an impressive list of international dignitaries and famous patrons.
You never know which famous person you might spot at the table next to you; recent notaries include George Bush, Samuel Jackson, Hugh Grant and Demi Moore.
30- Tapas bars
Act like a local and nibble your way through the city’s tapas bars.
You’ll fill up on a huge variety of delicious titbits like albondigas (meatballs), bacalao (cod), chorizo (spicy sausage), jamon (ham) and tortilla espanola (potato and onion omelette).
The practice of eating tapas originated in the 18th century and is a way of life for the people of Madrid.
There is a large concentration of tapas bars in the old part of town around the Villa y Corte area.
Favourite local haunts can be found around La Latina, Lavapies, Chueca and Malasana.
How to travel around Madrid:
One of the best ways to get around the city is to buy a two-day ticket for the hop-on-hop-off bus network. These bright red open-top double-decker buses follow three routes (historical, modern and monument) that cover most of the city’s main sights.
More Famous Landmarks in Asia:
|
<urn:uuid:307748e6-d0e6-4812-9320-cf9c0b28fd73>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-17",
"url": "https://travel2next.com/famous-landmarks-in-spain-things-to-do-in-madrid/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077336.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414064832-20210414094832-00153.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9030547142028809,
"token_count": 6041,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Both American Jurisprudence [FN5] and Corpus Juris Secundum [FN6] have useful topical sections on
federal Indian law under “ Indians.” These works offer a good starting point for researchers unfamiliar
with Indian law and are both available on Westlaw®.
Handbooks, Treatises, and Casebooks
For background information on different areas of federal Indian law, there are a few books worth
considering. The best source, often considered the “ bible” on Indian law, is Cohen’s Handbook of Federal
Indian Law. [FN7] The most recent edition was published in 2005, and a supplement in 2007. Researchers
will find both the 1982 as well as a 1942 edition useful as well. LexisNexis™ also provides electronic
database access to the Handbook under the “ Treatises & Analytical Materials” topic. Other useful titles
include: Cases on Federal Indian Law; [FN8] American Indian Law; [FN9] The Rights of Indians and
Tribes: the Authoritative ACLU Guide to Indian and Tribal Rights; [FN10] and, as noted above, American
Indian Law in a Nutshell. [FN11]
Law Review Articles
Two major bibliographic indices provide access to Indian law articles. The Index to Legal Periodicals,
offered in print and through a variety of electronic services, including Westlaw and LexisNexis, categorizes
Indian law-related articles under “ Indians.” [FN12] Add “ Indians” to your search terms to find pertinent
articles. The Legal Resource Index is another resource, and is available on Westlaw and LexisNexis.
[FN13] It also is offered in print as the Current Law Index [FN14] or in a Web-based format called LegalTrac. [FN15] LegalTrac is available at the University of Colorado and University of Denver law libraries. To limit the results of a search, the searcher should add the index term “ Native American.”
[FN16] Lee Ryan, at the University of San Francisco Law Library, wrote a research “ cheat sheet” on how to
search the Legal Resource Index. [FN17] If you want to search full-text journals and texts, the topical “Native American Law–Texts and Periodicals” database on Westlaw (NAM-TP) is your best bet.
|
<urn:uuid:389a1b97-e15b-4ac2-b401-93bc967d208e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"url": "https://thewhitemansburden.blog/2018/12/07/works-2/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257601.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190524084432-20190524110432-00238.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9078179001808167,
"token_count": 516,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Arthritis is a disease that often proves to be an age-related disease – all terms refer to more than 100 joint complaints – but it also affects young people of all kinds. The two most common forms are osteoarthritis, which is the most common cause of disability in the UK, and rheumatoid arthritis, a type of inflammatory arthritis. Common symptoms of arthritis include joint stiffness and joint pain. Many types of arthritis occur at different stages of development, from mild to severe and from young to old. Inflammatory arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is an inflammation of the joints that can also be caused by an infection that can lead to septic arthritis.
Arthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, is the most common form of arthritis. It usually occurs later in life and often affects the joints that carry weight, such as the hips, knees and ankles. Degenerative joint disease (osteoarchritis) is one of the most common forms of thrombosis, but joint inflammation is not a prominent feature of this disease. Arthritis can restrict the range of movement of the joints and can cause pain and stiffness in other joints. A number of factors are considered important for the development of osteoarthritis, such as age, diet, exercise, physical activity and lifestyle changes.
The word arthritis literally means “arthritis” and the disease usually affects areas of the joint such as muscles and tendons. Arthr means joint and ittis means inflammation. The disease can also affect other parts of the body, including the skin and internal organs, as well as causing pain and inflammation in the joints. The main objectives of arthritis treatment are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. The underlying disease can cause pain and stiffness in the joints, as well as pain in other parts of the body.
In osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, the cartilage that covers the bones in the joints is worn out. The most common forms of rheumatoid arthritis cause pain and stiffness, as well as pain in other parts of the body such as the hips, knees and ankles. These include worn-out bone joints and the use of corticosteroids and other medications. In rheumatoid arthritis, the membrane of the joint that protects and lubricates the joints becomes inflamed, causing pain and swelling.
Depending on the type of arthritis, symptoms can develop in different ways, such as pain, stiffness and joint stiffness. Common symptoms of most types of osteoarthritis include pain in the knees, hips, back and ankles. The main symptoms of arthritis are conjunctival pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. A certain type of arthritis is related to the skin disease psoriasis, but it is known that gout is caused by too much uric acid in the body. Psoriatic arthritis causes joint pain, swelling and stiffness and can affect any joint in the body, including the hip.
Arthritis is a broad term that covers a wide range of diseases associated with inflammation of the joints of the body. Arthritis often occurs in flares and remission, but during flares people experience relatively stable pain conditions. Arthritis can affect any joint in the body, but it is most commonly associated with inflammation of the joints, such as tendons, ligaments and joints in the back, hip, knee, ankle, elbow, wrist, finger, toe and foot. Different types of arthritis can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, heart, lungs, liver, kidneys and other organs.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the chronic forms of inflammatory arthritis and often affects small joints such as fingers and toes, but can reach as far as the knees and shoulders. RA is systemic and can affect the entire body, although it can develop in old age. Different types of arthritis have different symptoms, which can be mild in some people and severe in others.
Fortunately, the chances of maintaining joint function and mobility after RA are very good with early diagnosis and treatment, especially in older people with a history of arthritis. Osteoarthritis, is the most common chronic disease of the joints and occurs when the cartilage cushion in the joint collapses, causing pain, stiffness and swelling. Arthritis can affect any joint, but is more common in older people with a history of arthritis and in patients with arthritis – similar to conditions. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and function, but the symptoms do not only affect the joints. The most common symptoms of osteoarthritis are pain, stiffness, swelling and stiffness in the joint, as well as stiffness and pain in other parts of the body.
|
<urn:uuid:1c23bbe2-8fc4-4fa7-b97d-f6865f9daa2c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://whatisandhowto.com/what-is-arthritis/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585270.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019140046-20211019170046-00001.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9638475179672241,
"token_count": 960,
"score": 3.609375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
the fingers, toes
and/or nose. This physical finding is associated with many diseases and conditions, such as anorexia nervosa, autoimmune diseases, cold agglutinins, or Raynaud’s disease or phenomenon. Cyanosis of the extremities may be commonly observed in newborns and in others after exposure to cold temperatures, and in those patients with reduced cardiac output. In patients with suspected hypoxemia, it is an unreliable sign of diminished oxygenation.
2. Moro- or startle reflex- a reflex seen in infants in response to stimuli, such as that produced by
suddenly striking the surface on which the infant rests. The infant responds by rapid abduction and extension of the arms followed by an embracing motion of the arms.
3. cephalhematoma- a mass composed of clotted blood, located between the periosteum and the
skull of a newborn. It is confined between suture lines and usually is unilateral. The cause is rupture of periosteal bridging veins due to pressure and friction during labor and delivery. The blood reabsorbs gradually within a few weeks of birth.
4. caput succedaneum- diffuse edema of the fetal scalp that crosses the suture lines. Head
compression against the cervix impedes venous return, forcing serum into the interstitial tissues. The swelling reabsorbs within 1 to 3 days.
5. ductus arteriosis- a channel of communication between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta
of the fetus.
6. ductus venosus- the smaller, shorter, and posterior of two branches into which the umbilical vein
divides after entering the abdomen of the fetus. It empties into the inferior vena cava.
7. fontanel-anterior and posterior-where located?-why?-shape?- an unossified membrane or soft spot
lying between the cranial bones of the skull of a fetus or infant. Anterior- the diamond-shaped junction of the coronal, frontal, and sagittal sutures; it becomes ossified within 18 to 24 months. Posterior- the triangular fontanel at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures; ossified by the end of the first year.
8. foramen ovale- The opening between the two atria of the fetal heart. It usually closes shortly after
birth as a result of hemodynamic changes related to respiration.
9. molding- shaping of the fetal head to adapt itself to the dimensions of the birth canal during its
descent through the pelvis.
10. erythema toxicum- (papules, 24-28 hr.-newborn rash) a benign, self-limited rash marked by firm,
yellow-white papules or pustules from 1 to 2 mm in size present in about 50% of full-term infants. The cause is unknown, and the lesions disappear without need for treatment.
11. chemical conjunctivitis- most common eye infection- of the conjunctiva usually caused by
12. vernix caseosa- a protective sebaceous deposit covering the fetus during intrauterine life,
consisting of exfoliations of the outer skin layer, lanugo, and secretions of the sebaceous glands. It
is most abundant in the creases and flexor surfaces. It is not necessary to remove this after the fetus is delivered.
13. lanugo- fine downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus, esp. when premature. The presence and
amount of lanugo aids in estimating the gestational age of preterm infants. The fetus first exhibits lanugo between weeks 13 and 16. By gestational week 20, it covers the face and body. The amount of lanugo is greatest between weeks 28 and 30. As the third trimester progresses, lanugo disappears from the face, trunk, and extremities.
14. milia- white pinhead-size, keratin-filled cyst. In the newborn, milia occur on the face and, less
frequently, on the trunk, and usually disappear without treatment within several weeks.
15. telangiectatic nevi or hemangioma- (stork bite) a benign tumor of dilated blood vessels. 16. Mongolian spots- bluish-black areas of pigmentation may appear over any part of the exterior
surface of the body. Commonly noted whose ethnic origins are in the Mediterranean area, Latin America, Asia, or Africa
17. Apgar (know scoring)- a system for evaluating an infant’s physical condition at birth. The
infant’s heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, response to stimuli, and color are rated at 1 min, and again at 5 min after birth. Each factor is scored 0,1, or 2; the maximum total score is 10. Interpretation of scores: 7 to 10, good to excellent; 4-6, fair; less than 4, poor condition. A low score at 1 min is a sign of perinatal asphyxia and the need for immediate assisted ventilation. Infants with scores below 7 at 5 min should be assessed again in 5 more min; scores less than 6 at any time may indicate need for resuscitation. In depressed infants, a more accurate determination of the degree of fetal hypoxia may be obtained by direct measures of umbilical cord oxygen, carbon dioxide partial pressure, and pH.
18. Silverman (respiratory function test)- 5 evaluations – what are they? – (handout)
1. Upper chest. 2. Lower chest. 3. Xiphoid retractions. 4. Nares dilation. 5. Expiratory grunt. Graded 0, 1, 2
19. pseudomenstruation- withdrawal bleeding after birth, a scant vaginal discharge that reflects the
physiological response of some female infants to an exposure to high levels of maternal hormones in utero.
20. tonic neck reflex- (“fencing”) –with infant facing left side, arm and leg on that side extend;
opposite arm and leg flex (turn head to right, and extremities assume opposite postures).
21. colostrum- high in?-breast fluid that may be secreted from the second trimester of pregnancy
onward but that is most evident in the first 2 to 3 days after birth and before the onset of true lactation. This thin yellowish fluid contains a great number of proteins and calories in addition to immune globulins.
22. neonate- from birth through 28h day of life. 23. bilirubin – normal? Why higher in neonate?- normal <5 mg.dl. (usually drop to 1 mg/dl).
Neonatal jaundice occurs because the newborn has a higher rate of bilirubin production and the reabsorption of bilirubin from the neonatal small intestine is considerable.
24. physiologic jaundice – when?- 50-80% of all full-term newborns are visibly jaundiced during the
first 3 days of life. Term: appears after 24 hours and disappears by the end of the 7th day. Preterm: evident after 48 hours and disappears by the 9th or 10th day.
25. phenylketonuria- a congenital, autosomal recessive disease marked by failure to metabolize the
amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. It results in severe neurological deficits in infancy if it is unrecognized or left untreated. PKU is present in about 1 in 12,000 newborns in the US. In this disease, phenylalanine and its byproducts accumulate in the body, esp. in the nervous system, where they cause severe mental retardation, seizure disorders, tremors, gait disturbances, coordination deficits, and psychotic or autistic behaviors. Eczema and an abnormal skin odor also are characteristic. The consequences of PKU can e prevented if it is recognized in the first weeks of life and a phenylalanine restricted (very low protein) diet is maintained throughout infancy, childhood, and young adulthood.
26. petechiae- (pinpoint rash) small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on the skin that appear in patients
with platelet deficiencies (thrombocytopenias) and in many febrile illnesses.
27. kernicterus- a form of jaundice occurring in newborns during the second to eighth day after birth.
The basal ganglia and other areas of the brain and spinal cord are infiltrated with bilirubin, a yellow substance produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin. The disorder is treated aggressively by phototherapy and exchange transfusion to limit neurological damage. The prognosis is quite poor if the condition is left untreated.
28. nevus flammeus- (port-wine stain) – a large reddish-purple discoloration of the face or neck,
usually not elevated above the skin. It is considered a serious deformity due to its large size and color. In children, these have been treated with the flashlamp-pulsed tunable dye laser.
29. Epstein’s pearls – in infants, benign retention cysts resembling small pearls, which are sometimes
present in the palate. They disappear in 1 to 2 months.
30. umbilical arteries- (2) carry blood from the fetus to the placenta, where nutrients are obtained
and carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged.
31. umbilical vein- (1) oxygenated blood returns to the fetus through the umbilical vein.
ALTERNATE VOCAB LIST
NEWBORN VOCABULARY LIST Abdominal Circumference: measured by placing the tape around the newborn’s abdomen at the level of the umbilicus with the bottom edge of the tape measure at the top edge of the umbilicus. Acrocyanosis: Cyanosis of the extremities. May be present in the first 2 to 6 hours after birth. Condition is due to poor peripheral circulation which results in vasomotor instability and capillary stasis, especially when the baby is exposed to cold. If the central
circulation is adequate, the blood supply should quickly return to the extremity after the skin is blanched with a finger. If hands and nails are blue, face and mucous membranes should be assessed for pinkness indicating adequate oxygenation. Apgar Score: A scoring system used to evaluate infants at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The total score is achieved by assessing five signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each of the signs is assigned a score of 0, 1 or 2. The highest possible score is 10. See page 670 for further detail. Behavioral States: States in the infant sleep/awake cycle. See below for specific states. Page 1115 has a great chart on behavioral states. Sleep State: consists of deep or quiet sleep and light or active rapid eye movement sleep. In deep or quiet sleep the baby has closed eyes with no eye movement, regular even breathing and jerky motion or startles at regular intervals. Behavioral responses to external stimuli are likely to be delayed. Startles are rapidly suppressed and changes in state are not likely to occur. Heart rate may range from 100 to 120 bpm. In active rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the baby has irregular respirations, eyes closed with REM, irregular sucking motions, minimal activity, and irregular but smooth movement of the extremities. Environmental and internal stimuli initiate a startle reaction and a change of state. Active Sleep State: Same as light or active eye movement sleep Drowsy State: Infant may return to sleep or awaken further. Has smooth movements with variable activity level. Eyes may open and close. Eyes may appear heavy lidded or may appear like slits. May have no facial movement and appear still or may have some facial movements. Breathing is irregular. Infant will usually react to stimuli but may be slowed. May change to other states such as quiet alert, active alert or crying If infant left alone, may return to a sleep state. Quiet Alert State: Infant is attentive to environment, focus attention on stimuli. Body activity is minimal. Eyes are bright and wide. Facial expression is attentive. Breathing is regular. Response is most attentive, focus attention on stimuli. In the first few hours after birth, may experience an intense alertness before going into a long sleeping period. This state increases in intensity as the infant becomes older. Active Alert State: Infant’s eyes are open but not as bright as quiet alert. More body activity than quiet alert. Smooth movements may be interspersed with mild startles from time to time. Eyes are open with a glazed dull appearance. Facial movements may be still with or without facial movements. Breathing is irregular. Infant reacts to stimuli with delayed responses to stimuli or may change to quiet alert or crying state. Infant may be fussy and become more sensitive to stimuli, may become more and more active and start crying. If fatigue or caregiver interventions disturb this state, infant may return to drowsy or sleep state.
Crying State: communication tool, response to unpleasant stimuli from environment or internal stimuli. Characterized by intense crying for more than 15 seconds. Increased motor activity, skin color changes to darkened appearance, red or ruddy. Eyes may be tightly closed or open. Grimaces in facial expression. Breathing is more irregular than in other states. Indicates that the infant’s limits have been reached. May be able to console himself or herself and return to an alert or sleep state or may need intervention from caregiver. Bilirubin: pigment which causes jaundice. Most jaundice is benign but due to potential toxicity of bilirubin, jaundiced infants must be closely monitored. Accumulated bilirubin is due to infant’s inability to balance the breakdown of red blood cells and the use or excretion of by products. Phototherapy is used as treatment for newborn jaundice. Brown Fat: Also known as brown adipose tissue (BAT). Fat deposits in newborns that provide greater heat generating activity than ordinary fat. Found around the kidneys, adrenals, and neck; between the scapulas and behind the sternum. Caput Succedaneum: localized, easily identifiable soft area of the scalp.This generally results from long and difficult labor or a vacuum extraction. Fluid is reabsorbed within 12 hours to a few days after birth. Cephalohematoma: a collection of blood resulting from ruptured blood vessels between the surface of a cranial bone (usually the parietal) and the periosteal membrane. Emerges as a hematoma between the first and second day. Relatively common in vertex births and disappear within 2 weeks to 3 months. May be associated with physiological jaundice as extra red blood cells are being destroyed within the cephalohematoma. A large one can lead to anemia and hypotension. Chest Circumference: Should be measured with the tape measure at the lower edge of the scapula and brought around anteriorly directly over the nipple line. The average is 32 cm or 12.5 inches with a range of 30 to 35 cm or 12-14 inches. Circumcision: surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin) of the penis.
Cold Stress: Excessive heat loss resulting in compensatory mechanisms (increased respirations and nonshivering thermogenesis) to maintain core body temperature. Colostrum: secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties and cleanses the newborn’s intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.
Conduction: Loss of heat to a cooler surface by direct skin contact. An infant could lose heat due to conduction if subjected to chilled hands, equipment, scales, etc. Convection: loss of heat from the warm body surface to cooler air currants. An example would be an infant losing body heat because their crib is placed in an air conditioned room. Crypytorchidism: failure of the testes to descend in a newborn male. Ductus Arteriosus: A communication channel between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta of the fetus. It is obliterated after birth by rising PO2 and changes in the intravascular pressure in the presence of normal pulmonary functioning. It normally becomes a ligament after birth but sometimes remains patent (patent ductus arteriosus, a treatable condition). Ductus Venosus: A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver. It becomes a ligament after birth. Epispadias: when the male urethral meatus occurs on the dorsal aspect of the penile shaft Erythema Toxicum: Innocuous pink papular rash of unknown cause with superimposed vesicles: it appears within 24 to 48 hours after birth and resolves spontaneously within a few days. Evaporation: Loss of heat incurred when water on the skin surface is converted to a vapor. An infant is subject to body heat loss by evaporation immediately following birth when still wet with amniotic fluids or during bathing times.
Fetal Circulation: Blood flow from the placenta flows through the umbilical vein, enters the abdominal wall at umbilicus, through the ductus venosus directly into inferior vena cava (small amount enters liver instead). Blood enters right atrium, passes through foramen ovale into left atrium into left ventricle and into aorta. Some blood returning from head and upper extremities by way of superior vena cava enters right atrium and passes through tricuspid valve into right ventricle and small amount goes to lungs for nourishment only. Larger portion of blood passes from pulmonary artery through ductus arteriosus to descending aorta bypassing the lungs. Finally blood returns to the placenta via umbilical arteries and process is repeated.
Forman Ovale: Special opening between the atria of the fetal heart. Normally the opening closes shortly after birth; if it remains open, it can be surgically repaired. Head Circumference: Place the tape measure over the most prominent part of the occiput and brought to just above the eyebrows. The measurement should be 32 – 37 cm or 12.5 – 14.4 inches or approximately 2 cm larger than chest circumference. If the infant experienced significant head molding it is advisable to take another head measurement on the second day. Hyposadias: when the male urethral meatus occurs on the ventral aspect of the penile shaft. Jaundice (pathological and physiological): Jaundice refers to the yellowing of the skin and sclera frequently seen in newborns. Physiological jaundice refers to a normal process that occurs during transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and appears after 24 hours of life. Is a common problem with newborns and may be treated with phototherapy. Pathological jaundice is diagnosed in infants who exhibit jaundice within the first 24 hours of life, have a total serum bilirubin concentration increase of greater than 0.2 mg/dL/hour, surpass the 95th nomogram for age in hours or have persistent visible jaundice after 1 week of age in term infants or after 2 weeks in preterm infants. Latch On: refers to positioning needed for a newborn to properly breast feed. Mother and infant should be properly positioned in order to achieve optimal attachment. Infant needs to attach his or her lips far back onto the areola, not on the nipple. To obtain a deep latch, mother needs to elicit her infant’s rooting reflex, stimulating the infant to open the mouth as wide as possible. Once infant does this, mother draws the infant close to her. If the infant latches onto nipple only, sore nipples may result. Lanugo: Fine, downy hair found on all body parts of the fetus, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, after 20 weeks gestation. Large for Gestational Age (LGA): Excessive growth of a fetus in relation to the gestational time period. An infant considered LGA is above the 90th percentile when considering gestational age and birth weight. Let Down Reflex: Pattern of stimulation, hormone release, and resulting muscle contraction that forces milk into the lactiferous ducts, making it available to the infant. Also called milk ejection reflex. Meconium: Dark green or black material present in the large intestine of a full term infant; the first stools passed by the newborn. Milia: tiny, white papules appearing on the face of a newborn as a result of unopened sebaceous glands; they disappear spontaneously within a few weeks.
Mongolian Spot: Dark, flat pigmentation of the lower back and buttocks noted at birth in some infants; usually disappears by the time the child reaches school age. Molding: an asymmetric appearance of the head at birth due to overriding of the cranial bones during labor and birth. Diminishes a few days after birth. Nevus Flammeus: Also known as large port wine stain. Is a capillary angioma directly below the epidermis. Is a nonelevated sharply demarcated red to purple area of dense capillaries. Does not grow in size or fade with time. Does not usually blanch with pressure. If accompanied by convulsions or other neurological problems is suggestive of Sturge-Weber Syndrome with involvement of 5th cranial nerve (ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve). Nevus Vasculosus: a capillary hemangioma. Consists of newly formed and enlarged capillaries in the dermal and subdermal layers. A raised, clearly delineated dark red, rough surfaced birthmark commonly found in the head region. Such marks usually grow, often rapidly during 2nd or 3rd week of life and may not reach full size for 1 to 3 months. They begin to shrink and start to resolve spontaneously several weeks to months after they reach peak growth. Also called Strawberry Marks. Nonshivering Thermogenesis: physiological mechanisms of increasing heat production. Include increased basal metabolic rate, muscular activity and chemical thermogenesis. PKU: Phenylketonuria. Is the most common of the group of metabolic disorders known as amino acid disorders. Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid used for growth and in an normal individual any excess is converted to tyrosine. Infant with PKU lacks this converting ability and experiences an accumulation of phenylalanine in the blood. Excessive accumulation can lead to mental retardation. Preterm Infant: any infant born before 38 weeks gestation Postterm Infant: any infant born after 42 weeks gestation. Radiation: Heat loss incurred when heat transfers to cooler surfaces and objects not in direct contact with the body. Placing cool objects near an infant such as ice for a blood gas draw could cause this type of heat loss. Reflexes: See specific types listed below Moro Reflex: elicited when the infant is startled by a loud noise or is lifted slightly above the crib and lowered suddenly. In response, the infant straightens arms and hands outward while the knees flex. Slowly the arms return to the chest as in an embrace. The fingers spread forming a C and the infant may cry. This reflex may persist until about 6 months of age.
Palmar Reflex: also called the grasping reflex. Is elicited by stimulating the newborn’s palm with a finger or object. The newborn will grasp and hold the object or finger firmly enough to be lifted momentarily from the crib. Plantar Reflex: elicited when pressure is applied with the finger against the balls of the infant’s feet. Response is a plantar flexion of all toes. Disappears by the end of the first year of life. Babiniski Reflex: a fanning or hyperextension of all toes and dorsiflexion of the big toe, occurring when the lateral aspect of the sole is stroked from the heel upward across the ball of the foot. In children older than 24 months, it is considered an abnormal response if there is an extension or fanning of all the toes; in such cases indicates abnormality of upper motor neurons. Rooting Reflex: Is elicited when the side of the newborn’s mouth or cheek is touched. In response, the newborn turns towards that side and opens the lips to suck (if not fed recently). Sucking Reflex: normal newborn reflex elicited by inserting a finger or nipple in the newborn’s mouth, resulting in a forceful, rhythmic sucking. Tonic Neck Reflex: is elicited when newborn is supine and the head is turned to one side. In response, the extremities on the same side straighten whereas on the opposite side they flex. May not be seen during early newborn period but once it appears it persists until about the 3rd month. Stepping Reflex: Occurs when infant is held upright with one foot touching a flat surface. The infant will put one foot in front of the other and “walk”. This is more pronounced at birth and is lost in 4 to 8 weeks. Small for Gestational Age: An infant who falls below 10th percentile in terms of birth weight, length, occipital-frontal circumference and gestational age. Surfactant: A substance composed of phosolipid which stabilizes and lowers the surface tension of the alveoli during extrauterine respiratory exhalation, allowing a certain amount of air to remain in the alveoli during exhalation. Thermoregulation: regulation of body temperature Vernix: a protective, cheeselike whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on the fetal skin. Veneral Disease Research Lab (VDRL): blood test to detect syphilis
8-POINT POSTPARTUM ASSESSMENT WORKSHEET INSTRUCTIONS SPECIAL POINTS TO NOTE 1. Breast A. Gently palpate each breast B. If you feel nodules in the breast, the ducts may not have been emptied at last . C. Stroke downward towards the nipple, then gently release the milk by manual. D. If nodules remain, notify the doctor. E. Take this opportunity to explain the process of milk production, what to do about engorgement, how to perform self breast examinations, and answer any questions she may have about breastfeeding. 2. Uterus A. Palpate the uterus B. Have the patient feel her uterus as you explain the process of involution C. If uterus is not involunting properly, check for infection, fibroids and lack of tone. 3. Bladder A. Inspect and palpate the bladder simultaneously while checking the height of the fundus. B. An order from the physician is necessary catherization may be done. An order for culture and sensitivity test since definitive treatment may be required. C. Talk to mother about proper perineal care. Explain that she should wipe from front to back after voiding and defecating. 4. Bowel Function A. Question patient daily about bowel A. What is the contour? B. Are the breast full, firm, tender, shiny? C. Are the veins distended? D. Is the skin warm? E. Does the patient complain of sore nipples? F. Are breasts so engorged that she requires pain medication?
A. Uterus should the firm decrease approximately one finger breadth below B. Unsatisfactory involution may result if there are retained secundines or the bladder not completely empty A. Bladder distention should not be present after recent emptying. B. When bladder distention does occur, a pouch over the bladder area is observed, felt upon palpation; mother usually feels need to urinate. C. It is imperative that the first three post-partum voidings be measured and should be at least 150cc. Frequent small voidings with or without pain and burning may indicate infection or retention. Notify the doctor if the lochia looks
movements. She must not become constipated. If her bowels have not functioned by the second postpartum day, the doctor may start her on a mild laxative B. Inform the mother about what changes she should expect in the lochia and when it should cease. C. Tell the mother about what changes she should expect in the lochia and when it should cease. D. Tell the mother when her next menstrual period will probably begin and when she can resume sexual relations. E. Discuss family planning at this time. 6. Episiotomy A. Inspect episiotomy thoroughly using flashlight if necessary, for better visibility. B. Check rectal area. If hemorrhoids are present, the doctor may want to start on sitz bath and local analgesic medication. Reassure patient and answer questions she may have regarding pain, cleanliness, and coitus. 7. Homan’s Sign A. Press down gently on the patient’s knee (legs extended flat on bed) ask her to flex her foot 8. Emotional Status A. Throughout the physical assessment, notice and evaluate the mother’s emotional status. B. Explain to the mother and to her family that she may cry easily for a while and that her emotions may shift from high to low. The changes are normal and are probably caused by the tremendous hormonal changes occurring in her body and by her realization of new responsibilities that accompany each child’s birth. NOTE: Be sure that the mother has emptied her bladder and that she is lying in supine position on a flat bed before beginning assessment.
abnormal in to color or contains clots or other small ones.
A. Check episiotomy for proper wound healing, infection, inflammation and suture sloughing. B. Is the surrounding skin warm to touch? C. Does the patient complain of discomfort? Notify the C.Doctor if any occur Pain or tenderness in the calf is a positive Homan’s sign and indication of thrombophlebitis. Physician should be notified immediately. A. Does the patient appear dependent or independent? Is she elated or despondent? B. What does she say about family? C. Are there other nonverbal responses?
Antepartal nursing • Period of pregnancy between conception and onset of labor, used in reference to the mother.
Pre-embryonic development • Two week period that includes: o Fertilization (conception) o Implantation Miscarriage is a problem at this stage.
Embryonic development • • 3-8 weeks major functions of this period: o Cell multiples and grow o Cells differentiate and grow o By the end of week 8, all organ systems and external structures are present. Primary germ layers develop o Ectoderm (brain, nervous system) o Medoderm (heart, bones) o Endoderm (lungs, intestinal organs Fetal membrane develops o Amnion inner lining produces amniotic fluid o Chorion outmost linging chorionic villi develop into placenta Amniotic fluid o Function: shock absorber o Amount: 1500ml or more Placenta o Provides “food” and secretes hormones that continue the pregnancy o Circulation: Mom and baby’s circulation is completely separate! o Metabolic function Respiration Nutrition Excretion
• • •
Storage Umbilical cord o Lifeline to mom o 2 arteries unoxygenated blood o 1 vein oxygenated o Wharton’s jelly Outer covering of umbilical cord (protects cord)
Human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG) • • • • Supplied by corpus luteum Detected in mom’s blood 8-10 days after conception Keeps corpus luteum active which supplies: o Estrogen o Progesterone The placenta takes the place of the corpus luteum around the 16th week of pregnancy
Human placental lactogen (hPL) • • • • • Acts as a growth hormone Stimulates mom’s metabolism (mom needs extra energy) Increases mom’s resistance to insulin (sends more sugar to baby) Facilitates glucose transport across placental membrane Stimulates breast development to prepare for lactation
Progesterone • • • Maintains endometrium Decreases contractibility of uterus Breast development
Estrogen (by 7 weeks) • Stimulates uterine growth and blood flow between uterus and placenta (uteroplacental)
An important point • • Placental function depends on maternal blood pressure If there is interference with circulation with the placenta, the following develops: o Vasoconstriction (blood flow to baby is decreased) Maternal hypertension Maternal smoker Cocaine abuse
Fetal development • • Fetal period is 9 week to birth Rapid growth and organ development
Some dates/terms related to fetal growth: • Integumentary o Lanugo: Downy hair covering the body Appears at 13 weeks, disappears at 36 weeks o Vernix caseosa Protects skin; most abundant in the creases (neck) and flexor surfaces. Cardiovascular o Heart beat heard at 10 weeks by Doppler o Heard at 16 weeks via fetoscope Respiratory o Surfactant matures by 36th week Surfactant permits expansion of the lungs GI system o Meconium (tarry stool) Urinary system o By 5th month, fetus urinates into amniotic fluid o 2nd half of pregnancy: urine makes up major part of amniotic fluid Sexual o Can identify male/female by 16th week
• • • • •
Emotional responses to pregnancy
• • • • • • • • •
Ambivalence (contradictory feelings) Grief Self-centered; feels need to protect her body Introversion or extroversion Body image changes Stress Mood changes Sexual desire changes Couvade syndrome o The father experiences the physical symptoms; morning sickness or backache; the “empathy” belly.
Three Psychological tasks of pregnancy • • • 1st trimester: accepting the pregnancy 2nd trimester: accepting the baby 3rd trimester: preparing for parenthood; nesting
Terms related to pregnancy • • • • • • • Para: number of babies born after 22 weeks Gravida: A woman who is or has been pregnant Primigravida: a woman who is pregnant for the 1st time Primipara: A woman who has delivered one child after 22 weeks Multigravida: A woman who has been pregnant previously Multipara: A woman who has carried 2 or more pregnancies after 22 weeks Nulligravida: A woman who is not pregnant and is not currently pregnant.
Estimated Delivery date
Nagele’s rule • Begins with 1st day of last menstrual period, subtract 3 months, and add 7 days
McDonald’s method • Measure from top of symphysis pubis over curve of abdomen to top of uterine fundus in cm. o Helps determine gestation week
o o o
Gives indication of IUGR, twins, hydramnios (excess amniotic fluid) 12-16 weeks, just above the symphysis pubis 20-22 weeks, at umbilicus
Pregnancy tests • Measure hCG (human chorionic gonadatropin) o 95-98% accuracy o blood and urine tests
Danger signs of pregnancy—call M.D. for ALL of these • • • • • Sudden gush of fluid from vagina Vaginal bleeding (however, a little spotting can be normal due to fluctuating hormones) Abdominal pain Apigastric pain (placenta may be tearing away from uterine wall) Signs of toxemia/pre-eclampsia o Dizziness, blurred vision, diplopia (double vision), see spots o Severe headache o Edema of the hands, face, legs, and feet o Muscular irritability, seizures Oliguria (decreased urine output) Dysuria (Painful or difficult urination) Temp above 101 and chills (could mean sepsis) Persistent vomiting Absence of fetal movement (12 hours)
• • • • •
Prenatal Health assessment • • hCG confirms pregnancy Complete health history o genetic disorders o chronic illnesses o meds o obstetrical history o personal habits Complete physical exam o VS o Weight/height o Pelvic exam o Assess size/shape of boney pelvis Lab tests o Serology
Hematocrit and hemoglobin N: 38-47% and 12-16 g/dl o Sickle cell trait o WBC N: 4,500-11,000 o ABO and Rh typing (indirect coombs) N: Rh neg Rationale: check for presence of Rh antibodies o Rubella, Hep B, and Varicella titers N: Increased titer indicates immunity o Urinalysis Abnormal color Protein, RBC’s, WBC’s Glucose: small vs. large amount Subsequent visits o Physical assessment o Measure fundal height Fetal heart tones o Fetoscope 16 weeks, and almost always by 19 or 20 weeks o Doppler 10-12 weeks Prenatal visits o Q 4 weeks for 1st 28 weeks o Q 2 weeks until 36 weeks, then o Q 1 week until childbirth o
Nutrition during pregnancy • Who the hell knows from that damn handout. This is all I know: o Vitamin D and Folacin (folic acid) is increased 100% o Iron is HUGE, need 433% due to that pseudoanemia Pseudoanemia is a drop in hematocrit during pregnancy. The increase in circulating blood volume reflects an altered ratio of serum to RBC’s; plasma volume increases by 50%, whereas the RBC count increases by 30%. 2nd and 3rd trimesters need to increase 300 kcals/day
Fluids and Fiber • • • • Drink 8 glasses of fluid daily (water is best fluid) No alcohol, limit caffeine Limit artificial sweeteners Fiber is good! o Fights constipation o Lowers cholesterol
• • • •
Recommended weight gain during pregnancy: o 25-40 lb st 1 trimester o gain 1 pound per month 2nd and 3rd trimesters o gain 1 pound per week Watch for sudden large gains- could be fluid
Physiological changes and discomforts in pregnancy
Uterus • Hegar’s sign o Softening of the lower uterine segment, a probable sign of pregnancy that may be present during the 2nd and 3rd month of pregnancy. o The lower part of the uterus is easily compressed between the fingers placed in the vagina and those of the other hand over the pelvic area. o Due to the softening of the uterus related to increasing vascularity and edema and because the fetus does not completely fill the uterine cavity at this point, so the space is empty and compressible. Braxton Hick’s o Changes in contractibility o “False labor”; does not cause dilation and effacement of the cervix. Effleurage (massage) and rest Ballottement o A diagnostic maneuver in pregnancy. The fetus rebounds when displaced by a light tap of the examining finger through the vagina. Quickening o Initial awareness of the movement of the fetus within womb o Felt 16th-18th week Lightening o The descent of the presenting part of the fetus into the pelvis. Feels as if the baby is “dropping”. o Happens around the 36th week
• • •
Cervix • Goodell’s sign
o Softening of the cervix (due to increasing vascularity and edema) Chadwick’s sign o Deep blue-violet color of the cervix and vagina Mucus Plug “Operculum” o The plug of mucus that fills the opening of the cervix on impregnation o Prevents bacteria from getting into uterus
Ovaries • • • No ovulation Corpus luteum increases until week 16; then replaced by placenta Increased estrogen and progesterone inhibit the release of LH and FSH.
Vagina “VaJay-jay” • • Chadwick’s sign Preparing for stretching during labor and birth: o Connective tissue loosens o Hypertrophy o Lengthens o Luekorrhea White, thick secretions pH in vagina becomes more acidic o fights off bacteria, but, o promotes fungus/yeast infections bathe daily, wear absorbent cotton panties no crossing legs or douching
Breasts • • • • Increase in fullness, heaviness, tenderness Nipples darken Thin and watery secretions Montgomery’s tubercles o Sebaceous glands in the areola surrounding the nipple of the female breast o Prevention of nipple cracking Blood vessels more visible Estrogen and progesterone cause these changes During 2nd and 3rd trimesters, most growth due to mammary glands o Wear a well fitting bra for breast tenderness
• • •
Cardiovascular • Blood volume in mom increases by 1500ml or 40-50% above pre-pregnancy levels. o Changes due to hormones, meet woman’s and growing fetus’ needs o Cardiac output increases 30-50% o Heart rate increases 10-15 BPM o RBC’s increase, but cannot keep up with the pace of the plasma volume; decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit occur. This is called pseudoanemia. Know it and love it. Blood pressure : o First trimester: no change o Second trimester: systolic and diastolic decrease 5-10 mm Hg o 3rd trimester: Returns to first trimester levels. o Supine hypotension syndrome can occur in the 2nd half of pregnancy (vertigo, decreased BP). Palpitations and murmurs can cause an issue for these issues. Encourage mom to take naps, have partner assist with housework, get to bed early, and good nutrition. Teach mom that that these symptoms are normal. If mom feels faint, tell her to lower head between legs, lie down, rise slowly, avoid standing long periods. Avoid lying on back, instruct to lie on side (due to compressed inferior vena cava). WBC are elevated in the 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy o Could mask infection. Varicose veins o Due to the compression of the iliac veins and inferior vena cava by uterus; increases venous pressure and decreases blood flow to the legs. Interventions: Exercise, don’t cross legs; wear support hose; keep legs and hips up; exercise feet.
Respiratory • • • • • • Increased tidal volume Increased oxygen consumption Slight elevation in respiratory rate (18-20 in pregnancy; 12-20 is normal) Nasal stuffiness (1st trimester) SOB (not hubby, breath) 2nd trimester Dyspnea o Estrogen causes upper respiratory tract to become more vascular. As capillaries fill, edema develops in the nose. Interventions: Use cool air vaporizer NO SPRAYS Proper position; semi-Fowlers when sleeping.
• • • •
Nausea and vomiting (1st trimester) Gingivitis Increased saliva Increased gastric acid (heartburn/pyrosis) o Causes are due to the cardiac sphincter relaxes; increased progesterone; gastric displacement; hCG levels Interventions: Avoid greasy, highly seasoned food, eat small meals frequently, eat dry toast or crackers before arising. Warm sprite and ginger ale can be helpful. Sit upright 1 hour after eating Sodium bicarb after eating 6-8 glasses of water every day Decreased motility constipation (2nd half) o Causes are due to the iron supplement most women are on; displacement of the intestines. Interventions: Exercise qid, increase fluids/bulk, be regular Hemorrhoids (2nd half of pregnancy) o Productions of relaxin Avoid constipation, prolonged standing, constricting clothing Use topical meds, warm soaks, anesthetic agents Flatulence (2nd half o I don’t know why? Avoid gaseous foods, chew thoroughly, exercise.
Integumentary • Increased skin pigmentation o Melanocyte-stimulating hormone o Facial mask (melasma) o Linea ligra (dark line from pubis to umbillica) o Vascular spider nevi o Stretch marks on abdomen (striae gravidarum) Stretching ruptures small segments of connective tissue o Rectus diastasis: Blue groove after pregnancy Abdominal wall separates o Increased sweat glands (problems with perspirations Increased estrogen levels o Palmar erythema Increased estrogen Use lotions
Renal • • • • Fluid retention: Aids with increased blood volume Increased water absorption Increased aldosterone Increased diameter of uterers
Increased bladder capacity (urinary frequency and urgency (symptoms disappear at 12 weeks, then reappear 3rd trimester) o Estrogen and progesterone cause this o Mom gets rid of own waste and fetus’; compression of the bladder and uterers o Ankle edema Decrease fluid intake in the evening, limit caffeine; empty bladder Q2h to prevent distention and stasis; kegal exercises Avoid tight garments; elevate legs; do dorsiflexion of the feet while standing or sitting for prolonged time May be slight (trace) spilling of glucose (glucouria)
Musculoskeletal • • • • Changes in gravity Calcium and phosphorus needs increase Later in pregnancy, gradual softening of pelvic ligaments and joints Lordosis o Caused by relaxin and progesterone o Leg cramps (late pregnancy) o Backache (late pregnancy) Good nutrition, rest with legs elevated, wear warm clothing. During leg cramp, pull toes up toward the leg while pressing down on the ankle Use proper body mechanics; avoid high hells (duh)
Endocrine • Placental hormones o Estrogen: breast/uterine enlargement o Progesterone: maintains endometrium; inhibits uterine contractibility; lactation o hCG: stimulates corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone until placenta takes over. o hPL (Human placental Lactogen): antagonist to insulin (frees fatty acids for energy so glucose is available) o Relaxin: Inhibits uterine activity; softens cervix and collagen in joints. o Prostaglandins: May trigger labor Pituitary gland o Oxytocin o Prolactin: lactation Thyroid increases in size o Increased BMR o Better use of calcium and vitamin D Adrenal glands o Aldosterone Pancreas:
• • • •
Insulin; additional glucose available for fetus
Immune system • • • • Resistance to infection during each trimester 1st trimester: 3-5 pounds 2nd trimester: 12-15 pounds 3rd trimester: 12-15 pounds
Gestational Diabetes • • • • • • • • Occurs during pregnancy Pancreas cannot meet demands for insulin production during pregnancy, or Certain hormones block the action of insulin… insulin resistance. Occurs during 2nd and 3rd trimester Usually resolves after delivery About 50% of these women develop diabetes within 22-28 years Occurs in 2-3% of women Often reoccurs in later pregnancies
Risk Factors • • • • Obesity Age Family history of type 2 DM Obstetric history of: o Infant wt >4000g (9 pounds) o Unexplained stillbirth o Miscarriage o Congenital anomalies
Hormonal influences during pregnancy • 1st trimester: Insulin sensitivity due to: o increased estrogen and progesterone o results in: decreased glucose in mom
mom may become hypoglycemic 2nd trimester: Insulin breakdown due to: o Human placental lactogen (hPL) o Increased breakdown of insulin due to: Placental insulinase o Overall effects: Increased plasma glucose levels = hyperglycemia Increased insulin requirements
Insulin needs • Diabetogenic effect on pregnancy o Is usually a good thing o Increased insulin needs to be released to cover glucose in laboring moms
Effects on mom when she doesn’t have enough insulin • • • • • • • • Difficult labor Increased risk of pregnancy induced hypertension Polyhydramnios: amniotic fluid > 2000 ml (remember, 1500 ml is the regular) Postpartum hemorrhage UTI Ketoacidosis death of mom and baby If mom has extra glucose circulating, it goes directly to the baby Remember, mom and baby share glucose, but not insulin.
Effect on baby (not enough insulin) • • • • • • • • Macrosomia: “large body” Insulin does not cross placenta, which results in: o Increased insulin production from baby o Acts as a growth hormone Hypoglycemia o When umbilical cord is cut, the glucose from mom stops. o The result is a newly born, very hypoglycemic baby. Difficult birth o Shoulder dystocia or other injury due to macrosomia (large baby) Congenital anomalies Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Lungs less mature Fetal death
Management of Gestational Diabetes
Detection and diagnosis • Screen pregnant women at high risk for GDM for diabetes o 24-28 weeks 50gm oral glucose tolerance test (GTT) Pre-gestational diabetes (HbA1c)
Goals for GDM • Maintain normal glucose levels o Fasting glucose levels <105 o 2 hr postmeal (postprandial) <120 o During sleep, no less than 70. Maintain normal weight gain; for most women with GDM, this is: o Weight gain of 22-30 lbs (different norms; remember that mom without gestational diabetes is 25-40 lbs) Prevent hyper and hypoglycemia
Goals achieved through: • • • • • • Office visits Diet Blood glucose monitoring Insulin Exercise Education
More on Goals… • • • 1st and 2nd trimester o every 1-2 weeks 3rd trimester (after 32 weeks) o 1-2 times a week At each office visit, mom is assessed for: o Hypoglycemia o Hyperglycemia o Glycosuria (glucose in urine) o Hypertension o Vaginal infections and bleeding o UTI
o Fetus o o
Tests o o o o o o Diet o
Retinopathy—spots/blurring (symptoms are more long term) assessed for: Macrosomia Hydramnios This happens in 25% (fetal polyuria) Increase in amniotic fluid to determine fetal condition Ultrasound Daily fetal movement count (DFMC) Alpha fetal protein (AFP)- neural tube defect Biophysical profile Contraction stress test (to see how well baby responds to contractions) Amniocentesis
Dietary modifications (30-35 kcal/kg/day) 2200 cal/day (1st trimester) 2500 cal/day (2nd and 3rd trimester) 3 meals, 3 snacks, including bedtime snacks eat at the same time each day Blood glucose monitoring o If on insulin: Accuchecks ac, hs, 2 hrs after meals Check urine ketones on awakening, during illness, if BS is elevated o Not on insulin May do accuchecks weekly or at office apts. Insulin o Cannot take oral hypoglycemic agents o 50% with GDM require insulin o Reg and NPH 2 or 3 times a day Check blood glucose as stated above Exercise o Walking after a meal o Swimming o Stationary bicycling o Carry glucose when exercising o Whatever their body has been used to in the past
Teaching mom and dad • Teach o o o signs of hypo and hyperglycemia <60mg/dl drink or eat a “glucose booster” Call M.D. if still <60 after 15 minutes Call M.D. if 2 or more episodes are in a week
Monitoring during labor and delivery
Monitor glucose Q 1-2 hours and maintain 100mg/dl or less Continuous fetal and mother monitoring
Monitoring during post-partum • • • Insulin requirements decrease 98% revert to normoglycemia Do a glucose tolerance test in 6-12 weeks as follow-up
Gestational Hypertensive Disorders Pregnancy Induced hypertension or PIH • • • Mom is not hypertensive before pregnancy Hypertension and other symptoms that occur due to pregnancy Disappear with birth of fetus and placenta
High risk factors • • • • • • • • • • Chronic renal disease Chronic hypertension Family history Primagravidas (a woman who is pregnant for the 1st time) Twins Mom <19 and >40 Diabetes Rh incompatibility Obesity Hydatidiform mole
Pathophysiology • • Can progress from mild to severe Aterial venospasms decrease diameter of blood flow, which results in: o Decreased blood flow o Increased BP
• • • •
Transcient Hypertension Preeclampsia o Mild o severe Eclampsia HELLP syndrome
Transcient Hypertension • • • • • BP > 140/90 Develops during pregnancy No proteinuria No edema (other than “normal” places like ankles) BP returns to normal by 10th day postpartum
Mild Preeclampsia • • BP > 140/90 x 2 at least 4-6 hours apart Weight gain o +2 pounds/wk in 2nd trimester, or o +1 pound/wk in 3rd trimester, or o sudden weight gain of 4 pounds/week anytime Norms 1st trimester: 1 lb/month 2nd and 3rd trimester: 1 lb/week Dependant edema o Eyes, face, fingers Proteinuria Urine output > 30ml/hr
• • •
Nursing care for Mild Preeclampsia • • • Patient at home Bedrest (with BR privileges); side-lying position Mom and family will be taught to monitor: o Daily weight o Urine dipstick o BP o Fetal movements Diet: Regular with no salt restrictions If symptoms progress to severe Preeclampsia Hospital!
Severe Preeclampsia • Presence of any of the following in a woman diagnosed with Preeclampsia: o BP > 160/110 (x2) 4-6 hours apart o Weight gain—same as mild Preeclampsia o Proteinuria >4+ dipstick o Urine output < 30 ml/hr o Generalized edema, may also include pulmonary edema Crackles heard in lungs o Cerebral (headache) or visual (blurred vision) changes o Liver involvement o Thrombocytopenia (decrease in number of platelets) with low platelet count (same thing?) o Cardiac involvement o Hyperreflexia >3+ o Development of HELLP syndrome Hemolysis (destruction of RBC’s) H Elevated liver enzymes EL Low platelets LP o Fetus growth severely shunted
Care of patient with severe Preeclampsia/HELLP syndrome • • • • • • Hospitalized until baby is delivered Bedrest on side Bed near nurse’s station with code cart nearby Quiet, calm environment Siderails up, padded Frequent assessments to include: o BP, P, R o Daily weight o Assess edema o Deep tendon reflexes o Assess for headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain (liver is getting involved) o Insert foley o Strict I and O o Evaluate urine for protein o Monitor fetal well-being o Assess labs; platelets, liver enzymes
Medical management • Prevent seizures MAGNESIUM SULFATE o Decreases neuromuscular irritability o Decreases CNS irritability (anticonvulsant effect) o Promotes maternal vasodilation, better tissue perfusion
Watch for magnesium toxicity Loss of knee-jerk reflexes Respirations <12 Urine output <30ml/hr Cardiac or respiratory arrest Toxic serum levels >9.6mg/dl Sign of fetal distress Calcium Gluconate is the antidote Control hypertension o BP meds via IV o Continue observations 24-48 hrs after birth o Symptoms usually resolve within 48 hours after birth o
Eclampsia • • Onset of seizure activity or coma in person with PIH Assessment findings o Increased hypertension precedes seizures followed by hypotension and collapse o Coma may occur o Labor may begin, putting fetus in great jeopardy Treat with magnesium sulfate and above measures for severe Preeclampsia
HELLP syndrome • • Occurs in 4-12% of patients with PIH; life-threatening situation to mom and/or baby. No known cause. Treatment: o Give platelets o Deliver infant ASAP o All usually returns to normal after the delivery
Complications of Pregnancy
Hydatiform Mole • • • • Proliferation and degeneration of trophoblasts (the outer layer of blastocyst) Cells fill with fluid Resembles a bunch of grapes due to the fluid filled (hydropic) vesicles Mole
• • •
o Vessels grow rapidly large uterus o Mole has no fetus, no placenta, no amniotic fluid or membrane 1 in 2000 pregnancies in US higher incidence in Asia and tropics Most often seen: o In women after ovulation stimulation with climiphene (clomid) o Early teens or perimenopausal o Lower socioeconomic groups o Risk of 2nd mole 4-5 x higher than the first Signs and symptoms: o Bleeding during 1st trimester Dark brown/prune juice o Unusual uterine growth o No fetal parts can be palpated o No FHT o Snowstorm pattern on ultrasound o Abnormal labs Very high serum hCG o PIH Medical management o Many moles abort spontaneously o Suction curettage to evacuate mole o One year following: Serum hCG levels Physical and pelvic exams 3-20% of cases progress to choriocarcinoma pregnancy should be avoided for one year
Hyperemesis Gravidarum • Extreme nausea and vomiting during first half of pregnancy that is associated with: o Dehydration o Weight loss o Electrolyte imbalance Relatively rare Worse than “morning sickness” Usually lasts beyond week 12 Increased levels of hCG
• • • •
Pathology of Hyperemesis Gravidarum • • • • Dehydration Fluid-electrolyte imbalance o Hypokalemia Alkalosis due to loss of HCL Protein deficiency
Starvation with muscle wasting
Fetus is at risk for: • • • Abnormal development Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) Death
Diagnosis: • • • • • History of intractable vomiting in the first half of pregnancy Dehydration Ketonuria Weight loss of 5% pre-pregnancy weight Other signs and symptoms of dehydration
Medical therapy • • • • • • • • • • • Control vomiting Correct dehydration Restore electrolyte imbalance Maintain nutrition If mom is NPO, usually 24-48 hours IV fluids, 3000 ml or more first 24 hours Antiemetics Antihistamines If no vomiting in 24 hours, started on clear liquids; mom sent home usually with a referral for home care Eventually goes to soft diet, then regular If vomiting occurs, will usually start TPN in the home
Urinary Tract Infection • • • Affects 10% of all pregnant women Frequent site: dilated, flaccid, and displaced ureter May cause premature labor if severe
• • • • • •
Frequency and urgency of urination Suprapubic pain Flank pain (if kidney involved) Hematuria (blood in urine) Pyuria (purulent pee) Fever and chills
Nursing interventions • • • • Encourage high fiber intake Provide warm baths to relieve discomfort and promote perineal hygiene Administer and monitor intake of prescribed medications Monitor for signs of premature labor from severe or untreated infection
Substance Abuse • Alcohol, no safe level o Displaces other nutritional food intake o Fetus may show signs of: IUGR CNS dysfunction Craniofacial abnormalities (FAS) Cocaine o Causes vasoconstriction, elevated BP, tachycardia o May cause seizures o May cause spontaneous abortion, fetal malformation, neural tube defects o Newborn: irritability, hypertonicity, poor feeding patterns, increased risk of SIDS Opiates o Produces analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression o Newborns experience withdrawal within 24-72 hours after delivery o High-pitched cry, restlessness, poor feeding seen in the newborn Nursing care: o Provide quiet environment o Wrap infant and hold snuggly o Observe for seizures o Administer anticonvulsants, sedatives as ordered o Difficult to quiet
Care of the pregnant adolescent • • Over 1 million teenage pregnancies per year US Developmental tasks:
o Body image o Sexual identity o Values o Independence from parents o Decision making skills o An adult identity Current problems—STD/HIV o STD’s continue to rise rapidly in teenagers Highest incidence of gonorrhea and syphilis are in the 15-19 year group o Researchers predict that HIV will increasingly be found in the adolescent population Family reactions to adolescent pregnancy o Shock, anger, shame, guilt, sorrow The pregnant adolescent o Incidence of: LBW infants Infant mortality Abortion o Poor compliance with meds—Vit/Fe o Children taking care of children
High Risk Newborn
High risk newborns are at an increased risk for illness or death due to: • • • • Prematurity Gestational age problems Physical problems Birth complications
Assessing gestational age • • • • • • Preterm: 0-37 completed weeks Term: 38-41 completed weeks Post term: greater than 42 weeks SGA: Small for gestational age AGA: average for gestational age LGA: large for gestational age
Ballard exam (for gestational age)
• • • •
Two components: o Physical maturity o Neurologic and/or neuromuscular development evaluations A score is given in each area Added up = gestational age Other assessments needed o Weight o Head circumference o Length
The preterm infant • • • Born before the end of 37 weeks Weight less than 2500 grams (5 lbs, 8 oz) Maternal causes: o Age o Smoking o Poor nutrition o Placental problems o Preeclampsia/eclampsia Fetal causes: o Multiple babies o Infections Other: o Socioeconomic status o Exposure to harmful substances Severity of problems o Related to baby’s age o Great chance of complication the earlier the infant is born Major complications: o Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) o Temperature regulation o Conserving energy o Infection o Hemorrhage
• • • •
Assessment/Interventions • Respiratory system o Alveoli begin to form at 26-28 weeks; therefore lungs are poorly developed. o Not enough surfactant Respiratory distress syndrome Chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia Respiratory distress syndrome- RDS o “Hyaline Membrane disease” o Due to decreased surfactant
Overtime, alveoli rub against each other, scar tissue develops in the lungs hyaline membrane Hyaline: a glassy appearance/cartilage Symptoms: RR >60 Retractions Grunting Cyanosis Nasal flaring Hypoxia lactic acid production Increased CO2 acidosis Hemoglobin unable to carry O2 molecule X-ray’s show “white out” of the lungs Increasing central cyanosis Increased HR Hypothermia Decreased activity level
Medical management • Prevent preterm birth o Aggressive treatment of premature labor o Bethmethasone (steroid) to mom Enhances fetal lung development Needs to be given within 24 hours of birth Surfactant replacement therapy o Administer surfactant via E-T tube at birth for all preemies Must establish ventilation and administer oxygen o Ventilator via ET tube
Thermal regulation • Poor thermal stability in preemie o Large surface area in comparison to body weight o Reduced muscle and fat deposits Brown fat begins after 28 weeks o Poor glycogen and lipid stores o Limited ability to shiver o Usually less active Posture is flaccid increasing surface area exposed Increase in insensible fluid loss dehydration Respiratory distress fosters more work of breathing Delivery rooms 62-68* F Cold stress results in: o Hypoxia o Metabolic acidosis o Hypoglycemia
• • • • •
Interventions for cold stress: Isolette or warmer Minimize drafts Prewarm all surfaces Bathing: keep covered; water warm Knitted caps and booties If oxygen is used, warm and moisturize it Keep isolette covered—light is a stimulus
Nutritional Status • Digestive system o Small stomach o Poor muscle tone – cardiac sphincter Can cause vomiting o Gag and cough reflexes are poor Aspiration is a problem o Decreased absorption of fat o Limited ability to convert glucose to glycogen o Lacks sucking until 32-34 weeks o Gavage feedings may be necessary until sucking reflex occurs o Give baby a soft preemie nipple to stimulate sucking as they are receiving gavage feedings.
Skin • • • Decreased subcutaneous fat Reddened Translucent
Immature liver • • • • Cannot conjugate bilirubin: Jaundice. o Treatment is phototherapy Cannot store or release glucose hypoglycemia Decrease in hemoglobin and production of blood Does not make or store vitamin K hemorrhage
Immature kidneys • • Increased Na excretion hyponatremia Decreased ability to concentrate urine dehydration
Infections • Immature immune system and other reasons
Neuromuscular • • • Poor muscle tone Weak reflexes Weak, feeble cry
Developmental considerations • • • • • Encourage bonding with parents Encourage visiting with parents and siblings Kangaroo care o Skin-to-skin touch Twin co-bedding Positioning
Small for gestational age (SGA) • Less that 10% on the newborn classification chart.
Causes: • Due to intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)
Two types: • • Symetric o Infant looks normal but is very small o Usually problem happens during first trimester (infections) Asymmetric o Later in pregnancy o Long arms/legs; looks like a “skinny old man” o Usually weight <10%; length and HC >10%
Factors contributing to SGA: • Maternal causes: o Poor nutrition (especially in last trimester) o Advanced diabetes Vessels are constricted in mom; not enough blood/nutrients going to fetus. o PIH o Smoking and drug (cocaine) use. o Age over 35 Due to physiological changes in mom Placental causes: o Partial placental separation o Malfunction Unable to obtain or transport nutrients for baby (Decreased blood flow) Fetal causes: o Intrauterine infection o Chromosomal abnormalities and malformations
Assessment findings for SGA (mostly asymmetrical) • Skin o Loose and dry o Little fat o Little muscle mass Small body o Skull appears larger Sunken abdomen o Thin, dry umbilical cord Little scalp hair Wide scalp sutures Respiratory distress Hypoglycemic Tremors Weak cry Lethargic
• • • • • • • • •
Interventions for SGA: • Similar to those of the preterm infant
Large for gestational age; LGA
• • •
Neonate whose birth weight is above the 90th percentile on the newborn classification chart. Subject to overproduction of growth hormone in utero. (Insulin, if mom was diabetic) May be preterm, term, or post-term
Causes of LGA: • • • • Mother with poorly controlled diabetes Multiparity Infant with transposition of the great vessels (unknown cause) Genetic predisposition
Problems associated with LGA: • • • • • May require C-section Higher incidence of birth trauma with vaginal delivery o Fractured clavicle, brachial plexus palsies, depressed skull fractures, cephalhematomas Fetal distress during prolonged difficult second stage labor (respiratory distress) Hypoglycemia Polycythemia look for hyperbilirubinemia
Physical findings in LGA infant • • • • • • • Weight greater than 4000 grams (8lb, 14.5 oz) Caput succedaneum (goes over suture) o Edema on top of head where it is pushed against cervix during labor (fluid). Cephalhematoma (does not go over suture) o Blood collection due to rupturing during birth Facial nerve damage o Unsymmetrical face (mostly seen while crying) Infant at risk for pre and postnatal complications Hypoglycemia is a major problem (serum glucose <40 mg/dl) Other symptoms: o Jitteriness and tremors, brain depends on glucose o Lethargy: flaccid, doesn’t want to eat o Tachypnea, irregular respirations o Hyperbilirubinemia (>12) o Feeding difficulties
Interventions for the LGA infant: • Monitor glucose levels o At birth o Every 2 hours for the first 8 hours o Every 4 hours for 24 hours or until stable Offer glucose, breast milk, or formula before 4 hours of age o Gavage if respirations >60 o Glucose infusion if necessary Has to be done in the NICU
Beta-hemolytic, Group B Strept • • • • • • Major cause of infection in newborns Natural inhabitant of female genital tract Check culture results from mom prenatally. o Will check infant’s CBC if GBS is unknown In mother Treat: o Wash your hands to prevent epidemic in nursery o Ampicillin IV at 28 weeks and during delivery Pneumonia in infant 20% die within 24 hours Meningitis 2-4 weeks of age. 50% are brain damaged.
Maternal Infections- TORCHS • • Group of maternal infectious diseases o Systemic, active diseases Can lead to serious complications in embryo, fetus, and neonate o T: Toxoplasmosis o O: Other, Hep. B, HIV o R: Rubella o C: CMV (Cytomegalovirus) o H: Herpes o S: syphilis
Toxoplasmosis • • Transmitted to fetus via mother’s contact with contaminated cat box filler Therapeutic abortion recommended if diagnosis is made before 20th week o These fetus’ often spontaneously abort
Effects: Stillbirths, neonatal deaths, severe congenital anomalies, retinochoroiditis (inflammation of the retina and choroid), seizures, coma.
Rubella • • • Greatest risk in the first trimester Effects: Congenital heart disease, IUGR, cataracts, mental retardation, hearing impairments, microcephaly, extensive fetal malformations. Treatment: Therapeutic abortion if in 1st trimester
CMV: Cytomegalovirus • • • • • Member of the herpes virus group transmitted via placenta or cervix during delivery. Most frequent cause of viral infections in the fetus. o Brain, liver, and blood damage. CMV: Common cause of mental retardation Other effects: o Hearing defects o SGA infant Antiviral drugs cannot prevent CMV or treat the neonate.
Herpes Virus Type II • • • Fetus is exposed from: o Placenta during pregnancy, or genital tissues from delivery May be asymptomatic 2-12 days o Then develops jaundice, seizures, fever, vesicular lesions, stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth). Treatment: o C-section delivery protects the fetus from infection during active phases o Acyclovir 21 days to infant Healthcare workers with active lesions cannot care for babies.
Syphilis • • Congenital syphilis diagnosed with serology tests at 3 and 6 months Symptoms: o Vesicular lesions on soles, palms; irritability o SGA, failure to thrive, rhinitis, red rash at mouth and anus, copper rash on face, soles, palms.
Treatment: o Penicillin, isolation o Cover baby’s hands to prevent skin trauma from scratching.
Other: • Hepatitis B: o Babies are routinely vaccinated at birth o Babies with positive mothers are given immunoglobin to decrease infection possibility. HIV: o Babies born with HIV status Gonorrhea and Chlamydia o Eye infection/blindness. Treat with eye ointment erythromycin within one hour of birth.
Hemolytic disease of the newborn • • Occurs when blood group of mother and infant are different Most common: o Rh factor o ABO incompatibility
Rh incompatibility • • • • Isoimmunization or Rh sensitization 10-15% Caucasian couples 5% African American couples Rh- mom has Rh+ fetus: o If mom is Rh- and baby is Rh-, no danger o If mom is Rh+ and baby is Rh-, no danger o Only Rh+ offspring of an Rh- mother is at risk
Pathology of Rh factor: • • • • • Formation of blood cells begins by 8th week of gestation In up to 40% of pregnancies, these cells pass through placenta into mother’s circulation When the fetus is Rh+ and the mom is Rh-, the mother forms antibodies against the fetal blood cells. Always ask… what is the baby’s blood type? Sensitization can occur during:
• • • •
o Pregnancy o Birth o Abortion/miscarriage o Amniocentesis Usually happens during the first pregnancy with Rh+ fetus; does not produce enough antibodies to cause harm to fetal blood cells. Problems occur with the next pregnancies as more antigens form Causes destruction of fetal blood cells. Fetus compensates for this destruction by producing large numbers of immature erythrocytes (RBC’s) to replace the destroyed ones. o Causes Erythroblastosis fetalis (immature new RBC cannot compensate or replace older, more mature RBC). Continued RBC destruction and anemia jaundice and marked fetal edema (hydrops fetalis) congestive heart failure. Breakdown of RBC’s releases bilirubin jaundice o Can lead to kernicterus (yellow staining on the brain) neurological damage.
Assessment and prevention of Rh Isoimmunization • All pregnant women are assessed for: o Blood group o Rh factor o Routine antibody screening o Note history of: Previous miscarriage Blood transfusions Infants experiencing jaundice If client is Rh-, test father Rh- mother and Rh- father = Rh- fetus Indirect Coombs test (on mother): o To determine if Rh- mom has developed antibodies to Rh antigen Direct Coombs test (on baby’s blood) to identify maternal antibodies attached to fetal RBC’s. o If the direct Coombs test is positive, this is when problems occur. Watch baby closely for signs of jaundice. Rh immune globulin within 72 hours after birth prevents sensitization in Rhwoman who has had a fetomaternal transfusion of Rh+ fetal RBC’s. Suppresses antibody formation in mom Also given at 28 weeks gestation as prophylaxis o Rhogam is NOT long lasting 300 ug (1 vial) of Rh immune globulin usually enough (given IM) If large fetomaternal transfusion is suspected, a Kleihauer-Betke test is done (detects the amount of fetal blood in maternal circulation).
• • • •
• • • • •
• • • • • • •
More common than Rh incompatibility Causes less severe problems Mom’s blood is O, fetus blood is A, B, or AB o Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies transfer across placenta to fetus. Baby may show weak positive Coombs test result May result is hyperbilirubinemia that can be treated with phototherapy. Rarely does this incompatibility lead to the severe anemia of Rh incompatibility. First time infant will have the most issues that other children.
Goals for mom and family: • • • • To To To To understand changes taking place in mom’s body (vag/c-section) know how to care for infant know how to care for self know when to contact the healthcare system
Changes that occur during the postpartal period
Postpartal period: • • • • First 6 weeks after birth Begins with the delivery of the placenta Ends when body systems return to the pre-pregnant stage Also called “Puerperium”
Reproductive systems • Uterus: o Rapidly shrinks in size o Called involution of uterus o After the delivery, the uterus is the size of a grapefruit (2.4 lbs) o 1 week: 500 grams o 6 weeks: 50 grams o Uterus cannot typically be palpated after 10 days o Contractions after the baby is born causes the uterus to shrink
Muscle fibers shorten Wall of uterus thickens and gets smaller The uterus never returns to its prepregnant size Uterus (fundus) decreases at a predictable rate 2 cm below umbilicus a few minutes after birth 1 cm above umbilicus at 12 hours and then, descends one fingerbreath (1 cm) per day o No longer palpable by day 9 or 10 Subinvolution of the uterus: o This is a bad thing. o Uterus does not return to nonpregnant state. o Most common reasons: Retained placental fragments Infections Fundus should be midline. If not, it could be because mother has a full bladder. o Fundus should be firm, not boggy. If its boggy, it could indicate hemorrhage o o o o
Uterine contractions • • • • • Begin immediately after the placenta is delivered The hormones that control the contractions are: o Oxytocin (pituitary gland; strengthens and coordinates the contractions) During the first 1-2 hour PP, uterine contractions may decrease o Muscles are tired! Exogenous Oxytocin given after the delivery of the placenta o Pitocin: IV or IM Stimulates uterine smooth muscle contractions Breastfeeding is another strategy to increase contractions—releases oxytocin
Contractions and “afterpains” • Cramping with contractions o Does not usually occur in first time mothers: the more the body has been pregnant, the more the body has to work to shrink the stretched uterus. Usually occurs in: o Multigravida o Twins are large baby o Breastfeeding tends to increase afterpains o Last 2-3 days
• • • • •
Large and open wound Blood vessels pinched off; thrombi form, seal the site Eventually endometrial tissue forms over the raw area Scar tissues does not typically form Contractions help constrict blood vessels to clot where the placenta was
Lochia: Postchildbirth uterine discharge
Classifications of Lochia: • Lochia Rubra: (1-3 days) o Consists almost entirely of blood with small particles of deciduas and mucus. o Small blood clots o For the first 2 hours after birth, amount is very similar to heavy menstrual flow. Lochia Serosa: (4-10 days) o Pink or reddish brown (old blood, leukocytes, tissue debris) o Watery o No clots o No odor to earthy like menses
Lochia o o o
Alba (at 10 days) Colorless to white (or yellow) Can last 2-6 weeks in some women After 6 weeks, it could signal a sign of infection
Amount of Lochia • • • Increases with breast feeding and BF (what in the hell is BF? If someone knows, please tell me) Tends to pool when in bed; may “gush” when first getting up in the a.m. If on pitocin, scant amounts
Estimating amount of lochia • Amount of staining on pad: o Scant: 1-2” stain 10ml o Light (small) 4” stain 10-25 ml o Moderate: 6” stain 25-50 ml
o Heavy: (large): saturated in one hour; >6” stain Time factor important o Pad that saturates in one hour vs. 8 hours
Watch for… • • • Bright red bleeding with firm uterus laceration Check underneath patient Saturation of a pad in less than one hour is an abnormally heavy flow
C-section Lochia • • Lesser amount, but still goes through 3 stages The nurse may see later stages since the c-section patient is in the hospital longer
Cervix • • • • Immediately after delivery: o Soft, edematous; partially open, can admit two fingers Within 24 hours, rapidly shortens, becomes firmer, thicker May look bruised with multiple small lacerations By 7 days, external os changes from a round opening to a slit-like opening; size of a pencil opening
Vagina • • • • • • Greatly stretched Increased edema Small lacerations Very few rugae Estrogen (with ovulation) causes return to normal BF moms; ovulation is postponed; may experience vaginal dryness
Perineum • • • • Muscles are torn and stretched, swollen and reddened Vulva is deep red, velvety appearance Lacerations, bruising around opening Hemorrhoids, commonly seen. Usually decrease after childbirth
Episiotomy • • • • • • Surgical cut, midline or mediolateral to the upper vaginal outlet Also to prevent laceration Prevents pressure on infant’s head Usually heals with little inflammatory reaction Remember—the more the degree (ex. 3rd degree), the larger/more advanced the cut. An alternative to an episiotomy is the massage of the vaginal opening (sounds pretty kinky to me!)
Perineal lacerations • • Occur when the head is being born Classification: o 1st degree: perineal skin, no muscle involvement o 2nd degree: laceration extends through muscles of perineal body o 3rd degree: continues through anal sphincter muscle o 4th degree: through anal sphincter and into rectum
Hematoma • May be present o Severe pain and rectal pressure o Can cause tissue necrosis
OUCH! • • All of these conditions cause discomfort Relief of perineal pain is a nursing priority. Control pain!
Pelvic Muscle Support • • • Pelvic floor muscles may require 6 months to regain tone Can lead to future problems Teach Kegel exercises
Human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogen, cortisol, and insulinase gone reverses diabetogenic effect. o Moms with type 1 diabetes require less insulin; their body is more sensitive to insulin. Decreased estrogen aids in the diuresis of fluids Decreased progesterone levels
Pituitary hormone and ovarian function—Prolactin • In lactating women: o Levels remain elevated o Suppresses ovulation for about 6 months o May have menses even if not ovulating Non-lactating women: o Prolactin levels decrease; reach pre-pregnant state in 3-4 weeks o Ovulation at 27 days to 10 weeks o 70% resume menses by 12 weeks
Prolactin and breastfeeding • Non-lactating women: o May still secrete colostrum for 2-3 days o Engorgement of breast tissue occurs on 3rd day, lasts 24-36 hours, usually resolves on own o Should wear tight bra to compress milk ducts; cold applications to reduce swelling. Lactating women: o High level of prolactin initiates milk production within 2-3 days o Continues to be produced by contact with nursing baby
Other hormones released • Oxytocin o Produced by hypothalamus, stored in posterior pituitary o Increases tone and mobility of uterine muscles o Breast response: Oxytocin stimulates release of milk into lactiferous ducts; increases flow, NOT VOLUME, called “let-down” relex
Cardiovascular system • Normal blood loss in delivery in a single infant is: o Vag: 500 ml
o C/S: 1000 ml Cardiac output: o Transient increase in blood volume after baby is born Increase in blood volume increases BP and lowers Pulse Bradycardia: 50-70 BPM. This is very normal due to all of the shifting of blood o Lasts about 48 hours or longer o Assess for LOC; dizziness, HA, confusion could indicate brain hypoxia Blood volume o Decreases due to: Diuresis urine output is 3000 ml the first few days Diaphoresis night sweats Blood clotting o During pregnancy increased fibrogen o Remains elevated until baby is born o Put mother’s at risk for DVT Blood values: o Greater loss of plasma than blood cells: Increased hemoglobin Increased hematocrit o WBC during first 10-12 days is 20-25,000. Could mask infection
Urinary system… 2 BIG problems • Urinary retention o Much pressure on bladder and urethra during vaginal delivery o Decreased bladder tone o Edema of urethra o Decreased sensation to void o If epidural or spinal, feels no sensation until effects wear off Bladder distention o Due to postpartal diuresis within 12 hours o Should try to void within 1-2 hours o Bladder distention can lead to a very sad, boggy uterus. Lactosuria (presence of lactose/milk sugar) may be seen in nursing moms Slight proteinuria for 1-2 days
Gastrointestinal system • • Appetite—usually very hungry Constipation o Decreased muscle tone in intestines o Muscles used for defecation stretched o May be delayed until 2-3 days PP o Fear of pain from episiotomy and hemorrhoids
Musculoskeletal system • • Muscles and joints o Fatigue first 2 days PP o Ligaments and cartilage return to normal Abdomen: first two weeks are relaxed o Soft and flabby; takes about 6 weeks to regain tone o Striae fade to silver-white, but never completely disappear o Diastasis of the recti muscle (separation due to reduced muscle tone)
Skin • • Mask of pregnancy, linea nigra usually disappear Striae do not disappear
Weight • • • 12-13 pounds lost at delivery 5-8 pounds following week from perspiration and diuresis) 19-22 pounds is the average weight loss
Major causes of maternal death in the postpartum period are infection and hemorrhage.
Assessment during the postpartal period • • • 4th stage—1 hour after placenta is delivered until stable o focus on preventing hemorrhage, rest; begin bonding with baby Postpartum period—4th stage to discharge o Prevent hemorrhage and infection; lactation; bonding; supervised care of baby; psychological stages, and teaching Vital signs: o Important to monitor VS of PP patient Vitals q15m x 1 hour, the q30m x 1 hour; q1h x 1 hour, q4h x 24 Temperature o May be up first 24 hours if exhausted or dehydrated Up to 100.4*F o 4th stage: taken in recovery room once should be normal or below due to hypothermia in L & D o PP period q4h
Temp of 100.4 or above on any two (after first 24 hours) of 1st ten PP days = febrile. Assess for infection. Lactating women will have a temp on 3rd or 4th day PP Only lasts 12 hours Teach to call M.D. if temp is over 100 at home
Pulse o o o Blood o
Transient Bradycardia of 50-70 BPM Tachycardia needs further assessment Pulse returns to normal within 1 week pressure 4th stage: slightly elevated from exhaustion, excitement a drop means hemorrhage check baseline from M.D.’s office o Postpartum Should remain consistent with prelabor An increase of 30 mmHg systolic or 15 mmHg diastolic or both could indicate PIH o Orthostatic hypotension when getting up Patient will appear dizzy, pale, or may faint o C-section Could be decreased due to anesthesia & greater blood loss
Breasts • Assess for (palpate): o Softness o Firmness o Filling, colostrum o Engorged o Cracks, fissures o Redness Clean, well fitting bra on at all times Very little change for 3-4 days; colostrum only Engorgement: o Acute discomfort for 24 hours o Empty breasts q2h—nurse/mechanical o May need to release milk before feeding o Ice packs or heat o May experience fever for 8-12 hours when engorged Cracked/Bleeding nipples: o Analgesics 30-60 minutes before nursing o Use least sore breast first, Plastic shells rarely used (some hospitals require consent form) NO plastic breast pads o Feed no longer than 5-15 minutes o Wash with water only; then air-dry o Lanolin, tea bags, vary the position o At discharge; teach breast self-exam
• • •
GI/Abdomen • • • Listen for bowel sounds (especially C/S moms) For diastasis recti o Gradual exercise can resume immediately C-section o Not as moveable due to dressings and staples; painful
Fundal check • • • Empty bladder to avoid displacement Observe perineum while measuring fundus for clots and blood flow (Lochia, baby) If the fundus is soft and boggy, need to: o Check bladder o Check lochia amount, odor, quality Massage to expel clots and tissue o Put baby to breast (stimulates contractions) o Check with M.D. immediately. Medications for the fundus crap: o Methergine po- causes tonic contractions (not very painful) o Pitocin IV- causes clonic contractions (painful) o BP must be lower than 140/90 to administer Do not give IV and po simultaneously C-section: o Give analgesic before touching o Use only fingertips o Stays firm due to the pitocin in the IV
Education at discharge • • • • • Teach how to find fundus lying flat on bed Teach how to massage Teach progression of involution and when to call M.D. Contraception, ovulation Increase in activity increases bleeding
Afterpains • • Uterus contracting with involution (pitocin in IV or oral methergine) o Do not do fundal check; give analgesics and come back later Interventions:
o o o o
Empty bladder Lie prone Leg lifts: contracts abdominal muscles; stimulates circulation Analgesics 30-60 minutes before breastfeeding
Perineal Pain and assessment • • • Turn on side and lift buttocks, use pen light to see, wear gloves (duh) Episiotomy mediolateral most uncomfortable Check for edema and ecchymosis—REEDA o R: redness o E: edema o E: ecchymosis (bruising) o D: Discharge/drainage o A: approximation Perineal Varicosities = discomfort Hemorrhoids
Nursing interventions for perineal pain: • Prevent infection o Handwashing is #1 o Change pads from front to back, do not touch inside o Peri care after each elimination—wipe with tissue front to back Provide comfort o Analgesia q4h if ordered No aspirin! o Cold pack or ice in glove first 24 hours On 20 minutes, off 20 minutes o After 24 hours; heat to increase blood flow o Sitz bath, spray, cream, witch hazel pads (tucks) o Teach Kegel exercises (handout) Teach how to sit: o Uncushioned chair or firm cushion, pillow on chair (no inflated rings) o Approach directly and flat o Perineum and buttocks contracted o Sit upright in back of chair
And more teaching… • • • Teach peri care with peri bottle Inspect carefully; may use mirror at home Teach signs of complications and infections o REEDA
o o o
Temp over 100 Increased pain Pressure or fullness in vagina
Perineal care after C-section • • • Perineum normal unless labored for a long period of time Hemorrhoids are still a reality Still needs peri care; will have lochia
Lochia • • • • • • • • Assess color and amount Teach proper peri care 4th stage—use bedpan and peri bottle DO NOT touch inside of the pads Careful handwashing! Wipe front to back x 1 and discard, repeat until dry Teach stages of lochia DO NOT insert things into vagina
Lochia teaching at discharge • Teach for signs of deviations from normal and when to call M.D. o Foul odor with or without fever o Clots or tissue in lochia—distinguish between the two o Fever over 100 No tampons No sex while lochia persists Do not douche while lochia persists Prone position helps uterine descent and cramping
• • • •
Lower extremities • • • Assess for DVT Early ambulation Leg exercises in bed
• • • • • • •
Early ambulation Regular high fiber diet, liquids; 8-10 glasses qd Exercise muscles (Check with M.D.) Stool softeners, supp., enema Sitz baths Peri products to lessen pain Should BM within 3 days
Urinary Elimination • Void within 6-8 hours (100-300 ml) to prevent: o Assess frequently for distention o Often, must catheterize
Nutrition • • • • Hungry and thirsty after delivery Dehydrated if no IV Regular high fiber diet for all moms except C-section May eat or drink except for (C-sectioned moms in particular): o N/V or general anesthesia o Flat in bed due to epidural o Sedated, drowsy, unconscious o Diabetic, cardiac, toxemic o Any special diet ordered by M.D. The main dietary concern immediately after delivery—increase fluids to replace fluids, electrolytes, blood volume from: o Diaphoresis o Exertion o Fluid loss during delivery o Fluids to help with voiding o Maintain normal temp o Maintain adequate nutrition o Take slowly to decrease nausea Intermediate care: o Encourage to eat adequate diet and fluids o 2000-2200 cal non-lactating o 2500-2700 cal lactating (500 more calories) C-section: o Post-op care, NPO, ice chips, clear liquids, soft diet o Progressive post-op diet Suppliments: o Prenatal vitamins until gone Check Hbg and Hct
Sleep and rest: • 4th stage: o exhausted from birth experience and frequent nursing checks o provide privacy for mom, dad, and baby o Encourage to sleep! PP to discharge: o After 1st 24 hours; ½ of time should be spent resting o Group your nursing activities Discharge: o Teach mom to sleep when baby sleep Sleep deprivation leads to PPD o Assess for plan for help at home o Alteration in lifestyle disrupts sleep habits o May need to limit visitors and well-meaning friends
Comfort/PP Chill: • • • • Occurs in 4th stage Due to sudden release of pressure on pelvic nerves Fetus to mother transfusion during placental separation Keep warm- blankets, warm liquids
Discharge teaching: • • • • Teach all aspects of self-care Stress importance of keeping follow-up appointments Contraception When to call M.D. o Temp over 100 o Pain: perineum, breast, abdomen, calf or leg o Persistent or reversal of lochia, clots, odor, tissue o Saturating more than one pad per hour o Depression lasting two weeks or longer o Uterus not descending o C-section- open, draining, or odor of incision o Burning on urination
Postpartum hemorrhage • • • Major cause of maternal death Definition: o Blood loss after delivery >500 to 1000 ml/24 hours Classification: o Mild = 750-1250 ml o Moderate = 1250-1750 ml o Severe = 2500 ml Early o Within the first 24 hours Late o Anytime after first 24 hours through 6 weeks
Conditions that increase risk for PP hemorrhage • Over distension of the uterus o Multiple births (triplets, etc) o Hydroamnios o Macrosomia Trauma r/t forceps, uterine manipulation Prolonged labor- tilted uterus Uterine infection Trauma removing placenta
• • • •
Causes of Postpartum hemorrhage • Uterine Atony: Uterus without tone o 90% of cases o uterine muscle unable to contract around blood vessels at placental site o Causes: Deep anesthesia >30 years old prolonged use of magnesium sulfate previous uterine surgery mom exhausted o Symptoms: May have 2” blood clots Blood may “gush” or come out slowly Is usually venous blood o Therapeutic interventions Massage uterus, then, Give oxytocin drugs (pitocin or methergine po), then, Bimanual compression (BY DOCTOR), then, Administer prostaglandins (causes uterine contractions) intramyometrium or IM, then,
Hysterectomy or surgical repair (last resort) Nursing interventions: Blood transfusion Fundal massage Have patient void q4h or Catheterize if too much blood lost If SOB, give oxygen at 4L/NC Frequent vital signs
Lacerations (large) o Cervical, vaginal, perineal o Causes by: Forceps Large baby o Symptoms- cervical If uterine artery; bright red blood gushes out Fundus is firm Occurs at delivery, can be sutured o Symptoms- vaginal Packing in place due to oozing of blood after repair Remove packing in 24-48 hours (risk of infection increases) Catheter in place o Symptoms- perineal Different degrees o Nursing interventions for perineal lacerations: 3rd and 4th degree perineal lacerations- fecal incontinence promote soft stools roughage stool softeners fluid activity NO enemas or suppositories
Retained placenta o Fragments of placenta remained in uterus o Retained placental fragments cause decreased contractions o Some causes: Massage prior to separation Pulling on cord Placenta “accrete” Placenta actually grows into uterus Cells of placenta (trophoblast) penetrate myometrium Difficult for placenta to detach o Symptoms: Large fragments
Patient bleeds immediately at delivery Uterus is boggy Small fragments Occurs at 6th – 10th day PP Can cause subinvolution Interventions: Remove fragments (D & C) Massage Manual exploration Observe placenta after birth
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) o Deficiency of clotting ability o Caused by injury to blood vessel o Oozing of blood from IV site, other orifices o Very critical situation
Perineal Hematoma o Collection of blood in subcutaneous layer of tissue in perineum o Symptoms: Bleeding is concealed; area of purplish discoloration/swelling on perineum Fundus firm Pain or pressure in perineum and rectum Unable to void May have signs of shock with firm uterus and no vaginal bleeding o Interventions: Ice Antibiotics May need to do incision and evacuation, then suture
General Assessment Findings: • • Baseline H/H and history Condition of fundus o Boggy indicates atony o Firm fundus rules out atony, but bleeding could come from cervical laceration Look for symptoms of shock: o Pulse- rapid, thready o Pallor, chills o Air hunger, rapid respirations
o o o o
Falling BP Restless Disturbed vision and hearing Confusion, combative
General Nursing interventions • • • • • • • • Identify patients at risk for conditions Monitor fundus frequently if bleeding occurs; when stable, every 15 minutes for 1-2 hours, then at usual intervals Monitor BP and pulse frequently Monitor character and amount of bleeding Administer medications, IV fluids as ordered Measure I & O Keep patient warm Monitor for signs of clotting defects with major loss (DIC) increased bleeding
Postpartum infection • • • • Infection of the reproductive tract associated with giving birth Usually occurs within 10 days of birth Another leading cause of maternal death Predisposing factors: o Prolonged rupture of membranes (>24 hours) o C-section o Trauma during birth process o Maternal anemia o Retained placental fragments Infection may be localized or systemic o Local = can spread to peritoneum (peritonitis) or circulatory (septic). o Fatal to woman already stressed with childbirth Assessment findings: o Temp of 100.4 for more than 2 consecutive days, excluding the first 24 hours. o Abdominal, perineal, or pelvic pain o Foul-smelling vaginal discharge o Burning sensation with urination o Chills, malaise o Rapid pulse and respirations o Elevated WBC, positive culture and sensitivity Remember, 20-25,000 is normal after delivery—MASKING infection. Nursing interventions o Force fluids; may need more than 3L/day o Administer antibiotics and other meds as ordered o Treat symptoms as they arise o Encourage high calorie, high protein diet
Position patient in a semi-Fowlers to promote drainage and prevent reflux higher into reproductive tract
Urinary tract infection • • May be caused postpartally by bacteria, coupled with bladder trauma during delivery, or break in technique during catherization. Assessment findings: o Pain in suprapubic area or at the lower costovertebral (between rib and vertebra) o Fever o Burning, urgency, frequency on urination o Increased WBC and hematuria o Urine culture positive for causative organism Nursing interventions o Check status of bladder frequently in PP patient o Encourage patient to void o Force fluids; may require 3L/day o Catheterize patient if ordered, using sterile technique o Administer meds as ordered o Continue to monitor labs
Perineal infection • • Infection at site of episiotomy Assessment: o Skin changes o Edema o Redness o Pain exudate Management: o Monitor site o Promote drainage o Provide clean environment o Include wash with peri bottle, sitz bath, exposure to air o Teach good personal hygiene
Endometritis • • Infection of endometrium involving superficial mucosal layer Signs: o Fundus does not descend o Fever and chills o Persistent foul lochia o Cramps
Management: o IV therapy
Peritonitis • • Inflammation of the perioneum o Thin membranous tissue that extends from the pelvic cavity and is continuous with abdominal cavity Assessment: o Elevated temperature o Shaking and chills o N/V o Oliguria o Abdominal distension Management: o Treatment focuses on maintaining adequate circulation and intravascular volumes o Antibiotic therapy
Thrombophlebitis • • Seen in veins of legs and pelvis Causes: o Injury o Infection o Normal increase in circulating clotting factors in pregnant and newly delivered woman Assessment findings o Pain/discomfort in area of thrombus o If in leg: Pain Edema Redness over affected area o Fever and chills o Peripheral pulses may be decreased. o Positive Homan’s sign o If in deep vein, leg may be cool and pale Nursing interventions: o Maintain bedrest with leg elevated on pillow. Do not raise knee gatch on bed. o Apply moist heat as ordered o Administer analgesics as ordered o Anticoagulant therapy (usually heparin or lovenox) Observe for bleeding o Observe for signs of pulmonary embolism SOB Dyspnea
Psychological changes in the postpartal period
Postpartal period: • • Time of change and adjustment to new role Reva Rubin, a nurse and pioneer in the field of maternal behavior
Process of becoming acquainted: • Bonding: o Initial attraction felt by parents toward their infant o Enhanced when able to touch and interact during the first 30-60 minutes after birth (touch and feel!). Attachment: o Process by which an enduring bond to an infant is developed over time o Different than bonding, more intense Mutual regulation: o A cueing system… each one sends out signals that can be read by the other. Both the infant and the mothers needs are met o Crying, cooing, smiling “signaling behaviors” Rooting, sucking, grasping; initiates and maintains contact with parents. Brings parents near. o Baby makes his needs known; a process that continues throughout childhood. Reciprocity: o Reciprocal- interaction style Pleasure and delight in each other develops Mutual development of love and growth Entrainment: appears to listen to voice and follow face; baby’s movements synchronized with rhythm of parent’s speech
Maternal role attainment • Process in which mother achieves confidence in her ability to care for infant
Phases of maternal role attainment: • • Maternal touch: Changes as mom get to know infant o Enface position: eye contact Fingertip exploration:
• • • • •
o Discovery process o Attachment is started o May take minutes or hours Palmar touch: entire hand Enfolding: baby in arms, pressing him/her to body Identification: ID’s baby as her own; clarifies feelings—what he looks like and what he can do. Relating: Characteristics of baby related to familiar person (nose like grandpa’s) Interpreting: Gives meaning to baby’s actions—he’s going to be a big eater like Uncle Bob.
Process of Maternal Adaptation • Reva Rubin (1960’s) identified phases a mother goes through to: o Gain back energy lost during labor o Attain comfort in role of mother o Involves 3 phases: Taking in Taking hold Letting go Taking in: o Passive-dependent stage (after delivery) Time of reflection Is passive Wants others to meet her needs o Needs food, rest, in pain, very tired o Not a good phase for teaching Taking hold: o Dependent-independent stage (2nd day) o May be insecure, but want to be independent o Begins to initiate action o This is the best time for teaching o Although independent, still insecure about role as a mother o Needs praise and encouragement Letting go: o Interdependent stage (occurs at home) o Redefines her new role. Accepts: Physical separation of baby That she is no longer childless Dependency of the child o Suffers role strain: How to handle work and home Torn between the two o Needs anticipatory guidance by the nurse: Help at home Babysitter Time alone with companion
A word about fathers: • • Mom’s preoccupation with baby can lead to jealousy o Encourage parents to talk freely and listen o Father may center attention on baby and ignore mom Father may need to be reassured about his role in the family o Dad needs to spend time alone with infant too
Postpartum blues: • • • • • • • Adjustment disorder to a life event 50-75% of moms experience it; cries for no reason Patients go home so early, nurses don’t see it often. Expect to see 3-5 days postpartum Teach signs and symptoms Severity and symptoms vary with each individual Incidences seem to be decreasing. o Better OB care o Better preparation for new role—Lamaze, etc. o Allowing verbalization of feelings May be called the “Baby Blues”.
Symptoms of postpartum/baby blues: • • • • • • • • • Loss of energy and appetite Crying for no reason Anxiety and fear; feel overwhelmed Insomnia Concerned about her body Reads into what others say, especially husband Directs anger toward husband Irritable Self-absorbed
Why does Postpartum/baby blues occur? • • • • • • Stress of labor and birth Hormonal changes General physical adjustments to non-pregnant state Sex of child Dealing with reality of new baby Attention is shifted away from pregnant mom now to baby
• • • • • • • • •
She may feel husband is placing her 2nd to baby Immaturity Family, social, economic problems No help at home Mother may verbalize: o Sensation of feeling unprotected o Feeling of emptiness; compares to amputation Symptoms usually last 48 hours Give guidance before going home Need support; get help with baby & housework if needed, so mom can sleep Describe behaviors in charting
Postpartum depression- PPD • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Usually occur by 4th week PP, near menses, or at weaning o May occur up to one year PP In a fog Increase in irritability and anxiousness Crying Insomnia Somatic complaints Seclusiveness Excessive sleeping (while holding baby, etc.) Avoid baby Apathy toward husband Persists longer than 10 days Deepens Interferes with ADL ’s Need professional consult Apparent within 3 months
Nursing responsibilities in PPD: • • • Recognize symptoms Report to doctor Frequently happens within first 6 weeks at home
Most likely candidates in PPD: • • • Mother with previous history of mental illness/instability Complicated pregnancy Stressful life situations o Abuse
• • • • •
o More than 3 children o Single o Poverty o Drug dependence Feeling incompetent Cultural differences, etc. Poor mother/daughter relationship leading to rejection of reproductive role Lack of early support, attention, dependable relationship with either parent Own parent’s not available; negative or preoccupied
Nursing Implications of psychological factors: • Prime importance: strengthen maternal-child relationship o Encourage physical contact between mother and baby immediately after birth o Allow active participation in caring for child as soon as possible Assess factors influencing psychological adjustment Promote caring and supportive atmosphere so mother can freely express feelings and needs. o Allow mom to set own pace as to assuming responsibility of self-care and care of child. Encourage fathers to actively participate in care of infant Encourage both parents to discuss with each other and nurse their reactions to parenthood and feeling about assuming new role Council parents about possibility of postpartal blues occurring after discharge from the hospital If symptoms persist or get worse: o Contact doctor o Medication or counseling may be needed o Support groups are available o Mental health centers o Parenting groups o National “DAD” hotline o May need hospitalization if threatens suicide or harm to baby
• • • •
Preemies, children with deformities/disabilities, stillborn children: • Anomalies o Difficult situation o Allow parents to talk o Allow parents to grieve o Say things like: “This just isn’t fair” “This is a lousy thing to have happened” “You must be feeling very frightened” Premature baby:
Be sure parents see and touch baby as soon as possible Take parents to NICU ALWAYS keep them informed of what is happening If transferred away from hospitalized mom: Pictures are important Phone calls 24 hrs/day to NICU nursery at Children’s o They’re often not ready for baby at home Nursery, clothes may be needed Thrown off schedule with work, etc. Time, energy, money—long term effects o Explain to siblings o Do not forget the father in all of this o Don’t try to stop grief—allow her to express feelings o Encourage support groups Preemies often have health problems; parents need support. Stillborn child o Parents need to see, touch, wash, and dress baby o Get footprints, pictures, lock of hair, ID band, name the child and use the name often. o If they don’t see their baby; the parents often never face reality and stuck in the grieving process. o Again, encourage to hold, rock, and cuddle their baby. o Allow and encourage them to take photos of their angel. o o o o
This action might not be possible to undo. Are you sure you want to continue?
We've moved you to where you read on your other device.
Get the full title to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the preview.
|
<urn:uuid:f0313638-eb08-423a-b840-13fecf45c52b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50",
"url": "https://www.scribd.com/doc/8086510/ob-peds-lecture-notes-nurse-nursing",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698540932.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170900-00460-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8658666610717773,
"token_count": 23790,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Skip the Taco Bell run: Five days of eating a junk-food diet can deteriorate your memory, finds an Australian study.
After that amount of time, rats that ate high-fat, high-sugar foods performed worse on special memory tests, and couldn't locate things as well as rodents fed a normal diet. These rats had problems noticing if an object had moved; for you, that’s like when you can’t find your keys.
We know what you’re thinking: another rat study. But the results likely apply to humans as well, says study coauthor Margaret Morris, Ph.D. In fact, a 2011 study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition showed healthy people who ate junk food for 5 days performed worse on cognitive tests measuring attention, speed, and mood.
(Some foods have been unjustly convicted. Check out these 6 "Junk Foods" That Are Actually Good for You.)
Researchers aren’t sure what’s causing the memory problems, but they suspect a poor diet may produce inflammation in the brain—specifically the hippocampus, the region that’s associated with memory and special recognition, says study coauthor Margaret Morris, Ph.D. Even worse: Damage to the hippocampus can mess with hunger and fullness cues, leading to weight gain and obesity.
With the upcoming Super Bowl, you're probably planning to make some less-than-healthy nutritional choices. (Beer and buffalo wings, anybody?) And you may be thinking, "What's the big deal? It's just one weekend of eating crap." Well, this study shows that just a few days of poor eating can be bad for your brain. Balance the no-so-healthy party food with the good stuff: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and lean protein.
(For more smart recommendations, snack on the 13 Best Foods for Your Brain.)
|
<urn:uuid:2c24f262-29b6-4aad-9ac9-535b30e2b709>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "https://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/a19529028/your-brain-on-junk-food/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591497.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720041611-20180720061611-00616.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9414710402488708,
"token_count": 390,
"score": 2.6875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
PDF (Acrobat) Document File
Be sure that you have an application to open this file type before downloading and/or purchasing.
3.44 MB | 2 pages
Are you looking for a fun way to have your students review predicting formulas for binary ionic compounds? Your students will LOVE this activity! This game has students work in pairs & take turns rolling dice to answer questions. The object is to get 5 correct answers in a row (vertically, diagonally, or horizontally) to win the game.
Your download will include:
Special materials needed:
dice & bingo chips (or other markers of some sort)
|
<urn:uuid:1344e6df-6798-4b60-8326-ae70b4209d6b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Predicting-Formulas-for-Binary-Ionic-Compounds-Partner-Activity-2443785",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171646.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00167-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8943750262260437,
"token_count": 132,
"score": 2.796875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Despite advances in recent years relating to cancer prevention, detection, and treatment, many minority groups in the United States continue to bear a greater cancer burden than whites.
According to the National Cancer Institute’s Center to Reduce Cancer Health Disparities, while one in three Americans will develop some form of cancer, it continues to be the number one cause of death for many minorities in the United States. Nationwide, African Americans have a higher rate of death from cancer than Caucasians, and cancer has surpassed heart disease to become the leading cause of death among Hispanics and Asian Americans in the United States.
While the statistics are sobering, researchers say minority nurses can play an important role in working to reduce cancer disparities in their communities.
“Nurses are at the forefront of care and can have a major impact in eradicating cancer disparities by educating patients about the importance of cancer screenings, early detection, and access to care,” says Kimlin Ashing-Giwa, PhD, professor and director of the City of Hope’s Center of Community Alliance for Research and Education in Duarte, California. Ashing-Giwa’s work focuses on addressing the disparities in treatment and outcomes between patients with different access and cultural approaches to medicine.
How Breast Cancer Affects African American and Latina Women
“Although African American women are less likely than white women to be diagnosed with breast cancer, they are more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage and to die of their disease,” says Ashing-Giwa. “Despite the decline in overall breast cancer death rates in the past 20 years, black women continue to have higher death rates.”
A 2012 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) says that mammography may be used less frequently among black women than white women. It’s also more common for a longer amount of time to pass between mammograms for black women. Additionally, Ashing-Giwa notes that African American women commonly have subtypes of tumors that are harder to treat, especially an inflammatory form called triple negative breast cancer.
The CDC report also stresses the importance of educating women about the preventive benefits and coverage provided by the Affordable Care Act, including coverage of mammograms without co-pays in many health plans and, beginning in 2014, expanded access to health insurance coverage for 30 million previously uninsured Americans.
“Additionally, a woman’s best overall preventative health strategy is to reduce her known risk factors for breast cancer as much as possible by avoiding weight gain and obesity, engaging in regular physical activity, and minimizing alcohol intake,” says Ashing-Giwa, who encourages nurses to talk to patients about their risk of breast cancer and the importance of getting mammograms and doing breast self-exams.
If women can’t afford a mammogram, there are many free resources available that nurses can recommend to patients (see sidebar). In addition, black women are less likely to get prompt follow-up care when their mammogram shows that something is abnormal. Waiting longer for follow-up care can lead to cancerous tumors that are larger and harder to treat.
Follow-up care after mammograms is also a problem for Latinas. “While Latinas have lower incidences of breast cancer than white or African American women, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for Latinas,” Ashing-Giwa says.
A March 2013 study conducted at the Institute for Health Promotion Research at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and published in SpringerPlus found that it took Latinas 33 days longer to reach definitive diagnosis of breast cancer than non-Hispanic white women. Researchers found that Latinas with abnormal mammograms benefitted significantly from the help of trained professionals called “patient navigators,” who were trained in providing culturally sensitive support. Patient navigators were also helpful in providing transportation, language, and childcare solutions.
“We need to move toward more prevention, screening, treatment, and follow-up that speaks to people in a language they understand,” says Ashing-Giwa.
Despite Being Preventable, Disparities Still Exist With Cervical Cancer
Also of concern are the large differences in rates of new cases and deaths from cervical cancer among African American and Latina women. “Latina women have the highest rates of cervical cancer, followed by African American women,” says Ashing-Giwa. “This is troubling because most cases of cervical cancer are largely preventable and treatable with regular Pap tests and follow-up.”
Mortality rates are also higher for women over 50.
“Many women believe that since they are single and not sexually active, they don’t need a Pap test,” Ashing-Giwa says. While stressing the need for older women to get regular Pap tests, she notes it’s also important for nurses to encourage younger women to get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and to use condoms. HPV infection is the leading cause of most cervical cancers.
“Cervical cancer should have been eradicated 30 years ago with the invention of the Pap test,” argues Ashing-Giwa. “Most women who are diagnosed with cervical cancer today are those who have never been screened for it.”
Minorities Less Likely to Get Screened for Colon Cancer
A 2012 study conducted at the Center for Health Policy at the University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health and published in the public health journal, Health Affairs, found that minorities are less likely to be screened for colon cancer. The data revealed that 42% of Caucasians were screened for colorectal cancer, compared with 36% of African Americans, 31% of Asian and Native Americans, and 28% of Hispanics.
“The death rate for colon cancer has increased among African Americans and Hispanic people despite it being one of the most preventable forms of cancer, and if caught early, one of the most curable,” says Durado Brooks, MD, MPH, director of prostate and colorectal cancers for the American Cancer Society.
“Although many people of color are aware of colon cancer, they don’t always see how it applies to them,” says Brooks. “If they don’t have a family history of the disease or have symptoms, such as blood in their stools, they often don’t see the need to be screened.”
Only 10% of colon cancer cases are tied to family history, and by the time warning signs are apparent, the cancer has often progressed to an advanced stage where it’s harder to treat. And while it is currently recommended that regular colon screenings begin at the age of 50, it’s recommended that screenings for minorities begin at 45 since many colorectal cancers have been caught in African Americans and Hispanics at younger ages.
“Many people are unaware of the benefits of colorectal screenings,” says Brooks. “There’s the perception that cancer is a death sentence, yet up to 90% of colon cancer cases are preventable with screening.”
Brooks praises Kaiser Permanente for being proactive about screening its health plan members for colorectal cancer. “Rather than waiting for people to ask to be tested, Kaiser Permanente sends out fecal immunochemical testing kits, a type of fecal occult blood test, in the mail to their members who are 50 and older,” Brooks says. “Not all health care providers are as proactive with their approach.”
And while colonoscopies are still considered the gold standard for detecting colorectal cancer, they also require rigorous preparation—a point that prevents many people from getting tested. In an effort to increase testing for colon cancer, Brooks notes that it’s important to let patients know they have choices and that there are other screening options available.
A study published in the April 9, 2012 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine confirmed this by noting that patients were less compliant with screening for colorectal cancer when colonoscopy was the only option offered. Yet when patients were given a choice between a colonoscopy and fecal occult blood testing, 69% completed one of the two exams.
Latino Men at High Risk of Prostate Cancer
According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer among Latino men, and they are also the most likely to be diagnosed with later-stages of the disease.
A new study conducted by researchers at the University of California—Los Angeles (UCLA) and published in the March 2013 issue of Qualitative Health Research concluded that a combination of financial, cultural, and communication barriers play a role in preventing Latino men from accessing the care and treatment they need.
“These obstacles require a new focus on not only adequate health care coverage, but also on the array of hurdles that limit patient access,” says Sally L. Maliski, PhD, RN, FAAN, associate dean for academic affairs at the UCLA School of Nursing and senior author of the study.
Maliski cites inability to afford medical insurance, difficulty understanding insurance policies, a lack of health literacy among the men, and their limited proficiency in English as barriers throughout the entire prostate cancer-care process.
“Our findings made it clear that we need a system where not only is care affordable, but where we use a multi-faceted approach to improve access, increase health literacy, and greatly improve care coordination,” says Maliski.
Focusing on Cancer Disparities in the Asian Community
“The cancer burden in the Asian American community is unique because cancer has been the leading cause of death among Asian Americans for the past 13 years,” saysMoon Chen, Jr., PhD, MPH, principal investigator for the National Center for Reducing Asian American Cancer Health Disparities headquartered at the University of California-Davis Cancer Center. Chen adds that hepatitis B induced-liver cancer is the greatest cancer health disparity for Asian Americans.
“All Asian American immigrants and their children should be screened for hepatitis B to lead to earlier detection,” Chen says. “And Asian Americans who do not have hepatitis B immunity should also get the hepatitis B vaccine, [which is] the best way to stop the spread of hepatitis B.”
Chen and his colleagues have received a federal grant to increase screening for hepatitis B. Since December of last year, screening events have been held in Northern California at Asian health clinics, local churches, temples, health fairs, and community organizations.
Many Asian Americans don’t get regular cancer screenings, which also adds to poor cancer outcomes. “Until they have symptoms, many Asian Americans aren’t really concerned about cancer and don’t think screening is necessary,” Chen says. “Vietnamese women have the highest rates of cervical cancer, which can be detected and treated early through Pap smears.”
Chen says cigarette smoking is also a big problem among Asian American immigrants and that they are the racial group least likely to be counseled on smoking cessation.
“Smoking is the leading cause of death worldwide and it’s a preventable risk factor,” Chen says. “It’s a complicated message and often language can be a barrier. There’s a great need for smoking cessation programs that are culturally tailored to Asian populations, both in language and intent.”
Stomach cancer is also prevalent in Asian Americans and Chen attributes this to chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which is common in developing countries. In Koreans, diet is also to blame, specifically foods that are preserved with nitrates and nitrites, such as kimchi.
Since prevention and early detection are key components of cancer control, Chen recommends that nurses who work with different Asian American populations either learn the specific language of their demographics, or have cancer education materials readily available in different languages such as Vietnamese, Korean, Mandarin, and Tagalog.
“Nurses who can accommodate differences in language fluency, dietary practices, and cultural beliefs can help to remove some of the barriers that exist in screening and treating minority patients,” Chen says. “Nurses who have this expertise are often the bridge between health care systems and minority communities.”
|
<urn:uuid:84622cc9-fc67-494c-8003-da190acac97f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.minoritynurse.com/article/forefront-cancer-treatments-and-lingering-disparities",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223201753.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032001-00143-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.960013747215271,
"token_count": 2569,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
By Mark McConville
OFFICIAL despatches from British military leaders included in a new book have shed light on some of World War Two’s crucial battles.
As the movie on Churchill’s WW2 leadership, The Darkest Hour and the British blockbuster Dunkirk are both set to be nominated for numerous Oscars, this book on the crucial despatches relating to this period focuses on operations against the Nazis in 1940, including the Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.
They go into unusual levels of detail and are written in a straightforward style, with unvarnished insights into what the commanders at the time felt was important for the public and politicians to know about the military operations they concern.
One such dispatch deals with the concerns of an ever-approaching enemy which could be held off no longer and the need for evacuation from Dunkirk.
It reads: “I then expressed the opinion that now the Belgian Army had ceased to exist, the only alternatives could be evacuation or surrender.
“The enemy threat to the North-Eastern flank appeared certain to develop during the next forty-eight hours.
“The long South-Western flank was being subjected to constant and increasing pressure, especially at Cassel and Wormhoudt, and the arrival of the enemy heavy columns could not be long delayed. These considerations could not be lightly dismissed.”
The despatches form the basis of G. H. Bennett’s new book, Desperate Victories, published by Amberley.
“In 1940 Britain faced a series of battles that would define the early years of the Second World War and with it British identity for the next 70 years,” he writes in the book’s introduction.
“On those battles turned the survival of a nation, and the hopes of others that had been overthrown by the military forces of Nazi Germany.
“They have immediacy and an authenticity which modern popular history can never approach. The writers of these despatches did not seek to be controversial, but their subject matter was at the time (and in some cases still is today) a matter of heated debate.
“As the wartime generation passes on, these debates will once again be revisited in a Britain much changed since the dark days of 1940.
“Despite the passing of the decades “The Dunkirk Spirit” and “Keep Calm and Carry On” remain powerful evocations of national spirit, resilience and innovation in the face of crisis. Likewise, the victory of “The Few” of the Battle of Britain encapsulates a range of positive national images ranging from the heroism of the pilots of the RAF, the stoicism of the British public faced with aerial bombing, through to the genius of British engineers whose contribution to victory in 1940 included radar, the beauty of the Supermarine Spitfire and the utter dependability of the Hawker Hurricane.
“First framed by Churchill in 1940, in the years of national decline after 1945, the mercurial deliverance of national survival in 1940 has become an iconic testament to the strength of British character.”
The despatches originally appeared in the 1940s in the journal The London Gazette. This was established in 1665 as the official public record, reproduced in the book in association with The National Archives.
Desperate Victories, by G. H. Bennett and published by Amberley is available now. RRP £20.
|
<urn:uuid:12bb9b98-4c28-4a57-8aae-64b6effe57c2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"url": "https://mediadrumworld.com/2018/01/25/21162/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547584328678.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20190123085337-20190123111337-00293.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9531922340393066,
"token_count": 712,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Researchers Examine Immune Cells' Workings
STEVE INSKEEP, host:
Now here's some news about how your immune system responds to a threat. Let's say you've just stepped on a nail. Your nervous system let's you do things like hop up and down or say `Ouch.' Your immune system gets you ready for war. The system's job is to fight off any germs that might have been on that nail when it pierced your skin. A team of scientists at the University of Pittsburgh says that immune cells have an unusual way of communicating with each other when it is time to fight off an invader. Here's NPR's Joe Palca.
JOE PALCA reporting:
What these immune cells do is shoot out tiny tubes, what the scientists call `tunneling nano tubes.'
Mr. SIMON WATKINS (Cell Biologist, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine): The tubes are absolutely extremely small and we believe that, for the most part, people looking down an ordinary microscope won't see them.
PALCA: Simon Watkins is a cell biologist at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Watkins isn't the first to see these tubes, but he may be the first to explain what they do. Along with his colleague, Russell Salter, Watkins has evidence that the tubes are for communication following an injury.
Mr. WATKINS: If you imagine you get an infection in your skin and one cell is stimulated and, if that one soldier, if you will, now has to move from, say, the bottom of your foot up to a nearby lymph node, which would behind the knee for example--and that's quite a long way for one cell to go and its likelihood of getting there is very low. So what we think happens is that the cells through the tubes say, `Hey, guys, there's something going on here that shouldn't be going on.' And then a whole host of cells go running off to the lymph node.
PALCA: Once they get to the lymph node, other cells kill off the invading germs. Watkins presents his evidence for communication via these tunneling nano tubes in the latest issue of the journal Immunity.
Immunologist Michael Cahalan at the University of California Irvine say Watkins' theory makes sense given the way the immune system works.
Mr. MICHAEL CAHALAN (Immunologist, University of California Irvine): It's a very touchy-feely system. The cells need to sniff each other and tubules of this sort could make things happen at a distance longer than we previously suspected.
PALCA: So far, this communication has only been demonstrated in a laboratory dish. Daniel Davis is a physicist turned immunologist at Imperial College, London.
MR. DANIEL DAVIS (Immunologist, Imperial College, London): It's still unknown how important this would be where and when these types of connections form in the body, connecting cells, and where or when it is useful for the immune system to use these connections and what we are--what type of information is being transduced between cells over these types of connections.
PALCA: Still, Davis thinks these `tunneling nano tubes' deserve more study and could bring new insights about how the immune system works. Joe Palca, NPR News, Washington.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc., an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
|
<urn:uuid:6a949568-a9c0-4b93-8fa7-20ae0b22f4cc>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30",
"url": "http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4858817",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424586.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723182550-20170723202550-00489.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9454300403594971,
"token_count": 760,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
|Part of the series on
also known as
In Roman Catholic theology, "transubstantiation" (in Latin, transsubstantiatio, in Greek μετουσίωσις (metousiosis)) means the change of the substance of bread and wine into the substance of the Body and Blood (respectively) of Christ in the Eucharist, while all that is accessible to the senses (accidents) remains as before.
Some Greek confessions use the term "transubstantiation" (in Greek, metousiosis), but most Orthodox Christian traditions play down the term itself, and the notions of "substance" and "accidents", while adhering to the holy mystery that bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ during Divine Liturgy. Other terms such as "trans-elementation" (μεταστοιχείωσις metastoicheiosis) and "re-ordination" (μεταρρύθμισις metarrhythmisis) are more common among the Orthodox.
The earliest known use of the term "transubstantiation" to describe the change from bread and wine to body and blood of Christ was by Hildebert de Lavardin, Archbishop of Tours (died 1133), in the eleventh century and by the end of the twelfth century the term was in widespread use. In 1215, the Fourth Council of the Lateran spoke of the bread and wine as "transubstantiated" into the body and blood of Christ: "His body and blood are truly contained in the sacrament of the altar under the forms of bread and wine, the bread and wine having been transubstantiated, by God's power, into his body and blood."
During the Protestant Reformation, the doctrine of transubstantiation was heavily criticised as an import into Christian teaching of Aristotelian "pseudo-philosophy," in favour of the doctrine of consubstantiation, Martin Luther's sacramental union, or in favour, per Huldrych Zwingli, of the Eucharist as memorial.
The Council of Trent in its thirteenth session ending October 11, 1551, defined transubstantiation as "that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the Body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the Blood – the species only of the bread and wine remaining – which conversion indeed the Catholic Church most aptly calls Transubstantiation".
This council thus officially approved use of the term "transubstantiation" to express the Catholic Church's teaching on the subject of the conversion of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist, with the aim of safeguarding Christ's presence as a literal truth, while emphasizing the fact that there is no change in the empirical appearances of the bread and wine. But it did not impose the Aristotelian theory of substance and accidents: it spoke only of the "species" (the appearances), not the philosophical term "accidents", and the word "substance" was in ecclesiastical use for many centuries before Aristotelian philosophy was adopted in the West, as shown for instance by its use in the Nicene Creed which speaks of Christ having the same "οὐσία" (Greek) or "substantia" (Latin) as the Father.
"Substance" here means what something is in itself. (For more on the philosophical concept, see Substance theory.) A hat's shape is not the hat itself, nor is its colour, size, softness to the touch, nor anything else about it perceptible to the senses. The hat itself (the "substance") has the shape, the color, the size, the softness and the other appearances, but is distinct from them. While the appearances, which are referred to by the philosophical term accidents, are perceptible to the senses, the substance is not.
When at his Last Supper, Jesus said: "This is my body", what he held in his hands still had all the appearances of bread: these "accidents" remained unchanged. However, the Roman Catholic Church believes that, when Jesus made that declaration, the underlying reality (the "substance") of the bread was converted to that of his body. In other words, it actually was his body, while all the appearances open to the senses or to scientific investigation were still those of bread, exactly as before. The Catholic Church holds that the same change of the substance of the bread and of the wine occurs at the consecration of the Eucharist when the words are spoken "This is my body ... this is my blood." In Orthodox confessions, the change is said to take place during the prayer of thanksgiving.
Believing that Christ is risen from the dead and is alive, the Catholic Church holds that when the bread is changed into his body, not only his body is present, but Christ as a whole is present (i.e. body and blood, soul and divinity.) The same holds for the wine changed into his blood. This belief goes beyond the doctrine of transubstantiation, which directly concerns only the transformation of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ.
In accordance with this belief that Christ is really, truly and substantially present under the remaining appearances of bread and wine, and continues to be present as long as those appearances remain, the Catholic Church preserves the consecrated elements, generally in a church tabernacle, for administering Holy Communion to the sick and dying, and also for the secondary, but still highly prized, purpose of adoring Christ present in the Eucharist.
The Roman Catholic Church considers the doctrine of transubstantiation to be concerned with what is changed, and not how the change occurs; it teaches that the accidents that remain are real, not an illusion, and that Christ is "really, truly, and substantially present" in the Eucharist.
In the acrimonious arguments which characterised the relationship between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism in the 16th century, the Council of Trent declared subject to the ecclesiastical penalty of anathema anyone who:
Protestant denominations have not generally subscribed to belief in transubstantiation or consubstantiation.
As already stated, the Roman Catholic Church insists that the "accidents" that remain are real. In the sacrament these are the signs of the reality that they efficaciously signify. And by definition sacraments are "efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Catholic Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us."
While the word "transubstantiation" is not found in the Bible, those who believe that the reality in the Eucharist is the body and blood of Christ and no longer bread and wine hold that this is implicitly taught in the New Testament.
Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Roman Catholics, who together constitute the majority of Christians (see List of Christian denominations by number of members), hold that the consecrated elements in the Eucharist are indeed the body and blood of Christ; they also believe both a valid sacramental priesthood and the Words of Institution are necessary to make the sacrament present. Among Reform and Protestant Christian churches, some Lutherans and Anglicans hold the same belief. They see as the main scriptural support for their belief that in the Eucharist the bread and wine are actually changed into the body and blood of Christ the words of Jesus himself at his Last Supper: the Synoptic Gospels and Saint Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians recount that in that context Jesus said of what to all appearances were bread and wine: "This is my body … this is my blood" or, in the case of what appeared to be wine, "… this cup is the new covenant in my blood". Belief in the change of the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ is based on these words of Christ at the Last Supper as interpreted by Christians from the earliest times, as for instance by Ignatius of Antioch, Justin Martyr, and Clement of Rome (who may have been the same Clement as mentioned in the Bible).
Other Protestants do not accept this literal interpretation of Jesus. Protestant Scripture-based arguments fall into different classes: figurative versus literal language, grammatical cues, and comparisons with other passages. The Protestant view on Communion varies, though the bread and wine are viewed only symbolically by most. While the Reformed (Calvinist and Presbyterian) denominations refer to it as a "sacrament", most Protestants consider it an "ordinance".
Jesus repeatedly spoke in non-literal terms e.g. "I am the door", "I am the vine", "Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees" (Matthew 16:6-12), etc. Figurative language in the Synoptic Gospels, the gospels that give the words of Jesus at his Last Supper, includes: "You are the salt of the earth ... You are the light of the world" (Matthew 5:13-14) and many other verses. It is accepted by Catholics and Protestants alike that Luke 22:20 and I Corinthians 11:25 are figurative where Jesus says that the cup is the new covenant.
Believers in the literal sense of Christ's words, "This is my body", "This is my blood" claim that there is a marked contrast between metaphorical figurative expressions, which of their nature have a symbolic meaning, and what Jesus said about concrete things such as the bread and wine. Catholics point to St. Paul's discourse in I Corinthians, in which he explicitly rhetorically states, "is the bread that we eat not a sharing in the Body of Christ?" and that those who profane the Eucharist are guilty of the Body and Blood of the Lord. They also point to the beliefs of the early Church, in which the writings of the early Church Fathers document a belief in the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Some Protestants, however, use a grammatical argument, that because the Greek word "This" in "This is my body" is in the nominative singular neuter, it does not refer to the "bread" which is a masculine noun, but instead it means "this thing" (neuter) or refers to the "body", which is a grammatically neuter word.
Comparing Scripture with Scripture, Protestants point to Matthew 16:6-12, where Jesus spoke of "the leaven of the Pharisees and the Sadducees": the disciples thought he said it because they had brought no bread, but Jesus made them understand that he was referring to the teaching of the Pharisees and the Sadducees. This is an example where a metaphorical interpretation was allegedly intended by Christ, whereas his listeners originally understood him literally.
The Gospel of John presents Jesus as saying: "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood you have no life in you … he who eats my flesh and drinks my blood abides in me and I in him" (6:53-56), and as then not toning down these sayings, even when many of his disciples thereupon abandoned him (6:66), shocked at the idea. Protestants compare that passage to John 6:63 where Jesus says "the flesh profits nothing". However, Catholics argue, if this was meant to refer to Jesus' flesh, His flesh dying on the cross would profit nothing, which is theologically unacceptable to both Catholics and Protestants.
Another key Protestant contention is that Hebrews 9:11-10:18 speak of a "one-time" sacrifice, as opposed to the view of Christ's body being broken repeatedly or the blood being shed repeatedly. The response to this contention is that there is not "another sacrifice", but only a making present in different times and places of the one sacrifice of Christ: "The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice." The same, singular sacrifice is made present at Mass, in the Catholic view, it is not a new or "repeat sacrifice".
Catholics compare the idea of mere bread and wine with a passage of Scripture that implies it is something more than that. In response to a report that, when Corinthian Christians came together to celebrate the Lord's Supper, there were divisions among them, with some eating and drinking to excess, while others were hungry (1 Corinthians 11:17-22), Paul the Apostle reminded them of Jesus' words at the Last Supper (1 Corinthians 11:23-25) and concluded: "Whoever, therefore, eats the bread or drinks the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of profaning the body and blood of the Lord" (1 Corinthians 11:27).
In general, Eastern Orthodox and Catholics consider it unnecessary to "prove" from texts of Scripture a belief that they see as held by Christians from the earliest, apostolic times. Catholics point to the fact that the Catholic Church and its teaching existed before any part of the New Testament had been assembled and canonized, and that the teaching of the Apostles was thus transmitted not only in writing but also orally and via tradition handed down to the Catholic bishops in apostolic succession. Catholics further believe the Catholic Church predates the New Testament altogether, as they believe their Church to be the original Church founded by Christ. The Eastern Orthodox hold a similar view. Both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox see nothing in Scripture that contradicts the transubstantiation (versus consubstantiation) teaching that the reality beneath the visible signs in the Eucharist is the body and blood of Christ and no longer bread and wine. Instead, they see this teaching as definitely implied and even explicitly taught by both Christ and St. Paul in the Bible.
In the Messianic Jewish Passover Seder the blessing on the bread is the Grace After Meals "Birkat Hamazon", and the cup after the meal is the Cup of Blessing or Cup or Redemption. With this interpretation, the bread and wine which once pointed back to Passover, would henceforth point to Christ's body and blood being sacrificed for mankind's redemption. When Jesus said "As often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, do this in remembrance of me," he would have had a very specific occasion in mind, that being the Passover bread and the redemption cup after the Seder meal.
The belief that the Eucharist conveyed to the believer the body and blood of Christ appears to have been widespread from an early date, and the elements were commonly referred to as the body and the blood by early Christian writers. The early Christians who use these terms also speak of it as the flesh and blood of Christ, the same flesh and blood which suffered and died on the cross.
The short document known as the Teaching of the Apostles or Didache, which may be the earliest Christian document outside of the New Testament to speak of the Eucharist, says, "Let no one eat or drink of the Eucharist with you except those who have been baptized in the Name of the Lord," for it was in reference to this that the Lord said, "Do not give that which is holy to dogs." Matthew 7:6
Writing to the Christians of Smyrna, in about AD 106, Saint Ignatius warned them to "stand aloof from such heretics", because, among other reasons, "they abstain from the Eucharist and from prayer, because they confess not the Eucharist to be the flesh of our Savior Jesus Christ, which suffered for our sins, and which the Father, of His goodness, raised up again."
In about 150, Justin Martyr wrote of the Eucharist: "Not as common bread and common drink do we receive these; but in like manner as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the Word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise have we been taught that the food which is blessed by the prayer of His word, and from which our blood and flesh by transmutation are nourished, is the flesh and blood of that Jesus who was made flesh."
Justin Martyr wrote, in Dialogue with Trypho, ch 70: "Now it is evident, that in this prophecy to the bread which our Christ gave us to eat, in remembrance of His being made flesh for the sake of His believers, for whom also He suffered; and to the cup which He gave us to drink, in remembrance of His own blood, with giving of thanks."
In about 200 AD, Tertullian wrote (Against Marcion IV. 40): "Taking bread and distributing it to his disciples he made it his own body by saying, 'This is my body,' that is a 'figure of my body.' On the other hand, there would not have been a figure unless there was a true body."
The Apostolic Constitutions (compiled c. 380) says: "Let the bishop give the oblation, saying, The body of Christ; and let him that receiveth say, Amen. And let the deacon take the cup; and when he gives it, say, The blood of Christ, the cup of life; and let him that drinketh say, Amen."
Ambrose of Milan (d. 397) wrote:
Other fourth-century Christian writers say that in the Eucharist there occurs a "change", "transelementation", "transformation", "transposing", "alteration" of the bread into the body of Christ.
In 400 AD, Augustine quotes Cyprian (200 AD): "For as Christ says 'I am the true vine,' it follows that the blood of Christ is wine, not water; and the cup cannot appear to contain His blood by which we are redeemed and quickened, if the wine be absent; for by the wine is the blood of Christ typified, ..."
In the eleventh century, Berengar of Tours denied that any material change in the elements was needed to explain the Eucharistic Presence, thereby provoking a considerable stir. Berengar's position was never diametrically opposed to that of his critics, and he was probably never excommunicated. But the controversy that he aroused forced people to clarify the doctrine of the Eucharist.
The earliest known use of the term "transubstantiation" to describe the change from bread and wine to body and blood of Christ was by Hildebert de Lavardin, Archbishop of Tours (died 1133), in about 1079, long before the Latin West, under the influence especially of Thomas Aquinas (c. 1227-1274), accepted Aristotelianism.
Although it was only in the West that Aristotelian philosophy prevailed, the objective reality of the Eucharistic change is also believed in by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the other ancient Churches of the East (see metousiosis).
In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council used the word transubstantiated in its profession of faith, when speaking of the change that takes place in the Eucharist. It was only later in the thirteenth century that Aristotelian metaphysics was accepted and a philosophical elaboration in line with that metaphysics was developed, which found classic formulation in the teaching of Saint Thomas Aquinas."
In 1551 the Council of Trent officially defined, with a minimum of technical philosophical language, that "by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation."
In the Protestant Reformation, the doctrine of transubstantiation became a matter of much controversy. Martin Luther held that "It is not the doctrine of transubstantiation which is to be believed, but simply that Christ really is present at the Eucharist". In his "On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church" (published on 6 October 1520) Luther wrote:
In his 1528 Confession Concerning Christ's Supper he wrote:
What Luther thus called a "sacramental union" is often called consubstantiation by non-Lutherans.
In "On the Babylonian Captivity" Luther upheld belief in the Real Presence of Jesus and in his 1523 treatise The Adoration of the Sacrament defended adoration of the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist.
The Thirty-nine articles of religion in the Church of England declare: "Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions"; and made assistance at Mass illegal.
The Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Churches, along with the Assyrian Church of the East, agree that in a valid Divine Liturgy bread and wine truly and actually become the body and blood of Christ. They have in general refrained from philosophical speculation, and usually rely on the status of the doctrine as a "Mystery," something known by divine revelation that could not have been arrived at by reason without revelation. Accordingly, they prefer not to elaborate upon the details and remain firmly within Holy Tradition, than to say too much and possibly deviate from the truth. However, there are official church documents that speak of a "change" (in Greek μεταβολή) or "metousiosis" (μετουσίωσις) of the bread and wine. "Μετ-ουσί-ωσις" (met-ousi-osis) is the Greek word used to represent the Latin word "trans-substanti-atio", as Greek "μετα-μόρφ-ωσις" (meta-morph-osis) corresponds to Latin "trans-figur-atio". Examples of official documents of the Eastern Orthodox Church that use the term "μετουσίωσις" or "transubstantiation" are the Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church (question 340) and the declaration by the Eastern Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem of 1672:
During the reign of King Henry VIII of England, the official teaching was identical with the Roman Catholic Church's doctrine before and after Henry's break with Rome by declaring that the Pope had no jurisdiction in England. A decade before the break the king wrote a book in defence of Catholic doctrine for which the Pope rewarded him with the title of Defender of the Faith, a title still claimed and held by English and, after 1707, British monarchs. Under Henry's son, Edward VI, the Church of England began to accept some aspects of Protestant theology and rejected transubstantiation. Elizabeth I, as part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, gave royal assent to the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, which sought to distinguish Anglican from Roman Church doctrine. The Articles declared that "Transubstantiation (or the change of the substance of Bread and Wine) in the Supper of the Lord, cannot be proved by holy Writ; but is repugnant to the plain words of Scripture, overthroweth the nature of a Sacrament, and hath given occasion to many superstitions."
Anglicans generally consider no teaching binding that, according to the Articles, "cannot be found in Holy Scripture or proved thereby". Consequently, some Anglicans (especially Anglo-Catholics and High Church Anglicans) accept transubstantiation while others do not. In any case, nowadays even Church of England clergy are only required to assent that the Thirty-nine Articles have borne witness to the Christian faith. In some Anglican churches other than the Church of England even this is not required. While Archbishop John Tillotson decried the "real barbarousness of this Sacrament and Rite of our Religion", considering it a great impiety to believe that people who attend Holy Communion "verily eat and drink the natural flesh and blood of Christ. And what can any man do more unworthily towards a Friend? How can he possibly use him more barbarously, than to feast upon his living flesh and blood?" (Discourse against Transubstantiation, London 1684, 35), official writings of the churches of the Anglican Communion have consistently upheld belief in the Real Presence. Some recent Anglican writers explicitly accept the doctrine of transubstantiation or, while avoiding the term "transubstantiation", speak of an "objective presence" of Christ in the Eucharist. On the other hand, others hold views such as consubstantiation or "pneumatic presence", close to those of some Reformed Protestant churches.
Theological dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church has produced common documents that speak of "substantial agreement" about the doctrine of the Eucharist: the ARCIC Windsor Statement of 1971, and its 1979 Elucidation. Remaining arguments can be found in the Church of England's pastoral letter: The Eucharist: Sacrament of Unity.
Luther explicitly rejected transubstantiation, believing that the bread and wine remained fully bread and fully wine while also being fully the body and blood of Jesus Christ. Luther instead emphasized the sacramental union (not exactly the consubstantiation, as it is often claimed). Lutherans believe that within the Eucharistic celebration the body and blood of Jesus Christ are objectively present "in, with, and under the forms" of bread and wine (cf. Book of Concord). They place great stress on Jesus' instructions to "take and eat", and "take and drink", holding that this is the proper, divinely ordained use of the sacrament, and, while giving it due reverence, scrupulously avoid any actions that might indicate or lead to superstition or unworthy fear of the sacrament.
Many Protestant denominations believe that the Lord's Supper is a symbolic act done in remembrance of what Christ has done for us on the cross. For example, according to the Official Creed of the Assemblies of God - an Evangelical Protestant church - Holy Communion, or "The Lord's Supper, consisting of the elements--bread and the fruit of the vine--is the symbol expressing our sharing the divine nature of our Lord Jesus Christ (2 Peter 1:4); a memorial of His suffering and death, and a prophecy of His suffering and death (1 Corinthians 11:26); and is enjoined on all believers "till He come!" He commanded the apostles: "This do in remembrance of me", after "he took bread, and gave thanks, and broke it, and gave unto them, saying, This is my body which is given for you" (Luke 22:19, 1 Corinthians 11:24). Therefore they see it as a symbolic act done in remembrance and as a declaration (1 Corinthians 11:26) of faith in what they consider Christ's finished (John 19:30) work on the cross. They see the historical Last Supper as being not a literal event as Catholics do where Jesus; that is, Jesus humanly present in flesh and blood simultaneously shared out his sacramental Body and Blood under the appearances of bread and wine to his disciples, but as a prophetic act: in stating "This is my body", "This is the cup of my blood", Jesus was giving a figure of the sacrifice he would make upon the Cross the following day. Other Protestants also reject the idea that a priest, acting, he believes, in the name of Christ, not in his own name, can transform bread and wine into the actual body and blood of God incarnate in Jesus Christ, and many of them see the doctrine as a problem because of its connection with practices such as Eucharistic adoration, which they believe may be idolatry. They base their criticism of the doctrine of transubstantiation (and also of the Real Presence) on a number of verses of the Bible, including Exodus 20:4-5, and on their interpretation of the central message of the Gospel. Scripture does not explicitly say "the bread was transformed" or "changed" in any way, and therefore they consider the doctrine of transubstantiation to be unbiblical from more than one approach. As already stated above, they also object to using early Christian writings to support belief that the bread of the Lord's Supper is more than a metaphor for Christ's body, because such writings are not Scripture nor writings that were able to be verified by any prophet or apostle, especially when they believe such doctrines contradict inspired Scripture.
A few Protestants apply to the doctrine of the Real Presence the warning that Jesus gave to His disciples in Matthew 24:26: "Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not", believing that "secret chambers" (also translated as "inner rooms", "a secret place", "indoors in the room") fits as a description for church tabernacles in which consecrated hosts are stored. They thus do not believe the words of those who say that Jesus Christ's person, spirit and divinity reside inside church tabernacles in host form. They believe that Christ's words at the Last Supper were meant to be taken metaphorically and believe that support for a metaphorical interpretation comes from Christ's other teachings that utilized food in general (John 4:32-34), bread (John 6:35), and leaven (Matthew 16:6-12), as metaphors. They believe that when Christ returns in any substance with any physical form (accidental or actual), it will be apparent to all and that no man will have to point and say "there He is".
Protestant denominations, such as Methodists and some Presbyterians, profess belief in the Real Presence, but offer explanations other than transubstantiation. Classical Presbyterianism held the Calvinist view of "pneumatic" presence or "spiritual feeding." However, when the Presbyterian Church (USA) signed "A Formula for Agreement" with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, both affirmed belief in the Real Presence. John Calvin "can be regarded as occupying a position roughly midway between" (McGrath) the doctrines developed by Martin Luther on the one hand and Huldrych Zwingli, on the other: "Believers ought always to live by this rule: whenever they see symbols appointed by the Lord, to think and be convinced that the truth of the thing signified is surely present there. For why should the Lord put in your hand the symbol of his body, unless it was to assure you that you really participate in it? And if it is true that a visible sign is given to us to seal the gift of an invisible thing, when we have received the symbol of the body, let us rest assured that the body itself is also given to us." (Calvin); that is, "the thing that is signified is effected by its sign" (McGrath).
Churches that hold strong beliefs against the consumption of alcohol replace wine with grape juice during the Lord's Supper. Other groups, such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, began the use of bread and water in the late 1800s to symbolize Christ's body and blood. Prior to this they typically used wine and operated a number of vineyards for this purpose.
|
<urn:uuid:9ef255f9-7c33-4b78-8e53-c0ff660d05e2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://library.kiwix.org/wikipedia_en_wp1/A/Transubstantiation.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657127503.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011207-00007-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9627678990364075,
"token_count": 6578,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Those yellow spots on your eyelids might mean a higher risk of heart disease!
Many people visit a dermatologist to remove raised yellow spots from around their eyes, but a new study indicates they should be visiting a cardiologist too!
These patches are filled with cholesterol and are called xanthelasmata. Having deposits of cholesterol near the eyes indicates a build up of cholesterol in the body – and an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.
So, those yellow spots may bother you when you look in the mirror, but they may just save your life. Talk to your doctor about how to lower your cholesterol!
Eliz Greene works busy people to improve heart health, so they can work well, feel better, and stress less.
She is a heart attack survivor and the author of the Busy Woman’s Guide to a Healthy Heart as well as 3 other books on wellness. She writes one of the top 50 health and wellness blogs and is a sought-after wellness & stress management speaker.
If you are planning a women’s wellness program, workplace wellness program or programs for healthcare professionals check out EmbraceYourHeart.com to see if Eliz would be a good fit with your organization.
|
<urn:uuid:d4e1348c-decf-4207-900b-f2985e8a8bf5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49",
"url": "https://embraceyourheart.com/can-eyelids-predict-heart-attacks/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710916.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20221202215443-20221203005443-00608.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9475951790809631,
"token_count": 248,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Happiness has everything to do with your emotional life, including your emotional memories, but perhaps not in the way you imagine. Happiness, according to the dictionary definition, is “a state of well-being and contentment” or “a pleasurable or satisfying experience.” 1 Yet, from a psychological point of view, a state of happiness arises from the complex interaction among your biology, biography (history and culture), and physiological sensations. The experience of positive emotions, such as elation, gladness, relief, bliss, or amusement is “scripted” early in life by the circumstances around which such emotions have been felt. If your family, culture, or environment discouraged the expression of intensely felt positive emotion, for example, you may fear judgment or some other obstacle when you are excited. Regardless of how the circumstances of your past might impact your interpretation of an emotion in the present, its actual source is biological and remains constant. Our emotional responses originate in our brain. They serve to direct your attention and motivate your behavior by creating various responses. The emotion that follows includes images and thoughts you attribute to what you feel in your body.
So, then, how do you become happy or get happier? Among nine core emotions, only two are involved in creating the emotions and sensations that lead to an experience of happiness. They include, on a mild-to- intense-spectrum, enjoyment-joy and interest-excitement. 2
You may recognize a smile or laughter as the expression of enjoyment-joy. The smile of joy may be relief, as well as the sudden reduction of pleasure that is found in an orgasm or following a good meal. 3 Yet the enjoyment produced by the conscious experience of a smile may also be the result of retrieved unconscious memories of your own past smiles. 4 Similarly, simply remembering, anticipating, or imagining may evoke the smile of joy, and that this capacity in humans serve a social significance as it ties us to others. 5 Thus, we might infer that happiness, based on the experience of enjoyment-joy, is more than just good feeling; it is a foundation upon which human connection is based.
The emotion of interest-excitement can also create an aura of happiness, as well as connect humans, since it is often activated or accompanied by pleasurable looking or listening, and by sexuality. 6 Excitement is a crucial emotion since it attracts and holds a person to a particular wayof life; that is, we are what excites us. 7 Without the activation of excitement, whether it is from thinking, doing, imagining, or interacting, we can feel tired and lifeless.
Excitement, combined with other emotions, such as fear or shame, produces a potent combination. A frightening amusement park ride is concurrently exciting. And many people link shame or humiliation to excitement in their sexual encounters. In any case, the resulting positively elevated feelings can be interpreted as happiness.
Some theorists have speculated that interest motivates novelty-seeking and exploration, in contrast to enjoyment which motivates attachment to familiar events, such as having a favorite restaurant or vacation destination. 8 Although trying something new may end up in disappointment, novelty-seeking builds knowledge and skills, and it certainly can provide you with the experience of happiness.
Interest is an emotion associated with curiosity, exploration, and information seeking. 9 Interest can make you happy. In an interview with Charlie Rose, Margaret Atwood noted that, “happiness is a byproduct of being interested in what you do.” 10 The emotion of interest– both being interested and interesting—also can profoundly affect one's physiological and psychological well-being. According to a study, a sense of purpose, meaning, and engagement with life, referred to as eudaimonic well-being, predicts physical health (including lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol), and is protective against psychopathology. 11
Given that positive emotions can provide the resources for happiness, the trick you must use to create it is to welcome those emotions when they are activated. But you must remember that the feelings associated with the activation of any emotion are short-lived since emotion is triggered in response to something specific. We do not experience enjoyment, joy, interest, or excitement all of the time, any more than we continuously experience any of the negative emotions. Both positive and negative emotions are part of humanness, and the positive emotions we experience that create happiness are differently important than the negative ones from which we can learn. But certainly, the positive ones do feel better.
(For information about my books, please see my website: www.marylamia.com)
1 Merriam-Webster, 2016.
2 Tomkins, S. S. (1962/1991), Affect Imagery Consciousness: The Positive Affects (Vol. 1), New York: Springer.
3 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
4 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
5 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
6 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
7 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
8 Tomkins, S.S. (1962/1991), cited above.
9 Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2,
300-319; Izard, C. E., & Ackerman, B. P. (2000). Motivational, organizational, and regulatory functions of discrete emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions (2nd ed., (pp. 253-264). New York: Guilford Press.
10 Rose, C., Season: 22, October 2013.
11 Heller, A.S.; van Reekum, C.M.; Schaefer, S.M.; Lapate, R.C.; Radler, B.T.; Ryff, C.D; & Davidson, R.J. (2013). Sustained Striatal Activity Predicts Eudaimonic Well-Being and Cortisol Output. Psychological Science, 23.
|
<urn:uuid:160198b5-bcc9-4576-a109-4cd89418a9af>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "https://www.therapytoday.com/can-you-be-happier/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315558.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820180442-20190820202442-00196.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9345360398292542,
"token_count": 1289,
"score": 3.59375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
If we’re lucky, growing old is a part of life. Getting to see the world change, watching ourselves change, seeing our families grow and our loved ones evolve — growing old is something to be revered, but it’s a hard reality to face.
The aging process is such a bitter pill to swallow that many people try to avoid it as much as possible. People sign up for Botox, buy anti-wrinkle cream, dye their hair, take medications that promise youth and vitality, and the list could go on and on. Part of growing older is accepting that we can’t do what we once did, and it feels as though we’ve been lied to, not knowing that in our younger years, the youth we were taking for granted wouldn’t stay.
The aging process is one of either acceptance or denial, and in the event that a person chooses the latter, their experiences and even their personal safety can be at risk — such as continuing to drive when the motor functions are no longer as strong, or going up and down the stairs instead of installing a stairlift. The stigma of older age is a fierce one, but Able Care Group can offer some guidance on how to make this transition easier.
In older age, it can be very challenging to keep up with social engagements. Loss of friends and family members, loss of mobility or ability to get around — these are heavy losses that cannot be taken lightly. By making concerted efforts to stay social, talking to at least one person a day, we are not only able to express the concerns and worries and disappointments we’re experiencing, we are also helping our health.
Loneliness is not just a mental battle — it’s been proven to affect our physical health. Reports have shown that people who are lonely are more likely to develop cancer, heart disease, strokes, and neurodegenerative diseases. We feel more alive and energized when we interact with people who we care about. Staying social might not reverse the aging process, but it can keep us healthier and happier, which certainly helps.
Anyone who has experienced joint pain or stiffness knows that things get worse after times of inactivity. When we start to feel aches and pains on a regular basis, we feel even more aware of our age, and that can leave us feeling resentful, or with a “why bother?” attitude. When we build regular activity into our day-to-day lives, we’ll probably still feel some pain, but it will be less intense and last for less amounts of time. Our energy levels also naturally increase when we workout regularly.
There are plenty of low-impact physical activities that give us the benefits of exercise without the higher risk of injury. Yoga, swimming, pilates, walking, and cycling are all great activities that can help us have a better quality of life and feel less conscious of our age.
Talk to Someone
Whether you’re happy, sad, disappointed, dismayed, angry, or any other emotion towards growing older, it’s a good thing to talk about it with someone. Talking about your feelings and experiences helps you process them, and someone might be able to offer some insight that could make you feel better.
Feel like you don’t know anyone to talk to who can truly understand? Find a list of support groups in New Jersey here. There are lots of groups that you can reach out to who can provide you with the emotional help you deserve.
Make Your Life Easier
All too often, we reject help because we don’t want to seem weak or incapable. This becomes even more challenging in older age, because we start to realize that we actually are no longer as capable as we once were. It can be so easy to retreat from certain things that only “old people” use. Handrails in the bathroom, assistance with housekeeping, stairlifts in the home — all of these things can be interpreted by some as a sign of weakness in our old age, but they actually can make life so much easier.
What if instead of feeling like you had to trudge up the stairs and gingerly (and fearfully) go down them again, you got a stairlift? What if instead of having to prove to others or to yourself that you’re not old, you accepted the fact that a stairlift would make your life easier? You’d likely love the purchase and feel like you’re getting so much time, energy, and accessibility back.
Putting our ego aside is no easy feat, but when we learn to accept where we’re at in life and do what we can to adapt, things aren’t as scary. With Able Care Group, we can help you better adjust to your needs in older age with mobility solutions technology that matters. Get in touch with our team today, and remember that aging is just another part of the journey, and one that deserves to be enjoyed. If you find that age has reduced your mobility, we’d be glad to install solutions in your home to improve your lifestyle.
|
<urn:uuid:c1f27dcd-0d2e-49ed-a12b-d4bb2447a3dd>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-43",
"url": "https://www.able-care.com/stairlifts-nj/dealing-with-the-stigma-of-older-age/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585353.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020214358-20211021004358-00573.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9661027789115906,
"token_count": 1057,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Australia is a very confusing place, taking up a significant amount of the bottom half of the planet. It is recognisable from orbit because of many unusual features, including what at first looks like an enormous bite taken out of its southern edge; a wall of sheer cliffs which plunge deep into the surrounding sea. Geologists assure us that this is simply an accident of geomorphology and plate tectonics, but they still call it the 'Great Australian Bight' proving that not only are they covering up a more frightening theory, but they can't spell either.
The first of the confusing things about Australia is the status of the place. Where other landmasses and sovereign lands are classified as either continent, island, or country, Australia is considered all three. Typically, it is unique in this.
The second confusing thing about Australia are the animals. They can be divided into three categories: poisonous, odd, and sheep. Australia has a large proportion of the world's poisonous arachnids, and more than its fair share of venomous snakes - there would probably be even more snakes if the spiders didn't keep eating them! But even the spiders won't go near the sea (see below). Any visitors should be careful to check inside boots (before putting them on), under toilet seats (before sitting down) and generally everywhere else. A stick is very useful for this task.
Strangely, it tends to be the second class of animals (the odd) that are more dangerous. The creature that injures the most people each year is the common wombat. It is nearly as ridiculous as its name, and spends its life digging holes in the ground, in which it hides. During the night it comes out to eat worms and grubs.
The wombat injures people in two ways: first, the animal is indestructible. Digging holes in the hard Australian clay builds muscles that outclass Olympic weightlifters. At night, they often wander the roads. Semi-trailers (road trains) have hit them at high speed, with all nine wheels on one side, and this merely makes them very annoyed. They express this by snorting, glaring, and walking away. Alas, to smaller cars, the wombat becomes an asymmetrical high-speed launching pad, with results that can be imagined, but not adequately described.
The second way the wombat injures people relates to its burrowing behaviour. If a person happens to put their hand down a wombat hole, the wombat will feel the disturbance and think 'Ho! My hole is collapsing!' at which it will brace its muscled legs and push up against the roof of its burrow with incredible force, to prevent its collapse. Any unfortunate hand will be crushed, and attempts to withdraw will cause the wombat to simply bear down harder. The unfortunate will then bleed to death through their crushed hand as the wombat prevents them from seeking assistance. This is considered the third most embarrassing way to die1, and Australians don't talk about it much.
At this point, we would like to mention the platypus, estranged relative of the mammal, which has a duck-bill, otter's tail, webbed feet, lays eggs, detects its aquatic prey in the same way as the electric eel, and has venomous barbs attached to its hind legs, thus combining many of the 'typical' Australian animal attributes into a single improbable creature.
Last of all is the fact that the sheep, a particularly innocuous animal, outnumber the humans by an extraordinary ratio. Australians have an affinity with sheep, some would say a relationship that is a trifle worrying, and the love of this animal is expressed so strongly that a huge concrete monument has been erected to honour the animal in the city of Goulburn. Sheep are almost as important as beer to Aussies. But not quite.
The last confusing thing about Australia is the inhabitants. First, a short history: some time around 40,000 years ago, some people arrived in boats from the north. They ate all the available food, and a lot of them died. The ones that survived learned respect for the balance of nature, man's proper place in the scheme of things, and spiders. They settled in, and spent a lot of the intervening time making up strange stories.
Then, around 1770ish, Europeans arrived in boats from the north. More accurately, European convicts were sent over, with a few deranged and stupid people in charge. They tried to plant their crops in autumn (failing to take account of the reversal of the seasons when moving from the top half of the planet to the bottom), ate all their food, and a lot of them died. About then the sheep arrived, and have been treasured ever since.
It is interesting to note here that the Europeans always consider themselves vastly superior to any other race they encounter, since they can lie, cheat, steal, and litigate (marks of a civilised culture, they say) - whereas all the Aboriginals can do is happily survive being left in the middle of a vast red-hot desert, equipped with a stick.
Eventually, the new lot of people stopped being Europeans on an extended holiday and became Australians. The changes are subtle, but deep, caused by the mind-stretching expanses of nothingness and eerie quiet, where a person can sit perfectly still and look deep inside themselves to the core of their essence, their reasons for being, and the necessity of checking inside your boots every morning for fatal surprises. They also picked up the most finely-tuned sense of irony in the world, and the Aboriginal gift for making up stories. Be warned.
There is also the matter of the beaches.
Australian beaches are simply the nicest and best in the entire world. Although anyone actually venturing into the sea will have to contend with sharks, stinging jellyfish, stonefish (a fish which sits on the bottom of the sea, pretends to be a rock, and has venomous barbs sticking out of its back that will kill you just from the pain), blue-ringed octopuses (cute little things that can kill you in a second) and surfboarders. However, watching a beach sunset is worth the risk of all of these.
As a result of all this hardship, dirt, thirst, and wombats, you would expect Australians to be a dour lot. Instead, they are genial, jolly, cheerful, and always willing to share a kind word with a stranger, unless they are an American. Faced with insurmountable odds and impossible problems, they smile disarmingly, and reach for a stick. Major engineering feats have been performed with sheets of corrugated iron, string, and mud.
Alone of all the races on Earth, they seem to be free from the 'Grass is greener on the other side of the fence' syndrome, and roundly proclaim that Australia is, in fact, the other side of that fence. They call the land 'Oz', 'Godzone' (a verbal contraction of 'God's Own Country') and 'Best bloody place on earth, bar none, strewth'. The irritating thing about this is they may be right.
There are some traps for the unsuspecting traveller, though. Do not under any circumstances suggest that the beer is imperfect, unless you are comparing it to another kind of Australian beer. Do not wear a Hawaiian shirt. Religion and politics are safe topics of conversation (Australians don't care too much about either) but sport is a minefield. The only correct answer to 'So, howdya like our country, eh?' is 'Best [insert your own regional swear word here] country in the world!'.
It is very likely that, on arriving, some cheerful Australians will 'adopt' you, and on your first night will take you to a pub where Australian beer is served. Despite the obvious danger, do not refuse. It is a form of initiation rite. You will wake up late the next day with an astonishing hangover, a foul taste in your mouth, and wearing strange clothes. Your hosts will usually make sure you get home, and wave off any legal difficulties with 'It's his first time in Australia, so we took him to the pub', to which the policeman will sagely nod and close his notebook. Be sure to tell the story of these events to every other Australian you encounter, adding new embellishments at every stage, and noting how strong the beer was. Thus you will be accepted into this unique culture.
Most Australians are now urban dwellers, having discovered the primary use of electricity, which is air-conditioning and refrigerators.
Typical Australian Sayings
She'll be right.
Tips to Surviving Australia
Don't ever put your hand down a hole for any reason whatsoever.
We mean it.
The beer is stronger than you think, regardless of how strong you think it is.
Always carry a stick.
Do not attempt to use any Australian slang, unless you are a trained linguist and good in a fistfight.
Take good maps. Stopping to ask directions only works when there are people nearby.
If you leave the urban areas, carry several litres of water with you at all times, or you will die.
Even in the most embellished stories told by Australians, there is always a core of truth that it is unwise to ignore.
See also: Deserts: How to die in them, The Stick - second most useful thing ever and Poisonous and Venomous arachnids, insects, animals, trees, shrubs, fish and sheep of Australia, volumes 1 - 42.1 Don't ask what the first two are.
Australian animals can be divided into three categories: poisonous, odd and sheep.
|
<urn:uuid:197a7b16-7a7c-4430-bf85-51670665caca>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://adelaidegreenporridgecafe.blogspot.com/2010/09/australia-humorous-cultural-perspective.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822513.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00704.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9626176357269287,
"token_count": 2025,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
You exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn't you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? With these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. As with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. Try to do some mentalrobics every single day!
The cerebral cortex is the main part of the human brain. It is the part that handles memory, language, thought, and consciousness. When you see a picture of a brain, the outer layer that looks convoluted and bumpy is the cerebral cortex. It is actually a flat sheet of cells that are all bunched up around the middle parts of the brain. This folding increases the surface area; if you unfolded a human cortex, it would measure more than 4 square feet. The cortex is made up of four lobes separated from front to back and left to right. Each type of sensory input has its own place on the cortex. For example, there is a specific place where all processing related to smells happen. Muscle movements have their own spot, vision has a spot, and so on.
Short Term Memory Test
Interactively test your short term memory.
Mentalrobics Public Forums
Chat about these articles and other mind related topics.
Sudoku Logic Puzzle
This puzzle requires logic and a good memory.
|
<urn:uuid:28d5f0d3-4b43-4b2e-8f06-24780fc91926>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26",
"url": "http://www.braingle.com/mind/index.php?yes=329&id=329",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9372950196266174,
"token_count": 292,
"score": 3.140625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Objective: Understand indirect characterization using STEAL…
- Click through today’s Prezi Indirect Characterization
- Watch “Francis” making note of every sign clue the video gives you about the character’s personality!
- STEALing Francis (JF): Explain how the filmmaker of Francis revealed Francis’s personality through indirect characterization.
- Watch “Dreamgiver” with your class!
- STEALing Dreamgiver (JF): and explain how the filmmaker uses indirect characterization to show us about those characters.
- STEALing August (JF): Find a preview of Wonder and STEAL the main character, August.
|
<urn:uuid:685a7034-f6e2-4345-af99-08045fe496de>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13",
"url": "https://121ela.wordpress.com/2015/12/16/stealing-characters/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647251.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20180320013620-20180320033620-00669.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8138881325721741,
"token_count": 142,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Beyond Key Words: The Use of Schemas to Solve Word Problems and Promote Conceptual Understanding
Joan Gujarati, Ed.D.
Walk into any elementary school classroom during mathematics instruction and chances are that you will see students presented with some type of word or story problem to solve given the importance of problem-solving in today’s mathematics classrooms (CCSSO, 2010; NCTM, 2014). Not only do computational strategies come into play when solving a word problem, but so do reading comprehension strategies. In many instances, students are instructed to rely on a key word approach to solve a problem where “all,” “altogether,” or “combined” suggest addition; “left” indicates subtraction; “times” suggests multiplication; and “share” indicates division. However, since there are frequent exceptions to these “rules”, students only scanning for key words often miss out on a deeper understanding of the problem. Key words may reinforce procedural fluency in early years, but hinder conceptual understanding (Clement & Bernhard, 2005). For example, in the problem “Pablo took the 15 pieces of candy that he was not going to eat and gave them to Susanna. Now, Pablo has 27 pieces of candy left. How many pieces of candy did Pablo have to begin with?” Relying solely on the key word approach, students may focus on the word “left” and decide to subtract where the operation required is really addition.
In another approach to problem-solving, a general heuristic is used such as the four step problem-solving process posed by Pólya (1945), a renowned mathematician, where students first, have to understand the problem; second, devise a plan; third, carry out the plan; and fourth, look back and reflect. Although this approach does foster multiple strategies to tackle a problem, for those students with learning disabilities, coming up with a broad plan with many possibilities might tax their cognitive memory load, and therefore, they benefit from a more focused approach (Jitendra & Star, 2011; Powell, 2011) and more explicit instruction to solving word problems (Parmar, Cawley, & Frazita, 1996).
Many students with learning disabilities have mathematics as well as reading difficulties, which can make solving word problems more challenging (Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Stuebing, Fletcher, Hamlett, & Lambert, 2008). Schema-Based Instruction (SBI) by Jitendra (2007; 2010; 2011) and colleagues is a focused and organized approach to problem-solving to make mathematics instruction accessible to all students (Jitendra & Star, 2011). Using the SBI model, teachers emphasize the structure of the problem and teach students to categorize problems by their function (Jitendra, George, Sood, & Price, 2010). This instructional strategy has yielded particular success with low-performing subsets of students in both academic performance and mathematical attitudes (Jitendra, Sczesniak, Griffin, & Deatline-Buchman, 2007).
Research has shown that students with learning disabilities can benefit from more direct instruction using schemas (Jitendra & Star, 2011; Powell, 2011). Through the use of schematic diagrams which help the student to categorize various problem types and organize information, Schema-Based Instruction (SBI) highlights a problem’s structure. SBI is teacher-mediated instruction followed by paired partner work and then independent work. This approach scaffolds student learning through the use of visual diagrams and checklists that eventually fade as students become independent learners. A self-monitoring plan is used in preparation from teacher-mediated instruction to independent learning. Jitendra (2010; 2011) and colleagues have devised this structure as FOPS:
F = Find the problem type. Students read the problem and paraphrase it in their
own words to understand the problem’s context (i.e., what is known and what
O = Organize the information in the problem by using a schematic diagram;
P = Plan to solve the problem; solve for the unknown by selecting the appropriate
S = Solve the problem which includes writing the complete answer (i.e., number
In this SBI structure, students are reflecting on information in the problem rather than just plugging in numbers to compute. They are using schemas to first identify a word problem as belonging to a specific problem type and then using a schema to solve the problem. Due to working memory deficits evidenced by students with disabilities, SBI explicitly teaches a small, but adequate, number of strategies to scaffold student learning by providing explicit instruction (Jitendra & Star, 2011). Teaching them to represent the situation described in the problem using schematic diagrams is critical to reduce working memory resources (Jitendra & Star, 2011).
For the early to mid-elementary grades, Jitendra (2007; 2010; 2011) and colleagues focused on three problem schema (change, group, and compare):
Change schema. The change schema, exemplified in Figure 1, generally begins with some initial quantity and a direct or implied action causes either an increase or decrease in that quantity.
Group schema. The group schema, exemplified in Figure 2, focuses on the part-part-whole relation and involves smaller groups combining together to form a new larger group.
Compare schema. The compare schema, exemplified in Figure 3, compares two distinct, disjoint sets and the relation between them is emphasized.
Action Research Project Utilizing SBI Plus Visualization and Kinesthetic Representations
In a semester-long action research study (Blackburn, 2016) during her student teaching semester, one of my teacher candidates was interested in utilizing SBI with her third grade students to target her research question: “How can I use conceptual models of teaching mathematics to better support students’ understanding of mathematical word problems?” The context of her student teaching classroom was 25 third-grade students in a low-income urban bilingual classroom with three students on IEPs and four more in the process of being referred, and overall 12 students performing below grade level in mathematics and 21 below grade level in reading based on mid-year computerized STAR assessment data. Although third grade mathematics Common Core Standards (CCSSO, 2010) stipulate that students should be able to solve multi-step, multiplication, and division word problems, the students in this classroom were still struggling to solve one-step addition and subtraction word problems.
With guidance from her mentor and myself, my teacher candidate designed an intervention unit to address student difficulty in solving one-step word problems. The unit was taught over an eight week period, approximately two-to-three times per week, as a supplement to the students’ standard mathematics instruction. The unit was designed using the SBI methodology and taught a series of word-problem categorizations. A new category was introduced every two weeks, and taught in conjunction with previously learned categories. Students participated in direct instruction, cooperative learning tasks, individual practice, and station work. To accompany the schemas (change, group, compare) presented by Jitendra and colleagues, my candidate added visualization and kinesthetic representations of the problems. When students were first reading the problem, they were instructed to visualize the problem in their heads by painting a picture of it and then explaining it in their own words. Additionally, she taught them hand motions to represent change, group, and compare. Thus when identifying the type of problem, they first represented it kinesthetically. This helped students to conceptualize types of problems before getting to the schematic representations.
For the first part of the final assessment, students were given a scenario with no numbers and asked to categorize it according to word-problem type using a multiple choice format. For example, “Troy has some pencils. Some are mechanical and some are regular lead. We want to figure out how many of each kind Troy has,” would be categorized as a part-part-whole situation. Sixteen (out of 25) students were able to correctly identify 100% of the mathematical situations. An analysis of student performance on the change and compare word-problem types showed a 14% increase in the number of students who correctly answered the change problem and a 35% increase in the number of students who correctly answered the compare problem from pre-to-post-test data.
This action research project has led my candidate to wonder if SBI and other conceptual models of teaching mathematics would be more effective if taught as an original strategy to solving mathematics word problems, as opposed to an intervention strategy once students are struggling with mathematics. This can be a fruitful line of inquiry. Findings from Jitendra (2007; 2010; 2011) and colleagues demonstrate that SBI is a promising model for students with learning disabilities. My teacher candidate’s action research study shows SBI can help English Language Learners develop conceptual understanding as well. Overall, SBI is one approach which could be useful to raise student achievement to close the achievement gap for different groups of children.
Blackburn, K. (2016). Mind over math: Conceptual models for teaching mathematical word
problems. (Unpublished Teacher Research Project). Brown University, Providence, RI.
Clement, L. L., & Bernhard, J. Z. (2005). A problem-solving alternative to using key words.
Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 10(7), 360-365.
Council of Chief State School Officers [CCSSO]. (2010). Common core state standards for
mathematics. Washington, DC: CCSSO.
Fuchs, L. S., Fuchs, D., Stuebing, K., Fletcher, J., Hamlett, C. L., & Lambert, W. (2008).
Problem-solving and computational skill: Are they shared or distinct aspects of
mathematical cognition? Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 30–47.
Jitendra, A. K., George, M. P., Sood, S., & Price, K. (2010). Schema-based instruction:
Facilitating mathematical word problem solving for students with emotional and
behavioral disorders. Preventing School Failure, 54(3), 145-151.
Jitendra, A. K., Griffin, C. C., Haria, P., Leh, J., Adams, A., & Kaduvettoor, A. (2007). A
comparison of single and multiple strategy instruction on third-grade students'
mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 115-127.
Jitendra, A. K., Sczesniak, E., Griffin, C. C., & Deatline-Buchman, A. (2007). Mathematical
word problem solving in third-grade classrooms. The Journal of Educational Research,
Jitendra, A. K., & Star, J. R. (2011). Meeting the needs of students with learning disabilities in
inclusive mathematics classrooms: The role of schema-based instruction on
mathematical problem-solving. Theory into Practice, 50, 12-19.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics [NCTM]. (2014). Principles to actions: Ensuring
mathematical success for all. Reston, VA: NCTM.
Parmar, R. S., Cawley, J. F., & Frazita, R. R. (1996). Word problem-solving by students with
and without mild disabilities. Exceptional Children, 62, 415–429.
Pólya, G. (1945). How to solve it. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Powell, S. R. (2011). Solving word problems using schemas: A review of the literature.
Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 26(2), 94-108.
Joan Gujarati, Ed.D., is the Director of the Elementary Education Master of Arts in Teaching (MAT) Program at Brown University. She is a former assistant professor of childhood mathematics, elementary school teacher, and Math Teacher Leader. Dr. Gujarati has presented at numerous professional conferences and has published in the field of childhood mathematics education. Dr. Gujarati’s research interests include early childhood and elementary mathematics education, teacher beliefs and identity, teacher quality, effectiveness, and retention, and curriculum development. Dr. Gujarati can be reached at [email protected]
|
<urn:uuid:73639445-4689-4658-9399-a3cbe705419c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45",
"url": "https://www.ldworldwide.org/single-post/2017/11/06/Vol-10-4-Beyond-Key-Words-The-Use-of-Schemas-to-Solve-Word-Problems-and-Promote-Conceptual-Understanding",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107874026.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020162922-20201020192922-00420.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9300180673599243,
"token_count": 2602,
"score": 3.859375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Slicing is a concept to carve out a substring from a given string. Use slicing notation
s[start:stop:step] to access every
step-th element starting from index
start (included) and ending in index
stop (excluded). All three arguments are optional, so you can skip them to use the default values (
step=1). For example, the expression
s[2:4] from string
'hello' carves out the slice
'll' and the expression
s[:3:2] carves out the slice
Slicing is a Python-specific concept for carving out a range of values from sequence types such as lists or strings.
Try It Yourself:
It is one of the most popular Python features. To master Python, you must master slicing first. Any non-trivial Python code base relies on slicing. In other words, the time you invest now in mastering slicing will be repaid a hundredfold during your career.
Here’s a 10-min video version of this article–that shows you everything you need to know about slicing:
[Intermezzo] Indexing Basics
To bring everybody on the same page, let me quickly explain indices in Python by example. Suppose, we have a string ‘universe’. The indices are simply the positions of the characters of this string.
The first character has index 0, the second character has index 1, and the i-th character has index i-1.
Quick Introduction Slicing
The idea of slicing is simple. You carve out a subsequence from a sequence by defining the start and end indices. But while indexing retrieves only a single character, slicing retrieves a whole substring within an index range.
Use the bracket notation for slicing with the start and end position identifiers. For example,
word[i:j] returns the substring starting from index
i (included) and ending in index
j (excluded). Forgetting that the end index is excluded is a common source of bugs.
You can also skip the position identifier before or after the slicing colon. This indicates that the slice starts from the first or last position, respectively. For example,
word[:i] + word[i:] returns the same string as
Python puzzle 1: What is the output of this code snippet?
x = 'universe' print(x[2:4])
The Step Size in Slicing
For the sake of completeness, let me quickly explain the advanced slicing notation [start:end:step]. The only difference to the previous notation is that it allows you to specify the step size as well. For example, the command ‘python'[:5:2] returns every second character up to the fourth character, i.e., the string ‘pto’.
Python puzzle 2: What is the output of this code snippet?
x = 'universe' print(x[2::2])
Overshooting Indices in Slicing
Slicing is robust even if the end index shoots over the maximal sequence index. Just remember that nothing unexpected happens if slicing overshoots sequence indices. Here is an example.
word = "galaxy" print(word[4:50])
Summary Python Slicing
Short recap, the slice notation s[start:end:step] carves out a substring from s. The substring consists of all characters between the two characters at the start index (inclusive) and the end index (exclusive). An optional step size indicates how many characters are left out from the original sequence. Here is an example:
s = 'sunshine' print(s[1:5:2]) #'us' print(s[1:5:1]) #'unsh'
Learn Slicing By Doing
Ok, so let’s train slicing a little bit. Solve the following puzzle in your head (and check the solution below).
Python Puzzle 3: What is the output of this code snippet?
# (Shakespeare) s = "All that glitters is not gold" print(s[9:-9]) print(s[::10]) print(s[:-4:-1])
Frequently Asked Questions
Let’s go a bit deeper into slicing to make sure that you are getting it 100%.
I have searched Quora to find all the little problems new Python coders are facing with slicing. I will answer six common questions next.
1) How to skip slicing indices (e.g. s[::2])?
The Python interpreter assumes certain default values for s[start:stop:step]. They are: start=0, stop=len(s), and step=1 (in the slice notation: s[::]==s[0:len(s):1]).
2) When to use the single colon notation (e.g. s[:]) and when double colon notation (e.g. s[::2])?
A single colon (e.g. s[1:2]) allows for two arguments, the start and the end index. A double colon (e.g. s[1:2:2]) allows for three arguments, the start index, the end index, and the step size. If the step size is set to the default value 1, we can use the single colon notation for brevity.
3) What does a negative step size mean (e.g. s[5:1:-1])?
This is an interesting feature in Python. A negative step size indicates that we are not slicing from left to right, but from right to left. Hence, the start index should be larger or equal than the end index (otherwise, the resulting sequence is empty).
4) What are the default indices when using a negative step size (e.g. s[::-1])?
In this case, the default indices are not start=0 and end=len(s) but the other way round: start=len(s)-1 and end=-1. Note that the start index is still included and the end index still excluded from the slice. Because of that, the default end index is -1 and not 0.
5) We have seen many examples for string slicing. How does list slicing work?
Slicing works the same for all sequence types. For lists, consider the following example:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4] print(l[2:]) # [3, 4]
Slicing tuples works in a similar way.
6) Why is the last index excluded from the slice?
The last index is excluded because of two reasons. The first reason is language consistency, e.g. the range function also does not include the end index. The second reason is clarity, e.g., here’s an example why it makes sense to exclude the end index from the slice.
customer_name = 'Hubert' k = 3 # maximal size of database entry x = 1 # offset db_name = customer_name[x:x+k]
Now suppose the end index would be included. In this case, the total length of the db_name substring would be k + 1 characters. This would be very counter-intuitive.
Here are the solutions to the puzzles in this article.
Subscribe to *FREE* Python Training Newsletter
And become a Python master on auto-pilot.
While working as a researcher in distributed systems, Dr. Christian Mayer found his love for teaching computer science students.
To help students reach higher levels of Python success, he founded the programming education website Finxter.com. He’s author of the popular programming book Python One-Liners (NoStarch 2020), coauthor of the Coffee Break Python series of self-published books, computer science enthusiast, freelancer, and owner of one of the top 10 largest Python blogs worldwide.
His passions are writing, reading, and coding. But his greatest passion is to serve aspiring coders through Finxter and help them to boost their skills. You can join his free email academy here.
|
<urn:uuid:7eb6be77-84a7-4b2e-8d5b-5656343918c6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04",
"url": "https://blog.finxter.com/introduction-to-slicing-in-python/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703561996.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210124235054-20210125025054-00684.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8409350514411926,
"token_count": 1719,
"score": 4.6875,
"int_score": 5
}
|
Ancient Persian Art (Sassanid Art) Articles
The Sassanid Art was created by the ingenuity of its founder Ardashir and moved towards excellence in a specified framework. Most of the Sassanid art contents and concepts have roots in pre-Sassanid cultures such as Elamite civilization, early history cultures (such as Hasanlu, Ziviyeh, Lorestan, …), and especially Achaemenid and Parthian era. Yet in cultural transmission it was also affected by Roman and Greek art and culture and some of their concepts, designs, and contents were adapted in Sassanid national and religious culture.
It was even touched by the Far East art and culture and merged with some plants and animal designs from Chinese woven silks. These miscellaneous motifs continued to live and interact on one another during four centuries of Sassanid sovereignty. It should be noted that due to their support the Sassanid art had also been royal, serving the court and the government just like Achaemenid art.
A wide range of plant, animal, and birds designs mostly being employed in symbolic or emblematic applications were similarly used in different artworks. These yet inadequately discovered symbols spread out across the Persian Empire and was used on various materials such as: stone, plaster, silk and other woven, silver, and jewels to create various objects which are identified as Sassanid art at first glance.
Prior to Ardashir the Persia was ruled by Parthians for almost five centuries. Family disputes and incitement by the feudal nobles caused anarchy in Parthian organs of state. These circumstances gave “Ardashir Babakan”, the Sassanid founder, a good opportunity and strengthened the thought of creating a sovereignty based on unity and centralization. Sassanians were rich in art and have left a wide variety of majestic artworks in architecture, rock relief, mural, mosaic painting, stucco relief, sculpture, metalwork, glassblowing, pottery, coinage and stamp.
The Sassanid art is the New Persia’s art composed of Achaemenid and Parthian traditions. It should be, however, noted that this was not a sudden revival or reincarnation of old traditions free of western effects rather than a direct descendant and a representation of Parthian art and continuation of the old traditions. The Sassanid art was determined to retrieve the Achaemenian’s prestige and it soon became the national art.
All the aspects of Sassanid art especially their architecture gained such aesthetic values and became so popular that lasted long after the Yazdguerd III death and the extinction of the Sassanian dynasty. Later on, that artistic ensemble gradually adapted to the unstable cultural conditions and spread its influence throughout the trade routes to east and west.
The Sassanid relief (stucco) – the logo of the University of Tehran has been derived from this relief
The Sassanid motifs can be pursued in Central Asia’s textiles miniature and paintings, Chinese Tang dynasty’s pottery, and Byzantine and Egyptian’s silk textile printing all of them having thriving and extensive bazzars. The Sassanid art influence on Medieval Europe was not limited only to artworks rather their royal and chivalry concepts and tactics.
Sassanid art was the last of ancient east’s art. It sometimes adapted and adjusted according to its traditions and sometimes was adapted and affected distant countries.
Sassanid metalware – decorated with human and animal motifs
Vaults, domes, and iwans are specifications of the architecture of that era. Architectural ornamentation was used as coating for buildings. Stucco and mural were also widely used as interior ornamentation for buildings. Roman and Syriac (Syrian) mosaics style was derived from Persian artistic taste. Their reliefs, always glorifying the monarchs, were first appeared in Parsa region (present-day Fars province) and then reached its most magnificent form in Taq Bostan (Kermanshah).
In this magnificent vault the precedent rectangular rock relief was replaced with the square ones. This innovation just like Colossal Statue of Shapur I was a reminiscent of the Buddhist art emerged from cultural exchanges between Persia and Kushan Empire. The splendors of the decorative arts reached its peak during Khosrow I (Anushiruwan the Just) and Khosrow II (Parviz) reigns. The iconography of this era includes scenes of banquets, the king on his throne or hunting wild animals used in buildings’ decorative arts and household utensils.
Taq Bostan – a part of the hunting ground relief of the large arch
The gilt enameled cup of Khosrow II (known as the Solomon cup) is the masterpiece of the Sassanid metalworks. The art of bronze was revived in making of the bust of the kings. Weavings, stone carvings, carved gems, and engraved stones show a wide range of Sassanid iconography. The Sassanid art has been praised mostly because of its influence on the modern art.
The modern art teaches us to respect natural forms and distinguish new forms inducing life from completely abstract factors. The Sassanid art, however, is often intense and powerful and pertains to thoughts, which rarely might be penetrated.
- History of Art by Roman Ghirshman
- Iran’s Industries by Dr. Jay Christie Wilson translated by Abdallah faryar
- The Art of Ancient Iran (Pre-Islamic Culture) by Edith Porada translated by Yousof Majidzadeh
- Evolution of National Art and Industry in Iran by Dr. Javad Kambiz
- Iranian Pottert by Dr. Mohammad Yousef Kiani
- The Persians (Ancient Civilizations) by Maria Brosius translated by Hayedeh Mashayekh
- History of Iranian Art – art department – Sassanid art
|
<urn:uuid:b4cb0578-0014-4c8f-8315-aed53eef9f88>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"url": "https://farsilanguagecenter.com/2016/07/08/sassanid-art/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794867995.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527024953-20180527044953-00618.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9597924947738647,
"token_count": 1241,
"score": 3.453125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Engineer improves rechargeable batteries with MoS2 nano 'sandwich'
Thursday, April 16, 2015
Molybdenum disulfide sheets — which are "sandwiches" of one molybdenum atom between two sulfur atoms — may improve rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, according to the latest research from Gurpreet Singh, assistant professor of mechanical and nuclear engineering. | Download this photo.
MANHATTAN — The key to better cellphones and other rechargeable electronics may be in tiny "sandwiches" made of nanosheets, according to mechanical engineering research from Kansas State University.
Gurpreet Singh, assistant professor of mechanical and nuclear engineering, and his research team are improving rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. The team has focused on the lithium cycling of molybdenum disulfide, or MoS2, sheets, which Singh describes as a "sandwich" of one molybdenum atom between two sulfur atoms.
In the latest research, the team has found that silicon carbonitride-wrapped molybdenum disulfide sheets show improved stability as a battery electrode with little capacity fading.
The findings appear in Nature's Scientific Reports in the article "Polymer-Derived Ceramic Functionalized MoS2Composite Paper as a Stable Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode." Other Kansas State University researchers involved include Lamuel David, doctoral student in mechanical engineering, India; Uriel Barrera, senior in mechanical engineering, Olathe; and Romil Bhandavat, 2013 doctoral graduate in mechanical engineering.
In this latest publication, Singh's team observed that molybdenum disulfide sheets store more than twice as much lithium — or charge — than bulk molybdenum disulfide reported in previous studies. The researchers also found that the high lithium capacity of these sheets does not last long and drops after five charging cycles.
"This kind of behavior is similar to a lithium-sulfur type of battery, which uses sulfur as one of its electrodes," Singh said. "Sulfur is notoriously famous for forming intermediate polysulfides that dissolve in the organic electrolyte of the battery, which leads to capacity fading. We believe that the capacity drop observed in molybdenum disulfide sheets is also due to loss of sulfur into the electrolyte."
To reduce the dissolution of sulfur-based products into the electrolyte, the researchers wrapped the molybdenum disulfide sheets with a few layers of a ceramic called silicon carbonitride, or SiCN. The ceramic is a high-temperature, glassy material prepared by heating liquid silicon-based polymers and has much higher chemical resistance toward the liquid electrolyte, Singh said.
"The silicon carbonitride-wrapped molybdenum disulfide sheets show stable cycling of lithium-ions irrespective of whether the battery electrode is on copper foil-traditional method or as a self-supporting flexible paper as in bendable batteries," Singh said.
After the reactions, the research team also dissembled and observed the cells under the electron microscope, which provided evidence that the silicon carbonitride protected against mechanical and chemical degradation with liquid organic electrolyte.
Singh and his team now want to better understand how the molybdenum disulfide cells might behave in an everyday electronic device — such as a cellphone — that is recharged hundreds of times. The researchers will continue to test the molybdenum disulfide cells during recharging cycles to have more data to analyze and to better understand how to improve rechargeable batteries.
Other research by Singh's team may help improve high temperature coatings for aerospace and defense. The engineers are developing a coating material to protect electrode materials against harsh conditions, such as turbine blades and metals subjected to intense heat.
The research appears in the Journal of Physical Chemistry. The researchers showed that when silicon carbonitride and boron nitride nanosheets are combined, they have high temperature stability and improved electrical conductivity. Additionally, these silicon carbonitride/boron nitride nanosheets are better battery electrodes, Singh said.
"This was quite surprising because both silicon carbonitride and boron nitride are insulators and have little reversible capacity for lithium-ions," Singh said. "Further analysis showed that the electrical conductivity improved because of the formation of a percolation network of carbon atoms known as 'free carbon' that is present in the silicon carbonitride ceramic phase. This occurs only when boron nitride sheets are added to silicon carbonitride precursor in its liquid polymeric phase before curing is achieved."
For both projects, the researchers have received support from the National Science Foundation.
|
<urn:uuid:442ee87c-ad1e-4ae1-bb79-600e6b731530>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-17",
"url": "http://www.k-state.edu/media/newsreleases/apr15/singh41615.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945942.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180423110009-20180423130009-00200.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9382229447364807,
"token_count": 984,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
by Regina Jeffers
“An Act for Better Preventing of Clandestine Marriage,” known popularly as Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act (1753), was the first legislation in England and Wales to require formal ceremonies of marriage. The validity of a Scottish marriage precipitated the dispute, and the legislation became effective on 25 March 1754.
Prior to the Act, canon law of the Church of England governed the legal requirements for valid marriage in England and Wales. This involved the calling of the banns and a marriage license. It also required that the wedding should take place in the resident parish of one of the participants. However, these stipulations were not mandatory and did not render a marriage void for failing to follow the directory requirements. Having an Anglican clergyman to pronounce the vows was the only indispensable requirement.
The existing ecclesiastical rules regarding marriage were tightened by the Act, except for Jews, Quakers, and, interestingly, members of the British Royal Family. The exemption for the Royal Family was the basis of the objection for Prince Charles’s civil ceremony with Camilla Parker-Bowles in 2005, civil marriage being the creation of statue law. It was also provided that the 1753 Act had no application to marriages celebrated overseas or in Scotland.
The village of Gretna Green sat on the most southerly point of the English border on Scotland’s west side. It was on the main road between Carlisle and Glasgow. It crossed the Sark River, which marked the border, half a mile from Gretna Green. On the English side of the border was another village, Longtown.
Near the Solway Firth, Greta Green of the Regency era is described in the Gretna Green Memoirs as “…[a] small village with a few clay houses, the parish kirk, the minister’s house, and a large inn. From it you have a fine view of the Solway, port Carlisle and the Cumberland hills, among which is the lofty Skiddaw; you also see Bowness, the place where the famous Roman wall ends.” Within Gretna, at the Headlesscross, is a junction of five coaching roads, and here sat the Blacksmith’s Shop.
A common phrase of the time was to be married “over the anvil,” which meant that the eloping couple said their vows at the first convenient stop, the blacksmith’s shop. “Blacksmith priests” conducted the ceremony, which was simply a public acknowledgment of a couple’s pledging themselves to one another.
Truthfully, many couples married at the inn or at other Scottish villages, and any man could set himself up as an ‘anvil priest.’ It was a lucrative trade. The anvil priests would receive the necessary pay, as well as a tip, which could be upwards of fifty guineas. According to the Romances of Gretna Green, “…[t]he man who took up the trade of ‘priest’ had to reckon on the disapprobation of the local Church authorities.”
The Marriage Act effectively put an end to clandestine marriages (valid marriages performed by an Anglican clergyman but not in accordance with the canons). It increased the traffic, however, along the North Road to Scottish “Border Villages” (Paxton Toll, Coldstream Bridge, Mordington, and Lamberton). During the 1770s a toll road which passed through the hitherto obscure village of Graitney led to Gretna Green becoming synonymous with romantic elopements.
Despite many claims to the contrary, the Act did not render invalid marriages involving minors (those under 21) who married without their parents consent. Because the Act specifically prohibited the courts from inquiring into the couple’s place of residence until after the wedding had been performed, many chose having the banns called in a different parish without their parents’ consent. The Act also did not end common-law marriages, or informal folk practices such as handfasting or broomstick marriages.
One of my favorite Regency authors, Louis Allen, has a fabulous post on Harlequin.com Community on “The Romance of Elopement,” in which she speaks of the expense of the race to the Scottish border. She says, “
London to Gretna, via Manchester, is 320 miles. That is £20 for the chaise and horses alone at a time when a housemaid would be glad to earn £16 a year, all found.”
Rules of Marriages:
1. The reading of the Banns occurred on 3 consecutive Sundays or Holy Days during Divine Service, immediately before the Offertory. At least one of the marrying couple must be a resident of the parish of which they wished to be married; the banns of the other party were read in his/her parish, and a certificate was provided from the clergyman stating it had been properly done. Banns were good for three months. The wedding ceremony was scheduled at the church between 8 in the morning and noon.
2. The wording:
"I publish the Banns of marriage between Groom's Name of--his local parish--and Bride's Name of--her local parish. If any of you know cause or just impediment why these two persons should not be joined together in Holy matrimony, ye are to declare it. This is the first [second, third] time of asking."
3. A Common/Ordinary Licence - This could be obtained from a bishop or archbishop. A common/ordinary license meant the Banns did not need to be read - and so there was not the two week delay. A sworn statement was given that there was no impediment [parties were not related to one another in the prohibited degrees, proof of deceased spouse given, etc.]. The marriage must take place in a church or chapel where one of the party had already lived for 4 weeks. It was good for 3 months from date of issue also. The cost of the license was 10 shillings.
4. A Special License - This would be obtained from Doctors Commons in London, from the Archbishop of Canterbury or his representative. The difference between this and the Ordinary license was that it gave the right of the couple to marry at any convenient time or place. All other requirements were the same. Names of both parties were given at the time of the application. The cost: In 1808 a Stamp Duty was imposed on the paper, vellum or parchment the license was printed upon of £4. In 1815 the duty went up to £5.
So how do the details of such a Scottish marriage fit into my latest book, The Disappearance of Georgiana Darcy? An ill-fated rush to the Scottish border plays a major role in the mystery surrounding Georgiana Darcy’s vanishing from the Fitzwilliam property and in Darcy’s subsequent search for his sister.
Shackled in the dungeon of a macabre castle with no recollection of her past, a young woman finds herself falling in love with her captor – the estate’s master. Yet, placing her trust in him before she regains her memory and unravels the castle’s wicked truths would be a catastrophe.
Far away at Pemberley, the Darcys happily gather to celebrate the marriage of Kitty Bennet. But a dark cloud sweeps through the festivities: Georgiana Darcy has disappeared without a trace. Upon receiving word of his sister’s likely demise, Darcy and wife, Elizabeth, set off across the English countryside, seeking answers in the unfamiliar and menacing Scottish moors.
How can Darcy keep his sister safe from the most sinister threat she has ever faced when he doesn’t even know if she’s alive? True to Austen’s style and rife with malicious villains, dramatic revelations and heroic gestures, this suspense-packed mystery places Darcy and Elizabeth in the most harrowing situation they have ever faced – finding Georgiana before it is too late.
Twitter - @reginajeffers
Publisher – Ulysses Press
Regina Jeffers, an English teacher for thirty-nine years, considers herself a Jane Austen enthusiast. She is the author of 13 novels, including Darcy’s Passions, Darcy’s Temptation, The Phantom of Pemberley, Christmas at Pemberley, The Scandal of Lady Eleanor, A Touch of Velvet, and A Touch of Cashémere. A Time Warner Star Teacher and Martha Holden Jennings Scholar, as well as a Smithsonian presenter, Jeffers often serves as a media literacy consultant. She resides outside of Charlotte, NC, where she spends time teaching her new grandson the joys of being a child.
|
<urn:uuid:1d63c724-3259-4f0e-ab74-2496ef0311ff>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://englishhistoryauthors.blogspot.com.es/2012/06/spare-eloping-to-scotland-and-marriage.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296974.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00131-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9677755236625671,
"token_count": 1840,
"score": 2.96875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
<p>This album was created to celebrate the opening of the Lansdowne Bridge, which spans part of the Indus River between Sukkur and Rohri in the Sindh province of Pakistan. During the British colonial era, the North Western Railway had been extended to Sukkur by 1879, but relied upon a steam ferry to cross the river between Rohri and Sukkur, which was limited, slow and unwieldy. The Indus was bridged at Attock in 1887, enabling trains to run from the Khyber Pass in the West to Calcutta, but an additional bridge crossing the river between Rohri and Sukkur was considered essential to link Lahore with the major port of Karachi on the Arabian Sea. The section of the Indus where it was divided by the island of Bukkur was chosen as the best site for a bridge. Crossing the smaller Sukkur channel was straightforward, since its rocky bottom provided a solid foundation for masonry piers, and this was bridged in 1885 (Y30244A/2-6). Building a bridge over the wider Rohri channel was a more challenging task, since its silty bottom would not allow pillars to be employed.</p> <p>Between 1872 and 1882 various designs were considered, before one by the British civil engineer Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel (1829-1918) was accepted. Rendel had been appointed consulting engineer to the East Indian Railway during the late 1850s. He went on to enjoy a successful career in India, distinguished by several other major bridging projects, including the Upper Son Bridge of Patna, the Alexandra Bridge over the Chenab, the Hardinge Bridge over the Ganges, and the Empress Bridge over the Sutlej. Rendel's design featured two anchored cantilevers, each 310 feet long, carrying a suspended span of 200 feet in the middle. The girder contract was awarded to Westwood, Baillie & Co. of London, who assembled the 170 feet tall cantilevers in their yard, amazing spectators, before shipping the parts to India. When completed in 1889, the Lansdowne Bridge became the longest 'rigid' girder bridge span in the world. Sadly six workers died during construction: four from falls and two from tools falling upon them. In monetary terms, the total cost was roughly 2.7 million rupees. </p> <p>The construction of the bridge was supervised by civil engineer Frederick Ewart Robertson (1847-1912), who appears in Y30224A/63 and several other photographs. After articling with a British railway engineer, Robertson had joined the Indian Public Works Department in 1868, working on the construction of the North Western State Railway (and the Sukkur Ferry). He was appointed Chief Engineer of the East Indian Railway from 1890, before joining Rendel's firm as a partner in 1894. He also served as President of the Egyptian Railway Board and on the Council of the Institute of Civil Engineers. He was created a Companion of the Indian Empire in recognition of the arduous task of completing the bridge. He was assisted during the project by M.S.N. Hecquet (Y30244A/63), and by A.D. Hecquet, who acted as Overseer. Faiz Mahomed served as Sub-Overseer and assistant engineers included P. Duncan, R. Egerton and J. Adam, who may also appear in the photographs. </p> <p>The bridge was formally opened by Lord Reay, the Governor of Bombay, who deputised for the Viceroy, Lord Lansdowne, after whom the bridge was named. Reay unlocked an ornamental padlock, designed by J. L. Kipling, Principal of the Mayo School of Art (and father of the famous writer Rudyard Kipling), releasing the iron gates which restricted access to the bridge. Y30244A/63 must have been taken immediately after, for Reay can be seen holding the padlock while Robertson holds the key.</p> <p>The album was commissioned to commemorate the opening of the bridge, probably by the North Western Railway. Virtually every stage of its construction is recorded, beginning with a printed site plan. The vast majority of photographs were the work of G.W. Woodcroft of Bangalore and bear catalogue numbers and dates. It is very likely that the few unsigned images are also by Woodcroft. This copy was presented by Robertson to a G. Riley as indicated by a manuscript dedication, 'in recognition of the assistance received from him.' It has proved impossible as yet to trace Riley, who may have been a private contractor, perhaps employed by Westwood, Baillie & Co. The album contains two loose mounted photographs taken by C.S. Brayson of Karachi, showing North Western Railway steamers (Y30244A/66-67), which operated between Sukkur and Rohri before the construction of the bridge.</p>
This image has the following copyright:
Do you want to download this image?
This metadata has the following copyright:
Do you want to download metadata for this document?
|
<urn:uuid:8a1b72a2-36c7-4d2e-b165-660be3313430>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-50",
"url": "http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PH-Y-30244-A/13",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141727782.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20201203124807-20201203154807-00095.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9803290367126465,
"token_count": 1060,
"score": 2.734375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Skip to Main Content
Stem quality of oak in 15-year-old stands: influence of species within harvesting treatment and fencingAuthor(s): Kurt W. Gottschalk
Source: In: Spiecker, H.; Rogers, R.; Somogyi, Z., comps. Advances in research in intermediate oak stands; 1997 July 27-30; Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg, Germany: Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg: 85-97.
Publication Series: Paper (invited, offered, keynote)
Station: Northern Research Station
PDF: View PDF (2.11 MB)
DescriptionThe effect of harvesting treatment, fencing, and species on the stem quality of oak (Quercus spp.) was evaluated in mixed-hardwood stands on the Allegheny Plateau in central Pennsylvania. The regeneration harvests included commercial clearcut that removed most stems ≥ 15 cm dbh and a clearcut with timber stand improvement (TSI) that removed all stems ≥ 2.5 cm dbh. Half of each area was fenced with 2.4-m-tall woven wire to prevent browsing by deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on the regeneration. After 15 years, the number of stems ≥ 2.5 cm dbh ranged from 4,865 to 8,416/ha and basal area ranged from 11.2 to 16.8 m2/ha. Growth from age 10 to 15 ranged from 4.9 to 6.7 m2/ha or about 1 m2/ha/yr. The fenced portion of each treatment had more stems and basal area than the unfenced portion. The commercial clearcut had more stems and basal area ilian the clearcut with TSI. Oak composition before harvest was 70 to 80 percent of basal area. At age 15, oak composition ranged from 8 to 41 percent of basal area. Red maple (Acer rubrum) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) along with oaks were the dominant species in the new stands. Potential quality of oak stems was rated by use of a quality classification system that included crown class, crook and sweep, number of limbs, and presence of forks, rot, and seams. Other variables measured included dbh, total height, height to base of live crown, and live-crown ratio. Rot and seams occurred in only 2 percent of the stems and appeared to occur randomly. Forks in the first 2.4 m of the tree bole also were rare (occurrence of 5 to 13 percent), but were more common in the second 2.4 m (22 to 68 percent). Species had a greater effect on stem quality than other factors. Northern red oak (Q. rubra) had the best quality followed by chestnut oak (Q. prinus). White oak (Q. alba) and black oak (Q. velutina) were significantly lower in quality followed by scarlet oak (Q. coccinea). Northern red oak had significantly better stem quality than white, black, or scarlet oak. Scarlet oak's poor quality was related to its inherent limb retention. Both fencing and harvesting treatment influenced stem density. In general, the higher the stand density, the better the quality of the stems.
- Check the Northern Research Station web site to request a printed copy of this publication.
- Our on-line publications are scanned and captured using Adobe Acrobat.
- During the capture process some typographical errors may occur.
- Please contact Sharon Hobrla, [email protected] if you notice any errors which make this publication unusable.
- We recommend that you also print this page and attach it to the printout of the article, to retain the full citation information.
- This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time, and is therefore in the public domain.
CitationGottschalk, Kurt W. 1997. Stem quality of oak in 15-year-old stands: influence of species within harvesting treatment and fencing. In: Spiecker, H.; Rogers, R.; Somogyi, Z., comps. Advances in research in intermediate oak stands; 1997 July 27-30; Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg, Germany: Institute for Forest Growth, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg: 85-97.
- Post-harvest prescribed burning of oak stands: an alternative to the shelterwood-burn technique?
- Ten-year response of competing vegetation after oak shelterwood treatments in West Virginia
- Shade, leaf growth, and crown development of Quercus rubra, Q. velutina, Prunus serotina, and Acer rubrum seedlings
XML: View XML
|
<urn:uuid:5dbef126-968a-445c-a71b-e4684c050ca8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-18",
"url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/47450",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578727587.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20190425154024-20190425180024-00530.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9115862846374512,
"token_count": 1003,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
What is social media?
Social media refers to any digital platform, system, website or app that enables people to create and share content, and connect with each other. Here are a few of the most popular sites that teenagers use, and how they work:
A free site where registered users (aged 13 and up) can share pictures, links, videos, and other content with their ‘friends’. Friends are other registered users you have connected with within the network. Most of the time, anything you share will only be seen by the people you have ‘friended’. Facebook changes it’s privacy settings regularly so it’s important to stay up-to-date with their settings and policies.
A free image sharing service that is used mainly on mobile devices. On Instagram, it’s common to connect with people you don’t know but share common interests with (for example, Taylor Swift). You can have a public account or a private account where only friends can see your posts. Instagram also has their own privacy settings to stay up-to-date with.
A mobile phone messaging application that allows you to send video or picture messages to one or more people at a time. The messages are only viewable for a few seconds at a time, as determined by the sender. However, there are ways of saving the images using other phone functions.
A blogging website where people can publish their own articles and share it with people who follow their blog or profile. They also view the content of people they follow. On Tumblr, it is more common to connect with people you don’t know in real life than people you do.
WhatsApp and messaging services
WhatsApp and messaging applications let you contact friends using internet data (or wifi) instead of your mobile carrier, which reduces the cost of messaging. It can be used without a sim card if connected to a wifi network. It is popular because it allows you to send messages to a group of friends at one time.
Other games and sites
YouTube, Club Penguin, or online games like World of Warcraft are also considered social media because of the way they enable social interaction.
Check out this comprehensive list of social media platforms and what they do (including recommended age rages).
I heard young people weren’t using Facebook anymore!
Not true. Data shows us that young people are using more social media sites, but they’re not rejecting others. Their time spent online is expanding as social media become more and more ingrained in their daily life.
Why teens use social media?
Social media is a way for teenagers to stay in touch with their friends, like hanging out at the bus stop after school or chatting on the phone. It is an important part of socializing and connection in the modern world. Teenagers and social media use is increasing, the main reasons teenagers regularly use social media include:
- talking to friends
- joining in on group conversations
- learning about current events and staying up to date with online content
- meeting new people
- not having anything to do, or feeling bored
- feeling like they might miss out if they aren’t always up to date with social media.
What are the benefits of social media for teenagers?
Being socially connected is very important for the psychological development of your child, and in this day and age, the online environment is where they get a lot of this. By connecting with others through social media, your child could:
- develop better social skills
- feel less isolated
- learn about new cultural and societal ideas and issues
- bond with their friends
- have fun
- be creative and share their own ideas with friends
- be better equipped to be active citizens in society
- develop real world skills to help them become more independent
- learn about world events and current affairs outside of their immediate environment.
What are the risks of using social media?
Like any form of social engagement, social media comes with risks. Some of the most common risks include:
- spending too much time online and being disconnected from the real world
- being the victim of online bullying
- damaging your online reputation
- having your personal information shared online
- being harassed or annoyed by someone you do not want attention from
- being the victim of an online scam
- having reduced self-esteem (for some teenagers).
Just like in the offline world, there are things you can do to protect your child from these risks. It’s important to prepare them for how to respond if these things do occur. Check out our ‘things to try’ for tips and ideas on minimizing the risk of using social media.
Sometimes teenagers can feel a ‘compulsion’ to check their social media accounts frequently, but this is generally only in extreme cases. Helping your teenager to develop positive habits like taking regular breaks from checking social media, and making sure notifications are turned off so that their mobile device isn’t distracting can help reduce the compulsion to check in with social media so often.
When to know if something is wrong
Whatever your child is doing, it’s important to be aware of their behavior and their well-being. If you notice big changes in:
- their energy levels and enthusiasm for offline life
- their engagement in normal conversation
- the amount of time they spend doing other activities, like sport, homework, and other hobbies
- their self esteem and sense of self worth,
Then it might be good to talk to them about their use of social media.
Take a look at the ‘things to try’ section for tips and ideas to help manage your teenager’s social media use.
|
<urn:uuid:1a29fb59-8224-4835-b6ae-e0bf21556e98>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"url": "https://www.drjosephineruizhealy.com/social-media-impact-in-teenagers/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583705091.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20190120082608-20190120104608-00568.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9436802268028259,
"token_count": 1177,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This method of measuring mains AC electrical energy use is quite nice, it doesn’t require any breaking of the mains wire, which makes it much safer, you just clip-on to the wire a sensor called a current transformer (CT) that measures the current flowing through either the live or neutral mains wire. It does this by measuring the magnetic field that surrounds the wire, created by the current. The simplicity of just clipping on the sensor means that it can be used to measure the electrical energy used by the whole house. It is the method used by many commercial devices that you can buy.
I don’t have much knowledge of how the commercial devices work apart from the use of the CT sensor, I couldn’t find much information on them and so the following is what I have managed to get to work in quite an experimental way. The results seem promising and useful, there are probably better more accurate ways of doing it and so hopefully it will improve over time but this is how far I have got so far.
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps!
Maker Business — “Inside One of the World’s Most Secretive iPhone Factories”
Wearables — With aging comes beauty
Electronics — Breadboard Capacitance
Biohacking — “1 Minute of All-Out Exercise May Have Benefits of 45 Minutes of Moderate Exertion”
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
|
<urn:uuid:de3b0f2f-baa6-46f3-add9-330add52d816>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "https://blog.adafruit.com/2009/09/16/mains-ac-non-invasive-measuring/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860111865.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161511-00158-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9311007857322693,
"token_count": 373,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Skip to comments.5 Reasons Mars May Have Never Seen Life
Posted on 11/17/2012 11:13:21 AM PST by LibWhacker
On Aug. 28, 2012, during the 22nd Martian day, or sol, after landing on Mars, NASA's Curiosity rover drove about 52 feet (16 meters) eastward. The drive imprinted the wheel tracks visible in this image. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
After decades of following the water, the reality that life as we know it may never have gotten a foothold on Mars surface, at least, has arguably taken root within the planetary science community.
If life ever was or is lurking on the Red planet, its been extremely coy about revealing itself.
The recent news that the Mars Curiosity rover has thus far detected no Methane is reminiscent of the frustration that followed the still contentious 1996 announcement that the Alan Hills Mars meteorite (ALH 84001) showed evidence of microfossils.
Thus, in the spirit of proving the negative, here are five reasons why Mars may have always been barren.
1. No evidence of organic molecules on Mars
Barring methane [which is a hydrocarbon], theres never been a single organic molecule found on Mars, said David Catling, a planetary scientist at the University of Washington in Seattle, who stresses that he remains scientifically agnostic about the whole Mars life issue. If life had been present, you would expect something to be left behind. If you put a bag of coal out in the rain, even in our oxygen-rich atmosphere, its still going to stick around quite a while.
2. Too much Carbon Monoxide (CO) hundreds of parts per million in the Martian atmosphere
I have to work hard to invent stories where life can be on Mars and not eat that Carbon Monoxide (CO), said...
(Excerpt) Read more at forbes.com ...
#1 reason..... God didn’t create life there. Life doesn’t start from dead stuff, by its self.
Lack of an illudium Q-36 explosive space modulator
There’s life there even now.
I know it’s true because Art Bell and Giorgio Tsukahairballos told me so.
6. Mars doesn’t have eyeballs.
Life...on Mars. Darwin’s creatures never got around to spawning in the elements there. Interesting.
IMO, NASA is primarilly an organization of curious scientists/craftsmen and I wonder ifs .... and a LOT has come from space exploration, not the least has been Teflon.
Not the exploration itself, but the "neccesity-is-the-mother-of-all-invention" efforts
I think we've pretty well established that we're all alone here and that there is God and He formed us ... but I have no problem at all exploring His creation ... much the same as we've explored our deep oceans.
I don't think we'll ever exhaust ourselves from being curious.
Reason number one: Democrats are not rushing there to give them stuff so they can buy votes.
LIFE WAS ALREADY DISCOVERED BY THE VIKING CRAFTS IN THE 70S AND THEY CALLED IT EXOTIC CHEMISTRY.
|· join · view topics · view or post blog · bookmark · post new topic · subscribe ·|
|Google news searches: exoplanet · exosolar · extrasolar ·|
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach|
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach|
This system duplication of my pings is getting to be annoying.
Astronauts could survive radiation on Mars, scientists say
By Monte Morin
November 17, 2012, 8:56 a.m.
Astronauts on a future mission to Mars could survive radiation levels on the Red Planet’s surface, according to a NASA expert.
At a recent press briefing, the scientist in charge of monitoring radiation data collected by the Curiosity Mars rover said energy levels on the planet’s surface fluctuate with time of day and the season but are roughly equivalent to what astronauts experience now in the International Space Station.
“Absolutely, astronauts can live in this environment,” said Don Hassler, of Boulder, Colo.’s, Southwest Research Institute. Hassler is the principal investigator for Curiosity’s Radiation Assessment Detector, or RAD.
“Its never really been a question of if we can go to Mars, its a matter of when we go, how do we best protect our astronauts,” Hassler said.
On Earth, life is shielded from powerful radiation emitted by the sun and other cosmic sources by a thick atmosphere and a magnetic field. Mars however lacks those qualities, and visiting astronauts would be exposed to far higher levels of radiation.
Hassler said that even though the RAD has yet to experience a solar flare or storm an event that would greatly increase radiation levels it should be possible to manage the overall dosage of radiation that astronauts will sustain during a two-year mission to Mars.
The five reasons Mars may have never seen life has broader implications. The "snake oil" about life on Mars, or our solar system or even in our galaxy, is getting harder and harder to sell.
Even simple life forms, like bacteria or algae, are not likely to exist elsewhere than Earth. What is minimized, if not ignored, by SETI enthusiasts are the significant features of Earth and our solar system important to life which suggest that the probability of life elsewhere in our galaxy is extremely small, if not basically zero.
Besides the size of the Earth and a habitable distance from the Sun, these features include its elemental composition, a sufficiently large amount of liquid water, the composition and thickness of Earth's atmosphere, the rate of rotation on its axis, the strength of the magnetic field, the amount of radioactive elements, the movement of the tectonic plates, the thickness of Earth's crust, the size, density, orbital distance and tidal action of Earth's moon, the nearly circular orbit of the Earth around the sun, the tilt of Earth's axis, the ratio of land-to-ocean surface area, the arrangement of continents relative to the slight eccentricity of the Earth's orbit and axis, the orbital plane of Earth and the other planets around the sun, the size and relative position of the large gaseous planets, like Jupiter and Saturn relative to that of the Earth and the inner planets, the orbital locations of asteroid and planetoid groups, the lack of large planets inside the Earth's orbit, the elemental composition of our sun, the age and size of our sun, the heliosphere of the sun, the position of our solar system with respect to the galactic arms, the relative position of our solar system from any supernovas, the location of our solar system relative to the galactic center, and the size and shape of our galaxy. No doubt more could be listed.
For each one of these features, (sometimes even small) changes one way or the other would result in conditions where maintaining life (or intelligent life) on Earth would be impossible or unlikely.
As a six day creationist, I'm not threatened by discovery of life on another planet. It's not inconceivable that God created a universe full of life.
As the writer admits in the article, methane has been detected, and the Viking bio experiment showed that there is microbial life in the soil, or at least there was at the site of the Viking probe.
the atmosphere is not very dense, and the Viking experiment involved subsurface sampling.
that objection is ludicrous -- even assuming Martian life to be identical with life on Earth, the Martian atmosphere is thin, and has barely any nitrogen even by percentages, and the necessary oxygen is much scarcer than that. [*]
As on Earth, there's a long-lived stable environment, just not on the surface of Mars. I do agree that liquid water exists as a transient event associated with impacts from space.
that's another one that makes little sense -- even assuming that Martian life is identical to Earth life.
Thanks aimhigh, well said.
Thanks BL, it’ll be fun to go, depending of course on how one enjoys oneself.
All of those are not reasons at all — they merely state that, we are on Earth and know there is life here. It’s no more valid than saying, extraterrestrial intelligence couldn’t develop unless they have exactly five fingers on exactly two hands.
Where does it say in the Bible there is no life on Mars?
What was the Space Shuttle's Teflon?
I find it interesting how NASA purposely excludes certain obvious scientific instruments on their probes and rovers in order to justify their next multi-gazzilion dollar contraption.
Nice scam those guys got going on...
I agree. I can’t figure that one either.
With CCD tech the way it is these days, they could have easily fit in a microscope and a vial of water, taken a few samples, and snapped 5,000 200X photos.
I know if I take samples from just about anywheres outside and look you see something swimming around.
And the whole “the weight, the crushing weight, we can’t afford another one pound instrument...” that argument is history.
Almost like they left it off intentionally...
As I recall, the times I’ve made a duplicate post is when I’ve clicked on “post” an extra time, thinking I had not clicked the right place, when in fact FR was still loading.
There will be a golf course there...someday.
Believing that there is no life on Mars, that there never was life on Mars, admitting that there is no indication for either is sufficient reason to go there and see. Brilliant!
Next NASA will explore the question, “If there is no life on Mars, where do Martians come from?”
NOW I say this.......if you wanna find intelligent life on Mars, put men on it. (Provided they aren’t democrats).
Yes, and I haven’t been doing that. It is a software problem.
Do they have to come back? Because if not, I could make up a list of candidates.
Another posible reason:
At one time the Dems did rush there to give them stuff for votes, and we know the rest of the story, no evidence of life on Mars.
These platinum-plated boondoggles keep NASA scientists at the public trough. That proves that there is no intelligent life among U.S. taxpayers.
You're absolutely right and they won't stop this wasteful spending until they run out of our money... all to try and prove there is no God. (make no mistake about it, that's the real reason they are trying desperately to find life elsewhere)
If there is no life there, there will be when we get there.
Finding life there will not disprove God. It will just make him (and his universe) even more interesting than it already is.
Who says we can’t send them a little farther away....say the sun?
Viking Orbiter 1 was successfully working until August 7, 1980, when it went out of altitude control propellant, Viking Lander 1 until November 13, 1982 when it was accidentally shut down. Viking 1 Orbiter - Viking 1 Lander (NSSDC)
1975 September 5, Titan IIIe - Centaur - TE 364-4
Viking 2 (Nasa): Orbiter and lander mission. Reached Mars orbit on August 7, 1976, lander softlanded on September 3, 1976, in Utopia Planitia 47.97 d N, 225.74 d W, 7,420 km North-East of Viking 1. Both Viking 2 orbiter and lander were equally successful as the sister craft Viking 1; Viking Orbiter 2 was active until July 25, 1978, when its altitude control propellant had been used up, Viking Lander 2 returned data up to August 7, 1980, when Viking Orbiter 1 was shut down, which had been served as communications relay.
SOOOO, AFTER LIFE WAS DISCOVERED AND THEN CALLED EXOTIC CHEMSITRY, BOTH VIKING MARS LANDERS WERE “ACCIDENTALLY SHUT DOWN”? DAYUM!
“Lack of an illudium Q-36 explosive space modulator”
LOL!!! “Where is the KA-BOOM? Where is the Earth-shattering KA-BOOM?”
>>he “snake oil” about life on Mars, or our solar system or even in our galaxy, is getting harder and harder to sell.<<
When the Mother Ship returns, I will see to it you are one of the first ones against the wall...
Why would discovering life on another planet disprove God?
Where’s your opsec dude? This is a public forum and the electrons have ears. Next you’ll start posting about unobtanium and the Chicoms will make a move in that direction. Silence is golden.
I grok that.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works.
|
<urn:uuid:6fb00a98-60af-4b1e-b709-f32f2f3a04be>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48",
"url": "http://freerepublic.com/focus/f-chat/2960658/posts",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164989606/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134949-00062-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9274299144744873,
"token_count": 2847,
"score": 2.984375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
|The Australian Greens|
|Deputy Leader||Adam Bandt|
|Headquarters||23/85 Northbourne Avenue
Turner ACT 2612
|International affiliation||Global Greens
Asia-Pacific Green Network
|House of Representatives|
|Politics of Australia
The Australian Greens, commonly known as The Greens, is an Australian green political party.
The party was formed in 1992 and is today a confederation of eight state and territory parties. Other than environmentalism the party cites four core values: ecological sustainability, social justice, grassroots democracy and peace and non-violence.
Party constituencies can be traced to various origins – notably the early environmental movement in Australia and the formation of the United Tasmania Group (UTG), one of the first green parties in the world, but also the nuclear disarmament movement in Western Australia and sections of the industrial left in New South Wales. Co-ordination between environmentalist groups occurred in the 1980s with various significant protests. Key people involved in these campaigns included the party's former leader Bob Brown and current leader Christine Milne who went on to contest and win seats in the Tasmanian Parliament and eventually form the Tasmanian Greens.
Federally, the Greens have ten senators and one member in the lower house, 21 elected representatives in state and territory parliaments, more than 100 local councillors and close to 10,000 party members.
At the 2010 federal election the Greens received a four percent swing to finish with 13 percent of the vote in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party. The Senate vote throughout the states was between 10 and 20 percent. The Greens won a seat in each of the six states at the election, again a first for any Australian minor party, which brought the party to a total of nine senators from July 2011 and gave the Greens the sole balance of power in the Senate. The Greens also won their first House of Representatives seat at a general election, the seat of Melbourne with candidate Adam Bandt. The Greens support a minority Labor government in the A.C.T. Legislative Assembly.
- 1 Political ideology
- 2 History
- 3 Structure
- 4 Interactions with other political groups
- 5 Federal leaders
- 6 State and territory politics
- 7 Electoral results
- 8 Parliamentarians
- 8.1 Federal
- 8.2 State
- 8.2.1 New South Wales
- 8.2.2 Victoria
- 8.2.3 Tasmania
- 8.2.4 South Australia
- 8.2.5 Western Australia
- 8.2.6 Queensland
- 8.2.7 Australian Capital Territory
- 8.2.8 Northern Territory
- 9 Other notable members
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 Further reading
- 13 External links
The Australian Greens are part of the global "green politics" movement. The charter of the Australian Greens identifies the following as the four pillars of the party's policy: "social justice", "sustainability", "grassroots democracy" and "peace and non-violence". Major policy initiatives of recent years have also included taxation reform, review of the American alliance, and a relaxation of drug laws and implementation of harm minimisation in relation to drug use.
Recent policy positions
- Ban the importation of animals for zoos in Australia "except where the importation will assist the overall conservation of the species".
- Ban and phase out respectively the display of wild or domesticated animals in circuses in Australia.
- Promotion of renewable energy and energy efficiency.
- Opposition to uranium mining and nuclear power and a permanent prohibition on new large-scale dams on Australian rivers.
- Preparation for peak oil.
- Promotion of a "sustainable" approach to water management.
- Public transport expansion.
- Opposition to construction of dams for water supply.
- Construction of a high-speed rail link between Sydney and Melbourne.
- Abolition of the World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund and World Bank unless they can be democratised.
- Ending Australia's Defence Treaty with the United States unless it can be changed to operate within the Greens view on Australia's national interest.
- In 1991, opposition to the Gulf War, and in 2003, the Iraq War; and continued opposition to the Afghanistan War.
- Support for independence movements around the world, including in Palestine, Tibet and West Papua
- In 1999, support for armed intervention in East Timor.
- Support for human rights in countries such as China and Burma.
- Support for the 2011 military intervention in Libya.
Bioethics and family policy
- Qualified support for voluntary euthanasia.
- Support for same-sex marriage.
- Support for abortion rights.
- 2010 Australian Federal Election: advocated an increase in the company tax rate to 33% and an increase in the Gillard Government's Mineral Resource Rent Tax; a new top marginal tax rate of 50%; the reintroduction of estate duties; a "Tobin tax" on foreign currency transactions; that family trusts be taxed as "companies"; the introduction of road congestion charges; and elimination of fringe benefit tax concessions for cars
- Estate duties were removed from the Australian Greens policy platform in November 2012.
- 1998 Australian Federal Election: opposition to the introduction of a Goods & Services Tax (during the Australian federal election, 2001 indicated that they would oppose the Labor Party proposal to remove the GST from gas and electricity bills)
- Support the abolition of the 30% private healthcare rebate, so as to increase funding for public healthcare
- Prioritising family reunion migration, rural and regional distribution of refugees and enhancing regional co-operation.
- Opposition to mandatory detention of asylum seekers and restoration of the Australian migration zone to its pre-2001 extent.
- Review relationship between the exclusive ownership of property and exclusive use of its resources
- Regulated use of cannabis for medical purposes
- Support trials of state-supplied heroin on prescription
- Supported National Apology to the Stolen Generations.
- Opposed Northern Territory National Emergency Response.
- Support the Queensland Wild Rivers legislation (a Cape York conservation initiative, opposed by Noel Pearson).
|Part of a series on|
The formation of the Australian Greens in 1992 brought together over a dozen green groups, from state and local organisations, some of which had existed for 20 years.
The precursor to the Tasmanian Greens (the earliest existent member of the federation of parties that is the Australian Greens), the United Tasmania Group, was founded in 1972 to oppose the construction of new dams to flood Lake Pedder. The campaign failed to prevent the flooding of Lake Pedder and the party failed to gain political representation. One of the party's candidates was Bob Brown, then a doctor in Launceston.
In the late 1970s and 1980s, a public campaign to prevent the construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania saw environmentalist and activist Norm Sanders elected to the Tasmanian Parliament as an Australian Democrat. Brown, then director of the Wilderness Society, contested the election as an independent, but failed to win a seat.
In 1982 Norm Sanders resigned from Parliament, and Brown was elected to replace him on a countback
During her 1984 visit to Australia, West German Greens parliamentarian Petra Kelly urged that the various Greens groups in Australia develop a national identity. Partly as a result of this, 50 Greens activists gathered in Tasmania in December to organise a national conference.
The title "The Greens" had been first registered in Sydney in the 1980s by what The Monthly Magazine described as "a band of inner-city radicals committed to resident action, nuclear disarmament and urban environmental causes, such as stopping expressways and preserving parklands". The group formed as the Sydney Greens and evolved into the Green Alliance, with the stated aim of not forming a "traditional hierarchy party". According to party co-ordinator Hall Greenland, when amalgamation with Bob Brown's Tasmanian movement was first mooted, Brown was hesitant owing to what he perceived as the "anarchic leftism" of the Sydney movement. New South Wales and Western Australian Green groups were also wary of amalgamation owing to local autonomy concerns and a 1986 attempt by Brown to form a national party failed. The movement for a national party continued however. In an effort to reduce the influence of the Democratic Socialist Party (formerly Socialist Workers Party) in the New South Wales Greens, Brown successfully moved for a ban on dual party membership by Greens. Following formation of the national party in 1992, regional emphasis variations remained within the Greens, with members of the "industrial left" remaining a presence in the New South Wales branch.
The Green movement gained its first federal parliamentary representative when Senator Jo Vallentine of Western Australia, who had been elected in 1984 for the Nuclear Disarmament Party and later sat as an independent, was part of the formation of and joined The Greens (WA), a party formed in Western Australia, and not affiliated to the Australian Greens at that time.
In 1992, representatives from around the nation gathered in North Sydney and agreed to form the Australian Greens, although the state Greens parties, particularly in Western Australia, retained their separate identities for a period. Brown resigned from the Tasmanian Parliament in 1993, and in 1996 he was elected as a senator for Tasmania, the first elected as an Australian Greens candidate.
Initially the most successful Greens group during this period was The Greens (WA), at that time still a separate organisation from the Australian Greens. Vallentine was succeeded by Christabel Chamarette in 1992, and she was joined by Dee Margetts in 1993. But Chamarette was defeated in 1996. Margetts opposed the industrial relations reform agenda of the Howard Government. Following the 'Cavalcade to Canberra' protest of 19 August 1996, in which 2000 breakaway civilians rioted in and around Parliament House, Margetts told the Senate that "The Greens (WA) do not associate ourselves with the violent action" and that while "there are obviously some in the Greens movement who have differing opinions about that" she personally did not think there was "any justification for the use of violence to the extent that we saw". Margetts lost her seat in the 1998 federal election, leaving Brown as the sole Australian Greens senator.
Leadership of Bob Brown
The national party initially resisted appointing a formal party leader, however Bob Brown was later selected. The New South Wales Greens remained ideologically opposed to appointing a leader and continue not to appoint such a position. The WA Greens had lost office in the Senate by 1998, leaving Bob Brown as the sole representative of the party. Thereafter, the national vote was set to increase consecutively at elections.[not in citation given]
2001 federal election onward
In the 2001 federal election, Brown was re-elected as a senator for Tasmania, and a second Greens senator, Kerry Nettle, was elected in New South Wales. The Greens opposed the Howard Government's Pacific Solution of offshore processing for asylum seekers, and opposed the bipartisan offers of support to the US alliance and Afghanistan War by the government and Beazley Opposition in the aftermath of the 11 September terrorist attacks, describing the Afghanistan commitment as "warmongering". This contributed to increased support for the Greens by disaffected Labor voters and helped identify the Greens as more than just a single-issue environmental party. In 2002 the Greens won a House of Representatives seat for the first time when Michael Organ won the Cunningham by-election.
In the lead-up to the Iraq War, in September 2002, Bob Brown said that the Greens would oppose military action in Iraq regardless of the position of the United Nations Security Council and said that any conflict would be "a vengeance for the S11 attack that's involved here as well as the American corporations wanting to get their hands on the Iraqi oil" and that if Saddam Hussein "does have weapons of mass destruction, the attack might be the thing that gets him to use them", so it would be better to "resolv[e] the Palestinian crisis, which could lead—open up a real avenue to peace in the Middle East, and neutralise Saddam Hussein by doing it".
2004 federal election onward
In the 2004 federal election, the Greens' primary vote rose by 2.3 percent to 7.2%. This won them two additional Senate seats, taken by Christine Milne in Tasmania and Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, bringing the total to four. However, the success of the Howard Government in winning a majority in the Senate meant that the Greens' influence on legislation decreased. Michael Organ was defeated by Labor in Cunningham.
Additionally, in the 2004 election there was an intense media campaign from the socially conservative Family First Party, including a television advertisement labelling the Greens the "Extreme Greens". Competitive preferencing strategies prompted by the nature of Senate balloting (see Australian electoral system) saw the Australian Labor Party and the Democrats rank Family First higher than the Greens on their Senate tickets, resulting in the Greens losing preferences they would normally have received from the two parties. Consequently, although outpolling Family First by a ratio of more than four to one first-preference votes, Victorian Family First candidate Steve Fielding was elected on preferences over the Australian Greens' David Risstrom, an unintended consequence of these strategies. In Tasmania, Christine Milne only narrowly gained her Senate seat before a Family First candidate, despite obtaining almost the full required quota of primary votes. It was only the high incidence of "below-the-line" voting in Tasmania that negated the effect of the preference-swap deal between Labor and Family First.
The Australian Greens fielded candidates in every House of Representatives seat in Australia, and for all state and territory Senate positions. The Greens (WA) were able to win Legislative Council seats in rural and remote-area seats (Mining and Pastoral, Agricultural and South West provinces).
In 2005, the Greens' Lee Rhiannon lobbied the Vatican to reject Australian Cardinal George Pell as a candidate for the Papacy on the basis of his support for conservative Catholic moral doctrine. In 2007, Rhiannon referred remarks made by Pell opposing embryonic stem cell research to the New South Wales parliamentary privileges committee for allegedly being in "contempt of parliament". Pell was cleared of the charge and described the move as a "clumsy attempt to curb religious freedom and freedom of speech".
The Australian Greens' primary vote increased by 4.1 percent in the South Australian state election, 2006, 1.2 percent in the Queensland state election, 2006, and 0.7 percent in the 2007 election in New South Wales.
The results for the Victorian state election, 2006 were mixed, with an improved vote for the Greens in the lower house, but a fall in their upper-house vote.
On 31 August 2004, the Melbourne newspaper the Herald Sun published a page-three-story by journalist Gerard McManus entitled "Greens back illegal drugs" in the lead-up to the 2004 Australian election. In response to the article, Brown lodged a complaint with the Australian Press Council. After the election, the Press Council upheld Brown's complaint. An appeal by the Herald Sun was dismissed and it was ordered to publish the Press Council's adjudication.
2007 federal election onward
As in previous years, the Greens' vote was strongest in inner-city seats, including Melbourne (22.7% of primary votes), Sydney (20.7%), Grayndler (18.7%), Denison (18.6%) and Batman (17.2%). Strong votes were also recorded in Liberal-held city based seats such as Higgins (10.8%), Kooyong (11.8%) Curtin (13.4%) and Wentworth (15.0%). The primary vote for the Greens in suburban and regional areas was generally smaller.
The Greens directly contributed to Howard's defeat in his own electorate, the Sydney-area seat of Bennelong. Greens candidate Lindsay Peters received 5.5% of the primary vote. He was eliminated after the 14th count, and more than three-fourths of his preferences went to Labor challenger Maxine McKew. This margin was enough to make McKew only the second person to unseat a sitting prime minister.
The Greens increased their national vote by 1.38 points to 9.04 percent at the 2007 federal election, with a net increase of one senator to a total of five. Senators Bob Brown (Tas) and Kerry Nettle (NSW) were up for re-election, Brown was re-elected, but Nettle was unsuccessful, becoming the only Australian Greens senator to lose their seat. Elected at the 2001 federal election on a primary vote of 4.36 percent in New South Wales with One Nation and micro-party preference flows, she failed to gain re-election in 2007 due to preferences, despite an increase in the New South Wales Green primary vote to 8.43 percent.
Other Greens Senate candidates were Larissa Waters (Qld), Richard Di Natale (Vic), Scott Ludlam (WA), Sarah Hanson-Young (SA) and Kerrie Tucker (ACT). Ludlam and Hanson-Young were elected and took up office on 26 August 2008 when all senators elected on 24 November 2007 were sworn in.
This was also the first general election for the Greens in which a lower house seat went "maverick". In the Division of Melbourne, the Greens polled 22.80 percent of the primary vote, overtaking the Liberals on preferences, finishing on a two-party-preferred figure of 45.29 percent against Labor.
An extensive campaign was undertaken in the ACT, in an attempt to end coalition control of the Senate immediately after the election, as territory senators take their place at this time as opposed to their state counterparts on the next 1 July. The ACT elects two seats with terms (in parallel with those of the House of Representatives), so a larger quota than normal is required for election. Despite a swing of 5.1 points to the Greens, on 21.5 percent, their best result in any state or territory, the party fell significantly short of the required quota.
At the 2008 Northern Territory election, the Greens ran in six of the 25 seats in the unicameral parliament, averaging 16 percent of the vote but won no seats. At the 2008 Western Australian election, the Greens won 11–12 percent of the statewide vote in both the lower and upper houses, with four of 36 seats in the latter, an increase of two.
In the 2008 Australian Capital Territory election, conducted under the Hare-Clark system of proportional representation, the Greens doubled their vote to around 15 percent, going from one to four seats in the 17-member unicameral parliament, giving them the balance of power. After almost two weeks of deliberations, the Greens chose to allow Labor to form a minority government. The Greens hold the post of Speaker in the ACT Legislative Assembly, the first for a Green party in Australia.
In May 2009, the Greens won their second-ever single-member electorate, with Adele Carles winning the Fremantle by-election for the Western Australian Legislative Assembly. The seat had been held by the Labor Party since 1924. It was the first time the Greens had outpolled the Labor Party on the primary vote in any Labor-held seat.
In December 2009, the Greens received over 30 percent of the primary vote in the federal Higgins by-election in Victoria, in the absence of a Labor candidate. It is the highest primary vote recorded by the Greens in a Liberal-held lower-house seat.
At the March 2010 Tasmanian state election, the Greens won 21.6 percent of the primary vote amongst the five multi-member electorates, resulting in the Greens winning five of twenty-five seats in the lower house and holding the balance of power. With Labor and the Liberals winning ten seats each, the Greens backed a Labor minority government. Tasmanian Greens Leader Nick McKim was appointed to the new Labor-Green cabinet, making him the first Green Minister in Australia.
In the lead-up to the 2010 Australian federal election, the Australian Christian Lobby and the Catholic Archbishop of Sydney criticised Greens policies as "anti-Christian". In an 8 August opinion article for Sydney's Sunday Telegraph newspaper, Cardinal Archbishop George Pell wrote that the Greens were hostile to the family, opposed to religious schools, had pressured against Catholic management of Calvary Hospital in Canberra and said the party contained Stalinists and a wing who were "watermelons" -"green on the outside, red on the inside" whose policies were "impractical and expensive, which will not help the poor". In response to the article, Senator Bob Brown said Pell was "bearing false witness" and that the Greens were in fact "much closer to mainstream Christian thinking than Cardinal Pell". Jesuit human rights lawyer Fr. Frank Brennan responded in an essay by saying that that while some Greens might be anti-Christian, others like Lin Hatfield Dodds "have given distinguished public service in their churches for decades." On some policy issues, wrote Brennan, "the Greens have a more Christian message than the major parties", while on issues such as abortion, stem-cell research, same-sex marriage and funding for church schools, the party would never be able to "carry the day given that policy changes in these areas will occur only if they are supported by a majority from both major political parties".
In the lead up to the 2010 election, Bob Brown opposed the senate pre-selection of high-profile New South Wales Green Lee Rhiannon in favour of environmentalist Cate Faehrmann, saying that the Greens needed "new blood". Rhiannon, a socialist who had also campaigned on gun control, foreign aid, political donations and urban renewal said that there were differing visions for the future of the Greens – one of increased centralisation of party decision making versus a vision she supported of empowering membership. Rhiannon was confirmed as the candidate.
2010 federal election onward
Federal Senate election results
At the August 2010 federal election the Greens received a four percent swing to finish with 13 percent of the vote (more than 1.6 million votes) in the Senate, a first for any Australian minor party. The Senate vote throughout the states was between 10 to 20 percent. The Greens won a seat in each of the six states at the election, again a first for any Australian minor party, bringing the party to a total of nine senators from July 2011, holding the balance of power in the Senate. The new senators were Lee Rhiannon in New South Wales, Richard Di Natale in Victoria, Larissa Waters in Queensland, Rachel Siewert in Western Australia, Penny Wright in South Australia and Christine Milne in Tasmania. Incumbents Scott Ludlam in Western Australia, Sarah Hanson-Young in South Australia and Bob Brown in Tasmania were not due for re-election. The Greens also won their first House of Representatives seat at a general election, the seat of Melbourne with candidate Adam Bandt, who is a crossbencher in the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election. Almost two weeks after the election, Bandt and the Greens agreed to support a Gillard Labor minority government on confidence and supply votes. Labor was returned to government with the additional support of three independent crossbenchers.
The election resulted in a hung parliament. Six crossbench MPs shared the balance of power. The Greens signed a formal agreement with the Australian Labor Party involving consultation in relation to policy and support in the House of Representatives in relation to confidence and supply and three of the independents declared their support for Labor on confidence and supply, allowing Gillard and Labor to remain in power with a 76–74 minority government.
In the 2010 Victorian State Election, the Liberal party preferenced the ALP ahead of the Greens. The Greens' primary vote increased slightly overall from 10.04% 10.6% of the overall vote, but the party did not win any lower-house seats. Federal Greens leader Bob Brown said of the result that it was positive but that: "The Liberals' preferencing to Labor means that instead of there being three Greens in the new parliament there won't be".
On 24 February 2011, in a joint press conference of the "Climate Change Committee" – comprising the Government, Greens and two independent MPs – Prime Minister Gillard announced a plan to legislate for the introduction of a fixed price to be imposed on "carbon pollution" from 1 July 2012 The carbon price would be placed for three to five years before a full emissions trading scheme is implemented, under a blueprint agreed by a multi-party parliamentary committee. Key issues remained to be negotiated between the Government and the cross-benches, including compensation arrangements for households and businesses, the carbon price level, the emissions reduction target and whether or not to include fuel in the price.
The Greens support protecting the welfare of the people of Libya and so supported the United States-led military intervention in Libya. The view of Deputy leader Christine Milne, that the Greens "want to make sure that [they] protect civilians wherever [they] can... to ensur[e] that we will save lives...", is commensurate with this position.
At the Greens NSW State Conference, which was held prior to the New South Wales state election in 2011, a resolution was adopted in support for the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel. The move, proposed by Sylvia Hale and backed by Lee Rhiannon, had already been rejected by Leader Bob Brown. Soon after, however, their motion was backed by the Marrickville Council – resulting in a "boycott [against] all goods made in Israel and any sporting, academic, government or cultural exchanges". Local Labor MP Anthony Albanese called the move "misguided", sparking media interest and inciting anger among many Jewish Australians. The move also caused a rift within the Greens. Following the 2010 election, Bob Brown said that he had conveyed his disapproval of this policy to Rhiannon. Brown said that the policy was "a mistake" made by the NSW branch whereas Rhiannon said it had not been prosecuted hard enough.
Amidst ongoing debate over taxation, industry policy and climate change, Leader Bob Brown began to refer to sections within the Australian media that expressed criticism of Greens' policies or candidates as the "hate media", singling out the Murdoch Press in particular.
Outlining his industry and climate policies on ABC's 7:30 Program in May 2011, Bob Brown voiced support for a reduction in subsidies to fossil fuel industries, the implementation of a price on carbon; a higher level of profit tax on the mining industry and a phasing out of Australia's coal export industry, saying: "The world is going to do that because it is causing massive economic damage down the line through the impact of climate change."
In 2011, the Greens called for the permanent closure of Australia's live export meat industry, following revelations of mistreatment of Australian cattle in some Indonesian abattoirs.
Leadership of Christine Milne
On 13 April 2012, Bob Brown announced that he was resigning as federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens and that he would leave the Senate in June. Christine Milne was elected unanimously as the new leader by the party. MP Adam Bandt was elected deputy leader.
The "ease of the Greens leadership transition" was widely praised, with one commentator noting "She has survived the transition in leadership with grace and steadfastness of vision" , and Milne set about expanding the party's reach, looking first to regional Australia.
Milne took the leadership at a time when the Greens nationally had past a peak. In the 18 months between the high water mark of the 2010 Federal Election and Brown's retirement, polls nationally were trending downwards. This was reflected in a number of setbacks for state and local Greens parties, which some commentators blamed on Brown's absence. The outcome of 20 October 2012 election in the ACT resulted in a reduction of Greens Legislative Assembly members, from four to one. The Western Australian state election was held in March 2013. For the Legislative Assembly, the total primary vote for the Greens fell by 3.52% to 8.40%. In the Legislative Council the Greens' representation was reduced from four to two members.
Even some impressive results which failed to deliver wins, such as the 2012 Melbourne state by-election, where the Greens received the highest number of first preference votes but did not win the seat as some had expected, were used to attack Milne.
In a 19 February address to the National Press Club in Canberra, Christine Milne announced that the Federal Greens alliance with the Labor Party was "effectively over". In particular, Milne cited a failure by the Gillard Government to redraft the mining tax it had concluded prior to the 2010 Election as evidence that the government had "walked away" from its agreement with the Greens. Nevertheless, Milne promised to continue to guarantee confidence and supply to the Labor Government on the floor of Parliament, so as not to "advance the interests" of Opposition Leader Tony Abbott.
Milne was aware that the period in balance of power would be electorally costly for the party, telling members that "You earn political capital in opposition and you spend it in power." With that in mind, and following the disappointing state results, Milne and the Australian Greens set as their goal for the 2013 election a clear target of retaining their existing seats and perhaps win one more Senate seat in Victoria, rather than to increase the vote nationally. Despite a reduction in the vote, maintaining and slightly increasing parliamentary representation is exactly what Milne achieved.
2013 federal election onward
At the 2013 federal election the House of Representatives (lower house) primary vote was 8.7 percent (−3.1) with the Senate (upper house) primary vote at 8.7 percent (−4.5). Despite that, as targeted, the Greens representation in the parliament increased. Adam Bandt retained his Melbourne seat with a primary vote of 42.6 percent (+7.0) and a two-candidate preferred vote of 55.3 percent (−0.6). The Greens won four Senate positions, increasing their Senate representation from nine to ten Senators to take effect from 1 July 2014, to a total of eleven Green members in the Parliament of Australia.
Writing in the Australian Financial Review, Vincent Mahon, a former campaign manager for the Greens, said that while the Greens were able to present positive achievements to the electors relating to education, health, the environment and the promotion of clean energy, the party was unable to attract disenchanted Labor voters. He noted that Green policies relating to carbon pricing and refugees were unpopular with many voters. Christine Milne said that the Greens support of the Labor minority government was a factor in the Greens' lower vote.
Following the federal election, South Australian Greens Senator, Sarah Hanson-Young, who had lost a ballot against Senator Milne for Deputy Leadership and lost again to Adam Bandt, publicly criticised Senator Milne.
In September 2013, it was reported that six senior Greens' staffers had resigned including Chief of Staff, Ben Oquist, who claimed there were, "fundamental differences of opinion on strategy". There have been suggestions that Oquist was behind the unsuccessful attempt to create leadership tensions because he feared moves to "freeze him out".
At the 2014 Western Australian Senate election the Greens won in excess of a quota with the primary vote increasing from 9.5 to 15.6 percent, re-electing Scott Ludlam. Ludlam threw his weight behind Milne's leadership, telling ABC radio on being asked if he had leadership ambitions that "That's very flattering, but Christine Milne is doing a great job".
The Australian Greens, like all Australian political parties, is federally organised with separately registered state parties signing up to a national constitution, yet retaining considerable policy-making and organisational autonomy from the centre. The national decision-making body of the Australian Greens is the National Council, consisting of delegates from each member body (a state or territory Greens party). The National Council arrives at decisions by consensus. There is no formal executive of the national party. However, there is an Australian Greens Coordinating Group (AGCG) composed of national office bearers including the National Convenor, Secretary, Treasurer, and three members elected by National Council. There is also a Public Officer, a Party Agent and a Registered Officer.
A variety of working groups have been established by the National Council, which are directly accessible to all Greens members. Working groups perform an advisory function by developing policy, reviewing or developing the party structure, or by performing other tasks assigned by the National Council.
All policies originating from this structure are subject to ratification by the members of the Australian Greens.
On Saturday 12 November 2005 at the national conference in Hobart the Australian Greens abandoned their long-standing tradition of having no official leader and approved a process whereby a parliamentary leader could be elected by the Greens Parliamentary Party Room. On Monday 28 November 2005, Bob Brown – who had long been regarded as de facto leader by many inside the party, and most people outside the party – was elected unopposed as the Parliamentary Party Leader.
Interactions with other political groups
The Greens do not have formal links to environmental organisations commonly labelled by the media as "green groups" such as the Australian Conservation Foundation, The Wilderness Society and Greenpeace, all of whom claim to be non-partisan. However, it is common for the media to report the activities of such groups and those of The Greens under the general category of "greens". During elections, there is sometimes competition between The Greens and one or more of these groups negotiating "greens preferences" with other parties. The Greens preference negotiation objectives are to attempt to get Greens senators elected, and to get policy outcomes on issues like Tasmanian forests, though these objectives may be to a greater or lesser extent in conflict and the Greens more often direct preferences to Labor than the Liberals, but it is claimed that this did not affect federal election outcomes in 2001 and 2004.
Labor Party and unions
The Greens were in a formal alliance with the Australian Labor Party in the Tasmanian Parliament under the Bartlett and Giddings governments between 2010 and 2014, and signed a formal agreement with the minority Gillard Labor Government in the Federal Australian Parliament in 2010. Milne declared this agreement "effectively over" in February 2013, but said that the Greens would continue to support Labor in the Parliament. Generally the Greens preference Labor ahead of the Coalition at elections.
Many Labor supporters and trade unionists see the Greens' policies as destructive of employment in industries like mining and forestry. The forestry industry has been a particular target of environmental campaigns and the Forestry Division of the CFMEU have actively campaigned against the Greens. Left-wing trade unionists and some members of Labor's Left faction sympathise with the Greens' social policies and often identify more readily with the Greens than with the Labor Right. Some unionists, such as NTEU and AMWU members have run for State or Federal parliament for the Greens. South Australian Labor MP, Kris Hanna, defected to the Australian Greens in 2003 (before leaving the Greens in 2006, and being re-elected as an independent in the 2006 South Australian election). In 2008, Queensland Labor MP Ronan Lee defected to the Greens, becoming the first-ever Greens MP in the unicameral Queensland parliament. He said he made the decision after the Queensland government had "failed to act" against climate change.
However, these Green sympathies are not universal within Labor's Left and the two groups often find themselves competing in elections, making the Greens' growing popularity a threat to Labor. In 2002, Labor front bencher and prominent Left member Lindsay Tanner wrote "The emergence of the Greens... is already hurting the ALP's ability to attract new members amongst young people." During the 2004 campaign, Tanner's own seat of Melbourne in Victoria was thought to be under serious threat by the Greens and he described Greens policies as "mad". In the end, Tanner held the seat comfortably on primary votes (51.78%, +4.35-point swing). He did not stand for election at the 2010 election and his seat was won by the Greens.
In the 2006 Victorian state election, there was increased bitterness between Labor and the Greens. Labor direct-mailed a letter from Peter Garrett to voters in its threatened inner-Melbourne seats claiming that the Greens were preferencing the Liberal Party, in spite of Greens preferences being either for Labor or being open. Following the election, The Age's Paul Austin wrote "Labor's campaign manager, state secretary Stephen Newnham, reckons he knows why the Greens' support fell away in the last days of the campaign. He has told cabinet and caucus members it was because of Labor's loud assertions that the Greens had done a secret preferences deal with the Liberals".
In April 2007, The Age reported that the Victorian Greens had published a poem titled The Battle of Jeff's Shed, by Mike Puleston, describing ALP officials and volunteers who scrutinised vote counting after the state election as "the Labor Panzers and their hardened SS troops – SS stood for Sturm Scrutineers". The poem described the final vote count at the Melbourne Exhibition Centre, which finished about 4 am on 14 December and resulted in the election of three Greens MLCs. Labor directed preferences in the upper house to the DLP above the Greens, which resulted in their preferences indirectly electing Peter Kavanagh from DLP in Western Victoria Region.
Prior to the 2010 Federal Election, the Electrical Trades Union's Victorian branch donated $325,000 to the Greens' Victorian campaign – the largest political donation ever directed to the Party up to that time.
In March 2011, division emerged within the Labor Party over Prime Minister Gillard's initial support for a Greens proposal to remove the commonwealth veto over Territory legislation. Joe de Bruyn, head of the Shop, Distributors and Allied Employees Association, said "Everybody in the federal parliament knows that this is simply a way of letting the territories into euthanasia or whatever else they want to do". Anti-euthanasia Labor senators called on Gillard to overturn Labor's support for the Greens plan and press reports said some Labor senators had complained that the issue had not been discussed in Cabinet. Prime Minister Gillard said that no caucus members had raised concerns with her over the influence of the Greens over Labor policy. Amidst suggestions that Labor was "too close" to the Greens, Prime Minister Gillard said in March: "The Greens are not a party of government and have no tradition of striking the balance required to deliver major reform".
Relations between the Greens and the Liberal-National Coalition are generally poor and the Greens usually preference the Labor Party ahead of the Liberals or Nationals in Australian elections. The Coalition has however directed strategic preferences to the Greens over Labor in the past, as in the Division of Melbourne, where Adam Bandt was elected at the 2010 Australian Federal Election with Liberal Preferences. In addition, the Tasmanian Liberal Party under Tony Rundle managed to form a minority government through an informal alliance with the Tasmanian Greens between 1996 and 1998, enacting some progressive reforms in favour of forest conservation and LGBT rights during its term. At the 2010 Victorian State Election, the Liberals put their preference for the Greens below the Labor Party.
During the 2004 federal election the Australian Greens were branded as "environmental extremists" and "fascists" by some members of the Liberal-National Coalition Government. John Anderson described the Greens as 'watermelons', being "green on the outside and red on the inside". John Howard, while Australian Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party, stated that "The Greens are not just about the environment. They have a whole lot of other very, very kooky policies in relation to things like drugs and all of that sort of stuff".
In 2011, Liberal Shadow Cabinet frontbencher Kevin Andrews published a critique of the Greens policy agenda for Quadrant Magazine in which he wrote that the Greens' "objective involves a radical transformation of the culture that underpins Western civilisation" and that their agenda would threaten the "Judeo-Christian/Enlightenment synthesis that upholds the individual" as well as "the economic system that has resulted in the creation of wealth and prosperity for the most people in human history."
In December 2013, Liberal Party Treasurer Joe Hockey secured a deal with the Greens to remove the debt ceiling in response to debt approaching the current limit of $300b, despite opposition from the Labor Party.
Other minor parties
In a similar vein to the Family First television advertisements in 2004, Country Alliance also ran television advertisements in the lead up to the 2006 Victorian state election claiming that the Greens policies were "extreme".
The Greens have voiced opposition and even organised protests against the One Nation Party (an anti-immigration, economically protectionist Party which enjoyed significant publicity in the 1998 Federal Election).
- Shown by default in chronological order of leadership
|Year||Name||Term in office||Period||Time in office||Deputy|
|2005||Bob Brown||2005–2012||28 November 2005 – 13 April 2012||6 years, 4 months and 16 days||Christine Milne (2008–2012)|
|2012||Christine Milne||13 April 2012 – present||2 years, 11 months and 17 days so far||Adam Bandt (2012–present)|
State and territory politics
The various Australian states and territories have different electoral systems, all of which allow the Greens to gain representation. In New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia and South Australia, the Greens hold seats in the Legislative Councils (upper houses), which are elected by proportional representation. The Greens also hold a seat in the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since the 2012 election, down from four after the 2008 election. In Queensland and the Northern Territory, their unicameral parliaments have made it difficult for the Greens to gain representation.
The Greens' most important area of state political activity has been in Tasmania, which is the only state where the lower house of the state parliament is elected by proportional representation. In Tasmania, the Greens have been represented in the House of Assembly from 1983, initially as Green Independents, and from the early 1990s as an established party. At the 1989 state election, the Liberal Party won 17 seats to Labor's 13 and the Greens' 5. The Greens agreed to support a minority Labor government in exchange for a number of policy commitments. In 1992 the agreement broke down over the issue of employment in the forestry industry, and the premier, Michael Field, called an early state election which the Liberals won. Later, Labor and the Liberals combined to reduce the size of the Assembly from 35 to 25, thus raising the quota for election. At the 1998 election the Greens won only one seat, despite their vote only falling slightly, mainly due to the new electoral system. They recovered in the 2002 election when they won four seats. All four seats were retained in the 2006 election. After gaining 5 seats in the 2010 election, in April 2010 Nick McKim became the first Green Minister in Australia.
In the 2011 NSW State election, the Greens claimed their first lower-house seat in the district of Balmain. In the 2014 Victorian election, they won two lower-house seats, those of Melbourne and Prahran.
|House of Representatives|
|Election year||# of
| % of
overall seats won
|Election year||# of
| % of
overall seats won
Senator Christine Milne (Tas), 2005–present (elected in 2004)
Senator Rachel Siewert (WA), 2005–present (elected in 2004)
Senator Scott Ludlam (WA), 2008–present (elected in 2007)
Senator Sarah Hanson-Young (SA), 2008–present (elected in 2007)
Senator Lee Rhiannon (NSW), 2011–present (elected in 2010)
Senator Richard Di Natale (Vic), 2011–present (elected in 2010)
Senator Larissa Waters (Qld), 2011–present (elected in 2010)
Senator Penny Wright (SA), 2011–present (elected in 2010)
Senator Peter Whish-Wilson (Tas), 2012–present
Senator Janet Rice (Vic), 2014–present (elected in 2013)
- Senator Jo Vallentine, 1990–1992, Greens WA (originally elected in 1984 as Nuclear Disarmament Party)
- Senator Christabel Chamarette, 1992–1996, Greens WA
- Senator Dee Margetts, 1993–1999, Greens WA (defeated in 1998)
- Michael Organ MP for Cunningham (NSW), 2002–2004
- Senator Kerry Nettle (NSW), 2002–2008 (elected in 2001, defeated in 2007)
- Senator Bob Brown (Tasmania), 1996–2012 (elected in 1996, resigned in 2012)
Senators Vallentine, Chamarette and Margetts were all elected as Greens (WA) senators and served their terms before the Greens WA affiliated to the Australian Greens, meaning that they were not considered to be Australian Greens senators at the time.
|New South Wales seats|
New South Wales
- Jan Barham, 2011–present
- Jeremy Buckingham, 2011–present
- Mehreen Faruqi, 2013–present
- John Kaye, 2007–present
- David Shoebridge, 2010–present
- Adam Guise, 2015–present (Member for Lismore)
- Jenny Leong, 2015–present (Member for Newtown)
- Jamie Parker, 2011–present (Member for Balmain)
- Tamara Smith, 2015–present (Member for Ballina)
- Ian Cohen, 1995–2011
- Lee Rhiannon, 1999–2010 (resigned to stand for Federal Senate)
- Cate Faehrmann, 2010–2013 (resigned to stand for Federal Senate)
- Sylvia Hale, 2003–2010
- Greg Barber, 2006–present
- Samantha Dunn, 2014–present
- Colleen Hartland, 2006–present
- Sue Pennicuik, 2006–present
- Nina Springle, 2014–present
- Sam Hibbins, 2014–present (Member for Prahran)
- Ellen Sandell, 2014–present (Member for Melbourne)
- Bob Brown, 1983–1993 (later stood for Federal Senate in 1996)
- Gerry Bates, 1986–1995
- Lance Armstrong, 1989–1996
- Di Hollister, 1989–1998
- Christine Milne, 1989–1998 (later stood for Federal Senate in 2004)
- Peg Putt, 1993–2008
- Mike Foley, 1995–1998
- Tim Morris, 2002–2014
- Paul O'Halloran, 2010–2014
|South Australian seats|
|Western Australian Seats|
- Jim Scott, 1993–2005
- Chrissy Sharp, 1997–2005
- Dee Margetts, 2001–2005
- Paul Llewellyn, 2005–2009
- Adele Carles, 2009–2010 (Member for Fremantle, quit the party on 6 May 2010 to sit as an independent)
- Giz Watson, 1997–2013
- Alison Xamon, 2009–2013
|Australian Capital Territory seats|
Australian Capital Territory
- Shane Rattenbury, 2008–present
- Lucy Horodny, 1995–1998
- Kerrie Tucker, 1995–2004
- Deb Foskey, 2004–2008
- Amanda Bresnan, 2008–2012
- Meredith Hunter, 2008–2012
- Caroline Le Couteur, 2008–2012
|Northern Territory seats|
Other notable members
- Andrew Bartlett, former Democrats Senator for Queensland
- Brian Walters SC, prominent Human Rights lawyer and candidate for the state seat of Melbourne at the 2010 Victorian Election
- Chris Harris, Greens Councillor for the City of Sydney.
- Clive Hamilton, Greens candidate for the Higgins by-election, 2009
- Jean Jenkins, former Democrats Senator for Western Australia
- Janet Powell, former Democrats Senator for Victoria
- Kathleen Maltzahn, former Greens Councillor of the City of Yarra and candidate for the seat of Richmond at the 2010 and 2014 Victorian Elections
- Peter Singer, Greens candidate for the Kooyong by-election, 1994
- "About Us". Global Greens. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- "Greens celebrate 40 years of movement". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- Ashley Hall (29 June 2011). "Bob Brown outlines Greens plans for Senate power". PM (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 6 July 2012.
- 2010 election Senate results: AEC
- "2010 election Senate seats". ABC. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Our Story | Australian Greens". Greens.org.au. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Johnston, Matt (30 July 2010). "Greens want zoo import bans". Herald Sun.
- "Animals". Greens party. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
- "Standing Up For What Matters" (PDF). The Greens. p. 22. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- "Standing Up For What Matters" (PDF). The Greens. p. 24. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- "Standing Up For What Matters" (PDF). The Greens. p. 15. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- "Policy Platform: Water and Inland Aquatic Environments". greens.org.au. November 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- "Standing Up For What Matters" (PDF). The Greens. p. 11. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
ensuring climate, forestry and water impacts are covered by our environmental laws, and for cumulative impacts to be considered, rather than projects in isolation
- "NIT". NIT. 6 September 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ABC News :"Greens call for Sydney-Melbourne rail link", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 23 April 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "Global Economics". Australian Greens. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- Steve Lewis (18 August 2010). "Greens offer extra week's holiday, death duties for rich". Courier Mail. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Greens Support UN-Backed Force against Gaddafi". Australian Greens. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- "Greens' high tax ambitions". The Australian. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Lenore Taylor: "Greens go mainstream with policy rework", in The Age, 27 December 2012
- Economics Policy. Australian Greens. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- The Greens: "Policies: Immigration and Refugees". Retrieved 19 July 2013
- "Policy D2: Drugs, Substance Abuse and Addiction". Greens.org.au. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- "The World Today – NT intervention will smash culture, say Aboriginal leaders". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Patricia Karvelas, Political correspondent (7 September 2010). "Greens alliance threatens Aboriginal wellbeing: Noel Pearson". The Australian. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Senator Bob Brown – Australian Greens www.bobbrown.org.au (PDF file)
- Results in Denison for the election held on 15 May 1982, Tasmanian Parliamentary Library
- "Proportional Representation Society of Australia". prsa.org.au. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
- About us – The Greens, www.greens.org.au
- Bob Brown, The Parliament of Tasmania since 1856
- Luke Deer The Parliament House riot of 1996. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- Steve Letts PM explains Australian involvement in Afghan war. ABC Lateline, 25 October 2001. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- Tony Jones Call for Howard to meet with Hussein. ABC Lateline, 19 September 2002. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "How party preferences picked Family First", The Age, 11 October 2004.
- "Above or below the line? Managing preference votes", On Line Opinion, 20 April 2005
- "Pell slams "stalinist" parliamentary contempt probe". Cathnews.acu.edu.au. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Inquiry into comments made by Cardinal George Pell – NSW Parliament". Parliament.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "ABC Coverage of Australian Elections", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 31 March 2007
- "Australian Press Council Adjudication No. 1270, February 2005". Presscouncil.org.au. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- Herald Sun Found Guilty of Irresponsible Journalism and Seriously Misleading Readers, Press Releases, Victorian Greens, 4 March 2005. (archived copy of page)
- "2007 Federal Election Results, Australian Electoral Commission". Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- 2001 New South Wales Senate preference flows: Psephos
- Double dissolution is an empty threat. The Age. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- PM – Election reaches endgame. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- When: Past Electoral Events. AEC. Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- Senate State First Preferences By Group. Results.aec.gov.au (17 December 2007). Retrieved 10 February 2009.
- "Senate Results". Federal Election 2007. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- Parliament of Australia: Senate: Senate Daily Summary, No. 43/2008, 26 June 2008
- "Labor to form minority government in ACT: The Age 31/10/2008". The Age (Melbourne). 31 October 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- Stockman, David (1 November 2008). "Greens' nod sees Stanhope keep job". The Canberra Times. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- "Labor-Greens parliamentary agreement PDF" (PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- WA Greens claim victory, make history, ABC, 17 May 2009
- Anthony Green (16 May 2009). "2009 Fremantle By-Election". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- "Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney – Our People". Sydney.catholic.org.au. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Greens' policies more Christian than Cardinal George Pell, says Bob Brown". The Australian. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- "Why a conscientious Christian could vote for the Greens". Eureka Street. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Record result for Greens in Australian poll: Yahoo/AFP 22 August 2010
- Emma Rodgers: Greens sign deal to back Labor, ABC News, 1 September 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- "Greens and labor commit to agreement for stable government". The Australian Greens. 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
- online political correspondent Emma Rodgers (1 September 2010). "Greens, Labor seal deal: ABC 8 December 2010". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- Stephanie Peatling and Heath Aston: It's good to be Greens, as balance of power tipped, in SMH, 18 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- Sid Maher: Greens set to grab balance of power in The Australian, 18 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- Grattan, Michelle (3 September 2010). "Abbott's Costings Blow Out | Wilkie Sides With Labor: SMH 3 September 2010". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- 'Labor day: Gillard retains grip on power' – ABC – Emma Rodgers (7 September 2010) – . Retrieved 8 September 2010.
- Rodgers, Emma (7 September 2010). "Labor clings to power". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
- Hedge, Mike; Scott, Edwina (28 November 2010). "No seats, but Greens go forward: Brown". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- Packham, Ben; Massola, James (24 February 2011). "Australia to have carbon price from July 1, 2012, Julia Gillard announces". The Australian.
- (24 February 2011). Carbon price to begin from July 2012: Midday roundup. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- Maher, Sid (25 February 2011). "PM ready for fight on carbon tax as Abbott vows 'people's revolt'". The Australian.
- Chris Uhlmann (22 March 2011). Greens Leader Bob Brown speaks with Chris Uhlmann. 7:30. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- The Q and A Century. Q and A. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "Israel boycotts now official NSW Greens policy". Australian Jewish News. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
- "Greens leader Bob Brown slaps down Lee Rhiannon on Israel boycott policy". The Australian. 1 April 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2011.'
- (20 May 2011). WA move fuels federal budget woes. ABC Adelaide. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- Chris Uhlmann (17 May 2011). Greens Leader Bob Brown joins 7.30. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "Greens want blanket ban on live exports". The Sydney Morning Herald. 6 June 2011.
- Katherine Feeney (27 March 2012). "Social conservatism saw KAP beat Greens vote". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- "Total Formal First Preference Vote by Party". Electoral Commission of Queensland. 3 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- McMeekin, Alison (13 April 2012). "Bob Brown resigns as Greens leader". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
- "With Christine Milne at the helm, the Greens' future is secure". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- "Working for Greens and country". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- "Rattenbury holds balance of power". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 October 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- Green, Antony (15 March 2013). "2013 WA Election – Counting Nears the End". ABC. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- "Greens battered in WA election". Perth Now. 10 March 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- "WA 2013 State General Election Results". WA Electoral Commission. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
- "Melbourne District By-election 2012". Victorian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- "Greens say minority government agreement with Labor is effectively over". The Australian. 19 February 2013.
- Mahon, Vincent (7 November 2013). "How the Greens lost their way – and how they can find it". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
- "Christine Milne says support for Labor minority government hurt Greens at election". ABC. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- "Sarah Hanson-Young pledges support for Greens leadership after failed challenge". The Australian. 26 October 2010.
- Hall, Bianca (29 September 2013). "Milne's Greens 'marching to slow death'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- Crook, Andrew (26 September 2013). "Greens staffer exodus? Supporters round behind Milne". Crikey. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
- Turnbull, N; Vromen, A. "Election 2004: Where do the Greens fit in Election 2004?", Australian Review of Public Affairs, 17 September 2004.
- "Organisational Framework of the Australian Greens", Sandgate Branch of the Queensland Greens.
- "Greens firm up party structure", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 29 November 2005.
- "Minor Party Preferences", Australia Votes, Federal Election 2004, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 9 October 2004.
- "Hanna leaves Greens to run as independent". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 February 2006.
- Carney, Shaun (30 November 2002). "Greens clip Labor's left wing". The Age (Melbourne).
- Tanner, Lindsay (5 February 2002). "If Not Now, When?". AustralianPolitics.com.
- Heinrichs, Paul (4 September 2004). "Labor fighting to stop left's flight to Greens". The Age (Melbourne).
- "Commonwealth Election 2004", Parliamentary Library of Australia, Research Brief no. 13, 14 March 2005
- "VIC DIVISION – MELBOURNE". Virtual Tally Room – Election 2004. Australian Electoral Commission.
- "ALP rages at Greens Nazi joke", The Age, 2 April 2007
- Schneiders, Ben (18 August 2010). "Union bankrolls Greens". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- Dennis Shanahan & Matthew Franklin (3 March 2011), Gillard faces Labor revolt on gay marriage. perthnow.com.au. The Sunday Times. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "Labor revolt due to Greens power: Libs MP". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 March 2011.
- "Julia Gillard denies there is Labor unease over the Greens' influence on the government". The Australian. 3 March 2011.
- Alexandra Kirk (17 March 2011). Gillard turns on Greens in carbon tax debate. ABC Adelaide. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- Jennett, Greg. "PM revokes backbencher's comments", Programme Transcript, Lateline, 29 October 2003.
- "Anderson sees red over 'watermelon' Greens", The Age, 7 September 2004.
- "Bob Brown unfazed by conservative attacks", The World Today, transcript, ABC radio, Tuesday, 5 October 2004.
- Cut & paste: Who says the Green Left represents the environment?, The Australian, 5 July 2006
- Kevin Andrews. The Greens' Agenda, in Their Own Words. Quadrant Magazine. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
- "Government strikes deal with Greens to scrap debt ceiling", ABC
- "Television advertisement on Greens policies", Country Alliance, November 2006
- "Greens Preferences crucial to Election Outcome and One Nation's Chances. | Bob Brown". Bob-brown.greensmps.org.au. 13 June 1998. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ABC: Bartlett creates new post for Greens minister. Retrieved 24 May 2010
- Bennett, Scott (September 2008). "The rise of the Australian Greens". Australia: Department of Parliamentary Services.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Greens.|
|
<urn:uuid:dcbfd502-c703-40a4-b4ae-41d87c6445e7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14",
"url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Greens",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131299121.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172139-00028-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9393665790557861,
"token_count": 12858,
"score": 2.765625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Under California law, it is illegal to label a plastic food or beverage container as biodegradable. Plastic takes thousands of years to biodegrade and may never do so in a landfill. Today’s lawsuit is the first government action to enforce the state’s landmark environmental marketing law.
“These companies’ actions violate state law and mislead consumers,” Attorney General Harris said. “Californians are committed to recycling and protecting the environment, but these efforts are undermined by the false and misleading claims these companies make when they wrongly advertise their products as ‘biodegradable.'”
Balance and AquaMantra sell their products in plastic water bottles marketed by ENSO Plastics LLC; according to the label, ENSO claims that a microbial additive created the “first truly biodegradable and recyclable” plastic bottle. The bottles’ labeling states that the bottles will break down in less than five years in a typical landfill or compost environment, but that claim is false because the additive does not speed up the centuries-long process required to break down plastic.
The claim of recycling is also deceptive. The microbial additive put into the bottle is considered by the Association of Post Consumer Plastic Recyclers to be a “destructive contaminant” that can compromise the strength of the products they make.
Consumers may buy these defendants’ bottles and either dispose of them incorrectly, on the assumption that they will biodegrade quickly, when in fact they will simply take up space in landfills, or they will try to recycle them, creating problems and costs for recyclers.
A recent Gallup poll found that 76 percent of Americans buy products specifically because of their perception the product is better for the environment.
In 2008, the California Legislature banned the use of words like “biodegradable,” “degradable,” or “decomposable” in the labeling of plastic food or beverage containers. Senate Bill 567, signed into law by the Governor this year, will expand that law to all plastic products beginning in 2013.
Deputy Attorney General Raissa S. Lerner and Deputy Attorney General Laura J. Zuckerman are handling the case for Attorney General Harris’ Environment section. A copy of the complaint filed today in the Orange County Superior Court is attached to the online version of this release at www.oag.ca.gov. Also attached are photos of the bottles in question.
|
<urn:uuid:3e939bbb-55c8-40c1-926e-f03119acc59a>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://www.independent.com/2011/10/26/attorney-general-kamala-d-harris-sues-plastic-water-bottle-companies-over-misleading-claims-biodegradability/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474843.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20240229134901-20240229164901-00380.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9323806166648865,
"token_count": 516,
"score": 2.640625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Taking action for biodiversity
Through its educational activities, conservation projects, collections, scientific research and ecological management of its institutions, Space for Life participates in preserving biodiversity and encourages the community to get involved in this movement.
Apart from integrating sustainable development in its management practices, Space for Life calls on citizens, inviting them to reconnect with nature through experiences and events, take action and explore new ways of living.
International Day for Biological Diversity
At the Space for Life, we study, conserve and protect nature, and help out by restoring natural environments and reintroducing species. Every year on May 22, the International Day for Biological Diversity is an opportunity to underscore the importance of all forms of life. No species can survive on its own, for they are all interrelated.
Seed balls, May 22, 2010
In May 2010, as our first symbolic act, the Space for Life team and 4,200 students from RÉPAQ schools marked the International Day for Biological Diversity by tossing seed balls onto the path linking the Insectarium and the Biodôme, to fill it with colourful flowers.
|
<urn:uuid:19ae1943-7fd0-4ff7-afdc-9e377c6452e4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22",
"url": "http://espacepourlavie.ca/en/biodiversity-space-life",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607802.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524055048-20170524075048-00470.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9211713075637817,
"token_count": 221,
"score": 2.875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Presentation on theme: "How to make super kool aid or extreme jello"— Presentation transcript:
1How to make super kool aid or extreme jello Kool Aid Jello ChapterHow to make super kool aid or extreme jello
2Kool Aid drinks are solutions Solutions are homogenous mixtures of two or more pure substances in a single phaseContains a solvent and soluteSolvent: dissolving medium (water)Solute: dissolved substance(salt)Particle sizes are the smallestWill not separate while standingDo not filterDo not scatter lightColligative properties are affected
4Muddy water is a Suspension Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures that have the largest particles of all mixturesWill separate upon standingCan be filteredDo scatter lightColligative properties are unaffectedExamples: Muddy water, Cu Lab.
6Milk/Gelatins are Colloids Colloids are homogeneous mixtures that are medium in size.Particles remain dispersed in liquid due to random particle motion of surrounding molecules.Will separate very slowly or not at allWill not filterWill scatter lightColligative properties are unaffected.
8Tyndall EffectLight bounces off objects it cannot pass through, is scattered by objects, or passes right through objects.The scattering of light as it passes through a transparent medium is called the Tyndall Effect.
9When focused light is shined on a homogeneous solution the light will not be scattered; it will pass right through.When focuses light is shined on a colloid the light will be scattered and no longer as focused.
10What are they? Oil and vinegar salad dressing? Gelatin? Starch in water?Smoke in air?Salt in water?Clay in water?Food coloring in water?
11Carbon dioxide in water? Steam in air?Table sugar in water?Milk?Bleach?Ammonia?Tea?
13ConcentrationDifferent solutions can have different concentrations by dissolving more or less solute in a given amount of solventConcentrations is scaled on molality and molarity
14MolarityMolarity(M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solutionM=moles of solute/liters of solution
15MolalityMolality(m) is defined at the number of moles of solute divided by the number of kilograms of solventM = moles of solute/kg of solvent
16SolubilitySolubility is the chemical process in which chemicals are able to dissolve each other (able to mix well)The ability to mixed is determined by the types of bonds holding the chemical together.“like dissolve like”
17MiscibleAlcohol and water mix quite readily due to the stronger forces of attraction between the solvent and solute.Both water and alcohol are polar bonds and therefore can dissolve each other.Miscible is the ability to dissolve each other due to similar bonds
18ImmiscibleImmiscible chemicals have opposite forces of attraction and therefore DO NOT MIXOil and waterMystic sand and water
19Colligative Properties of Solutions Not freezing when cold or boiling when hot!
20Colligative Properties Some of the properties of solutions do not depend on the amount and type of solute present in solution.Ie food coloring doesn’t affect the boiling point of water (much)Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity are called Colligative properties.
21Electrolyte and non Electrolyte Electrolytes are substances that dissolve in water to give a solution that conducts an electric currentSports drinks and salt waterIonic compounds are usually strong electrolytes because they separate completely in waterCovalent compounds can be strong, weak or non electroyltes
22Non-electrolytes: a liquid or solid substance that does not allow the flow of an electric current, either in solution or in its pure state, such as water or sucrose.Nonvolatile substance is one that has little tendency to become a gas under existing conditions
23Freezing point depression The freezing point of a 1 molal solution of any nonelectrolyte solute in water is found to be 1.86 degrees lower than the freezing point of water.Thus 1 mole of solute in 1 kg of water will equal degree C
24If you had 2 moles of solute in 1 kg of water the freezing point would be -3.72 degree C. This is 1.86 X 2This 1.86 degree C/m is known as molal freezing point constant (Kf)Molal Freezing point constant is the freezing point depression of the solvent in a 1 molal solution of a nonvolatile, non electrolyte solute.
25Kf for substancesEach solvent has its own characteristic molal freezing point constant.Kf is most accurate at 1 atm.Kf for water is -1.86, for Ether is and Acetic Acid -3.90
26The freezing point depression, ∆tf, is the difference between the freezing points of the pure solvent and a solution of a non electrolyte in that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.∆tf=Kf*m
27Did you know?Some animals are able to survive freezing temperatures by producing natural antifreezes, substances that lower the freezing point of a liquid. In many freeze-tolerant insects, the antifreezes are alcohols and sugars.Examples are box turtles, painted turtles and garter snakes, sugar maples and white spruce.
28Sugar MapleTaking a sugar substance from a tree can be used to create maple syrupThe maple syrup aqueous solution boils at 219 degree FThat is 7 degree higher than water.Why?
29Boiling point elevation The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the prevailing atmospheric pressure.Vapor pressures of solutions containing nonvolatile solute is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
30This means that more heat will be required to raise the vapor pressure of the solution. Thus, the boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure substance.The molal boiling point constant, Kb, is the boiling point elevation of the solvent in a 1 molal solution of a nonvolatile, non electrolyte solute.
31Boiling point elevation Boiling point elevation, ∆tb, is the difference between the boiling points of the pure solvent and a nonelectrolyte solution of that solvent, and it is directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solution.∆tb=Kb*m
32What about Electrolytes? Electrolytes break apart into ions. Each ion has an effect on boiling point and freezing points. If a solution has more or less ions it will change the boiling points and melting points even more.
33Ions ∆tb or f=Kb or f*m*n m=molality n = number of ions Example NaCl = Na+ and Cl- = 2 ions=2 nMgCl2= Mg+ and 2 Cl- =3 ions =3 nFe2(SO4)3=2 Fe+3 and 3 SO4-2 = 5 ions or 5 n
34ExampleWhat is the new freezing point of 200 mL of water (Kf = oC) if195 g of sucrose (C12H22O11) are added to it?
35195 g sucrose=.570 moles342 g.570 moles=2.85 molal.200 KgNow we can plug into ∆tf=Kf*m
36∆tf=(-1.86oC) * (2.85 molal)∆tf= CThis means the water will freeze 5.301oC below its freezing point.
37∆tb or f=Kb or f*m*n Same as other formula, just adding n. NaCl, K2SO4, AlCl3, Al2O3.
|
<urn:uuid:b0d0222c-4621-4aa4-a541-93217e9c8b74>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "http://slideplayer.com/slide/2739197/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320887.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627013832-20170627033832-00244.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8919057250022888,
"token_count": 1699,
"score": 2.921875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In the EU, an estimated 880.000 people are in situations of forced labour (ILO 2012).
Very cheap products likely mean unfair paychecks for workers. But expensive items do not guarantee good working conditions.
Worldwide, an estimated 21 million people are victims of forced labour (ILO 2012).
Forced labour is mainly found in agriculture, construction, manufacturing, domestic work and the entertainment sector (ILO 2014).
90% of forced labourers worldwide are exploited in the private economy, by individuals or enterprises (ILO 2012).
In 2013, 1823 trafficked persons were assisted by the member organisations of La Strada International (LSI 2014).
In 2013, member organisations of La Strada International assisted people trafficked to 41 different countries (LSI 2014).
Victims from the largest number of origin countries were detected in Western and Central Europe (UNODC 2012).
Trafficking in persons is a global crime affecting nearly all countries in every region of the world (UNODC 2012).
Labour exploitation in Europe is not a new development but until recently received little attention.
|
<urn:uuid:04792476-e75f-466c-a33f-c07537805206>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51",
"url": "http://usedineurope.com/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529516.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20191210233444-20191211021444-00407.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9345405697822571,
"token_count": 227,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This document is a report to US Congress authored by Sedak et al in 2010 and discusses the 4th National Incidence Study report. The NIS is a ‘congressionally mandated, periodic effort of the US Dept of Health and Human Services’ which first began in 1979. The NIS-4 collected data in 2005 and 2006. The rates of child abuse and neglect were determined and compared with a variety of socioeconomic variables including, ethnicity, income, family structure, age, sex, and perpetrator characteristics.
Role of Family Structure
The report classified children into 6 categories: living with married biological parents, living with other married parents (eg step-parent, adoptive), living with two unmarried parents, living with one parent who had an unmarried partner in the household, living with one parent who had no partner in the household, and living with no parent.
1. “Children living with married biological parents universally had the lowest rate (of child abuse)
2. “those who had a cohabiting partner in the household had the highest rate in all maltreatment categories (emphasis added)
3. ‘Compared to children living with married biological parents, those whose single parent had a live-in partner had more than 8 times the rate of maltreatment overall, over 10 times the rate of abuse, nearly 8 times the rate of neglect.
Marriage and biology matters for children’s well-being. With respect to child abuse, the family structure that gives the lowest rates of abuse/neglect ACROSS THE BOARD is when the child lives with their 2 married biological parents.
CLICK HERE to view summary article
|
<urn:uuid:82c10774-58ad-4b9c-b096-6dcdf2b70d01>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-22",
"url": "http://thebigdealaboutmarriage.com.au/860",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794870470.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20180527205925-20180527225925-00039.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9588548541069031,
"token_count": 336,
"score": 2.890625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Seventy-five years ago this year, water from the Colorado River Aqueduct was first delivered to a rapidly growing and thirsty Southern California, keeping a promise made to voters in the depth of the Great Depression.
The milestone culminated a years-long construction effort by the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. The district was formed in 1928 for the purpose of building the great aqueduct across hundreds of miles of sun-baked desert to bring Colorado River water to the young and vibrant metropolis. Decades later, the effort still stands as an historic engineering and construction achievement.
Why we need the water – pro-Colorado River Aqueduct bond map.
The project would employ 35,000 men, who labored 24/7 in grueling Mojave Desert heat, erecting four dams and five pumping plants, blasting 90-plus miles of tunnels and constructing 150 miles of canals, siphons, conduit and pipelines.
On June 17, 1941 a valve was turned from the new Weymouth Treatment Plant and for the first time water followed to the city of Pasadena, one of the original 13 cities whose voters in 1931 overwhelmingly approved a $220 million bond measure to finance aqueduct construction (that would be $3.5 billion today). By the end of July, water would flow to Beverly Hills, Burbank, Compton and Santa Monica. Orange County would soon follow.
As the final countdown began to delivery day, it was a time of promise and uncertainty. Slugger Joe DiMaggio was in the middle of his 56-game hitting streak and heavyweight champion Joe Louis was racking up a string of knockouts. Glenn Miller and Duke Ellington were cutting records like “Chattanooga Choo-Choo” and “Take the A-Train.” It was the debut of Captain America, Cheerios and Chanel No. 5.
The first commercial TV broadcasts were weeks away. Across the Atlantic Ocean, World War II raged from Belgium to Britain as the Nazis tightened their grip on much of Europe. For weeks, America had been in a state of emergency because of Axis threats, and six months later, the Pearl Harbor attack would plunge the nation into war.
The aqueduct provided crucial support to the war effort, and years after the war ended, each generation of Southern Californians has risen to the challenge of preserving water reliability to a region and its industries that took their place on the world’s stage.
When drought struck the region in the 1940s and 1950s, agencies from Ventura, San Diego and the Inland Empire joined Metropolitan, which spread water reliability to an area that today stands at 5,200 square miles.
In 1960, Metropolitan threw its support behind the new State Water Project. In the 1970s, Metropolitan continued to evolve, expanding its complex distribution system to bring imported water from both Northern California and the Colorado River.
After drought again challenged the region in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Metropolitan’s member agencies committed the district to diversifying its water supplies through the Integrated Water Resources Plan. The amount of water preserved through conservation, water recycling and recovery is now the equivalent to filling a new Colorado River Aqueduct.
In 2000, Metropolitan finished Diamond Valley Lake, the largest reservoir in Southern California, helping the Southland secure a six-month emergency supply. As the Colorado River entered an historic drought, Metropolitan maintained reliability through the development of an innovative mix of exchange, transfer and storage agreements throughout the state and along the Colorado River.
Since the state’s historic drought began four years ago, Southern California has endured and thrived, using a combination of record water reserves and the nation’s largest water conservation rebate program. Metropolitan continues to pursue solutions in the San Joaquin-Sacramento Delta that balances environmental protection with water-supply reliability. At the same time, the district is pursuing development of a major water recycling partnership with Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts.
The heroic efforts that sent water across the desert and flowing into Southern California 75 years ago have inspired Metropolitan and its 26 member public agencies to make sure the promise of water reliability is one that will always be kept.
View Metropolitan's historical photo gallery and video.
A map of the Aqueduct route from the Colorado River to the Coastal Plain of Southern California and the thirteen cities.
Using social media to bring history to life, Metropolitan will be “live-tweeting” as if it were the Depression years counting down to June 1941. Learn about the men and women who worked on the Colorado River Aqueduct. Starting March 2016 until mid-June 2016, we will be sharing their stories on Twitter (@mwdh2o_75years). Through their “voices” you will learn about their lives, the challenges they faced and how each of them contributed to the success of a massive, unprecedented effort. Follow us at
Read more about the featured men and women
Dec. 29, 1928 –
First meeting held of the board of directors of the Metropolitan Water District.
Oct. 29, 1929 – Stock market crash; Great Depression begins.
1931 – Metropolitan's Board of Directors approves the
Parker route (Jan. 16); Southern California voters approve a $220 million measure to build the
Colorado River Aqueduct, with 82 percent voting yes (Sept. 29). That would be about $3.5 billion today.
Jan. 25, 1933 – Construction begins on the Colorado River Aqueduct as the first crew of workers arrives in the foothills of Coachella Valley.
Nov. 10, 1934 – Eight months after "Arizona Navy" attempts to block construction of Parker Dam, Arizona's governor attempts to put construction site under martial law. Congress clears way for dam construction the following year.
July 22, 1935 – Colorado River Aqueduct pioneer
William Mulholland dies. Several days later,
workers pay silent tribute to Mulholland along the aqueduct.
1936-37 – Construction begins on Gene pumping plant; first CRA pumping plant completed at Iron Mountain.
1938 – Completion of Cajalco Reservoir, Metropolitan's first storage reservoir and terminus for the Colorado River Aqueduct.
1939 – First Colorado River water delivered into the Colorado River Aqueduct (Jan. 7); the 13-mile San Jacinto Tunnel is completed, capping six years of floods and labor woes (Nov. 29).
1940 – One year it receives its first Colorado River water,
Cajalco Reservoir is renamed Lake Mathews in honor of W.B. Mathews, Metropolitan's first general counsel.
1941 – First water flows into the softening and filtration plant at La Verne, which will soon be renamed for Metropolitan chief engineer F.E. Weymouth,
who passes away within a few weeks after deliveries begin.
June 17, 1941 – Metropolitan water arrives in Pasadena marking the first delivery of Colorado River water to Southern California cities.
Dec. 7, 1941 – Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Metropolitan responds by adding surveillance of the Colorado River Aqueduct.
|
<urn:uuid:042db074-3a4b-44da-9886-8375af1e9101>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26",
"url": "http://www.mwdh2o.com/WhoWeAre/History/75years",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320323.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624184733-20170624204733-00143.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9430148005485535,
"token_count": 1472,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Lightning Data Tutorial
Abstract:This chart depicts the location of recent cloud-to-ground lightning strikes.
Description:This product depicts the locations and age of recent lightning strikes. The data originates from land-based strike sensors located throughout the U.S. Note that this image portrays 90% of cloud-to-ground strikes.
Issuance:Continuously—The image is updated every 10 minutes. All strikes portrayed are a minimum of 12 minutes old at the time of posting.
Data Sources:Ground-based lightning detector network (USPLN).
Depiction:Each strike is depicted by a solid square symbol. The age of the strike is depicted by changing the color of the symbol. After 132 minutes, the strike is removed from the map.
How it works:When a lightning strike occurs a burst of energy is transmitted through the atmosphere much like a radio wave from a transmitter. Unlike a radio wave, however, lightning energy is not well ordered and spreads out across many different EM wavelengths.
Lightning detectors work much like a AM radio receiving signals from a tower. The detector contains special equipment that allows it to determine what direction, relative to the detector, the lightning strike occurred. The detector notes the polarity, amplitude, and exact time of the strike (determined by an extremely precise, GPS synchronized clock), then transmits that information back to a central hub. The detectors can detect strikes hundreds or even thousands of miles away. Inevitably a strike within the coverage area will be detected by multiple receivers, all of which transmit the strike data and time back to the hub.
Computers at the hub examine the incoming data and correlate strikes based on time and location. By using triangulation methods from the multiple detections, the hub can determine the precise location (down to 250 meters) where the strike occurred.
Data for all detected strikes are collected and transmitted from the lightning data collection hub to the WeatherTAP Data Center. The WeatherTAP Data Center continuously accumulates the data and renders a new lightning strike image every 10 minutes.
|
<urn:uuid:c3fe78b5-b99d-44c6-af17-e8dbd65831a1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50",
"url": "https://www.weathertap.com/guides/lightning/lightning-strike-tutorial.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100525.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204052342-20231204082342-00898.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9045500159263611,
"token_count": 422,
"score": 3.609375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The Rollins Center for Language and Literacy Leverages Every Opportunity to Support Children’s Success
By Comer Yates
Executive Director of the Atlanta Speech School
The Rollins Center for Language and Literacy and its free online Cox Campus recently released the first section of its online courses for kindergarten through third grade educators.
In 2016, Rollins produced Every Opportunity, a video that soon went viral, gaining more than 100 million views. Every Opportunity showed what can happen in a child’s school day—in a compliance-focused, traditional school setting. It then presents an alternative where the child is seen, engaged, and connected with rather than being silenced.
Building on the video’s themes, the Every Opportunity coursework underscores the role that every school educator and staff person can play in promoting a positive learning climate and helping children find and employ their voice to achieve their potential.
The lessons are based on brain science. With only 37 percent of our children reading proficiently by the end of third grade, illiteracy has become a public health epidemic. The science tells us what we, as educators, need to do—and this course, universally available for free, can be the distribution system for the vaccine.
The Cox Campus also offers facilitation guides to support schools as they lead groups of educators through the work together to ensure a coordinated effort in the school—with everyone focused on the same goal: to have every child on the path to literacy by fourth grade.
The initial K – 3 lessons, titled “Freedom of Literacy,” introduce the Rollins Center framework for “Construction of the Reading Brain” and demonstrate how to create an intentionally designed school ecosystem of engaged adults working toward transformative literacy outcomes.
The second course, released in Sept. 2018, applies Build My Brain, a project developed in partnership with the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University, to demonstrate the direct link between access to language beginning in the third trimester of pregnancy and K – 3 work to prepare, monitor, and teach, and expand literacy capacity in children.
Additional courses will be released over the year, designed to build capacity for teachers to provide explicit instruction that promotes reading skills and ensures that each child is acquiring foundational language abilities, executive functions, critical thinking, and empathy that should have been developed prior to kindergarten entry.
These new courses complement the existing coursework on the Rollins Center’s Cox Campus, designed for early learning educators who work with children from birth through age 5. To date, more than 42,000 teachers in all 50 states and 42 other countries have taken advantage of this powerful professional development resource.
The Cox Campus is a part of the Rollins Center’s ongoing commitment to break the cycle of illiteracy for children whose families have experienced generational lack of access to educational opportunity and resulting poverty. The Rollins Center is the professional development arm of the Atlanta Speech School, the nation’s most comprehensive center for language and literacy and a member of the Get Georgia Reading Cabinet.
|
<urn:uuid:bd9f0fee-7efe-46e7-9a90-568343d6f634>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-47",
"url": "http://getgeorgiareading.org/2018/09/19/rollins-center-leverages-every-opportunity/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039746528.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20181120171153-20181120193153-00468.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9437039494514465,
"token_count": 609,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Saturn: The Closest Pass
Seven years of waiting comes to an end on 1 July when the Cassini spacecraft swoops closer to Saturn than any spacecraft previously.
Researchers at Imperial College London will be anxiously awaiting the first signals that all has gone to plan during a 90-minute engine burning procedure known as Saturn Orbit Insertion, or SOI, and that their mission to definitively map the magnetic fields around Saturn has successfully begun.
|High, thick clouds and Saturn’s rotating dark spot. Image Credit: Cassini Imaging Team/Boulder/ ciclops.org|
Never has a spacecraft been put in orbit around Saturn and not since Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1981 has one passed so close.
For the Imperial scientists it represents the most critical moment of the mission, when they will be able to measure the internal magnetic field of Saturn and gain a better understanding of what the interior of the planet looks like.
Cassini will approach Saturn from below, heading through Saturn’s ring plane via a gap in the rings before flying up and over the planet just 0.3 planetary radii, or 20,000 kilometers, from Saturn’s surface, and then diving down the other side, back through the ring plane again.
The engine burn will slow Cassini allowing Saturn to grab the seven-ton spacecraft, about the size of a two-story building, and pull it into an orbit to begin its four-year mission to map every last detail of the planet’s magnetosphere.
"We’ll be as close as we’ve ever been and getting an exquisite view of the planet and its ring system. We will also be doing some unique science on Saturn’s magnetic field," says Dr Michele Dougherty, Principal Investigator of Cassini’s MAG instrument, and Reader in Space Physics at Imperial College London.
"MAG allows us to map the internal magnetic field of the planet, and will give us a better idea of what the interior of the planet is like, how the magnetic field is formed, how it is still being generated, and some further clues about how the solar system was formed."
|The Huygens probe descends through Titan’s murky, brownish-orange atmosphere of nitrogen and carbon-based molecules, beaming its findings to the distant Cassini orbiter. The probe is equipped with a variety of scientific sensors to measure the physical properties of the moon’s atmosphere; it also carries an imaging device to return pictures of Titan’s possibly hydrocarbon-lake-dotted surface.
"To understand the environment around Saturn we need to understand its magnetic field. It’s so important because the way the energetic particles and the plasma behave, all depends on what the field is doing. You can think of the magnetic field as the sinews of a body where everything hangs on how those sinews behave."
During the manoeuvre data will be gathered but will not be beamed back to Earth until the spacecraft is in the clear. At about 16.00 BST on 1 July processed data should be ready for analysis by the team. The data arrives at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and is sent on by direct data line to the MAG team at Imperial College London.
The Imperial team will be first to receive and process the data from the two radio-sized devices on Cassini’s 11-meter boom.
The devices, together known as the magnetometer, are sensitive enough to detect fluctuations in the magnetic field due to the ‘ticking’ motion of the second hand on an engineer’s wristwatch while it was being assembled, and could detect a mobile phone operating about 100 meters away from the spacecraft when in interplanetary space. They have four years of observations to come around Saturn, building up a detailed 3D map of the magnetic field around the planet.
"It should give us the first new insight for 20 years into a central mystery about Saturn," explains Dr Dougherty.
A surprising feature of Saturn’s magnetic field is that the magnetic pole appears to lie exactly atop the geographical pole. This is unlike Earth and Jupiter where there is a large tilt between the planet’s axis and the dipole axis, meaning that Earth’s magnetic north is not located at the north pole.
The MAG team also hope to gather data that establishes precisely how long Saturn takes to rotate.
"At the moment we know it’s ten and a half hours, but our error is seven seconds either way," says Dr Dougherty. "Over two years of observations that makes an error in longitude of 70 degrees. So in a sense we’re trying to establish a reference frame of where zero degrees longitude is. This will mean we can accurately time the rotation and, intriguingly, establish whether the interior of Saturn is rotating at the same rate as the exterior."
Cassini, a joint NASA/ESA mission, will fly past Saturn’s moon Phoebe on June 11, and will detach the Huygens lander to descend on moon Titan on Christmas Eve, but for the Imperial team the most critical event takes place during SOI on 1 July.
"The MAG instrument is healthy," said Dr Dougherty, "as we know from the data we’ve been obtaining during the long cruise phase with flybys past Venus, the Earth and Jupiter."
Before any commands to MAG are sent from London, the Imperial team first tests them out on the flight spare instrument that sits in their laboratory. The MAG instrument was designed and built at Imperial in collaboration with colleagues and engineers from JPL and from Ultra Electronics, a UK contractor.
Dr Dougherty and colleagues expect to have preliminary analyses of their SOI data ready by mid-July.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative mission of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA’s Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C.
|
<urn:uuid:5531d0af-1a6c-4385-969f-fb87c4f90106>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42",
"url": "http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/saturn/saturn-system/saturn-the-closest-pass/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445159.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00345-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9271371960639954,
"token_count": 1259,
"score": 3.5,
"int_score": 4
}
|
"Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder. This means that autistic children exhibit symptoms of malfunctioning in all areas of development" – according to the definition of autism provided by the Synapsis foundation.
In 2014, the Museum of King Jan III’s Palace asked our studio to prepare a guidebook to the museum designed especially for individuals with autism. Before setting to work we decided to discuss our ideas with experts who work with individuals on the autistic spectrum on a daily basis and thus have extended knowledge on how such individuals might perceive images and signs. We then analysed the information we had gathered and translated it into visual communication. The style of all materials for visitors, from the wayfinding system to educational materials, has been designed based on the Clavo and Lelum typefaces created by Michał Jarociński from Dada Studio.
The guidebook can be downloaded and printed out from the Museum’s website. Parents of autistic children may also receive assistance from the museum staff, who have undergone a special training in educational classes for persons with autism.
|
<urn:uuid:b4400308-38c3-4004-9f68-9b4730b171b5>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31",
"url": "http://studio2x2.pl/en/portfolio/a-guidebook-for-museum-in-wilanow-for-people-with-autism/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00201.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9454964399337769,
"token_count": 217,
"score": 2.78125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Thursday, August 16, 2012
TODAY IN HISTORY
1962:The Beatles' manager Brian Epstein informs drummer Pete Best that he is out of the group, telling him that "the lads don't want you in the group anymore." The Beatles would release their first single, "Love Me Do," less than two months later, with Ringo Starr as the Fab Four's drummer during their rise to superstardom.
1858: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom sends the first official message across the Atlantic Ocean via the newly laid underwater telegraph cable. The 99-word message takes nearly 18 hours to reach President James Buchanan in Washington, D.C.
1977: Elvis Presley, the King of Rock 'n' Roll, is pronounced dead at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tenn. Although most people agree that the King died on this day at age 42, some loyal fans would claim to have spotted him across the country over the years.
1960:Cyprus gains its independence from the United Kingdom
1896:The Klondike Gold rush kicks off with the discovery of gold in the tributary of the river in the Northwest Territories in Canada.
1898:The roller coaster is patented by Edwin Prescott.
1812:War of 1812: Detroit is captured by Indian & British forces.
1954:Sports Illustrated, a magazine about everything sports - hits newsstands for the first time.
|
<urn:uuid:0339d210-9289-451a-ac8d-275adf15d2ac>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-41",
"url": "http://eastaltonrotary.blogspot.com/2012/08/today-in-history_16.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663551.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00203-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9425081014633179,
"token_count": 293,
"score": 2.828125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The first part of an investigation into how to represent numbers
using geometric transformations that ultimately leads us to
discover numbers not on the number line.
Introduces the idea of a twizzle to represent number and asks how
one can use this representation to add and subtract geometrically.
How can you use twizzles to multiply and divide?
When you trace out a loop with the blue z twizzle, what determines how many
times the grey (z-i)(z+i)
twizzle winds around its zero spot?
|
<urn:uuid:12614a95-ffd3-4e36-8f9e-23be7679787c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40",
"url": "http://nrich.maths.org/5597",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736682947.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215802-00131-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8507894277572632,
"token_count": 113,
"score": 3.671875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
UK-Backed Fund Supports Organic Solar
The UK-backed Carbon Trust and French chemical firm Rhodia announced on Tuesday that had invested 4.5 million pounds ($6.92 million) in a Cambridge University spin-out focused on organic solar cells.
The new company, called Eight19, aims to exploit technological advances which it says have cut the cost of generating solar power from organic rather than silicon-based materials.
The solar cells can be mounted in plastic, enabling applications built into windows, for example, and integration into buildings for high volume applications, compared with rigid silicon-based solar panels.
The company is so called because it takes 8 minutes and 19 seconds for light to travel from the sun to the earth.
"This represents a great opportunity to transfer new technology out of the University, based on recent advances in fundamental science," said Cambridge University's Richard Friend, co-founder of the new company.
"Solar cells made with organic semiconductors work very differently to those made with silicon and are closer in operating principle to photosynthesis in green plants."
Organic solar cells are less efficient than solar-grade silicon at converting sunlight into electricity, but can be produced more cheaply.
The Carbon Trust is a not-for-profit company the majority of whose funding comes from the British government.
|
<urn:uuid:7a287950-094d-4a5a-a2fc-002e272f739d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-40",
"url": "http://planetark.org/enviro-news/item/59530",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-40/segments/1474738660214.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160924173740-00285-ip-10-143-35-109.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9446092247962952,
"token_count": 266,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Occupational Therapy Provides Step-by-Step Support for Improving your Child’s Life Skills
What is Occupational Therapy?
Occupational therapy gives people the skills for living life to the fullest. A child’s occupation is to grow, learn and play. Occupational therapists help children who have physical, sensory or cognitive disabilities to improve their day-to-day functioning. They give many children the steps to be more independent and accomplish things on their own, maximizing their life skills and enhancing their natural abilities.
Who needs it?
If your child has difficulty with everyday activities like brushing their teeth or putting on shoes and socks, your might want to see an occupational therapist. Maybe you feel like your child has a learning disability, trouble writing or paying attention in class. Occupational therapists help foster independence and improve daily skills so that your child can enjoy all of life’s pleasures. They are also trained to support children in wheelchairs or suffering from conditions like muscular dystrophy, spinal injuries or cerebral palsy.
How does it work?
Our occupational therapists will first evaluate how well your child accomplishes certain daily activities compared with other kids their age. They will look for developmental challenges and determine the best strategies to achieve more independence. Occupational therapy is different for every person, and often treatments are tailored to each child’s individual needs. Therapists will provide guidance to caregivers and recommendations based on comprehensive home and school evaluations. Steps2Strides offers occupational therapy as an important step in improving the overall life of your child.
Steps2Strides Therapy Center has locations in Denison, Abilene and Paris. All locations are accepting new patients.find a location near you
|
<urn:uuid:18d4715c-728c-4ef3-81c0-e20e578a48a2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://steps2strides.com/therapy11",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822116.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017144041-20171017164041-00671.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9454150795936584,
"token_count": 348,
"score": 3.046875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Bismuth salts are used as medicinally active ingredients for the past many years due to their minimum toxicity and side effects. It is important to note that lead and antimony salts are much more toxic than bismuth salts. Reactions with less toxic reagents and catalysts are actively pursuing by many researchers following green protocols and environmentally friendly methods. Researchers around the globe are developing and maintaining chemical reactions environmentally safe and sustainable. Many procedures that utilize toxic materials are not acceptable for business development. Despite these improvements, a few hazardous processes are continuing because of lack of other green methods and as a result, the cost to manufacture useful compounds remains very high.
Bismuth salts-mediated reactions were reported by us 19 years ago. The preparation of organic compounds with bismuth salts was not routinely performed at that time and therefore, it was difficult to convince scientists that these salts may prove to be efficient catalysts or reagents in organic and medicinal chemistry. Nevertheless, we realized that numerous organic molecules and their immediate precursors can be synthesized using bismuth salts-mediated processes. Our continued efforts have culminated in the development of many new methods as well as the improvement of existing methods. Since then, the application of bismuth salts in the synthesis of organic compounds is increasing because of a number of factors. Bismuth salts possess excellent catalytic power and they can produce compounds following two distinct mechanistic routes. For example, they are able to generate mineral acids in the reaction systems and they are also good substrates for effective coordination with electronegative atoms and functional groups. Bismuth is heavier and bigger in atomic radius in comparison to group I and II metals. Due to these facts, the attraction of bismuth to numerous anions is much less. This property is further strengthened because of the presence of vacant d-orbitals in bismuth (III) salts. This vacant orbital is used by electronegative atoms of other reagents through their coordination activities and facilitates simultaneous nucleophilic reactions to occur.
The principal aim of this article is to describe the development of bismuth salts-induced reactions for the synthesis of useful organic compounds that we are pursuing for the past 19 years. Our endeavors in this area are proved to be attractive and these also uncover bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as an extremely active catalyst. During the course of this investigation, it is anticipated that microwave irradiation method coupled with bismuth salts are the choice for many effective chemical transformations. Since the discovery of microwave-induced chemistry, this method has received highly significant application in many areas. It is known that microwaves are non-ionizing radiations and because of dielectric heating exerted by microwave, successful reactions are performed within a few minutes instead of several hours. Many scientists believe microwave exposures alter conformation and configuration of reactant molecules instantly and activate polar solvents very quickly. Therefore, non polar solvents with low dipole moment are not suitable in microwave-induced chemistry. Polar solvents are able to activate non-polar reactants provided sufficient microwave energy is applied to the reaction vessels. Our group has reported numerous methods for the preparation of organic molecules effectively using polar solvents and in the absence of any solvents. It has been found that bismuth salts are highly compatible to microwave irradiation and they are efficient promoters for the synthesis of milligram to several hundred grams of compounds. For this reasons, bismuth salts-mediated reactions under microwave-induced methods remains one of the attractive strategies that we have been developing for many years.
Numerous articles have demonstrated the superiority of microwave-induced method over conventional heating in accelerating the rate of diverse reactions. In contrast, a few scientists argue that microwaves are only heating instruments and according to them radiation has no effects on chemical reactions. Our studies on microwave-induced bismuth salts-catalyzed reactions have become significant in the synthesis of organic compounds. The products obtained by this method are very important. Some of the products are also transformed to medicinally active compounds by chemical manipulations. For example, we have demonstrated synthesis of hormones, anticancer drug candidates, antibacterials and compounds for rare diseases. Notably, a number of expeditious methods are developed following this procedure. On the basis of our findings, this review is written to inform professionals working in academic institutions and industries.
For more information please visit: http://www.
Debasish Bandyopadhyay,1* Ashlee Chavez1and Bimal K. Banik 2*
1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, USA
2Community Health Systems of South Texas, 3135 Sugar Road, Edinburg Texas 78539, USA
*Corresponding authors; Phone: +1(956)5789414, Fax: +1(956)3845006, E-mail: [email protected] (DB) and Phone: +1(281)8132104, Fax: +1(956)2798085, Email: [email protected] (BKB) and [email protected] (BKB)
|
<urn:uuid:5dc1fc77-0e83-4f3e-b680-4b3e134f7a11>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-22",
"url": "https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-03/bsp-mbs032417.php",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232258849.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20190526045109-20190526071109-00303.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9457659721374512,
"token_count": 1088,
"score": 3.15625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
what is named pipes and its importance?
The answer can be found on Stack.
Named pipes are protocols in SQL server.If you choose named pipes as your protocols for your server then it will allows local connections and remote connections in the same network.It gives poor performance and security.No inbuilt security provided.
We have 4 protocols in SQL Server 1)Shared memory 2)named pipes 3)TCP/IP 4)VIA
No one has followed this question yet.
|
<urn:uuid:f32de8d9-53e7-4515-8abb-881369ddc5d8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://ask.sqlservercentral.com/questions/7369/named-pipes-importance.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335350.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220929100506-20220929130506-00718.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9182730913162231,
"token_count": 101,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Why Are Trees Painted a Vibrant Blue in Salem, Massachusetts?
Ever walk past a blue tree? I am talking about a real tree but painted a bright, vibrant blue.
If the answer is yes, it stuck out like a sore thumb when you saw it. If the answer is no, it certainly will stick out like a sore thumb when you see one.
But why paint a beautiful tree and ruin the natural look of the tree's bark?
Well, it is in fact the opposite. The purpose of the blue trees is to raise awareness of the deforestation that is occurring worldwide, according to a WBUR article.
The blue trees are on display at Salem’s Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts; however, I think this will gain traction and support all over the Seacoast.
This effort was created by visual artist, Konstantin Dimopoulos, who says that he chose to paint the trees bright blue because blue trees are not found in nature. So it really catches attention, according to WBUR.
“Color is a powerful stimulant, a means of altering perception and defining space… In nature, color is used both as a defensive mechanism, a means of protection, and as a mechanism to attract," said Dimopoulos to WBUR. “By asking why are the trees blue, we can then explain their importance to the ecosystems and to our own survival.”
Last year marked the first time that the blue trees were held in the greater Boston area, as Konstantin Dimopoulos has done 27 international displays of the blue trees according to the Peabody Essex Museum website.
And they should remain blue for a year or two.
With a clear vision, Dimopoulos started the blue tree display in 2003 as a response "to what I saw as the madness, the absolute craziness of the mass destruction, the deforestation of trees globally and really that this action, this ecocide, was invisible for a large part of the urban population; this invisibility needed to be addressed and made visible,” according to WBUR.
Dimopoulos could not paint himself; however, lead painter Wes Bruce took on the project.
"Sometimes it takes a burst of color to break people out of their visual white noise,” said Bruce to WBUR. “When do you really go out of your way to look at every inch, nook and cranny of tree bark? It gives you the opportunity to revel in the texture.”
It's worth noting that the blue paint is a biologically safe watercolor.
This is the first I have heard of this phenomenal display. I hope to see blue trees popping up all over the Seacoast, especially in my area in Portsmouth.
These blue trees are an important conversation starter about deforestation. It is happening. It has been happening. It is time to talk about it and put an end to it.
|
<urn:uuid:289d1e17-2dba-4995-b717-e3467b68634b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23",
"url": "https://949whom.com/why-are-trees-painted-a-vibrant-blue-in-salem-massachusetts/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00039.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9621620774269104,
"token_count": 599,
"score": 3.03125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Madhava of Sangamagrama is an Indian mathematician from the 14th century and is also known to be a great astronomer. He was born in the Indian state of Kerala in 1350. Very less is known about the early education of Madhava, but his great contributions in mathematics and astronomy are still widely acknowledged. He is famous for establishing the Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics.
Many of the mathematicians who came after Madhava and worked further on his discoveries have been found to refer to him and acknowledge his work in their publications. But, most of Madhava’s own work cannot be found today. Madhava did a lot of work and contributed to various subjects of mathematics. Some of them include;
- Infinite series
Trigonometric functions can also be expressed through infinite series; many of these series were discovered by Madhava. The series that he derived and proved include;
- Madhava’s sine series (power series for sine)
- Madhava’s cosine series (power series for cosine)
- Madhava–Gregory series or Gregory–Madhava series (power series for inverse tangents)
- Madhava’s formula for π (obtained by expansion of power series for inverse tangents)
These series initially written by Madhava (as his successors show in their books) later got rediscovered by mathematicians of the West who represented those using modern notations. For instance, Madhava’s sine series and cosine series got rediscovered by Isaac Newton in 1670, Madhava’s series for arctangent got rediscovered by James Gregory in 1671 while in 1676 Wilhelm Leibniz rediscovered all of Madhava’s series. This is the reason his series are often known as Leibniz series.
Madhava also discovered applications of his infinite series by expanding them. One of them was his formula for pi through which he obtained the value of pi up to 13 decimal places. This formula is also popular by the name of Madhava–Newton series or Madhava–Leibniz series or Leibniz formula for pi or Leibnitz–Gregory–Madhava series due to its rediscovery by Gregory in 1671 and later by Leibniz in 1676.
By constructing the table of sines; Madhava applied his infinite series in trigonometry as well. In this table, he gave trigonometric sine values corresponding to twenty four angles that represented equal intervals in a circle.
Madhava’s contributions in algebra are also phenomenal. Some of his algebraic works include;
- Rational fractions of π
- Polynomial expansion methods
- Convergence of infinite series
- Infinite continued fractions
- Use of iteration to solve transcendental equations
- Use of continued fractions for approximation of transcendental numbers
Madhava took some results of the earlier mathematicians and worked on them. Many of his results formed basis for prominent future developments in calculus.
- Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics
Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was a great initiative taken by Madhava that led many intelligent minds onto the path of new discoveries. This school ran for about two centuries after Madhava and it brought forth many researches and discoveries in the fields of mathematics, astronomy and linguistics.
This great Indian mathematician died in 1425. Many mathematicians are of the opinion that works done by Madhava and others from the Kerala School got transferred to Europe by the Jesuit missionaries and traders who were very active in that region of India in the 14th and 15th centuries.
|
<urn:uuid:9a562d27-e110-4694-ba63-111bb05998ad>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "http://www.famousmathematicians.net/madhava/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590559.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719051224-20180719071224-00446.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9808775186538696,
"token_count": 774,
"score": 3.6875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Learn Latvian for free with online lessons
Sveiki! (Hello!) Latvian (latviešu valoda), has about 1.5 million speakers in Latvia. Sometimes also referred to as Lettish, Latvian is one of two present day Indo-European Baltic languages, the other being Lithuanian. The Latvian language has a relatively large number of non-native speakers, which is atypical for a small language, but is the result of Latvia’s large immigrant populations in the country.
Latvian and the Livemocha Community
Learn to speak Latvian with others
- Only 4% of Latvians on Livemocha are learning Latvia, despite the fact that only 60% of Latvians are native speakers of the language. Most Latvians on Livemocha are learning English.
- Though most Latvians are learning English, more Latvians are learning Latvian on Livemocha than people from any other country.
- Outside of Latvia, Latvian speakers on Livemocha primarily come from the UK, the US, and Norway.
Latvian Fun Facts
Although Latvian is a Baltic language and related to Lithuanian, the two are not mutually intelligible. Both Latvian and particularly Lithuanian are considered to be the most archaic of still-spoken Indo-European languages.
Latvian is the mother tongue of only about 60% of the country’s population (under 50% in major cities). Russian is also widely (and natively) spoken by many Latvians due to the country’s years under Soviet rule.
The main difficulty in pronouncing Latvian is dealing with garumzimes (long vowel signs). Many words possess long vowels, which are marked with a horizontal stroke above the letter. Making an error between a short and a long vowel can completely change the meaning of a sentence.
|
<urn:uuid:99da55f7-7ed2-4369-bae6-bf822a0c08cc>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35",
"url": "http://livemocha.com/pages/languages/learn-latvian/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644064445.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025424-00258-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9477444887161255,
"token_count": 406,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
- The allergic cascade facts
- Who are the "players" in the allergic cascade?
- What about a more detailed look at the "players?"
- What are cytokines?
- What is the "early phase" of an allergic reaction?
- What is the "late phase" of an allergic reaction?
- What are the consequences of the allergic cascade?
- How does understanding the allergic cascade help?
The allergic cascade facts
- The allergic response is usually very selective for specific allergens.
- T- and B-lymphocytes play important roles in the allergic reaction.
- Mast cells and basophils release a variety of chemical mediators and cytokines that cause allergic inflammation.
- The immediate or "early" phase allergic reaction is subsequently followed by a more prolonged "late" phase reaction.
- Histamine is an important chemical mediator that causes many of the common allergic symptoms.
- Knowledge of the allergic cascade has resulted in effective treatments for allergy. Future research is aimed at finding new agents that intervene at specific levels of the allergic reaction.
The immune system is very specific and goal oriented. Although you may be allergic to a number of substances, allergic reactions are directed at specific allergens. For example, you may be allergic to Bermuda grass, but not oysters. At times, however, two or more foreign substances might appear similar in nature to the immune system, which may mistake one for the other and react to both. For example, if you are allergic to birch trees, your immune system may also react to apples or other fruits, which it mistakes for birch pollen. These cross-reactions occur because of similar allergens that are produced by a variety of plants. The allergic response, however, is by no means vague or ill-defined. It is a definite, vigorous attack aimed, unfortunately, at harmless agents. The end result is well-defined symptoms and disorders.
The deeper our understanding of the intricate nature of the allergic reaction, the more likely we are to find more effective treatments. We need to look more closely at the chain of events from the initial response to allergens to the many symptoms that may result. Although misguided, it is an efficient, well-orchestrated, and potentially explosive sequence of cellular and chemical interactions. This is the so-called "allergic cascade."
Viewers share their comments
- Submit »
Allergies & Asthma
Improve treatments & prevent attacks.
|
<urn:uuid:29f7d9e2-bd65-401e-b61e-3356cc789cf6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://www.rxlist.com/allergic_cascade/article.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769419.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00082-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408841729164124,
"token_count": 507,
"score": 3.53125,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Freedom fighter Major Isaac Jasper Adaka 1938 – 1968
Before Ojukwu, there was Boro. Before Biafra, there was the Niger Delta Republic.
Boro was an undergraduate student of Chemistry and student union president at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, but he left school to lead an armed protest against the exploitation of oil and gas resources in the Niger Delta areas which benefited mainly the Federal Government of Nigeria and the Eastern region with capital at Enugu.
Boro believed that the people of the area deserved a larger share of the proceeds of the oil wealth because nothing was given to the Niger Delta people. He formed the Niger Delta Volunteer Force, an armed militia with members consisting mainly of his fellow Ijaw ethnic group, declared the Niger Delta Republic on February 23, 1966, and fought Nigeria’s federal forces for 12 days but were eventually defeated.
Boro and his comrades were then jailed by the Aguiyi-Ironsi Federal Military Government for treason.
Before he declared the Niger Delta Republic, Boro’s father, a learned educationist, had offered his son sponsorship abroad to further his education rather than take up arms against the government. The senior Boro feared that the action would ruin the family but Boro rejected his father’s offer.
He explained that: “The Ijaws were going into perpetual bondage; if we do not strike now, not only our families but also the entire Ijaws would be infernally chained.”
On his declaration of the secession of the Niger Delta Republic on February 23, 1966, Boro exclaimed:
“Today is a great day, not only in your lives but also in the history of the Niger Delta. Perhaps, it will be the greatest day for a very long time. This is not because we are going to bring the heavens down, but because we are going to demonstrate to the world what and how we feel about oppression.
“Remember your 70-year-old grandmother who still farms before she eats; remember also your poverty-stricken people; remember, too, your petroleum which is being pumped out daily from your veins; and then fight for your freedom.
“Before today, we were branded robbers, bandits, terrorists, or gangsters, but after today, we shall be heroes of our land.”
However, Boro went on to fight for Nigeria against Biafra during the Civil War but was killed under mysterious circumstances in active service on May 9, 1968, at Ogu (near Okrika) in Rivers State. He was 29.
|
<urn:uuid:bf33e222-ddaf-4ce6-8849-288c6177ac23>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10",
"url": "https://theafricanhistory.com/2672",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474653.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226062606-20240226092606-00030.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9814910292625427,
"token_count": 537,
"score": 2.8125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
To those concerned about differences in orbital speeds, note that while dark matter appears to make outer stars move with a faster linear speed, their angular speed is not faster but rather about the same; excluding galactic cores, this basically makes galaxies appear to rotate like a rigid disc.
Yes, this is possible. But in real galaxies stars are wobbles over galactic plane, rotates around center on elliptical orbits, moved relative to each other and changes speed when entering the spiral arm. The galaxy itself changes it's spiral arms pattern. Modelling all of this is not possible. Also, all this occurred on time scale of millions of years, so SE needed global climate change simulation on planets, tectonics, simulation of orbital evolution, and evolution of the star.
|
<urn:uuid:1a081ff5-68c8-4345-82b5-521a74ed4128>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://old.spaceengine.org/forum/8-2346-2",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823309.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019141046-20171019161046-00320.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8845833539962769,
"token_count": 153,
"score": 3.390625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Scratch Day is a global network of events that celebrates Scratch — and the young people who code and create with it. During Scratch Day, kids and adults gather to share projects and learn from one another.
This year’s Scratch Day is May 9, 2015 — but you can organize a Scratch Day any day. Consider hosting a Scratch Day in your community!
Have an amazing project to share? Join the SHOW-AND-TELL every Wednesday night at 7:30pm ET on Google+ Hangouts.
Join us every Wednesday night at 8pm ET for Ask an Engineer!
Learn resistor values with Mho’s Resistance or get the best electronics calculator for engineers “Circuit Playground” – Adafruit’s Apps!
Maker Business — How Authority and Decision-Making Differ Across Cultures
Wearables — Template commitment
Electronics — Desolder with… more solder!
Biohacking — The TRI-Analyzer Turns Smartphones into a Mobile Lab
No comments yet.
Sorry, the comment form is closed at this time.
|
<urn:uuid:4a92d92e-aeaa-4404-b77b-064d82243f22>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "https://blog.adafruit.com/2015/05/09/happy-scratch-day-scratchday-scratch-llkgroup-medialab/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102663.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816212248-20170816232248-00667.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.848538875579834,
"token_count": 228,
"score": 2.515625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes
(Perch-likes) > Scombridae
(Mackerels, tunas, bonitos) > Scombrinae
Etymology: Sarda: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia (Ref. 45335).
This species was usually referred to as a subspecies of Sarda chiliensis Cuvier, 1832. Until further work, it is elevated here at species rank following Clemens & Wilby (1961: Ref. 4925).
Environment / Climate / Range
Marine; pelagic-neritic; oceanodromous (Ref. 51243). Subtropical; 61°N - 20°N
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 102 cm FL male/unsexed; (Ref. 168); max. published weight: 11.3 kg (Ref. 168)
Northeast Pacific: Off the coast of Alaska (60°16'N, 145°32'W) to Cabo San Lucas at the tip of Baja California (22°20'N, 112°27'W) and Revillagigedo Islands.
An inshore species that forms schools by size (Ref. 168). Feeds on a variety of small schooling fishes, squids and shrimps (Ref. 168). An important food fish (Ref. 4925).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
McAllister, D.E., 1990. A list of the fishes of Canada. Syllogeus No. 64. Nat. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ottawa, Canada. 310 p. (Ref. 11980)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 96402)
CITES (Ref. 94142)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 4.2 ±0.60 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (K=0.6).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100) .
|
<urn:uuid:a57ff9f5-d3e6-41bd-bd76-31832f840ae8>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48",
"url": "http://www.fishbase.se/summary/4796",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398445291.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205405-00202-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.7233039736747742,
"token_count": 619,
"score": 2.90625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In Canada, flying activities are governed by the Canadian Aviation Regulations, generally called the CARs, pronounced just like the things people use to drive around on the ground in. As a pilot for a Canadian operation, in the United States I'm subject to the CARs and also the FARs, the Fed eral Aviation Regulations governing air operations in the United States. And for ten years I've rhymed the names for the two sets of regs.
Recently I received e-mail from an American B777 pilot in which he mentioned being asked for his interpretation of "an FAR." He's a native speaker of English, and not someone I'd expect to make an error in his choice of indefinite article. From this evidence, the way he pronounces FAR clearly begins with a vowel. I know which one, and e-mail him to confirm. Yep. Americans pronounce FAR "Eff-Ay-Arr" spelled out, not pronounced as if it were a word. And officially, it seems, they are "the FAR" not "the FARs." Even more officially, when referred to by number, an FAR transforms into a CFR. I'm not quite sure how that happens.
I've heard Canadians say "air regs" or "the Canadian Air Regs" but never "the See-Ay-Arrs." And it's not that Americans are averse to pronouncing their aviation abbreviations. About the same time it finally dawned on me that there's another abbreviation I've been pronouncing incorrectly all this time: MOA. What I would formerly have called "an MOA" but now know to be "a MOA" is a Military Operations Area: a chunk of airspace where people are flying really pointy airplanes really fast, or firing rockets, or conducting other activities that are either hazardous to general aviation, or hazardous to national security for others to know about. I have often called up Flight Services to ask about the status of "the Whatchamacallit MOA" without being corrected. But then "Em-Oh-Ay" versus moa to rhyme with boa is not such a big difference. Maybe they thought I was a hesitant Canadian, asking about the "um...moa, eh?" At any rate, no one at the FSS was bothered by my pronunciation.
Hey you guys do say "the Eff-Ess-Ess" and not the "Ffsssss," right? I thought I was joking when I started to type that, but an American referring to a Flight Standards District Office by its abbreviation sounds like he is saying Fizz-Dough, so maybe it's worth asking.
|
<urn:uuid:5510ebf6-b5d2-43ab-b007-e3f4368a8ddf>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://airplanepilot.blogspot.com/2008/06/abridgement-too-far.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500813.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208123621-20230208153621-00784.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9806552529335022,
"token_count": 545,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Even though we often set goals and challenges in our life, we fail to achieve most of them. Then we start giving excuses for our failure and promise to achieve them again. We work hard in the beginning and slow down our pace in the process.
The reasons behind this pattern of failure
When we set new goals we try to achieve them at a rapid speed. In the process of achieving the goals we lose the zeal and get back to our old habits.
The Japanese Technique of Kaizen Helps In Overcoming Laziness
Japanese culture practices Kaizen is a one-minute principle technique for self-improvement.
If a person can start with something small and try completing it within a single minute or same time it’s called the Kaizen’s concept.
Even the laziest person will also complete small tasks in a small amount of time without any trouble. With this pattern, Kaizen helps us to gain self-perfection to do something one-at-a-time, and it will lead to getting something big.
If you want to set yourself free from helplessness, guilt, and sloth you should get rid of low self-esteem and absence of confidence. And also a human being must experience success and victory to move forward. With the inspirational and positive feelings, we can increase task attaining time and prevent us from procrastination.
Kaizen is originated from Japan and it is an amalgamation of the words kai or change and Zen or wisdom. Kaizen was invented by Masaaki Imai. Many people who hail from other cultures find this concept to be ineffective and doubt its practice and results. Kaizen is more than just a concept. It enables a person to make an attempt and fulfill the same.
|
<urn:uuid:534e8f23-52ce-497e-8b4e-b5545e21bf40>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-39",
"url": "https://trulymind.org/how-to-overcome-laziness-learn-the-japanese-technique/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573988.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920092800-20190920114800-00039.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9420193433761597,
"token_count": 359,
"score": 2.84375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Last year, David Willetts hit a sour note when he unveiled his vision of improving science education in Great Britain. “The two best ways of getting young people into science” the Minister of State for Universities and Science said, “are space and dinosaurs. So that’s what I intend to focus on.”
Researchers, writers and science fans quickly jumped on the comment. And rightly so. Space and dinosaurs are popular, but they don’t appeal to everyone. Not every child dreams of becoming an astronomer or paleontologist. But my favorite response to the British official’s comments was the genesis of #spacedino on Twitter. If only spacedino were real, critics joked, we would have a perfect outreach tool. Who wouldn’t love dinosaurs in space? What I didn’t know at the time was that dinosaurs had already been beyond our planet.
The first dinosaur to venture into space was a species that greatly influenced our understanding of dinosaur lives, the hadrosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum. This 76-million-year-old “good mother lizard” cared for its young in large nesting colonies, and small bits of bone and eggshell found at a nesting site were carried by astronaut Loren Acton during his brief mission to SpaceLab 2 in 1985. This was a glamorous time for the dinosaur; Maiasaura was made Montana’s state dinosaur the same year.
Dinosaurs didn’t return to space until 1998. In January of that year, the shuttle Endeavor borrowed the skull of the small Triassic theropod Coelophysis from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History for its mission to the Mir space station. Like the remains of Maiasaura before it, the fossil skull was returned to earth after the mission was over.
I guess I was wrong about spacedino. The simple combination of space and dinosaurs isn’t very exciting at all. Dinosaurs on spacecraft amounts to nothing more than trivia. It was not as if the dinosaurs were going to be included in some kind of time capsule—like the Golden Record on the Voyager spacecraft—to teach whoever might eventually discover it about past life on our planet. Real space dinosaurs just can’t compete with their science fiction counterparts.
|
<urn:uuid:eb21533b-16f9-477a-b03f-81d322b641a6>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-35",
"url": "http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dinosaurs-in-space-3945429/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500833525.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021353-00006-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.959193229675293,
"token_count": 470,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Sepsis is an organ dysfunction formed by the abnormal response of the body to various infections that threaten life (1). In 2017, the global age-standardized mortality rate for sepsis was 148.1 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 136.4–161.0] per 100,000 population (2). Although research on sepsis is increasing, sepsis is still a global problem. The pathogenesis of sepsis is complex and includes inflammatory response imbalance, immune dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, coagulation disorders, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and other pathophysiological processes, resulting in organ dysfunction (3). At present, some biomarkers used for the clinical diagnosis of sepsis, such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin, have low specificity and sensitivity, the severity and recovery of sepsis cannot be well judged, nor can it be well used in clinical practice (4). Therefore, finding suitable biomarkers is important for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were first discovered in viruses in the 1970 (5). With the development of bioinformatics techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing, more and more circRNAs have been found in a variety of cells. Increasingly, studies have found that circRNAs play an important role in gene transcription (6). CircRNAs participate in a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation, autophagy, and apoptosis (7), and are closely related to sepsis.
CircRNAs have become a research hotspot, and their occurrence and development are related to a variety of diseases. Because of the above reasons and their biological characteristics, circRNAs have been suggested as a biomarker of sepsis (8). CircRNAs have potential in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis. In the present study, we review the research progress of circRNA as a biomarker of sepsis and analyze its development in the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
We present the following article in accordance with the Narrative Review reporting checklist (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1247).
Overview of circRNAs
CircRNAs are generally formed by cyclization of special mRNA through classical splicing and reverse splicing, with a length of about 100 nucleotides (9). Some recent studies have shown that a canonical splicing mechanism produces covalently closed circRNAs through a process called reverse splicing. Different from common linear RNAs (including 5' and 3' ends), circRNAs have a closed ring structure, no 5' and 3' ends, are not affected by RNA exonuclease.
The circRNAs have some biological characteristics like structural stability, higher expression (10), tissue specificity, and high conservation in different species (11). CircRNAs have multiple modes, such as intron pairing driven cyclization, RNA binding protein pairing driven cyclization, and lasso driven cyclization (12). According to the origin of biogenesis, circRNAs can be divided into the following four types: exon circRNAs, intron circRNAs, exon–intron circRNAs, and intergenic circRNAs (13).
In our in-depth study of RNAs, a large number of circRNAs were found to have many important biological functions, such as being miRNA molecular sponge to regulate the concentration of miRNA in body fluids, regulating cell gene transcription and translation, participating in regulating protein translation, and acting as a protein sponge to regulate protein content in cells (14). At the same time, circRNAs are also involved in the immune response of organisms and the regulation of immune diseases (15). The half-life of circRNAs are longer than that of homologs and is more stable (16), and circRNAs act as an miRNA sponge (17). These biological functions and characteristics indicate the potential of circRNAs as markers of sepsis.
Relationship between circRNAs and sepsis
Although there has been very little study on circRNAs as an indicator of sepsis, it is considered that circRNA has the potential to be a biomarker of sepsis because of its characteristics and its role in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
CircRNAs are involved in the regulation of several different mechanisms in the occurrence and development of sepsis. First, circRNAs act as miRNA sponges to suppress the function of miRNA (18). Second, circRNAs regulate inflammation by participating in the release of inflammatory mediators and regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines (19). Third, circRNAs regulate cellular immunity by mediating immunosuppressive mediators (20). Fourth, circRNAs are involved in blood coagulation in sepsis and produce thrombus that changes vascular homeostasis. Fifth, circRNAs are involved in gene transcription and regulation. Sixth, circRNAs act as protein sponges to regulate protein release. Seventh, circRNAs cause mitochondrial damage by activating NF-κB (nuclear factor Kappa-B) and regulating mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) opening (21).
Bao et al. found that 11 and 126 circRNAs were significantly upregulated and downregulated in septic mice compared with controls, respectively (P≤0.05, fold change ≥2), and that differentially expressed circRNAs had a high multiple change (fold change >4, P<0.05) (22). Nie et al. found that compared with the control group, there were 373 up-regulated circRNAs and 428 down-regulated circRNAs in the aortic tissues of animals in the sepsis group, while there were 2,063 up-regulated and 2,903 down-regulated mRNAs in the sepsis group (23).
Because circRNAs can regulate a variety of different molecular mechanisms, including inflammation and immune response, as well as multiple biological processes in a variety of metabolic organs (24), they may play a key role in the occurrence and development of sepsis.
CircRNAs as miRNA sponges
MiRNAs are small, evolutionarily conserved RNA molecules that are widely distributed in the human body; they can regulate about 30% of protein-coding genes (25). Due to their important role in the regulation of gene expression, there is great interest in the regulatory mechanisms that can regulate the function of miRNA.
With the continuous progress of various studies, it has been found that circRNAs have miRNA response elements, thus circRNAs have the ability to bind miRNA molecules to regulate miRNA activity (26). This activity is often referred to as the molecular sponge effect of circRNAs. Because miRNAs target multiple coding RNAs, circRNAs as molecular sponges will affect the expression of multiple genes (22). An increasing number of studies (27,28) have shown that circRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, partly because they inhibit the activity of miRNA, and this biological funtion of inhibiting activity is mainly realized by acting as a molecular sponge for binding to miRNAs.
Role of circRNAs in inflammation
The obstructive response of the host to various invasive molecules leads to the imbalance of inflammation, which is the most important basis in the pathogenesis of sepsis and is involved in the entire process of sepsis.
In sepsis, the initial acute response of the host to invasive pathogens can lead to a cytokine storm (29), followed by a cytokine storm that leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon regulatory factor 7, and activating protein-1, to mediate the initial pro-inflammatory phase (30,31). MiRNAs can also regulate these key cytokines expressed during septicemia, as well as other pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are differentially expressed in sepsis. CircRNAs may regulate the related inflammatory pathway by regulating miRNA.
Yang et al. found that RNA plays an important role in the inflammatory model of pulmonary macrophages induced by SiO2 (19). This study analyzed the molecular mechanism and function of circRNAs in the process of apoptosis, proliferation, and migration were analyzed. The results are shown in Figure 1.
The findings of the present study indicate that there is a relationship between the activation of macrophages induced by SiO2 and the circZC3H RNA/ZC3H4 pathway, and demonstrates that circRNAs are involved in the inflammatory response of pulmonary macrophages in the pathological process of silicosis.
It has been found that circRNAs have the potential to inhibit the function of miRNAs related to M2 polarization of lung macrophages after sepsis-induced lung injury, and it can be speculated that down-regulation of these miRNAs can promote M1 polarization of lung macrophages (22).
In addition, Zhang et al. found that 12 circRNAs were upregulated and 2 circRNAs were downregulated in patients with SLE(Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) (32). The findings of their study confirmed that the downregulation of hsa_circ_0012919 not only increased the expression of DNMT1 and decreased the expression of CD70 and CD11a but also reversed the deficiency of DNA methylation of CD11a and CD70 in SLE CD4+ T cells, and reversed DNMT1 through downregulation. The abnormal expression of circ_0012919 in CD4+ T cells was found to support the role of circRNAs in mediating inflammation.
Role of circRNAs in immunosuppression
Although there is a stress response in the immune system in the early stage of sepsis, immunosuppression may occur at the end of this stage, which seriously affects the survival of patients (3).
Xiong et al. found that circMAN2B2 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and they found that circMAN2B2 regulates the expression of S100A8 by inhibiting miR-1205, and knockout circMAN2B2 can increase the expression of miR-1205 (33). S100A8 is an important protein related to immunosuppression in sepsis (34,35).
Circ_0005075 participates in the regulation of miR-23a-5p and miR-23b-5p23 (26). The expression of miR-23a-5p is upregulated during sepsis, which leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by lipopolysaccharides (36). The activation of myocardial fibrosis by miR-23b is a key factor in the development of myocardial dysfunction in the late sepsis. At the same time, miR-23b inhibitor can reduce cardiac fibrosis in advanced sepsis. Blocking the expression of miR-23b may be an effective method to prevent septicemia induced cardiac dysfunction (37). This suggests that circ_0005075 may play a role in the treatment of sepsis.
Role of circRNAs in coagulation dysfunction
Under normal physiological conditions, the activation of the coagulation system is regulated by the following three important physiological anticoagulation pathways: the tissue factor pathway inhibition system, the activated protein C system, and the antithrombotic system; these systems regulate the systematic activation of clotting (38). All three pathways show a certain degree of disorder during sepsis.
Coagulation dysfunction is an important clinical manifestation in the process of sepsis. Endothelial cells play a key role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and activating different physiological and pathological processes of the blood system, such as thrombosis, inflammation, and vascular remodeling (39). Chen et al. found that endothelial cell apoptosis can worsen sepsis (40).
Cheng et al. found that knockout hsa_circ_0068087 inhibits human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) dysfunction and inflammation, which is induced by high glucose (HG), by inhibiting the TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4)/NF-κB/NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammatory signal pathway (41). Under the condition of HG, the downregulation of miR-197 reverses HUVEC dysfunction and inflammation caused by the silencing of hsa_circ_0068087.
Therefore, we can speculate that the abnormal expression of circRNAs will lead to endothelial function, and even coagulation dysfunction, and ultimately affect the occurrence and development of sepsis.
CircRNAs are involved in host resistance to viruses
There only a few studies on the involvement of circRNAs in viruses resistance, but there are also related results.
Li et al. demonstrated that the double-stranded RNA domain containing the immune factor NF90/NF110 is a key regulator of circRNA biogenesis (42). NF90/NF110 promotes the production of annular RNA in the nucleus by combining with intronic RNA pairs that juxtapose circRNAs to form exon(s); and the NF90/NF110 also interact with mature circRNAs in the cytoplasm. When the host is infected with the virus, the expression of circRNAs decreases, in part because the nucleus exports NF90/NF110 to the cytoplasm. At the same time, NF90/NF110 that is released from the circRNA complex binds to viral mRNA as part of its antiviral immune response. This indicates that circRNAs are involved in the antiviral process of the host.
The pathogenesis of sepsis is extremely complex. Understanding the molecular mechanism in the occurrence and development of the disease is the only way to understand its biomarkers and specific treatments. Increased research on circRNAs provides a new direction to diagnose and treat sepsis. With increasing studies on circRNAs, we have reason to believe that circRNAs will become a hotspot of sepsis research, and these researches will have a broad development prospect.
Other biological characteristics of circRNAs, such as tissue specificity, stability in blood, and relatively long half-life, not only make it a biomarker but also a new target for the diagnosis and treatment of sepsis.
At present, the research on the formation, classification, characteristics, and biological functions of circRNAs are in the initial stage. There is no corresponding clinical data, and a large number of clinical samples are needed for detection and analysis. The expression and regulation of circRNA genes and their role in the occurrence and development of sepsis warrant further study.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth (No. 81801893), the Nantong Clinical Medicine Research Center (Nos. HS2019005 and HS2020001), and the Nantong Scientific Projects (Nos. MS12020006 and MS12020017).
Reporting Checklist: The authors have completed the Narrative Review reporting checklist. Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1247
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-21-1247). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
- Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801-10. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 2020;395:200-11. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Huang M, Cai S, Su J. The Pathogenesis of Sepsis and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:5376. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Pierrakos C, Vincent JL. Sepsis biomarkers: a review. Crit Care 2010;14:R15. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Sanger HL, Klotz G, Riesner D, et al. Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976;73:3852-6. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Salzman J. Circular RNA Expression: Its Potential Regulation and Function. Trends Genet 2016;32:309-16. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Haque S, Harries LW. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017;8:353. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhang TN, Li D, Xia J, et al. Non-coding RNA: a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for sepsis. Oncotarget 2017;8:91765-78. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Altesha MA, Ni T, Khan A, et al. Circular RNA in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Physiol 2019;234:5588-600. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen XT, Li ZW, Zhao X, et al. Role of Circular RNA in Kidney-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021;12:615882 [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Barrett SP, Salzman J. Circular RNAs: analysis, expression and potential functions. Development 2016;143:1838-47. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ashwal-Fluss R, Meyer M, Pamudurti NR, et al. circRNA biogenesis competes with pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell 2014;56:55-66. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Huang C, Shan G. What happens at or after transcription: Insights into circRNA biogenesis and function. Transcription 2015;6:61-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li X, Yang L, Chen LL. The Biogenesis, Functions, and Challenges of Circular RNAs. Mol Cell 2018;71:428-42. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Ng WL, Marinov GK, Liau ES, et al. Inducible RasGEF1B circular RNA is a positive regulator of ICAM-1 in the TLR4/LPS pathway. RNA Biol 2016;13:861-71. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Enuka Y, Lauriola M, Feldman ME, et al. Circular RNAs are long-lived and display only minimal early alterations in response to a growth factor. Nucleic Acids Res 2016;44:1370-83. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Panda AC. Circular RNAs Act as miRNA Sponges. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1087:67-79. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hansen TB, Jensen TI, Clausen BH, et al. Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges. Nature 2013;495:384-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Yang X, Wang J, Zhou Z, et al. Silica-induced initiation of circular ZC3H4 RNA/ZC3H4 pathway promotes the pulmonary macrophage activation. FASEB J 2018;32:3264-77. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen X, Yang T, Wang W, et al. Circular RNAs in immune responses and immune diseases. Theranostics 2019;9:588-607. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhao X, Ma X, Guo J, et al. Circular RNA CircEZH2 Suppresses Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus-induced Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore via Targeting MiR-22 in IPEC-J2. Int J Biol Sci 2019;15:2051-64. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Bao X, Zhang Q, Liu N, et al. Characteristics of circular RNA expression of pulmonary macrophages in mice with sepsis-induced acute lung injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019;23:7111-5. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Nie MW, Han YC, Shen ZJ, et al. Identification of circRNA and mRNA expression profiles and functional networks of vascular tissue in lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis. J Cell Mol Med 2020;24:7915-27. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhang ZC, Guo XL, Li X. The novel roles of circular RNAs in metabolic organs. Genes Dis 2017;5:16-23. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Berezikov E, Guryev V, van de Belt J, et al. Phylogenetic shadowing and computational identification of human microRNA genes. Cell 2005;120:21-4. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Mitra A, Pfeifer K, Park KS. Circular RNAs and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks. Transl Cancer Res 2018;7:S624-S628. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen Q, Liu T, Bao Y, et al. CircRNA cRAPGEF5 inhibits the growth and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma via the miR-27a-3p/TXNIP pathway. Cancer Lett 2020;469:68-77. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Liao W, He J, Disoma C, et al. Hsa_circ_0107593 Suppresses the Progression of Cervical Cancer via Sponging hsa-miR-20a-5p/93-5p/106b-5p. Front Oncol 2021;10:590627 [Crossref] [PubMed]
- D'Elia RV, Harrison K, Oyston PC, et al. Targeting the "cytokine storm" for therapeutic benefit. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013;20:319-27. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 2010;11:373-84. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Beltrán-García J, Osca-Verdegal R, Nacher-Sendra E, et al. Circular RNAs in Sepsis: Biogenesis, Function, and Clinical Significance. Cells 2020;9:1544. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Zhang C, Wang X, Chen Y, et al. The down-regulation of hsa_circ_0012919, the sponge for miR-125a-3p, contributes to DNA methylation of CD11a and CD70 in CD4(+) T cells of systemic lupus erythematous. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018;132:2285-98. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Xiong J, Wang T, Tang H, et al. Circular RNA circMAN2B2 facilitates glioma progression by regulating the miR-1205/S100A8 axis. J Cell Physiol 2019;234:22996-3004. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Dubois C, Marce D, Faivre V, et al. High plasma level of S100A8/S100A9 and S100A12 at admission indicates a higher risk of death in septic shock patients. Sci Rep 2019;9:15660. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Denstaedt SJ, Spencer-Segal JL, Newstead MW, et al. S100A8/A9 Drives Neuroinflammatory Priming and Protects against Anxiety-like Behavior after Sepsis. J Immunol 2018;200:3188-200. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Liu S, Liu C, Wang Z, et al. microRNA-23a-5p acts as a potential biomarker for sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome in early stage. Cell Mol Biol 2016;62:31-7. [PubMed]
- Zhang H, Caudle Y, Shaikh A, et al. Inhibition of microRNA-23b prevents polymicrobial sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by modulating TGIF1 and PTEN. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;103:869-78. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Levi M, van der Poll T. Inflammation and coagulation. Crit Care Med 2010;38:S26-34. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Schouten M, Wiersinga WJ, Levi M, et al. Inflammation, endothelium, and coagulation in sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2008;83:536-45. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Chen Q, Yang Y, Hou J, et al. Increased gene copy number of DEFA1/DEFA3 worsens sepsis by inducing endothelial pyroptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019;116:3161-70. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Cheng J, Liu Q, Hu N, et al. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0068087 ameliorates TLR4/NF-kappaB/NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation and endothelial cell dysfunction in high glucose conditioned by sponging miR-197. Gene 2019;709:1-7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Li X, Liu CX, Xue W, et al. Coordinated circRNA Biogenesis and Function with NF90/NF110 in Viral Infection. Mol Cell 2017;67:214-227.e7. [Crossref] [PubMed]
(English Language Editor: R. Scott)
|
<urn:uuid:32944e61-61ba-4186-8349-22608751d71c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-21",
"url": "https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/67867/html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243989856.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511184216-20210511214216-00512.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8774367570877075,
"token_count": 5821,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
This level contains the following:
High school students are introduced to the French language with special emphasis on developing good
reading skills. Upon completion, students should have an understanding of the accidence (inflection
of words) of the French language and will have had several opportunities to utilize the lessons learned
through practice reading and taped lectures.
Click on each PACE for a breakdown of what it covers.
|
<urn:uuid:013d4b5e-50a8-4ace-8c09-b7419b0691fb>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "https://shop.christian.education/electives/languages/french/cd-s-cassettes",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917118707.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031158-00479-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9440590739250183,
"token_count": 82,
"score": 3.453125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Walnuts & pecans have been rated among the top 10 of fruits & nuts with the most antioxidants.
So what are antioxidants: To understand what antioxidants are, one needs to know what oxidative stress is. Oxidative stress is a process that can cause damage to cells in our body when is loses electrons. As we get older, our bodies lose some of natural defenses, which can result in a higher likelihood of chronic diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, brain dysfunctions, Alzheimer’s disease, loss of immunities to illness, cataracts, and macular degeneration, to name a few . In addition, uncontrolled oxygen, also called free radicals, can wrinkle our skin, lock up our joints, harden our blood vessels, let cancer grow and age us prematurely.
Antioxidant means ‘against oxidation’ and fights the oxidation process. Flavonoids are a group of antioxidant compounds found primarily in plants. Research has shown that the flavonoids found in almond skins team up with the vitamin E found in their meat to more than double the antioxidant punch either delivers when administered separately, shows a study published in the Journal of Nutrition.
“Twenty potent antioxidant flavonoids were identified in almond skins in this study, some of which are well known as major contributors to the health benefits derived from other foods, such as the catechins found in green tea, and naringenin, which is found in grapefruit. We have identified a unique combination of flavonoids in almonds,” said Jeffrey Blumberg, Ph.D., senior scientist and director of the Antioxidants Research Laboratory at Tufts University. “Further blood tests demonstrated that eating almonds with their skins significantly increases both flavonoids and vitamin E in the body. This could have significant health implications, especially as people age.”
|
<urn:uuid:7bbbba19-61b9-4f56-bf81-1a37c860d435>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://www.livingnutz.com/2014/03/raw-organic-nuts-the-antioxidant-power-of-raw-nuts/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171066.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00238-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9570295810699463,
"token_count": 380,
"score": 3.296875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Jan. 21, 1997
Today's Reading:"Every Woman" by Diana Der-Hovanessian from THE CIRCLE DANCERS, published by Sheep Meadow Press (1996).
It's the birthday of tenor Placido Domingo, born in Madrid, Spain, 1941.
Shakespearean actor Paul Scofield was born on this day in Sussex, England, 1922.
Biochemist Konrad Bloch, who shared the Nobel Prize for his work on the natural synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, was born on this day in Neisse, Germany, 1912.
It's the birthday of Icelandic poet and novelist David Stefansson, born in 1895, and known as "a poet of humanity."
Singer, songwriter Huddie William "Leadbelly" Ledbetter ("Goodnight, Irene," "The Midnight Special") was born in Mooringsport, Louisiana, 1885.
It's the birthday of Roger Baldwin, founder of the American Civil Liberties Union, born in Wellesley, Massachusetts, 1884.
Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, one of Robert E. Lee's most talented generals during the Civil War, was born on this day in Clarksburg, Virginia, 1824.
Explorer John Charles Fremont, who helped map the upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, was born on this day in Savannah, Georgia, 1813.
It's the birthday of Ethan Allen, leader of the Green Mountain Boys during the Revolutionary War. He was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, 1738.
Be well, do good work, and keep in touch.®
|
<urn:uuid:12f17493-9198-419d-90cb-b671483e4b07>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=1997/01/21",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927863.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00052-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9617779850959778,
"token_count": 334,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
by Pison Jaujip
Each day, we all consume electric energy, regardless of whether through using handy MP3 players, laptops, music systems, television sets or even massive home heating plus air conditioning systems. We all need and use electric power, but many people have never thought about making "homemade electrical energy."
Is it possible to build your personal electric generator? Is that actually achievable? Yes. Yet before we check out the "hows" and "whys", let us speak about electricity.
Electricity is a type of energy exactly like heat as well as light. Naturally occurring electric sources, nevertheless, are difficult to get, and most only create not much electric power. Take for example the static electricity that makes your arm hair stand up within an air-conditioned space. Fortunately, one basic law concerning energy is it can easily be converted from one form to another. Hence, our electric energy is simply a product of converting any energy source to electrical power. And simply because of that, we could miniaturize electric power creation.
The commonest method to develop home made electrical energy is by way of the use of a solar panel. Solar panels contain photovoltaic cells, or even simply, light energy to electricity converters. Light rays from the sunlight stimulate the photovoltaic cells which develop voltage. The voltage made from each cell is pretty small. Because of this, cells are either connected in sequence or even parallel in order to generate the required voltage level. Obviously, solar panels have disadvantages. First is that they are certainly expensive to acquire. Secondly, they have a very low effectiveness score when compared with various other electric generators. If you plan to develop your home made electricity utilizing solar panels, simply prepare your finances.
Another frequent way to produce home made electricity is to convert wind to electrical power. A wind generator is employed for this solution. Essentially, a wind power generator is a dynamo (the general term for any kind of motor or perhaps electrical generator) attached to a turbine that is rotated through the pressure of the wind. The turbine accumulates the wind power, as the dynamo changes the mechanical force of the wind to electrical power. As claimed above, a dynamo is a general term for a motor. If a dynamo turns electrical energy to mechanical energy, it's a motor. If it converts mechanical energy to electricity, it is a generator. In comparison with solar panels, wind generators provide a fairly larger effectiveness. Nevertheless, the wind turbine has to be focused where the wind flow is strongest for far better electric development.
Both solar panels as well as wind generators won't produce electricity if there is no sunlight plus blowing wind respectively. Storing their created energy in a electric battery is a remedy to this problem. Care needs to be properly observed when utilizing batteries, specially those with high "mAh" ratings. When short-circuited, they could create deadly numbers of current.
You can find worthwhile selections for developing your own homemade electricity. It's really a matter of a bit of research, a little trial-and-error, and lastly a little bit of perseverance before you can yield valuable numbers of electric energy. Remember to take basic safety measures when dealing with electrical power. You really don't desire to fry your Mp3, or even more serious - fry yourself!
For more info visit advantages of solar energy & disadvantages of solar energy
Related Homemade Articles
|
<urn:uuid:a8082218-ef55-4be9-9d82-c69ed9ae1e46>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-51",
"url": "http://asiacookingrecipe.com/blog/2015/12/homemade-electricity-2.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376827963.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20181216165437-20181216191437-00381.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9381109476089478,
"token_count": 698,
"score": 3.125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
It began with me asking on Facebook:
So, where was Mary Magdalene standing during Jesus' crucifixion?because I had been reading this (Scripture quotes from International Standard Version):
Matthew 27:55 Now many women were also there, watching from a distance. They had accompanied Jesus from Galilee and had ministered to him. 56 Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of Zebedee’s sons.Because of the many differences between the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke) and the Gospel of John, some have supposed or concluded that John deliberately "changed" things (e.g., the day and time of the crucifixion) for theological reasons. If so, then what might have been his theological (or other) purpose in putting the women and Mary Magdalene at the cross, as opposed to the Synoptics having them view Jesus' crucifixion from a distance?
Mark 15:40 Now there were women watching from a distance. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of young James and Joseph, and Salome. 41 They used to accompany him and care for him while he was in Galilee. Many other women who had come up to Jerusalem with him were there, too.
Luke 23:48 When all the crowds who had come together for this spectacle saw what had taken place, they beat their chests and left. 49 But all his acquaintances, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, were standing at a distance watching these things.
John 19:25 Meanwhile, standing near Jesus’ cross were his mother, his mother’s sister, Mary the wife of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene. 26 When Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he kept loving standing there, he told his mother, “Dear lady, here is your son.” 27 Then he told the disciple, “Here is your mother.” And from that hour the disciple took her into his own home.
In response someone said: "People are actually movable objects. They can stand in different locations as time progresses."
Well, yes, people can move, and that may be what happened.
But is that how we are to read and understand the Gospels?
Are we to conflate the Gospel accounts so as to know "the rest of the story" in each instance where a Gospel might be "missing" something that one of the other Gospels "provides"? Thus here, for instance, are we to say that John's Gospel "adds the detail for us" that at some point Mary Magdalene and maybe a couple of the other women moved to stand by the cross while Jesus was dying on it?
Or should each Gospel be read and taken on its own?
How would Matthew and Mark and Luke and John have wanted us to read and understand their Gospels?
As a possibly poor analogy: Should one use the words and actions of two versions or remakes of a movie to "fill in the details of" (or possibly even "correct") a later or earlier version? In some instances, especially if the films are all based on the same novel or historical event and the director deliberately chose to omit or vary some things, it might be right to do so. But what if the director wanted us to view and understand his version of the story for what it is in its own right without our "adding to" it?
Back to the Gospels.
I’m sure I’m not the first one to see the following:
MATTHEW, MARK AND LUKE:So... how did the Gospel writers and how does God want us to read and understand the Gospels, and how did or do they want us to relate or not relate them to each other?
- Family, Followers, and Friends: These Gospels show Jesus abandoned by all of His family, followers, and friends, and surrounded only by strangers and mockers and enemies - Luke says that all His acquaintances, including the women, stood and watched the crucifixion from a distance.
- Creation: Creation, too, seems to abandon Him, or perhaps mourn His dying, as darkness covers the whole land for three hours. (Matthew also mentions an earthquake at His death, but that may mean something else.)
- At the end of that period of darkness, both Matthew and Mark seemingly have God abandon Him, too, and Jesus doesn't call God "Father."
- Luke, though, while mentioning the darkness, has Jesus talking and praying to His "Father" (Luke 23:34,46) and nowhere has Him appearing to be abandoned by God or has Him saying, "My God, my God, why have You forsaken me?"
- Family, Followers, and Friends: John not only has Jesus not totally abandoned by His family, followers, and friends, but has some of those who were closest to Him standing by Him at the cross, and His nearly last words are with them, not with those crucified with Him (or perhaps not even with God - i.e., to whom does He say: "It is finished"?).
- Creation: There is no mention of any darkness.
- God: There is no suggestion that God may have forsaken Him.
Another person said that they have problems watching biblical movies because the directors take too much artistic license by "filling things in" for us. They considered their doing so to be presumptuous, as it can change what God wants us to know or what He doesn't want us to know, leading to erroneous concepts of God.
To which I responded: Are we or preachers then doing the right thing when we use the Synoptics to "fill in" for John, or vice-versa?
|
<urn:uuid:77cc378b-3432-43c7-87da-db59f530c257>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43",
"url": "http://theoblogoumena.blogspot.com/2012/02/to-add-or-not-to-add-that-is-question.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824293.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020173404-20171020193404-00399.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9846654534339905,
"token_count": 1207,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Future, corpus, time, grammar, frequency, esl, efl, tesol, english, sitcom, analysis, verb, gonna, will, expressions
Far from being simply will, a survey of English grammar textbooks revealed that a multitude of expressions exists in the English language to express the future time. These expressions include, but are not limited to, will, be going to, the simple present tense, modals, the future perfect tense, and the present progressive tense. With so many choices and with a lack of direct relationship between tense and time, a language learner may certainly have difficulties in choosing which expression to use when attempting to produce a future utterance. A corpus-based approach to analyzing real language has been demonstrated to be quite useful for the field of TESOL (Biber, Conrad, & Reppen, 1996; Biber & Conrad, 2001; Biber & Reppen, 2002) and numerous studies on the frequency of lexical and grammatical items of language have revealed salient features that otherwise would have remained unknown. Adding to this body of knowledge, the current study was an analysis of future expressions in spoken conversational English using the television sitcom Friends as a corpus. A careful analysis of 349,106 words from transcripts of 117 randomly selected episodes revealed that the most common expression of the future in the English language is the contracted form of be going to – gonna. The results of the study also revealed that only six future expressions emerged in this spoken conversational English from this corpus: will, be going to, the simple present tense, the present progressive tense, modals, and be about to.
If this is your thesis or dissertation, and want to learn how to access it or for more information about readership statistics, contact us at [email protected]
Master of Arts (M.A.)
College of Arts and Humanities
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
Length of Campus-only Access
Masters Thesis (Open Access)
Arts and Humanities -- Dissertations, Academic, Dissertations, Academic -- Arts and Humanities
Harris, Brandon, "Expressing Future Time In Spoken Conversational English: A Corpus-based Analysis Of The Sitcom Friends" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 2917.
|
<urn:uuid:d12c0f05-babb-4828-9f65-0262506d86d1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40",
"url": "https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2917/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600402128649.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200930204041-20200930234041-00553.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8727294206619263,
"token_count": 478,
"score": 3.171875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world, and is prepared as food in a wide variety of ways, varying by region and culture.
Modern varieties of chicken such as the Cornish Cross, are bred specifically for meat production, with an emphasis placed on the ratio of feed to meat produced by the animal. The most common breeds of chicken consumed in the US are Cornish and White Rock.
Chickens raised specifically for food are called broilers. In the United States, broilers are typically butchered at a young age. Modern Cornish Cross hybrids, for example, are butchered as early as 8 weeks for fryers and 12 weeks for roasting birds.
Capons (castrated cocks) produce more and fattier meat. For this reason, they are considered a delicacy and were particularly popular in the Middle Ages.
FREE RANGE EGGS
Free-range eggs are eggs produced using birds that are permitted to
roam freely within a farmyard, a shed or a chicken coop. (Eggs from indoor-only chickens might also be labelled cage-free or bard-roaming.) This is different from factory-farmed birds that are typically enclosed in battery cages. The term "free-range" may be used differently depending on the country and its law.
Legal standards defining "free range" can be different or even non-existent depending on the country. For example, the U.S. Department of Agriculture requires only that the bird spends part of its time outside, and allows egg producers to freely label these eggs as free-range. Many producers will label their eggs as cage-free in addition to or instead of free-range. Recently, US egg labels have expanded to include the term "barn-roaming," to more accurately describe the source of those eggs that are laid by chickens who do not range freely but are confined to a barn instead of a more restrictive cage.
Cage-free egg production includes barns, free-range and organic systems. In the UK, free-range systems are the most popular of the non-cage alternatives, accounting for around 44% of all eggs in 2011, compared to 4% in barns and 3% organic. In free-range systems, hens are housed to a similar standard as the barn or aviary. In addition, they have constant daytime access to an outside range with vegetation. In the EU each hen must have at least 4 square metres of
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated fowl, a subspecies of the Red Junglefowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003, there are more chickens in the world than any other species of bird. Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food, consuming both their meat and their eggs.
The traditional poultry farming view of the domestication of the chicken is stated in Encyclopędia Britannica (2007): "Humans first domesticated chickens of Indian origin for the purpose of cockfighting in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Very little formal attention was given to egg or meat production... " Recent genetic studies have pointed to multiple maternal origins in Southeast, East, and South Asia, but with the clade found in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Africa originating in the Indian subcontinent. From India, the domesticated chicken was imported to Lydia in western Asia Minor, and to Greece by the fifth century BC. Fowl had been known in Egypt since the 18th Dynasty, with the "bird that gives birth every day" having come to Egypt from the land between Syria and Shinar, Babylonia, according to the annals of Tutmose III.
The domestic chicken is descended primarily from the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus) and is scientifically classified as the same species. As such it can and does freely interbreed with populations of red jungle fowl. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the Grey Junglefowl (G. sonneratii).
The traditional poultry farming view is stated in Encyclopędia Britannica (2007): "Humans first domesticated chickens of Indian origin for the purpose of cockfighting in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Very little formal attention was given to egg or meat production... " In the last decade there have been a number of genetic studies. According to one study, a single domestication event occurring in the region of modern Thailand created the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds. However, that study was later found to be based on incomplete data, and recent studies point to multiple maternal origins, with the clade found in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Africa, originating from the Indian subcontinent, where a large number of unique haplotypes occur. It is postulated that the Jungle Fowl, known as the "bamboo fowl" in many Southeast Asian languages, is a special pheasant well adapted to take advantage of the large amounts of fruits that are produced during the end of the 50 year bamboo seeding cycle to boost its own reproduction. According to Daniel H. Janzen of the University of Pennsylvania, in domesticating the chicken, humans took advantage of this prolific reproduction of the jungle fowl when exposed to large amount of food.
It has been claimed (based on paleoclimatic assumptions) that chickens were domesticated in Southern China in 6000 BC. However, according to a recent study, "it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the modern domestic fowl. Chickens from the Harappan culture of the Indus Valley (2500-2100 BC), in what today is Pakistan, may have been the main source of diffusion throughout the world." A northern road spread the chicken to the Tarim basin of central Asia. The chicken reached Europe (Romania, Turkey, Greece, Ukraine) about 3000 BC. Introduction into Western Europe came far later, about the 1st millennium BC. Phoenicians spread chickens along the Mediterranean coasts, to Iberia. Breeding increased under the Roman Empire, and was reduced in the Middle
Ages. Middle East traces of chicken go back to a little earlier than 2000 BC, in Syria; chicken went southward only in the 1st millennium BC. The chicken reached Egypt for purposes of cock fighting about 1400 BC, and became widely bred only in Ptolemaic Egypt (about 300 BC). Little is known about the chicken's introduction into Africa. Three possible ways of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara. The earliest known remains are from Mali, Nubia, East Coast, and South Africa and date back to the middle of the first millennium AD. Domestic chicken in the Americas before Western conquest is still an ongoing discussion, but blue-egged chickens, found only in the Americas and Asia, suggest an Asian origin for early American chickens.
A lack of data from Thailand, Russia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa makes it difficult to lay out a clear map of the spread of chickens in these areas; better description and genetic analysis of local breeds threatened by extinction may also help with research into this area.
|
<urn:uuid:2821ea4d-a818-4fa1-a892-05d00b01ea76>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-33",
"url": "http://bushywood.com/farming/chickens_fresh_free_range_eggs.htm",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00150.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9531024098396301,
"token_count": 1628,
"score": 3.328125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Thoughts About Energy Generally, and Natural Gas Specifically
Natural gas is currently trading at approximately $2.50-3.00/mmBTU (million British Thermal Units) and oil is approximately $80/BBL (barrel). It takes approximately 5.8 mmBTU of natural gas ($15-17) to provide the same amount of heat as one barrel of oil ($80). Both are fossil fuels, although natural gas is generally viewed as relatively less hazardous to the environment. Oil on the other hand, is much easier to transport and is a much more concentrated heat source. Natural gas has significant advantages for use in stationary applications where supplies can be delivered via pipeline but, up to now, has proven difficult to adapt to vehicular applications. Clearly, if you are heating your home, you would be much better off connected to a natural gas utility than relying on heating oil. The same holds true for fueling an electric generating station or almost any stationary facility.
There are two major transportation related problems that tend to reduce the usefulness of natural gas, despite the apparent price advantage. Oil can be economically transported by water or land (pipeline or vehicle), while natural gas is difficult and expensive to transport other than via pipeline. Oil, in the form of motor fuels, is highly concentrated, compared to natural gas, with a typical auto or light truck gasoline tank capacity of about 20-30 gallons and a range measured in hundreds of miles. A similar driving range, using natural gas, would require approximately 3,000 cubic feet. To put that into context, my office is approximately 100 cubic feet.
In order to use natural gas in vehicles or to transport natural gas over long distances, where pipelines do not exist, it must be concentrated. The two methods currently in use are compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
CNG is made by compressing natural gas to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 2900-3600 pounds per square inch (psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. To put that into context, pressures in most automobile tires approximate 30 psi. CNG can be used in traditional gasoline internal engines that have been converted for bi-fuel use. The cost of conversion and the availability of refueling stations tend to restrict adoption to larger vehicles that can be refueled at a central location. Transit and school buses, local delivery fleets, trains and ferryboats have proven to be suitable applications. Passenger car use is likely to be limited pending solutions to the problems of power train conversion costs, heavier and larger fuel tanks and refueling requirements.
LNG is natural gas that has been converted to liquid form which requires the removal of certain components and then condensed into a liquid at atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately minus 162C(-26oF). LNG takes up about 1j6ooth the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. LNG is stored and transported in cryogenic tanks. Currently, LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas.
The long-term outlook for natural gas appears to be promising. While CNG use in passenger cars remains problematical, the number of vehicles in the world that use CNG has been growing steadily and is likely to continue to attract fleet use as operators become more confident regarding price and supply.
LNG has good long-term potential in export markets. Sempra Energy has estimated that it would cost gas exporters between $8 and $9 per million BTUs ($2-3 for the gas and $6 to liquefy and transport) to get LNG to Japan today. If LNG is currently selling for $16/mmBTUs in Japan, the opportunity is obvious. Natural gas is attractive (cleaner and cheaper) as a substitute for coal and oil in stationary facilities, should become gradually more viable in heavy duty transportation applications as infrastructure is developed and makes considerable economic sense as an export.
Walter Kirchberger, CFA
Sigma Investment Counselors is an independent fee-only financial advisor offering comprehensive wealth management services with a “Thoughtful Investing” approach for more than 35 years, Our team of highly knowledgeable and experienced investment professionals takes the time to understand each client’s specific investment goals to develop a customized financial plan.
|
<urn:uuid:2a45cb55-3770-4483-bbba-5ddb85128bb1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"url": "http://sigmainvestments.com/thoughts-energy-generally-natural-gas-specifically/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998376.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617043021-20190617065021-00547.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9517684578895569,
"token_count": 910,
"score": 2.859375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Rainwater harvesting isn’t just a thing from the past anymore, you can see local folks–especially those living in the rural areas–having their own rainwater tanks (which varies from concrete water tanks, steel rainwater tanks, and also various sizes from small to large rainwater tanks). People are also talking about getting one for their place or business too because it is used for catching rainwater from a free source–it literally falls from the sky–and not only that, it also cuts down your monthly expenses significantly, most specifically your monthly water bills.
There are a lot of advantages when you have a rainwater tank of your own, it serves as a great alternative in everything that involves the need of water–flushing the toilet, cleaning your bathroom, washing the dishes, cleaning your car and the driveway, and also even for consumption like drinking it, and much much more.
This innovative harvesting system was inspired way back from the bronze civilization right up to the Roman Empire, they collect rainwater because it was hard for them to find a decent source for their water–you’d feel frustrated when you’d live in the dry land. There are a lot to consider in harvesting rainwater, and back then, they used vats to collect rainwater. Though nowadays, there are still those who used vats to harvest rainwater but rainwater tanks surfaced and made rainwater harvesting easy and efficient–but what are the components of a rainwater tank and their functions?
Any surface that directly receives the rainwater during precipitation and administers the water first hand in the process is what experts call a catchment. Paved area–such as a balcony, a roof deck, a courtyard–and an unpaved area, like an open ground, or your own lawns, can be served as a catchment for the rainwater harvesting.
2. Meshes (Coarse and Fine)
A mesh is a metal screen woven by connected strands of metal, fiber or flexible material. It is a net-like sheet made out of metal, and it is commonly used for screening out unwanted debris into the water storage tank. Filtering the stored rainwater provided from the roof, surface runoffs, or from any other catchments used. Though the rainwater itself is already pure and clean, but sometimes catchments–like the roof, lawns, pavement courtyards–usually administers more than just the rainwater, it often times collects more than it is expected to collects–dirt, leaves, rocks, many more–in the process of catching rainwater. That is why there’s a need for it to filter beforehand.
A pipe or a tube, or anything that can be used to help in channeling the substance from the roof or any sloping surface in catching rainwater towards the conduits of the storage tank. Gutters comes with varieties of shapes–a semi-circular or rectangular–and most locally made gutters are plain galvanized iron sheet. Gutters are often times fixed on the walls of a certain structure.
These are pipes used for conveying rainwater from the catchment all the way to the storage water tank. These pipes are usually made of galvanized irons or a polyvinyl chloride. This, of course, is a very important component in the whole process of the rainwater storage system, because rainwater is channeled through them and sometimes installations require customized conduits so that it could fit the need of the owner and the setting of which where the rainwater tank is being installed.
5. First Flush Diverters
This certain device flushes away the first spills of rain from ever storing in the rainwater tank
because the water from that spill carries heaping amount of unwanted substances from the air and the surface of the catchment.
Sometimes pollutants can find its way reaching to the storage area, but if your rainwater tank filters very well, and suspends any substances during the process of harvesting then you don’t need to worry about whether or not you can drink rainwater stored in your tank. Charcoal water filter is a great filter to use and it is commonly used by most, but this charcoal isn’t the same as your regular charcoal you use in your barbecue party, this is what they call activated charcoal–it is made through a series of super-heating the charcoal without the presence of oxygen and is heated over 1000F, and in the second time around now with the presence of oxygen and steam to get that porous structure, which is the key factor of why charcoal water filters are so effective.
Charcoal water adsorpts–the opposite of absorption–the water from harmful chemicals such as volatile organic compounds and chlorine, and also strips away the salts and other minerals in the water, making it as pure as possible.
7. Storage Tank
Rainwater tanks are great storage tanks for your the whole process of catching rainwater. It doesn’t only complements the whole rainwater harvesting system but it is also durable and very reliable. Rainwater tanks vary from different sizes and shapes, from small water tanks that could hold at least a thousand litres–and less–up to about 7,500 litres. Large water tanks that could take 10,000 litres up to 50,050 litres of rainwater. And rather odd shapes that could fit through small spaces within your household or building such as the slimline rainwater tanks and the bladder water tanks.
These are usually made out of reinforced cement–for the cement rainwater tanks–masonry, polyethylene, and steel.
Rainwater tanks can be placed anywhere you like, above ground water tank, roof deck water tank, underground rainwater tank and many more, and also some can be fitted into the smallest corners of your house with their odd shapes and sizes.
These are usually what your rainwater tank consists of, and every little part does its job well in order for you to have that amazing rainwater harvesting experience. If you don’t know what to do or how to install these water tanks, then a local plumber will be provided for you to do the deed, because here at Rainwater Tanks Direct, we make sure that our customers not only get the best equipment there is, but also the best service handed to them.
Get to Know How Your Rainwater Tank Works | Rainwater Tanks Direct
Explore and get to know, in this article, the different components of the rainwater tank and how each one works during the process of harvesting rainwater.
|
<urn:uuid:896e227d-3069-4eb2-bafd-881407b00def>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05",
"url": "https://rainwatertanksdirect.com.au/blogs/a-sneak-peek-through-your-very-own-rainwater-tank/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304928.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126071320-20220126101320-00543.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9499738216400146,
"token_count": 1358,
"score": 3.109375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
1 edition of Artistry of the native American found in the catalog.
|Contributions||Gilfoy, Peggy Stoltz, Indianapolis Museum of Art|
|LC Classifications||E98.A7 A77 1981|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination|| pages, pages of plates :|
|Number of Pages||18|
Karl Kroeber is Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University. His previous publications include Ishi in Three Centuries (ed. ), Artistry in American Indian Myths (), and Ecological Literary Criticism (). He is Editor Emeritus of Studies in American Indian Literature. Indians in Minnesota is an easy-to-use and detailed reference source. It is useful for finding information on all aspects of the history and culture of Native American tribes in Minnesota. Researchers will find the maps of the Minnesota reservations, contact information for all the tribes in Minnesota, and the extensive bibliography particularly useful.
Reviews at Native American: Books, films and music can provide a broad introduction to Native American history, culture and artistry. They not only entertain, but also teach and inspire. This book is a summation of R. Carlos Nakai's years as an educator, performer and student of the Native American flute. Part One includes discussions on tunings, fingerings, performance technique, tablature, style, history, standard notation, traditional ornaments plus a section on the care and maintenance of the flute. Part Two includes sixteen transcriptions of Nakai's songs plus two of.
More than five centuries of native peoples' artistry. Native Americans crafted beautiful clothing out of skins, pigment, quills and sinew. The collection of photographs in this outstanding reference celebrates this decorative genius. Many of the photographs from more than 60 leading museums and private collections have never been published previously. Critics believe Momaday’s novel, House Made of Dawn, led to the breakthrough of Native American literature into the American mainstream after the novel was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in House Made of Dawn was the first novel of the Native American Renaissance, a term coined by literary critic Kenneth work remains a classic of Native American literature.
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
Abstracts of major CREDDP publications
Towards a neighbourhood plan
Growth of Crystals
Civil-military relations and democratization
monetary policy of France and Britain in the Kanem-Borno region towards the Maria-Theresa thaler
Through the year
Regents physics syllabus
Folk arts and crafts.
Brewery manual and whos who in British brewing and Scotch Whisky distilling.
Which would you miss most
magic of Susan Prices The Ghost Drum.
Recollections of a college beggar
By making understandable the forgotten artistry of oral storytelling, Kroeber enables modern readers to appreciate fully the tragic emotions, hilarious ribaldry, and haunting beauty in these astonishing Native American mythic by: 9.
The Journey of Crazy Horse: A Lakota History. Joseph M. Marshall III. out of 5 stars Audible Audiobook. $ Free with Audible trial. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and out of 5 stars 3, Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders out of 5 stars 5, Black Elk Speaks: Being the Life Story of a Holy.
By making understandable the forgotten artistry of oral storytelling, Kroeber enables modern readers to appreciate fully the tragic emotions, hilarious ribaldry, and haunting beauty in these astonishing Native American mythic : Karl Kroeber.
(shelved times as native-american) avg rating — 14, ratings — published Want to Read saving. “Some of us came to the cities to escape the reservation.
We stayed after fighting in the Second World War. After Vietnam, too. We stayed because the city sounds like a war, and you can't leave a war once you've been you can only keep it at bay--which is easier when you can see and hear it near you, that fast metal, that constant firing around you, cars up and down the streets and freeways.
The Book. Purchase the book Native American Bolo Ties from the Heard Museum Shop. Bolo ties emerged in the s to challenge the conventions of men's neckwear and to show off the Artistry of the native American book ruggedness of the West in stylish, highly ornamental ways.
Native american jewelers and silversmiths in particular brought artistry to this wearable art form. Native American Bolo Ties. Vintage and Contemporary Artistry. Home _ Introduction _ The Book _ The Exhibit _ The Authors _ Media _ Contact _ Credits _ Help Us.
This website is dedicated to bolo / bola ties and their history, as shown in the book: Native American Bolo Ties: Vintage and Contemporary Artistry. Native American Books. Below is a selection of books by or about the Native American culture, spirituality, philosophy and history.
This book isolates the essence of Native American wisdom: the essential harmony of natural and human worlds--in short, accessible bits of. Get this from a library. Artistry in Native American myths. [Karl Kroeber] -- Publisher description: This challenging study analyzes nearly forty superb stories, from mythic narratives predating Columbus to contemporary American Indian fiction, representing every traditional.
Artistry that is captivating, mesmerizing and ultimately a unique adventure into a creative and artistic journey. JBRosen will enthrall you with each art present in this book. It is inviting and breath-taking with each image. And with each image it will take you on the journey.
There is no doubt Author: JB Rosen. With authoritative text and art-quality color reproductions, Native American Clothing will be important to collectors and historians and will also appeal to general readers.
Synopsis More than five centuries of native peoples' artistry. Kroeber's unofficial career as an editor of Indian stories, however, goes back to his childhood. In Artistry in Native American Myths, Kroeber confesses that he once told a Yurok storyteller, who had just finished relating a traditional tale to his anthropologist father.
It examines in detail how Native American culture evolved and considers the regional similarities and differences of the arts and crafts created by tribes across the continent. Contemporary and modern photographs, fine line illustrations and step-by-step reconstructions show the techniques of manufacture and display the skill and artistry of.
Great selection of new and used Native American Books. Discover your new favorite Native American Books at low prices. Free U.S. shipping over $ - Explore evelynj's board "Native American Items Artistry", followed by people on Pinterest. See more ideas about Native american, Native american art and Native american indiansK pins.
Get this from a library. Artistry of the native American: selections from the Harrison Eiteljorg collection: May 20 to JIndianapolis Museum of Art. [Theodore Celenko; Peggy Stoltz Gilfoy; Indianapolis Museum of Art.;].
The Caldecott Medalist's eloquent, impressionistic artistry lights up the pages of this Native American creation tale. The story begins when the earth is young; a place of great beauty, it is devoid o.
In the early s, William and Mary Benson, a Pomo Indian couple, won renown for their exquisite Native American baskets. Inthey gave one of William's most masterly pieces to a trusted friend.
It is important to note that only authentic Native American jewelry can be called that by law. The Indian Arts and Crafts Act in the United States made it illegal for anyone to claim their jewelry or any other type of handcrafted item as Native American or Indian without proof that a.
This book is a summation of R. Carlos Nakai's years as an educator, performer and student of the Native American flute. Part One includes discussions on tunings, fingerings, performance technique, tablature, style, history, standard notation, traditional ornaments plus a.
Thus, a book that promises by its title to teach me about "artistry" in another culture is very attractive to me. Kroeber says he wants "to increase admiration of [Native American artistry] without confining it to forms and purposes familiar because characteristic of Western, written literature" (p.The Native American Renaissance was a term originally coined by critic Kenneth Lincoln in his book of the same title.
Lincoln’s goal was to explore the explosion in production of literary works by Native Americans in the decade and a half after N. Scott Momaday had won the Pulitzer Prize in for House Made of that time, few Native Americans had published fiction.Native American Bolo Ties: Vintage and Contemporary Artistry was published in to coincide with a Bolo Tie exhibition at the Heard Museum in Phoenix, Arizona in December of that year.
So what are Bolo Ties and why are they so special? Bolo Ties are a significant part of American culture from a fashion and cultural perspective.
|
<urn:uuid:68d5f1fa-cfa6-46b4-8d1f-4a32b50cad99>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27",
"url": "https://pujulesygativyfir.abcdfestivalgoa.com/artistry-of-the-native-american-book-24086yf.php",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103322581.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220626222503-20220627012503-00118.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9250871539115906,
"token_count": 1922,
"score": 2.53125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Question: Where did the devotion known as the Stations of the Cross originate?
Answer: One of the earliest private devotions of the Christians of Jerusalem was to retrace the route taken by our Lord from the judgment seat of Pontius Pilate to His crucifixion on Golgotha, meditating on the events that He experienced on the way to die for our sins. St. Jerome was the first to write about this devotion, already flourishing in his time because of the relatively recent legalization of Christianity in the Roman Empire. The Crusades of the middle ages exposed many more western Christians to this manner of meditating on the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ. Returning home, many of these soldier-pilgrims desired to preserve the experience of the way of the Cross for themselves and to share it with those who had never visited the Holy Land. Churches and monasteries began to see the erection of miniature recreations of the "via dolorosa -- the way of sorrows." Newly constructed edifices might be designed with chapels or side altars dedicated to the principal events of the Way of the Cross; where this was impractical, pictures or statuary were placed along the periphery of a church, around the cloister garden, or in some other convenient place. The Franciscan Friars, official custodians of the holy places in Jerusalem, zealously promoted such devotion, adding innumerable artistic treasures to the wealth of western civilization.
In the middle ages the number of stations and their subjects varied widely. In modern times, the Stations of the Cross have become more or less standardized with fourteen specific events. It should be noted that the Church requires only fourteen plain wooden crosses for the Stations, the meditations on Christ's Passion being considered so much more important than any artistic considerations.
Various devotional manuals detail appropriate sentiments for the Stations. Rather than quote numerous references to sacred scripture, we urge our readers to consult Matthew 26 & 27, Mark 14 & 15, Luke 22 & 23, and John 18 & 19. We have space here for only a few comments:
1st Station: Jesus is condemned to death. After the formality of a trial in which Pilate "found no guilt in this man," Jesus was condemned for fear of the crowd. At this station we ask God to increase in us the virtue of justice.
2nd Station: Jesus is made to carry His cross. St. John is specific, "Bearing the cross for Himself, He went forth to the place called the Skull, in Hebrew, Golgotha." We ask for the virtue of fortitude.
3rd Station: Jesus falls for the first time. The scriptures do not record the number of Jesus' falls, but certainly they occurred as our Lord, faint from loss of blood, carried the heavy beam on his back, lacerated by the whip. We pray to be delivered from falling into sin.
4th Station: Jesus meets His sorrowful Mother. Mary and the other holy women accompanied Him to Calvary in sorrow. Imagine the emotion Jesus and Mary shared in their first glimpse of each other. We pray for devotion to Mary, and for love and loyalty in our own families.
5th Station: Simon of Cyrene is forced to carry Jesus' cross. Matthew and Luke mention him. Mark refers to him as the father of Alexander and Rufus, suggesting that they were Christians known to those in Rome. We pray for the grace cheerfully to help our neighbors in need.
6th Station: Veronica wipes the face of Jesus. The name "Veronica" probably comes from the Latin and Greek words for "True Picture," referring to a cloth bearing the likeness of our Lord and believed to have been left there as a reward for this woman's kindness. We pray that we will have compassion on those who suffer.
7th Station: Jesus falls the second time. We pray for perseverance in grace and help in resisting temptation.
8th Station: The women of Jerusalem weep over Jesus. "Weep not for Me, but weep for yourselves and for your children," He tells them, "Behold, days are coming in which men will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore.'" We pray that we may remain steadfast in times of persecution and tribulation.
9th Station: Jesus falls the third time. We pray that God will give us the grace to follow His Commandments without regard to the opinions of the world and worldly people.
10th Station: Jesus is stripped of His garments. Because of the scourging His clothes adhere like bloody bandages, ripping His wounds again as they are roughly pulled away. We pray for modesty, and for chastity according to our state in life.
11th Station: Jesus is nailed to the cross. Supported only by crude nails through His wrists and feet, Jesus is hoisted into the air to die the agonizing death of asphyxiation as His arms tire and He is no longer able to painfully raise Himself to breathe. We ask God for the grace to bear our sufferings cheerfully, in union with His Son.
12th Station: Jesus dies on the Cross. After three hours of agony He abandons Himself to death. With His life Jesus suffered what should have been the penalty for our sins. We pray for an increase in respect for human life.
13th Station: Jesus is taken down for the Cross. Ponder the sorrow of Mary holding the lifeless body she once held at the breast. We pray to be Christ-like, serving in His stead during our earthly lives.
14th Station: Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus "wrapped the body in clean linen cloth and laid it in [Joseph's] new tomb, hewn out in the rock." We ask God that we may always remember to treat the dead with respect and always to keep them in our prayers.
|
<urn:uuid:c6c58af1-6751-465a-b33c-6541ec55052d>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47",
"url": "http://rosarychurch.net/answers/qa101996.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805894.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120013853-20171120033853-00437.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9663919806480408,
"token_count": 1216,
"score": 3.734375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Using mobile and pervasive technologies to engage formal and informal learners in scientific debate
Woodgate, D., Stanton Fraser, D., Gower, A., Glancy, M., Gower, A. P., Chamberlain, A., Dillon, T. and Crellin, D., 2010. Using mobile and pervasive technologies to engage formal and informal learners in scientific debate. Information Science Reference, pp. 196-214.
Related documents:This repository does not currently have the full-text of this item.
You may be able to access a copy if URLs are provided below. (Contact Author)
In a climate of concern in the United Kingdom about a perceived loss of interest in science among schoolchildren and the general public, we consider the relationships that exist between science education and public engagement in science, and “formal” and “informal” learning contexts. The authors move on to describe four case studies drawn from our research, where mobile technologies have been used in ubiquitous ICT-based science-related learning activities. Three of these studies were of school based activities which took place in timetabled science lesson time. The fourth was set in Kew Gardens in London, during a holiday period, and involved leisure-time visitors of all ages. Finally, they describe a planned integrated trial, which will draw together “formal” and “informal” learners in environmental and scientific debate, scaffolding previous mobile learning experiences towards a genuinely multiplatform e-learning system.
|Item Type||Conference or Workshop Items (UNSPECIFIED)|
|Creators||Woodgate, D., Stanton Fraser, D., Gower, A., Glancy, M., Gower, A. P., Chamberlain, A., Dillon, T. and Crellin, D.|
|Departments||Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences > Psychology|
Actions (login required)
|
<urn:uuid:56bb1689-7437-4965-a915-5052900c8f40>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07",
"url": "http://opus.bath.ac.uk/16121/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701159155.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193919-00045-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8742799162864685,
"token_count": 393,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Seaside, the resort town in the Florida Panhandle, is best known for being a compact, walkable, and diverse community, but it has also become known as one of the first environmentally designed new towns. It is now time for it to be recognized as a model for Lean Urbanism, particularly greenfield development.
Green Design Elements
Of course, the attributes of being compact, walkable, and diverse are fundamental to environmentalism in that they minimize the consumption of land, reduce off-site trips, and encourage walking and bicycling, creating an urban pattern that is inherently sustainable. But in addition to the inherent benefits of the community’s urban design, there are also several explicitly “green” design elements in this now-33- year-old town.
In constructing the town, neither farmland nor pristine wilderness was eliminated. The site itself was ugly and relatively fallow, having been logged a few years prior to development. No large trees existed, and the site vegetation consisted of brush and wild plants. The site plan itself set development back from the Gulf-front cliffs, preserving the site’s natural dunes before legislation made this mandatory. That sort of elementary precaution, which has granted the town natural protection from tropical storms, was usually ignored at that time.
Florida being hot, the town plan addressed the matter of ventilation at both the community and the building scale. Virtually all the streets run perpendicular to the shoreline, channeling the prevailing breezes deep into the site. The vernacular architecture — particularly of the early buildings — allows windows to remain open even during rainfall by providing overhangs and porches. When possible, the vernacular plans also facilitate the cross-ventilation of rooms, allowing for natural cooling across the houses by the wind. For the wintry days, the earliest houses had Franklin Stoves to provide heating that was picked up and dispersed by the HVAC system. All houses are also raised off the ground, thereby providing the cooling effect of an under-croft.
The galvanized metal roofs — then quite uncommon except on the poorest of rural buildings — pioneered a long-lasting, cost-effective alternative to the less wind-resistant asphalt shingles of the then vernacular. Their very high reflective abilities also assisted in cooling the structures. Beyond that, the rigorous insistence on proper construction and natural materials resulted in a fortified construction well before the newly adopted hurricane codes. This emphasis on quality construction and materials kept Seaside largely unscathed through Hurricane Opal and half a dozen other direct hits that damaged neighboring developments.
The town plan also offered innovative stormwater management techniques at both the large and small scales. Most of the community’s storm drainage flows into the central square, which is depressed, thus acting like a retention pond at peak times in the rainy season, and incidentally forming a very popular auditorium. At the building scale, houses are raised on posts to preserve much of the ground plane for percolation, allowing the existing contours of the land to be preserved intact. The already narrow street pavements are also made permeable by brick laid on sand with slight filtration interstices separating each one, with the beveled edge profile of the brick providing some water detention capacity. The on-street parking throughout the community, aside from at the town center, is placed on gravel swales, which extend the permeable land surface.
The town’s landscaping consists entirely of native species, aside from the lawns and squares, which are restricted in order to provide a play surface and seating for outdoor events. The original scrub oaks were retained, and a program of supplementary landscaping is confined by code to native plants. This practice both preserves the landscape and minimizes maintenance, as the native plants require no irrigation and little maintenance for months on end. The code also threatens fines to those disturbing the landscape six feet beyond the building footprint. For this reason, builders dug the pier footings of the houses by hand, as larger equipment would have eliminated the contours of the existing ground.
Although LEED standards certainly did not exist at the time of Seaside’s founding, the economic rationale, derived from vernacular practice, intrinsically endowed the town with strategies that address today’s most pressing environmental concerns. After all, our ancestors had neither energy nor money to waste. They had to do things right. There is still much to be learned from their lowtech approach to building community, even as high-tech environmental gadgets and building materials become more available and are commonly used by builders and developers.
|
<urn:uuid:2aa2d22f-d952-4af6-b464-c0c249c5189f>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05",
"url": "https://leanurbanism.org/publications/seaside-a-case-of-lean-urbanism-for-greenfield-development/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00383.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9587202668190002,
"token_count": 938,
"score": 3.359375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Table of Contents
What is the central theme of multiculturalism?
Multiculturalism seeks the inclusion of the views and contributions of diverse members of society while maintaining respect for their differences and withholding the demand for their assimilation into the dominant culture.
What are themes of diversity?
Making sense of individuals, communities and societies Dimensions of Individual Differences – Ethnicity, Gender, Race, Socio-Economic, Indigenous, Religion, Sexual Orientation, Disability. Historical Meaning – Cultural History, Oral History, and Cultural Renaissances.
What are multicultural concepts?
a. Multiculturalism as a Describing Concept for Society. The term ‘multiculturalism’ is sometimes used to describe a condition of society; more precisely, it is used to describe a society where a variety of different cultures coexist. Many countries in the world are culturally diverse.
What are cultural themes?
Themes are the specific expressions of cultural integration in each individual case. Opler illustrated how this concept may be used in his account of the Apache life way. The concepts of patterns and themes are both keys to the specific structure and character of a way of living.
Is cultural diversity a theme?
The theme of cultural diversity has been designed to foster understanding, acceptance, and constructive relations amongst TIG members who have a diverse cultural background.
What are the characteristics of a multicultural society?
Multicultural societies are characterized by people of different races, ethnicities, and nationalities living together in the same community. In multicultural communities, people retain, pass down, celebrate, and share their unique cultural ways of life, languages, art, traditions, and behaviors.
What are multicultural activities?
7 Great Multicultural Classroom Activities To Involve Parents
- Create a Mini-Heritage Documentary.
- Have a Multicultural Classroom Celebration.
- Take a Virtual Multicultural Classroom Field-trip.
- Host Multicultural Classroom Guest Speakers.
- Encourage Playful Participation.
- Holidays Around the World.
- International Potluck.
What are the main themes of multiculturalism in Canada?
Responses are compared with five themes from the Canadian Multiculturalism Act – diversity, harmony, equality, resource, and overcoming barriers. The first two of these themes were widely recognized by students but the other three themes were rarely recognized.
Characteristics of a Multicultural Society . Multicultural societies are characterized by people of different races, ethnicities, and nationalities living together in the same community. In multicultural communities, people retain, pass down, celebrate, and share their unique cultural ways of life, languages, art, traditions, and behaviors.
What are some of the challenges of multiculturalism?
Challenges: Colleagues from some cultures may be less likely to let their voices be heard. Integration across multicultural teams can be difficult in the face of prejudice or negative cultural stereotypes. Professional communication can be misinterpreted or difficult to understand across languages and cultures.
What are the benefits of cultural diversity in marketing?
3. Benefit: Cultural sensitivity, insight, and local knowledge means higher quality, targeted marketing. Cross-cultural understanding, along with local market knowledge, lends itself the production of more effective marketing strategy and materials.
|
<urn:uuid:917ff023-5bc2-45a2-905a-ef20e5eb9e79>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40",
"url": "https://quick-advices.com/what-is-the-central-theme-of-multiculturalism/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511106.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003124522-20231003154522-00004.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9029190540313721,
"token_count": 662,
"score": 3.9375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
- (Photo: Pilgrim Hall Museum)
Far from being a crystalized set observance, Thanksgiving in America has been a holiday that has changed considerably from how it was initially celebrated.
There have been obvious minor changes: sports events on TV rather than game hunting, turkey as the main course rather than venison, and the manifestation of the major parade sponsored by Macy's.
Yet, from 1621 until 2012, the notion of Thanksgiving also underwent fundamental changes in definition, with the modern American holiday being far removed from its 17th century ancestor. Linford D. Fisher, assistant professor at the Department of History of Brown University, told The Christian Post that the modern Thanksgiving is more a product of the 1800s than the 1600s.
"One piece of this progression is when Sarah Hale of Newport, R.I. – a writer, activist, and mother –begins to campaign for a national holiday that incorporates feasting and giving thanks," said Fisher.
"This was also a time when New Englanders were recovering their Puritan roots (Plymouth Rock was dedicated in 1824, for example), so this recovery of Thanksgiving as an older tradition ties in with that as well."
For the 17th century, Fisher told CP that the Thanksgiving event was actually a combination of two occasions, one being the harvest festival and the other a ritual day of thanks, which was "a common feature of early modern European Christian religious life."
"As practiced by most English colonists, the harvest festival would have been a day of rejoicing, eating, and spending time as a community together," said Fisher.
"A day of thanksgiving, on the other hand, had a more somber tone, and perhaps would have even involved prayer, fasting, and a sermon. Colonies and towns all across British North America would have celebrated both of these rituals over time."
Before being made a national holiday by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941, Thanksgiving could appear at any time in the calendar year. Ann Berry, executive director for The Pilgrim Society & Pilgrim Hall Museum located in Plymouth, Mass., told CP in an earlier interview about this flexibility.
"In the early 17th century, a Day of Thanksgiving was declared by a religious leader as a time for contemplation, prayer and, often, fasting in response to a special act of Divine Providence – rain after a drought for example," said Berry.
"There were also civilly declared Days of Thanksgiving in response to an event such as a victory in battle or the end of war. Several were declared in the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies."
As to contrasting the Plymouth Rock Thanksgiving and modern Thanksgiving, Fisher explained that "several things stick out."
"First, the almost de facto cultural expectation of not just abundance, but gluttonous overabundance, seems to be the most contradictory differences between the two messages. In 1621 they were glad to have survived; in 2012 we celebrate our successes and high standards of living in our full tables," said Fisher.
"Second, in 1621 there was a more intense cultural focus on the Christian God as the source of this survival. In 2012, thanks almost seems to be redirected in a patriotic way towards the United States itself."
When asked by CP about a consistent theme of Thanksgiving from 1621 to 2012, Fisher said he believed it was "the act of giving thanks itself."
"The act of giving thanks itself, as a special day and time set aside, is the most in harmony with the various manifestations of thanksgivings down through American history," said Fisher.
|
<urn:uuid:a2f5f285-afa5-4544-a947-f7f4130390f1>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-15",
"url": "http://www.christianpost.com/news/the-evolution-of-thanksgiving-85351/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609539493.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005219-00340-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9784390330314636,
"token_count": 728,
"score": 3.890625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
An obfuscated code is the one that is hard (but not impossible) to read and understand. Sometimes corporate developers, programmers and malware coders for security reasons, intentionally obfuscate their software in an attempt to delay reverse engineering or confuse antivirus engines from identifying malicious behaviors.
Nowadays, obfuscation is often applied to object oriented cross-platform programming languages like Java, .NET (C#, VB), Perl, Ruby, Python and PHP. That is because their code can be easily decompiled and examined making them vulnerable to reverse engineering. On the other hand, obfuscating binary code is not as easy as encrypting object or function names as it is done in programming languages mentioned above. In this case, the code is altered by using a variety of transformations, for instance self modifying code, stack operations or even splitting the factors of simple mathematical functions.
Moreover, binary obfuscation is also used to defeat automated network traffic analyzers such like Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems. In other words, binary code obfuscation is the technique of altering the original code structure and maintaining its original functionality. This paper explores the theory and practice of binary code obfuscation as well as a number of various techniques that can be used.
Note: This paper is not available anymore.
|
<urn:uuid:3c33a451-1a70-4d2a-99d6-f8158ddae85e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "https://www.helpnetsecurity.com/2009/02/04/applied-binary-code-obfuscation/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917126538.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031206-00465-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9282404184341431,
"token_count": 258,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
Stress is a constant companion throughout life. While many of us would like to reduce our stress, we would most be unhappy if it were reduced too far. Take away all the stress of life and we lie all day on a soft bed with gentle music playing in the background. That would get old pretty quickly for most people. The issue for us is what kind of stress and how much? Flying down the slopes on skis in the Austrian Alps certainly puts a stress on the mind and body. However, for those of us who like to ski, it would be a pleasant stress. We would love to do it more often. On the other hand, running out of gas and walking 3 miles to a gas station and consequently being very late for work is also stressful but most of us would not welcome that kind of stress.
We can either be passive objects of the stress that befalls us or we can find ways to manage it. The goal is to maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative. The first step is to take an inventory of all the stressors that affect us. When they are all listed we will find that some stressors will be pleasant and others unpleasant. Some will be small stressors; some will be huge. An unpleasant stressor that is small is probably not much of an issue but an unpleasant stressor that is huge can be a significant problem. Some unpleasant stressors we may be able to eliminate. Some we cannot eliminate but we can find ways to minimize their effects.
Pleasant stress is a necessary ingredient for a healthy body and mind. If you find yourself bored a lot, it may be time to add a little pleasant stress. Managing it is a matter of regulating the variety and degree. Pleasant stress may include things like getting a promotion, riding a bicycle, going on a vacation or doing volunteer work. Getting a promotion involves adjusting to a new status, learning new skills and meeting greater expectations. Riding a bicycle involves choosing when, where and how far to go. Going on a vacation involves making plans, traveling and working out how to take care of daily needs in a different environment. Volunteer work pays the benefit of knowing we are contributing to our community.
Unpleasant stressors may include things like credit card debt, people who mistreat us, high cholesterol, arthritis, or natural disasters. Natural disasters, we can do little about but we may be able to protect ourselves. Credit card debt we can do something about, given time. A friend of mine, on advice from his physician, made a "lifestyle change." He switched to a low cholesterol diet and started a moderate daily exercise routine. He feels a lot better now. Minimizing unpleasant stress involves taking good care of ourselves. Here are some suggestions:
- Eat a healthy diet. Cut back on sugar and caffeine.
- Get adequate sleep.
- Exercise regularly. Exercise involves accomplishing something physically challenging. It relaxes and strengthens the body and provides a sense of being able to overcome obstacles.
- Choose a hobby. A hobby is something we enjoy doing and we set out own standards. Some people enjoy woodworking or scrapbooking. Others play a musical instrument or dance. Others participate in Community Theater. These are things that help us feel good about ourselves.
- Get together with friends and laugh a lot. Laughter is one of the best stress relievers there is; and friends love us even when things are not going well. We can be ourselves around them.
- Find something that will take you away and relax you. It may be music, as the song says, "Let me get lost in your rock and roll." Others may prefer to get lost in a good book, a movie, meditation, or yoga. These are things that take our minds away from the current situation and give us a mental vacation.
|
<urn:uuid:503e6e9b-3c27-4b02-9c07-e44f1af07cc4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52",
"url": "http://www.first.army.mil/(X(1)S(n42ule2dd44nldm3jjuc1z45))/content.aspx?ContentID=542&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802775404.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075255-00135-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9601142406463623,
"token_count": 778,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
An anonymous reader writes "French scientists have developed a new rubber that can heal itself after being cut or broken. If two broken ends of the material are pushed together, and left for an hour, they join to become just as stretchy as before. There is even a video of the supposed creation in action. 'Regular rubber gets its strength from the fact that long chains of polymer molecules are coupled, or "crosslinked," in three different ways: through covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonding between molecules. Of these three bond types, only the hydrogen bonds can be remade once a material is fractured, although normally there are not enough hydrogen bonds for the rubber to re-couple in this way. The solution devised by Leibler and colleagues is to simply get rid of the ionic and covalent bonds. They developed a transparent, yellowy-brown rubber in which crosslinking is performed only by hydrogen bonds.'"
|
<urn:uuid:b60ac558-2e07-498c-965b-64b747563148>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30",
"url": "https://slashdot.org/~squidfood/tags/sillyputty",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257826908.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071026-00256-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.964755117893219,
"token_count": 190,
"score": 3.078125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Most of us feel some kind of ear ringing every once in a while. Some as simple as a sporting event or concert could cause it. If the ringing never stops, this is a condition called tinnitus. Tinnitus can be caused by a number of sources, including noise exposure, stress, medication, and depression. For ideas and advice on preventing and treating tinnitus, keep reading.
If you suffer from tinnitus, it is important that you not panic. When people constantly hear ringing in their ears, they just assume that there is something wrong with them. However, tinnitus is not only a condition that is usually temporary, but it is also a condition that is not serious.
Food allergies can cause symptoms which mimic tinnitus, so watching what you’re eating or drinking when your symptoms are at their worst is a great idea to help you deal with the condition. For example, caffeine is known to cause ringing in the ears, vertigo, and other tinnitus-like symptoms in some people.
To avoid aggravating your tinnitus further, choose the foods you eat carefully. Salt, caffeine, artificial sweeteners, and sugar, can all make the symptoms of your tinnitus worse. If you don’t want to give up all these things, try eliminating them one at a time to find out which one, if any, is causing problems.
To stay positive in the face of your condition, seek out a tinnitus support group. It can be difficult for people to understand what you’re going through if they don’t have tinnitus themselves. Talking to people who really understand your struggles can be wonderful. If there’s not a support group in your area, try to find one online.
If tinnitus causes you problems when you’re trying to fall asleep, consider relaxation techniques. Meditation, deep breathing, and even yoga can help you to get your body completely relaxed so you can overcome the noise in your ears. I personally like to use deep breathing, because it helps me both forget the sound and also keeps my blood pressure low.
Avoid alcohol, caffeine and tobacco if you are a sufferer of tinnitus. These substances are known to act as nerve stimulants. Tinnitus is often caused by over-stimulated nerves sending a confused message to the brain, so adding to this is naturally something you should avoid. Removing these will also help your overall health, so their is no reason not to.
There is evidence that tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, is an inflammatory health condition. An anti-inflammatory diet is a good way to control your condition. Vegetables and fruits should compose the bulk of an anti-inflammatory diet. Those should be supplemented with foods such as the oils from flax seed and fish, like salmon, which are known to be anti-inflammatory.
As you now know, tinnitus can come from medical conditions, loud noise, medication and stress, or something as simple as build up of ear wax. It doesn’t matter what the cause is, the ringing is frustrating for anyone who suffers from it. Luckily, it is possible to treat and even cure tinnitus if the correct methods are taken. Speak to your doctor if your symptoms persist or worsen.
|
<urn:uuid:114797b4-8a84-46df-9e25-5ce565b2b4f7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26",
"url": "https://www.101alternativehealing.com/tired-of-that-constant-noise-we-can-help-4/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998808.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618163443-20190618185443-00034.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9582794904708862,
"token_count": 682,
"score": 2.59375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Dental implants are titanium fixtures that are placed within the upper or lower jaw to support and replace missing teeth and to anchor loose dentures.
Without natural tooth roots in place to provide stimulation, the jaw bone will begin to deteriorate. Dental implants act as substitute tooth roots and provide the same function as natural roots, including stimulating and preserving the jawbone, thereby preventing the bone loss that normally occurs with the loss of teeth.
Dental implants can be placed in the mouth of any individual provided he/she fulfills certain criteria. Your Plano/Dallas implant dentist will conduct a thorough dental and medical exam to confirm that you are a candidate for dental implant surgery. Dental implants are not placed in children and are only advised after facial growth is complete.
Factors that may rule out implant surgery:
· Insufficient bone height and width
· Unhealthy gums with untreated gum disease
· Patient with history of clenching of teeth (bruxism)
· Patients with previous history of failure of dental implants
· Improper/inadequate opening of the mouth
· Severe dermatological diseases
· Malignancy (cancer)
· Hemophilia and bleeding disorders
· Impaired movement
Today with proper medication, patients with diabetes and bleeding disorders can also undergo implant surgery; therefore they are not automatically excluded.
Contact your implant dentist to determine if implants are right for you.
|
<urn:uuid:5c4d49a2-9ff3-48d6-881e-cfc50e39ee44>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40",
"url": "https://www.planosmilestudio.com/blog/are-dental-implants-right-for-everyone",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337421.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20221003133425-20221003163425-00719.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8733184933662415,
"token_count": 308,
"score": 2.65625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
IUCN threat status ~
Flickr ~ YouTube ~ Google ~
Animalia ~ Chordata ~ Mammalia ~ Cetacea ~ Balaenopteridae ~ Megaptera novaeangliae
Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781), like all rorquals (blue whales, Bryde's whales, fin whales, minke whales, and sei whales) are long, slender whales that are much more streamlined than other large whales. They have pointed snouts, paired blowholes, and broad, flat rostrums (upper part of their head). Their throat grooves, in addition to streamlining their shape, allow their throat area (called the cavum vent-rale) to expand during feeding. Their baleen plates are broad and short, and their left and right rows are continuous. Their dorsal fin is falcate (curved).
All members of the Order Cetacea (includes all whales, toothed and those using baleen) are believed to have evolved from terrestrial hoofed mammals like cows, camels, and sheep some 45 million years ago - that's about 40 million years before humans! Recent comparisons of some milk protein genes (beta-casein and kappa-casein) have confirmed this relationship and have suggested that the closest land-bound living relative of whales may be the hippopotamus. Throughout their evolution, cetaceans have become perfectly suited to an aquatic environment, and are virtually incapable of leaving it. Cetaceans illustrate an example of adaptive radiation among mammals. Adaptive radiation allows mammals as a group to effectively inhabit the land, the sea, and the air through the development of special adaptations needed to survive in each of these environments. Members of the Order Cetacea have undergone a number of changes or adaptations needed to fare well in their watery home: their bodies have become streamlined for efficient movement through the water; their forelimbs have been modified into flippers which aid them in steering; their hind limbs have disappeared almost completely; their tail has become broadened horizontally and consists of two large flukes which propel them powerfully through the water by moving up and down, rather than side-to-side like a fish; in place of hair they have developed a thick layer of fat called blubber under their skin that insulates them from the cold and provides buoyancy; and the position of their nostrils has shifted to the top of their head creating a blowhole that allows them to effectively come to the surface for air. A whale's blowhole generally reaches the surface before the rest of its body.
Adapting to the Sea
In addition, a number of other changes have taken place to help whales adapt to life in the sea. Many of these changes are related to the position and abilities of their sensory organs, as life in the water is not the same as life on the land. Sound and light travel differently in water than they do in the air. As a result, whales have developed unique ways of hearing and seeing. Hearing in particular is highly developed in whales, so much so that they depend on it in the same way that we depend on the combination of our eyes, ears and nose to understand the world around us. Many of the whale's sensory and reproductive organs have been internalized to reduce drag while swimming. For example, whales do not have external ears, but rely on an internal system of air sinuses and bones to detect sounds. Changes in their reproductive and parental behaviors have also taken place, enabling whales to provide optimum care for their young in the cold, large ocean. Along with these differences, cetaceans do, however, possess many of the same physiological systems such as circulatory, digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems as the land mammals from which they evolved. For instance, many species possess multi-chambered stomachs even though there is no obvious advantage to having such an arrangement as whales do not chew cud!
The heads of humpback whales are broad and rounded when viewed from above, but slim in profile. Their body is not as streamlined as other rorquals, but is quite round, narrowing to a slender peduncle (tail stock). The top of their head and lower jaw have rounded, bump-like knobs, each containing at least one stiff hair. The purpose of these hairs is not known, though they may provide the whale with a sense of "touch." They have between 20-35 ventral (underside) grooves which extend slightly beyond their navel.
Adult male humpbacks measure between 12.2-14.6 m, adult females measure 13.7-15.2 m. They weigh 22,680-36,287 kg. Their scientific name is Megaptera noveangliae. This means "giant wings", which refers to their large front flippers that can reach a length of 4.6 m—about one-third of the animal's entire body length. Their body is black on the dorsal (upper) side, and mottled black and white on their ventral (under) sides. This color pattern extends to their flukes (tails). When humpback whales sound (go into long or deep dives) they usually throw their fluke upward, exposing their black and white patterned undersides. This pattern is distinctive to each whale. Their flippers range from all white to all black. The shape and color patterns on humpback whales' dorsal fins and flukes are as individual as fingerprints in humans.
Humpbacks have become renowned for their various acrobatic displays. In fact, their common name "humpback" refers to the high arch of their backs when they dive. About 2/3 back on their body is an irregularly shaped dorsal fin. Their flippers are very long, between 1/4 and 1/3 the length of their body, and have large knobs on their leading edges. Their fluke or tail fin, which can be 5.5 m wide, is serrated and pointed at the tips. One of the humpback's more spectacular behaviors is the breach. Breaching is a true leap where a whale generates enough upward force with its powerful flukes to lift approximately 2/3 of its body out of the water. A breach may also involve a twisting motion, when the whale twists its body sideways as it reaches the height of the breach. Researchers are not yet certain why whales breach, but believe that it may be related to courtship or play activity. Some behaviors such as headlunging, which occurs when one whale thrusts its head forcefully towards another whale in a threatening manner, are believed to be aggressive behaviors meant to ward off competitors. Males display this behavior most often when trying to gain access to females. Many other behaviors including fluke slaps, flipper slaps, and headslaps have also been characterized, although their apparent functions are as of yet unknown.
The "songs" of humpbacks are made up of complex vocal patterns. All whales within a given area and season seem to use the same songs. However, the songs appear to change from one breeding season to the next. Scientists believe that only male humpbacks sing. While the purpose of the songs is not known exactly, many scientists think that males sing to attract mates, or to communicate among other males of the pod.
A pod refers to a social group of whales. In Hawaii, humpback whales typically belong to pods consisting of 2-3 individuals, although pods as large as 15 individuals have been sighted. Scientists feel that whales belong to certain pods for relatively short periods of time. One type of pod that is especially interesting is the cow-calf pod. A cow-calf pod represents the longest association between individual whales. In this type of pod, the mother whale, the cow, remains with her calf for a year during which time she nurses the young whale. In may instances, cow-calf pods are accompanied by another adult known as an escort. Escorts can be of either sex, but are most often reported to be males. Escorts do not remain in the cow-calf pod for long periods of time, usually for only a few hours. There have been no reported sightings of whale pods which contain more than one calf, indicating that each young whale is given a great deal of individual attention and care. This fact, together with the fact that the normal breeding-cycle of a humpback whale is two years, helps to explain why recovery of humpback whale populations progresses so slowly.
Humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, are found in all of the world's oceans, although they generally prefer near shore and near-island habitats for both feeding and breeding. A recent world population for the species was estimated to be around 60,000 individuals (6,000 - 8,000 in the North Pacific, 12,000 in the North Atlantic, and approximately 40,000 in the Southern Hemisphere) or about 30-35% of their original population before whaling, and can be divided into groups based on the regions in which they live. One group found in the North Pacific, in the waters off Alaska, is estimated to consist of about 2,000 individuals. A large percentage of this population migrates to the Hawaiian islands during the winter months, November through May, each year. The round-trip distance they travel during this annual migration is approximately 9,656 km, one of the longest migration distances of any animal species. During their stay in Hawaii, they do not feed, but rely upon energy stored in their blubber. Instead of feeding, the whales devote most of their time to mating and bearing their calves.
In the Atlantic, humpbacks migrate from Northern Ireland and Western Greenland to the West Indies (including the Gulf of Mexico).
In the Pacific they migrate generally from the Bering Sea to Southern Mexico. Another known small population migrates from their feeding grounds in Antarctic waters to their Tongan breeding grounds. These whales form part of an Antarctic feeding population south of New Zealand and Australia, but little is known about the migration path of this small population and their movements between the Southwestern Pacific Islands. This "Tongan tribe" is even "more" special than other groups of humpbacks—it is the last group to be hunted, with the fewest survivors and is the least understood. Hunted until 1979 for their oil, meat and bone, scientists now pursue humpbacks for observation, while whale watchers seek them for the thrill and privilege of seeing these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat.
Humpback whales feed on krill, small shrimp-like crustaceans, and various kinds of small fish. Each whale eats up to 1,361 kg of food a day. As a baleen whale, they have a series of 270-400 fringed overlapping baleen plates that hang from each side of their upper jaws where teeth might otherwise be located. These plates consist of a fingernail-like material called keratin that frays out into fine hairs on the ends. The plates are black and measure about 76 cm in length. During feeding, large volumes of water and food can be taken into their mouth because of the pleated grooves in their throat which allow for enormous expansion. As their mouth closes, water is expelled through their baleen plates, which trap the food which is then swallowed whole. This efficient system enables the largest animals on earth to feed on some of the smallest. They are also known to concentrate the food by forming a bubble curtain or bubble net, created by releasing air bubbles while swimming in circles beneath their prey.
Humpback whales mate during their winter migration to warmer waters, and eleven to twelve months later, upon their return to winter breeding grounds. They reach sexual maturity at 6-8 years of age or when males reach the length of 11.6 m and females are 12 m. Each female typically bears a calf every 2-3 years and the gestation period is 12 months. Humpback whale calves are between 3-4.5 m long at birth, and weigh up to 907 kg.
They nurse frequently on their mother's rich milk, which has a 45% to 60% fat content. Mothers must feed newborns about 45 kg of milk each day for a period of 5-7 months until they are weaned; calves may stay with mothers for up to a year. After weaning, calves have doubled their length and increased their weight by 5 times, attaining sizes of about 8.2 m and 9,072 kg. The maximum rate of reproduction for this species is one calf per year, but this is seldom practiced as it puts quite a strain on mother whales. Scientists estimate the average life span of humpbacks in the wild to be between 30-40 years, although no one knows for certain, yet.
All rorquals have been hunted and some still are, although they are now protected by most nations subscribing to the International Whaling Commission. Their tendency to frequent coastal waters and their habitual return to the same regions each year made humpback whales vulnerable to exploitation by commercial whalers. Humpbacks were hunted for their oil, meat, and whalebone. Populations were drastically reduced in the early part of the 19th century, leaving only between 5-10% of the original populations remaining. In the North Pacific, it is estimated that as many as 15,000 humpbacks existed prior to 1900. That population was decimated to fewer than 1,000 individuals before an international ban on commercial whaling was instituted in 1964. Today, the North Pacific population which returns to Hawaii in the winter months to breed, now numbers approximately 6,000 - 8,000.
In spite of their recent strides toward recovery, humpbacks, Megaptera novaeangliae, are still designated as an endangered species in terms of two populations or subpopulations.
A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
"Humpback whales are well-known to be susceptible to entanglement in fishing gear (Volgenau et al. 1995, Johnson et al. 2005). A total of nine humpback whale entanglements in fishing gear have been recorded off the coast of Oman. Eight of these animals were freed, another was observed swimming but trailing gear (Minton et al. in press). Analysis of scarring on the caudal peduncle region of photographically identified humpback whales in Oman indicates that between 30-40% are likely to have been involved in entanglements with fishing gear (Minton et al. in press). Fishing effort off the coast of Oman and in other parts of the Arabian Sea is increasing (Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries 2002, Ministry of National Economy 2003, FAO 2007) and drifting and set gillnets as well as traps are already widely used (Stengel and Al Harthy 2002).
The Arabian Sea humpback whale population is small, and any human-induced mortality, especially of females, must be a concern.
Humpback whales have been legally protected from commercial whaling in the southern hemisphere since 1963, and the Arabian Sea region has always been a closed area to commercial whaling under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. However, humpback whales were taken from the region illegally by Soviet pelagic operations in 1965 and 1966. The hunting of any cetacean species is prohibited by law in Oman. At the species level, the humpback whale is listed in Appendix I of both CITES and CMS. The Arabian Sea is also part of the International Whaling Commission's Indian Ocean Sanctuary.
The potential for successful conservation of humpback whales in the region is considered to be high, provided that range state governments are made aware of this population's precarious status. The countries of the Arabian region are generally affluent and in a good position to implement marine conservation measures for humpback whales in addition to those already initiated for other taxa, such as sea turtles. A coordinated series of marine protected areas, combined with species-specific protection measures, could greatly enhance the long-term prospects for humpback whales in the region."
"During the last two centuries, Humpback Whales have been hunted intensively, especially in the southern hemisphere, where it was estimated that populations were reduced to a few percent of their pre-exploitation abundance (Chapman 1974). Based on catch records corrected for illegal Soviet whaling, a total of more than 200,000 Humpback Whales were killed in the Southern Hemisphere from 1904 to 1980 (Clapham and Baker 2002). Catches during the 19th century in the South Pacific by American whalers were made mainly during winter months in three tropical breeding grounds: off Colombia and Ecuador, around the Tongan archipelago, and northwest of New Caledonia (Townsend 1935, Mackintosh 1942). During the 20th century, Humpback Whales were hunted along their migratory corridors, such as along the coasts of New Zealand and Australia, and more intensively in their feeding areas in sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters (Mackintosh 1942, 1965). The IWC gave legal protection to Humpback Whales from commercial whaling in 1966 but they continued to be killed illegally by whalers from the Soviet Union until 1972. Illegal Soviet takes of 25,000 Humpback Whales in two seasons (1959/60 and 1960/61) precipitated a population crash and the closure of land stations in Australia and New Zealand (Mikhalev 2000, Clapham et al. 2005).
Japan proposed to kill 50 humpback whales as part of its program of scientific research under special permit (scientific whaling) in the IWC management areas IV and V in the Antarctic. Areas IV and V have demonstrated links with breeding stock E. Japan postponed its proposed catch in the 2007/08 season but have not removed Humpback Whales from its future whaling program. The continuation of this program has the potential to slow the recovery of the Oceania subpopulation.
Mortality of Humpback Whales due to entanglements in fishing gear and collisions with ships have been reported in the Southern Hemisphere (IWC 2001). Entanglement of Humpback Whales in pot lines occurs in both New Zealand and Australia. There is little information from around the rest of the South Pacific, but a humpback mother (with calf) was reported entangled in a longline in 2007 (N. Hauser, reported in SPWRC 2008) and another Humpback was struck and killed by a vessel in 1999 in Tonga (Diver 2004).
Although Humpback Whales have been legally protected from commercial whaling since 1966, they can still be killed for the purposes of scientific research under Article VIII of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling. The IWC's Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary (e.g. the northern boundary of this Sanctuary follows the 40°S parallel of latitude except in the Indian Ocean sector where it joins the southern boundary of that sanctuary at 55°S, and around South America and into the South Pacific where the boundary is at 60°S) provides an additional layer of protection to Humpback Whales while on their summer feeding grounds in Antarctica, although whales inside the Sanctuary can still be killed under Article VIII.
At present, more than 12 million km2 of EEZs of more than a dozen South Pacific countries and territories have been designated as whale sanctuaries. This provides protection from commercial whaling for Humpback Whales in some of their breeding areas. Most recently an MoU under the CMS convention has been designed to protect cetaceans and their habitats in the South Pacific. It has already been signed by several countries and territories.
New Zealand and Australia have active disentanglement programs to release any Humpback Whales captured in fishing gear."
Only North Pacific right whales, another species of baleen whale, are considered more endangered than humpbacks in the North Pacific.
Visit the nonprofit group Whale Trust whose mission is to promote, support and conduct scientific research on humpback whales and the marine environment, and develop public education programs based directly on the results of scientific research.
Minton, G., Collins, T., Pomilla, C., Findlay, K.P., Rosenbaum, H., Baldwin, R. & Brownell Jr., R.L. 2008. Megaptera novaeangliae (Arabian Sea subpopulation). In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 www.iucnredlist.org.
Childerhouse, S., Jackson, J., Baker, C.S., Gales, N., Clapham, P.J. & Brownell Jr., R.L. 2008. Megaptera novaeangliae (Oceania subpopulation). In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1 www.iucnredlist.org.
Humpback Whale ACS Cetacean Fact Sheet
Nature Photography by Leo Kulinski, Jr.
Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood, and M.A. Webber, FAO species identification guide, Marine mammals of the world, Rome, FAO. 1993. 320 p. 587 figs.
Rolf Hicker Nature Photography
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Endangered Species
Whale Trust: promotes, supports and conducts scientific research on Humpback whales
Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)
Research Megaptera novaeangliae » Barcode of Life ~ BioOne ~ Biodiversity Heritage Library ~ CITES ~ Cornell Macaulay Library [audio / video] ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ ESA Online Journals ~ FishBase ~ Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department ~ GBIF ~ Google Scholar ~ ITIS ~ IUCN RedList (Threatened Status) ~ Marine Species Identification Portal ~ NCBI (PubMed, GenBank, etc.) ~ Ocean Biogeographic Information System ~ PLOS ~ SIRIS ~ Tree of Life Web Project ~ UNEP-WCMC Species Database ~ WoRMS
Send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page. We greatly appreciate all feedback!
"Georgia Aquarium has decided not to appeal the decision handed down by Judge Totenberg. We firmly disagree with the Judge's decision, but the extended appeal process would add to an already lengthy series of legal proceedings, which would not be in the best interest of the animals in Russia."
As if the world's coral reefs didn't have enough problems — killer rising ocean temperatures, crazy bleaching events and oil slicks comprised of sunscreen from sunbathers that denude them, they are now under attack by hordes of thorny sea creatures.
Fishing nations at the annual meeting of the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) have once again failed to adopt scientific advice and best practices to safeguard several species of oceanic sharks.
|
<urn:uuid:86a4f6b5-fd33-41e0-99bd-f39e24367c58>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-17",
"url": "http://m.marinebio.org/species.asp?id=39",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120349.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00109-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9505851864814758,
"token_count": 4793,
"score": 4.375,
"int_score": 4
}
|
English to English
1. an act of traveling by water
2. a journey to some distant place
3. Formerly, a passage either by sea or land; a journey, in general; but not chiefly limited to a passing by sea or water from one place, port, or country, to another; especially, a passing or journey by water to a distant place or country.
4. travel on water propelled by wind or by other means
The QE2 will sail to Southampton tomorrow
5. To take a voyage; especially, to sail or pass by water.
6. To travel; to pass over; to traverse.
|
<urn:uuid:fbf1ad08-4504-46e8-b000-3905fc5960e0>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://www.artikata.com/arti-199849-voyage.html",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00045-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.8814548850059509,
"token_count": 132,
"score": 2.953125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Talc inhalation can cause serious breathing problems and lung inflammation. Some studies, including the 2014 study in the International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, suggest it may contribute to lung cancer.
Why talc is bad for your skin?
Talc is bad for skin because it can contain asbestos, which is a known carcinogen.
Why is talc a bad ingredient?
1 “The concern with cosmetic talc in makeup and hygiene products is when it is inhaled, as it might cause respiratory problems and lung disease. It can also irritate the eyes.”.
Is talc powder safe to use?
Today, talc is accepted as safe for use in cosmetic and personal care products throughout the world.
Is talc bad in skin care?
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, talc is “generally recognized as safe” for use in cosmetics and other products. And reports of asbestos contamination of makeup products marketed to kids have added to their worries.
Is talc good for your skin?
Talcum powder is made from talc, a mineral made up mainly of the elements magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. As a powder, it absorbs moisture well and helps cut down on friction, making it useful for keeping skin dry and helping to prevent rashes.
Is talc banned in Europe?
Although talc is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union, it’s still used in some US products like baby powder, face powder, and deodorants.
Does face powder contain asbestos?
Because talc and asbestos are minerals found close together, when talc is mined it may contain traces of asbestos. Talcum powder is still an ingredient in a number of cosmetics brands. As recently as November 2020, a study found 14% of the talc-containing makeup tested also contained asbestos.
What are the side effects of talc?
Side Effects Chest pain, discomfort, or tightness. coughing or spitting up blood. cough with thick mucous. fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat. general feeling of discomfort or illness. shortness of breath or troubled breathing.
Can talcum powder cause lung problems?
Breathing in talcum powder can lead to very serious lung problems, even death. Use caution when using talcum powder on babies. Talc-free baby powder products are available. Workers who have regularly breathed in talcum powder over long periods of time have developed serious lung damage and cancer.
Is baby powder cancerous?
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), talc-based powders are generally not carcinogenic. However, there is a small risk that talcum powder may be carcinogenic for humans when used on genitals.
Is baby powder still made with talc?
No, Johnson and Johnson does not still use talcum powder. The remaining products that contain talc, such as baby powder, may remain on the shelves and continue to sell throughout the United States and Canada until they completely run out.
How much is talc worth?
Unit values for cut or sawed talc ranged from $517 per ton to $1,241 per ton for shipments exceeding 100 tons. The average unit value for all shipments, including those of 100 tons or less, was $60 per ton for crude talc; $100 per ton for ground talc; and $997 per ton for cut or sawed talc.
Is baby powder safe for adults?
Adult men and women may also use baby powder on other parts of their body to soothe rashes or ease friction on the skin. The company that makes the namesake product “baby powder” is called Johnson & Johnson.
Does Laura Mercier contain talc?
Yes, some Laura Mercier products contain Talc. Talc is commonly used as an ingredient in not only cosmetics, but also pharmaceuticals and food products.
Can you put talcum powder on an open wound?
Do not put any soap, shower gel, body lotion, talcum powder or other bathing products directly onto the healing wound. Do not worry if you splash the wound but do not rub the wound area as this will cause pain and might delay the healing process.
Does talc stop itching?
Specifically formulated, it help relieves and soothes skin itching and redness caused by very dry skin. The Mildly Medicated Talcum Powder from Cuticura has been specially formulated to be effective for combating the symptoms of dry, irritated and eczema-prone skin.
What is a substitute for talcum powder?
Cornstarch is the most widely used alternative to talcum powder. You can find this in the bakery isle of grocery stores, in drugstores, online and at other general merchandise stores like Target or Walmart. Commercial cornstarch blends are also available.
Is Febreze banned in Europe?
The chemical also persists in the environment and has been found toxic to aquatic life. Products with the substance are already banned for sale in the European Union and has been barred in products manufactured in Calfornia after 2012.
Why is Lysol banned Europe?
The International Agency for Research on Cancer considers one such chemical, potassium bromate, a possible carcinogen. This has led the EU, Canada, China, Brazil and other countries to ban its use.
Does setting powder have talc?
Talc is the softest mineral known and incredibly absorbent, which is why it’s commonly used in setting powder, eyeshadow, liquid foundation, and anything that requires a silky-smooth texture or oil-absorbing powers.
Do ants like baby powder?
A thin line of talcum powder at and around the places where the ants come in. It’s highly desiccating, which is why it’s used as “baby powder” so babies who dampen their diapers can be dry and not get diaper rash. Ants do not like it, and they will not cross a line of it.
What color is talc?
Talc is translucent to opaque, with colors ranging from whitish grey to green with a vitreous and pearly luster.
Is Airspun powder safe?
EWG scientists reviewed the Coty Airspun Loose Face Powder, Translucent 070-24 product label collected on October 02, 2019 for safety according to the methodology outlined in our Skin Deep Cosmetics Database. EWG’s rating for Coty Airspun Loose Face Powder, Translucent 070-24 is 7.
Why do they put talc in vitamins?
Talc and Dietary Supplements Talc is actually an anti-clumping agent that is used to prevent certain ingredients from sticking to the machinery that produces the tablets. When used as a food additive, talc is usually recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Is talc harmful to humans?
Talc dust can cause significant harm if it’s swallowed or inhaled. Talc inhalation can cause wheezing, coughing, chest pain and difficulty breathing. Although rare, talcum poisoning can prove fatal.
|
<urn:uuid:5779b6d9-d0ff-42db-8d13-bb7b15e1b74e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06",
"url": "https://www.pixaria.com/why-talc-is-bad/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500983.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20230208222635-20230209012635-00100.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9285531044006348,
"token_count": 1492,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
In Latin-American culture, the beating of a piñata began as a religious activity, but, today, it is more secular and generally takes place at celebrations. The general idea is that someone (usually a child) is blindfolded and given a stick, then spun around several times to disorient him. He then begins swinging the stick in the air, trying to locate the piñata, which is suspended overhead. Once he finds it, he beats it until it breaks open, spilling out goodies – sometimes candy, sometimes toys, coins, or food.
In concept, this is much like taxation, with the rich being the piñata.
Taxation Seems Reasonable
Throughout the world today, governments pay for their existence mostly by way of taxation. On the surface of it, this isn't an especially unreasonable concept. Candidates are elected to take charge of the government, and they then need to be paid to do their jobs.
Taxes are also intended to pay for the programmes that government representatives come up with. Unfortunately, a common trend in politics is that once someone has been elected to office, he wants to remain there, often for the remainder of his working life. Once someone has become a career politician, it is a logical step for him to realise that the more he can tax the population, the more goodies he can get for himself. After all, he is in a position to be able to increase his own salary and benefits. Additionally, he may be tempted to siphon off a portion of funds intended for government programmes as they pass through his control.
The difficulty for politicians who increase taxes is that, if they increase taxes on the majority of the people, the people may not vote them back in. Consequently, politicians find that they are more likely to be re-elected if they create or increase taxes that only apply to a minority of the electorate.
Whenever the middle- to lower- income taxpayers outnumber the more wealthy (which is, of course, most often the case), politicians tend to propose higher taxes on “the rich.” The reason this is a safe bet is that the rich are in the minority and therefore do not have the power (on their own) to vote such politicians out of office. Hence, most developed countries not only tax the rich more heavily than others, but also create and maintain a “tax the rich” mentality amongst the electorate. Today, most every country that regards itself as a democracy has a “tax the rich” consciousness, and those who are not “rich” generally support the concept. As George Bernard Shaw said,
“A government that robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend upon the support of Paul.”
But Excessive Taxation of the Rich is Not Necessarily Reasonable
And why not tax the rich? After all, the rich have more, so why shouldn't they give more? Well, there are two reasons why not. The first is that the concept is inherently unjust. As Thomas Jefferson is said to have argued,
“A democracy is nothing more than mob rule, where fifty-one percent of the people may take away the rights of the other forty-nine.”
The second reason why the rich should not automatically pay more is that they may possibly be taxed to the point that they choose to opt out of the system. As Maggie Thatcher said,
“The trouble with socialism is that, eventually, you run out of other people's money.”
Of course, who “the rich” are has never been accurately defined. Is it the top 5% of earners? The top 10%? Politicians avoid such questions; they prefer to keep it vague. After all, if they got specific, many of them would qualify as being amongst “the rich.”
And of course, one of the best aspects of taxing the rich, from the politician's point of view, is that they can't really do anything about it. The rich are, by their very nature, generally speaking, very responsible citizens. They are easily tracked down and will generally prefer to pay a higher tax than to be imprisoned. Consequently, there is much to gain and little to lose for a politician if he proposes further taxes on the rich.
The Rich Are Much Like a Piñata
The rich are much like a piñata:
- Those who are gathered around the piñata know that it contains goodies and they would like to get some share of those goodies.
- They are unconcerned as to whether the piñata is destroyed, as long as the goodies are forthcoming soon.
- Someone is elected, who beats the piñata repeatedly, knocking the goodies out.
- This person wears a blindfold, so, although he knows what his objective is, he cannot actually see the results of his actions.
- The more he beats the piñata, the more goodies fall out.
But, beyond this point, public opinion would diverge as to the comparison of the piñata and the rich. Those who wish to be receivers of the government largesse would argue that the process is endless, as the rich will always have plenty of money. But those who are more productive and choose to sustain themselves through their own efforts will take a different view.
How to Stop Being a Piñata Through Internationalisation
The fact is, the rich do, in most cases, have an ability to opt out. Historically, this does not take place through violent means, such as revolution. Rather, it is by quiet means – by exiting the jurisdiction if it becomes too oppressive.
There is now a growing trend toward internationalisation. It has never been easier to physically move one's self or one's possessions from place to place. Through technology, it has also never been easier to move wealth from place to place. In fact, the only exception to this trend is governments themselves. Some governments are placing ever-increasing restrictions on the ability to move one's self and one's wealth from one jurisdiction to another.
Considering this to be the case, many older people are quietly moving themselves and their wealth away from those countries that are becoming increasingly draconian in their laws. Additionally, many younger people are beginning to see the handwriting on the wall. Whilst they may not yet have amassed much in the way of wealth, many are assessing their futures in jurisdictions that are becoming oppressive, and choosing to vote with their feet now, rather than wait until it is no longer possible.
Many people are fond of their present jurisdiction but are watching the door slowly closing. Those who take the next step – that of seeking out other possible destinations – are finding that in some other jurisdictions the doors to personal economic prosperity are opening wider. However, should an exodus occur into these countries by frustrated First-Worlders, there is the possibility that, in time, their immigration laws may tighten up. Therefore, the time of greatest opportunity may well be right now. Those who are older and have attained some measure of wealth would do well to consider whether they are tiring of being hit with a stick and worrying that, in the future, they may well be hit a great deal harder. Those who are younger may feel that, if they succeed in creating wealth for themselves, their reward may well be to become a piñata.
|
<urn:uuid:32ebe917-c175-4c67-acf2-966b823cf9c2>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-43",
"url": "https://internationalman.com/articles/beating-the-pinata/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583510853.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20181016155643-20181016181143-00247.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9813137054443359,
"token_count": 1506,
"score": 3.015625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Underwater archaeologists investigate the first human remains to be found at the Antikythera shipwreck in almost 40 years.
Discovered in 1900 off the Greek island of Antikythera, the site has yielded hundreds of treasures, including bronze and marble statues, as well as the Antikythera Mechanism, often referred to as the world’s oldest computer.
However, an important new discovery was made in summer 2016 when an international team recovered a human skeleton there.
The remains, which include parts of the cranium, jaw, teeth, ribs, and long bones of the arms and legs, most likely belonged to a young male.
Evidence of at least four other individuals had previously been found at the site, but the newly discovered remains are the first to be uncovered in almost 40 years—and during the age of DNA analysis.
According to ancient DNA expert Hannes Schroeder, the discovery might provide the first opportunity to examine the genetics of an ancient mariner.
“Human remains from ancient shipwrecks are extremely uncommon,” he says.
“DNA analyses can potentially provide fascinating new information on the crew’s genetic ancestry and geographic origins.”
Project codirector Brendan Foley suggests that the individual may have been trapped belowdecks when the ship smashed into the rocks and sank.
Parts of the skeleton discovered in 2016 remain in situ and will be further excavated this summer.
Foley believes that even more human remains may survive at the site along with other precious cargo.
|
<urn:uuid:e00a54c2-aa28-457e-a752-a139c3059589>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "https://greekworldmedia.com/2016/12/15/ancient-worlds-largest-richest-and-perhaps-most-famous-wreck-in-antikythera-greece/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589270.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716115452-20180716135452-00262.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9509125351905823,
"token_count": 314,
"score": 3.921875,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that sends images to the brain.
Normally, the retina lies against the back of the eye where blood vessels furnish it with oxygen and nutrients. Tears in the retina may impair vision and lead to a detached retina.
A detached retina occurs when the retina pulls away from the inside wall of the eye. When this happens vision becomes blurred, shaded or distorted.
Left untreated, retinal detachment almost always causes permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
Retinal detachment and tears may be caused by eye injury, the aging process, tumors, cataract surgery, eye disease or extreme nearsightedness.
Several early symptoms may indicate a detached or torn retina:
• Light flashes in one eye
• A dark shadow over part of the field of vision
• Blurred vision or blind spots
• Watery vision
These symptoms do not always indicate retinal detachment, but if you’re experiencing them, you should go to an emergency room, call us or see one of our doctors as soon as possible.
|
<urn:uuid:f633501e-c3d1-4ce7-9b77-42595f6a1821>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34",
"url": "http://opticalstorebuckscounty.com/detached-retina/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105922.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819201404-20170819221404-00189.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.873278021812439,
"token_count": 222,
"score": 3.515625,
"int_score": 4
}
|
The Miao ethnic minority group is world-renowned for their elaborate hand-embroidered costumes — a female tradition dating back over 1000 years. Young girls will learn the embroidery techniques from their mothers, who themselves learned it from their mothers. Their costumes can take up to two years to complete, are worn for over 20 years, and are then handed down to their children as family heirlooms. The Miao also use embroidery as a tool to pass down their oral history, as they traditionally do not have a written language. Instead, they use auspicious patterns in their fabrics to orally convey the story of their people. Their history is, literally, written on their cloth. Their unique textiles and costumes are now collected by leading international institutions around the world, including The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), The British Museum (London), and Musée du Quai Branly (Paris).
|
<urn:uuid:05b4ac50-0695-482a-bd27-d121391e8e7c>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09",
"url": "http://angelchang.com/blog/category/fabric/hand-embroidery/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173866.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00062-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9617647528648376,
"token_count": 186,
"score": 3.203125,
"int_score": 3
}
|
FRIDAY Oct. 26, 2012 — The same low-dose baby aspirin millions take to stave off heart attacks and strokes may also help put the brakes on age-related mental decline, a new study suggests.
The study included close to 700 Swedish women aged 70 to 92, most of whom had heart disease. Those who took low-dose aspirin every day to prevent a heart attack showed a less pronounced slide in mental functioning after five years than their counterparts who did not take aspirin.
At the end of the study, tests of memory, verbal fluency and other mental capabilities showed some loss of brain power, but the decline was significantly less and occurred at a slower pace among the women who received aspirin continuously or even for a period of time compared to those who never took it. The 66 women who took the drug for all five years even saw some of their scores improve, the researchers said.
Low-dose aspirin was defined as between 75 and 160 milligrams.
Some experts aren’t surprised by the findings.
“What is good for the heart is also usually good for the brain,” said Dr. Richard Isaacson, an associate professor of clinical neurology and director of the Alzheimer’s division at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. “Low-dose aspirin, a healthy diet, physical exercise on a regular basis, no smoking, and alcohol in moderation are all essential components of brain protection,” said Isaacson, who was not involved with the study.
The study, led by Silke Kern and colleagues from Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg in Molndal, Sweden, is published online in BMJ Open.
The researchers not only compared aspirin-users to non-users, they also looked at women taking other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Only aspirin-users reaped the brain benefits, the tests showed.
However, exactly how, or even if, low-dose aspirin affects mental status is far from conclusive, and the study authors said they don’t want to encourage the elderly to self-medicate with aspirin to avoid dementia. The risk of bleeding is always a possibility, they noted.
While the results indicate that aspirin may protect the brain, at least among women at high risk for a heart attack or stroke, the effects of long-term treatment aren’t known. The researchers will now track the same women for five more years.
Some U.S. experts, including Isaacson, already recommend low-dose aspirin to help reduce risk for Alzheimer’s disease and improve brain health.
“I have recommended 81 milligrams of baby aspirin for my patients with any vascular risk factors who are either at risk for developing cognitive decline or who currently have mild cognitive impairment or mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease,” said Isaacson.
He said that the benefits of daily baby aspirin typically outweigh the risks unless the person has a history of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Another expert, Dr. Sam Gandy, an associate director of the Mount Sinai Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center in New York City, said the findings are absolutely plausible.
“At least some of the risk for Alzheimer’s disease is due to underlying cardiovascular disease, so inasmuch as aspirin helps protect from [heart disease], it is bound to have some benefit in reducing the risk for Alzheimer’s disease,” said Gandy. However, further studies are needed to confirm the findings, he said.
|
<urn:uuid:938d7ee1-eabb-44aa-bfd1-c43018554469>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-04",
"url": "https://www.healthstore.com/daily-aspirin-may-bolster-aging-brain-study-shows/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-04/segments/1547583660258.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20190118172438-20190118194438-00160.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9557618498802185,
"token_count": 723,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The Pew Research Center (USA) has released a new report on who’s not online and why. Many non-users cite a constellation of factors that include usability, accessibility, and digital skills. The number of people in this category, 32% of all non-users, is almost twice what it was 3 years ago. Also interesting is that only 17% of non-users think they could get started on their own, while 63% think they would need some help getting started.
The relevance issue — why should I bother? — takes the #1 position, but this is somewhat undercut by the fact that 44% of non-users have asked someone else to look something up or complete a task on the Internet.
Source: Raising the Floor Newsletter – October 2013
About Raising the Floor (RtF): Raising the Floor (RtF) is an international coalition of individuals and organizations working to ensure that the Internet, and everything available through it, is accessible to people experiencing accessibility barriers due to disability, literacy, or age. Of particular concern are people who are underserved or unserved due to the type or combination of disabilities they have, the part of the world they live in, or the limited resources (financial or program) available to them. A central activity of Raising the Floor – International is coordination of an emerging consortium to build a Global Public Inclusive Infrastructure (GPII). For more information see http://raisingthefloor.org.
|
<urn:uuid:d9fc97ab-bf0d-4ae8-9984-64d6032154a7>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35",
"url": "http://www.accessforall.eu/2013/10/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314904.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20190819180710-20190819202710-00086.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9408727884292603,
"token_count": 300,
"score": 2.5625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Beagles are known as good hunters. So why not send them in search of deadly bacteria?
That’s what Dutch doctors are hoping to do by training the dogs’ famously sensitive sense of smell to sniff out deadly pathogens that plague hospitals and put patients at risk.
Doctors spent two months training a 2-year-old beagle named Cliff to learn to lie down or sit whenever he smelled the presence of Clostridium difficile, stubborn bacteria that cause severe, hard-to-treat diarrhea and sometimes life-threatening colitis. Cases of C. difficile have reached historical highs in recent years, claiming 14,000 lives in the U.S. each year, primarily in hospital or long-term care settings. Reporting in the BMJ, the researchers say the hound accurately detected C. difficile in nearly all of 50 stool samples and accurately did not respond to another 50 samples that were negative for the bacteria.
That success justified testing Cliff’s sense of smell around patients in a hospital, and indeed he correctly identified 25 of 30 people who were sick with the infection and also identified 265 of 270 people who were not sick — a remarkable rate of accuracy for a diagnostic tool that’s almost instantaneous and completely noninvasive. It’s also encouraging since Cliff was trained to detect even the slightest presence of C. difficile, wafting in the air from a wooden stick, piece of fabric or plastic vial carrying the bacteria.
“It would be very interesting to see whether you can use a dog like Cliff to actually reduce C. difficile incidence,” says lead study author Dr. Marije Bomers in an e-mail to TIME. Bomers, an internal-medicine doctor at the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, says that dogs could potentially conduct a “pet scan” of hospitals or health-care facilities where C. difficile is a particular problem. Early detection, she hopes, could lead to stricter hygiene and containment strategies that could ultimately lead to reduced transmission. “The idea holds great potential,” Bomers says, “but more research has to be done first to see whether this concept actually works.”
There’s good precedent for exploiting canines’ refined sense of smell: dogs routinely sniff out explosives and other chemicals used to make bombs, and they have even been tested as a potential cancer screener, to pick out the scent of lung and colon tumors in patients’ breath.
Needless to say, Cliff isn’t the only option for sussing out C. difficile. Assays that detect the bacteria are pretty reliable but require culturing cells that nurture the pathogen, which can take one to two days. By that time, patients may have passed on the infection to others. And while newer and quicker enzymes tests can also pick out the bug, those screens are more expensive and require specialized equipment that not many hospitals or public-health facilities would have.
The recent rise in C. difficile infections is concerning because most occur among frail and immune-suppressed patients who are receiving care in close quarters, such as hospital wards or nursing homes, where infections can spread quickly. Most have received antibiotics, which may make them more susceptible to C. difficile since the drugs can also kill off some of the healthy bacteria that reside in a person’s gut, allowing C. difficile to run rampant. Treatment is not always effective and, ironically, usually requires more antibiotics.
(MORE: How to Stop the Superbugs)
Bringing in dogs for rapid detection was an idea born after Bomers and colleagues heard a nurse remark on the distinctive smell of diarrhea coming from patients with C. difficile.
“We thought, Hey, if a human nose can recognize C. difficile with reasonable accuracy, a dog should be able to do it easily, since they have such an amazing sense of smell,” Bomers says. It’s not clear whether Cliff is smelling the bacteria itself in high concentrations or the toxins that the bacteria produce. Either way, Bomers’ study shows that Cliff is smelling the pathogen with admirable accuracy.
So far, in fact, there’s only one barrier in bringing in sniffer dogs to detect C. difficile. Not every patient loves having a dog around — while some may love it too much. For their research study, Bomers and colleagues tried to take Cliff to do his work in a pediatrics ward. But alas, the researchers write in their journal article, the kids soon “became excitable by having an animal on the ward” and they “distracted the dog,” who couldn’t perform his duties. Even dogs, it seems, will use any excuse to put off work.
|
<urn:uuid:4709fb6f-e14b-46d8-bd48-75892377bc29>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-43",
"url": "http://healthland.time.com/2012/12/17/a-new-leash-on-infections-dog-that-sniffs-out-a-deadly-superbug/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987822458.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022155241-20191022182741-00354.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9578767418861389,
"token_count": 1007,
"score": 3.40625,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Tsutakiyokomatsu Asaji, 102, believed to be Japan's oldest geisha. Born Haru Kato, Asaji spent nearly 90 years as a geisha, a word literally meaning "arts person." She had continued performing the refined songs and dances of geisha tradition until April, when illness forced her to retire. Westerners usually think of a geisha as a prostitute. Although some developed intimate liaisons with patrons, the job description involves only music, dance, smiles, charming conversation and the serving of sake. Long ago, it was considered normal for wealthy and powerful men to frequent the now-disappearing geisha houses. But attitudes are changing, and in 1989 former Prime Minister Sosuke Unio resigned over a scandal involving his geisha mistress. Asaji, who published her autobiography two years ago, was an apprentice at age 11 and made her debut five years later. She was known as a master of Japanese traditional songs featured in Kabuki plays. On Sunday in Tokyo of kidney failure.
|
<urn:uuid:ca95e21a-82fb-4b91-91ec-aff05cba67ef>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-22",
"url": "http://articles.latimes.com/1996-08-21/news/mn-36272_1_oldest-geisha",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207927824.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113207-00036-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9769651889801025,
"token_count": 207,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
The characteristic dialect of the Hebbar Iyengars is called Hebbar Tamil and is a mixture of Kannada, classical Tamil, and Sanskrit. The groups' primary mother tongue is Hebbar Tamil; which is spoken in most Hebbar Iyengar households. Tamil flourished under the influence of the Vaishnava Acharyas and was learnt to study the works of Nalayira Divya Prabhandam & other Srivaishnava religious texts.
Hebbar Iyengars originate from five villages in Karnataka. These five villages or pancha grama (Sanskrit: पञ्चाग्रम, ) are:
|
<urn:uuid:7e93e8d5-34df-4a6a-b8bc-ff7fa07419b4>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-18",
"url": "http://pages.rediff.com/hebbar-iyengar/383949",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860122501.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161522-00114-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9185382723808289,
"token_count": 147,
"score": 2.671875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
It’s common that people spend a lot of time on learning different chord shapes and scales. But you should keep in mind that no matter what tricks you can do with your left hand, the right hand is still the one that produces the sound. No need to say that sound is the most important part of the music 🙂
The common ways of making sound are plucking and strumming the strings. A bit less common are the hitting (golpe) and tapping. In the following video I explain the principles of the sound production. This is just an overview. In real life a player is always using a combination of those possibilities. Although those principles seem simple, it takes years to produce a high quality sound on the guitar. The earlier you add the sound production to your everyday practise, the better.
|
<urn:uuid:bbe02d5b-5c7f-4cf7-840e-f24b3c4c004e>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30",
"url": "https://achievemusic.com/making-a-sound-on-guitar-the-only-thing-that-one-can-hear/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591837.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720213434-20180720233434-00498.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9401351809501648,
"token_count": 165,
"score": 2.609375,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Nonprofit OrganizationFollow this author
by Rachel Nania, AARP, Updated May 27, 2020
From nose to toes, doctors continue to discover uncommon signs of coronavirus infection
Fever, cough and shortness of breath are not the only warning signs of a coronavirus infection, even if they are the most common. In recent weeks a growing number of doctors have documented a handful of otherwise unexpected symptoms in patients with COVID-19, the illness caused by the coronavirus.
Some are reporting red or purple lesions on patients’ hands and feet; others are treating people with diarrhea and severe appetite loss. There are also patients who have lost their sense of taste and smell. These symptoms, strange as they may seem, reinforce what experts around the world have come to realize in recent weeks: The coronavirus is capable of causing more than a respiratory illness; it can launch a full-body attack.
“It takes a while for the full range of symptoms to kind of be known” when you’re dealing with a new virus, explains Lisa Winston, M.D., an epidemiologist and professor of clinical medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. At the start of the U.S. outbreak, the focus was primarily on treating the sickest patients, many of whom experienced classic respiratory symptoms and needed help breathing. “And then, as time went on and people saw more cases, they started to recognize some of the things that are a bit less typical,” Winston says.
Here are some uncommon signs of COVID-19 that fall outside the hallmark symptoms.
If you had asked dermatologist Esther Freeman, M.D., last year what type of skin ailment a future viral pandemic might bring about, she never would have predicted red- and purple-colored toes that swell, burn and itch. But that’s exactly what she and other experts are seeing in patients with coronavirus infections, leading this unusual symptom to be dubbed “COVID toes.”
“The good news is, they do go away,” says Freeman, director of Massachusetts General Hospital Global Health Dermatology and assistant professor of dermatology at Harvard Medical School, who is also overseeing an international registry that catalogs the dermatological manifestations of COVID-19. “So we’re not seeing that this is going to cause permanent damage.”
Another plus: The majority of people with COVID toes — which Freeman likens to chilblains (also called pernio), an inflammatory skin condition that often occurs after exposure to very cold temperatures — don’t experience other symptoms of a coronavirus infection and don’t require hospitalization for care. “Many patients are developing these toe lesions well after their infection, or they’re otherwise completely asymptomatic, except for the toes,” she adds.
Though most cases of COVID toes occur in the feet, the hands can be affected, too. Rashes similar to those that result from hives and chicken pox have also been reported in people who test positive for the coronavirus.
As for how and why these skin conditions are happening, Freeman says, “Our knowledge on this is still evolving.” It could be an inflammatory response to the virus, for example, or even a result of small blood clots in the blood vessels of the skin. (Medical experts have reported concerning clotting issues in patients with COVID-19.) “I think that over the coming months, we’re going to learn a lot more about why this is happening,” Freeman adds.
If you notice a lesionlike rash on your hands or feet, contact your doctor or dermatologist about your symptoms, since it could signify a coronavirus infection. That said, it’s important to keep in mind that “not everything on your toes right now is from COVID,” Freeman says. “There’s certainly lots of other things that can appear on the feet, and there’s things that can even look similar,” which is why it’s important to talk with an expert. There is no specific treatment for COVID toes, but a high-potency topical steroid might reduce inflammation.
One thing to note, however, is that a doctor won’t be able to tell if the virus is still active in your body just by looking at your skin. “So the safest thing to do is to follow CDC guidelines for self-isolation and to discuss with your board-certified dermatologist or other physician whether COVID testing might be right for you,” Freeman advises.
COVID-19 is producing symptoms of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and appetite loss in a number of patients young and old. A recent study out of Stanford University School of Medicine found that nearly one-third of 116 patients infected with the coronavirus reported mild gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Earlier reports showed that among roughly 200 patients in China, more than half experienced diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has also acknowledged GI issues on its list of COVID-19 warning signs.
“There’s no question at this point that GI symptoms can be a manifestation of COVID-19,” says William Chey, M.D., professor of gastroenterology and nutrition sciences at the University of Michigan. And oftentimes these symptoms can come on even in the absence of “the more typical and recognized” markers of a coronavirus infection, such as fever and cough, he adds.
Experts point to a few explanations for the tummy trouble. Chey says the virus can directly infect the cells that line the GI tract, which is why some patients can test positive for the virus with a stool sample, even if results from a nasal swab come back negative. GI issues could also be an indirect result of the body’s fight against infection.
If you don’t have a history of GI trouble and experience a sudden onset of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting or loss of appetite — with or without other COVID-19 symptoms — check in with your doctor. Your symptoms might warrant a coronavirus test.
And if you are diagnosed with COVID-19, consider confining yourself to your own room and bathroom, separate from others in your house. Chey says it’s not yet clear whether the virus can be transmitted fecal-orally, but if that is the case, “you should not be sharing a toilet with somebody that has COVID-19 unless, obviously, you have no other choice.”
A few other tips: Disinfect bathroom surfaces often, especially high-touch areas such as toilet and sink handles. Don’t share toilet paper rolls with someone who has COVID-19, and always flush with the cover closed, to minimize the spread of germs. Finally, continue to be vigilant about personal hygiene. “This whole issue about meticulous hand hygiene is so unbelievably important,” especially if the virus is spread by the fecal-oral route, Chey emphasizes. “People need to wash their hands and not touch their face.”
Save 25% when you join AARP and enroll in Automatic Renewal for first year. Get instant access to discounts, programs, services, and the information you need to benefit every area of your life.
On the CDC’s recently expanded list of common COVID-19 symptoms, one newcomer stands out. In addition to fever, chills and a sore throat, the public health agency now recognizes new loss of taste or smell as evidence of a coronavirus infection.
“People who have colds, if they get a really stuffy nose, they may complain of lack of smell, but, you know, that’s sort of an unusual [symptom] right now in the absence of COVID,” UCSF’s Winston says. But it may be one of the best indicators of a coronavirus infection.
A new study published in the journal Nature Medicine tracked more than 2.5 million participants who reported their potential symptoms of COVID-19 on a smartphone app. About 65 percent of people who tested positive for COVID-19 reported loss of taste and smell, making it one of the strongest predictors of the illness among those studied. Similarly, researchers from the University of California, San Diego, found that smell and taste loss were reported in 68 and 71 percent of COVID-19–positive subjects, respectively.
“But we don’t always ask those questions [about loss of taste or smell] when we are in the busy emergency room,” says XinQi Dong, M.D., director of the Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research at Rutgers University-New Brunswick. When triaging patients, many health care workers “have been focused on the primary symptoms that they know to ask.”
This is starting to change, though. Loss of taste and smell, which usually return after the virus runs its course, are two symptoms on a growing list of neurological effects doctors are noting in COVID-19 patients. Other indicators of the illness include dizziness, headache and confusion. In fact, a study in JAMA Neurology found that more than 36 percent of 214 patients in Wuhan, China, experienced neurological symptoms during their bout of COVID-19.
For older adults, in particular, these neurological effects can be just as devastating as the pulmonary impacts of a coronavirus infection, Dong says. They can also be easily overlooked or dismissed as dementia or other diseases common with aging.
Neal Sikka, M.D., an associate professor of emergency medicine at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., says broader coronavirus testing is key to distinguishing COVID-19 patients from those who are suffering from a stroke or experiencing a complication from an underlying health condition.
“We’re trying to be very vigilant and broad in our thinking” when a patient comes into the emergency room with confusion or change in mental status, Sikka says. “That could be some other type of infection; it definitely could also be a presentation of COVID. And so we are trying to do rapid testing on those patients to identify them early.”
And this catchall approach is what Dong expects will become the norm going forward, especially as health care providers learn about the different ways a coronavirus infection can show up in the body.
“You know, we started by thinking about COVID as very similar to SARS [severe acute respiratory syndrome] and MERS [Middle East respiratory syndrome],” which are two other respiratory illnesses caused by coronaviruses. “But this — there’s something different about this virus,” Dong says. “We’re catching up now, but if we had focused on not just fever, shortness of breath and dry cough, I think we might have caught more potential symptoms much earlier, especially in vulnerable older adults.”
Health care professionals are taking note of a troubling trend among coronavirus patients: blood clots. Some studies have found that as many as 30 percent of people with severe cases of COVID-19 experience clotting complications. Clot specialist Alex Spyropoulos, M.D., estimates that the number is even higher. The internist and professor of medicine at the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell says that “as many as 40 percent” of patients who are hospitalized because of a coronavirus infection die from blood clots, including micro clots, and the destruction they can cause (heart attack, stroke, lung damage and the like).
“The risk of blood clots are anywhere from about three- to sixfold or greater, more than we’re used to seeing,” Spyropoulos adds. “It has us all in the academic community a little bit befuddled, because it’s one of the most aggressive diseases with respect to blood clots that we’ve ever seen.”
As for what’s behind the clots, the answer is still unclear. They may be directly caused by the coronavirus and its interaction with the clotting pathway, Spyropoulos says. A hyperimmune response is another explanation experts are exploring. Then there’s the state of being critically ill, which Babak Navi, M.D., division chief for stroke and hospital neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College and a neurologist at NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, says can provoke clotting.
“It’s well known that infections and inflammations are potent triggers and risk factors for clotting events, including stroke,” Navi explains.
If you have clotting issues, the best thing you can do — especially during the coronavirus outbreak — is take your blood thinner medication as prescribed, Spyropoulos advises. And if you experience symptoms of a blood clot (pain, redness, swelling) or a stroke (confusion, dizziness, numbness), “take them extremely seriously and go right to the emergency department,” Spyropoulos adds.
Researchers are exploring whether blood thinners could be a more routine course of care among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. A study out of New York City’s Mount Sinai Health System found that patients who were treated with anticoagulants had improved outcomes both in and out of the intensive care unit.
“As a cardiologist who has been on service caring for COVID-19 patients for the last three weeks, I have observed an increased amount of blood clot cases among hospitalized patients, so it is critical to look at whether anticoagulants provide benefits for them,” coresearcher Anu Lala, M.D., assistant professor of medicine at Mount Sinai’s Icahn School of Medicine, said in a statement.
Post your Comment
Please login or sign up to comment
|
<urn:uuid:210f51b0-30a5-4032-98f3-f4b0d748ea0b>
|
{
"dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-14",
"url": "https://healthyhispanicliving.com/preventive_care/self_advocacy/unusual_symptoms_of_covid_19_you_need_to_know_about/",
"file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948965.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329085436-20230329115436-00659.warc.gz",
"language": "en",
"language_score": 0.9482010006904602,
"token_count": 2934,
"score": 2.546875,
"int_score": 3
}
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.