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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Plaintiffs on the 22nd day of August 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Plaintiffs on the 22nd day of August 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Wake County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Petitioner on the 3rd day of February 2004 in this matter for a writ of mandamus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Wake County:
"Denied by order of the Court in Conference this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition for Writ of Prohibition filed by Petitioner on the 3rd day of February 2004 in this matter, the following order was entered and is:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Petitioner on the 25th day of November 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Anson County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
WYNN, Judge.
By this appeal, Defendant, Daunte Dewayne Moore, presents the following issues for our consideration: Did the trial court erroneously (I) allow implied hearsay; (II) allow inadmissible character evidence; (III) deny Defendant's motion to dismiss and allow the State to amend the drug paraphernalia indictment; and (IV) instruct the jury on constructive possession. After careful review, we vacate Defendant's conviction and sentences for possession of drug paraphernalia and possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine.
On 12 January 2002, members of the Onslow County Sheriff's Department warrant squad were attempting to serve active warrants in Maysville, North Carolina. Deputies George Hardy and Jack Springs went to 145 Hadley Collins Road to serve a warrant; however, the individual was not there. Upon their arrival at this address, the deputies saw a small vehicle leaving the address which in their opinion looked suspicious. The deputies stopped the vehicle and questioned its occupants-an elderly white male and a young African-American female. During the conversation, the African-American female indicated she had been at the residence to visit her cousin "D.D." The young woman also opened her right hand which contained a rock of crack cocaine. Deputy Springs testified he knew "D.D." to be the street name for Defendant.
After the conversation with the vehicle occupants, the deputies went to the residence to speak with Defendant. After the officers talked briefly with Defendant at the residence's door, Defendant attempted to shut the door. The deputies grabbed Defendant and arrested him for resisting arrest. Thereafter, the deputies searched the residence. In plain view, the deputies found a brown paper envelope containing crack cocaine sitting on top of some insulation in an area where the paneling had been removed from the wall.
The deputies also found two other individuals in the residence. Upon searching Defendant's person, the deputies located $18.00 in his front pocket and $309 in his billfold. Deputy Springs testified he had seen Defendant at 145 Hadley Collins Road on several previous occasions.
Based upon this evidence, Defendant was found guilty of possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine, possession of drug paraphernalia, and intentionally keeping and maintaining a place for controlled substances. The trial court sentenced Defendant to 10-12 months for the possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine conviction and consecutive suspended sentences for possession of drug paraphernalia and maintaining a place for controlled substances. Defendant appeals.
Defendant first contends the trial court erroneously allowed improper hearsay by permitting the deputies to testify that they went to the residence to talk with Defendant after arresting a person with crack cocaine in her hand who had just left the residence. We disagree.
"Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted," N.C. Gen.Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 801(c)(2001), and "is not admissible." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 802 (2001). However, the statements of one person to another are admissible to explain the subsequent conduct of the person to whom the statement was made. State v. Potter, 295 N.C. 126, 244 S.E.2d 397 (1978).
In support of his contention, Defendant cites State v. Austin, 285 N.C. 364, 204 S.E.2d 675 (1974) wherein our Supreme Court held it was reversible error to allow a motel registration card showing the name of the defendant charged with incest and the name of his daughter introduced into evidence. The Court stated that any attempt by the trial judge to restrict such evidence would not overcome the prejudicial effect of the evidence. However, Austin is distinguishable from the facts of this case. In Austin, the signature on the hotel registration card had not been authenticated and the significance of the registration card was highly prejudicial because it was the only evidence other than the daughter's testimony which bore directly upon the question of whether the defendant had had incestuous relations with her. Unlike Austin, in this case, the deputies' testimony placed Defendant in close proximity to the drugs. Moreover, the challenged testimony was neither offered for the truth of the matter asserted nor offered as corroboration; rather, the testimony was offered to explain the deputies' actions. Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not erroneously admit the testimony.
In his next argument, Defendant contends the trial court erroneously allowed character evidence in violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404. Under Rule 404, "evidence of a person's character or a trait of his character is not admissible for the purpose of proving that he acted in conformity therewith on a particular occasion."
Defendant contends the trial court erred in allowing Deputy Spring's testimony that he had seen Defendant at the 145 Hadley Collins residence on previous occasions. Defendant argues this testimony disclosed the deputy's familiarity with Defendant and suggested that he had a prior record or bad character. However, the State contends the testimony was admissible to establish elements of the possession with intent to sell and deliver, maintaining a place to keep controlled substances and possession of drug paraphernalia charges. See State v. McLaurin, 320 N.C. 143, 357 S.E.2d 636 (1987)(possession of drug paraphernalia); State v. Allen, 279 N.C. 406, 183 S.E.2d 680 (1971)(possession with intent to sell and deliver); State v. Alston, 91 N.C.App. 707, 373 S.E.2d 306 (1988)(maintaining a place to keep controlled substances).
Under Rule 404, "even though evidence may tend to show other crimes, wrongs, or acts by the defendant and his propensity to commit them, it is admissible under Rule 404(b) so long as it also is relevant for some purpose other than to show that defendant has the propensity for the type of conduct for which he is being tried." State v. Coffey, 326 N.C. 268, 279, 389 S.E.2d 48, 54 (1990). As the challenged testimony was admissible to help establish the elements of the charged crimes, we conclude the trial court did not err in admitting Deputy Spring's testimony.
Defendant next contends the trial court erroneously granted the State's motion to amend the drug paraphernalia indictment and denied Defendant's motion to dismiss. We agree.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-923(e) provides that "a bill of indictment may not be amended." Our Supreme Court has interpreted the term amendment under N.C. Gen.Stat. § 15A-923(e) to mean "any change in the indictment which would substantially alter the charge set forth in the indictment." State v. Snyder, 343 N.C. 61, 65, 468 S.E.2d 221, 224 (1996).
An indictment or criminal charge is constitutionally sufficient if it apprises the defendant of the charge against him with enough certainty to enable him to prepare his defense and to protect him from subsequent prosecution for the same offense. The indictment must also enable the court to know what judgment to pronounce in the event of conviction.
Snyder, 343 N.C. at 65-66, 468 S.E.2d at 224.
In this case, Defendant was charged with a violation of N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90-113.22 (2001) which provides:
(a) It is unlawful for any person to knowingly use, or to possess with intent to use, drug paraphernalia to plant, propagate, cultivate, grow, harvest, manufacture, compound, convert, produce, process, prepare, test, analyze, package, repackage, store, contain, or conceal a controlled substance which it would be unlawful to possess, or to inject, ingest, inhale, or otherwise introduce into the body a controlled substance which it would be unlawful to possess.
According to Defendant's indictment, Defendant allegedly possessed "drug paraphernalia, to wit: a can designed as a smoking device." However, none of the evidence elicited at trial related to a can; rather, the evidence described crack cocaine in a folded brown paper bag with a rubber band around it. Thus, at the close of the State's evidence, Defendant moved to dismiss. Rather than dismiss the indictment, the trial court granted the State's motion to amend the indictment striking "a can designed as a smoking device" and replacing it with "drug paraphernalia, to wit: a brown paper container." In our opinion, this amendment constituted a substantial alteration of the indictment.
Under N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90-113.22, drug paraphernalia is not defined. Rather, one must refer to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 90-113.21 for guidance. Under G.S. 90-113.21, "drug paraphernalia means all equipment, products and materials of any kind that are used to facilitate, or intended or designed to facilitate, violations of the Controlled Substances Act...." Thereafter, the provision lists several kinds of drug paraphernalia, including common household items such as blenders, bowls, containers, spoons, mixing devices, envelopes and storage containers. Because some of the items that could be considered drug paraphernalia are also common everyday items, the statute provides
the following, along with all other relevant evidence, may be considered in determining whether an object is drug paraphernalia:
(1) statements by the owner or anyone in control of the object concerning its use;
(2) prior convictions of the owner or other person in control of the object for violations of controlled substances law;
(3) the proximity of the object to a violation of the Controlled Substances Act;
(4) the proximity of the object to a controlled substance;
(5) the existence of any residue of a controlled substance on the object;
(6) the proximity of the object to other drug paraphernalia;
(7) instructions provided with the object concerning its use;
(8) descriptive materials accompanying the object explaining or depicting its use;
(9) advertising concerning its use;
(10) the manner in which the object is displayed for sale;
(11) whether the owner, or anyone in control of the object, is a legitimate supplier of like or related items to the community,
such as a seller of tobacco products or agricultural supplies;
(12) possible legitimate uses of the object in the community;
(13) expert testimony concerning its use;
(14) the intent of the owner or other person in control of the object to deliver it to persons whom he knows or reasonably should know intend to use the object to facilitate violations of the Controlled Substances Act.
As common household items and substances may be classified as drug paraphernalia when considered in the light of other evidence, in order to mount a defense to the charge of possession of drug paraphernalia, a defendant must be apprised of the item or substance the State categorizes as drug paraphernalia. Accordingly, we conclude the amendment to the indictment constituted a substantial alteration of the charge set forth in the indictment. Moreover, as no evidence of "a can designed as a smoking device" was presented, we conclude the trial court erroneously denied Defendant's motion to dismiss.
Finally, Defendant contends the trial court erroneously gave the jury an instruction on constructive possession of cocaine jointly with others. We agree.
"Constructive possession exists when the defendant while not having actual possession, ... has the intent and capability to maintain control and dominion over the narcotics." State v. Butler, 356 N.C. 141, 146, 567 S.E.2d 137, 140 (2002). "Where such [drugs] are found on the premises under the control of the accused this fact, in and of itself gives rise to an inference of knowledge and possession which may be sufficient to carry the case to the jury on the charge of unlawful possession." State v. Harvey, 281 N.C. 1, 12, 187 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1972). However, "unless the person has exclusive possession of the place where the narcotics are found, the State must show other incriminating circumstances before constructive possession may be inferred." State v. Davis, 325 N.C. 693, 697, 386 S.E.2d 187, 190 (1989).
In this case, five individuals were found in or near the mobile home in which the drugs were found. Upon the sheriff deputies' arrival, an elderly white male and young African-American female were observed leaving the residence's driveway in a vehicle. Upon questioning these individuals, the sheriff deputies noticed a rock of crack cocaine in the female's right hand. Inside of the mobile home, Defendant and another man were located. Defendant opened the front door and the other man was found in the back bedroom. Finally, a white female was observed on the scene. However, none of the deputies could testify as to whether the female came from inside or outside of the mobile home. Thus, two of the five individuals were in close proximity to the drugs-Defendant, who opened the front door, and the other man, who was found in the back bedroom at the end of the hallway in which the drugs were found.
Thus, the State was required to show other incriminating circumstances before constructive possession could be inferred. In this case, the residence was owned by someone other than Defendant-a woman who was not present during any of the activity on the day in question. Moreover, the warrant squad went to the residence in order to arrest someone other than Defendant. Upon their arrival, as many as five people were found in or near the residence. During the search of the mobile home, to which the deputies indicated Defendant consented, the deputies did not find any documents or other items tying Defendant to the residence. The only evidence of Defendant's connection to the premises was Deputy Jack Spring's testimony that he had seen Defendant at the residence on prior occasions. However, Deputy Springs was not aware of who else lived there and he testified that other people associate there.
The State also indicates Defendant's attempt to flee from the deputies, $327.00 of U.S. currency on his person, and the African-American female's testimony that she was there to see her cousin, D.D., whom Deputy Springs indicated was Defendant's street name, constituted incriminating circumstances from which one could infer constructive possession. However, the evidence indicates Defendant did not attempt to flee the officers. Upon answering the door, the officers asked to talk with Defendant about narcotics activity. Defendant indicated he did not want to talk to police and tried to close the door. The officers then prevented Defendant from closing the door, grabbed him and threw him on the ground and arrested him. When Defendant attempted to close the door, he was not under arrest, was not the subject of an arrest warrant and was under no obligation to talk to police. Indeed, the trial court dismissed Defendant's resist, obstruct and delay charge. Moreover, there is no evidence Defendant struggled with the officers before the officers handcuffed him as the State contends in its brief. Finally, $327.00 in U.S. currency, without more, is not a significant amount of money from which one can infer constructive possession of drugs. As there was insufficient evidence of incriminating circumstances, we conclude the trial court erred in instructing the jury on constructive possession. See State v. King, 99 N.C.App. 283, 288, 393 S.E.2d 152, 155 (1990)(where this Court identified three typical situations [in which constructive possession has been established] regarding the premises where drugs were found: (1) some exclusive possessory interest in the defendant and evidence of defendant's presence there, (2) sole or joint physical custody of the premises of which defendant is not an owner; and (3) in an area frequented by defendant, usually near defendant's property). Accordingly, because we similarly conclude there was insufficient evidence of Defendant's actual possession of the cocaine, we vacate Defendant's conviction and sentence for possession with the intent to sell and deliver cocaine. See State v. Diaz, 155 N.C.App. 307, 313-14, 575 S.E.2d 523, 528 (2002)(stating a defendant has actual possession of a substance if it is on his person, he is aware of its presence and either by himself or with others, he has the power and intent to control its disposition or use).
In sum, we vacate Defendant's conviction for possession of drug paraphernalia and the suspended sentence of 120 days, and reverse his conviction for possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine and the active sentence of 10 to 12 months. However, Defendant's conviction and sentence for maintaining a place to keep controlled substances remains intact as Defendant has not challenged this conviction and sentence on appeal.
Vacated in part, reversed in part.
Judges TIMMONS-GOODSON and McCULLOUGH, concur.
The State also references statements made by the African-American female regarding the amount of money she spent, $18.00, in purchasing the drugs as evidence of incriminating circumstances. However, this testimony was not presented to the jury and, in any event, could not be used for the truth of the matter asserted. Indeed, the State argued before the trial court that it was referencing the young woman's testimony to explain the subsequent actions of the sheriff deputies and not for the truth of the matter asserted.
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WYNN, Judge.
Plaintiff, Patricia A. Moose, and Defendants, Hexcel-Schwebel and AIG Claim Services, appeal from the opinion and award of the North Carolina Industrial Commission awarding temporary total disability and permanent partial disability compensation to Ms. Moose. Defendants contend that the Commission erred by concluding Ms. Moose sustained a compensable injury by accident arising out of and in the course of her employment. Plaintiff, in her appeal, asks this Court to consider whether the Commission erred in failing to award (I) total disability compensation at the rate of $415.54 per week from 15 August 2000 and continuing until further orders of the Commission; (II) an attorney fee of 25% on the lump sum recovery from 15 August 2000; (III) payment of medical bills that are approved by the Commission and vocational rehabilitation services as may be necessary to allow Plaintiff to obtain suitable work in accordance with her restrictions; and (IV) an election of remedies to her post-injury wage than her pre-injury wage. After careful review, we affirm the opinion and award.
The pertinent facts indicate that Ms. Moose had been employed by Hexcel-Schwebel as a smash-hand technician for five years at the time of her injury. Hexcel-Schwebel produced lightweight woven fiberglass for circuit boards and electronics. As a smash-hand technician, Ms. Moose was required to make sure the ends on a warp were pulled through if the ends were broken. If she did not have any work to do, Ms. Moose was required to relieve weavers as they were taking their breaks. Ms. Moose did not have to weave on a day-to-day basis and the lifting of bobbins was not a part of her job as a smash-hand technician.
On the weekend Ms. Moose was injured, her supervisor asked her to operate a loom because the scheduled employee was on vacation. Thus, Ms. Moose operated the machine for three twelve hour shifts. On Sunday, Ms. Moose lifted a large bobbin that weighed between 20 and 22 pounds off of the floor with both hands. When she bent down to lift the bobbin, she felt her left arm pull and pain radiated through her left arm, neck and shoulder. Ms. Moose testified that she immediately told her supervisor about the pain and worked the remainder of the shift at her supervisor's request. Her supervisor testified that lifting the heavy bobbins was not a part of Ms. Moose's normal job.
After the pain did not subside, Ms. Moose sought treatment with Dr. Daniel Bellingham the following Tuesday. Ms. Moose was subsequently referred to Dr. William O. Bell, a neurologist, to determine whether Ms. Moose had a stroke. After the MRI ruled out a stroke, the doctor diagnosed Ms. Moose with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, which is essentially a pinched nerve at the elbow. On 31 October 2000, she underwent left ulnar nerve decompression surgery, and afterwards, she had several months of physical therapy. On 27 March 2001, Dr. Bell assigned a 10% permanent disability rating to the left elbow, determined that she could not return to her previous employment, recommended sedentary, low physical demand type employment, restricted Ms. Moose from lifting anything over 20 pounds and recommended limited use of her left arm. Dr. Bell opined Ms. Moose's injury was work-related.
After Hexcel-Schwebel's denial of Ms. Moose's workers' compensation claim, the Commission awarded Ms. Moose temporary total disability compensation, 24 weeks of permanent partial disability compensation, attorney's fees, and reimbursement or payment of her medical bills. Plaintiff and Defendant appeal.
"When considering an appeal from the Commission, its findings are binding if there is any competent evidence to support them, regardless of whether there is evidence which would support a contrary finding. Therefore, our Court is limited to two questions: (1) whether competent evidence exists to support the Commission's findings, and (2) whether those findings justify its conclusions of law." Shaw v. Smith & Jennings, Inc., 130 N.C.App. 442, 445, 503 S.E.2d 113, 116 (1998).
I. Defendant's Appeal
In its sole issue on appeal, Hexcel-Schwebel contends the Commission erred in finding and concluding Ms. Moose sustained a compensable injury by accident arising out of and in the course of her employment. Hexcel-Schwebel argues that the lifting of the heavy bobbins had become a part of Ms. Moose's normal work routine and therefore an injury caused by the lifting of the bobbin could not constitute a compensable injury under our workers' compensation act. We disagree.
"Under the North Carolina Workers' Compensation Act, an injury arising out of and in the course of employment is compensable only if caused by an `accident' and the claimant bears the burden of proving an accident has occurred." N.C. Gen.Stat. Section 97-2(6)(2001); Calderwood v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hosp. Auth., 135 N.C.App. 112, 115, 519 S.E.2d 61, 63 (1999). "An accident is an unlooked for and untoward event which is not expected or designed by the person who suffers the injury." Id. "The elements of an `accident' are the interruption of the routine of work and the introduction thereby of unusual conditions likely to result in unexpected consequences." Adams v. Burlington Industries, Inc., 61 N.C.App. 258, 260, 300 S.E.2d 455, 456 (1983). "If the employee is performing his regular duties in the usual and customary manner and is injured, there is no accident and the injury is not compensable." Porter v. Shelby Knit, Inc., 46 N.C.App. 22, 26, 264 S.E.2d 360, 363 (1980).
In this case, the Commission found:
4. On August 13, 2000, Arlene Smith was plaintiff's supervisor. As a weaver was on vacation, Ms. Smith asked plaintiff to leave her smash technician job and do the weaving. The weaving job required plaintiff to lift heavy yarn bobbins, weighing approximately twenty pounds. Plaintiff occasionally had to help with weaving, but the lifting was not a regular part of her primary job as a smash end technician.
Indeed, the record shows that Arlene Smith testified that she was Ms. Moose's supervisor;
a weaver was on vacation; she asked plaintiff to do the weaving for the three days; the bobbins weighed between 20 and 22 pounds and lifting was not a regular part of Ms. Moose's job. Ms. Moose testified similarly. Accordingly, we conclude this finding of fact was supported by competent evidence.
Nonetheless, Defendants contend that, according to this Court's decision in Bowles v. CTS of Asheville, 77 N.C.App. 547, 550, 335 S.E.2d 502, 504 (1985), "once an activity, even a strenuous or otherwise unusual activity, becomes a part of the employee's normal work routine, an injury caused by such activity is not the result of an interruption of the work routine or otherwise an `injury by accident' under the Workers' Compensation Act." Thus, Defendants argue that although Ms. Moose did not perform weaving functions on a day-to-day basis and did not lift the heavy bobbins daily, because she was expected to perform the weaving functions when needed due to the absence of another employee and was trained in the operation of looms, the lifting of the heavy bobbins had become a part of her normal work routine. However, as her supervisor testified, the lifting of bobbins was not her normal job; moreover, Ms. Moose testified:
But that one particular job I was working on that weekend, it's the one job out there that has the really heavy filling on it. I'd never worked on it but maybe a couple of times. The majority of the jobs out there, except for that one, the filling is not but about five pounds maybe. It's real light-weight. They run light-weights over there, and that's where I stayed most of the time. But on this particular weekend, she was really short-handed. I didn't like to go on the job. I went over there and ran the job anyway.
Accordingly, we conclude the Commission's findings and conclusions determining Ms. Moose's work-related injury was compensable was supported by competent evidence and in accordance with applicable law.
II. Plaintiff's Appeal
In her appeal, Ms. Moose challenges certain aspects of the Commission's award. Specifically, Ms. Moose contends the Commission should have (I) awarded total disability to the plaintiff at a rate of $415.54 per week from August 15, 2000 and continuing until further orders of the Commission or the Court; (II) awarded an attorney fee of 25% on the lump sum recovery from August 15, 2000; (III) awarded payment of medical bills that were approved by the Commission and provided for vocational rehabilitation services to allow Ms. Moose to work in accordance with her restrictions; and (IV) awarded an election of remedies to her post-injury wage than her pre-injury wage. We affirm the Commission's award.
Ms. Moose has not complied with North Carolina Rule of Appellate Procedure 28 as her brief does not contain any argument in support of her assignments of error or questions presented. Her argument does not address the calculation of the rate of disability, attorney's fees, medical bills or election of remedies. In her brief, Ms. Moose merely discusses the definition of disability and the facts of her case that support such a determination. Thus, her argument is more of a response to Defendant's contentions on appeal-that Ms. Moose did not sustain a compensable injury-than an argument in support of the issues she presented on appeal. Moreover, in this case, the Commission awarded Ms. Moose her medical bills, attorney's fees, temporary total disability and permanent partial disability compensation. As Ms. Moose has not presented an argument as to how the Commission's award was in error, we affirm the Commission's opinion and award. See State v. Stanley, 288 N.C. 19, 26, 215 S.E.2d 589, 593-94 (1975)(stating "it is well recognized that assignments of error not set out in an appellant's brief and in support of which no arguments are stated or authority cited, will be deemed abandoned").
Affirmed.
Judges McGEE and TYSON, concur.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Petitioner on the 9th day of January 2004 for rehearing on modification of Order of this Court pursuant to Rule 31, N.C. Rules of Appellate Procedure, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition for discretionary review, filed by Petitioners' on the 16th day of October 2003 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-31 and the Appellate Rule 16(b) as to issues in addition to those presented as the basis for the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the petition for discretionary review as to additional issues is
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Accordingly, the new brief of the Petitioner shall be filed with this Court not more than 30 days from the date of certification of this order.
|
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Upon consideration of the notice of appeal from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by Plaintiffs in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30 (substantial constitutional question), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the notice of appeal is
"Dismissed ex mero motu by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 21st day of October 2003 by Plaintiffs in this matter for discretionary review of additional issues of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Accordingly, the new brief of the Plaintiffs shall be filed with this Court not more than 30 days from the date of certification of this order.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition for discretionary review, filed by Plaintiff on the 21st day of October 2003 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-31 and the Appellate Rule 16(b) as to issues in addition to those presented as the basis for the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the petition for discretionary review as to additional issues is
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Accordingly, the new brief of the Plaintiff shall be filed with this Court not more than 30 days from the date of certification of this order.
Plaintiff shall forthwith submit an appeal bond to this Court, as provided by Appellate Rule 17(b). The bond may be in cash or by a written undertaking with good and sufficient surety in the sum of $250.00.
|
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] |
CALABRIA, Judge.
The North Carolina Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission ("respondent") appeals the trial court's order reversing and remanding with instructions to vacate respondent's final agency decision to revoke and suspend the law enforcement certification of Andrew Arnold Powell, Jr. ("petitioner"). We reverse the decision of the trial court and remand for further proceedings.
Petitioner was employed by the Madison Police Department as a law enforcement officer in February of 2000. As a pre-requisite to such work, petitioner sought and acquired law enforcement officers' certification on 15 October 1986. Besides his duties as a law enforcement officer, petitioner also owned two used car dealerships and a trailer park located in Virginia.
On or about 25 February 2000, Investigator Gerald Cheney ("Cheney") of the North Carolina Division of Motor Vehicles conducted a routine business inspection of one of petitioner's dealerships. Cheney's inspection consisted of recording the Vehicle Identification Number ("VIN") of selected vehicles and then validating the VIN's via the dealer's title documentation. One of the vehicles Cheney attempted to examine was a 1993 Toyota Camry bearing dealer tags, which petitioner frequently used as his personal automobile. After comparing the VIN on the door of the Camry to the Camry's confidential VIN, Cheney determined the two VIN's did not match. When Cheney requested documentation, petitioner was unable to produce any title or bill of sale for the Camry and opined such documentation might be at his other dealership. Cheney allowed petitioner to drive the Camry to an appointment but warned him not to allow anything to happen to the car. Cheney inspected twenty cars with appropriate supporting documentation for each car. When petitioner returned later that day to the dealership, he opted not to drive the Camry in favor of bringing "another car for Chaney to inspect." Cheney later determined the Camry's confidential VIN corresponded to a car previously reported stolen.
The following day, petitioner drove the Camry to the trailer park in Virginia after a tenant complained of a water leak. Petitioner had previously received notice of recurring drug activity at the trailer park. When petitioner left the Camry unattended to inspect the premises, it was stolen. Petitioner reported the theft to the authorities in Virginia; however, petitioner later authorized the investigation of the theft to be moved into an "inactive" category and did not file an insurance claim with respect to the stolen car. After the theft of the Camry, petitioner was unable to locate the documents regarding the title and/or bill of sale at the other dealership and subsequently maintained they must have been in the trunk of the stolen Camry.
In a letter dated 23 August 2001, respondent's director informed petitioner the Standards Committee found probable cause existed to believe petitioner's certification as a law enforcement officer should be (1) permanently revoked on the grounds that he committed the felony of "Receiving or Transferring Stolen Vehicles" and (2) suspended for not less than five years on the grounds that he committed the misdemeanor offense of obstruction of justice. The matter was heard before an administrative law judge ("ALJ") on 12 August 2002. Petitioner maintained, in pertinent part, that (1) no other car inspected had any problems, (2) there was no evidence petitioner changed the VIN or had reason to know the car was stolen, (3) petitioner was not informed until after the Camry was stolen from the trailer park that it had previously been reported stolen, and (4) he purchased the Camry at an auction and sometimes sellers pass stolen vehicles back into North Carolina from other states with a falsified title to sell at such auctions without the purchaser's knowledge. In the proposed decision, the ALJ concluded petitioner committed both offenses at issue, and petitioner's law enforcement certification should be suspended for not less than five years and permanently revoked. In the final agency decision, respondent adopted the ALJ's proposed decision. Relevant to this appeal, conclusion of law four provides:
[o]n or about February 26, 2000, Petitioner committed the felonious offense of "Receiving or Transferring Stolen Vehicles" when the Petitioner unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did possess a vehicle, to wit, a 1993 black Toyota Camry, having reason to believe said vehicle has been stolen or unlawfully taken in violation of N.C.G.S. § 20-106.
Petitioner sought judicial review.
The trial court's order, issued 26 June 2003, reversed and remanded the final agency decision for vacation. The trial court held conclusion of law four was patently erroneous because "there is no one felony offense of `Receiving or Transferring Stolen Vehicles.'" In addition, the trial court held conclusion of law four lacked required findings of fact to "support a conclusion of law that the petitioner either committed the felony offense of knowingly receiving a stolen vehicle with intent to procure title or the felony offense of knowingly transferring a stolen vehicle with intent to pass title." Finally, the trial court questioned the adequacy of respondent's pleadings in the 23 August 2003 letter since the pleadings failed to charge the offenses of receiving a stolen vehicle or transferring a stolen vehicle "with sufficient certainty to apprise petitioner of the specific accusation against him so as to enable him to prepare his defense." Respondent appeals.
"Judicial review of the final decision of an administrative agency in a contested case is governed by [N.C. Gen.Stat. §] 150B-51(b) of the APA." Watkins v. N.C. State Bd. of Dental Exam'rs, 358 N.C. 190, 199, 593 S.E.2d 764, 769 (2004). "The proper standard for the superior court's judicial review `depends upon the particular issues presented on appeal.'" Mann Media, Inc. v. Randolph Cty. Planning Bd., 356 N.C. 1, 13, 565 S.E.2d 9, 17 (2002) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Where "a petitioner contends the [b]oard's decision was based on an error of law, `de novo' review is proper. Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)." "[T]he appellate court examines the trial court's order [regarding an agency decision] for error of law. The process has been described as a twofold task: (1) determining whether the trial court exercised the appropriate scope of review and, if appropriate, (2) deciding whether the court did so properly." Id., at 14, 565 S.E.2d at 18 (citation omitted). Where, as here, the trial court examines the agency's final decision and finds it affected by errors of law, de novo review is proper. Because the trial court expressly undertook de novo review, we need only determine whether the trial court did so properly.
The trial court correctly noted N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106 (2003) prohibits three distinct Class H felonies: (1) possessing a stolen vehicle, (2) receiving a stolen vehicle, and (3) transferring a stolen vehicle. Thereafter, the entirety of the trial court's analysis is limited to only the latter two prohibited offenses. For example, the trial court held
the "FINDINGS OF FACT" [relevant to respondent's conclusion that petitioner violated N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106] do not include findings that petitioner on or about February 26, 2000, received from, or transferred to, another person, the Camry with the intent to procure or pass title, or that he then knew or had reason to know the Camry had been stolen or unlawfully taken, thus the respondent's findings do not support a conclusion of law that petitioner either committed the felony offense of knowingly receiving a stolen vehicle with intent to procure title or the felony offense of knowingly transferring a stolen vehicle with intent to pass title.
(Emphasis added). Likewise, in considering respondent's pleading that "petitioner committed `the' felonious offense of `Receiving or Transferring Stolen Vehicles,'" the trial court reasoned the letter which served as respondent's pleading did
not sufficiently charge petitioner with either one or both of these felony offenses since the charges are in the alternative and not conjunctive. Further, the necessary essential elements of intent (receive/procure, transfer/pass) with respect to title are not alleged nor is the name of another person associated with such receipt or transfer. The alleged dates of "the" offense cover a range of approximately five years. There is no allegation of the State or County in which the receipt or transfer occurred. In summary, respondent's pleading does not ... clearly allege all essential elements of either one of the two alternative charges.
(Emphasis added).
The error in the trial court's review is manifest: it fails to analyze the final agency decision with respect to possession of a stolen vehicle, the felony offense under which respondent was proceeding against petitioner. Contrary to the trial court's order, respondent's letter dated 23 August 2001 informed petitioner that respondent had reason to believe petitioner "committed the felonious offense of `Receiving or Transferring Stolen Vehicles' by unlawfully, willfully, and feloniously possessing a vehicle [petitioner] had reason to believe had been stolen or unlawfully taken." (Emphasis added). The letter went on to describe the color, year, make, model, and VIN of the stolen vehicle as well as the time period petitioner possessed the vehicle.
Having determined the trial court failed to consider the felony offense of possession of a stolen vehicle, we need only determine whether such consideration was warranted. We conclude it was for multiple reasons. First, as the trial court correctly noted, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106 prohibits possessing, receiving, and transferring a stolen vehicle. Second, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106 is entitled "Receiving or transferring stolen vehicles," and respondent's letter simply incorporated that title. Such incorporation does not limit respondent to charging either of the latter two prohibited offenses. The General Assembly deemed the title of the statute broad enough to cover three offenses, and we can discern no compelling reason why it would be competent to designate only two of the three offenses within that statute. Third, the elements of possession of a stolen vehicle under N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106 are (1) a person possesses a vehicle (2) that he knows or has reason to believe was stolen or unlawfully taken, see State v. Craver, 70 N.C.App. 555, 559, 320 S.E.2d 431, 434 (1984), which parallels the letter's language that petitioner "possess[ed] a vehicle" he "had reason to believe had been stolen or unlawfully taken." We reverse the trial court's order and remand for further consideration as to the offense of possession of a stolen vehicle.
We also hold summarily that, by identifying the period of possession and the identity of the stolen vehicle by color, year, make, model, and VIN, petitioner's assertion that the facts alleged were "so unspecific as to be inadequate" is without merit.
Finally, to the extent the trial court's order rests upon the absence of a finding of fact "that petitioner on or about February 26, 2000 ... then knew or had reason to know the Camry had been stolen or unlawfully taken," the order does not properly consider the express language contained in conclusion of law four of the final agency decision, which provides that petitioner possessed the Camry with "reason to believe said vehicle ha[d] been stolen or unlawfully taken in violation of N.C.G.S. § 20-106." See Insurance Co. v. Keith, 283 N.C. 577, 581, 196 S.E.2d 731, 734 (1973) (finding immaterial whether a challenged finding was "denominated a finding of fact, a conclusion of law, or a combination of both"). The trial court undertook no analysis of the supporting evidence; therefore, the issue of whether the evidence of record sufficiently supports the findings of fact is beyond our scope of review in this appeal.
Respondent has not argued that the trial court's order was erroneous in any respect with regards to the misdemeanor obstruction of justice charge. Accordingly, any argument concerning error by the trial court relative to that charge is deemed abandoned. N.C. R.App. P. 28(b)(6) (2004).
Reversed and remanded.
Judges WYNN and LEVINSON concur.
Petitioner contends respondent failed to give appropriate notice by failing to "reference ... the particular sections of the statutes and rules involved[.]" See N.C. Gen.Stat. § 150B-38(b)(2) (2003). However, N.C. Gen.Stat. § 20-106, the statute petitioner was accused of violating, has no subsections and is, in fact, a single sentence. In addition, the letter clearly specified possession was the basis of revocation.
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Plaintiff on the 22nd day of June 2004 in this matter for a Writ of Mandamus and a Writ of Prohibition Reversing the Order of Superior Court Judge Baker Imposing Sanctions (03CVS173), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Polk County:
"Denied by order of the Court in Conference this the 1st day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition for Writ of Mandamus and a Writ of Prohibition Reversing the Order of Superior Court Judge Baker Dismissing Plaintiff's Appeal (03CVS173) filed by Plaintiff on the 22nd day of June 2004 in this matter, the following order was entered and is:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 1st day of July 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Petitioner on the 29th day of June 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Mecklenburg County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 1st day of July 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Petitioner on the 30th day of June 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State Actions), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Buncombe County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 2nd day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the application filed by Petitioner on the 30th day of June 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus Ad Testificadum, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Buncombe County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 2nd day of July 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 25th day of June 2004 in this matter for a writ of mandamus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Beaufort County:
"Denied by order of the Court in Conference this the 2nd day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the Notice of Appeal in the Matter of Motion for Post Conviction Discovery under Brady from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by Defendant on the 25th day of June 2004 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30 (substantial constitutional question), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the notice of appeal is
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 2nd day of July 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 16th day of June 2004 for Writ of Supersedeas of the judgment of the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 7th day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the application filed by Defendant on the 6th day of July 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State Actions), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Craven County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 7th day of July 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Attorney General on the 6th day of July 2004 for Writ of Supersedeas of the judgment of the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 7th day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 6th day of July 2004 by Attorney General in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 7th day of July 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Defendant on the 6th day of July 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus Ad Testificandum, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Forsyth County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 12th day of July 2004."
Upon consideration of the application filed by Defendant on the 6th day of July 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus (State Actions), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Forsyth County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 12th day of July 2004."
|
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] |
This Court allowed a temporary stay in this case on 12 July 2004. As to the other motions filed in the cause, the Court orders as follows:
Petitioners' Petition for Writ of Supersedeas is allowed. The portion of Judge Locklear's Order of 28 June 2004 that provides that "neither [petitioners'] Petition or Amended Petition, nor any other aspect of this proceeding, shall modify the June 30, 2004 effective date of the City's Annexation Ordinance" is stayed pending appeal.
Petitioners' Petition for Writ of Certiorari to review the Court of Appeals' Order entered 7 July 2004 dissolving the temporary stay of the Annexation Ordinance and denying petitioners' Petition for Writ of Supersedeas to the Court of Appeals is denied.
Petitioners' Petition for Discretionary Review (prior to determination by the North Carolina Court of Appeals) to consider petitioners' appeal from the Cumberland County Superior Court Order dismissing their underlying petition is denied.
Petitioners' application for an order staying the portions of Judge Locklear's Order to the effect that respondent's Annexation Ordinance is effectively amended to make the effective date of the ordinance the last day of the next full calendar month following the date of the final judgment in connection with petitioners' appeal to the appellate division, is allowed.
Respondent's Urgent Motion to Dissolve Temporary Stay or, Alternatively, to Expedite Review, is denied.
By order of the Court in Conference, this 13th day of July, 2004.
|
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] |
This Court allowed a temporary stay in this case on 12 July 2004. As to the other motions filed in this cause, the Court orders as follows:
Petitioners' Petition for Writ of Supersedeas is allowed. The portion of Judge Locklear's Order of 28 June 2004 that provides that "neither [petitioners'] Petition or Amended Petition, nor any other aspect of this proceeding, shall modify the June 30, 2004 effective date of the City's Annexation Ordinance" is stayed pending appeal.
Petitioners' Petition for Writ of Certiorari to review the Court of Appeals' Order entered 7 July 2004 dissolving the temporary stay of the Annexation Ordinance and denying Petitioners' Petition for Writ of Supersedeas to the Court of Appeals is denied.
Petitioners' Application for Discretionary Review (prior to determination by the North Carolina Court of Appeals) by this Court of Judge Locklear's Order Granting Respondent's Motion to Dismiss is denied.
Petitioners' application for an order staying the portions of Judge Locklear's Order to the effect that respondent's Annexation Ordinance is effectively amended to make the effective date of the ordinance the last day of the next full calendar month following the date of the final judgment in connection with petitioners' appeal to the appellate division, is allowed.
Respondent's Urgent Motion to Dissolve the Temporary Stay or, Alternatively, to Expedite Review, is denied.
By order of the Court in Conference, this 13th day of July.
|
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STEELMAN, Judge.
Defendants, Nash Health Care Systems, Inc. (NHC) and Royal & Sunalliance Insurance Co. appeal an opinion and award concluding that plaintiff, Susan Vaughan, is temporarily and totally disabled and awarding her medical expenses. For the reasons discussed herein, we affirm the determination of the Industrial Commission (Commission).
At the time of plaintiff's hearing before the Commission, she was forty-eight years old and a registered nurse. She had been employed by NHC for eleven years as perinatal educationcoordinator, where she developed educational programs for hospital patients and members of the general public. Plaintiff has a long history of recurrent perilymphatic fistulas, starting in the early 1980s. A perilymphatic fistula is a tract or opening, which allows passage of inner ear fluid from the inner ear to the middle ear. There are various causes of perilymphatic fistulas, including trauma, exertion, and congenital malformations. Among the symptoms of a perilymphatic fistulas are dizziness, disequilibrium, vertigo, and nausea. Plaintiff had four fistulas prior to January 2000, each requiring surgical repairs causing her to miss time from work. Plaintiff did not file a workers' compensation claim as to any of the prior fistulas. In 1998, following surgery to repair the fourth fistula, plaintiff's treating physician imposed permanent restrictions on bending, stooping, squatting, straining, and lifting. Plaintiff informed NHC of these restrictions and NHC took steps to accommodate them, allowing plaintiff to delegate restricted tasks to an assistant, if one was available. Plaintiff occasionally experienced dizziness as a residual effect of her prior fistulas, but was able to perform her regular job duties.
On the evening of 13 January 2000 plaintiff worked late to manually bind handbooks for a class that night. Whenever plaintiff was unable to find someone to assist her, she would perform the activity herself. In order to bind the handbooks, plaintiff had to copy the handbooks, punch small square holes along the entire length of the paper, and bind them. The hole-punching machine was large and required plaintiff to stand and apply sufficient force topunch the holes. Plaintiff undertook to bind twelve relatively large handbooks consisting of approximately fifty pages. Normally plaintiff would divide the books into thirds to punch holes in the paper. On this occasion, plaintiff was in a hurry and no clerical staff was available to assist her, so she divided the books in half. In order to perforate the unusually large stacks of paper, plaintiff had to apply more force than usual to the hole-punching machine. Plaintiff was unable to perforate the paper and had to reorganize the paper into smaller stacks. While straining to punch holes and bind the handbooks, plaintiff became dizzy and felt off-balance. She was able to finish binding the books, after which she delivered them to the classroom and drove home. She stated she had felt fine up until the point she started binding the handbooks. Two weeks prior to the 13 January 2000 incident, Dr. James S. May performed a routine follow-up examination of plaintiff, at which time he found no ongoing symptoms of her perilymphatic fistula.
In the days following the 13 January 2000 incident plaintiff's symptoms grew worse. She attempted to continue working, but was unable to do so on a consistent basis. On 3 February 2000, Dr. May diagnosed plaintiff with a new perilymphatic fistula. In March 2000, Dr. May surgically repaired plaintiff's fifth perilymphatic fistula. Initially plaintiff's symptoms of dizziness and disequilibrium improved, but she began to feel progressively worse beginning approximately two weeks after her surgery. Plaintiff participated in vestibular rehabilitation in an effort to retrainher central nervous system to accommodate irregularities in her vestibular mechanism, but this was unsuccessful.
Dr. May testified that plaintiff had obtained maximum medical improvement of the fistula. He imposed more stringent permanent physical limitations on plaintiff. These restriction prohibited plaintiff from bending her head below heart-level, lying flat in bed, lifting in excess of twenty-five pounds, bending, stooping, squatting, straining, working with machinery, and traveling in a car for any length of time. Dr. May was unable to identify any employment plaintiff was capable of performing in light of her permanent physical limitations. The Full Commission found that plaintiff suffered a compensable injury by accident when she applied excessive force while binding books, and as a result was totally disabled from working. The Commission awarded plaintiff temporary total disability at the weekly rate of $588.00 and instructed defendants to pay for all medical expenses plaintiff had incurred or would incur as a result of her compensable injury. Defendants appeal.
Our review of an award by the Industrial Commission is limited to: (1) whether there was any competent evidence before the Commission to support its findings; and (2) whether such findings support its legal conclusions. Lewis v. Orkand Corp., 147 N.C. App. 742, 744, 556 S.E.2d 685, 687 (2001). Findings of fact from an opinion and award of the Commission, if supported, are deemed conclusive, even if there is evidence that would support findings to the contrary. Id. On appeal this Court does not weigh theevidence, as the Commission is the "sole judge of the weight and credibility of the evidence[.]" Deese v. Champion Int'l Corp., 352 N.C. 109, 116, 530 S.E.2d 549, 553 (2000). Instead our "duty goes no further than to determine whether the record contains any evidence tending to support the finding." Adams v. AVX Corp., 349 N.C. 676, 681, 509 S.E.2d 411, 414 (1998), reh'g denied, 350 N.C. 108, 532 S.E.2d 522 (1999) (citations omitted). "The evidence tending to support plaintiff's claim is to be viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, and plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the evidence." Id.
In defendants' first assignment of error they contend the Commission erred in finding as fact that plaintiff applied excessive force in the act of book binding.
To be compensable under the Workmen's Compensation Act, an injury must result from an accident arising out of and in the course of the employment. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(6) (2003). The claimant bears the burden of proving an injury by accident. Morrison v. Burlington Indus., 304 N.C. 1, 13, 282 S.E.2d 458, 467 (1981). Plaintiff may prove an injury by accident if she can demonstrate she exerted an extra or unusual degree of physical force while performing a job. Jackson v. North Carolina State Highway Comm'n, 272 N.C. 697, 700, 158 S.E.2d 865, 868 (1968).
Here, plaintiff testified that when binding the books it caused her to strain since she was using a manual binder and had to apply sufficient physical force to be able to punch the holes inthe pages of the books. (T. 26-27; 42-3) She testified she was in a hurry and had no other clerical staff to assist her, and as a result she attempted to punch holes in an unusually thick stack of paper. Consequently, there was competent evidence before the Commission from which it could find that plaintiff applied more force than ususal in the act of binding the handbooks. This assignment of error is without merit.
In defendants' second assignment of error they contend the Commission erred in finding plaintiff sustained a compensable injury because the expert medical testimony presented by plaintiff did not establish medical causation.
The North Carolina Supreme Court has stated that "only an expert can give competent opinion evidence as to the cause of the injury" where the issue of causation is complicated. Holley v. ACTS, Inc., 357 N.C. 228, 232, 581 S.E.2d 750, 753 (2003). The opinion testimony presented cannot be based solely on "speculation and conjecture." Id. If it were, it would not be, "sufficiently reliable to qualify as competent evidence on issues of medical causation." Id. To be sufficient, the expert's opinion testimony must "take the case out of the realm of conjecture and remote possibility . . . ." Id. Furthermore, a physician's opinion may be based wholly or in part on statements made to him by the patient in the course of treatment or examination. Penland v. Bird Coal Co., 246 N.C. 26, 31, 97 S.E.2d 432, 436 (1957).
Dr. May was plaintiff's treating physician. The parties stipulated he was an expert in the field of otolaryngology. Otolaryngology is the medical and surgical treatment of diseases and disorders of the ear, nose, and throat. Dr. May based his medical opinion on his own experience in seeing patients with similar problems, plaintiff's medical history, and statements made by plaintiff to him during the course of treatment. He diagnosed plaintiff as having a new perilymphatic fistula. Dr. May stated that the straining involved in book binding activities was consistent with the type of activity that could cause a fistula. He testified that the exertion of enough pressure to cause a "Valsalva," that is where an individual has to close their glottis or their vocal cords and go "umph," indicates a person is lifting too much or straining too hard, which could result in a fistula. (T 25). Dr. May further stated he believed to a reasonable medical degree of certainty the fistula resulted from plaintiff's excessive straining while engaged in book binding activities at work on 13 January 2000. (T. 31, 59-60) Defendants contend that because Dr. May was unable to say whether the lifting of the boxes or the punching of the holes in the paper caused the fistula, the doctor failed to establish to a reasonable degree of medical certainty what caused plaintiff's injury. In order to establish causation, an employee is not required to prove to an absolute certainty what caused the injury. Holley, 357 N.C. at 234, 581 S.E.2d at 754. To require plaintiff to meet such a standard would effectively create an impossible burden that plaintiff could never meet, because it is rare that a doctor can testify as to medical causation with a hundred percent certainty. Instead, we require plaintiff to meeta lesser burden, that of "to a reasonable degree of medical certainty." Dr. May testified to that standard in this case. Thus, there was sufficient medical testimony to establish causation regarding plaintiff's injury. This assignment of error is without merit.
In defendants' third and final assignment of error, they contend the Commission erred in concluding that plaintiff suffered an injury by accident within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97- 2(6) (2003).
In order to be compensable, an injury must result from an accident arising out of and in the course of the employment. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2(6) (2003). Here, the parties stipulated that on the day of the alleged incident, an employer-employee relationship existed between plaintiff and NHC. Further, defendants do not dispute that the incident arouse out of and in the course of plaintiff's employment. Therefore, the only question presented is whether the alleged incident was an injury by accident.
Injury by accident is "an unlooked for and untoward event which is not expected or designed by the person who suffers the injury." Porter v. Shelby Knit, Inc., 46 N.C. App. 22, 26, 264 S.E.2d 360, 363 (1980). An "accident" involves the interruption of the normal work routine and the presence of unusual conditions likely to result in unexpected consequences. Id. However, where the employee is injured while performing her regular work duties in the "usual and customary manner," it will be deemed that no "accident" occurred and the injury will not be compensable. Id. Plaintiff must demonstrate that "something unexpected and outside of her normal work duties occurred which interrupted her work routine and caused her injury." Alva v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Hosp. Auth., 118 N.C. App. 76, 80, 453 S.E.2d 871, 874 (1995). It has long been established in North Carolina that an extra or unusual degree of exertion by an employee while performing a job may constitute an injury by accident, and such exertion will allow the required element of unusualness and unexpectedness to be inferred. Porter, 46 N.C. App. at 27, 264 S.E.2d at 363.
Defendants assert that since plaintiff was performing her normal work activities when she became dizzy, she did not sustain a compensable injury by accident. The Commission relied on Porter v. Shelby Knit, Inc. to support its decision. In Porter, this Court upheld the Commission's determination that plaintiff suffered an injury by accident when she strained to withdraw a rod from a roll of cloth which was "extra tight" and "unusually difficult" to pull out. Id. Removing the rods from the rolls of cloth was a part of plaintiff's normal work duties. Id. However, this Court stated that since there was evidence that plaintiff had to use more force than normal to remove the rods, this extra exertion interrupted plaintiff's normal work routine and the extra effort plaintiff exerted was unusual. Id. We agree that the facts in this case are analogous to those in Porter. Even though binding handbooks was part of plaintiff's normal work duties, plaintiff testified that when binding this particular set of books she strained more than normal because she was in a hurry and she had noother clerical staff to assist her, so she attempted to punch holes in a thicker stack of paper than she usually would. (T. 26-7). As discussed above, there was competent evidence to support the finding of fact that plaintiff applied excessive force in the act of binding the handbooks, and that finding in turn supports the Commission's conclusion of law that plaintiff suffered an injury by "accident." This assignment of error is without merit.
AFFIRMED.
Judges TYSON and BRYANT concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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TYSON, Judge.
Alan R. Stafford and Katherine L. Stafford (collectively, "defendants") appeal from an order granting partial summary judgment in favor of the City of Concord ("the City"). We dismiss defendants' appeal as interlocutory and deny defendants' petition for writ of certiorari.
I. Background
Defendants own a medical office building at 120 Lake Concord Road, Concord, North Carolina, which was leased to Cabarrus Memorial Hospital, now Northeast Medical Center.
In December 1998, Rust Engineering completed a study ("1998study") to develop "A Master Plan for Roadway Improvements" for several streets in Concord, including Lake Concord Road. The 1998 study did not find a need for traffic medians on Lake Concord Road. In May 2000, Kimley-Horn and Associates completed a second study ("2000 study"), which focused solely on Lake Concord Road. The 2000 study concluded that "the rate and severity of accidents is expected to increase as a function of congestion along the Lake Concord corridor."
Following receipt of the 2000 study, the City initiated efforts to widen Lake Concord Road from two lanes to four lanes. The City brought an action to condemn a 0.285 acre strip of defendants' property to accomplish this project. The City deposited the sum of $6,675.00 with the Cabarrus County Clerk of Court as its estimate of just compensation.
A median separating the northbound and southbound lanes was constructed in front of defendants' property, limiting but not excluding, access to the northbound lane. Defendants rejected the deposit as insufficient damages due to a substantial diminution in their property's value caused by construction of the median. Defendants moved for partial summary judgment on the issue of whether they are entitled to compensation for diminution in value caused by the median. In support of their motion, defendants filed an affidavit of Appraiser Donald Spake ("Spake"). Spake opined the median reduced the property's value from $703,000.00 before the taking to $599,110.00 after the taking, which equaled $103,890.00 for the total right-of-way acquisition.
The trial court denied defendants' motion and granted the City partial summary judgment. The court concluded the median "is an obvious safety device clearly calculated to reduce traffic hazards," and "is a valid traffic regulation adopted in exercise of the police power . . . and is not compensable." Defendants appeal.
II. Issues
The issues presented are: (1) whether defendants' appeal of the trial court's award of partial summary judgment is interlocutory; and, if so, (2) whether defendant's petition for writ of certiorari should be allowed.
III. Interlocutory Appeal
We address, sua sponte, the interlocutory nature of defendants' appeal. The City filed this action to condemn a portion of defendants' property pursuant to its authority under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 40A-3(b). Upon motion, the trial court in a condemnation proceeding is to "hear and determine any and all issues raised by the pleadings other than the issue of damages . . . ." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 136-108 (2003). The issue of damages is to be determined by the jury. Department of Transp. v. Byerly, 154 N.C. App. 454, 456, 573 S.E.2d 522, 523 (2002). "Because G.S. 136-108 hearings do not finally resolve all issues, an appeal from a trial court's order rendered in such hearings is interlocutory." Id. "Generally, there is no right of immediate appeal from interlocutory orders and judgments." Sharpe v. Worland, 351 N.C. 159, 161, 522 S.E.2d 577, 578 (1999) (citing Travco Hotels v. Piedmont Natural Gas Co., 332 N.C. 288, 291, 420 S.E.2d 426, 428(1992)).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 54(b) provides for review of interlocutory orders and judgments "when the trial court enters a final judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties and certifies there is no just reason for delay." Sharpe, 351 N.C. at 162, 522 S.E.2d at 579 (citing DKH Corp. v. Rankin-Patterson Oil Co., 348 N.C. 583, 585, 500 S.E.2d 666, 668 (1998)). Here, the trial court did not issue a Rule 54(b) certification that there is "no just reason for delay." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 54(b).
Immediate appeal may also be taken where the interlocutory order "affects a substantial right claimed in any action or proceeding." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-277 (2003). A two-part test has developed in determining whether the order affects a substantial right. Sharpe, 351 N.C. at 162, 522 S.E.2d at 579. "[T]he right itself must be substantial and the deprivation of that substantial right must potentially work injury . . . if not corrected before appeal from final judgment." Id. (quoting Goldston v. American Motors Corp., 326 N.C. 723, 726, 392 S.E.2d 735, 736 (1990)). The order granting partial summary judgment to plaintiff does not affect defendants' substantial right to the extent that it cannot be preserved and addressed upon an appeal from the final judgment entered.
Because defendants failed to obtain a Rule 54(b) certification from the trial court and the order does not affect a substantial right that cannot be addressed after entry of a final judgment, wedecline to consider the merits of defendants' assignments of error.
IV. Writ of Certiorari
Defendants also petitioned this Court to grant a writ of certiorari should we dismiss this appeal. Defendants' petition contends that the trial court's award of partial summary judgment "decided the major issue in the case . . . [and a] trial on this issue would require appraisals costing far in excess of [the City's deposit]." Defendants, however, moved for summary judgment solely on the issue of whether they were entitled to compensation for diminution in value caused by the median. Neither party has stipulated to the amount of damages owed for the taking. The issue of defendants' damages remains a question to be properly submitted to a jury.
Defendants may assign error to the trial court's award of partial summary judgment following entry of a final judgment. See Piedmont Triad Reg'l Water Authority v. Unger, 154 N.C. App. 589, 572 S.E.2d 832 (2002), disc. rev. denied, 357 N.C. 165, 580 S.E.2d 695 (2003). We decline to grant defendants' petition for writ of certiorari.
V. Conclusion
Defendants' appeal of the trial court's order granting plaintiff partial summary judgment is interlocutory. This appeal is dismissed. Defendants' petition for writ of certiorari is denied.
Appeal Dismissed; Petition Denied.
Judges MCGEE and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
STEELMAN, Judge.
Defendant, Gay Eugene Blankenship, appeals convictions of possession of a Schedule II controlled substance and having attained the status of a habitual felon. He presents three assignments of error. For the reasons discussed herein, we find no error.
The State's evidence tended to show that on 12 July 2001 at approximately 1:30 a.m., Officer Evonne Johnson of the Asheville City Police observed a white Ford Tempo parked on Washington Street with one female in the driver's seat. Officer Johnson drove ablock past the Ford and spoke with Officer Freeland for fifteen to twenty minutes. After speaking with Officer Freeland, Officer Johnson returned to the intersection of Washington and Hillside Streets. She again saw the Ford and observed it make a turn without using a signal light. Officer Johnson ran the license plate number. The DMV records listed the plate as "unassigned," so Officer Johnson pulled the Ford over. Officers John Long and Brett Maltby pulled up behind Officer Johnson in another patrol car.
Officer Johnson shined a light in the car as she approached it. She observed a woman in the back seat exposing her upper body. The woman was identified as Ernestine Paulette Jackson (Jackson). Officer Johnson asked Jackson to get out of the car and frisked her. When asked what was in her bra, Jackson replied that it was a crack pipe. Jackson was arrested.
Officer Johnson asked the driver, identified as Terry Newsome, to step out of the vehicle. Newsome gave consent for her car to be searched. The officers then asked the passenger, defendant, to step out of the car. He was subjected to a frisk, but nothing was found. Officers Johnson and Maltby searched the car and discovered a "crack rock" on the floorboard underneath the passenger seat. More cocaine was found in the backseat where Jackson had been seated.
Defendant was placed in the second patrol car and taken to theBuncombe County Jail. Officer Maltby noticed defendant squirming in the back seat. After defendant was taken into the jail, Officer Maltby searched the back seat of the patrol car and discovered a plastic bag containing crack rocks. As standard operating procedure, Officer Maltby searched the back seat of his police vehicle before beginning his patrol that day, and during that search he found no contraband in the car. He further testified that on the night of 12 July 2001, he and Officer Long did not arrest anyone other than defendant, and the doors of the police car always remained locked.
Defendant's evidence tended to show that Newsome had driven around with defendant after picking him up from his mother's home. Later that night, they saw Jackson, who asked for a ride home. Newsome agreed, even though she did not know Jackson. While the Ford was stopped by the police, defendant was not fidgeting. The police searched him three times and never found anything on him. Newsome did not see defendant with anything that even resembled crack while they were together that day.
Defendant was charged with cocaine possession. A jury found defendant guilty. Defendant pled guilty to being a habitual felon. He was sentenced to an active sentence of 135 to 171 months. Defendant appeals.
In defendant's first assignment of error, he contends thetrial court erred by sentencing him as a habitual felon. We disagree.
Defendant contends that possession of cocaine under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(d)(2) is a misdemeanor rather than a felony and cannot be an underlying felony supporting his conviction as a habitual felon. Possession of cocaine is a felony under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(d)(2). State v. Jones, ___ N.C. ___, ___ S.E.2d ___ (2004). Thus, possession of cocaine could properly serve as the underlying felony supporting defendant's conviction as a habitual felon. This assignment of error is without merit.
In defendant's second assignment of error, he contends the trial court erred in accepting his guilty plea to the status of a habitual felon when the court failed to comply with the statutory requirements set out in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022 sets forth the requirements for a trial court accepting a defendant's guilty plea. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022 (2003). Before a superior court judge can accept a defendant's guilty plea he must first address the defendant personally and inform him of several matters listed in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022(a)(1-7). The trial court must also inquire of the prosecutor, defense counsel, and defendant personally to see "whether there were any prior plea discussions, whether the parties had entered into any arrangements with respect to the plea and theterms thereof, and whether any improper pressure was exerted" on the defendant. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022(b). The judge must determine the defendant's decision to enter a guilty plea was the product of informed choice before he can accept such a plea. Id. "[J]ust because the trial court failed to comply with the strict statutory requirements does not entitle defendant to have his plea vacated." State v. Hendricks, 138 N.C. App. 668, 670, 531 S.E.2d 896, 898 (2000). However, the State bears the burden of proving the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt since "it is error under the statute and constitution" for the court to fail to inquire of the defendant regarding the matters enumerated in the statute, so as to ensure his plea was voluntary and the informed choice of the defendant. State v. Williams, 65 N.C. App. 472, 481, 310 S.E.2d 83, 88 (1983) (citing Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969)); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(b) (2003).
In deciding whether the judge's "non-compliance with the statute either affected defendant's decision to plead or undermined the plea's validity[,]" we consider the totality of the circumstances. Hendricks, 138 N.C. App. at 671, 531 S.E.2d at 898. While the trial judge failed to inquire as to all the statutory requirements listed in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022, he did make some of the inquiries. The trial judge questioned defendant about whether he understood his guilty plea, whether anyone had made himany promises, and whether he had discussed the guilty plea with his counsel. Defendant indicated he understood his plea and its effects. The judge also inquired as to whether defendant entered the plea of his own free will, if he had been over the plea transcript questions and answers with his attorney, and whether the answers given were the truth. Defendant responded in the affirmative to all of these questions. Defendant also stipulated to three prior felony convictions. Additionally, defendant submitted a transcript of plea which stated that he understood the effect of the guilty plea. This plea transcript covered all of the areas listed in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022. This Court has found that the transcript of plea signed by a defendant, coupled with the questions the trial court did ask him, to be particularly relevant. Hendricks, 138 N.C. App. at 670-71, 531 S.E.2d at 898-99 (holding the entry of plea valid even though the judge did not go over all the requirements of the statute, where the transcript of plea covered those matters). See also State v. Crain, 73 N.C. App. 269, 271-72, 326 S.E.2d 120, 122 (1985); State v. Thompson, 16 N.C. App. 62, 63, 190 S.E.2d 877, 878, cert. denied, 282 N.C. 155, 191 S.E.2d 604 (1972).
Defendant also contends that the fact the judge misstated the maximum sentence he faced entitles him to have his plea vacated. We disagree. Here, the trial judge misstated the maximum sentencedefendant faced, reciting it to be 216 months instead of the statutory maximum of 261 months. This violated N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022(a)(6). However, as noted above, the idea that the mere violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022 is per se prejudicial is incorrect. Williams, 65 N.C. App. 472, 482, 310 S.E.2d 83, 89. In the instant case, the judge sentenced defendant to a term of 135 months to 171 months. The maximum sentence defendant faced of 171 months is well below the 216 months the trial judge misquoted to defendant.
After considering the totality of the circumstances, we find the trial court's error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt and the judge's non-compliance with the statutory requirements did not affect defendant's decision to plead guilty or undermine the plea's validity. Defendant's plea was made freely, understandingly, and voluntarily. This assignment of error is without merit.
In his third assignment of error, defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the possession of cocaine charge. We disagree.
In analyzing a motion to dismiss, "'[i]f the trial court determines that a reasonable inference of the defendant's guilt may be drawn from the evidence, it must deny the defendant's motion and send the case to the jury even though the evidence may also support reasonable inferences of the defendant's innocence.'" State v.Matias, 354 N.C. 549, 551, 556 S.E.2d 269, 270 (2001) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted). The only issue for the trial court is whether there is substantial evidence of each essential element of the charged offense and of the defendant being the perpetrator. State v. Crawford, 344 N.C. 65, 73, 472 S.E.2d 920, 925 (1996). "Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." Matias, 354 N.C. at 552, 556 S.E.2d at 270. The court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and give the State the benefit of every reasonable inference from that evidence. Id. at 551, 556 S.E.2d at 270. Contradictions and discrepancies in the evidence are resolved in favor of the State. State v. Gibson, 342 N.C. 142, 150, 463 S.E.2d 193, 199 (1995).
The two essential elements of felonious possession of a controlled substance are: (1) the substance must be possessed; and (2) the substance must be knowingly possessed. State v. Weldon, 314 N.C. 401, 403, 333 S.E.2d 701, 702 (1985). Defendant argues only that the State did not show that he knowingly possessed the cocaine. We therefore restrict our analysis to that element.
When prosecuting a defendant for possession of an illegal substance, the prosecution does not have to prove actual physical possession of the substance, as constructive proof of possession is sufficient. State v. Perry, 316 N.C. 87, 96, 340 S.E.2d 450, 456(1986). Constructive possession exists when the defendant, "while not having actual possession, . . . has the intent and capability to maintain control and dominion over [the] thing." State v. Beaver, 317 N.C. 643, 648, 346 S.E.2d 476, 480 (1986). "As with other questions of intent, proof of constructive possession usually involves proof by circumstantial evidence." Id. Where an individual does not have sole possession of the place where the narcotics are found, the State must demonstrate other incriminating circumstances before constructive possession may be inferred. State v. Davis, 325 N.C. 693, 697, 386 S.E.2d 187, 190 (1989).
In several cases our appellate courts have affirmed the trial court's finding of sufficient circumstantial evidence of constructive possession to send the case to a jury, even where the defendant was not in exclusive control of the area where the drugs were found. In State v. Butler, our Supreme Court found the following to be some evidence that the defendant was in possession of the drugs found in the vehicle: (1) the defendant excited a bus which came from a city known to be a source of drugs; (2) the defendant acted suspiciously upon seeing the narcotics officers; (3) the defendant acted "very nervous" and "fidgety" when officers asked him to exit the taxi he was in; and (4) where the taxi driver testified he had not seen any drugs in his cab when he cleaned it out at the start of his shift. 356 N.C. 141, 144-47, 567 S.E.2d137, 139-141 (2002). In State v. Matias, our Supreme Court found there to be sufficient incriminating circumstances to support a finding that defendant was in constructive possession of cocaine where: (1) the defendant had been in the car for about twenty minutes; (2) the car smelled of marijuana; (3) there were marijuana seeds and rolling papers inside the car; and (4) an officer testified the defendant was the only person in the car who could have placed the cocaine in the back seat where defendant was sitting. 354 N.C. 549, 552, 556 S.E.2d 269, 271 (2001).
In the instant case, since defendant was not in exclusive possession of the vehicle where the cocaine was found, the question becomes whether the evidence contains other incriminating circumstances sufficient for the jury to find defendant had constructive possession of the cocaine. See Matias, 354 N.C. at 552, 556 S.E.2d at 271. The evidence in this case showed that: (1) defendant was in an area known for drug transactions; (2) the police searched their patrol car before beginning their shift; (3) they found no drugs of any kind during that search; (4) defendant was the only passenger the officers transported in their car on that day; and (5) cocaine was found in the police car after defendant had been transported in its back seat. Even if this evidence could be subject to another interpretation, it is the function of the jury to weigh the evidence and resolve any factualdiscrepancies. Taken in the light most favorable to the State, we hold there was sufficient evidence before the trial court to allow the matter to be decided by the jury. This assignment of error is without merit.
NO ERROR.
Judges HUDSON and TYSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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ELMORE, Judge.
Michael Todd Scarlett (defendant) appeals from judgment entered upon a jury verdict finding him guilty of statutory sexual offense. For the reasons stated herein, we conclude that defendant received a fair trial free from prejudicial error.
On 9 July 2001, defendant was indicted on one count of statutory sexual offense in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.7A(a), which provides as follows:
a) A defendant is guilty of a Class B1 felony if the defendant engages in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act with another person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old and the defendant is at least six years older than the person, except when the defendant is lawfully married to the person.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.7A(a) (2003). The indictment alleged that on 12 December 2000, defendant "engage[d] in vaginal intercourse with [A.F.], a person of the age of 13 years. At the time of the offense, the defendant was at least six years older than the victim and was not lawfully married to the victim."
The record indicates that in October 2001, defendant and the State negotiated a plea agreement involving this and other charges pending against defendant, whereby defendant was to be sentenced "in the mitigated range . . . of a Level 4, Class C Habitual Felon charge[,]" with a minimum sentence of between 80 and 107 months. This plea agreement was subsequently rejected by the judge presiding over that session of court. Defendant's trial counsel apparently intended to enter the plea before a different judge at a later session of Ashe County Superior Court, in March 2002, but defendant failed to appear at that court session.
Defendant was thereafter absent from Ashe County until he was arrested in another county in July 2002. Defendant was immediately returned to Ashe County for a court session beginning four days later "thinking that . . . this would be for plea based on the negotiations we had [in October 2001]." However, prior to the beginning of the July 2002 court session the State withdrew its original plea offer in lieu of a new offer, whereby defendant would instead be sentenced from the presumptive range, with a minimum sentence of between 107 and 138 months. Defendant refused to accept the new plea offer. Consequently, the matter was called for trial on 16 July 2002, at which time defendant moved, for the firsttime, for a continuance "so that we might prepare for trial." The trial court denied the motion and proceeded to try the matter.
At trial, the State offered uncontroverted evidence that A.F. was 13 years old and defendant was 32 years old when the sexual contact between them allegedly took place. A.F. testified that on 12 December 2000 she was skipping school with her friend K.Y., also 13, when K.Y. called defendant, whom A.F. had never met, to pick them up from a neighbor's house. Defendant did so and proceeded to drop K.Y. off at her boyfriend's house. A.F. testified that defendant then drove A.F. to defendant's apartment, where he rolled a marijuana cigarette and smoked it with A.F. According to A.F., she and defendant then kissed, and defendant asked her if she would have sex with him. A.F. testified that she told defendant she didn't want to, to which defendant replied "It's not going to hurt anybody." A.F. testified that she then accompanied defendant into his bedroom, where she did not resist as defendant removed her clothes and they had intercourse. According to A.F., following intercourse defendant removed a green dildo from a nightstand beside the bed and inserted it into her vagina. A.F. testified that throughout the encounter a pornographic video was playing on a television and VCR situated atop a dresser in the bedroom. A.F. testified that defendant then gave her a small amount of marijuana and drove her home. A.F. testified that she waited a couple of months before telling her counselor at New River Behavioral about this incident. Chief James D. Williams of the West Jefferson Police Department testified that he first spoke to A.F. about the incident with defendant on 2 April 2001. Chief Williams took a statement from A.F. on that date which was consistent with her trial testimony. Chief Williams later conducted a search of defendant's apartment, during which a green dildo and a pornographic videotape were seized from defendant's bedroom. At trial, these items were admitted into evidence without objection. Defendant presented no evidence.
After his motion to dismiss the case was denied, defendant sought the trial court's permission to inform the jury of both the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment defendant faced if he were found guilty. The trial court allowed defendant to inform the jury of only the maximum sentence defendant could receive if convicted. The jury thereafter returned a verdict of guilty, and the trial court sentenced defendant to a minimum of 480 months and a maximum of 585 months imprisonment. On 21 August 2002, defendant filed a pro se notice of appeal with the Ashe County Clerk of Superior Court. The trial court dismissed defendant's appeal as untimely filed. Defendant's appeal is now before this Court upon his petition for writ of certiorari, which was allowed on 9 December 2002.
By his first assignment of error defendant excepts to the trial court's denial of his motion for a continuance, made the day his case was called for trial. Defendant contends that because he was absent from Ashe County for several months prior to beingarrested and returned to the county four days prior to trial, he was not afforded sufficient time to confer with his attorney to prepare a defense against the statutory sexual offense charge, thereby denying his constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. Defendant further argues that he relied on the State to again offer a plea agreement with the same terms as had been agreed upon in October 2001, and which defendant intended to accept. When the State instead offered a plea agreement under which defendant would be sentenced from the presumptive rather than the mitigated range, and after his motion to continue was denied, defendant opted to reject the plea and proceed to trial.
In North Carolina, "[o]rdinarily, a motion to continue is addressed to the discretion of the trial court, and absent a gross abuse of that discretion, the trial court's ruling is not subject to review." State v. Taylor, 354 N.C. 28, 33, 550 S.E.2d 141, 146 (2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 934, 152 L. Ed. 2d 221 (2002). When a constitutional issue is raised by a motion to continue, the trial court's ruling is fully reviewable upon appeal. State v. Searles, 304 N.C. 149, 153, 282 S.E.2d 430, 433 (1981). However, even if the motion to continue raises a constitutional issue, the defendant must show both that the denial was erroneous and that he suffered prejudice as a result of the error in order to receive a new trial. State v. Branch, 306 N.C. 101, 104, 291 S.E.2d 653, 656 (1982). While the constitutional right to assistance of counsel requires "that an accused and his counsel shall have a reasonable time to investigate, prepare and present his defense . . . . no set length of time is guaranteed and whether defendant is denied due process must be determined under the circumstances of each case." State v. McFadden, 292 N.C. 609, 616, 234 S.E.2d 742, 747 (1977).
We have carefully examined the record in the present case and we conclude that under the circumstances, defendant and his counsel had a reasonable time to investigate, prepare and present his defense. The record reflects that defendant was arrested on the charges giving rise to the present appeal on 4 April 2001, over a year before the trial, and that defendant's trial counsel was appointed to represent him the next day. Defendant's trial counsel was involved in negotiations which gave rise to the plea agreement reached in October 2001. Presumably, defendant's trial counsel undertook some investigation of the charge against his client in preparation for those plea negotiations. Moreover, defendant has not convincingly argued that further time for his attorney to investigate the allegations which are at the heart of this case would have proven beneficial to his defense. Defendant was charged with, and convicted of, statutory sexual offense of a thirteen-year-old in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.7A(a). The evidence of three of the four elements required for a conviction on that offense is undisputed: the victim, A.F., was thirteen years old and the defendant was at least six years older at the time of the offense, and they were not married. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.7A(a) (2003). Further investigation is not warranted on any of these elements. As to the fourth element, defendant's "engag[ing] in vaginal intercourse or a sexual act" with the victim, defendant has failed to show how further time for his attorney to investigate would aid his defense. Id. The record reveals there was no physical evidence of, nor any witnesses to, the alleged sexual contact between defendant and A.F. Defendant cannot therefore argue persuasively that he needed further time to interview witnesses or analyze physical evidence on his behalf. Finally, the transcript reveals that defendant's trial counsel was aware of A.F.'s adjudication of delinquency, as well as the discrepancy between the date she claims the offense occurred and the date reflected in Chief Williams' police report, and that defendant cross-examined both A.F. and Chief Williams on these points in an attempt to impeach A.F.'s credibility. Despite defendant's protestations to the contrary, we cannot discern how granting a continuance to allow defendant's trial counsel to further investigate these matters would materially advance his defense.
Even assuming arguendo that the trial court did err by denying the motion to continue, we conclude that such error was not prejudicial to defendant. Defendant's cause is not advanced by his argument that he had no contact with his trial counsel for several months prior to being arrested and returned to Ashe County four days prior to trial, as defendant is not prejudiced by any error resulting from his own conduct of failing to appear for entry of a plea in March 2002 and willfully absenting himself from Ashe Countythereafter. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(c) (2003). Moreover, defendant moved for a continuance after his case was called for trial, a factor to which our appellate courts have ascribed significance in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying such a motion. See State v. Chambers, 53 N.C. App. 358, 360, 280 S.E.2d 636, 638, cert. denied, 304 N.C. 197, 285 S.E.2d 103 (1981). Defendant's first assignment of error is overruled.
By his second assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred by admitting into evidence the pornographic videotape seized during the search of defendant's apartment. Defendant argues that the video was not relevant evidence under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 401, or alternatively, that its probative value was substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403. Because defendant did not object at trial to admission of the videotape, he now argues on appeal that its admission was plain error. We disagree.
Under the plain error standard of review, defendant must show either "(i) that a different result probably would have been reached but for the error or (ii) that the error was so fundamental as to result in a miscarriage of justice or denial of a fair trial." State v. Bishop, 346 N.C. 365, 385, 488 S.E.2d 769, 779 (1997). Our Supreme Court has stated as follows concerning plain error:
The plain error rule applies only in truly exceptional cases. Before deciding that an error by the trial courtamounts to "plain error," the appellate court . . . must determine that the error in question "tilted the scales" and caused the jury to reach its verdict convicting the defendant. Therefore, the test for "plain error" places a much heavier burden upon the defendant than that imposed by N.C.G.S. § 15A-1443 upon defendants who have preserved their rights by timely objection. This is so in part at least because the defendant could have prevented any error by making a timely objection.
State v. Walker, 316 N.C. 33, 39, 340 S.E.2d 80, 83 (1986) (citations omitted).
In the present case, A.F. testified that defendant played a pornographic video on the television in defendant's bedroom while defendant and A.F. had intercourse. Chief Williams testified that in her statement, A.F. described the video as playing on a television and VCR situated atop a tall dresser next to defendant's bed. Chief Williams testified that the video which was admitted into evidence at trial was seized from a VCR atop a tall dresser in defendant's bedroom. On these facts, we conclude that the video was relevant under Rule 401, and any prejudicial effect from its admission was outweighed by its probative value under Rule 403, because it corroborated A.F.'s testimony that defendant had played such a video during the incident giving rise to the charges against defendant. State v. Rael, 321 N.C. 528, 364 S.E.2d 125, 129 (1988) (Videotape and magazines relevant and properly admitted where they corroborated juvenile victim's testimony that the defendant had shown him such materials during the defendant's alleged commission of sexual offenses against the juvenile). Moreover, even assuming arguendo that the video's admission was error, we are not persuadedthat the jury would have reached a different verdict absent its admission. Defendant's second assignment of error is overruled.
By his third assignment of error, defendant argues the trial court erred by denying defendant's request to inform the jury of the minimum possible sentence defendant could receive upon conviction of the offense for which he was tried, and that this error entitled defendant to a new trial. We disagree.
Section 7A-97 of our General Statutes provides in part that "[i]n jury trials the whole case as well of law as of fact may be argued to the jury." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-97 (2003). Our appellate courts have interpreted this section as "grant[ing] defense counsel the right to tell the jury of the possible punishment defendant faces if convicted of the crime for which he is being tried." State v. Person, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (2004). Specifically, our Supreme Court has stated that "[c]ounsel may exercise this right by reading the punishment provisions of the statute to the jury[.]" State v. Walters, 294 N.C. 311, 313, 240 S.E.2d 628, 630 (1978).
In the present case, we conclude that the trial court erred by allowing defendant to inform the jury of the maximum, but not the minimum, sentence defendant could face upon a conviction for statutory sexual offense. This is so because the minimum sentence is part of the "possible punishment" faced by defendant. However, while we hold that it was error for the trial court to deny defense counsel's request to inform the jury of the minimum punishment defendant faced if convicted, this alone is not sufficient groundsto award defendant a new trial. Person, ___ N.C. App. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___. The issue then becomes "whether there is a reasonable possibility that a different result would have been reached by the jury had the error in question not been committed." State v. Peoples, 141 N.C. App. 115, 120, 539 S.E.2d 25, 30 (2000); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (2003).
Viewing this error, as we must, in the context of the whole record, Peoples, 141 N.C. App. at 120-121, 539 S.E.2d at 30, we hold that this error was harmless. Our Supreme Court has stated that "[i]t is proper for defendant to advise the jury of the possible consequence of imprisonment following conviction to encourage the jury to give the matter its close attention and to decide it only after due and careful consideration." State v. McMorris, 290 N.C. 286, 288, 225 S.E.2d 553, 554 (1976). By allowing defense counsel to inform the jury that defendant faced a maximum possible punishment of life imprisonment if convicted, we conclude that the jury was properly informed of the gravity of its duty in deciding defendant's guilt or innocence. This assignment of error is overruled.
By his final assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss made at the close of the evidence, on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of the offense with which he was charged. Defendant specifically asserts that A.F.'s testimony was not credible in light of her "tumultuous past," including her adjudication as delinquent and subsequent placement in a training school followingher violation of juvenile probation. In arguing that A.F.'s testimony was not credible, defendant also cites inconsistencies in A.F.'s testimony at trial and the statement she gave to Chief Williams.
When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all reasonable inferences which can be drawn therefrom. State v. Rasor, 319 N.C. 577, 585, 356 S.E.2d 328, 333 (1987). The central question is whether there is substantial evidence of each element of the charged offense, and that the defendant was the perpetrator. State v. Lynch, 327 N.C. 210, 215, 393 S.E.2d 811, 814 (1990). Whether the evidence presented constitutes substantial evidence is a question of law for the court. Substantial evidence is "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." State v. Earnhardt, 307 N.C. 62, 66, 296 S.E.2d 649, 652 (1982). "If all the evidence, taken together and viewed in the light most favorable to the State, amounts to substantial evidence of each and every element of the offense and of defendant's being the perpetrator of such offense, a motion to dismiss is properly denied." State v. Mercer, 317 N.C. 87, 98, 343 S.E.2d 885, 892 (1986) (citations omitted).
As noted above, the elements of statutory sexual offense of a person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old are: (1) vaginal intercourse or a sexual act, (2) with a person who is 13, 14, or 15 years old, (3) by a defendant who is at least six years older than the victim, and (4) who is not married to the victim. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-27.7A(a). In the present case, it is undisputed that A.F. was 13 at the time of the alleged offense, that defendant was at least six years older, and that defendant and A.F. were not married. Moreover, we conclude that there was substantial evidence, in the form of A.F.'s detailed trial testimony and the corroboration of substantial portions of that testimony by her investigatory statement to Chief Williams, that defendant engaged in vaginal intercourse with A.F. Although some minor discrepancies exist between A.F.'s statement and her later trial testimony, our Supreme Court has held that in the context of a motion to dismiss, "contradictions and discrepancies do not warrant dismissal of the case - they are for the jury to resolve." Earnhardt, 307 N.C. at 67, 296 S.E.2d at 653. Defendant's fourth assignment of error is without merit.
No prejudicial error.
Judges MCGEE and MCCULLOUGH concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
As noted above, the presiding judge rejected the October 2001 plea agreement, and defendant failed to appear at a subsequent session of court in March 2002, where defendant intended to enter the plea before a different judge.
|
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] |
HUDSON, Judge.
The jury found defendant guilty of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, discharging a firearm into occupied property, and attempted robbery with a dangerous weapon. The trial court sentenced defendant to an active prison term of 117 to 150 months for the attempted robbery. It consolidated defendant's remaining convictions and imposed a consecutive sentence of 46 to 65 months. Defendant gave notice of appeal in open court.
Defendant's counsel has been unable to identify any issue with sufficient merit to support a meaningful argument for relief. She asks this Court to conduct its own review of the record forpossible prejudicial error. Counsel has shown to the satisfaction of this Court that she has complied with the requirements of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493 (1967), and State v. Kinch, 314 N.C. 99, 331 S.E.2d 665 (1985), by advising defendant of his right to file written arguments with this Court and providing him with the necessary documents. Defendant has not filed any written arguments with this Court in a reasonable time period.
In accordance with Anders, we have fully examined the record to determine whether any issues of arguable merit exist and whether the appeal is wholly frivolous. We have examined the record for possible prejudicial errors and have found none.
No error.
Judges STEELMAN and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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HUDSON, Judge.
A jury found defendant guilty of voluntary manslaughter for the fatal stabbing of Angel Poteat on 23 August 2002. From the judgment and commitment sentencing her to an active prison term of 103 to 133 months, defendant appeals.
Defendant first argues that the judge who presided at her trial, the Honorable Steve A. Balog, erred in declining to recuse himself in light of his prior service as the elected District Attorney for Alamance County. In her "Motion for Recusal of Assigned Judge[,]" defendant alleged she had been prosecuted for several misdemeanors and one felony in Alamance County between 1987 and 1997, during Judge Balog's tenure as District Attorney. Shefurther claimed without explanation that Judge Balog's "office" had hired the current District Attorney in an unspecified capacity. In denying defendant's motion, Judge Balog stated "for the record I do remember [defendant]'s name, but that is the only thing that I remember about [defendant]. I recognize that I've seen the name before, but that's all." Defendant argues that Judge Balog's former service as District Attorney during her previous prosecutions gave rise to "an appearance of impropriety." Under these circumstances, she insists the judge should have either recused himself from her trial or referred the motion to another judge for hearing.
The disqualification of a presiding judge in a criminal trial is governed by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1223 (2003), and Canon 3 of the Code of Judicial Conduct. Our statutes require recusal if a judge is "[p]rejudiced against the moving party or in favor of the adverse party" in a criminal proceeding. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1223(b)(1). Similarly, Canon 3(C)(1)(a) of the Code of Judicial Conduct calls for the recusal of a judge when "his impartiality might reasonably be questioned, including but not limited to instances where . . . [h]e has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party[.]"
A party seeking the disqualification of a judge bears the burden of producing "substantial evidence that there exists such a personal bias, prejudice or interest on the part of the judge that he would be unable to rule impartially." State v. Fie, 320 N.C. 626, 627, 359 S.E.2d 774, 775 (1987); see also N.C. Gen. Stat. §15A-1223(c) (providing that a motion for recusal "must be accompanied by one or more affidavits setting forth facts relied upon to show the grounds for disqualification"). The movant's evidence must show a "personal disposition or mental attitude of the trial judge, either favorable or unfavorable, toward a party to the action before him." State v. Scott, 343 N.C. 313, 325-26, 471 S.E.2d 605, 612 (1996) (citing State v. Kennedy, 110 N.C. App. 302, 305, 429 S.E.2d 449, 451 (1993)). "A trial judge should either disqualify himself or refer the matter to another judge if there is sufficient force in the allegations contained in defendant's motion to proceed to find facts." Id. at 326, 471 S.E.2d at 612-13 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
Based on the standard set forth above, we find no error in Judge Balog's denial of defendant's motion. Defendant failed to satisfy her evidentiary burden under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1223(c), providing no affidavit or evidence to support her motion. See County of Johnston v. City of Wilson, 136 N.C. App. 775, 778, 525 S.E.2d 826, 828 (2000). We further find that the circumstances here would not lead a reasonable person to question Judge Balog's personal objectivity in this case. Judge Balog was no longer affiliated with the district attorney's office at the time defendant committed the instant offense and had no role in the prosecution. Cf. Mangum v. Hargett, 67 F.3d 80, 82 (5th Cir. 1995) (interpreting federal recusal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 455), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1133, 133 L. Ed. 2d 880 (1996). Moreover, defendant made no showing that Judge Balog was personally involvedin any of her earlier prosecutions during his tenure as District Attorney. Cf. United States v. Di Pasquale, 864 F.2d 271, 279 (3d Cir. 1988) (declining to require recusal of district court judge based on her former service as a Supervisory Assistant United States Attorney, "absent a specific showing that th[e] judge was previously involved with [the defendant's] case while in the U.S. Attorney's office"), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 906, 106 L. Ed. 2d 566 (1989). Finally, Judge Balog had no memory of defendant beyond a recognition of her name. Lacking any evidence of personal interest or bias which would warrant the finding of facts, Judge Balog was not required to set the matter for hearing before another judge and was free to summarily deny the motion. Scott, 343 N.C. at 325, 471 S.E.2d at 612-13.
We note that defendant's motion included an assertion that Judge Balog's tenure as District Attorney gave him personal knowledge of her prior convictions in Alamance County, which were used by the State at sentencing to establish her prior record level. We find no cause for disqualification on this ground and no prejudice to defendant, inasmuch as the court was free to take judicial notice of its own records. See State v. Patton, 260 N.C. 359, 367, 132 S.E.2d 891, 896 (1963); State v. Smith, 73 N.C. App. 637, 638-39, 327 S.E.2d 44, 46 (1985).
Defendant also argues a violation of her constitutional right to due process, but she did not preserve this issue in the trial court and cannot raise it for the first time on appeal. State v. Watts, 357 N.C. 366, 372, 584 S.E.2d 740, 745 (2003) (citing Statev. Benson, 323 N.C. 318, 322, 372 S.E.2d 517, 519 (1988)), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, ___ L. Ed. 2d ___ (U.S. Mar. 22, 2004).
Defendant next asserts the trial court erred in overruling her challenge to the prosecutor's use of a peremptory challenge to exclude an African-American female from the jury. Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 79-80, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 69-70 (1986). In response to defendant's Batson challenge, the court made the following findings::
[T]here has been no prima faci[e] showing of any discrimination on the basis of race on the part of the District Attorney in the selection of this jury. I note for the record that the District Attorney has exercised two peremptory challenges. Mr. Porcher was a white male. Ms. Jesse White is a black female. And there has been no showing of any prima faci[e] showing of racial discrimination, and the Batson motion is denied.
Defendant contends she made a prima facie showing of intentional discrimination under Baston, because both defendant and juror White were African-American females. Under these circumstances, she argues that the trial court erred in failing to require the prosecutor to articulate a race-neutral reason for the challenge.
A defendant who claims discrimination by the prosecutor in jury selection must "provide the appellate court with an adequate record from which to determine whether jurors were improperly excused by peremptory challenges at trial." State v. Mitchell, 321 N.C. 650, 654, 365 S.E.2d 554, 556 (1988) (citing Jackson v. Housing Authority of High Point, 321 N.C. 584, 585, 364 S.E.2d 416, 417 (1988)). However, the record reveals the race of only seven members of the jury pool. The trial transcript reflects theprosecution used two of its six peremptory challenges, one against a white male and the other against an African-American female. Of the remainder of the jury venire, two members identified themselves as African-American, and three identified themselves as white. No other information regarding the racial composition of the jury appears in either the trial transcript or the documentary record. Having "fail[ed] to elicit from the jurors by means of questioning or other proper evidence the race of each juror," defendant has failed to construct a record sufficient for appellate review of her Batson claim. State v. Brogden, 329 N.C. 534, 546, 407 S.E.2d 158, 166 (1991). Accordingly, this assignment is dismissed. See State v. Shelman, 159 N.C. App. 300, 311, 584 S.E.2d 88, 95-6, (citing State v. Bellamy, 159 N.C. App. 143, 146, 582 S.E.2d 663, 666 (2003)), disc. review denied, 357 N.C. 581, 589 S.E.2d 363 (2003).
The record on appeal contains additional assignments of error not addressed by defendant in her brief to this Court. Pursuant to N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6), we deem them abandoned.
No error.
Judges STEELMAN and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
ELMORE, Judge.
Tony Allen Hilderbran (defendant) was found guilty of felonious speeding to elude arrest and assault with a deadly weapon on a government officer after a two-day jury trial. From this conviction, defendant appeals. For the reasons stated herein, we hold that the trial court did not err.
On 18 August 2001 at approximately 8:00 p.m., Allen Long (Officer Long), a corporal with the Claremont Police Department, and Arthur Stamey (Sergeant Stamey), a sergeant with the Claremont Police Department, conducted a license checkpoint on Old Catawba Road. Sergeant Stamey checked licenses in the westbound lane while Officer Long checked licenses in the eastbound lane. At approximately 8:18 p.m., Officer Long observed a black Ford Thunderbird approach the checkpoint traveling east. Officer Long approached the driver of the black Ford Thunderbird and asked to see his driver's license. The driver was a white male, appeared to be in his forties, with long blond hair and a blond moustache. Officer Long observed the driver for approximately five seconds. The driver reached towards his back pocket as if to retrieve his license and Officer Long walked to the rear of the vehicle to inspect the license plate. When Officer Long reached the rear of the vehicle, the vehicle sped off. Officer Long yelled for the driver to stop.
Sergeant Stamey, hearing Officer Long yell, turned to see what was happening and was positioned approximately twenty-five feet from Officer Long. Sergeant Stamey stepped into the eastbound lane of traffic, threw his hands up and yelled for the driver to stop. The driver did not stop the vehicle. Instead, the black Ford Thunderbird increased speed as it approached Sergeant Stamey. Sergeant Stamey, to avoid being struck by the black Ford Thunderbird, jumped on the hood of a car stopped in the westbound lane of traffic for the license checkpoint. Sergeant Stamey observed the vehicle and the driver for approximately two to five seconds. Sergeant Stamey testified that he recognized the driver and the vehicle, but was unable to name the driver from memory.
Officer Long and Sergeant Stamey went to their vehicles and separately pursued the black Ford Thunderbird. At trial, Officer Long estimated that the pursued vehicle attained speeds of 90-100miles per hour during the pursuit. During the pursuit, Officer Long was able to view the license plate and requested, by radio, a check of the vehicle registration. The pursuit came to an end when the black Ford Thunderbird lost control, left the roadway and struck a tree. The driver exited the vehicle and fled on foot into the nearby woods. Officer Long, Sergeant Stamey, and deputies from Catawba County Sheriff's Department searched the woods for approximately one and a half hours in an attempt to apprehend the driver.
At approximately 10:30 p.m., a Catawba County Sheriff's deputy showed Officer Long a photograph of the defendant and asked whether the person in the photograph was the driver of the black Ford Thunderbird. Officer Young identified the person in the photograph as the driver of the black Ford Thunderbird. Sergeant Stamey was also shown the photograph and asked whether the person in the photograph was the driver of the black Ford Thunderbird. Sergeant Stamey identified the person in the photograph as the driver. As a result of the positive identification of the defendant as the driver, Officer Long procured a warrant for the defendant's arrest, charging defendant with assault with a deadly weapon on a government officer. Defendant was arrested and released on bond pending trial.
On 5 November 2001, the Catawba County grand jury returned an indictment charging the defendant with assault with a deadly weapon on a government officer and felony speeding to elude arrest. Defendant was found guilty as charged at the close of trial and wassentenced to 36 to 44 months imprisonment. Defendant gave notice of appeal in court at the close of sentencing on 16 January 2003.
Defendant, in his first and second assignments of error, assigns as error the trial court's denial of his motions to suppress the identification testimonies of Officer Long and Sergeant Stamey. Defendant contends that the process by which he was identified was improper and a violation of his due process rights. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has held:
Identification procedures which are so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification violate a defendant's right to due process. . . . [T]o determine the suggestiveness of pretrial identification, the test is whether the totality of the circumstances reveals a pre-trial procedure so unnecessarily suggestive and conducive to irreparable mistaken identity as to offend fundamental standards of decency and justice.
State v. Grimes, 309 N.C. 606, 609, 308 S.E.2d 293, 294 (1983) (citations omitted). During the voir dire testimony, Officer Long testified that he observed the driver for approximately five seconds and spoke with him. Based on this interaction, Officer Long was able to accurately describe the driver's physical attributes to other officers assisting in the search for the driver. Sergeant Stamey testified, on voir dire, that he was able to observe the driver for a couple of seconds as the car veered towards him. Based on this observation, Sergeant Stamey recognized the driver as someone he had seen around town on previous occasions. Sergeant Stamey testified that he had positivelyidentified the defendant as the driver prior to being shown the photograph. Upon careful review of the transcript, the record, and the briefs, we conclude that the trial court did not err in denying defendant's motions to suppress.
In defendant's next assignment of error, defendant contends the trial court erred by intervening and interjecting the court into the voir dire identification testimonies of Officer Long and Sergeant Stamey. Defendant contends that the trial court abandoned its impartiality and assumed the role of the prosecutor in questioning the witnesses on voir dire. However, defendant failed to object to the trial court's questioning. As such, this assignment of error is not properly before this court.
Rule 10(b)(1) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure provides, in pertinent part, "[i]n order to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context." N.C.R. App. P. 10(b)(1) (2004). Moreover, plain error review is not available to defendant because he did not, in his brief, assert specifically and distinctly that the error committed by the trial court amounted to plain error. See N.C.R. App. P. 10(c)(4); State v. Nobles, 350 N.C. 483, 514-15, 515 S.E.2d 885, 904 (1999).
Assuming arguendo that defendant's assignment of error was properly preserved or presented, we find that the trial court did not err by asking questions of the witnesses on voir dire. "It iswell established by both statute and case law that it is improper during any stage of the trial for a trial judge in the presence of the jury to express his opinion on any question of fact to be decided by the jury." State v. Ramey, 318 N.C. 457, 464, 349 S.E.2d 566, 571 (1986). In this case, there is no need to determine whether the trial court improperly expressed an opinion by questioning the witnesses, because the questioning occurred during voir dire, in the absence of the jury. Because the jury was not present, the questions asked could not have conveyed any message at all to the jury. This assignment of error is without merit.
In defendant's final assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying defendant's motion to dismiss both charges against defendant at the close of the State's evidence. Defendant did not present any evidence. Specifically, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to identify the defendant as the driver of the vehicle and to find the requisite intent to support a conviction for assault with a deadly weapon on a government officer.
We first note that defendant has failed to cite any supporting authority for this assignment of error. Pursuant to Rule 28(b)(6) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, this argument is deemed abandoned. N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6); See also State v. Alston, 341 N.C. 198, 224, 461 S.E.2d 687, 700 (1995)(holding an assignment of error abandoned where defendant failed to cite supporting authority). Assuming arguendo that this assignment of error is not abandoned by defendant's failure to cite any authority, we find no error. In State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 261 S.E.2d 114 (1980), our Supreme Court held that "[U]pon defendant's motion for dismissal, the question for the Court is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant's being the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied." State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980) (citations omitted). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all reasonable inferences. State v. Benson, 331 N.C. 537, 544, 417 S.E.2d 756, 761 (1992).
Defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence that defendant was the driver of the vehicle and, therefore, the perpetrator of the crimes. At trial, Officer Long and Sergeant Stamey each testified that the defendant was the driver of the black Ford Thunderbird on 18 August 2001 during the commission of the crimes charged. No evidence was presented to suggest that any other person had been the driver of the vehicle during the commission of the crimes. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, there was substantial evidence that defendant was the perpetrator of the offenses charged.
Next, defendant asserts that the evidence was insufficient to establish the element of intent required for assault with a deadly weapon on a government official. This assertion is not supportedby law. "A show of violence, causing `the reasonable apprehension of immediate bodily harm' whereby another person is put in fear, and thereby forced to leave a place where he has a right to be, is sufficient to make out a case of assault." State v. Allen, 245 N.C. 185, 189, 95 S.E.2d 526, 529 (1956) (citations omitted). The evidence offered at trial tended to show that defendant sped off from the license checkpoint, failed to stop for either Officer Long or Sergeant Stamey, and veered towards Sergeant Stamey, such that Sergeant Stamey was forced to leave the roadway and seek safety on the hood of a stopped vehicle in the westbound lane of traffic. Sufficient evidence of each essential element of the offense charged was presented. The trial court correctly denied defendant's motion to dismiss.
No Error.
Judges TIMMONS-GOODSON and BRYANT concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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TYSON, Judge.
The State appeals from an order mandating defendant's car be sold at auction and for the proceeds to be given to the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education. We dismiss the State's appeal.
I. Background
Juan Adelfo Valles Pimental ("defendant") entered into a plea agreement and guilty plea to: (1) possession of marijuana; (2) selling marijuana; (3) delivering marijuana; (4) two counts of possession of drug paraphernalia; and (5) keeping and maintaining a vehicle for a controlled substance. These crimes occurred on 3 January 2003. In the same plea agreement, defendant also entereda guilty plea to: (1) keeping and maintaining a vehicle for a controlled substance; (2) possession with intent to sell and deliver cocaine; (3) selling cocaine; and (4) delivering cocaine. These crimes occurred on 4 January 2003.
The plea agreement provided the State would dismiss other pending charges and would consolidate for sentencing the charges to which defendant pleaded guilty into one charge of selling cocaine and one charge of selling marijuana. The plea agreement also stated that defendant agreed "to relinquish the 1990 Honda Accord automobile" used in the commission of these crimes. The trial court accepted defendant's plea and judgment was continued until 14 April 2003. Defendant was placed on probation with special conditions.
The trial court became aware the issue of defendant's vehicle was unresolved. The State informed the trial court that defendant had signed a Consent for Forfeiture and tendered a proposed order of forfeiture for the court's consideration. The draft order proposed the vehicle be forfeited to the Alamance County Sheriff's Department "for disposition pursuant with N.C.G.S. 90-112." After review, the court modified the order, ordered defendant's vehicle be sold at auction by the sheriff, and forfeited the proceeds from the sale of the vehicle to the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education. The State appeals.
II. Issue
The sole issue is whether the trial court erred in ordering defendant's vehicle to be sold at auction and the proceedsdistributed to the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education rather than be forfeited to the State of North Carolina pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-112.
III. Ordering Sale with Proceeds to Alamance-Burlington Board of Education
The State contends the trial court's order requiring "defendant's car be forfeited to Alamance County Schools" was not a special condition reasonably related to defendant's rehabilitation and is invalid pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1343(b1)(10). The State failed to object to the trial court's modification of defendant's plea agreement.
N.C.R. App. P. 10(b)(1) (2004) provides:
In order to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context. It is also necessary for the complaining party to obtain a ruling upon the party's request, objection or motion. Any such question which was properly preserved for review by action of counsel taken during the course of proceedings in the trial tribunal by objection noted or which by rule or law was deemed preserved or taken without any such action, may be made the basis of an assignment of error in the record on appeal.
"Rule 10(b)(1) is directed to matters which occur at trial and upon which the trial court must be given an opportunity to rule in order to preserve the question for appeal. The purpose of the rule is to require a party to call the court's attention to a matter upon which he or she wants a ruling before he or she can assign error to the matter on appeal."
State v. Hargett, 157 N.C. App. 90, 93, 577 S.E.2d 703, 705 (2003) (quoting State v. Canady, 330 N.C. 398, 401, 410 S.E.2d 875, 878 (1991)).
The State failed to object to the trial court's modification of defendant's plea agreement and order that defendant's vehicle be sold and the proceeds be given to the Alamance-Burlington Board of Education. On several occasions, the State offered advice to the trial court on how to effectuate the modification. The State has waived appellate review of this assignment of error. Its appeal is dismissed.
IV. Conclusion
The State failed to object to the trial court's modification of defendant's plea agreement and has waived its right to appellate review of this issue. N.C.R. App. P 10(b)(1). The State's appeal is dismissed.
Appeal dismissed.
Judges MCGEE and TIMMONS-GOODSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
A jury found defendant, John Thomas Hege, guilty of possession of a firearm by a felon. Upon defendant's no contest plea to habitual felon status, the trial court sentenced him as an habitual felon to an active prison term of 135 to 171 months. Defendant gave notice of appeal in open court.
Viewed in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence showed that Winston-Salem Police Officers T.M. Howes and J.W. Marble responded to a disturbance report at Christi's Food Mart at 2:00 a.m. on 23 November 2002. A blue Plymouth Reliant was parked in front of the store. Defendant was alone in the car, sitting in the front passenger's seat and eating chicken. Howes approachedthe driver's side door and called through the open window to defendant, "Show me your hands, show me your hands." When defendant failed to respond, Howes walked around the car and opened the passenger's door. Defendant dropped the chicken and reached under his right leg with his right hand for a small, silver-colored gun, the butt of which was sticking out from beneath his leg on the car seat. Seeing defendant's hand "on the gun" but not yet gripping it, Howes yelled, "Gun, gun[,]" grabbed defendant's wrists, and "pushed him to the other side of the car, trying to get the gun out of his hand so he couldn't point it at [Howes]." As Howes struggled with defendant, raising him from his seat and pushing him across the car toward the driver's side door, Marble saw the gun on the passenger's seat beneath defendant. Marble removed the gun from the car and placed it on the ground.
Defendant testified that he had asked Larenso Arnold for a ride home on the morning in question. After traveling six blocks, Arnold stopped his car at the market. Defendant was eating chicken and waiting for Arnold to return when the police arrived. He denied any knowledge of the gun found by police.
On appeal, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence. To survive a motion to dismiss, the State must present substantial evidence of each essential element of the offense charged. State v. Butler, 356 N.C. 141, 145, 567 S.E.2d 137, 140 (2002). For the purposes of our review, we "must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and give the State the benefit of everyreasonable inference from that evidence." State v. Lucas, 353 N.C. 568, 581, 548 S.E.2d 712, 721 (2001) (citing State v. Jaynes, 342 N.C. 249, 464 S.E.2d 448 (1995), cert. denied, 518 U.S. 1024, 135 L. Ed. 2d 1080, 116 S. Ct. 2563 (1996)). Furthermore, "[t]he defendant's evidence is not considered unless favorable to the State." Id. (citing State v. Taylor, 337 N.C. 597, 447 S.E.2d 360 (1994)).
The essential elements of possession of a handgun or other firearm as a felon are as follows: (1) the purchase, ownership, possession, custody, care, or control; (2) of "any handgun or other firearm with a barrel length of less than 18 inches or an overall length of less than 26 inches[;]" and (3) by "any person who has been convicted of a felony[.]" N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-415.1(a) (2003). Because defendant contests only the evidence of the element of possession, we limit our discussion to this issue.
Possession of an object can be actual or constructive.State v. Alston, 131 N.C. App. 514, 519, 508 S.E.2d 315, 318 (1998). A person has constructive possession of an object if he does not have it on his person, but is aware of its presence and has both the power and intent to control its disposition. See State v. Williams, 136 N.C. App. 218, 222, 523 S.E.2d 428, 431-32 (1999). "Evidence of constructive possession is sufficient to support a conviction if it would allow a reasonable mind to conclude that defendant had the intent and capability to exercise control and dominion over the controlled substance." State v. Matias, 143 N.C. App. 445, 448, 550 S.E.2d 1, 3, aff'd, 354 N.C. 549, 556 S.E.2d 269 (2001). Apassenger's mere proximity to contraband found in an automobile, however, is insufficient to establish constructive possession without additional incriminating circumstances connecting him to the object. See State v. Weems, 31 N.C. App. 569, 571, 230 S.E.2d 193,194 (1976).
We find that the State presented substantial evidence showing defendant's constructive possession of the gun found in the car. Although he was seated in the passenger's seat, defendant was alone in the car when Howes and Marble arrived. The gun was directly under his leg on the seat, and the butt of the gun was exposed. After disregarding Howes directive to show his hands, defendant responded to Howes' opening of his car door by dropping his food and reaching for the gun. Contrary to defendant's assertion, the State presented evidence that defendant actually touched the weapon before being subdued by Howes. When asked by the prosecutor "whether or not the suspect reached the gun[,]" Howes responded, "Yes, he did." Howes further testified that he grabbed defendant's wrists "to get the gun out of his hand[,]" and that when he pushed defendant across the car, "I truly felt that he had the gun in his hand at that time[,]" but "didn't know if he still had it in his hand or not." On cross-examination, Howes reiterated that defendant's hand was on the gun, but conceded he did not know if defendant ever "actually had it secured in his hand." Defendant's actions and his proximity to the gun support a reasonable inference that he was aware of the gun's presence and had the power and intent to control it. See State v. Boyd, 154 N.C. App. 302, 307,572 S.E.2d 192, 196-97 (2002). Accordingly, this assignment of error is overruled.
The record on appeal contains an additional assignment of error not addressed by defendant in his brief to this Court. By Rule, we deem it abandoned. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).
No error.
Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
Defendant was found guilty of first-degree kidnapping, first-degree burglary, first-degree rape and two counts of first-degree sexual offense, for acts committed upon D.T. After announcing a prayer for judgment continued on the burglary and kidnapping offenses, the trial court sentenced defendant to three consecutive terms of 384 to 470 months imprisonment.
The State's evidence tended to show that D.T. was attacked by an intruder in her home in the Trinity Park area of Durham, North Carolina on 7 March 2002. D.T. testified that she fell asleep some time after 9:00 p.m., and was roused by a noise at her back door. When she opened her eyes, she saw a black male standing at the endof her couch, wearing a green hooded sweatshirt, blue jeans, brown cotton gardening gloves and all-black sneakers. A maroon bandana was covering his nose and mouth. The intruder pointed a sawed-off shotgun at D.T. and told her to be quiet or he would kill her. The intruder ordered D.T. to get up and pushed her through the house, looking for other occupants before forcing her into her bedroom.
The intruder forced D.T. onto her bed and told her to lay down on her stomach. After pulling off her pajama bottoms, he unzipped and removed his pants and ordered D.T. onto her hands and knees. He asked D.T. if she had any handcream. He retrieved the bottle from the bathroom, removed one of his gloves, and applied the cream to D.T.'s anal and vaginal areas. He then ordered D.T. onto the floor and made her perform oral sex upon him. He then ordered D.T. onto her hands and knees and had vaginal and anal intercourse with her before ejaculating in her vagina.
The intruder took D.T. into the bathroom and told her to straddle the toilet. He emptied a plastic spray bottle, filled it with water, and attempted to squeeze the water into her vagina. He then told D.T. to fill the bathtub, get into the tub and wash herself and his glove. When she finished, he directed her to empty the tub and wipe it down with a washcloth.
The intruder returned D.T. to the bedroom, again threatening to kill her if she looked at him. He asked where her valuables were. When she said she had no valuables, he asked, "Where is the cash?" and "Where is your wallet?" He brought D.T. into the kitchen to obtain her wallet. After D.T. gave the intruder $25.00from the wallet, he forced her into the hallway and told her to lie face down on the floor. He collected the used washcloth and towel and the top blanket from the bed and told D.T. he was leaving, instructing her to count to seventy-five before getting up. The intruder then left the residence with the towels and bedding. D.T. called 911 and was subsequently examined by a sexual assault nurse examiner at Durham Regional Hospital.
State Bureau of Investigation ("SBI") Forensic Serologist Suzi Barker found spermatozoa in vaginal swabs taken from D.T. and on a cutting taken from the crotch of her pajama bottoms. SBI Forensic Molecular Geneticist Christopher Parker compared the sperm's DNA with DNA samples of two suspects identified by police but found no match. He then compared the crime scene DNA with samples contained in the SBI's Combined DNA Index System and discovered a match with defendant, who lived one-half mile from D.T. Based on Parker's finding, police obtained a warrant for additional blood, saliva and hair samples from defendant.
Police arrested defendant after a traffic stop on 13 September 2002. He was wearing black New Balance shoes. In his car, police found a semi-automatic handgun, cloth gardening gloves, leather work gloves, surgical gloves, four types of hats, four shirts, a bandana, and a toolbox.
Using a sample of defendant's blood drawn on 13 September 2002, Parker confirmed that "the DNA profile obtained from the male fraction of the vaginal swabs and the male fraction of the cutting taken from the pajama pants is 1.30 million trillion times morelikely to be observed if it came from [defendant] than if it came from another unrelated individual in the North Carolina black population." Parker opined that the male DNA found on D.T. belonged to defendant and asserted it was "scientifically unreasonable to believe" otherwise.
SBI Special Agent Joyce E. Petzka confirmed that two latent shoe prints lifted from D.T.'s kitchen floor on 7 March 2002 matched the design, pattern and size of defendant's right shoe. Petzka noted "more wear" on defendant's shoe than was revealed on the latent prints, particularly on the center ridges of the sole. She explained, however, that the wear on the shoe "could have been greater had it been worn six months additionally beyond the time that the lifts were taken."
Over defendant's objection, the State adduced evidence of a home invasion and sexual assault of R.H., which occurred six months after the assault on D.T. and approximately one and one-half miles from her residence. R.H. testified that she was assaulted in her home on 5 September 2002, after being awakened some time after 3:00 a.m. by a male intruder covering her mouth with his hand and screaming for her to wake up. The intruder was wearing jeans and a sweatshirt and had a "rubber dish washing glove on one hand and then a cloth glove on the other." After telling R.H. not to scream, the intruder asked where she kept her cash. When she said she had no money, he asked for her valuables. He drew a handgun and threatened to kill her if she screamed or resisted. After removing R.H.'s clothes, he asked her if she had any lotion andrepeated that he would kill her if she did not cooperate. R.H. told the intruder that she had a bottle of lotion on her dresser. When she began to look over toward the dresser, the intruder pushed her down and told her not to look at him. He removed his pants, grabbed R.H. by the head, and forced her to perform oral sex on him. He then took off the rest of his clothes, climbed on top of R.H., put lotion on his penis and had anal intercourse with her, stopping once to put on a condom and to order R.H. onto her hands and knees. When he finished, the intruder dressed, removed the sheets from the bed, and wiped her buttocks and lower back. After taking the lower sheet from beneath R.H., he demanded to know where her money was. He brought R.H.'s bag to her and told her to retrieve her wallet. The intruder took the money from the wallet and told R.H. to count to 100 before looking up or calling the police, so that he could look for "anything else in the house that I want." R.H. heard defendant's footsteps "for a little while" before he left. She then contacted the police. On cross-examination, R.H. noted that she described the intruder to police as a black male.
Police discovered that R.H.'s kitchen window had been broken into and a plastic cube had been placed underneath the window on the outside of the house. A flat-head screwdriver was found sticking out of the ground. Police also lifted a shoe print bearing the words "New Balance" from the plastic crate. SBI Agent Petzka compared the print with the shoes defendant was wearing atthe time of his arrest eight days later on 13 September 2002 and found them to be "consistent in size, design and general wear[.]"
On appeal, defendant claims the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce evidence of the assault on R.H. under N.C.R. Evid. 404(b), absent proof that he committed this assault. Noting that he had not even been charged with the assault on R.H., defendant argues that evidence of the attack on R.H. should not be admitted.
Rule 404(b) provides as follows:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 404(b) (2003). The rule's "list of permissible purposes for admission of 'other crimes' evidence is not exclusive, and such evidence is admissible as long as it is relevant to any fact or issue other than the defendant's propensity to commit the crime." State v. White, 340 N.C. 264, 284, 457 S.E.2d 841, 852-53, cert. denied, 516 U.S. 994, 133 L. Ed. 2d 436 (1995).
"With respect to prior sexual offenses, we have been very liberal in permitting the State to present such evidence to prove any relevant fact not prohibited by Rule 404(b)[,]" particularly "where the fact sought to be proved is the defendant's intent to commit a similar sexual offense for which the defendant has been charged." State v. White, 331 N.C. 604, 612, 419 S.E.2d 557, 561-62 (1992) (citing State v. Boyd, 321 N.C. 574, 364 S.E.2d 118 (1988)). Moreover, the admission of evidence under Rule 404(b) is not contingent upon a prior adjudication or preliminary finding by the trial court that defendant, in fact, committed the similar act. State v. Stager, 329 N.C. 278, 303, 406 S.E.2d 876, 890 (1991) (citing Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 99 L. Ed. 2d 771 (1988)). What must be shown is "substantial evidence tending to support a reasonable finding by the jury that the defendant committed the 'similar act.'" Id. at 303, 406 S.E.2d at 890.
We find substantial evidence to support a reasonable finding by the jury that defendant committed the assault on R.H. on 5 September 2002. The State adduced DNA evidence which established defendant's identity as the perpetrator of the attack on D.T. on 7 March 2002. We agree with the trial court that the State further demonstrated "many, many striking similarities" between the assaults on D.T. and R.H. Both assaults involved nighttime home invasions upon sleeping victims who lived alone. Both victims described a black male assailant armed with a gun and wearing gloves, a sweatshirt and jeans. Both victims were subjected to forcible oral and anal intercourse. In both cases, the assailant asked for and used the victims' own lotion or cream as a lubricant, attempted to clean the victims following the assaults, and took the bedding on which the assaults occurred. The assailant threatened to kill both victims, told them not to look at him, asked where their money and valuables were, obtained money from their wallets, and instructed them to count to a certain number before calling forhelp. In both cases, the assailant left shoe prints of the same size, style, and type as those worn by defendant at the time of his arrest on 13 September 2002. By any reasonable measure, the evidence showed substantial "'unusual facts present in both crimes or particularly similar acts which would indicate that the same person committed both crimes.'" State v. Green, 321 N.C. 594, 603, 365 S.E.2d 587, 593 (quoting State v. Riddick, 316 N.C. 127, 133, 340 S.E.2d 422, 426 (1986)), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 900, 102 L. Ed. 2d 235 (1988). Finally, the two assaults occurred within a span of six months at locations just one and one-half miles apart and close to defendant's residence. See, e.g., State v. Jeter, 326 N.C. 457, 461, 389 S.E.2d 805, 808 (1990) (where circumstantial evidence that defendant was perpetrator, including a similar pattern of perpetration, was of logical pertinence to question of assailant's identity). In light of the compelling circumstantial evidence that D.T. and R.H. were assaulted by the same person, the presence of defendant's semen on D.T.'s person and clothing following the 7 March 2002 assault also supported a reasonable inference that he assaulted R.H. on 5 September 2002.
Moreover, evidence that defendant broke into R.H.'s residence and sexually assaulted her on 5 September 2002 was admissible under Rule 404(b) to show, inter alia, his intent to commit rape when he entered D.T.'s residence on 7 March 2002, as well as his purpose in confining, restraining, or removing D.T. while inside her residence. See, e.g., State v. Hall, 85 N.C. App. 447, 450, 355 S.E.2d 250, 252 (1987). Inasmuch as defendant's intent and purposewere essential elements of the charged offenses of first-degree burglary and first-degree kidnapping, we find no error by the trial court.
Defendant failed to set out his remaining assignments of error in his brief. Because he has neither cited any authority nor stated any reason or argument in support of those assignments of error, they are deemed abandoned. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).
No error.
Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
HUDSON, Judge.
On 18 September 2000, defendant Richard Anthony Armstrong was indicted on charges of trafficking in heroin by possession, possession with intent to sell or deliver heroin, felony possession of cocaine, and possession of drug paraphernalia. The case was tried at the 14 February 2001 Criminal Session of the Superior Court in Durham County. After a mistrial on several of the charges, a second trial was held at the 25 February 2002 Criminal Session of the Superior Court in Durham County.
Defendant was convicted at the first trial of possession of drug paraphernalia. Defendant was found not guilty of possession of cocaine, and a mistrial was declared as to the remaining chargesbecause the jury was deadlocked. Prayer for judgment was continued on the verdict of possession of drug paraphernalia. After a second trial, defendant was convicted of trafficking in heroin and possession with intent to sell or deliver heroin. The convictions were consolidated for judgment with the possession of drug paraphernalia conviction and defendant was sentenced to a term of 225 to 279 months imprisonment. Defendant appeals. After careful review of the record, briefs and contentions of the parties, we find no error.
The evidence presented at the two trials tended to show the following: In July 1999, police began an investigation into an individual named Little who was allegedly selling heroin in Durham. Investigation through interviews revealed that Little was the defendant, Richard Anthony Armstrong. Police learned that defendant drove a burgundy BMW and had a girlfriend who lived off of University Drive in Durham.
On 5 May 2000, Durham police set up surveillance at the apartment off of University Drive. At approximately 10:48 a.m., defendant got into a BMW and drove off. Durham police followed defendant in an unmarked vehicle, and clocked him speeding at 85 m.p.h. in a 55 m.p.h. speed zone. Defendant pulled into Ample Storage on Hillsborough Road in Durham. Police had information that defendant stored drugs at storage units. Defendant left his car and entered one of the storage units.
Police then planned on stopping defendant after he left the unit. They went to the manager's office of the storage facilityand asked her to lock the gate behind defendant. Before defendant could leave the facility, he was stopped at the gate by police. Sergeant John Peter of the Durham Police Department approached defendant's car, drew his gun and told defendant to put his hands up. Sergeant Peter looked into the passenger window of defendant's car and observed electronic scales, an open bag with what appeared to be "cutting agent," and a bar of soap. Sergeant Peter stated that "I see cutting agent." Defendant corrected him and told him that the bars of soap were the cutting agent. The officers arrested and handcuffed defendant.
Investigator Charles Davidson of the Durham Police Department told defendant that he was the subject of an investigation, and also told defendant "that if he wanted to cooperate, this was the time to do it." Defendant stated he wanted to cooperate. He told Davidson that he did not have any drugs in the car or storage unit, and gave consent to search the unit and his car. Davidson asked defendant for consent to search the apartment off of University Drive, and defendant admitted that he had "about 55 grams in the apartment." Defendant further stated that his girlfriend had nothing to do with the heroin, and he offered to take Davidson to the heroin. Police and defendant went to the apartment, and asked defendant's girlfriend for consent to search the apartment. She agreed, and defendant told Davidson that the drugs were in the kitchen in a cabinet above the refrigerator. Investigator William Evans located the cabinet, opened it and found "tennis ball-sized bags of heroin." A further search of the apartment revealed acoffee grinder which field tested positive for heroin residue. Inside a safe in the apartment were boxes of glassine baggies and rubber bands.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by refusing to exclude evidence seized in violation of defendant's constitutional rights. Defendant contends that the stop for speeding was merely a pretext so that the police could search him for drugs. Defendant argues that because the stop was "pretextual" it was illegal and any evidence seized as a result is inadmissible under the exclusionary rule. Additionally, defendant argues that statements made by him after his arrest should likewise be excluded. Because these issues are not properly before us, we decline to review these arguments.
During trial defendant did not move to suppress the evidence or the statements to which he now objects. G.S. § 15A-974 provides for the suppression of evidence if the exclusion of the evidence "is required by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of the State of North Carolina." Id. "The exclusive method of challenging the admissibility of evidence upon the grounds specified in G.S. § 15A-974 is a motion to suppress evidence which complies with the procedural requirements of G.S. § 15A-971 et seq." State v. Conard, 54 N.C. App. 243, 244-45, 282 S.E.2d 501, 503 (1981); G.S. § 15A-979(d))(emphasis added). "The burden is on the defendant to demonstrate that he has made his motion to suppress in compliance with the procedural requirements of G.S. § 15A-971 et seq.; failure to carry that burden waives theright to challenge evidence on constitutional grounds." Id. at 245, 282 S.E.2d at 503. Thus, because defendant failed to make a motion to suppress, his arguments that the trial court should have excluded the evidence and statements are waived.
We next consider whether there was sufficient evidence to sustain the convictions. Defendant notes that the heroin was found in someone else's apartment, and the only evidence connecting him to the drugs were rumors and his admission that the drugs were his. Defendant denies making the admission to the police that the drugs were his, and contends that no evidence was ever produced that anyone had seen defendant in possession of the heroin.
To survive a motion to dismiss, the State must present substantial evidence of each essential element of the charged offense. State v. Cross, 345 N.C. 713, 716-17, 483 S.E.2d 432, 434 (1997). "`Substantial evidence is relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.'" Id. at 717, 483 S.E.2d at 434 (quoting State v. Olson, 330 N.C. 557, 564, 411 S.E.2d 592, 595 (1992)).
Here, defendant argues that there was insufficient evidence that he possessed the drugs. However, Investigator Davidson testified that defendant told him he had 55 grams of heroin in the apartment and offered to take police to the heroin. Upon arrival at the apartment, police asked defendant where the drugs were and he directed them to a kitchen cabinet. Officers recovered heroin from the cabinet in the kitchen. In addition, defendant was found in possession of numerous glassine baggies at the apartment, and ascale and cutting agent on the front seat of his car. In the light most favorable to the State, a reasonable juror could conclude from this evidence that defendant possessed the heroin found in the apartment. Cross, 345 N.C. at 717, 483 S.E.2d at 434. Accordingly, we find no error.
No error.
Judges STEELMAN and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
A jury found defendant guilty of trafficking in at least 400 grams of cocaine by transportation, by possession, and by delivery, as well as conspiracy to traffic in cocaine. The trial court consolidated the offenses for judgment and sentenced defendant to an active prison term of 175 to 219 months. Defendant gave notice of appeal in open court.
Narcotics Agent Gary Owens of the Cumberland County Sheriff's Department testified at defendant's trial that he arranged to make an undercover cocaine purchase from Ariel Moheno-Morales through an informant, T.H. On 17 June 2002, after days of negotiations between Morales and T.H. conducted on Owens's cellular telephone,Owens and T.H. met with Morales at a house located at 6504 Clinton Road. With T.H. serving as his interpreter, Owens arranged to buy one and one-half kilograms of cocaine from Morales for $37,500.00. The transaction was scheduled for 9:00 the following morning at the same address.
Owens dispatched a Special Response Team to Clinton Road at 7:50 a.m. on 18 June 2002, and drove to the location with T.H. at 9:00 a.m. Upon their arrival, Owens noticed a blue and gray pick-up truck parked in back of the house and saw defendant standing on the back porch. Morales approached Owens' vehicle and asked for the money. When Owens asked to see the cocaine, Morales brought him to the back porch and asked him to sit down. Morales said something to defendant about "cocaine" and pointed to the blue truck. Defendant walked off of the porch and retrieved a brown grocery bag from behind the truck's driver's seat. Defendant returned to the porch and set the grocery bag down at Owens's feet. Inside the bag were two packages containing 223.7 grams and 995.1 grams of cocaine, respectively. Saying he was going to get the money, Owens returned to his vehicle and gave the take-down signal. Members of the Special Response Team converged on the house, arrested Morales and defendant, and seized the cocaine. In the glove box of the blue truck, police found a vehicle tax notice listing defendant as the truck's owner and a W-2 form in defendant's name. A cellular phone was lying in the front seat.
Cumberland County Sheriff's Corporal Gregory J. Moore, a member of the Special Response Team, testified that he observeddefendant walk from the porch to the truck, open and shut the door and return to the porch.
Morales testified against defendant pursuant to a plea agreement with the State. Initially, he disavowed any knowledge of defendant, as follows:
Q. Do you know the defendant? . . . .
A. No. No.
Q. Do you recognize the person seated to my left in the red shirt at the far table, take a look?
A. Uh, no, no, I don't know anything about him.
The court excused the jury and addressed Morales, asking if he had an agreement to testify truthfully. Morales responded, "My answer is that that man, I don't know him." The court allowed Morales to confer with his counsel. On further voir dire examination, Morales acknowledged knowing defendant. When asked why he had denied knowing defendant, Morales responded, "Because [defendant] told me not to say yes." Morales confirmed that defendant had threatened him while they were in jail together in the morning before trial. Defendant told Morales that he "was gonna have problems[,]" that defendant "knew a lot of people[,]" and that Morales "could lose [his] life at any moment." The trial court ruled that the prosecutor could ask Morales about his conversation with defendant at the jail as a means of explaining his earlier testimony to the jury. The court instructed the prosecutor not to reveal to the jury that a threat was made. When the trial resumed, Morales testified that he had a conversation with defendant in the morning before trial, and that he had denied knowing defendant based upon that conversation. He indicated that he was prepared to resume his testimony after speaking with his attorney. He then reversed his prior testimony, admitting that he knew defendant and claiming defendant paid him to deliver drugs to buyers. Three weeks before the transaction with Owens, Morales arranged for T.H. to purchase a kilogram of cocaine from defendant. In return for his assistance, defendant paid Morales $1,000.00. Morales also arranged the sale to Owens on 18 June 2002, but defendant brought the cocaine to Clinton Road in his truck. Morales expected to earn $2,000.00 from defendant's sale to Owens.
On appeal, defendant claims the trial court erred in failing "to prohibit" a portion of the prosecutor's closing argument alluding to Morales's performance on the witness stand and describing him as "scared" of defendant, as follows:
The point here is Mr. Morales, like I told you in my opening, is a middleman. He worked in bricks. . . . You saw what happened to him when he came into this courtroom. He was nervous. He shut down. Wouldn't even look at [defendant]. He was scared.
They had a conversation this morning. And it scared him. But he finally came forward and told you what happened. . . .
Defendant claims that no evidence supported the assertion that Morales was afraid of defendant. Although he did not object to the prosecutor's remarks, defendant insists that the trial court's failure to intervene ex mero motu entitles him to a new trial. "When a party fails to object during closing arguments, 'the trial court is not required to intervene ex mero motu unless the argument strays so far from the bounds of propriety as to impede defendant's right to a fair trial.'" State v. McNeil, 350 N.C. 657, 684, 518 S.E.2d 486, 503 (1999) (quoting State v. Atkins, 349 N.C. 62, 84, 505 S.E.2d 97, 111 (1998), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1024, 146 L. Ed. 2d 321 (2000)). To show an abuse of discretion by the trial court, defendant must show that the State's conduct was grossly improper and likely influenced the jury's verdict. Id. at 684-85 (quoting State v. Green, 336 N.C. 142, 188, 443 S.E.2d 14, 41, cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1046, 130 L. Ed. 2d 547 (1994); State v. Covington, 290 N.C. 313, 328, 226 S.E.2d 629, 640 (1976)).
The prosecution "is allowed wide latitude in argument to the jury and may argue all of the evidence which has been presented as well as reasonable inferences which arise therefrom." McNeil, 350 N.C. at 685, 518 S.E.2d at 503 (quoting State v. Guevara, 349 N.C. 243, 257, 506 S.E.2d 711, 721 (1998)), cert. denied, 526 U.S. 1133, 143 L. Ed. 2d 1013 (1999). Likewise, the prosecutor is free to comment upon a witness's demeanor, inasmuch as it is displayed to the jury. See State v. Campbell, 340 N.C. 612, 630, 460 S.E.2d 144, 153 (1995) (citing State v. Cummings, 323 N.C. 181, 192, 372 S.E.2d 541, 549 (1988)), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1128, 133 L. Ed. 2d 871 (1996).
We believe the prosecutor's argument remained within the bounds permitted by the evidence and the reasonable inferences supported thereby. In course of his testimony, Morales deniedknowing defendant in any capacity and then acknowledged that he worked for defendant arranging drug transactions. Morales also attributed his initial false denial to a conversation he had with defendant on the morning of trial. The evidence thus showed both that Morales perjured himself in a manner favorable to defendant and that he did so because of a conversation with defendant just before trial. To the extent Morales displayed a nervous, fearful deportment and was unwilling to look at defendant, it was reasonable for the prosecutor to suggest a link between his demeanor, his patently false testimony and his earlier conversation with defendant. See State v. Hinson, 341 N.C. 66, 73-74, 459 S.E.2d 261, 266 (1995).
Even assuming the argument was improper, we find no calculated or gross misconduct by the prosecutor warranting ex mero motu intervention by the trial court. We note that the prosecutor actually downplayed the significance of Morales's testimony, telling the jury, "[Y]ou can almost - you could almost forget about whatever he said. You pretty much can." The prosecutor emphasized instead the direct observations of Owens, whose testimony established defendant's actual possession, transportation, and delivery of the cocaine from the truck to Owens on the porch. Owens's testimony was sufficient to show an agreement between defendant and Morales to provide him with the cocaine. Accordingly, defendant's assignment of error is overruled. The record on appeal contains additional assignments of error which are not addressed in defendant's brief to this Court. Pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6), we deem them abandoned.
No error.
Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
On 4 September 2001, defendant Kenneth Earl Vick was indicted on charges of second degree rape and second degree sexual offense. On 9 September 2003, defendant was convicted on both counts. At the plea hearing, the trial court found that defendant had 20 prior record level points. The trial court then sentenced defendant as a Class C, Level VI felon to a term of 168 to 211 months in the custody of the North Carolina Department of Corrections. Defendant appeals.
Defendant's sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in sentencing him as a prior record level VI felon. Defendant contends that the State failed to prove the existence ofthe convictions listed in his prior record level worksheet, and that he did not stipulate to any prior record level.
After careful review of the record, briefs and contentions of the parties, we find no error. N.C. Gen. Stat. . 15A-1340.14 provides that the State bears the burden of proving by the preponderance of the evidence that "a prior conviction exists and that the offender before the court is the same person as the offender named in the prior conviction." N.C. Gen. Stat. . 15A-1340.14(f) (2003). A defendant's prior convictions may be proven by any of the following methods:
(1) Stipulation of the parties.
(2) An original or copy of the court record of the prior conviction.
(3) A copy of records maintained by the Division of Criminal Information, the Division of Motor Vehicles, or of the Administrative Office of the Courts.
(4) Any other method found by the court to be reliable.
Id. See also State v. Riley, 159 N.C. App. 546, 556, 583 S.E.2d 379, 386 (2003).
In the instant case, the following colloquy occurred:
THE COURT: Do you have a worksheet, Mr. Graham?
THE STATE: Your honor, I'd like to go over that with counsel.
THE COURT: Have you seen the worksheet, Mr. Godwin?
[DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: And it's a prior record level VI, is that correct?
[DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: And I see assault on a female multiple times on here, is that right?
[DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL]: Yes, sir.
THE COURT: I see seven convictions for assault on a female and other convictions for assault on law enforcement officer, communicating threats, assault on a child and so forth. Have you been over this? Is this correct?
[DEFENDANT'S COUNSEL]: I did not have the one about assault on a child.
The issue here is whether the comments by defendant's attorney constitute a "stipulation" to the prior convictions listed on the worksheet submitted by the State. We find State v. Eubanks, 151 N.C. App. 499, 565 S.E.2d 738 (2002) persuasive. In Eubanks, the trial court asked counsel if he had seen the prior record level worksheet, and if he had any objections to it. Counsel stated that he had no objection. Id. at 505, 565 S.E.2d at 742. The Court noted that "[t]here is no question that a worksheet, prepared and submitted by the State, purporting to list a defendant's prior convictions is, without more, insufficient to satisfy the State's burden in establishing proof of prior convictions." Id. (citing State v. Hanton, 140 N.C. App. 679, 689, 540 S.E.2d 376, 382 (2000)). However, the trial court concluded that "the statements made by the attorney representing defendant . . . may reasonably be construed as a stipulation by defendant that he had been convicted of the charges listed on the worksheet." Eubanks, 151 N.C. App. at 505, 565 S.E.2d at 742; see also State v. Hanton, 140 N.C. App. 679, 690, 540 S.E.2d 376, 383 (2000)(indicating thatdefense counsel's statement that he did not disagree with the worksheet constituted an admission by defendant that he had been convicted of the other charges appearing on the worksheet).
Similarly, we find that counsel's statement that the worksheet was "correct" constituted an admission that he had been convicted of the charges listed on his prior record level worksheet. We can discern no meaningful difference between counsel's agreement here that the worksheet was correct and counsel's statement in Eubanks that he had no objection to the worksheet. Furthermore, the only conviction not stipulated to by counsel was assault on a child. However, this conviction was part of a group of convictions entered on 2 April 1990. Thus, any of the offenses on this date could have been used to calculate defendant's prior record level, and the assault on a child conviction was not needed in the prior record level calculation. N.C. Gen. Stat. . 15A-1340.14(d) (2003). Accordingly, we find no error.
No error.
Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
HUDSON, Judge.
Defendant was found guilty of trafficking in cocaine by transportation and possession. The court sentenced him to consecutive prison terms of 35-42 months. Defendant appeals. We find no error.
The State presented evidence tending to show that on 10 January 2003, Detective Jerry Soles of the Davidson County Sheriff's Department stopped a red, white and blue Camaro for a speeding violation. Two persons occupied the vehicle: the driver, identified only by the last name of Rodriguez, and defendant, who produced an identification card and told the officer that his driver's license had been revoked. Defendant also told the officer that he owned the vehicle. Defendant denied having any illegaldrugs, contraband or weapons in the vehicle. With defendant's consent, Detective Soles searched the vehicle. Inside the quarter panel on the driver's side of the back seat of the vehicle, Detective Soles found a package containing coffee grounds and two smaller bags containing an off-white powder substance, subsequently determined to be 81.5 grams of cocaine hydrochloride.
Defendant did not present any evidence.
Defendant assigns as error the denial of his motion to dismiss the two charges at the close of all the evidence. He argues that because the court did not instruct on acting in concert and there is no evidence that he actually transported the cocaine, his conviction of trafficking by transportation must be vacated. He argues the evidence is insufficient to show constructive possession because there is no evidence defendant knew of the presence of the cocaine in the vehicle.
Upon a motion to dismiss, the trial court determines whether there is substantial evidence to establish each element of the offense charged and to identify the defendant as the perpetrator. State v. Earnhardt, 307 N.C. 62, 65-66, 296 S.E.2d 649, 651-52 (1982). "The trial court's function is to determine whether the evidence will permit a reasonable inference that the defendant is guilty of the crimes charged." State v. Vause, 328 N.C. 231, 237, 400 S.E.2d 57, 61 (1991) (emphasis in original). All of the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the State, giving it the benefit of every reasonable inference that may be drawn. State v. Brown, 310 N.C. 563, 566, 313 S.E.2d 585, 587(1984).
Our Supreme Court has held:
An accused's possession of narcotics may be actual or constructive. He has possession of the contraband material within the meaning of the law when he has both the power and intent to control its disposition or use. Where such materials are found on the premises under the control of an accused, this fact, in and of itself, gives rise to an inference of knowledge and possession which may be sufficient to carry the case to the jury on a charge of unlawful possession. Also, the State may overcome a motion to dismiss or motion for judgment as of nonsuit by presenting evidence which places the accused 'within such close juxtaposition to the narcotic drugs as to justify the jury in concluding that the same was in his possession.' (Citations omitted.)
State v. Harvey, 281 N.C. 1, 12-13, 187 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1972). "This Court has repeatedly stated that constructive possession can be inferred where the evidence shows that defendant had the power to control the vehicle where the controlled substance was discovered." State v. Munoz, 141 N.C. App. 675, 685, 541 S.E.2d 218, 224, cert. denied, 353 N.C. 454, 548 S.E.2d 534 (2001). Moreover, an inference that the defendant had knowledge of the presence of contraband in a vehicle may be drawn from the defendant's power to control the vehicle. Id. at 685, 541 S.E.2d at 224. Movement of a vehicle containing cocaine from one place to another is transporting cocaine. State v. Outlaw, 96 N.C. App. 192, 196-97, 385 S.E.2d 165, 168 (1989), disc. review denied, 326 N.C. 266, 389 S.E.2d 118 (1990).
The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, tends to show that defendant owned and occupied the vehicle inwhich the cocaine was found. The vehicle was stopped while speeding on Highway 109 in Davidson County. Defendant gave Detective Soles consent to search the vehicle, and Detective Soles found the cocaine after prying open the quarter panel. The cocaine was mixed with coffee grounds which is frequently used to conceal the scent of cocaine and to prevent its detection. Defendant had been under surveillance by law enforcement officers on suspicion that illegal drug sales were taking place at his residence. Surveillance officers saw defendant working in the back of his car and making frequent trips between his car and residence.
We hold the foregoing evidence provided a sufficient basis for submitting the case to the jury, and find no error.
No error.
Judges STEELMAN and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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LEVINSON, Judge.
Defendants appeal from the trial court's denial of their motions for summary judgment and for dismissal. We reverse.
Plaintiff (Angel Miyares) worked for the Forsyth County Health Department from 1986 to 2001. Miyares is originally from Cuba, and speaks English with a Spanish accent. In 2001, at the time of the events giving rise to this suit, he was 62 years old and had a hearing impairment. In June 2001, defendant Dr. Timothy Monroe began employment as the director of the Forsyth County Health Department. Monroe conflicted with Miyares over various work-related issues, and on 30 October 2001 Miyares filed a grievanceagainst Monroe with the Forsyth County Board of Health. Miyares alleged that Monroe harassed him and discriminated against him on the basis of his national origin, age, and disability (hearing loss). A week after filing the grievance, Miyares was informed that his position was being eliminated and that he was dismissed due to this reduction in force.
On 28 December 2001 Miyares filed a petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings seeking a contested case hearing. The petition alleged that his termination was the result of discrimination based on his national origin, age, and disability (hearing loss). In April 2002 a hearing was held before an administrative law judge (ALJ), who heard testimony from sixteen witnesses and received over forty exhibits. In August 2002 the ALJ issued his decision and recommendation to the State Personnel Commission (SPC). The decision contained findings of fact and conclusions of law detailed in over fifteen pages. The ALJ concluded that Miyares had failed to meet the burden of proof regarding any of his claims of discrimination, and recommended that the SPC adopt his findings and conclusions. Following a review of the record, the SPC on 6 January 2003 issued its decision agreeing with the ALJ and advising the Forsyth County Health Department to adopt the decision of the ALJ. On 4 April 2003 a final agency decision was issued by Monroe on behalf of the Forsyth County Health Department. Miyares appealed for judicial review in superior court, in part upon the basis that Monroe could not be an impartial decision maker. Meanwhile, on 20 November 2001, before Miyares filed a request for a contested case hearing, he had filed a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which also alleged discrimination based on his national origin, age, and disability. On 18 April 2002, shortly before the contested case hearing, the EEOC issued Miyares a "right to sue" letter. In July 2002, while the decision of the Forsyth County Health Department was on appeal to superior court, Miyares filed a civil suit against defendants alleging discrimination on the basis of age, national origin, and disability in violation of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. On 12 May 2003 defendants moved for summary judgment on the grounds that the Forsyth County Health Department had issued a final agency decision on the same issues raised in Miyares' civil suit, and that his suit was barred by principles of collateral estoppel. Defendants also filed a motion for dismissal based on lack of jurisdiction, on the grounds that Miyares had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. On 3 June 2003 Superior Court Judge Ron Spivey issued an order denying defendants' motions, from which defendants appealed.
The record on appeal was filed with this Court in September 2003. On 6 February 2004 defendants' motion to supplement the record was granted. Accordingly, the record was supplemented to include documents showing the following: On 14 November 2003 Superior Court Judge L. Todd Burke ruled on plaintiff Miyares' appeal from the decision of the Forsyth County Health Department. The court held in favor of plaintiff on the issue of whether Monroewas an appropriately impartial decision maker in this case, and ordered the matter remanded to the Forsyth County Board of Health for entry of a final agency decision. On 21 January 2004 the Board of Health issued its decision. The Board of Health adopted the recommendation of the SPC, incorporating by reference its findings and conclusions.
On 11 February 2004 plaintiff also moved to supplement the record, in order to establish that defendants had appealed from Judge Burke's decision before voluntarily complying with the order. Defendants responded on 23 February 2004 with a brief in opposition to plaintiff's motion to supplement the record. Defendants argued that case law establishes that appeal of an order neither vacates an order, nor prohibits a party from voluntarily complying with the order. On 24 February 2004 plaintiffs' motion was denied, and thus his proffered documents were not made a part of the record.
We first address plaintiff's argument that this appeal should be dismissed as interlocutory. Defendants moved for summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiff was barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel from bringing a civil suit against defendants. This Court has held "that the denial of a motion for summary judgment based on the defense of collateral estoppel may affect a substantial right, and that defendants' appeal, although interlocutory, is properly before us." McCallum v. North Carolina Coop. Extension Serv., 142 N.C. App. 48, 51, 542 S.E.2d 227, 231,appeal dismissed, disc. review denied, 353 N.C. 452, 548 S.E.2d 527 (2001). We conclude that defendants' appeal is properly before us.
We further conclude that plaintiff's suit is barred by principles of collateral estoppel. The doctrine of collateral estoppel "`is designed to prevent repetitious lawsuits over matters which have once been decided and which have remained substantially static, factually and legally.'" Scarvey v. First Federal Savings and Loan Ass'n of Charlotte, 146 N.C. App. 33, 38-39, 552 S.E.2d 655, 659 (2001) (quoting King v. Grindstaff, 284 N.C. 348, 356, 200 S.E.2d 799, 805 (1973)).
In order for collateral estoppel to be applicable, certain requirements must be met. The elements of collateral estoppel, as stated by our Supreme Court, are as follows: (1) a prior suit resulting in a final judgment on the merits; (2) identical issues involved; (3) the issue was actually litigated in the prior suit and necessary to the judgment; and (4) the issue was actually determined.
McDonald v. Skeen, 152 N.C. App. 228, 230, 567 S.E.2d 209, 211, disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 437, 571 S.E.2d 221-22 (2002) (citation omitted).
Moreover, "collateral estoppel can serve as the basis for summary judgment." Bradley v. Hidden Valley Transp., Inc., 148 N.C. App. 163, 166, 557 S.E.2d 610, 613 (2001), aff'd mem., 355 N.C. 485, 562 S.E.2d 422 (2002) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). "Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue decided previously in judicial or administrative proceedings provided the party against whom the prior decision was asserted enjoyed a full and fair opportunity to litigate that issue in anearlier proceeding." Id. (emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
In the instant case, plaintiff filed for a contested case hearing, alleging discrimination based on his national origin, age, and disability. A full hearing was held before an ALJ at which plaintiff presented witness testimony and documentary evidence. The ALJ's determination, that plaintiff had failed to meet his burden of proof to show by a preponderance of the evidence that he was the victim of discrimination, was confirmed by the SPC and by the Forsyth County Board of Health, which issued a final agency decision agreeing with the ALJ and adopting his findings of fact and conclusions of law. Plaintiff's civil suit was brought against the same parties - the Forsyth County Health Department and Dr. Monroe - and raises the same allegations of discrimination based on his national origin, age, and disability. Plaintiff does not argue that the claims and parties are different, or that new issues are presented. Nor does he dispute that these issues were actually litigated before the ALJ, and were essential to its decision. Plaintiff instead argues that, because he has appealed the agency decision, it is not a final judgment and may not be given collateral estoppel effect. We disagree.
"`When a fact has been agreed upon or decided in a court of record, neither of the parties shall be allowed to call it in question, and have it tried over again at any time thereafter, so long as the judgment or decree stands unreversed.'" State v. Summers, 351 N.C. 620, 623, 528 S.E.2d 17, 20 (2000) (quoting King, 284 N.C. at 355, 200 S.E.2d at 805). Plaintiff cites no authority for the proposition that collateral estoppel is inapplicable to a judgment during the pendency of an appeal, and we find none.
For the reasons discussed above, we conclude that the trial court erred by denying defendants' motion for summary judgment. As we have concluded that summary judgment is proper on the basis of collateral estoppel, we do not need to address defendants' other argument concerning failure to exhaust administrative remedies. Accordingly, the trial court's order denying defendants' motion for summary judgment is
Reversed.
Judges WYNN and CALABRIA concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
McGEE, Judge.
Allan R. Addison (plaintiff) filed a complaint on 25 October 2001 alleging that Renee Couch Kye (defendant) failed to keep a reasonable lookout, failed to keep her vehicle under proper control, attempted to turn without first seeing that a move could be made safely, failed to yield the right-of-way to plaintiff, and drove carelessly in willful and wanton disregard of the safety of others, which proximately resulted in a collision between the vehicle operated by plaintiff and the vehicle operated by defendant. Plaintiff alleged that, as a result of the collision, he sustained damages including personal injury, medical expenses, loss of earning capacity, and temporary loss of enjoyment of life. Defendant filed an answer on 13 December 2001 alleging plaintiff was contributorily negligent in failing to keep a proper lookout, in failing to decrease his speed, and in failing to yield right-of-way. Plaintiff filed a reply on 18 March 2003 alleging that defendant had the last clear chance to avoid the collision. At trial, the jury found defendant negligent and plaintiff contributorily negligent. Based on that verdict, the trial court entered judgment against plaintiff, ordering that plaintiff have and recover nothing from defendant, and that the action be dismissed with prejudice. Plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff's evidence tended to show that on 19 January 2001, at approximately 6:20 p.m., plaintiff was driving east and defendant was driving west on Old Chapel Hill Road in Durham County, North Carolina. Plaintiff's North Carolina driver's license contained a restriction which required him to wear corrective lenses when driving; however, at this time plaintiff was not wearing corrective lenses. As defendant approached the entrance to the Five Oaks apartment complex (Five Oaks), off Old Chapel Hill Road, she slowed down in order to make a left turn into Five Oaks. Defendant engaged her left turn signal, and plaintiff was able to see both defendant's vehicle and her left turn signal as he approached. Defendant's vehicle came to a stop, prepared to make a left turn, "crawled" forward "a bit," and stopped again. As plaintiff was passing the entrance to Five Oaks, defendant accelerated and began to turn left into Five Oaks. Defendant's vehicle collided with plaintiff's vehicle, resulting in injuries. Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury instruction on the doctrine of last clear chance. We have held the following regarding the application of the last clear chance doctrine: "The issue of last clear chance, `must be submitted to the jury [only] if the evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, will support a reasonable inference of each essential element of the doctrine." Culler v. Hamlett, 148 N.C. App. 372, 379, 559 S.E.2d 195, 200 (2002) (quoting Kenan v. Bass, 132 N.C. App. 30, 32-33, 511 S.E.2d 6, 7 (1999)). The elements of last clear chance are as follows:
1) The plaintiff, by [plaintiff's] own negligence put [plaintiff] into a position of helpless peril;
2) Defendant discovered, or should have discovered, the position of the plaintiff;
3) Defendant had the time and ability to avoid the injury;
4) Defendant negligently failed to do so; and
5) Plaintiff was injured as a result of the defendant's failure to avoid the injury.
Trantham v. Estate of Sorrells, 121 N.C. App. 611, 613, 468 S.E.2d 401, 402, disc. review denied, 343 N.C. 311, 471 S.E.2d 82 (1996). Plaintiff contends that all five elements were satisfied in this case. We disagree for the reasons stated below.
With regard to the first element, we conclude that plaintiff did place himself in a position of helpless peril by virtue of his own negligence. It has been recognized that the doctrine of last clear chance is applicable only when "the plaintiff has negligently placed himself in a position of peril from which he cannot, at thetime of the accident, extricate himself . . . [or] if at the time of the accident he is incapable of averting harm by the exercise of reasonable care." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 479, Comment on Clause (a) (1965).
In the case before us, plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable care by failing to slow down, failing to wear corrective lenses, and failing to pay attention. After placing himself in a perilous position, plaintiff could have driven more carefully, observed the posted speed limit, worn his glasses and paid attention. However, despite these measures, plaintiff could still have found himself helpless at the moment he passed defendant, who very quickly accelerated into a left turn and collided with plaintiff. Thus, although plaintiff contributed to his peril by his own negligence, he was helpless in his peril, and could not have escaped the situation even by the utmost exercise of reasonable care. Therefore, plaintiff satisfied the first element of the last clear chance doctrine.
With regard to the second element, the evidence presented at trial supports a reasonable inference that even if defendant did not discover plaintiff's peril, she should have discovered it since defendant "`owe[d] plaintiff a duty to maintain a proper lookout whereby, through "the exercise of reasonable care, [defendant] could have discovered plaintiff's perilous position."'" Womack v. Stephens, 144 N.C. App. 57, 66, 550 S.E.2d 18, 24 (citations omitted), disc. review denied, 354 N.C. 229, 555 S.E.2d 27 (2001). Thus, the second element of last clear chance is also satisfied. However, there is no evidence to support a finding as to the third element of last clear chance - "time and ability to avoid the injury." The doctrine of last clear chance contemplates a last "clear" chance rather than a last "possible" chance to avoid injury. Culler, 148 N.C. App. at 379, 559 S.E.2d at 200. Plaintiff contends that defendant, by exercising reasonable care, should have discovered plaintiff's helplessness under the circumstances. We agree that defendant, having a duty of proper lookout, should have discovered plaintiff's peril, and the existence of such duty in this instance satisfies the requirements of the second element of last clear chance. Nonetheless, the duty of proper lookout, and its breach by defendant, has no bearing on defendant's time and ability to avoid the injury. Rather, it is well established that to satisfy the third element of last clear chance "there must be an appreciable interval of time between the plaintiff's negligence and his injury during which the defendant, by the exercise of ordinary care, could or should have avoided the effect of plaintiff's prior negligence." Bass, 149 N.C. App. at 158, 560 S.E.2d at 846 (based on the defendant's testimony that he "couldn't see [the plaintiff's car] until it was too late[,]" the trial court held that the defendant did not have the time and means to avoid the accident); Culler, 148 N.C. App. at 380, 559 S.E.2d at 201 (holding that where the defendant did not see the car until the moment of the accident, and where there was no place to pull over, the defendant, notwithstanding his negligence, had no time and means to avoid the accident); Watson v. White, 309 N.C. 498, 506,308 S.E.2d 268, 273 (1983) (holding that while the interval of 1.28 seconds may have been sufficient for a last possible chance to avoid an injury, such interval did not amount to a last clear chance); Clodfelter v. Carroll, 261 N.C. 630, 635, 135 S.E.2d 636, 639 (1964) (holding that last clear chance contemplates a chance that would enable a reasonably prudent man in similar circumstances to have acted effectively).
In the case before us, plaintiff did not present evidence supporting the existence of an interval between plaintiff's negligence and defendant's negligence. Thus, plaintiff failed to prove that, notwithstanding defendant's negligence, defendant had an actual clear chance to avoid a collision with plaintiff. In fact, there was evidence to the contrary. At trial, testimony was presented that when "[defendant] started to make the turn," plaintiff "was right there." Although defendant may have had the last possible chance to avoid the collision, she did not have, as a matter of law, the last clear chance. Watson, 309 N.C. at 506, 308 S.E.2d at 273. Thus, the third element of the last clear chance doctrine is not satisfied.
We note that the record supports reasonable inferences that defendant was negligent in failing to avoid the collision and that plaintiff was injured as a result of defendant's actions. These inferences would satisfy the fourth and fifth elements of the last clear chance doctrine. However, the third element was not satisfied for the foregoing reasons and it is essential to the applicability of the last clear chance doctrine that each of thefive elements be satisfied. Because plaintiff failed to prove the third element, the trial court did not err in denying plaintiff's request for an instruction on the doctrine of last clear chance.
No error.
Judges TIMMONS-GOODSON and TYSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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THORNBURG, Judge.
Defendant, Shawn Michael Seeley, appeals from a judgment entered upon his conviction by a jury of felonious possession of stolen goods. The State's evidence at trial tended to show that on the morning of 7 August 2002, E.J. Womack awoke to find his red 1994 CJ5 Jeep missing. The Jeep had been parked under a shelter in front of Womack's garage. Womack did not give anyone permission to take his Jeep, which had a value of approximately $5,000.
On the evening of 9 August 2002, Charles Murchison heard a vehicle drive up and down the road outside his house. Murchison heard the vehicle turn into the driveway of his son's home, which is approximately 100 yards away. Murchison walked to his son'shome and saw a red Jeep parked near his son's shop. Defendant was in the driver's seat of the Jeep and three other men were standing outside the vehicle. Defendant told Murchison that they were looking for gas. Murchison, who knew defendant since he was six years old, told defendant that there was no gas at his son's house and to leave the premises. Defendant started backing out the Jeep, but ran out of gas at the end of the driveway. Murchison went home and told his wife to call the Sheriff. When Murchison walked to the crest of the hill, he saw that defendant and the three men had left the area. Sheriff deputies took possession of the Jeep and processed the Jeep for fingerprints. Defendant's fingerprint was found on the Jeep.
Defendant did not present any evidence. A jury found defendant guilty of felonious possession of stolen goods and the trial court sentenced defendant to eight to ten months in the custody of the North Carolina Department of Corrections. Defendant appeals.
In his sole argument on appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss based on insufficiency of the evidence. In considering a motion to dismiss, a court must determine whether there is substantial evidence of each element of the charged offense. State v. Jones, 147 N.C. App. 527, 545, 556 S.E.2d 644, 655 (2001), disc. review denied, 355 N.C. 351, 562 S.E.2d 427 (2002). "Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." State v. Smith, 300 N.C. 71, 78-79, 265 S.E.2d 164, 169 (1980). "[A]ll of the evidence, whether competent orincompetent, must be considered in the light most favorable to the state, and the state is entitled to every reasonable inference therefrom." Id. at 78, 265 S.E.2d at 169.
To obtain a conviction for possession of a stolen vehicle, the State must provide substantial evidence (1) that defendant had possession of the stolen car and (2) that defendant knew or had reason to know the car was stolen. State v. Suitt, 94 N.C. App. 571, 573, 380 S.E.2d 570, 571 (1989). Defendant argues the State presented no evidence that defendant knew or should have known the vehicle was stolen. In State v. Parker, our Supreme Court noted that a "defendant's `guilty knowledge' could be either actual or implied from [the] circumstances[.]" Parker, 316 N.C. 295, 303, 341 S.E.2d 555, 560 (1986). The Court stated, "[w]e have recognized that an accused's flight is evidence of consciousness of guilt and therefore of guilt itself." Id. at 304, 341 S.E.2d at 560.
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and giving the State every reasonable inference arising therefrom, the evidence tends to show that defendant was observed driving the Jeep two days after its theft and defendant abandoned the Jeep when it ran out of gas. We conclude this evidence is sufficient to permit a juror to find that defendant knew or should have known that the vehicle in his possession was stolen. Accordingly, the trial court properly denied defendant's motion to dismiss.
No error.
Judges HUDSON and STEELMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
HUNTER, Judge.
Courie Angelo Whitfield ("defendant") appeals from a judgment filed 30 January 2003 entered consistent with a jury verdict finding him guilty of robbery with a dangerous weapon. Defendant was sentenced to a minimum prison term of sixty-four months with a corresponding maximum term of eighty-six months. For the reasons stated herein, we conclude there was no error at trial.
The State's evidence tends to show the following. On the evening of 17 November 2001, two armed men robbed the Pizza Hut restaurant located on Guilford College Road in Greensboro, North Carolina. Jonathan Bozarth ("Bozarth") was one of the restaurant managers on duty that evening. He testified that the taller of the two robbers was wearing dark pants, a dark coat, and a dark "skitype" mask made of material no thinner than panty hose but not any thicker than a pullover and carrying a gun. Bozarth was taking an order over the phone and the two robbers demanded that he "get off the phone," while the taller robber held his gun to Bozarth's head. Bozarth held out the telephone so the robbers could take it. As the taller of the two robbers reached out for the phone, the jacket the robber was wearing brushed against Bozarth's arm. Bozarth was wearing a short sleeved shirt and could feel the jacket on his skin. Bozarth described the feel of the jacket as "[s]oft, fleecie [sic], almost cottony material." At trial, Bozarth identified a jacket marked as State's Exhibit 2 as the jacket the tall robber was wearing.
After the robbery, the two robbers fled through the back of the restaurant, and Anthony Robinson, another restaurant manager followed them. Bozarth called 911 and Greensboro police officers responded to the call. In a written statement to police, Bozarth described the taller robber as being six-feet two-inches to six-feet three-inches tall.
Officer John E. Morris, III ("Officer Morris") of the Greensboro Police Department was on routine patrol the night of the robbery when he observed two men, one tall, one short, dressed in dark clothes at some dumpsters behind the Pizza Hut restaurant on Guilford College Road. The area was well-lit and Officer Morris could see the two men clearly. The two men began running through a wooded area up a slope in Officer Morris' general direction. His suspicion aroused, Officer Morris moved to intercept the men at thetop of the slope. Officer Morris saw one of the men, whom he recognized as one of the two men seen running into the woods wearing a rolled up stocking toboggan. The man was about six-feet two-inches tall and had a thin moustache. In addition, the man was wearing a dark three-quarter length coat, which Officer Morris identified as State's Exhibit 2. Officer Morris asked the man, "[w]hat are you running for?" to which the man responded he was not running but then ran away into another wooded area. Just then, Officer Morris received a call that the Pizza Hut restaurant had been robbed, and almost immediately after, Anthony Robinson ran out of the woods and told Officer Morris that the restaurant had been robbed. At trial, Officer Morris identified defendant as the man he had intercepted running from the back of the Pizza Hut.
After calling for backup, Officer Morris more closely observed his surroundings and noticed two cars parked end to end in an alley. One was a tan Toyota Camry. The second was a burgundy Nissan Sentra. Afifah Dupass ("Dupass") was sitting in the passenger seat of the burgundy car.
Dupass testified that she was on a dinner date with defendant when he received what appeared to be an urgent page. Defendant was driving a burgundy car and he drove to an alley by a wooded area where he parked facing a tan car. Defendant and the driver of the tan car, who was shorter than defendant, went into the woods in the direction of Guilford College Road. Defendant was wearing the same jacket identified in court by Bozarth and Officer Morris. Shortlyafter, Dupass observed the shorter man return, put something in the trunk of the tan car and run away.
Officer Scott M. Russell ("Officer Russell") of the Greensboro Police Department was on his way to assist Officer Morris when he received the call that the Pizza Hut had been robbed. Officer Russell stopped to form a perimeter a few blocks from the Pizza Hut. While he was maintaining a look-out for the robbers, Officer Russell observed a taxi cab pull into a nearby restaurant and leave shortly after, apparently without a passenger. Based on his experience patrolling the area, Officer Russell found this to be a strange occurrence and elected to perform an investigatory stop of the taxi cab. After initiating the traffic stop, Officer Russell saw someone's head appear in the back seat of the cab. When he asked the taxi driver to step out of the cab, Officer Russell observed the man in the back pick up a newspaper and begin reading. Officer Russell identified the passenger as defendant.
While defendant was sitting in the back of the cab, Officer Russell asked him about his recent whereabouts and his activities. Officer Russell also observed a dark coat lying on the floor of the cab. Defendant denied the coat was his, but the taxi driver stated the coat had not previously been in the cab. Subsequently, Officer Russell asked defendant to sit in the back of the patrol car while he investigated a robbery at the Pizza Hut, to which defendant agreed. Defendant was not, however, placed under arrest. Officer Russell testified at trial, over defendant's objection, thatdefendant was cooperative, explaining that "I just know [defendant] from the past, and once that he remembered who I was . . . he was very cooperative."
Both Officer Morris and Bozarth came to the scene where defendant was sitting in Officer Russell's patrol car. Officer Morris identified defendant as one of the men he saw running from the Pizza Hut. Bozarth was unable to positively identify defendant, but noted that defendant generally matched the height and build of the taller robber. Bozarth asked if he could see some of defendant's clothing, and Officer Russell produced the coat, which Bozarth identified as having been worn by the taller robber based on its feel, color, and style. Defendant's motion to suppress the evidence of this "show-up" identification by Bozarth was denied.
Following the identification of the coat by Bozarth, and of defendant by Officer Morris, defendant was placed in the back of a patrol car. Over defendant's objection, Officer Russell stated that when he had asked defendant his recent whereabouts, defendant had responded that he had spent the evening in a restaurant. Based on this response, Officer Russell drove defendant to that restaurant in order to investigate defendant's alibi and concluded it was false. Defendant was subsequently arrested and charged with the robbery. Re-direct testimony clarified that Officer Russell had actually questioned defendant as to his whereabouts before he placed defendant in the patrol car. A K-9 search beginning from where the tan and burgundy cars had been parked along the wooded path where Officer Morris had observed defendant running revealed several five dollar bills and a silver handgun, which was identified by Bozarth based on its size, make, and shininess as the one used during the robbery.
The issues presented on appeal are whether: (I) the procedures used in the "show-up" identification by Bozarth were impermissibly suggestive; (II) Officer Russell violated defendant's Miranda rights by questioning him as to his whereabouts on the evening of the robbery; (III) the trial court erred in allowing testimony that Officer Russell knew defendant "from the past"; and, (IV) there was sufficient evidence identifying defendant as one of the robbers to survive a motion to dismiss.
I.
Defendant first contends that the procedures used in the pre-trial "show-up" identification in order to elicit Bozarth's identification on the night of the robbery were impermissibly suggestive in violation of defendant's constitutional due process rights. We disagree.
"Whether a pretrial identification procedure is impermissibly suggestive depends on the totality of the circumstances and requires a two-part analysis." State v. Johnson, 161 N.C. App. 68, 72, 587 S.E.2d 445, 448 (2003). "'First, the Court must determine whether the identification procedures were impermissiblysuggestive. Second, if the procedures were impermissibly suggestive, the Court must then determine whether the procedures created a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification.'" Id. (quoting State v. Fowler, 353 N.C. 599, 617, 548 S.E.2d 684, 698 (2001)). "Show-ups, the practice of showing suspects singly to witnesses for purposes of identification, have been criticized as an identification procedure by both [our State Supreme Court] and the U.S. Supreme Court." State v. Turner, 305 N.C. 356, 364, 289 S.E.2d 368, 373 (1982). This is because, "[t]his identification procedure may be inherently suggestive for the reason that witnesses would be likely to assume that the police presented for their view persons who were suspected of being guilty of the offense under investigation." Id. While, however, the "show-up" procedure is both suggestive and unnecessary, it is not per se a violation of a defendant's due process rights. Id. "The primary evil sought to be avoided is the substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." Id. Thus, a court's focus in reviewing the constitutionality of a pretrial "show-up" identification should rest on the second part of the analysis outlined in Johnson and Fowler: whether the procedures created a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. See Fowler, 353 N.C. at 617, 548 S.E.2d at 698; Johnson, 161 N.C. App. at 72, 587 S.E.2d at 448.
In this case, defendant's argument is fundamentally flawed, as Bozarth was unable to identify defendant as one of the robbers. Instead, Bozarth merely identified the jacket found in the taxiwith defendant as the same jacket which Bozarth had seen and felt during the robbery and noted that defendant was the same general height and build as the taller of the two robbers. Thus, under the totality of the circumstances, we conclude that there was no likelihood the use of the "show-up" identification procedure would have resulted in an irreparable misidentification by Bozarth, because Bozarth did not identify defendant.
Nevertheless, even if Bozarth's identification of defendant's coat could some how be imputed to defendant, such that Bozarth's identification of the coat was, in effect, an identification of defendant as the robber, we conclude there was no error in the use of the pretrial identification procedure.
In analyzing whether identification procedures are impermissibly suggestive, North Carolina courts look to various factors including: "the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime, the witness' degree of attention, the accuracy of the witness' prior description of the criminal, the level of certainty shown by the witness, and the time between the offense and the identification."
Johnson, 161 N.C. App. at 73, 587 S.E.2d at 448 (quoting State v. Rogers, 355 N.C. 420, 432, 562 S.E.2d 859, 868 (2002)).
In this case, Bozarth had the opportunity to observe the coat the robber was wearing and to feel it as it brushed against his bare arm. Bozarth's attention was focused on the coat during the robbery, as it was the man in the coat who pointed the gun at him and grabbed for the phone. Further, it was Bozarth's request during the "show-up," to view any clothing defendant might have with him, without any prompting by the police officers that led tohis identification of the coat, which Bozarth immediately identified. Finally, Bozarth's identification of the coat occurred shortly after the Pizza Hut had been robbed and defendant apprehended. Accordingly, we conclude there was no error in admitting evidence obtained from the "show-up" identification procedure against defendant.
II.
Defendant next argues that his statements regarding his whereabouts in response to questioning by Officer Russell were inadmissible. Defendant alleges this is so because the questioning occurred while defendant was in custody in the back seat of Officer Russell's police cruiser and defendant had not been given his Miranda rights. The State argues that defendant was, in fact, in the back of the taxi cab during this questioning. Although there appears to have been some confusion as to the chronology of these events, this confusion was resolved by Officer Russell's testimony on re-direct that defendant was questioned about his whereabouts on the evening before being placed in the patrol car and told about the robbery investigation. Thus, taken in context, it is apparent that the questioning occurred while defendant was in the taxi cab and Officer Russell was simply explaining that, based on the alibi defendant had given, he went to the restaurant after the "show-up" to see if the alibi could be verified.
Thus, the issue before us is whether defendant was entitled to Miranda warnings prior to questioning as he sat in the taxi cab during a traffic stop. "The [Miranda] warning was conceived toprotect an individual's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination in the inherently compelling context of custodial interrogations by police officers." State v. Buchanan, 353 N.C. 332, 336, 543 S.E.2d 823, 826 (2001). "'[I]n determining whether a suspect [is] in custody, an appellate court must examine all the circumstances surrounding the interrogation; but the definitive inquiry is whether there was a formal arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal arrest.'" Id. at 338, 543 S.E.2d at 828 (quoting State v. Gaines, 345 N.C. 647, 662, 483 S.E.2d 396, 405 (1997)).
In this case, Officer Russell's questioning occurred while he was conducting an on-the-scene investigation following the traffic stop of the taxi. See State v. Kincaid, 147 N.C. App. 94, 101-02, 555 S.E.2d 294, 300 (2001) (neither Miranda warnings nor waiver of counsel required when police questioning during a traffic stop was limited to general on-the-scene investigation). Defendant was not under arrest, nor was his freedom of movement restrained to the degree associated with a formal arrest while he was sitting in the back of the taxi cab. Thus, Officer Russell was not required to provide Miranda warnings prior to questioning defendant regarding his whereabouts on the evening of the robbery and the trial court did not err in allowing this testimony.
III.
Defendant also argues Officer Russell's testimony that "I just know [defendant] from the past, and once that he remembered who I was . . . he was very cooperative," was inadmissible characterevidence of prior bad acts by defendant. This statement, however, is not evidence that defendant committed prior bad acts, but instead simply shows that defendant and Officer Russell knew each other. Furthermore, this evidence was not used to improperly impeach defendant's credibility but instead explained why defendant cooperated with Officer Russell during his on-the-scene investigation. We therefore reject this assignment of error.
IV.
Defendant finally argues that his motion to dismiss should have been granted as there was not substantial evidence that he was one of the two robbers. We disagree.
"A motion to dismiss is properly denied if `there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense charged and (2) that defendant is the perpetrator of the offense.'" State v. Wheeler, 138 N.C. App. 163, 165, 530 S.E.2d 311, 312 (2000) (citation omitted). Substantial evidence has been defined as "such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion." State v. Franklin, 327 N.C. 162, 171, 393 S.E.2d 781, 787 (1990). In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court must consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, allowing the State the benefit of every reasonable inference derived therefrom. Wheeler, 138 N.C. App. at 165, 530 S.E.2d at 312.
In this case, the evidence that defendant was one of the robbers includes evidence that defendant was seen running away from the Pizza Hut followed by Anthony Robinson, one of the Pizza Hutmanagers. In addition, the coat worn by the taller of the two robbers was identified as the same one defendant had with him at the time of his apprehension. Furthermore, defendant was of the same general height and build as the taller of the two robbers. Moreover, there was evidence that defendant, wearing the same coat, had been on a dinner date with Dupass, which was interrupted when defendant drove to meet another man with whom he walked off into the woods near the Pizza Hut. Defendant was identified by Officer Morris as one of the men seen running from the Pizza Hut. Further, defendant's alibi that he had spent the evening at a restaurant was proven false. A subsequent search of the wooded path along which defendant had been seen running revealed money and the gun used in the robbery. This is all substantial circumstantial evidence from which a jury could find that defendant committed the robbery and is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss.
No error.
Chief Judge MARTIN and Judge TIMMONS-GOODSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
We note that defendant in this appeal does not challenge his identification by Officer Morris during the same "show-up" procedure.
|
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STEELMAN, Judge.
On 4 June 2001, defendant Kelly Dawn Medlin pled guilty to four counts of breaking and entering a motor vehicle, one count of embezzlement, and one count of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. In the assault case, the trial court sentenced defendant to 24-38 months imprisonment. The trial court consolidated the four remaining charges and imposed a consecutive sentence of 6-8 months imprisonment. The court suspended both judgments and placed defendant on supervised probation for 36 months. The regular conditions of defendant's probation required that defendant obtain and retain satisfactory employment; and aspecial condition of probation provided that she had to complete 50 hours of community service.
On or about 19 March 2002, defendant's probation officer filed a violation report, alleging that defendant had violated the terms and conditions of her probation, as follows:
1. The defendant has failed to complete 50 hours of community service. A total of four hours has been completed as of 3-15-02.
2. The defendant has failed to pay court indebtedness of $150.00 per month beginning 7-01-01.
3. The defendant is $180.00 in arrears on probation supervision fees as of 3-15-02.
4. The defendant has failed to obtain employment as of 3-15-02.
A revocation hearing was held before Judge Cayer in criminal session of superior court on 7 April 2003.
The matter of defendant's probation violation had previously been before the court on 3 September 2002 and 10 February 2003, but had been continued so that defendant could obtain documentation of a medical disability preventing her from complying with the terms and conditions of her probation. Defendant, through counsel, admitted that she had violated the terms and conditions of her probation as alleged, but denied that the violations were willful. Rather, defendant contended that her inability to comply with the terms and conditions of her probation was due to her disability.
Defendant's probation officer stated, "I'm not doubting that she does not have these medical conditions, but I really feel like she never tried in the beginning to do anything with thisprobation." The probation officer opined that "in the beginning Miss Medlin could have made some type of honest attempt to pay something on these cases." The probation officer noted that defendant was extremely difficult to motivate. The officer noted that he "had to extend her time on the community service to even get her to comply with that to get as much time as I got out of her." The probation officer closed, noting that defendant had been relying on the pendency of her disability claim before the Social Security Administration as evidence of her inability to comply with the terms and conditions of her probation for some time.
After hearing the evidence and arguments of counsel, the trial court found defendant in willful violation of the terms and conditions of her probation. The court found all four alleged violations to exist, and that each violation constituted a basis for revocation. The court ordered that defendant's probation be revoked and her suspended sentences activated. Defendant appeals.
The sole issue before this Court is whether the trial court erred in revoking defendant's probation and activating her suspended sentence. It is well settled that "`probation or suspension of sentence is an act of grace' and not a right." State v. Alston, 139 N.C. App. 787, 794, 534 S.E.2d 666, 670 (2000)(quoting State v. Baines, 40 N.C. App. 545, 550, 253 S.E.2d 300, 303 (1979)). To that end, a proceeding to revoke probation is not bound by the strict rules of evidence requiring proof of an alleged violation beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Hill, 132 N.C. App. 209, 211, 510 S.E.2d 413, 414 (1999)(citations omitted). The State need only present that amount of evidence "as to reasonably satisfy the judge in the exercise of his sound discretion that the defendant has willfully violated a valid condition of probation or that the defendant has violated without lawful excuse a valid condition upon which the sentence was suspended." State v. Hewett, 270 N.C. 348, 353, 154 S.E.2d 476, 480 (1967). Once the State presents that quantum of evidence, "[t]he burden is on defendant to present competent evidence of his inability to comply with the conditions of probation; . . . otherwise, evidence of defendant's failure to comply may justify a finding that defendant's failure to comply was wilful or without lawful excuse." State v. Tozzi, 84 N.C. App. 517, 521, 353 S.E.2d 250, 253 (1987)(citation omitted). The Court noted in Tozzi, "Any violation of a valid condition of probation is sufficient to revoke [a] defendant's probation." Id. (citation omitted).
In the instant case, defendant admitted to having violated the terms and conditions of probation listed in the violation report, but denied that the violations were willful. Defendant entered her guilty plea on 4 June 2001, and her probation officer submitted his violation report on 19 March 2002. Evidence presented included an emergency room work release form from Gaston Memorial Hospital dated 1 July 2002 indicating that defendant could return to work on 4 July 2002, unless her primary care physician determined otherwise. There are a few reports from Bessemer City Health Care Center indicating that defendant suffered from a number of ailments, and should not do heavy lifting, but these reports fallbetween the dates of 15 March 2002 and 8 August 2002; right at the time, or after, that the probation violation report was submitted. Defendant presented a letter from Bessemer City Health Care dated 16 August 2002, indicating that she was not able to work at that time. Defendant did not present an updated letter as to her medical condition, nor is there any evidence in the record indicating that defendant was unable to work in the period between her sentencing and the submission of the probation violation report. Instead, she relied on the pending decision of a hearing before the Social Security Administration on 11 March 2003, to support her claim that she cannot presently comply with the terms and conditions of her probation.
The State presented the testimony of defendant's probation officer to show that the violations were indeed willful. The probation officer testified that defendant had failed to satisfy the monetary obligations of probation, and that time during which defendant could complete her community service hours was even extended to assist her in fulfilling that condition of probation. Significantly, however, despite this extension, defendant failed to complete all of the required hours. The probation officer noted that defendant lacked motivation, and had been using her medical condition and a pending hearing at the Social Security Administration, as an excuse for her violations. While the officer acknowledged that defendant does have a medical condition, he opined that at the beginning of her probationary period, defendant was able to comply with the terms and conditions of probation. The evidence of record tends to show that defendant completed 29.5 hours of community service in April 2002 and 4 hours on 13 December 2001. Defendant failed to make any showing as to why she was unable to meet her monetary and community service obligations during the period after being placed on probation in June 2001, up until the point doctors at Bessemer City Health Care declared her unable to work in August 2002. As the trial court noted, "What happens in an administrative proceeding like that, Social Security, is something the Court may consider here, but obviously that's not dispositive of what a criminal court does with a probation hearing."
While defendant attempts to challenge the form judgments entered upon the revocation of probation, this Court has previously found such judgments to be adequate. See State v. Alston, 139 N.C. App. 787, 534 S.E.2d 666 (2000)(examining the record and stenographic transcript and affirming the revocation of the defendant's probation). Contrary to defendant's contentions, the record tends to show that the trial court did properly consider the evidence offered in support of her claim that her failure to comply with the terms and conditions of probation were not willful. The trial court's findings, however, show that the court did not find this evidence sufficient to show an inability to comply with the terms and conditions of probation. See State v. Williamson, 61 N.C. App. 531, 535, 301 S.E.2d 423, 425 (1983)(holding that the trial court, sitting as finder of fact in a probation revocation hearing, is not required to accept a defendant's evidence astrue)(citation omitted). Further, though defendant argues that the trial court did not make a finding that her violations were willful, the findings section of the form judgments revoking probation state, "the defendant violated each condition willfully and without valid excuse[.]"
In sum, as the trial court properly found that defendant willfully and without valid excuse violated the terms and conditions of her probation, we hold that the court properly revoked her probation and activated her sentences in this case. The judgments of the trial court are, therefore, affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Judges HUDSON and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
STEELMAN, Judge.
Plaintiff, Lillie M. Lyons, filed this action against defendants alleging that she was fired from her employment because of her race. Plaintiff sought compensatory and punitive damages. Plaintiff and defendants presented evidence at a non-jury trial before Judge Robert H. Hobgood on 30 June 2003. Judge Hobgood made findings of fact and concluded as a matter of law that defendants' decision to fire plaintiff was based upon a legitimate business concern and was not discriminatory or in violation of public policy. Judge Hobgood dismissed plaintiff's action. Plaintiff appeals Judge Hobgood's order. Plaintiff has failed to comply with the Rules of Appellate Procedure. We, therefore, dismiss plaintiff's appeal.
In the present case, plaintiff has failed to list assignments of error in the record on appeal as required by Rules 9(a)(1)(k) and 10(a) and (c)(1). N.C. R. App. P. 9(a)(1)(k), 10(a), 10(c)(1). Further, plaintiff's brief fails to refer to any assignments of error as required by Rule 28(b)(6). N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6). Plaintiff's brief also fails to comply with our appellate rules by: (1) failing to contain any citations of authority; (2) failing to contain a statement of the questions presented for review; (3) failing to state the procedural history; (4) failing to state the grounds for appellate review; (5) failing to include a statement of the facts; and (6) failing to use the proper type style. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(2)-(6), (j)(1).
This Court has stated:
The Rules of Appellate Procedure are mandatory; failure to comply with these rules subjects an appeal to dismissal. Furthermore, these rules apply to everyone _ whether acting pro se or being represented by all of the five largest law firms in the State.
Bledsoe v. County of Wilkes, 135 N.C. App. 124, 125, 519 S.E.2d 316, 317 (1999)(citations omitted). Plaintiff's violations of the appellate rules are so numerous and are so egregious that we are compelled to dismiss her appeal. In so doing we have taken into account the fact that plaintiff appears pro se in this matter. Additionally, we have reviewed this case on its merits and conclude that plaintiff's arguments are without merit.
DISMISSED.
Judges HUDSON and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Defendant on the 10th day of March 2005 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Washington County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 17th day of March 2005."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Petitioner on the 17th day of March 2005 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Pitt County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 18th day of March 2005."
|
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Upon consideration of the application filed by Defendant on the 14th day of March 2005 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Wayne County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 18th day of March 2005."
|
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MARTIN, Justice.
In Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d 466 (2006), the United States Supreme Court concluded that error under Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004), was subject to federal harmless error analysis. We therefore review the Blakely violation which occurred at defendant's second trial for harmlessness. We also address defendant's argument that federal Blakely error violates the Constitution of North Carolina (the State Constitution). We conclude that the trial court's finding of an aggravating factor at defendant's second trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, and did not violate Article I, Section 24 of the State Constitution.
The facts giving rise to the instant criminal prosecution arose over nine years ago. On 27 February 1997, Sherry and Greg Dail made plans to run errands together in Durham with their three young children: Megan, age four; Austin, age two; and Joshua, age one. Because Sherry had to drive to work later that afternoon, they drove separate vehicles but followed one another traveling south on Guess Road. Defendant, Timothy Earl Blackwell, was traveling in his truck in the opposite direction. Defendant had used cocaine and heroin the night before and was intoxicated from drinking beer that morning. Defendant's blood alcohol content was 0.13 grams of alcohol per one hundred milliliters of whole blood, and his blood tested positive for cocaine metabolites and opiates. Police officers later found hypodermic needles and beer cans in defendant's truck.
Several witnesses observed defendant's erratic and dangerous driving, which included driving at speeds estimated to be as high as seventy-five miles per hour. After running a red light and swerving back and forth across the road, defendant's truck jumped a curb, knocked over several trash cans and a mailbox, then crossed several lanes and headed directly into oncoming traffic. After managing to get back into the northbound lane, defendant repeatedly crossed the center line again, forcing several cars off the road. Shortly thereafter, defendant hit the Dails head-on as they approached the intersection of Guess Road and Rose of Sharon Road. Defendant crossed the center line, sideswiped Sherry's car, and collided with Greg's van. As a result of the crash, Sherry, Greg, Austin, and Joshua all suffered severe injuries. Megan was killed.
Based on these events, defendant was indicted for the felonies of murder and habitual impaired driving, as well as four counts of felonious assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. He was also indicted for the following misdemeanors: driving while license revoked, driving left of center, possession of drug paraphernalia, and possession of an open container. Pursuant to a plea agreement, defendant pled guilty to all charges except the murder charge and the four assault charges. At trial, the jury convicted defendant of first-degree murder and all four felony assault charges. Defendant appealed, and the Court of Appeals ordered a new trial. State v. Blackwell, 135 N.C. App. 729, 522 S.E.2d 313 (1999). The state appealed to this Court, and we remanded to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration in light of our decision in State v. Jones, 353 N.C. 159, 538 S.E.2d 917 (2000), which held that culpable negligence could not be used to satisfy the intent requirements for first-degree murder. State v. Blackwell, 353 N.C. 259, 538 S.E.2d 929 (2000) (per curiam) (Blackwell I). The Court of Appeals further remanded the case for a new trial. State v. Blackwell, 142 N.C. App. 388, 542 S.E.2d 675 (2001).
During his second trial, the jury convicted defendant of one count of second-degree murder, one count of felonious habitual impaired driving, one count of felonious assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, three counts of misdemeanor assault with a deadly weapon, and assorted other misdemeanors not pertinent to this appeal. The trial court found as an aggravating factor that defendant committed each felony while he was on pretrial release for another charge. The trial court also found the following factors in mitigation with respect to the felonies: (1) defendant participated in a drug or alcohol treatment program; (2) he supported his family; (3) he had a support system in the community; (4) he was a model prisoner while in custody; (5) he completed his GED while in custody; and (6) he was remorseful. After finding that the aggravating factor outweighed the mitigating factors, the trial court sentenced defendant on 13 November 2002 to consecutive sentences in the aggravated range as follows: for second-degree murder, 353 to 461 months; for felony assault, 66 to 89 months; and for habitual impaired driving, 26 to 32 months. Defendant also received sentences for various misdemeanor convictions.
Defendant again appealed to the Court of Appeals, and his case was heard on 30 March 2004, seven days after the United States Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). The Supreme Court issued its decision in Blakely on 24 June 2004, while the Court of Appeals was still considering defendant's case. Blakely held that a trial judge's sentencing of a defendant beyond the statutory maximum, based on the trial judge's finding that defendant had acted with deliberate cruelty, violated the defendant's right to trial by jury under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In response to Blakely, defendant filed a motion for appropriate relief (MAR) in the Court of Appeals. In September 2004, the Court of Appeals granted defendant's MAR and held that defendant had otherwise received a trial free of prejudicial error. The Court of Appeals remanded defendant's case to the trial court for resentencing under Blakely. See State v. Blackwell, 166 N.C. App. 280, 603 S.E.2d 168 (2004) (unpublished).
In December 2004, this Court allowed the state's petition for discretionary review. While Blackwell was pending in this Court, we decided the case of State v. Allen, 359 N.C. 425, 615 S.E.2d 256 (2005), withdrawn, 360 N.C. 569, 635 S.E.2d 899 (2006). Allen held that Blakely error was structural error under the United States Constitution. Id. at 444, 615 S.E.2d at 269. In August 2005, this Court modified and affirmed the Court of Appeals decision in Blackwell, based on the Allen decision. 359 N.C. 814, 618 S.E.2d 213 (2005) (Blackwell II). In Blackwell II, we ordered remand of defendant's case for resentencing.
In September 2005, this Court allowed the state's motion to stay the issuance of our mandate in Blackwell II, 359 N.C. 823, 620 S.E.2d 528 (2005), based on the state's petition for writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court in State v. Speight, 359 N.C. 602, 614 S.E.2d 262 (2005), vacated and remanded, 548 U.S. ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d 983 (2006). Both Blackwell II and Speight raised the common legal issue of whether Blakely error was subject to federal harmless error review. In Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d 466, the United States Supreme Court answered this question in the affirmative. Four days after issuing its decision in Recuenco, the United States Supreme Court vacated this Court's decision in Speight and remanded the case to this Court for further consideration in light of Recuenco. Speight, 548 U.S. ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d 983.
After the United States Supreme Court issued Recuenco and Speight, this Court ordered supplemental briefing from the parties "limited to the questions of whether there was error in this case pursuant to Washington v. Recuenco and, if so, whether any error can be found to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." 360 N.C. 570, 570, 635 S.E.2d 900, 901 (2006).
Before considering the merits, we pause to consider recent jurisprudential and legislative developments affecting this state's sentencing procedures. In Apprendi v. New Jersey, the United States Supreme Court held that a twelve-year sentence based on a judicial finding that the defendant committed a hate crime was unconstitutional when the statutory range for the offense was five to ten years. 530 U.S. 466 (2000). The Court explained that "[o]ther than the fact of a prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 490. In 2004, Blakely clarified this rule by holding that "the `statutory maximum' for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." 542 U.S. at 303 (emphasis omitted). Thus, after Blakely, trial judges may not enhance criminal sentences beyond the statutory maximum absent a jury finding of the alleged aggravating factors beyond a reasonable doubt.
In June 2005, the General Assembly amended Chapter 15A of the General Statutes to require the submission of aggravating factors to a jury, which must make its findings using a reasonable doubt standard. See Act to Amend State Law Regarding the Determination of Aggravating Factors in a Criminal Case to Conform with the United States Supreme Court Decision in Blakely v. Washington, ch. 145, 2005 N.C. Sess. Laws 253 (codified at N.C.G.S. §§ 15A-924(a), -1022.1, -1340.14, -1340.16 (2005)) (the Blakely Act).
Mindful of this historical context, we now consider whether the state has carried its burden of proving that the Blakely error which occurred at defendant's second trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In support of his contention that the trial court's failure to submit the aggravating factor in N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d)(12) to the jury was not harmless, defendant makes two arguments. Defendant first argues that the Blakely error which occurred at his second trial was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the trial court allegedly lacked a procedural mechanism by which to submit the challenged aggravating factor to the jury. In support of his contention, defendant cites the following sentence from Recuenco:
If respondent is correct that [state] law does not provide for a procedure by which his jury could have made a finding pertaining to [the aggravating factor at issue], that merely suggests that respondent will be able to demonstrate that the Blakely violation in this particular case was not harmless.
Recuenco, 548 U.S. at ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d at 474 (emphasis omitted).
As an initial matter, defendant does not demonstrate why the absence of a statutory mechanism to submit aggravating factors to the jury complicates our task in applying federal harmless error analysis under Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 9 (1999) (holding that the prosecution's failure to submit an element of offense to the jury was harmless error when evidence establishing the element was "overwhelming" and "uncontroverted" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Perhaps defendant's omission stems from the fact that it logically makes no difference whether the trial judge could submit the issue to the jury, because in every instance of Blakely error, the judge did not properly do so. Recuenco itself emphasizes this point in the sentence immediately following the language on which defendant so heavily relies: "Blakely error . . . is of the same nature, whether it involves a fact that state law permits to be submitted to the jury or not . . . ." Recuenco, 548 U.S. at ___, 165 L. Ed. 2d at 474. In other words, as a practical matter, it is the same Blakely error to which a defendant is subjected, regardless of whether a statutory procedure exists. There is no meaningful difference between having a procedural mechanism and not using it, and not having a procedural mechanism at all. In either event, whether the absence of a procedural mechanism is Blakely error in the first place is wholly separate from our duty to weigh the evidence supporting the aggravating factor and determine whether the evidence was so "overwhelming" and "uncontroverted" as to render any error harmless, see Neder, 527 U.S. at 9 (internal quotation marks omitted). Defendant offers no compelling argument to connect the two, and we do not believe that the Court in Recuenco intended - through a single sentence of dicta - to fundamentally transform otherwise harmless error into reversible error.
Moreover, even assuming this language in Recuenco was intended to limit the scope of federal harmless error analysis, it is of no practical consequence, as North Carolina law independently permits the submission of aggravating factors to a jury using a special verdict. A special verdict is a common law procedural device by which the jury may answer specific questions posed by the trial judge that are separate and distinct from the general verdict. See Walker v. N.M. & S. Pac. R.R. Co., 165 U.S. 593, 594-95 (1897) (recognizing the use of special verdicts at common law); see also Suja A. Thomas, The Seventh Amendment, Modern Procedure, and the English Common Law, 82 Wash. U. L.Q. 687, 732-35 (2004) (describing various permutations of special verdicts). Despite the fact that the General Statutes do not specifically authorize the use of special verdicts in criminal trials, it is well-settled under our common law that "`special verdicts are permissible in criminal cases.'" State v. Underwood, 283 N.C. 154, 163, 195 S.E.2d 489, 494 (1973) (quoting State v. Straughn, 197 N.C. 691, 692, 150 S.E. 330, 330 (1929)); see also, e.g., State v. Rick, 342 N.C. 91, 101, 463 S.E.2d 182, 187 (1995); State v. Batdorf, 293 N.C. 486, 494, 238 S.E.2d 497, 503 (1977); State v. Allen, 166 N.C. 242, 243, 166 N.C. 265, 266-67, 80 S.E. 1075, 1075-76 (1914); State v. Holt, 90 N.C. 749 passim (1884); State v. Watts, 32 N.C. 266, 268, 10 Ired. 369, 372 (1849).
Special verdicts, however, are subject to certain limitations. After the United States Supreme Court decision in United States v. Gaudin, a special verdict in a criminal case must not be a "true" special verdict - one by which the jury only makes findings on the factual components of the essential elements alone - as this practice violates a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial. 515 U.S. 506, 511-15 (1995); Kate H. Nepveu, Beyond "Guilty" or "Not Guilty": Giving Special Verdicts in Criminal Jury Trials, 21 Yale L. & Pol'y Rev. 263, 263 (2003) [hereinafter Nepveu]; cf. N.C. R. Civ. P. 49(a) (allowing a "true" special verdict in civil cases, defining it as "that by which the jury finds the facts only."). Thus, trial courts using special verdicts in criminal cases must require juries to apply law to the facts they find, in some cases "straddl[ing] the line between facts and law" as a "mini-verdict" of sorts. See Nepveu at 276 (noting the "most common and widely recognized" use of "special verdicts that combine facts and law" is in RICO and continuing criminal enterprise prosecutions).
Furthermore, requests for criminal special verdicts must require the jury to arrive at its decision using a "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard, since a lesser standard such as "preponderance of the evidence" would violate a defendant's right to a jury trial. See Blakely, 542 U.S. at 301. Aside from these limitations, however, we are aware of no limits on our trial courts' broad discretion to utilize special verdicts in criminal cases when appropriate. See generally 75B Am. Jur. 2d Trial § 1842 (1992 & Supp. 2006) ("A trial court has discretion in framing a special verdict, which will not be disturbed if the material issues of fact in the case are addressed.").
It is difficult to imagine a more appropriate set of circumstances for the use of a special verdict than those existing in the instant case, in which a special verdict in compliance with the above limitations would have safeguarded defendant's right to a jury trial under Blakely. Indeed, our precedent reflects this sentiment, as do decisions from other jurisdictions. Following Apprendi's holding that any fact increasing the statutory maximum sentence must be submitted to the jury and found beyond a reasonable doubt, 530 U.S. at 490, we held in State v. Lucas that N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16A needed reinterpretation because it permitted trial judges to unilaterally enhance a defendant's sentence for firearm use. 353 N.C. 568, 597-98, 548 S.E.2d 712, 731-32 (2001). Notwithstanding the lack of express statutory authority for a jury to find facts supporting the firearm enhancement, this Court held that trial courts had the authority to submit the issue to the jury so that it could deliver a verdict beyond a reasonable doubt as to the firearm enhancement. Id. Though we did not specifically refer to such a procedural mechanism as a "special verdict," we described the procedure as follows: "If the jury returns a guilty verdict that includes these factors, the trial judge shall make the finding set out in the statute and impose an enhanced sentence." Id. at 598, 548 S.E.2d at 731.
Lucas illustrates the propriety of the special verdict as a procedural mechanism by which a criminal defendant's right to trial by jury may be scrupulously protected. Not surprisingly, other courts have reached similar conclusions. See, e.g., United States v. Flaharty, 295 F.3d 182, 196 (2d Cir.) (holding that a special verdict and proper jury instructions made any Apprendi error in the indictment harmless), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 936 (2002); United States v. Trennell, 290 F.3d 881, 890 (7th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1014 (2002); United States v. Borders, 270 F.3d 1180, 1184-85 (8th Cir. 2001) (observing that use of a special verdict contributed to Apprendi requirements being satisfied); State v. Watson, 346 N.J. Super. 521, 534, 788 A.2d 812, 820 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 2002) ("However, until [Apprendi's application to the Graves Act, which provides for mandatory parole ineligibility for firearms use, is determined], we urge trial judges to try Graves Act cases as if [the jury was required to find the factors relating to the parole disqualifier]. In other words, if use or possession of a firearm is not an element of the offense, a special verdict should be presented to the jury on that issue . . . ."), cert. denied, 176 N.J. 278, 822 A.2d 608 (2003); cf. United States v. Strickland, 245 F.3d 368, 376 (4th Cir.) (holding that failure to request special interrogatories on drug quantity limits review to plain error), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 894, 930 (2001); United States v. Swatzie, 228 F.3d 1278, 1281 (11th Cir. 2000) (same), cert. denied, 533 U.S. 953 (2001); Keels v. United States, 785 A.2d 672, 686 n.10 (D.C. 2001) (noting that "[i]n some instances, [Apprendi] may cause the trial judge to utilize special interrogatories or a special verdict form"); Poole v. State, 846 So. 2d 370, 388 (Ala. Crim. App. 2001) (per curiam) ("To comply with . . . Apprendi, the trial court should submit [a special verdict] . . . that addresses whether the sale [of drugs] occurred within a three-mile radius of a school and/or a housing project."). See generally Nepveu at 264 (noting that special verdicts are frequently used to find aggravating factors). Given that Apprendi and Blakely both implicate the right of a defendant to a trial by jury, these decisions from other courts reinforce that special verdicts are a widely accepted method of preventing Blakely error.
Accordingly, prior to the Blakely Act, special verdicts were the appropriate procedural mechanism under state law to submit aggravating factors to a jury. Significantly, defendant fails to submit any compelling reason why the use of a special verdict to submit aggravating factors to the jury at his trial would have resulted in prejudice, and our research reveals none. See generally David A. Lombardero, Do Special Verdicts Improve the Structure of Jury Decision-Making?, 36 Jurimetrics J. 275, 277 (1996) ("The predominant view seems to be that special verdicts benefit the defendant . . . ."). The trial court possessed the authority to submit the aggravating factor in N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d)(12) to the jury using a special verdict in compliance with the aforementioned constitutional limitations. Defendant's argument is therefore without merit.
Next, we undertake our duty under Recuenco to determine whether the trial court's failure to submit the challenged aggravating factor to the jury in the present case was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. In conducting harmless error review, we must determine from the record whether the evidence against the defendant was so "overwhelming" and "uncontroverted" that any rational fact-finder would have found the disputed aggravating factor beyond a reasonable doubt. Neder, 527 U.S. at 9 (internal quotation marks omitted); see N.C.G.S. § 15A-1443(b) (2005); State v. Heard, 285 N.C. 167, 172, 203 S.E.2d 826, 829 (1974) ("[B]efore a court can find a Constitutional error to be harmless it must be able to declare a belief that such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt."). For evidence of an aggravating factor to be deemed "uncontroverted," it is not enough that defendant merely raised an objection at trial. See, e.g., Neder, 527 U.S. at 19. Instead, the defendant must "bring forth facts contesting the omitted element," and must have "raised evidence sufficient to support a contrary finding." Id.
In the instant case, the aggravating factor at issue was the statutory (d)(12) aggravator: "defendant committed the offense while on pretrial release on another charge." N.C.G.S. § 15A-1340.16(d)(12) (2005). Defendant has never disputed, at trial or on appeal, that he was on pretrial release when he committed the present crimes. The evidence presented at defendant's second trial, showing that he committed the underlying crime while on pretrial release, was both uncontroverted and overwhelming. Former State Trooper S.D. Davis testified that he arrested defendant on 4 May 1996 in Pender County and charged him with driving while impaired (DWI) and driving while license revoked. On direct examination, the District Attorney elicited the following testimony from Trooper Davis:
Q Looking on the front of the citation. Do you see a judgment in the area designated for judgment?
A No, I do not.
Q And that's with respect to the driving while impaired charge, isn't it?
A Yes.
Q With respect to the driving while license revoked charge, do you see a judgment?
A No, I do not.
Q If there is no judgment would it then have been pending at the time of February 27 of 1997?
A Yes, sir.
The citation completed by Trooper Davis was admitted into evidence. It is readily apparent from Trooper Davis's testimony and the physical evidence of the citation itself that defendant's charges for DWI and driving while license revoked were pending at the time of the fatal collision that gave rise to the instant charges. Defendant failed to object to the colloquy set out above and failed to present any evidence or argument to rebut Trooper Davis's testimony that defendant was on pretrial release at the time he committed the present offenses. In fact, defendant did not even object to the following statement by the District Attorney during sentencing:
With respect to this single aggravating factor, the defendant committed the offense while on pretrial release for another charge, that being another DWI in Pender County as described by Trooper Davis, if the Court looks at this defendant's history, that's a pretty typical pattern over the last twenty-five years that this defendant has been involved with driving offenses and other violations.
At no point during sentencing did defendant object to the District Attorney's assertion that defendant was on pretrial release at the time of the instant crimes. Nor did defendant present any contrary evidence or argue that the (d)(12) aggravator should not be found or that it lacked aggravating value. Indeed, defendant's only arguments at sentencing related to the presence of various statutory and nonstatutory mitigating factors, all of which the trial court found to exist.
Taken together, Trooper Davis's testimony, the 4 May 1996 citation, defendant's failure to object, and defendant's failure to present any arguments or evidence contesting the sole aggravating factor constitute uncontroverted and overwhelming evidence that defendant committed the present crimes while on pretrial release for another offense. There can be no serious question that if the instant case were remanded to the trial court for a jury determination of the sole aggravating factor presented, the state would offer identical evidence in support of that aggravator in the form of official state documents and the testimony of state record-keepers. Accordingly, the Blakely error which occurred at defendant's second trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Having completed our review of the federal constitutional question arising from defendant's second trial, we now consider defendant's argument that the trial court's failure to submit an aggravated sentencing factor to the jury is reversible per se under Article I, Section 24 of the State Constitution. Defendant alleges the State Constitution provides additional protection to criminal defendants above and beyond Recuenco, and therefore, Blakely-type error is reversible per se under state law.
Defendant's argument overlooks, however, that aggravating factors are not, and have never been, elements of a "crime" for purposes of Article I, Section 24 analysis. This section of the State Constitution provides: "No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the unanimous verdict of a jury in open court." N.C. Const. art. I, § 24. This Court has held that the finding of aggravating factors by a trial judge instead of a jury does not implicate, and is permissible under, Article I, Section 24 of the State Constitution. E.g., State v. Denning, 316 N.C. 523, 524, 342 S.E.2d 855, 856 (1986) ("We hold that because the factors before the trial judge in determining sentencing are not elements of the offense, their consideration for purposes of sentencing is a function of the judge and therefore not susceptible to constitutional challenge based upon . . . article I, section 24 of the North Carolina Constitution."); State v. Williams, 295 N.C. 655, 670, 249 S.E.2d 709, 719-20 (1978) ("That the judge rather than the jury makes the crucial factual determinations upon which the ultimate sentence is based does not contravene [the State Constitution]. . . ."), superseded by statute on other grounds, State v. Jerrett, 309 N.C. 239, 307 S.E.2d 339 (1983). Therefore, because a trial judge's determination of aggravating factors does not violate Article I, Section 24, we do not reach the question of whether harmless error or structural error would apply under this provision of the State Constitution.
In so holding, we acknowledge our duty to fully vindicate defendant's rights under Blakely, see De Canas v. Bica, 424 U.S. 351, 357-58 n.5 (1976) (observing that, under the Supremacy Clause, state law is preempted only to the extent necessary to effectuate federal law), and to apply the federal rule that aggravating factors are to be treated as elements of the underlying substantive offense for purposes of the Sixth Amendment. Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303-04. Having done so, we observe that defendant now seeks greater protection under the State Constitution than what is provided by the Sixth Amendment as interpreted in Blakely. In resolving defendant's argument under the State Constitution, we decline to superimpose Blakely's definition of aggravator upon the well recognized definition of "crime" under Article I, Section 24 of the State Constitution. See City of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc., 455 U.S. 283, 293 (1982) ("[A] state court is entirely free to read its own State's constitution more broadly than this Court reads the Federal Constitution, or to reject the mode of analysis used by this Court in favor of a different analysis of its corresponding constitutional guarantee." (emphasis added)); State v. McClendon, 350 N.C. 630, 635, 517 S.E.2d 128, 132 (1999) ("`Whether rights guaranteed by the Constitution of North Carolina have been provided and the proper tests to be used in resolving such issues are questions which can only be answered with finality by this Court.'" (quoting State v. Arrington, 311 N.C. 633, 643, 319 S.E.2d 254, 260 (1984))). Accordingly, defendant's claim is without merit.
In summary, the Blakely error which occurred at defendant's second trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Moreover, the trial court's finding of an aggravating factor did not violate Article I, Section 24 of the State Constitution. To the extent the Court of Appeals ordered remand of defendant's case for resentencing, it is reversed. The Court of Appeals opinion, as affirmed at 359 N.C. 814, 618 S.E.2d 213, remains undisturbed in all other respects. The stay entered by this Court on 6 September 2005 is dissolved.
AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN PART.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the notice of appeal from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by the Defendant on the 22nd day of December 2003 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30, and the motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of substantial constitutional question filed by the Attorney General, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the motion to dismiss the appeal is
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 22nd day of December 2003 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 19th day of April 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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0.012522678822278976
] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 22nd day of April 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the notice of appeal from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by the Defendant on the 14th day of January 2004 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30, and the motion to dismiss the appeal for lack of substantial constitutional question filed by the Attorney General, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the motion to dismiss the appeal is
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 14th day of January 2004 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 28th day of January 2004 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 12th day of January 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Cumberland County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 29th day of March 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the Orders of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the notice of appeal from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by Defendant on the 23rd day of March 2004 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30 (substantial constitutional question), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the notice of appeal is
"Dismissed ex mero motu by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 6th day of January 2004 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 6th day of April 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 26th day of March 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the Order of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 31st day of March 2004 by Plaintiff in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004.
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 31st day of December 2003 by Plaintiffs in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of May 2004."
|
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] |
PER CURIAM.
For the reasons stated in Judge Levinson's concurring opinion, the decision of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Justice NEWBY did not participate in the consideration or decision of this case.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 7th day of June 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Durham County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of October 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 17th day of September 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of October 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 23rd day of July 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Wake County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 6th day of October 2004."
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
Defendant Jerome Allen Floyd appeals from judgment entered upon his conviction by a jury of robbery with a dangerous weapon. At trial the prosecuting witness, Richard Lee Hester ("Mr. Hester"), testified as follows: On the evening of 19 August 2001, Mr. Hester was walking to a friend's house when he noticed defendant leaning against a car. Defendant called out to Mr. Hester and asked Mr. Hester if he needed anything. Mr. Hester said he did not need anything and kept walking. Mr. Hester then heard someone approaching behind him. The person grabbed Mr. Hester's belt and placed a gun to Mr. Hester's head. Mr. Hester was then ordered to lie down and the person hit Mr. Hester on the side of his head with the gun, causing the gun to fire and leaving a largegash on Mr. Hester's head. The assailant then reached into Mr. Hester's pocket and pulled out thirty-eight dollars and a ring. Mr. Hester was then allowed to stand up. After standing up, Mr. Hester was able to see the assailant and identified him as defendant.
Defendant presented evidence indicating that he was having his hair braided during the time of the robbery. The jury returned a verdict of guilty of robbery with a dangerous weapon. Defendant was sentenced to a term of 120 to 153 months in the custody of the North Carolina Department of Correction. Defendant appeals.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by failing to allow defendant to present evidence of Mr. Hester's drug use. At trial defense witness Lena McIntyre ("Ms. McIntyre") testified that she was braiding defendant's hair during the time of the alleged robbery. She also testified that she knew Mr. Hester. Defense counsel then asked Ms. McIntyre if she had ever seen Mr. Hester use drugs. The trial court sustained the State's objection to this question. Defendant argues that this question was a permissible attempt to attack Mr. Hester's credibility and cites State v. Williams, 330 N.C. 711, 412 S.E.2d 359 (1992), as support for this argument. In Williams the Court granted the defendant a new trial, holding that the trial court erred by not allowing the defendant to cross-examine the key prosecuting witness about his suicide attempts, psychiatric history, and drug habit. Id. at 724, 412 S.E.2d at 367. The Court concluded that this evidence wasadmissible under North Carolina Rule of Evidence 611(b) which states:
(b) Scope of cross-examination. - A witness may be cross-examined on any matter relevant to any issue in the case, including credibility.
N.C. Gen. Stat. . 8C-1, Rule 611(b)(2003). The Williams Court explained how the disputed evidence was relevant to credibility as follows:
While specific instances of drug use or mental instability are not directly probative of truthfulness, they may bear upon credibility in other ways, such as to cast doubt upon the capacity of a witness to observe, recollect, and recount, and if so they are properly the subject not only of cross-examination but of extrinsic evidence . . . .
Id. at 719, 412 S.E.2d at 364 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Because the Court referred to instances of drug use as admissible as extrinsic evidence, defendant argues that Ms. McIntyre should have been allowed to testify concerning Mr. Hester's alleged drug use. We disagree.
In Williams, the contested evidence was proffered during cross-examination of the principal prosecuting witness William Carroll. Carroll was also charged with the death of the victim but had agreed to testify for the State. The defendant wanted to cross-examine Carroll concerning Carroll's two suicide attempts, psychiatric treatment, and history of chronic marijuana and cocaine abuse, in order to cast doubt on Carroll's credibility. The Court, in holding that this cross-examination should be allowed, emphasized that "[a]ll the North Carolina cases [allowing a similarform of impeachment] involved cross-examination of key State witnesses." Id. at 723, 412 S.E.2d at 366. As Rule 611(b) specifically refers to cross-examination as the appropriate manner to question the credibility of a witness under that rule and the facts and holding of Williams involve cross-examination, we decline to hold that the trial court erred by not allowing this evidence to be admitted under Rule 611(b) during the defendant's case-in-chief.
Nor would Rule 608(b) allow admission of the testimony because that rule also limits this type of impeachment to cross-examination of witnesses. N.C. Gen. Stat. . 8C-1, Rule 608(b)(2003). Because the evidence at issue is not admissible to impeach under Rule 611(b) or Rule 608(b), our final inquiry is whether the evidence is relevant so as to be admitted as extrinsic evidence. See N.C. Gen. Stat. . 8C-1, Rule 402 (2003)("All relevant evidence is admissible . . . ."). At best the excluded testimony would show that Mr. Hester had at some time in the past used drugs. We conclude that this evidence is not relevant to any issue at trial. Accordingly, the trial court properly sustained the objection to defense counsel's question. This assignment of error is overruled.
Defendant's next argument asserts that the trial court erred when it sustained the prosecutor's objection to a question by defense counsel before the entire question was stated. Defendant asserts that this interruption violated defendant's constitutional right to cross-examine adverse witnesses and could have prevented the admission of evidence crucial to the defense. Defendant did not preserve these arguments by an objection at trial. Althoughthe relevant assignment of error alleges plain error, defendant's appellate brief does not contend that the trial court's sustaining of the State's objection and the result that the sought evidence was not admitted constituted plain error. Accordingly, defendant waived appellate review of this alleged error. State v. Nobles, 350 N.C. 483, 514-15, 515 S.E.2d 885, 904 (1999). This assignment of error is dismissed.
Defendant's final argument is that the trial court committed plain error by allowing the prosecutor to question defendant about defendant's convictions for second-degree trespass. "In meeting the heavy burden of plain error analysis, a defendant must convince this Court, with support from the record, that the claimed error is so fundamental, so basic, so prejudicial, or so lacking in its elements that absent the error the jury probably would have reached a different verdict." State v. Cummings, 352 N.C. 600, 636, 536 S.E.2d 36, 61 (2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 997, 149 L. Ed. 2d 641 (2001). While it was error for these convictions to be admitted, we are unconvinced that this error rises to the level of plain error. In State v. Hensley, 77 N.C. App. 192, 334 S.E.2d 783 (1985), disc. review denied, 315 N.C. 393, 338 S.E.2d 882 (1986), this Court held that admitting a thirteen-year-old conviction was error but did not rise to the level of plain error because the State had properly impeached the defendant with evidence of seven other convictions. Id. at 196-97, 334 S.E.2d at 785. In the instant case, defendant was properly impeached with evidence of several more serious crimes. Accordingly, we conclude that theerrant admission of the misdemeanor convictions was not so fundamental as to deny defendant a fair trial or cause a change in the verdict. This assignment of error is overruled.
No error.
Judges GEER and LEVINSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
McCULLOUGH, Judge.
Defendants Roney Smith and Bernetha Bullock Smith appeal an order granting summary judgment for plaintiff Lestep, Inc., in this breach of contract action. The forecast of evidence tended to show that plaintiff is a real estate company in Durham, North Carolina. On 3 April 2000, Dorothy Uzzell requested plaintiff's services in attempting to locate and purchase a home. Uzzell and plaintiff entered into a contract in which plaintiff agreed to act as Uzzell's agent. Uzzell had been a tenant of defendants and was renting the property at 1000 Davinci Street in Durham, North Carolina. Previously, Uzzell had attempted to buy the property on Davinci Street from defendants. However, the sale never occurred. Subsequently, plaintiff assisted Uzzell in looking for houses and in qualifying for a loan.
In May of 2000, plaintiff contacted defendants and asked if they would reconsider selling the home to Uzzell. Defendants indicated that Uzzell was about to be evicted as their objective was to sell the house, not be landlords. On 15 May 2000, defendants agreed to enter into a contract in which Uzzell would be allowed to purchase the home. Also, plaintiff and defendants entered into a written agreement in which plaintiff was recognized as the buyer's [Uzzell's] agent. In that agreement, defendants were obligated to pay plaintiff a six percent (6%) commission at closing in exchange for plaintiff's performance as the procuring cause of the sale of the property to the buyer.
After executing this agreement, plaintiff carried out a number of tasks, including drafting documents, in preparation for the sale. These documents included: an Offer to Purchase and Contract, a Residential Property Disclosure Statement, a Lead-Based Paint Addendum, an FHA/VA Financing Addendum, and a Seller Financing Addendum. Plaintiff also assisted Uzzell in preparing loan applications and provided advice and consultation throughout the process. On 15 August 2000, defendants gave plaintiff a Termination of Contract and Release form. After receiving this form, plaintiff released the $500.00 earnest money. However, plaintiff learned that on that same day, Uzzell purchased the home on Davinci Street from defendants. At closing, defendants and Uzzell used the paperwork plaintiff prepared.
Plaintiff sued for breach of contract in May of 2002. The trial court entered an order granting plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, and the court ordered defendants to pay $4,200.00 to plaintiff. Defendants appeal.
On appeal, defendants argue that (1) plaintiff was not entitled to a commission because it is not a licensed mortgage broker, and (2) there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether plaintiff's performance was a procuring cause of the sale of the property. We disagree and affirm the decision of the trial court.
I. Standard of Review
The standard of review on appeal from a summary judgment ruling is whether the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and a party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Moore v. Coachmen Industries, Inc., 129 N.C. App. 389, 393-94, 499 S.E.2d 772, 775 (1998). We turn to consider defendants' arguments on appeal.
II. Licensed Mortgage Broker
Defendants argue that plaintiff is not entitled to a commission because it is not a licensed mortgage broker. This argument misstates what is at issue in this case. Whether plaintiff is a mortgage broker is of no consequence. Instead, we must determine whether Lestep, a real estate broker, is entitled to a brokerage fee.
"A real estate broker earns a brokerage fee in a sales transaction (i.e., a `sales commission') when he or she accomplishes what the agency contract (listing contract or buyer agency contract) between the broker and the principal (seller or buyer) calls for as performance by the broker." See Patrick K. Hetrick et al., North Carolina Real Estate Manual at 274 (2004-2005 ed.) (hereinafter North Carolina Real Estate Manual). Since the determination of whether plaintiff is a licensed mortgage broker has no bearing on the outcome of this case, this assignment of error is overruled. We turn to consider whether plaintiff is entitled to a commission as a result of performing under the terms of the contract.
III. Summary Judgment
Defendants argue that the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to plaintiff because there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether plaintiff's performance was the procuring cause of the sale of the property to the buyer. We disagree.
The key language at issue in this case appears in the "BUYER AGENT'S CONFIRMATION OF AGENCY RELATIONSHIP AND OFFER OF COMPENSATION." This document contains the following fee arrangement: (a) Listing Agent (or Seller, if the property is not listed) hereby confirms that its offer of compensation to Buyer Agent regarding any sale of the Property to Buyer shall be as follows: 6% of selling price to be paid at closing. This offer of compensation is unconditional except that Buyer Agent's entitlement to such compensation is determined by Buyer Agent's performance as the procuring cause of any sale of the Property to Buyer. Payment of said fee to Buyer Agent shall not create any agency or subagency relationship between Buyer Agent and either Seller or Listing Agent.
In this case, the property was not listed, so there was no listing agent. Instead, it is the sellers, Roney Smith and Bernetha Smith, who made the offer of compensation to Lestep, Inc., the firm that the contract identified as the Buyer's Agent. According to the terms of the agreement, Lestep, Inc., is entitled to the fee as long as its performance was the procuring cause of the sale of the property to the buyer.
Before analyzing whether plaintiff's performance was a procuring cause, we note that the use of buyer agency contracts is a developing area of North Carolina real estate law:
While they were once extremely rare, use of buyer's agents and therefore buyer agency contracts is now a common method of brokerage. In spite of this, there is no developed body of North Carolina case law specifically dealing with the right of a buyer's broker to compensation in a sales transaction.
Id. at 281. Although our courts have not had the opportunity to consider this issue with great frequency, this case may be resolved by examining the unambiguous terms of the contract. As we havestated, the resolution of this issue hinges on whether plaintiff's actions were a procuring cause of the sale.
Generally, a "procuring cause" is "[a] legal term referring to that cause which originates a series of events that lead directly to the accomplishment of a goal." Id. at 742. We have also considered what constitutes a procuring cause in a case in which a real estate salesman and a realty firm brought action to recover a share of the brokerage fee. Beckham v. Klein, 59 N.C. App. 52, 295 S.E.2d 504 (1982). There, the Court stated that "[f]or a broker to be the `procuring cause', the sale must be the direct and proximate result of his efforts or services." Id. at 57, 295 S.E.2d at 507.
In the present case, it is undisputed that defendants did not have a buyer for their home until plaintiff intervened on behalf of Uzzell. It is also undeniable that the parties entered into a contract and that plaintiff provided a number of services to facilitate the sale of the property. Plaintiff drafted documents, prepared loan applications for the buyer, and provided advice and consultation throughout the process. Finally, defendants do notrefute plaintiff's claim that defendants and Uzzell used the documents plaintiff prepared at closing.
Defendants suggest that plaintiff was not the procuring cause of the sale because Uzzell was their tenant, and previously, Uzzell had considered purchasing the home. These contentions are unpersuasive because defendants were aware that Uzzell was their tenant when they signed the "BUYER AGENT'S CONFIRMATION OF AGENCY RELATIONSHIP AND OFFER OF COMPENSATION" and agreed to pay plaintiff a commission of six percent (6%). Moreover, Uzzell was under no obligation to purchase the home before plaintiff became involved in this case.
Under these circumstances, we must conclude that plaintiff's performance was the procuring cause of the sale of the property to the buyer. Accordingly, under the terms of the agreement, plaintiff is entitled to a commission of 6% of the sales price. Since there is no genuine issue of material fact, the trial court's decision to grant summary judgment for plaintiff is
Affirmed.
Judges McGEE and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
We have also defined "procuring cause" when evaluating listing contracts. A "listing contract" is one "in which a property owner contracts with a broker as agent to find a buyer for the owner's property[.]" See North Carolina Real Estate Manual at 734. Generally, a broker is entitled to a commission if he or she locates a buyer that is ready, able, and willing to buy the land upon the terms offered. Resort Realty of the Outer Banks, Inc. v. Brandt, 163 N.C. App. 114, 117, 593 S.E.2d 404, 408, appeal dismissed, disc. review denied, 358 N.C. 236, 595 S.E.2d 154 (2004). The present case does not involve a listing contract.
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] |
LEVINSON, Judge.
Plaintiff (Mary Ellen Brust) appeals from a superior court order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant (Ice Ventures, doing business as the Ice House). We affirm.
On the evening of 8 September 2001, plaintiff was ice skating with her family at defendant's skating rink in Cary, North Carolina. Plaintiff fell while she was skating and suffered a basal skull fracture and permanent disability. Seeking damages for her injury, she brought a negligence action against defendant.
Plaintiff has no recollection of the fall due to her injury, and she has not located anyone who actually witnessed her fall. She was seen skating in the center of the ice with her daughter just prior to the accident. According to members of plaintiff's family present at the rink, a group of teenage boys were engaging in rambunctious behavior in the period of time before the accident. Her husband and son indicated that, after plaintiff fell, a teenage boy was standing nearby and stated several times, "I'm sorry. I'm so sorry." Plaintiff's husband and son offered only a very general description of the teenager, and neither identified the boy as one of the teenagers who had been engaging in horseplay on the ice. Moreover, there is no evidence that anyone witnessed the teenager, or anyone else, collide with plaintiff.
Plaintiff was prepared to offer evidence that there were seventy-five skaters on the ice the night she fell and that defendant had not assigned an employee to be on "ice patrol" to monitor customer safety. Defendant had a policy of tasking an employee with this responsibility when a sufficient number of skaters were on the ice, and had posted an employee on ice patrol when there were as few as thirty to forty patrons skating. Defendant's employee, Ashley Nyborg, testified in a deposition that, when customers congregate in the center of the ice, the employee on ice patrol will instruct them to keep moving. Pursuant to the defendant's written safety rules, "figure skating is allowed only in the middle of the ice." Plaintiff also submitted the affidavit of Steve Bernheim, whom she expected to qualify as an expert witness. In the affidavit, Bernheim stated the following:
10. It is my professional opinion that [defendant] was negligent in not having a rink guard on the ice surface during a public session. This is the standard of care designated by the Ice Skating Institute of America. The employees that were present that sometimes served as rink guards were not sufficiently trained in safety factors, in rink guard operation, nor were they given complete video training and written tests as prescribed by the Ice Skating Institute. None of these procedures was adhered to. [Defendant] further failed to post warnings regarding the rules dealing with horse play on the rink surface and in the rink itself.
11. Based on the testimony of Ashley Nyborg, it appears [defendant] did not adhere to its own safety standards on the night of the accident in that there was no rink guard on duty, and plaintiff was permitted to stay in the center of the ice even though the [defendant's] policy was to keep skaters out of that area during public skating.
12. It has been alleged that numerous youngsters were skating on the ice in and out of various gates on the dasher boards. This is the type of horseplay that could have and should have been stopped by a properly trained rink guard.
Bernheim's affidavit does not offer any evidence concerning whether plaintiff's fall was caused either by the alleged horseplay on the ice or by her skating in the center of the ice.
On 15 July 2003 defendant moved for summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiff failed to produce evidence that it had been negligent or that there was a causal connection between any alleged negligence and plaintiff's injuries. By an order entered 27 October 2003, the trial court granted defendant's motion forsummary judgment and dismissed plaintiff's complaint with prejudice. From this order, plaintiff appeals.
This Court reviews a trial court's grant of summary judgment de novo. Shroyer v. County of Mecklenburg, 154 N.C. App. 163, 167, 571 S.E.2d 849, 851 (2002). Summary judgment is appropriate only "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2003). The party moving for summary judgment bears the burden of establishing that there is no triable issue of material fact. DeWitt v. Eveready Battery Co., 355 N.C. 672, 681, 565 S.E.2d 140, 146 (2002) (citation omitted). "This burden may be met 'by proving that an essential element of the opposing party's claim is non-existent, or by showing through discovery that the opposing party cannot produce evidence to support an essential element of his claim or cannot surmount an affirmative defense which would bar the claim.'" Id. (quoting Collingwood v. General Elec. Equities, Inc., 324 N.C. 63, 66, 376 S.E.2d 425, 427 (1989)). If the moving party satisfies its burden, then the burden shifts to the non-moving party to "'produce a forecast of evidence demonstrating that [it] will be able to make out at least a prima facie case at trial'". Id. (quoting Collingwood, 324 N.C. at 66, 376 S.E.2d at 427). The evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and "[a]ll inferences of fact must be drawn against the movant and in favor of the nonmovant." Roumillat v. Simplistic Enterprises, Inc., 331 N.C. 57, 63, 414 S.E.2d 339, 342 (1992).
Applying these principles in the case at bar, we conclude that defendant satisfied its burden to show that plaintiff's claim lacked an essential element, but that plaintiff did not meet her burden to then forecast evidence establishing a prima facie case of negligence. To establish a prima facie case of negligence, a plaintiff must have evidence that defendant owed her a duty of care, that defendant's conduct breached that duty, that the breach was the actual and proximate cause of plaintiff's injury, and that she suffered damages resulting from the negligently caused injury. See Lamm v. Bissette Realty, 327 N.C. 412, 416, 395 S.E.2d 112, 115 (1990).
Owners and operators of land are under a duty to act with reasonable care towards all lawful visitors. Nelson v. Freeland, 349 N.C. 615, 631-32, 507 S.E.2d 882, 892 (1998). This duty is breached when the landowner does not take reasonable precautions to ascertain the condition of the property and does not either make it reasonably safe or give warnings as may be reasonably necessary to inform a lawful visitor of any foreseeable danger. Lorinovich v. K-Mart Corp., 134 N.C. App. 158, 161-62, 516 S.E.2d 643, 646 (1999). For a defendant to be liable, its negligent conduct must be the actual and proximate cause of damages to the plaintiff. Adams v. Mills, 312 N.C. 181, 192-93, 322 S.E.2d 164, 172 (1984).
In the instant case, the parties apparently agree defendant owed a duty to plaintiff; however, the parties disagree as towhether defendant breached this duty and whether any alleged breach was the actual cause of plaintiff's damages. We need not address the issue of whether defendant was negligent because, even assuming arguendo that plaintiff's evidence establishes duty and breach, the record is bereft of any evidence tending to support a causal nexus between defendant's allegedly negligent conduct and plaintiff's damages. Specifically, there is no evidence tending to show how or why plaintiff fell on the ice or what caused this fall.
Plaintiff asserts that defendant was negligent in failing to post an employee on ice patrol to prevent dangerous behavior on the ice. As evidence that this allegedly negligent conduct caused her damages, plaintiff offered the sworn statements by her husband and son which indicate that a teenage boy was near plaintiff, apologizing, after she fell. However, even if these statements by the teenager were admitted at trial, they do not establish a causal nexus between the defendant's alleged negligence and plaintiff's injury. Indeed, this evidence still leaves to conjecture the question of what happened to cause plaintiff to fall. Stated differently, a jury would have to speculate not only about exactly what the boy was doing immediately before the plaintiff fell, but also about whether the boy, in fact, knocked plaintiff down while engaging in rambunctious behavior. Knowing how the plaintiff fell - and what role, if any, the teenage boy had on her fall - are necessary to establish how the alleged negligence, failure to post an employee on ice patrol, caused the plaintiff's damages. Given the lack of information about how plaintiff fell, the currentrecord is devoid of evidence that supports an inference that a rink guard could have prevented the fall. Accordingly, the statement by the teenage boy does not establish that an act or omission by defendant caused plaintiff's damages.
Plaintiff further asserts that defendant has a policy of discouraging skating in the center of the ice for safety reasons such that defendant was negligent in failing to warn her against skating in the center of the ice. Though there is evidence that plaintiff had skated near the center of the rink prior to the accident, there is no evidence linking defendant's alleged negligence to plaintiff's injuries. As already indicated, the evidence does not indicate how or why plaintiff fell. Specifically, the evidence does not permit an inference that her fall had anything to do with her being near the center of the ice prior to her fall. As such, plaintiff has failed to produce evidence tending to show that her fall was causally related to defendant's alleged negligence in failing to warn her not to skate in the center of the ice.
In her brief, plaintiff also suggests that the opinion by her proffered expert witness, Steve Berheim, raises an issue of fact as to whether defendant's alleged negligence caused her to fall. Bernheim opined that defendant was negligent in failing to post a rink guard and that defendant apparently violated its own safety rules in not warning plaintiff against skating in the center of the ice. Again, however, neither Berheim's affidavit nor any other evidence in the record establishes what in-fact caused plaintiff tofall. As such, Berheim's testimony does not enable plaintiff to survive defendant's motion for summary judgment.
Because plaintiff produced no evidence tending to link defendant's alleged negligence to her fall and the resulting damages, she failed to establish a prima facie case of negligence. The trial court properly entered summary judgment in defendant's favor. This assignment of error is overruled.
Affirmed.
Judges TYSON and BRYANT concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
TYSON, Judge.
Ang Xanonh ("defendant") appeals from judgments entered after a jury found him to be guilty of two counts of first-degree murder and two counts of robbery with a firearm. We hold that any error at trial was non-prejudicial.
I. Background
The State presented evidence to show that in October 1994, Ballard and Maxine Satterfield (collectively, "the victims") were retired and resided on New Hope Road in Raleigh, North Carolina.
Around 4:30 p.m. on 29 October 1994, Bill Satterfield ("Satterfield"), the victims' adult son, visited his parents' house after his father failed to meet him for a scheduled golf game. Satterfield let himself in the back door of his parents' home with a key, walked upstairs, and observed some purses strewn across the bed and some papers on the floor. Satterfield discovered his father's body in the bedroom, covered by a bedspread and with a wound in his temple. Satterfield immediately called 911 and waited in the front yard.
Law enforcement officers responded to the scene and found Mrs. Satterfield lying face down with her hands under her chest in the foyer inside the front door. She was grasping a small red booklet, described as a "personal Bible," in her right hand. City-County Crime Bureau Crime Scene Investigator Herman Colvin ("Investigator Colvin") observed no sign of forced entry. The front door and storm door were closed, but unlocked. The house was neat and orderly, with the exception of one bedroom where a number of pocketbooks and papers were strewn on the bed. The pocketbooks were empty.
Investigator Colvin recovered a .22 caliber shell casing near Mrs. Satterfield's right elbow and a second shell casing from the floor in the bedroom where Mr. Satterfield's body was located. Autopsies showed that the victims both died instantaneously from a single gunshot wound to the head.
Three days later on 1 November 1994, Investigator Colvin found seven small red Bibles, similar to the one found in Mrs. Satterfield's hands, in a drainage ditch near the victims' and defendant's homes. Other similar Bibles were recovered fromseveral neighbors who had turned them into the police department after reading about the murders in the newspaper.
Investigators found fingerprints belonging to J.M. on the door and on a wall in the victims' home. J.M. was fifteen-years-old and lived with his mother and brother, Germaine Miles, directly across the street from the victims' house. The victims had previously complained to their son about the kids across the street playing loud music. Germaine was also identified as a suspect because at one time, his friend Vance Boose, had possessed approximately thirteen of the red Bibles similar to the one found in Mrs. Satterfield's hand.
At trial, J.M. testified that he had pleaded guilty to two counts of second-degree murder and two counts of armed robbery as a result of his involvement in the victims' murders. J.M. and defendant were "best friends." J.M. testified that around 10:00 a.m. on 29 October 1994, defendant visited J.M.'s house and displayed a small, black gun. Defendant stated, "Get up, and let's go, to [the pool hall] or whatever." J.M. got out of his bed and walked outside with defendant. Defendant proceeded to put gloves on his hands as he walked across the street towards the victims' house. Defendant stated, "I need to get something from these people."
Defendant and J.M. walked up the victims' driveway, and defendant rang the doorbell. J.M. stood about four or five feet behind defendant. When Mrs. Satterfield answered the door, defendant handed her a little red Bible he had obtained from J.M.'shouse. After Mrs. Satterfield took the little red Bible, defendant brandished a gun to her head, entered the victims' home, and asked for her husband. J.M. followed defendant into the house and remained about three or four steps inside the victims' home.
J.M. overheard defendant scream "real loud" from upstairs and say, "Wake up, old man." J.M. then heard one gunshot. Defendant ran back downstairs, asked Mrs. Satterfield for the keys, and shot her once in the head. Defendant asked J.M. if he "[saw] anything [he] wanted." J.M. responded, "No," and accompanied defendant up the stairs inside the house. Defendant and J.M. looked through some pocketbooks upstairs. J.M. found approximately twenty dollars, which he kept. Upon defendant's request, J.M. went into the other bedroom to "see if the old man [was] dead." Defendant and J.M. also obtained some money from Mr. Satterfield's wallet, which was located in the room where his body was found. After defendant and J.M. exited the residence, defendant gave J.M. around forty-five to fifty dollars.
Raleigh Police Department Detective Charlie Branch ("Detective Branch") testified regarding his investigation of the victims' murders. During his investigation, he met with J.M. because of fingerprints that matched J.M. were found in the victims' home. While at the police station, Detective Branch escorted J.M. to the restroom. Once inside, J.M. "started crying . . . [and] mentioned that he would tell me who the person was that shot the Satterfields." J.M. wrote the name "Ang" on a sheet of paper and would not say the name aloud as he was "afraid . . . of theconsequences." J.M. further stated he was afraid because he thought the "Suicidal Town Gang" would harm him or his family. J.M. "[h]ung out with some of the guys in the gang," and stated that defendant was a member of that gang. Detective Branch testified that, according to J.M., "to become a gang member, it was nothing to take a life. That was part of their initiation, to take a life."
Other evidence was presented, including testimony by Investigator Colvin that he found six cartridges to a gun in defendant's bedroom. Investigator Colvin also took possession of a loaded . 22 long rifle semi-automatic pistol that defendant's brother had owned in October 1994. Defendant's brother remembered cleaning the gun near the day of the murders and he noticed two bullets were missing. At least two cartridges found in the weapon discovered by Investigator Colvin were identical to those found in defendant's home.
Defendant presented evidence that none of the latent fingerprints collected from the victims' home belonged to him. The jury convicted defendant on all counts. The trial court sentenced defendant to two consecutive life sentences without parole for the first-degree murder convictions and also sentenced him for sixty-nine to ninety-two months for each armed robbery, to be served concurrently with the two life sentences. After this Court granted defendant's motion for writ of certiorari, defendant appeals.
II. Issues
The issues on appeal are whether the trial court erred by: (1) giving an additional instruction on acting in concert after the jury had been instructed and retired to deliberate; (2) admitting photographs depicting young Asian men displaying weapons in a gangster-type style that was seized from defendant's bedroom; and (3) allowing Detective Branch to testify to J.M.'s statement that initiation to the "Suicidal Town Gang" required taking a life.
III. Jury Instructions
A. Acting In Concert
The State did not request and the trial court did not give an instruction on acting in concert as a possible theory of guilt. However, after the jury charge, the State asked why the trial court did not instruct on acting in concert as part of the felony murder charge. Defendant objected and stated, "I would have objected to the acting in concert instruction had it been offered to be presented to the jury." The trial court responded that no such instruction had been given because the State failed to timely request it.
During jury deliberations, the jury presented a question to the court that stated, "If Ange [sic] was found not guilty, what if any changes could be made in [J.M.]'s plea bargain transcript?" After the jury had asked the question but prior to bringing the jury back into the courtroom, the trial court stated to counsel that it would instruct on acting in concert. Although defendant had objected when the State originally requested the instruction after the trial court had instructed the jury, defendant did notrenew or preserve his objection. After bringing the jury back into the courtroom, the trial court responded:
Members of the jury, this is not a question that's before you. We're here trying to find facts to make a determination as to whether or not the defendant is guilty or not guilty of that which he has been charged with. I am unable to answer your question because I do not engage in plea bargaining; this is a matter between the defendant and the State. So I have no answer for you to that charge.
However, in lieu of that question . . . , I'd like to give an additional charge which was requested as soon as we had left the Court earlier, and perhaps this will shed some light and help you in your decision process.
The charge is acting in concert. For a person to be guilty of a crime, it is not necessary that he himself to [sic] do all of the acts necessary to constitute the crime. If two or more persons act together with a common purpose to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon and are actually or actively or constructively present at the time the crimes are committed, each of them is responsible for the acts of the other done in the commission of robbery with a dangerous weapon.
So I charge that if you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about the alleged date, Ang Xanonh, acting either by himself or acting together with [J.M.], had in his possession a firearm and took and carried away property from the person and the presence of the person without his voluntary consent by endangering or threatening the life with the use or threatened use of a firearm, the defendant, knowing that he was not entitled to take the property and intending to deprive that person of its use permanently, it would be your duty to return a verdict of guilty of robbery with a firearm.
Following this instruction and while the jury was still deliberating, the trial court acknowledged that defendant had notconsented to the instruction and that it "want[ed] the record to reflect that [the trial judge] did it on [his] own motion."
Defendant does not argue the instruction on acting in concert was unsupported by the evidence. Defendant argues that by framing the instruction on acting in concert as a direct response to the jury's question about what would happen to J.M. if defendant were acquitted, the trial court directly signaled to the jury that it should convict defendant of the charges against him.
B. Expression of Opinion by Trial Judge
A trial judge is prohibited from expressing an opinion in the presence of the jury regarding any question of fact to be decided by the jury. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1222 (2003). "In evaluating whether a judge's comments cross into the realm of impermissible opinion, a totality of the circumstances test is utilized." State v. Larrimore, 340 N.C. 119, 155, 456 S.E.2d 789, 808 (1995)
Not every ill-advised expression by the trial judge is of such harmful effect as to require a reversal. The objectionable language must be viewed in light of all the facts and circumstances, "and unless it is apparent that such infraction of the rules might reasonably have had a prejudicial effect on the result of the trial, the error will be considered harmless."
State v. Holden, 280 N.C. 426, 430, 185 S.E.2d 889, 892 (1972) (quoting State v. Perry, 231 N.C. 467, 57 S.E.2d 774 (1950); State v. Hoover, 252 N.C. 133, 113 S.E.2d 281 (1960)).
Here, following submission of the jury's question, the trial court clearly informed the jury that their question "is not a question that's before you." The trial court further explained, "Ihave no answer for you to that charge." The trial court also stated, "I'd like to give an additional charge . . . and perhaps this will shed some light and help you in your decision," and subsequently instructed the jury on acting in concert.
Under these facts, we hold the trial court erred in instructing the jury on its own motion after the jury had retired to deliberate and as a direct response to a question from the jury. Defendant has failed to show, under the totality of the circumstances, this improper action expressed an "impermissible opinion" regarding defendant's guilt to warrant a new trial. Larrimore, 340 N.C. at 155, 456 S.E.2d at 808.
IV. Photographs
Defendant argues the trial court improperly admitted into evidence photographs depicting young Asian men bearing weapons in a gangster-type style. Defendant asserts the photographs were irrelevant and were "not linked by any reasonable inference to these crimes." We disagree.
Under the North Carolina Rules of Evidence, "relevant evidence" is defined as, "evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 401 (2003). Relevant evidence is admissible, while "[e]vidence which is not relevant is not admissible." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 402 (2003). "If the proffered evidence has no tendency to prove a fact in issue in the case, the evidence is irrelevant and must beexcluded." State v. Coen, 78 N.C. App. 778, 780-81, 338 S.E.2d 784, 786 (citing State v. Perry, 298 N.C. 502, 259 S.E.2d 496 (1979)), disc. rev. denied, 317 N.C. 709, 347 S.E.2d 444 (1986). "In criminal cases, [e]very circumstance that is calculated to throw any light upon the supposed crime is admissible. The weight of such evidence is for the jury." State v. Parker, 354 N.C. 268, 288, 553 S.E.2d 885, 899 (2001) (quotations omitted), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1114, 153 L. Ed. 2d 162 (2002).
The existence of a motive is, however, a circumstance tending to make it more probable that the person in question did the act, hence evidence of motive is always admissible where the doing of the act is in dispute. . . . Motive may be proved by declarations and other conduct of the person himself, or by evidence of facts which would naturally give rise to a relevant motive and from which such a motive may therefore reasonably be inferred.
1-4 Henry Brandis, Jr. and Kenneth S. Broun, Brandis and Broun on North Carolina Evidence § 110 (5th ed. 2004) (citations omitted).
Detective Branch testified without objection that J.M. had stated that defendant was a member of the "Suicidal Town Gang," which was "out of California and that to take a life was to become - to become a gang member . . . that was part of their initiation." J.M. also testified, without objection, that defendant was a member of the "Suicidal Town Gang." Defendant assigns error to the admission of three photographs seized during a search of the bedroom defendant shared with his brother. The photographs, which were not included in the record on appeal, were described by the prosecutor outside the presence of the jury as depicting young men, mostly Asian or Laotian, displaying weapons in "a very gangster-type style." The trial court admitted the photographs, over defendant's objection, because they had been "authenticated as matters that were found in [defendant's] room, and [the] purpose for allowing it is they were found in the room - in the same room the weapon was in, and that he occupied that room. . . . They were items that were found in that particular room."
The photographs found in defendant's room, along with Detective Branch and J.M.'s testimony regarding defendant's gang activity, could allow the jury to reasonably infer defendant's motive in the murders. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the photographs were relevant.
The trial court may exclude relevant evidence if:
"its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 403 (1992). The decision whether to exclude relevant evidence under Rule 403 "is a matter left to the sound discretion of the trial court." State v. Stager, 329 N.C. 278, 308, 406 S.E.2d 876, 893 (1991).
State v. Collins, 335 N.C. 729, 734-35, 440 S.E.2d 559, 562 (1994). Defendant asserts the trial court abused its discretion because the photographs were "highly inflammatory and likely to cause the jury to presume guilt on an improper basis." Defendant argues, "the evidence was certain to predispose the jurors to believe that defendant was like the people depicted in the photographs, that he was or wanted to be a member of a gang, and that a gang member was more likely to commit a murder than someone who was not involvedwith gangs." Defendant concedes the State presented evidence that defendant's brother was a member of the "Suicidal Town Gang," and that defendant and J.M. engaged in activities with members of the gang. This evidence was presented and received without objection by defendant.
Defendant failed to include the photographs in the record on appeal. His argument that the photographs were unfairly prejudicial is without merit considering the other evidence and testimony presented by the State and received without any objection by defendant. Defendant has failed to show the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the photographs into evidence. This assignment of error is overruled.
V. Hearsay Evidence
Defendant contends the trial court committed plain error by allowing Detective Branch to testify regarding statements made to him by J.M. We disagree.
Detective Branch testified, without objection, that during his investigation, J.M. told him, " there were quite a few of the gang members and they were out of California and that to take a life was to become - to become a gang member, it was nothing to take a life. That was part of their initiation, to take a life." J.M. also testified at trial. He was cross-examined regarding the violent nature of the "Suicidal Town Gang" and acknowledged that a prospective gang member had to be "beat in." Under the North Carolina Rules of Evidence, hearsay statements are inadmissibleunless the statement is permitted by statute. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 802 (2003).
"Hearsay" is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." N.C.G.S. § 8C-1, Rule 801(c) (1999). "[W]henever an extrajudicial statement is offered for a purpose other than proving the truth of the matter asserted, it is not hearsay." State v. Maynard, 311 N.C. 1, 15-16, 316 S.E.2d 197, 205, cert. denied, 469 U.S. 963, 83 L. Ed. 2d 299 (1984).
State v. Braxton, 352 N.C. 158, 190, 531 S.E.2d 428, 447 (2000), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1130, 148 L. Ed. 2d 797 (2001).
We agree with defendant's argument that the State offered this testimony to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Detective Branch's testimony neither corroborated J.M.'s testimony nor falls under any recognized exception within the North Carolina Rules of Evidence.
Defendant, however, failed to object to Detective Branch's testimony at trial. Based on his failure to object, we apply a plain error analysis to determine whether defendant is entitled to a new trial.
[T]he plain error rule . . . is always to be applied cautiously and only in the exceptional case where, after reviewing the entire record, it can be said the claimed error is a fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done, or where [the error] is grave error which amounts to a denial of a fundamental right of the accused, or the error has resulted in a miscarriage of justice or in the denial to appellant of a fair trial or where the error is such as to seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings orwhere it can be fairly said the instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury's finding that the defendant was guilty.
State v. Lemons, 352 N.C. 87, 96-97, 530 S.E.2d 542, 548 (2000) (alteration in original) (citations and quotations omitted), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 1091, 148 L. Ed. 2d 698 (2001). "Before deciding that an error by the trial court amounts to 'plain error,' the appellate court must be convinced that absent the error the jury probably would have reached a different verdict." State v. Harrison, 328 N.C. 678, 685, 403 S.E.2d 301, 306 (1991) (citation omitted).
Defendant has failed to prove this statement prejudiced his trial. J.M. accompanied defendant when he committed the murders and testified to the events surrounding the victims' deaths. Detective Branch corroborated J.M.'s testimony. Excluding Detective Branch's testimony that initiation into the "Suicidal Town Gang" required "taking a life," the State presented other overwhelming evidence of defendant's guilt. We are not convinced that but for the trial court's error in admitting this portion of Detective Branch's testimony, the jury would have reached a different verdict. Id.
VI. Conclusion
The trial court did not express an "impermissible opinion" by giving the additional jury instruction on acting in concert after the jury had retired to deliberate. Larrimore, 340 N.C. at 155, 456 S.E.2d at 808. Defendant failed to renew his objection to the acting in concert instruction. The trial court did not err byadmitting the photographs found in defendant's bedroom. The trial court erred in admitting hearsay statements during Detective Branch's testimony. J.M. testified and was cross-examined by defendant's counsel. The trial court's error does not constitute plain error and does not warrant a new trial. Defendant received a fair trial free from prejudicial error.
No Prejudicial Error.
Judges CALABRIA and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
THORNBURG, Judge.
Defendant was indicted on one charge of felony larceny and one charge of felony possession of stolen goods. A jury found defendant guilty of both charges. Defendant was sentenced on the felony larceny charge and judgment was arrested on the possession charge. Defendant appeals.
On the morning of 30 May 2001, John Lopienski returned home from work to find that his Honda 250X four-wheeler was missing from his carport. Lopienski looked though the woods at the back of his home and then called his son at Asheboro High School to inquire if his son had left it elsewhere or loaned it to someone. Upon learning that his son did not know where the four-wheeler was,Lopienski drove to the Randolph County Sheriff's Department to report the four-wheeler as missing.
Lopienski's four-wheeler was very distinct in appearance, with several after-market items on it. In describing the four-wheeler, Lopienski stated:
The fenders have been cut in the front, the nurf bars have been added to the side, that's where the four-wheeler wheels are going in there. The front bumper is a BG brand front bumper. That was added. The pipe, that was added. That's a BG pipe. It's an after-market seat which has the little flame on it. And the stickers that are on it, the big 250X, that's an after-market thing that's been added to it. The handlebars, the pad and the grips, that's after-market, and that's been added to it also. Also the frame was painted purple. That's a cosmetic thing. And of course the racing numbers were added to it also.
Lopienski also stated that his four-wheeler had a large "5" on the front. Further, the vehicle had a kill-switch on it that required a plastic key to be inserted into the switch before the vehicle would start. The key was kept inside the Lopienski home and was not stolen. The four-wheeler was recovered several months later and was returned to Lopienski, but the vehicle's kill-switch mechanism had been removed.
Also on 31 May 2001, Officer Terry Green of the Asheboro Police Department was patrolling on Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive in Asheboro at about 4:00 p.m. when he saw a blue truck carrying what appeared to be a four-wheeler or three-wheeler. This aroused Green's suspicion because the area was known as a place to take items to sell for drugs. For that reason, Green followed the truck to N.C. Highway 42, where he observed the truck traveling above theposted speed limit. Green activated his emergency equipment and stopped the truck. Defendant was the driver of the truck. The truck also had three other occupants, another man, a woman and a small child.
Green identified the four-wheeler in the back of defendant's truck as appearing to be the same make and type of four-wheeler as Lopienski's. Green remembered the four-wheeler in defendant's truck because:
It stood out because it's a racing four-wheeler. You don't see many racing-type four-wheelers. Also the number and sticker on the side and the different colors between the red and the other color that was on the vehicle, the four-wheeler when I seen it.
Defendant told Green that the four-wheeler belonged to a friend. Green checked with 911 to see if anybody had reported a four-wheeler stolen, but they advised him that they had not received any calls. Green let the vehicle go with a verbal warning for speeding and logged in the incident in the police department's 911 computer database.
On 1 June 2001, defendant was questioned by Lieutenant Keith Owenby and Sergeant Roger Brewer of the Randolph County Sheriff's Department about Lopienski's missing four-wheeler. Defendant told Owenby that a couple of days before James Coley Cook had brought him a four-wheeler and asked defendant to help him sell it. Defendant took Owenby and Brewer to a home on Grantville Lane where defendant said he and Cook sold the four-wheeler to Jeffery Stiltner. When shown a photograph of Lopienski's four-wheeler,defendant told Owenby and Brewer that it was not the four-wheeler that he delivered to Stiltner's home.
On 4 July 2001, Stiltner went to the Randolph County Sheriff's Department and gave Owenby a written statement. Stiltner was shown a photograph of Lopienski's four-wheeler and identified it as the four-wheeler he had recently purchased. Stiltner told Owenby that he had purchased the four-wheeler from two men in a blue truck. Stiltner knew only one of the men, an older man, later identified as Cook. Stiltner did not know defendant, but was able to identify defendant as the second man after viewing a photo array prepared by Owenby.
Stiltner knew Cook as the father of a friend. In late May of 2001, Stiltner was at a friend's home looking for brake shoes for a racing motorcycle Stiltner owned. The friend, Kizer Endicott, often worked on motorcycles and often had spare parts available. While at Endicott's, Cook and defendant arrived and tried to sell Endicott a four-wheeler. When Endicott declined to buy the four-wheeler, Stiltner offered to buy it. Stiltner testified that Cook did most of the talking while they were working out a deal for the four-wheeler. Stiltner directed Cook and defendant to drive the four-wheeler to Stiltner's home, where he would pay them $200.00 of the $400.00 price they agreed upon. Stiltner arrived at his home before Cook and defendant, despite stopping at an automatic teller machine for cash on his way. Cook and defendant told Stiltner that they had been stopped for speeding. Before Stiltner paid Cook and defendant, he tried to start the four-wheeler to make sure theengine was sound. However, Stiltner could not get the four-wheeler to crank and defendant had to start it for him. Stiltner purchased the four-wheeler and made arrangements for Cook to return in about a week for the remaining $200.00.
Also with defendant and Cook that day was Amber Green, who was dating defendant at the time. Previously, on 30 May 2001, defendant and Cook arrived at Amber's home with a four-wheeler in the back of defendant's truck. Amber identified the four-wheeler in the back of defendant's truck as being Lopienski's four-wheeler. Amber was with defendant and Cook when they later sold the four-wheeler, but stayed in the truck and did not see to whom it was sold. At some point in time, defendant and Cook told Amber that the four-wheeler was stolen.
Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charges for insufficiency of the evidence. Defendant contends that the State sought to prove the charges based on the doctrine of recent possession and that the State failed to show sufficient evidence that defendant had both the power and intent to control the four-wheeler, a required element of both felony larceny and felony possession. Defendant argues that the evidence clearly showed that Cook possessed the four-wheeler as Cook was the one that did all the talking and arranged the sale. We disagree.
In reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all reasonable inferences. Statev. Benson, 331 N.C. 537, 544, 417 S.E.2d 756, 761 (1992). Once the court decides that a reasonable inference of defendant's guilt may be drawn from the circumstances, then "it is for the jury to decide whether the facts, taken singly or in combination, satisfy them beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is actually guilty." State v. Thomas, 296 N.C. 236, 244, 250 S.E.2d 204, 209 (1978) (emphasis in original).
The presumption of recent possession "is to be considered by the jury merely as an evidential fact, along with the other evidence in the case, in determining whether the State has carried the burden of satisfying the jury beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt." State v. Baker, 213 N.C. 524, 526, 196 S.E. 829, 830 (1938). "Recent possession is not evidence of guilt; it just raises an inference that will permit the case to go to the jury under proper instructions from the court." State v. Greene, 289 N.C. 578, 583, 223 S.E.2d 365, 368-69 (1976). The presumption of recent possession is only met if the State proves beyond a reasonable doubt that: 1) the property described in the indictment was stolen; 2) the stolen goods were found in the defendant's possession; and 3) the possession was recently after the larceny. State v. Maines, 301 N.C. 669, 674, 273 S.E.2d 289, 293 (1981). Defendant contends that the State did not present sufficient evidence of his possession of the four-wheeler.
In discussing the doctrine of recent possession where more than one person had access to the goods, the Supreme Court has said: The "exclusive" possession required to support an inference or presumption of guilt need not be a sole possession but may be joint. If the situation is one where persons other than defendant have equal access to the stolen goods, the inference may not arise. For the inference to arise where more than one person has access to the property in question, the evidence must show the person accused of the theft had complete dominion, which might be shared with others, over the property or other evidence which sufficiently connects the accused person to the crime or a joint possession of co-conspirators or persons acting in concert in which case the possession of one criminal accomplice would be the possession of all.
Maines, 301 N.C. at 675, 273 S.E.2d at 294 (internal citation omitted).
In reviewing the evidence, giving the State every reasonable inference, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to withstand defendant's motion to dismiss. The evidence clearly showed that defendant transported the four-wheeler in the back of his truck on the day the four-wheeler was stolen, that defendant and Cook tried to sell the four-wheeler, that in furtherance of the sale defendant started the four-wheeler for Stiltner and that defendant and Cook told Amber that the four-wheeler was stolen. Any contradictions or discrepancies in the evidence are properly resolved by the jury. State v. Brown, 310 N.C. 563, 566, 313 S.E.2d 585, 587 (1984). We conclude that the trial court did not err in denying the defendant's motion. Accordingly, defendant's assignment of error fails.
Defendant failed to set out his remaining assignments of error in his brief. Because he has neither cited any authority norstated any reason or argument in support of those assignments of error, they are deemed abandoned. N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).
No error.
Judges GEER and LEVINSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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ELMORE, Judge.
Rickey E. Joyce (plaintiff) appeals from an order entered 16 May 2003 granting summary judgment in favor of Lillie Mae Joyce (defendant) and denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment, motion to strike defendant's summary judgment motion, and motion to compel discovery. For the reasons discussed herein, we affirm.
Plaintiff commenced the underlying litigation by filing pro se an action against defendant, who is plaintiff's mother, on 19 March 2002. Plaintiff's complaint alleges that in October 1978, defendant and her husband directed their attorney to prepare a general warranty deed conveying to plaintiff all right, title and interest in their home (the subject property), "in return for[plaintiff's] promise to make payments of taxes due upon [the subject property], as well as to keep the premises insured and in a suitable state of repair." Although the purported deed was promptly executed by defendant and her husband and recorded with the Stokes County Register of Deeds, defendant has apparently continued to live in the home at all times since. Plaintiff's complaint alleges that for approximately the next twenty years he paid the property taxes and insurance premiums on the subject property, and that he spent substantial amounts of his own time and money making repairs to the premises. Plaintiff contends that he made these expenditures because he believed that he owned the subject property, and his complaint seeks, apparently on a theory of unjust enrichment, "compensation" or "restitution" from defendant for plaintiff's payment of these sums.
The record reveals that on 10 December 1998, plaintiff executed a general warranty deed whereby he purported to convey the subject property to Sylvia B. McKinney. Defendant contested this purported conveyance and on 31 January 1999, defendant filed an action against plaintiff and McKinney (the 1999 action), apparently seeking a declaratory judgment that the 1978 deed which purportedly conveyed the subject property to plaintiff was void, as well as compensatory and punitive damages for intentional infliction of emotional distress. The 1999 action was tried, and on 10 September 1999 the jury returned a verdict (1) declaring the 1978 deed voidon the grounds that defendant lacked sufficient mental capacity at the time of its execution, and (2) awarding defendant compensatory damages in the amount of $50,000.00 and punitive damages in the amount of $20,001.00 on her emotional distress claims against plaintiff and McKinney. On 21 September 1999, judgment was entered on the jury verdict which, inter alia, declared the 1978 deed invalid and ordered that it be stricken. The record indicates that between 18 October 1999 and 31 December 2001, plaintiff and McKinney repeatedly sought appellate review of the judgment rendered in the 1999 action by filing numerous appeals, petitions for relief, and motions with this Court and with the North Carolina Supreme Court, each of which was denied. Throughout this period, defendant tried unsuccessfully to collect on the judgment entered in 1999 against plaintiff and McKinney.
Thereafter, on 19 March 2002 plaintiff filed pro se his action against defendant (the 2002 action), thereby commencing the litigation which gives rise to the present appeal. In the 2002 action, plaintiff, as noted above, sought damages from defendant on a theory of unjust enrichment. The record indicates that plaintiff did not assert a counterclaim for unjust enrichment in answering defendant's complaint against him in the 1999 action; plaintiff's unsuccessful defense in the 1999 action appears to have been solely based on his argument that the purported 1978 conveyance of the subject property to him by defendant was valid. On 19 April 2002, defendant filed her answer, wherein she denied the material allegations of the complaint, asserted counterclaims for abuse ofprocess and malicious prosecution, and moved for sanctions pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11.
On 16 May 2002, defendant filed her motion for summary judgment, which was initially set for hearing on 30 May 2002. However, on 20 May 2002, plaintiff served his first set of interrogatories, requests for admission, and requests for production of documents (collectively, the discovery requests). The trial court thereafter continued the hearing on defendant's summary judgment motion pending defendant's response to plaintiff's discovery requests. After initially moving for a protective order, defendant voluntarily served her responses to the discovery requests in October 2002. On 17 October 2002, plaintiff filed (1) a motion to compel discovery, alleging that defendant's "responses are manifestly inadequate and incomplete;" (2) a motion to strike defendant's summary judgment motion; and (3) his own motion for summary judgment.
On 4 December 2002, the trial court heard the parties' cross-motions for summary judgment, as well as plaintiff's motion to strike and motion to compel discovery. On 16 May 2003, the trial court entered an order (1) denying plaintiff's motion to strike, motion for summary judgment, and motion to compel discovery, and (2) allowing defendant's summary judgment motion. From this order, plaintiff appeals.
By his first assignment of error, plaintiff contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to compel discovery. We disagree. With respect to the scope and limits of discovery, our Legislature has provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter involved in the pending action . . .
The frequency or extent of use of the discovery methods set forth in section (a) shall be limited by the court if it determines that: (i) the discovery sought is unreasonably cumulative or duplicative, or . . . (iii) the discovery is unduly burdensome or expensive . . .
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 26(b)(1) (2003). "Whether or not the party's motion to compel discovery should be granted or denied is within the trial court's sound discretion and will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion." Wagoner v. Elkin City Schools' Bd. of Education, 113 N.C. App. 579, 585, 440 S.E.2d 119, 123, disc. review denied, 336 N.C. 615, 447 S.E.2d 414 (1994).
In the present case, the discovery at issue consisted of the following: (1) 68 separate requests for admission, whereby plaintiff requests that defendant admit, for each year between 1978 and 1999, that plaintiff paid all property taxes, insurance premiums, and repair costs related to the subject property, all without any contribution from defendant; (2) eight document production requests, whereby plaintiff seeks production of "receipts or cancelled checks or other indicia of payment" for any property taxes, insurance premiums, and repair costs related to the subject property paid by defendant between 1978 and 1999, as well as certain of defendant's federal and state income tax returns during that period; and (3) three interrogatories, wherebyplaintiff seeks the date and cost of each repair or improvement to the subject property commissioned or performed by defendant between 1978 and 1999, as well as the identity of each insurance agent from whom defendant obtained insurance on the subject property during that period.
Our review of the record indicates that defendant responded appropriately to these broad and voluminous discovery requests. Defendant either admitted, denied, or denied upon information and belief each of the 68 separate requests for admission. In response to plaintiff's document production requests, defendant produced receipts from the Stokes County tax collector's office, as well as invoices, estimates, statements, and cancelled checks relating to various improvements and repairs to the subject property made during the relevant time period. Where defendant was not in possession of the requested documents, defendant indicated as much in her responses and promised to supplement them if and when the documents were located. Finally, defendant's responses to the interrogatories contained the requested information and referred plaintiff to the documents produced by defendant for further information. We also find it significant that because plaintiff's discovery requests relate to issues which were thoroughly litigated in the 1999 action, plaintiff, through discovery and testimony in connection with that litigation, presumably obtained much, if not all, of the information he now claims to seek in his present discovery requests. We are unable to conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff's motion to compeldiscovery. Accordingly, plaintiff's first assignment of error is without merit.
Plaintiff next contends the trial court erred by granting defendant's motion for summary judgment. We disagree. "[T]he standard of review on appeal from summary judgment is whether there is any genuine issue of material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law." Bruce-Terminix Co. v. Zurich Ins. Co., 130 N.C. App. 729, 733, 504 S.E.2d 574, 577 (1998); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 56(c) (2003). The evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
In the present case, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of defendant on the grounds, inter alia, that "[t]he applicable statute of limitations that would apply to Plaintiff's claims expired prior to the institution of his action in the instant case[.]" Our Supreme Court has stated that "an action to recover for money had and received, under the doctrine of unjust enrichment, is an action on implied contract." Dean v. Mattox, 250 N.C. 246, 251, 108 S.E.2d 541, 546 (1959). Accordingly, the limitations period applicable to plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim is three years. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(1) (2003) (three-year statute of limitations period for an action arising out of a contract, express or implied).
Regarding expiration of the applicable limitations period as the basis for summary judgment, our Supreme Court has stated as follows:
Ordinarily, the question of whether a cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations is a mixed question of law and fact. However, when the bar is properly pleaded and the facts are admitted or are not in conflict, the question of whether the action is barred becomes one of law, and summary judgment is appropriate.
Pembee Mfg. Corp. v. Cape Fear Constr. Co., 313 N.C. 488, 491, 329 S.E.2d 350, 353 (1985) (citations omitted). When the party moving for summary judgment pleads the statute of limitations, the burden is then placed upon the non-movant to forecast evidence showing that the action was commenced within the permissible period after the cause of action accrued. Id.
Our examination of the record indicates that in her answer, defendant asserted as an affirmative defense that "[t]he claims raised by Plaintiff in his Complaint are barred by the applicable statute of limitations." It is undisputed that (1) plaintiff purported to convey all right, title, and interest he claimed to hold in the subject property to a third party on 10 December 1998, and (2) defendant commenced the 1999 action against plaintiff by filing her complaint on 31 January 1999, each of these events occurring over three years before plaintiff filed his complaint on 19 March 2002. Moreover, the record contains no evidence that plaintiff paid any portion of the property taxes, insurancepremiums, or repair costs related to the subject property after the calendar year 1998. Thus, plaintiff has failed to forecast any evidence that he commenced his action for unjust enrichment within three years of making his last expenditure related to the subject property which allegedly benefitted defendant. The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of defendant.
Affirmed.
Judges MCGEE and MCCULLOUGH concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
It appears from the record that defendant's husband died shortly after the purported deed was executed.
The trial court also concluded in its order granting defendant's motion for summary judgment that plaintiff's unjust enrichment claim "should have been initiated as or in a compulsory counterclaim in [the 1999 action]," and that plaintiff's failure to do so, along with the running of the limitations period on his unjust enrichment claim, "are alternative grounds which justify and compel the Court's decision."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the application filed by Plaintiff on the 4th day of October 2004 in this matter for Writ of Habeas Corpus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Graham County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 13th day of October 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Plaintiff on the 4th day of October 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Graham County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 13th day of October 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 22nd day of September 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Onslow County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 19th day of October 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 4th day of October 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Onslow County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 19th day of October 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 22nd day of October 2004 for Writ of Supersedeas of the judgment of the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 27th day of October 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 22nd day of October 2004 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Halifax County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 27th day of October 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 22nd day of October 2004 in this matter for a writ of mandamus, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court, Halifax County:
"Denied by order of the Court in Conference this the 27th day of October 2004."
|
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ELMORE, Judge.
Samuel P. Swett (defendant Swett) owns and operates Abeers Realty and Marketing, Inc. (Abeers Realty) and is the president and broker in charge. The record evidence tends to show that prior to 25 April 2000, defendant Swett informed Gunvantpuri B. Gosai (plaintiff) that he had a friend who owned a piece of property located at 151 Parkway Forest Drive, Boone, North Carolina (the property) that was for sale and asked if plaintiff wanted to see the property. In fact, the property had been previously purchased by defendant Swett for $29,000.00 and placed in the name of a third party, John Jordan. Defendant Swett did not reveal his ownership interest in the property to plaintiff. At this point, plaintiff expressed an interest in purchasing the property. Defendant Swett took plaintiff to see the property, which had been condemned. Plaintiff testified that he considered Swett to be acting as his agent. At no time while plaintiff and defendant Swett were at the property or thereafter did Swett inform plaintiff of his ownership interest in the property or the condemnation of the property.
On or about 25 April 2000, defendant Swett prepared an Offer to Purchase and Contract for the property between the third party, or his assigns, and plaintiff and his wife, Lattaben G. Gosai, for a purchase price of $130,000.00. On the face of the contract, defendant Swett and Abeers Realty are designated as dual agents in the property transaction.
On 8 June 2000, John Jordan executed a Warranty Deed transferring the property to Abeers Realty for a purchase price of $30,000.00. At trial, defendant Swett testified that no money was actually paid to John Jordan for the property.
On 19 June 2000, Abeers Realty executed a Warranty Deed transferring the property to plaintiff and his wife for a purchase price of $130,000.00. Plaintiff paid $25,000.00 down on the property and executed a Deed of Trust and Note to Abeers Realty for the balance of the purchase price. Between 19 July 2000 and 14 June 2002, plaintiff paid $17,000.00 in interest on the Note. On 25 July 2002, plaintiff filed suit against defendants seeking rescission of the Deed of Trust and Note and damages for fraud and unfair and deceptive trade practices arising out of defendant Swett's failure to disclose the condemnation of the property and his ownership of the property. On 31 March 2003, following a bench trial before the Honorable Richard Doughton, judgment was entered in favor of plaintiffs, from which defendants now appeal. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.
Defendants first assign error to the trial court's finding that defendants Swett and Abeers Realty were the plaintiff's agent during the subject transaction. In his role as fact finder, Judge Doughton made the following pertinent finding:
6. On or about April 25, 2000 Samuel P. Swett prepared an Offer to Purchase and Contract for the Property between John
Jordan, or assigns as seller and the Plaintiffs as Buyer for a purchase price of $130,000. The Offer to Purchase and Contract shows on its face that Sam Swett and Abeers Realty, Inc. are acting as dual agents. The Court finds that Samuel P. Swett and Abeers Realty, Inc. according to all evidence presented to the Court, were the buyer's agent for the Plaintiffs at all relevant times during this transaction.
"Findings of fact made by the court in a nonjury trial have the force and effect of a jury verdict and are conclusive on appeal if there is evidence to support them, although the evidence might have supported findings to the contrary." Curl v. Key, 311 N.C. 259, 260, 316 S.E.2d 272, 273 (1984) (citations omitted). We have carefully reviewed the record and conclude that it contains ample evidence to support the trial court's finding that defendants Swett and Abeers Realty were the buyer's agent for the plaintiff. On its face, the contract designates defendants Swett and Abeers Realty as dual agents. Defendant testified that he had previously acted as buyer's agent for plaintiff in another property transaction. Defendant also testified that he told plaintiff about the property, took plaintiff to the property, and completed the Offer to Purchase at the request of plaintiff. Agency may be proven by written instruments or circumstances. "It may be inferred from previous employment in similar acts or transactions, or from acts of such nature and so continuous as to furnish a reasonable basis of inference that they were known to the principal, and that he would not have allowed the agent so to act unless authorized." Smith v. Kappas, 218 N.C. 758, 766, 12 S.E.2d 693, 698 (1941). As such, this assignment of error is without merit.
Next, defendants assign error to the trial court's conclusion of law that the defendants Swett and Abeer's Realty committed fraud. Our standard of review for this issue is whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts. "It is well settled in this jurisdiction that when the trial court sits without a jury, the standard of review on appeal is whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts." Shear v. Stevens Building Co., 107 N.C.App. 154, 160, 418 S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992).
In the case sub judice, the trial court made the following relevant findings of fact:
8. Samuel Swett purchased the Property for $29,000.00 on or about March 22, 2000, and placed the deed in the name of John C. Jordan.
9. At no time prior to the April 25, 2000 Offer to Purchase and Contract did Samuel Swett or any representative of Abeers Realty, Inc. disclose to Plaintiffs that Samuel Swett and not John Jordan, had actually bought the Property for $29,000.00 and was selling it to Plaintiffs for $130,000.00.
10. After the Offer to Purchase and Contract was entered into on April 25, 2000 on June 8, 2000, John Jordan, as Grantor, executed a Warranty Deed for the Property to Abeers Realty, Inc., as Grantee; the deed stamps paid on that deed reflects that the conveyance was for $30,000, but Abeers Realty, Inc. did, in fact not pay anything to John Jordan at that time.
11. That the transaction closed on June 19, 2000 and at that time a Warranty Deed dated June 14, 2000 from Abeers Realty, Inc. as Grantor to the Plaintiffs as Grantees was delivered to the office of Plaintiff's closing attorney; the Plaintiffs saw the Deed at closing and were aware at that time that Abeers Realty, Inc. was, in fact, the seller.
12. Up and through the closing, Plaintiffs were never told by Samuel P. Swett or any representative of Abeers Realty, Inc. that the said Defendants were going to make a profit of $100,000.00 in this transaction.
13. Plaintiffs paid $25,000.00 down for the Property at closing and executed a Deed of Trust and Note for $105,000 to Abeers Realty, Inc. for the balance of the purchase price.
14. The Court finds by the preponderance of the evidence that Defendant Samuel P. Swett knew that the Property had been condemned because of the falling away of its chimney but did not inform
Plaintiffs at any time prior to closing of that material fact.
15. Plaintiff would not have purchased the Property if Samuel Swett had told them that he and/or Abeers Realty, Inc. was making $100,000.00 profit in the transaction or that the Property had been condemned.
As discussed above, these findings are supported by competent evidence in the record and are therefore binding on this Court. Based on the findings, the trial court made the following conclusion of law:
2. In this case, Plaintiffs were principals and Abeers Realty, Inc and Samuel P. Swett were the buyer's agent for the Plaintiffs. In selling property that he owned without disclosing fully everything about it, the Court finds by a preponderance of the evidence, that Samuel P. Swett and Abeers Realty, Inc. have committed fraud and unfair and deceptive trade practices.
A broker can neither purchase from nor sell to the principal unless the latter expressly consents thereto with full knowledge of all the facts and circumstances. Real Estate Licensing Bd. v. Gallman, 52 N.C.App. 118, 277 S.E.2d 853 (1981). Moreover, when property is transferred between a fiduciary and his principal fraud does not have to be established by direct evidence, it is presumed. 2 Brandis N.C. Evidence Sec. 225 (1982). "After a prima facie case of constructive fraud is made out against a fiduciary by evidence showing a course incompatible with his duty, the fiduciary has the burden of showing that he did not take advantage of his principal and acted throughout in a fair, open and honest manner." Spence v. Spaulding & Perkins, Ltd., 82 N.C.App. 665, 667-668, 347 S.E.2d 864, 866 (1986) (citations omitted). In the case sub judice, defendants do not contend that they acted in a fair, open and honest manner. Rather, defendants contend that they had no duty to inform plaintiffs of their ownership interest in the subject property or profit margin. Because we hold that the trial court properly concluded that defendants were the agent of plaintiff, this contention finds no support in the law. As such, this assignment of error is overruled.
Defendants also assign error to the remedies granted by the trial court. Defendants contend that the trial court erred in granting both monetary damages and rescission of the note and deed of trust to the plaintiffs, rather than requiring the plaintiffs to choose a single remedy. Generally, a plaintiff must "elect between [an] action to rescind, and [the] alternative and inconsistent action for damages." F.E. Lykes & Co. v. Grove, 201 N.C. 254, 257, 159 S.E. 360, 362 (1931). However, "[t]he rule is, if rescission of the contract does not place the injured party in statu quo, as where he has suffered damages which cancellation of the contract cannot repair, there is no principle of law which prevents him from maintaining his action for damages caused by the other party's fraud." Kee v. Dillingham, 229 N.C. 262, 265, 49 S.E.2d 510, 512 (1948). In this case and in accordance with the law, the trial court rescinded the note and deed of trust and awarded plaintiffs damages of $117,000.00; $17,000.00 of which represented the amount paid by plaintiffs to defendants in interest on the note and deed of trust and $100,000.00 of which represented the profit made by defendants in the subject transaction. Under the facts of this case, rescission alone could not return plaintiffs to their prior position. Moreover, plaintiffs are entitled to obtain any bargain that became available and was taken by defendants, their agents. Spence v. Spaulding & Perkins, Ltd., 82 N.C.App. 665, 668, 347 S.E.2d 864, 866 (1986). Therefore, this assignment of error is without merit.
Defendants also assign error to the trial court's reliance on Virginia-Carolina Laundry Supply Corporation v. Scott, 267 N.C. 145, 148 S.E.2d 1 (1966), to set aside, satisfy of record and declare null and void the deed of trust when the beneficiary, whose identity was known, was not a party to the lawsuit. In Virginia-Carolina, our Supreme Court held that where the trustee was a party to the lawsuit and participated actively in its defense, the beneficiary, whose identity was unknown, "cannot be deemed a necessary party to the action to set aside the deed of trust[.]" Id. at 150, 148 S.E.2d at 4. Whether the identity of the beneficiary is known or unknown, the rule of law remains the same. In this case, the trial court did not err in relying on Virginia-Carolina to set aside, satisfy of record and declare null and void the note and deed of trust when the trustee was an active party to the lawsuit.
Finally, defendants assign as error the trial court's conclusion that defendants Swett and Abeers Realty committed unfair and deceptive trade practices. Defendants contend that the subject transaction was not "in or affecting commerce." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 75-1.1 (2003) declares unlawful "unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce." This Court has stated that "[t]he purpose of G.S. 75-1.1 is to provide a civil means to maintain ethical standards of dealings between persons engaged in business and the consuming public within this State and applies to dealings between buyers and sellers at all levels of commerce." United Virginia Bank v. Air-Lift Associates, 79 N.C.App. 315, 320, 339 S.E.2d 90, 93 (1986). Except for certain limited exemptions set forth in the statute, commerce includes "all business activities, however denominated." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 75-1.1(b) (2003). Specifically, a person engaged "in the sale of real estate is engaged in commerce within the meaning of G.S. 75-1.1." Rosenthal v. Perkins, 42 N.C.App. 449, 454, 257 S.E.2d 63, 67 (1979). Moreover, "a plaintiff who proves fraud thereby establishes that unfair and deceptive trade practices have occurred." Davis v. Sellers, 115 N.C.App. 1, 9, 443 S.E.2d 879, 884 (1994). The trial court's finding of unfair and deceptive trade practices is well supported by the evidence and was not error.
Affirmed.
Judges MCCULLOUGH and BRYANT concur.
|
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PER CURIAM.
This matter was heard in the North Carolina Court of Appeals on 30 March 2004, and an opinion was filed on 1 June 2004. Thereafter, this Court granted Defendant's Petition for Rehearing. Upon reconsideration, this Court now determines that the Petition for Rehearing was improvidently allowed.
Accordingly, the opinion filed 1 June 2004 is deemed filed as of the date of this opinion.
Petition for Rehearing Improvidently Allowed.
Panel consisting of: WYNN, HUNTER and STEEELMAN, JJ.
|
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HUNTER, Judge.
Edna Barfield Lee ("plaintiff") appeals from an order entered 20 May 2003 pursuant to a hearing on a Rule 60(b)(6) motion. On appeal, plaintiff contends error in the trial court's order that plaintiff pay all fees and penalties associated with the lump sum transfer of funds from Linwood Earl Lee Sr.'s ("defendant") retirement account, and that plaintiff pay defendant an additional sum of money monthly from her pension benefits. Defendant appeals from the same order, contending the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant's Motion to Set Aside Judgment pursuant to Rule 60. As we find insufficient evidence to support the trial court's conclusion as to the additional payments by plaintiff, we reverse the order in part and remand for additional findings.
On 11 June 1998, plaintiff and defendant entered into a consent order to settle all outstanding claims between the parties pursuant to their separation and divorce. This consent order included settlement of all equitable distribution claims and specified that "[t]he parties' respective retirement plans shall be divided pursuant to qualified domestic relations order (QDRO) as outlined and detailed in the Findings of Fact contained in this Order."
The relevant findings of fact specified preparation of three QDROs, the first and third of which were contested by defendant in this action. The first ("QDRO 1"), divided defendant's retirement account. Plaintiff, on the five-year anniversary of the account, 1 January 2003, was to receive the greater of $402,393.00 (hereinafter "lump sum payment") or one-half of whatever monies were in the account on that date. The third QDRO ("QDRO 3") provided defendant with thirty-six percent of the plaintiff's monthly pension upon her retirement. After review and consent of the respective parties of each order, QDRO 1 was entered on 27 June 1998 and QDRO 3 was entered on 27 June 2001. QDRO 2 was not contested by either party.
On 10 March 2003, defendant filed a Motion in the Cause for Rehearing, and in the alternative, a Rule 60 Motion to Set Aside the terms of the equitable distribution settlement. Plaintiff responded with a motion for contempt. The trial court heard the respective motions on 23 April 2003 and entered an order on 20 May 2003 which: (1) denied defendant's request for judgment pursuant to his Rule 60(b) motion; (2) granted plaintiff's motion for contempt for failure to sign the necessary forms to effectuate the distribution of the lump-sum payment; (3) ordered all fees and penalties associated with the transfer of the lump sum payment to be paid by plaintiff; and (4) ordered plaintiff to pay defendant the difference between the actual amount received from plaintiff's pension plan and thirty-six percent of her current monthly benefit, a sum of $326.96 per month. Both parties appeal from this order.
I.
We first address plaintiff's two assignments of error, that the trial court erred in (1) ordering plaintiff to pay all fees and penalties associated with the lump sum transfer of funds from defendant's retirement account, and (2) entering an order of additional payments to defendant from plaintiff's pension.
1. Order of Payment of Fees and Penalties by Plaintiff
Plaintiff contends in her first assignment of error that the trial court erred in ordering plaintiff to pay all fees and penalties associated with the lump sum transfer of funds from defendant's retirement account. Plaintiff argues that the trial court's conclusion of law was not supported by the evidence and findings of fact. We disagree.
"It is well settled in this jurisdiction that when the trial court sits without a jury, the standard of review on appeal is whether there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts." Shear v. Stevens Building Co., 107 N.C.App. 154, 160, 418 S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992). While findings of fact by the trial court in a non-jury case are conclusive on appeal if there is evidence to support those findings, conclusions of law are reviewable de novo. Id.
Here, plaintiff contends there was no competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact No. 8 and 9. The trial court found in No. 8 that: "[t]he QDRO which provides for the distribution of $402,393.00 to Plaintiff does not specify who will be assessed any taxes and/or surrender penalties." A review of QDRO 1 supports such a finding, as the order contains no mention of taxes or penalties. Plaintiff also contends there is no evidence to support Finding No. 9: "[t]here will be no tax consequences as a result of the transfer, but there will be a surrender fee of approximately $10,000.00." Here, after a careful review by this Court of both the record on appeal and the trial transcript, it appears that there is no competent evidence to support Finding No. 9. None of the evidence before the trial court addressed the issue of surrender fees, nor established the lack of tax consequences.
However, this Court concludes upon de novo review that Finding No. 8 supports the trial court's correction of the order in concluding that "any fees, penalties, etc[.] associated with the transfer of the $402,393.00 to Plaintiff shall be paid by Plaintiff."
"`[T]he court has inherent power to amend judgments by correcting clerical errors or supplying defects so as to make the record speak the truth. The correction of such errors is not limited to the term of court, but may be done at any time upon motion, or the court may on its own motion make the correction when such defect appears.'"
Snell v. Board of Education, 29 N.C.App. 31, 32, 222 S.E.2d 756, 757 (1976) (quoting Shaver v. Shaver, 248 N.C. 113, 118, 102 S.E.2d 791, 795 (1958)). "Although Rule 60(a) clearly grants the authority to the trial court to make clerical corrections, our appellate courts have consistently rejected attempts to change substantive provisions under the guise of making clerical changes." Buncombe County ex rel. Andres v. Newburn, 111 N.C.App. 822, 825, 433 S.E.2d 782, 784 (1993). "A change in an order is considered substantive and outside the boundaries of Rule 60(a) when it alters the effect of the original order." Id.
In Ice v. Ice, this Court found that an award of interest on a distributive award was not a substantive change, as "[t]he subject of the litigation ... was the amount of the distributive award; interest was only incidental and tangential[.]" Ice, 136 N.C.App. 787, 792, 525 S.E.2d 843, 847 (2000). The Ice Court found the situation analogous to that in Ward v. Taylor, 68 N.C.App. 74, 314 S.E.2d 814 (1984), where a previous order was amended to allow a surveyor to recover costs associated with the surveying work done for trial, on the grounds that the "`[initial] failure to allow and tax costs may be considered an "oversight or omission" in an order.'" Ice, 136 N.C.App. at 792, 525 S.E.2d at 846 (quoting Ward, 68 N.C.App. at 80, 314 S.E.2d at 819-20).
Here, fees and penalties arising from the transfer of the lump sum payment were not assigned to either party or addressed in QDRO 1. However, such an assignment of taxes was made in both QDROs 2 and 3. The failure to include such an assignment in QDRO 1, while including it in QDROs 2 and 3, suggests that such an exclusion was an "oversight or omission." Additionally, as in Ice, the issue of fees or taxes related to the distribution do not affect the substance of the award itself. "[T]he amount of money involved is not what creates a substantive right; rather, it is the source from which this money is derived." Ice, 136 N.C.App. at 792, 525 S.E.2d at 847. Here, any amount at stake would stem from the incidental fees or penalties, not from the underlying substantive matter of the distributive award. Accordingly, the trial court's conclusion of law was supported by the findings of fact and was a proper correction effectuated through Rule 60(a).
2. Order of Additional Pension Payments to Defendant
Plaintiff contends in her second assignment of error that the trial court's order of additional pension payments by plaintiff to defendant was not properly supported by evidence and findings of fact, and that the trial court lacked authority to make such an order. The trial court ordered that:
4. Plaintiff shall pay to Defendant the difference between the $118.00 per month Defendant currently receives and 36% of her current monthly benefit, which is $1,236.00. In other words, $1,236.00 × 36% = $444.96-118.00 = $326.96. Plaintiff shall pay the sum of $326.96 per month commencing June 1, 2003.
Plaintiff argues that the evidence recited in Finding No. 4, regarding the formula used by the plan's administrators in calculation of the amount sent to defendant was not properly before the trial court. She therefore contends it was not competent evidence to support Finding No. 4 or, by extension, Findings No. 15 and 16, which rely upon it. Finding No. 4 states:
4. That DuPont determined Plaintiff's accrued retirement benefits as of December 31, 1997 to be $1,051.98 per month. Plaintiff subsequently left the employment of DuPont on disability as of November 30, 2001. DuPont subsequently determined that Defendant's thirty-six percent (36%) of the monthly benefit was $118.00 per month. DuPont's Benefits Department arrived at this figure by multiplying the monthly benefit of $1,051.98 by the lesser of the Plaint's [sic] conversion factor for determining actuarial equivalence (32.99042%) or the Plan's early retirement reduction factor (100%) = $1,501.98 [sic] × 32.99042% = $347.05. This amount was then multiplied by the 36% specified in the Order; # 347.05 × 36% = $124.94. This amount is payable over the Defendant's lifetime. The plan's conversion factor for converting a payment from the Plaintiff/participant's lifetime to the Defendant/alternate payee's lifetime (based on the birthdates of participant and alternate payee) is 93.81626%. The resulting benefit payable to Defendant is $124.94 × 93.81626% = $117.21. This amount was rounded up to $118.00 per month.
"A trial court may take judicial notice of earlier proceedings in the same cause." In re Isenhour, 101 N.C.App. 550, 553, 400 S.E.2d 71, 73 (1991). Here, an order filed 22 October 2002 in this matter provided evidence of a telephone conversation with a Dupont administrator, in which the actuarial formula used by Dupont for calculating defendant's share of the benefit was set out. As there was credible evidence properly before the trial court to support Finding No. 4, it is therefore deemed conclusive.
Findings Nos. 15 and 16, both of which are mixed findings of fact and conclusions of law, are not supported by credible evidence, however. The trial court found in No. 15 that:
15. In regard[s] to Defendant's motion regarding the payment of thirty-six percent (36%) of Plaintiff's monthly retirement benefit to Defendant, the Court finds that DuPont's benefits administrator's calculations do not reflect 36% of the monthly benefit of $1,051.98.
QDRO 3 awarded defendant thirty-six percent of plaintiff's accrued pension benefit as follows:
1. Defendant/Alternate Payee is awarded thirty-six (36%) of the Participant's accrued benefit as of December 31, 1997, that being the parties' date of separation.
2. The Defendant/alternate payee shall receive his benefit payable in the form of a monthly annuity over the alternate payee's lifetime. The alternate payee shall begin receiving his share of the accrued benefit upon the Participant's retirement date.
The evidence submitted showed that as of the parties' separation date, plaintiff's pension was valued at $1,051.98 per month, however plaintiff took early retirement for health reasons and was granted incapability pension benefits by her employer, Dupont, on 31 November 2001. The value of defendant's monthly annuity, as calculated by the plan administrator at that time, was $118.00 per month. Defendant moved for a contempt motion on 9 October 2002 for plaintiff's failure to pay a full thirty-six percent of the pension amount. An order on the matter was issued on 22 October 2002, finding the parties had not yet received a satisfactory explanation from the plan administrator as to the calculation of plaintiff's retirement benefits and defendant's monthly share under QDRO 3, and demanding a detailed and written explanation as to the calculation be submitted to the trial court by the plan administrator by November of 2002. The record on appeal does not reflect that any such satisfactory explanation was submitted to the trial court on this matter.
QDRO 3 specified that defendant's share was limited to the value of the pension as of the retirement date, but that defendant was not eligible to receive the share until plaintiff's retirement. Plaintiff's retirement at a date earlier than anticipated by the parties due to disability therefore raises an unanswered question as to the correct valuation of the pension amount under the terms of QDRO 3. In light of plaintiff's early retirement, the correct value of defendant's share of plaintiff's pension as of the separation date is unclear based on the evidence of record. We therefore find that Finding No. 15 is not supported by competent evidence.
In Finding No. 16, the trial court stated:
16. Further the Court finds that the 36% amount should be paid from Plaintiff's current monthly benefit which is $1,236.00 per month rather than the $1,051.98 per month as specified in the Qualified Domestic Relations Order.
QDRO 3 expressly specified that defendant's share of plaintiff's accrued benefit was to be determined as of the date of the parties' separation, although distributed upon retirement. An increase in value which occurred after the date of separation due to plaintiff's disability would therefore not be properly considered in determining defendant's share of the pension. As competent evidence does not exist to support this finding, the trial court's conclusion that the benefit calculated was not equitable and was inconsistent with QDRO 3 is in error.
As we find a lack of competent evidence in the record to support Findings No. 15 and 16 and the resulting conclusions of law, we reverse this portion of the order and remand for the trial court to receive additional evidence and make further findings as to the value of defendant's thirty-six percent share of plaintiff's retirement benefits as of 31 December 1997.
II.
We next address defendant's assignment of error. Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant's Motion to Set Aside Judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure with regards to review and reconsideration of the lump sum distribution required by QDRO 1.
QDRO 1 ordered:
1. Entitlement: As part of the equitable distribution of the parties marital property, Plaintiff is entitled to an assignment of a part of the Defendant's Profit Sharing Trust and ESOP... more specifically as follows: that the Plaintiff, Edna B. Lee, shall receive the greater sum of either $402,393.00 or one-half (½) of whatever monies are in the Defendant's Profit Sharing Trust and ESOP ... as of January 1, 2003.
The sum of $402,393.00 was equal to $337.878.28, one-half of the date of separation value of the account of $675,756.56, multiplied times the annual interest rate of three and one-half percent for five years, until the date of distribution. The value of defendant's retirement account significantly decreased to $498,000.00 by 1 January 2003. Defendant argues that as the decrease was due to the poor economy and no fault of his own, he is entitled to review and reconsideration of the order under Rule 60(b)(6). We disagree.
"Although section (6) of Rule 60(b) has often been termed `a vast reservoir of equitable power,' a court cannot set aside a judgment pursuant to this rule without a showing (1) that extraordinary circumstances exist and (2) that justice demands relief." Thacker v. Thacker, 107 N.C.App. 479, 481, 420 S.E.2d 479, 480 (1992) (quoting Anderson Trucking Service v. Key Way Transport, 94 N.C.App. 36, 40, 379 S.E.2d 665, 667 (1989)) (citation omitted). "Further, the remedy provided by Rule 60(b)(6) is equitable in nature and is directed to the discretion of the trial judge. This Court will not disturb such a discretionary ruling without a showing of an abuse of that discretion." Id. at 482, 420 S.E.2d at 480-81 (citation omitted).
Here, defendant alleged that the economic downturn in the stock market provided extraordinary circumstances sufficient to invoke an equitable remedy under Rule 60(b). However, as the North Carolina Supreme Court has previously noted, "[s]tock market prices, as even the most casual observer knows, change constantly and the market price at the end of a thirty-day period would almost always be different from that announced thirty days before." Sheffield v. Consolidated Foods, 302 N.C. 403, 422, 276 S.E.2d 422, 435 (1981). A change in the value of the stock market over the course of five years does not amount to an extraordinary or even unforseeable circumstance. There was therefore no abuse of discretion by the trial court in its denial of defendant's Rule 60(b) motion to revise the lump sum distribution portion of the equitable distribution order.
In summary, as there was sufficient evidence to support the trial court's order for plaintiff to pay taxes and fees associated with distribution of defendant's retirement account, and as there was no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying defendant's Rule 60(b) motion for review and reconsideration of the lump sum distribution, the order is affirmed in part. As there was insufficient evidence to support the conclusion that defendant was entitled to additional payments by plaintiff under the equitable distribution agreement, the order is reversed in part and remanded for further findings.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded in part.
Judges WYNN and THORNBURG concur.
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THORNBURG, Judge.
Defendant was indicted on one charge of murder. A jury found defendant guilty of second-degree murder. Defendant appeals.
Sometime after midnight on 21 December 2000, William Henry Jones was shot in the chest outside of 104 Townhouse Court in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. That address was the home of Jones's sister, Tamara Jones. Tamara arrived home from work that night sometime around 9:30 p.m., to find her boyfriend, Walter Lyons, her children, and her sister, Monique Jones, in the home. Tamara asked Monique and Walter where her other siblings, Stephanie, Demetrice, and William Jones, were, as Tamara had spoken with them by phoneearlier that night while they were at her home. Monique told Tamara that they had gone across the street to the "Liquor House."
After Tamara had been home for an hour to an hour and a half, Stephanie arrived and was very upset and crying. Stephanie told Tamara that she and defendant had been arguing at the Liquor House. Demetrice returned from the Liquor House shortly thereafter and urged Stephanie to go outside and speak with defendant. Tamara also urged Stephanie to speak with defendant so as to avoid any trouble. After Stephanie had been outside for several minutes, Tamara heard defendant yelling obscenities at Stephanie.
As Stephanie and defendant were arguing, William left the Liquor House and joined Stephanie and defendant in Tamara's front yard. William attempted to intervene in the fight on Stephanie's behalf. This angered defendant, who began shouting obscenities at William as well. Defendant then pulled out a gun and shot William in the chest. After shooting William, defendant fled the area.
Officer C.D. Joyner, of the Rocky Mount Police Department, arrived at 104 Townhouse Court at approximately 12:45 a.m. and was the first officer on the scene. At some point after his arrival, Joyner spoke with Tamara about the events of the night. Tamara was also interviewed by Detective Mike Lewis on the day following the shooting, during which she gave a written statement of the events of the previous night.
Defendant claimed that he shot William in self-defense. Defendant testified that on the day that William died, defendant had been drinking and smoking a combination of tobacco and cocaineall day. Defendant remembered William joining him and Stephanie in the yard, but claimed that William started the argument. Defendant testified that William, who was a larger man than defendant, started to advance toward him and backed defendant into a wall. Defendant then attempted to push William away. Defendant claimed that William began advancing toward him again and defendant saw him reach with his right hand for what defendant thought was a weapon. At that point, defendant shot William.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of second-degree murder. Defendant appeals and argues: (1) that the trial court committed plain error in admitting parts of Tamara's prior statement to Officer Joyner as it was inadmissible hearsay; (2) that the trial court committed plain error in admitting parts of Tamara's written statement as it was inadmissible hearsay; and (3) that the trial court erred when it ordered restitution where the trial court failed to consider defendant's ability to pay such restitution and the State failed to present evidence to support the amount of the award.
The plain error standard is limited in its application to only two categories of trial error: errors involving evidentiary rulings and errors involving jury instructions. State v. Black, 308 N.C. 736, 739-41, 303 S.E.2d 804, 806-07 (1983) (standard applicable to evidentiary rulings by the trial court); State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 660, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983) (standard applicable to jury instructions). The Supreme Court, in speaking of when it is appropriate to find plain error, stated: [The standard] is always to be applied cautiously and only in the exceptional case where, after reviewing the entire record, it can be said the claimed error is a "fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done," or "where [the error] is grave error which amounts to a denial of a fundamental right of the accused," or the error has "'resulted in a miscarriage of justice or in the denial to appellant of a fair trial'" or where the error is such as to "seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings" or where it can be fairly said "the instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury's finding that the defendant was guilty."
Black, 308 N.C. at 740-41, 303 S.E.2d at 806-07,(quoting United States v. McCaskill, 676 F.2d 995, 1002 (4th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 459 U.S. 1018, 74 L. Ed. 2d 513 (1982)). Before deciding that an error by the trial court amounts to "plain error," the appellate court must be convinced that absent the error the jury probably would have reached a different verdict. Odom, 307 N.C. at 661, 300 S.E.2d at 378-79. In other words, the appellate court must determine that the error in question "tilted the scales" and caused the jury to reach its verdict convicting the defendant. Black, 308 N.C. at 741, 303 S.E.2d at 807.
Defendant contends that it was plain error for the trial court to admit two prior statements made by Tamara. Shortly after police arrived on the scene, Tamara gave a statement to Officer Joyner. Tamara also provided police with a written statement of the night's events the following day. Joyner testified that Tamara told him that "Stephanie Jones, and Barry Tyrone Pitts, the suspect, had been arguing and that Pitts had pulled a gun on her." Tamara readher written statement into the record, in which she stated: "Stephanie stated that Barry Pitts had been giving her a bad time and had showed her a gun." Defendant argues that Tamara did not testify that Stephanie told her defendant showed her a gun and thus, that these two statements go beyond corroborating Tamara's trial testimony and should not have been admitted. Further, defendant argues that the statements were prejudicial because defendant was claiming self-defense and the statements portray defendant as aggressive. We disagree.
Out of court statements which are offered for the truth of the matter asserted therein are allowed into evidence for the purpose of corroborating the witness's trial testimony. State v. Ramey, 318 N.C. 457, 349 S.E.2d 566 (1986). Our courts allow variation, or new information, in prior consistent statements, so long as the narration of events is substantially similar to the witness's in-court testimony and trial courts have wide latitude in deciding when a prior consistent statement can be admitted for corroborative nonhearsay purposes. State v. Lloyd, 354 N.C. 76, 104, 552 S.E.2d 596, 617 (2001). It is true, as defendant contends, that Tamara did not specifically say that defendant showed Stephanie his gun during her first narration of the events during her testimony. However, even assuming arguendo that Tamara's prior statements were improperly admitted, we do not conclude that defendant has shown plain error.
Defendant's argument for prejudice is predicated upon the fact that he presented the defense of self-defense at trial. Self-defense excuses a killing completely if the following four necessary elements of perfect self-defense exist at the time of the killing:
(1) it appeared to defendant and he believed it to be necessary to kill the deceased in order to save himself from death or great bodily harm; and
(2) defendant's belief was reasonable in that the circumstances as they appeared to him at that time were sufficient to create such a belief in the mind of a person of ordinary firmness; and
(3) defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the affray, i.e., he did not aggressively and willingly enter into the fight without legal excuse or provocation; and
(4) defendant did not use excessive force, i.e., did not use more force than was necessary or reasonably appeared to him to be necessary under the circumstances to protect himself from death or great bodily harm.
State v. Richardson, 341 N.C. 585, 588, 461 S.E.2d 724, 726 (1995) (quoting State v. McAvoy, 331 N.C. 583, 595, 417 S.E.2d 489, 497 (1992)). However, "[u]nder the law of imperfect self-defense, if the first two elements existed at the time of the killing, but defendant, although without murderous intent, was the aggressor in bringing on the affray or used excessive force, defendant is guilty at least of voluntary manslaughter." Richardson, 341 N.C. at 588, 461 S.E.2d at 726-27 (quoting McAvoy, 331 N.C. at 596, 417 S.E.2d at 497.
Any impact of Tamara's statements that defendant either pulled or showed a gun to Stephanie was negligible in light of all the evidence. Several people testified that defendant had been yellingand cursing at Stephanie for most of the evening and that William sought to intervene on her behalf. Defendant admitted that on the day in question he had been drinking alcohol and using drugs, that he had a gun with him, that he had it with him all day, that he never saw William with a weapon, that he and William were arguing and that he shot William. Defendant's only claim of prejudice is based on the supposition of what the jury might have thought about him as an aggressor upon hearing that defendant showed Stephanie a gun. When considered with all the other evidence presented at trial, we cannot conclude that the admittance of Tamara's prior statements concerning whether defendant showed Stephanie a gun caused the jury to convict defendant. Defendant's assignments of error fail.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in not considering defendant's ability to pay the amount ordered as restitution and in ordering a set amount of restitution based only upon the restitution worksheet submitted by the State. In the judgment, the trial court ordered that defendant pay, as condition of post release supervision, restitution in the amount of $7,500.
These issues were addressed in State v. Wilson, 340 N.C. 720, 459 S.E.2d 192 (1995). In deciding whether the trial court must consider a defendant's ability to pay restitution, the Court found that any "trial court's order of restitution as a condition of work release or parole constitutes a recommendation to the Secretary of the Department of Correction and the Parole Commission, not an order binding defendant to pay restitution in this amount upon theentry of judgment in this action." Wilson, 340 N.C. at 725-26, 459 S.E.2d at 195 (emphasis in original). The Court then went on to conclude:
"There is no statutory requirement for a sentencing judge to inquire into a defendant's ability to pay restitution when the judge merely recommends restitution as a condition of parole or work release." We conclude, therefore, that the trial court did not err in failing to consider defendant's ability to pay restitution, as the potentially binding determination at a later date requiring defendant to pay restitution as a condition of work release or parole by either the Department of Correction or the Parole Commission will by necessity require sufficient evidence of defendant's ability to pay at that time.
Id. at 726, 459 S.E.2d at 195-96 (internal citation omitted). Thus, it was not error for the trial court to not consider defendant's ability to pay restitution. Defendant's argument fails.
However, the Wilson court went on to conclude that "[r]egardless of whether restitution is ordered or recommended by the trial court, the amount must be supported by the evidence." Id. at 726, 459 S.E.2d at 196 (quoting State v. Daye, 78 N.C. App. 753, 757, 338 S.E.2d 557, 560 (1986)). In Wilson, the only evidence supporting the amount of restitution was the prosecutor's unsworn statement. Wilson, 340 N.C. at 727, 459 S.E.2d at 196. The court concluded that the prosecutor's unsworn statement was insufficient to support the amount of restitution recommended and vacated that portion of the judgment. Id. In the instant case, the only evidence to support the amount of restitution recommendedthat we find in the record is the prosecutor's unsworn statement to the trial court and the unverified restitution worksheet, which is not itself in the record but is mentioned in the transcript. This evidence is not sufficient to support the amount of restitution recommended. Thus, because the $7,500 amount of recommended restitution is not supported by the evidence adduced at trial or sentencing, we vacate that portion of the judgment recommending restitution in the amount of $7,500.
No error in part; vacated in part.
Judges GEER and LEVINSON concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
WYNN, Judge.
Defendant Highlande Builders, LLC, appeals from a default judgment entered 1 October 2003. Defendant contends that the trial court: (1) erred in denying its motion to set aside the default judgment because the judgment was void for lack of personal jurisdiction; and (2) abused its discretion in failing to grant Defendant relief under Rule 60(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm.
Plaintiff filed a complaint on 16 January 2002 to recover $15,140.82 owed on an account. Defendant's registered agent in North Carolina was D. Michael Little. In December 2001, Mr. Little went to Florida on an extended vacation. On 17 January 2002 Plaintiff filed service with the North Carolina Secretary of State. The Secretary of State attempted to send notice to the registered agent at the principle place of business address of record, but notice was returned "unclaimed." On 11 February 2002, Plaintiff sent service to Defendant at its registered address by certified mail; this came back "unclaimed." On 11 February 2002, Plaintiff sent a letter to Ashe County Sheriff's Department for service upon Defendant at both the mailing address and the physical address, however, the Sheriff was unable to locate the registered agent or other company official. Upon discovering the registered agent had gone to Florida for the winter, on 28 February 2002 Plaintiff sent a letter to the Sheriff's Department in Naples, Florida for service, however, the sheriff was unable to locate anyone at the forwarded address.
Default judgment was entered 4 March 2002. Following Defendant's motion to set aside the default judgment, the trial court entered final judgment on 1 October 2003, denying the motion to set aside the default judgment. Defendant appealed.
We first note that notice of appeal was not filed with the trial court until 5 November 2003, outside the thirty-day time period within which an appeal from a judgment order in a civil action must be taken pursuant to Rule 3 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, although notice was timely filed with this Court. However, we deny Plaintiff's motion to dismiss and grant Defendant's Petition for Writ of Certiorari pursuant to Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
On appeal, Defendant contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion to set aside the default judgment because the judgment was void for lack of personal jurisdiction due to improper service. We disagree.
Section 57C-2-43 of the North Carolina General Statutes provides rules for substituted service of process on limited liability companies.
Whenever a limited liability company shall fail to appoint or maintain a registered agent in this State, or whenever its registered agent cannot with due diligence be found at the registered office, then the Secretary of State shall be an agent of the limited liability company upon whom any process, notice, or demand may be served. Service on the Secretary of State of any such process, notice, or demand shall be made by delivering to and leaving with the Secretary of State or with any clerk authorized by the Secretary of State to accept service of process, duplicate copies of the process, notice, or demand and the fee required by G.S. 57C-1-22(b). In the event any such process, notice, or demand is served on the Secretary of State in the manner provided for in this section, the Secretary of State shall immediately mail one of the copies thereof, by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, to the limited liability company at its principal office or, if there is no mailing address for the principal office on file, to the limited liability company at its registered office. Service on a limited liability company under this subsection shall be effective for all purposes from and after the date of the service on the Secretary of State.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 57C-2-43(b) (2003) (emphasis added). It is the duty of limited liability companies to maintain a registered agent in the State of North Carolina. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 55D-30(a)(2) (2003). Since Defendant's registered agent left the State and Defendant failed to appoint a new agent, alternative service on the Secretary of State was proper. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 57C-2-43.
Defendant contends that service was improper because the Secretary of State mailed the summons to the principal address instead of the registered office mailing address. Where the Secretary of State mailed the summons is immaterial because service was effective when Plaintiff served the Secretary of State. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 57C-2-43; see Royal Bus. Funds Corp. v. S.E. Dev. Corp., 32 N.C.App. 362, 366, 232 S.E.2d 215, 217 (1977) (where statute had similar language service on foreign corporation complete when Secretary of State served). "[T]here is nothing in [the statute's] language to indicate that the registered mail must be either accepted or rejected in order for service to be complete. Such an interpretation would be contrary to the clear legislative intent ... that service is complete when the Secretary of State is served." Id., 232 S.E.2d at 218.
As Defendant's registered agent had left the state, service was effective when served upon the Secretary of State. Therefore, the trial court had personal jurisdiction and entry of default judgment was proper.
On appeal, Defendant also contends that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to grant Defendant relief under Rule 60(b) of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure and finding that Defendant's neglect was inexcusable. We disagree.
"On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) [m]istake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect; ... or; (6) [a]ny other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 60(b) (2003). The decision whether to set aside a default judgment under Rule 60(b) is left to the sound discretion of the trial judge, and will not be overturned on appeal absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion. Thomas M. McInnis & Assocs., Inc. v. Hall, 318 N.C. 421, 425, 349 S.E.2d 552, 554 (1986).
Whether neglect is "excusable" or "inexcusable" is a question of law which "depends upon what, under all the surrounding circumstances, may be reasonably expected of a party" to litigation. Id., 349 S.E.2d at 555. The trial judge's conclusion in this regard will not be disturbed on appeal if competent evidence supports the judge's findings, and those findings support the conclusion. In re Hall, 89 N.C.App. 685, 687, 366 S.E.2d 882, 884, disc. review denied, 322 N.C. 835, 371 S.E.2d 277 (1988). Once excusable neglect has been shown as a matter of law, "whether the judge shall then set aside the judgment or not rests `in his discretion....'" Morris v. Liverpool, London & Globe Ins. Co., 131 N.C. 212, 213, 42 S.E. 577, 578 (1902); accord McInnis, 318 N.C. at 425, 349 S.E.2d at 554.
In the case before us, the trial court found that the registered agent refused service and changed addresses, also that service upon the Secretary of State was proper. The trial court concluded that the Defendant's neglect was inexcusable. We hold that the evidence and findings support that conclusion.
A default judgment may be set aside under Rule 60(b)(6) only upon a showing that: (1) extraordinary circumstances were responsible for the failure to appear, and (2) justice demands that relief. See Huggins v. Hallmark Enters., Inc., 84 N.C.App. 15, 24-25, 351 S.E.2d 779, 785 (1987). The decision to grant this rule's exceptional relief is within the trial court's discretion. Id. at 25, 351 S.E.2d at 785. Because this court "cannot substitute `what it consider[s] to be its own better judgment' for a discretionary ruling of a trial court," we may not overturn the judge's ruling unless it was "`manifestly unsupported by reason.'" Id. (citations omitted).
While the law does not favor default, preferring instead that controversies be resolved on their merits, "it is also true that rules which require responsive pleadings within a limited time serve important social goals, and a party should not be permitted to flout them with impunity." Howell v. Haliburton, 22 N.C.App. 40, 42, 205 S.E.2d 617, 619 (1974). Likewise, courts justifiably disapprove of a limited liability company's failure to properly maintain a registered agent because that requirement is "designed to inform potential litigants of necessary information," Huggins, 84 N.C.App. at 25, 351 S.E.2d at 785, thereby protecting the company's interests and guarding against judgment by default, as well as reducing the chance that the company will avoid paying a judgment by evading service of process. See Anderson Trucking Serv., Inc. v. Key Way Transp., Inc., 94 N.C.App. 36, 43, 379 S.E.2d 665, 669 (1989).
As Defendant failed to properly maintain a registered agent in the State of North Carolina, the trial court's decision was not "manifestly unsupported by reason." Huggins, 84 N.C.App. at 25, 351 S.E.2d at 785. The trial court committed no error in refusing to set aside the default judgment under Rule 60(b)(6).
Affirmed.
Judges HUNTER and THORNBURG concur.
|
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STEELMAN, Judge.
Plaintiff appeals from an opinion and award of the North Carolina Industrial Commission ("the Commission") denying his claim for workers' compensation benefits. Although plaintiff also gave notice of appeal from the Commission's 14 October 2003 order denying his motion for reconsideration, his assignments of error and arguments on appeal do not separately address this order. Accordingly, we confine our review to the opinion and award filed 22 September 2003.
Plaintiff has submitted to this Court only six pages of the transcript of his hearing before the Deputy Commissioner. He has not included in the record on appeal any narrative of the testimonial evidence adduced at the hearing; nor has he provided this Court with any of the medical records or other documentary evidence placed before the Commission. See N.C. R. App. P. 9(c), (d), 18(c)(6)-(8). Further, plaintiff has violated multiple North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure, including Rule 9(a)(2)(b), Rule 10(c)(1), Rule 28(b)(1), Rule 28(b)(2), Rule 28(b)(3), Rule 28(b)(4), Rule 28(b)(5), Rule 28(b)(6), Rule 28(b)(7) and Rule 28(b)(8).
The Rules of Appellate Procedure are mandatory; failure to comply with these rules subjects an appeal to dismissal. Steingress v. Steingress, 350 N.C. 64, 65, 511 S.E.2d 298, 299 (1999). Furthermore, these rules apply to everyone - whether acting pro se or being represented by all of the five largest law firms in the state. Because plaintiff violated many of the appellate rules, his appeal must be dismissed, notwithstanding his pro se status.
Bledsoe v. County of Wilkes, 135 N.C. App. 124, 519 S.E.2d 316 (1999). Additionally, we have reviewed this case on its merits and conclude that plaintiff's arguments are without merit.
DISMISSED. Judges HUNTER and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge.
Angela Marie Stephenson Black ("plaintiff") appeals the trial court order denying her motion for summary judgment. Because we conclude that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, we vacate the trial court's order.
The facts and procedural history pertinent to the instant appeal are as follows: Plaintiff married Francis Eugene Black, III, ("Black") on 8 April 2000. Prior to their marriage, plaintiffand Black entered into a premarital agreement which contained the following pertinent provisions:
1. 11 Guinevere Court, Asheville, North Carolina 28806[.]
Each party agrees that the real property located at 11 Guinevere Court, Asheville, North Carolina, 28806, is and was separate property owned by and vested in Francis E. Black, III, prior to the marriage between the parties. Each party agrees that said property shall remain the separate property of Francis E. Black, III, unless otherwise agreed by them in writing, or unless otherwise gifted by Francis E. Black, III, to Angela Marie Stephenson[.]
2. Merrill Lynch Accounts. It is agreed that any and all Accounts maintained at Merrill Lynch in the name of Francis E. Black, III, shall remain as his sole and separate property.
. . . .
4. EXECUTION AND EFFECTIVENESS. To clarify certain aspects of this Agreement, this execution and effectiveness [sic] agree as follows:
. . . .
b. This Agreement shall be binding upon and enure to the benefit of the parties and their respective heirs, executors, personal representatives, successors and assigns.
Black died testate on 20 June 2000. Black's will, which was subsequently admitted to probate, made several specific bequests to family members and left the remainder of his property to a friend, Robin Miller Hamrick (now Murdock). Plaintiff received no bequest under the terms of the will, but was appointed administratrix on 28 August 2000. On 26 June 2001, plaintiff sought to resign as administratrix, and the trial court accepted plaintiff's request ina consent order dated 25 October 2001.
Prior to submitting her resignation as administratrix, plaintiff filed a dissent from Black's will and claimed a surviving spouse's year's allowance of $10,000.00. On 13 December 2002, defendants filed a motion contesting plaintiff's right to dissent from the will and claim a year's allowance. Defendants alleged that the premarital agreement entered into by Black and plaintiff barred plaintiff from dissenting from Black's will and from claiming the year's allowance.
On 20 May 2003, plaintiff filed a declaratory judgment complaint which contained the following pertinent allegations:
9. That prior to submitting her resignation as Administratrix CTA, Plaintiff timely[:]
A. Claimed the surviving spouse's year allowance of $10,000.00; and
B. Filed a dissent from the will of Francis Eugene Black, III.
10. That Plaintiff's resignation was accepted by the court through a consent order dated October 25, 2001.
11. Following the acceptance of Plaintiff's resignation, Robin M. Hamrick (Murdock) qualified as Executrix of the Estate of Francis Eugene Black, III[,] on November 9th, 2001.
12. That no order allowing dissent has been entered by the court and the defendant executrix contends that Plaintiff's right to dissent and her right to a surviving spouse's year's allowance is bar[r]ed by the prenupt[i]al agreement[.]
13. As a result of the forgoing, there is an actual controversy between the Plaintiffand the Defendants relating to their respective rights and obligations.
Based upon these allegations, plaintiff requested that the trial court "declare the validity of Plaintiff's dissent from the will of her husband and the validity of her claim of the surviving spouse's year's allowance."
On 10 July 2003, defendants filed an answer requesting that the trial court dismiss plaintiff's claim, noting as follows:
It appears from the face of the action that the same seeks a declaratory judgment on an issue which is currently before the Clerk of Superior Court for determination. Defendants contend that the Clerk of Superior Court has exclusive jurisdiction over the estate and the matters which have arisen since the initial probate proceedings. The Estate filed its motion regarding the Plaintiff's dissention request with the Clerk of Superior Court and has since awaited a hearing on said matter. To allow this action to move forward would in essence, circumvent the jurisdiction of the Clerk of Superior Court.
Defendants requested in the alternative that the trial court declare that the premarital agreement barred plaintiff's right to dissent from the will and claim a year's allowance.
On 22 October 2003, plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment, in which she requested judgment in her favor as to the issues raised in her declaratory judgment complaint. On 12 December 2003, defendants filed an answer to plaintiff's motion and reasserted that the trial court lacked jurisdiction over plaintiff's claim. On 29 December 2003, the trial court filed an order denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment after finding that the premarital agreement barred plaintiff's right to dissentfrom the will and claim a year's allowance. Plaintiff appeals.
The dispositive issue on appeal is whether the trial court obtained subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff's motions. Because we conclude that the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction, we vacate the trial court's order.
The clerk of the superior court of each county has exclusive jurisdiction over the administration, settlement, and distribution of a decedent's estate. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-2-1 (2003). "[I]n the exercise of his probate jurisdiction, the clerk is an independent tribunal of original jurisdiction." In re Spinks, 7 N.C. App. 417, 421, 173 S.E.2d 1, 4, cert. denied, 276 N.C. 575 (1970). Thus, "jurisdiction in probate matters cannot be exercised by the judge of the Superior Court except upon appeal." In re Estate of Lowther, 271 N.C. 345, 354, 156 S.E.2d 693, 700 (1967).
In the instant case, on 13 December 2002, defendants filed with the Clerk of Superior Court of Buncombe County an action contesting plaintiff's right to dissent from Black's will and claim a year's allowance. Defendants alleged that the premarital agreement entered into by plaintiff and Black barred plaintiff from dissenting from Black's will and claiming the year's allowance. However, rather than awaiting the Clerk of Court's resolution of the matter, plaintiff requested that the trial court declare judgment in her favor prior to the Clerk's decision. In light of the provisions of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 28A-2-1 and relevant case law, we conclude that the trial court was without jurisdiction to ruleupon plaintiff's motions. Therefore, we vacate the trial court's order.
Vacated.
Judges TYSON and GEER concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
WYNN, Judge.
Defendant, New Hanover Regional Medical Center, appeals an Opinion and Award entered 12 September 2003 by the North Carolina Industrial Commission, awarding compensation to Plaintiff, Eleanor Spicer, for work-related carpal tunnel syndrome and chronic right upper extremity pain. After careful review, we affirm.
Ms. Spicer, an employee of the medical center, filed a workers' compensation claim alleging that on 25 June 1995 she injured her right arm while attempting to assist a 280-poundpatient to the bathroom. She alleged that the accident occurred when the patient fell and grabbed her, causing both to fall.
Following the fall, Ms. Spicer went to employee health services at the medical center with complaints of lower back and right shoulder pain. As a result, Ms. Spicer was written out of work until 29 June 1995, at which time she could return with temporary restrictions of lifting no more than fifteen pounds, no heavy pushing or pulling, no standing or sitting for long periods, no repetitive stooping, bending or squatting, and no patient lifting or transfers. She was also given pain medication and referred to Dr. James W. Markworth, an orthopedic surgeon with Southeastern Orthopedics.
Upon presenting herself to Dr. Markworth first on 19 July 1995, Ms. Spicer complained of pain throughout her right shoulder and some periodic pain and swelling of the right hand, paresthesias extending to all four fingers of the right hand, occasional inability to use the hand and arm on the right side and occasional radiation of pain from her back into her right thigh. Dr. Markworth ordered a MRI of Ms. Spicer's right shoulder, but it was not accurately completed due to her claustrophobia. An arthrogram was negative for a rotator cuff tear. On 24 April 1996, Dr. Markworth diagnosed Ms. Spicer with persistent shoulder and arm pain of an unknown etiology and assigned her a partial disability rating of two percent to her right-upper extremity based on her continuing pain. Dr. Markworth recommended that she do sedentary work. At this point, Ms. Spicer had been placed in various jobsincluding lab work, delivering blood, and passing out ice and lotions.
On 15 May 1996, Ms. Spicer returned to Dr. Markworth with complaints of continued swelling in the right hand and right shoulder. She noted that she had lifted a heavy package at work the previous day and felt this may have caused the swelling. No changes were made to her medications or work restrictions.
In June 1996, Ms. Spicer saw Dr. John C. Liguori, a physiatrist (physician specializing in physical medicine and rehabilitation). Dr. Liguori found no evidence that there was anything physically wrong with her and recommended no treatment or work restrictions.
On 20 August 1996, Dr. Markworth again examined Ms. Spicer, however, this examination revealed a positive Tinel's for carpal tunnel syndrome in the right wrist. He opined that Ms. Spicer's upper extremity pain may be secondary to the carpal tunnel syndrome.
In March 1997, the medical center offered Ms. Spicer the position of distribution clerk and she accepted. While the job of distribution clerk usually requires a person to lift all types of packages, due to Ms. Spicer's restrictions, the position was modified so that she only transported light-weight packages on a service cart. Ms. Spicer repeatedly delivered packages to the wrong locations, failed to secure necessary signatures, and was tardy to work. After a number of verbal and written warnings, the medical center terminated Ms. Spicer on 3 June 1997. Ms. Spicercontinued to have pain and was unable to keep a job for more than a few months.
On 3 April 1997, the Industrial Commission approved a Form 21 agreement for compensation for claim number 558162. In the Form 21 agreement, the medical center admitted liability and agreed to pay Ms. Spicer compensation for 4.8 weeks based upon a permanent partial disability rating of "2% to the arm, plus one week waiting period" pursuant to the rating Ms. Spicer received from Dr. Markworth.
On 12 June 1997, Ms. Spicer filed a Form 18 Notice of Accident to Employer, for claim number 721983, with the Industrial Commission alleging that the May 1996 lifting incident aggravated her condition. The medical center denied this claim.
Ms. Spicer requested a hearing for both claim numbers 558162 and 721983. In an Opinion and Award filed 13 December 2001, Deputy Commissioner Mary Moore Hoag denied Ms. Spicer's claim for temporary total disability and granted Ms. Spicer's claim for permanent partial disability of $638.98 and medical expenses. In an Opinion and Award filed 12 September 2003, the full Commission reversed the decision by Hoag and awarded Ms. Spicer benefits for total disability from 3 June 1997 through the present. The medical center appealed.
On appeal, the medical center argues that the full Commission erred in: (1) awarding Ms. Spicer temporary total and temporary partial disability; (2) finding that Ms. Spicer had sustained acompensable change in condition; and (3) finding that Ms. Spicer's original work-related injury caused carpal-tunnel syndrome in her right hand.
The standard of review for this Court in reviewing an appeal from the full Commission is limited to determining "whether any competent evidence supports the Commission's findings of fact and whether the findings of fact support the Commission's conclusions of law." Deese v. Champion Int'l Corp., 352 N.C. 109, 116, 530 S.E.2d 549, 553 (2000). Our review "'goes no further than to determine whether the record contains any evidence tending to support the finding.'" Adams v. AVX Corp., 349 N.C. 676, 681, 509 S.E.2d 411, 414 (1998) (citation omitted). The full Commission's findings of fact "are conclusive on appeal when supported by competent evidence," even if there is evidence to support a contrary finding, Morrison v. Burlington Indus., 304 N.C. 1, 6, 282 S.E.2d 458, 463 (1981), and may be set aside on appeal only "when there is a complete lack of competent evidence to support them[.]" Young v. Hickory Bus. Furniture, 353 N.C. 227, 230, 538 S.E.2d 912, 914 (2000). Further, all evidence must be taken in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff "is entitled to the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn from the evidence." Deese, 352 N.C. at 115, 530 S.E.2d at 553.
Here, the medical center has assigned error to the following paragraphs in the Opinion and Award:
Findings of Fact
***
14. In March 1997, Ms. Cheryl Knolls, plaintiff's supervisor at the time, placed plaintiff in a light-duty position as a distribution clerk. While the job of distribution clerk is a real position, it normally requires activities outside of plaintiff's restrictions. Ms. Knolls testified that she "basically kind of created a position for [plaintiff]." In order to meet plaintiff's restrictions, her job duties were culled from those of existing positions and were limited to delivering small packages to areas of the hospital using a service cart with four wheels on it. Plaintiff worked night shift when the need for delivering packages was the lightest. The distribution clerk position allowed plaintiff to both sit and stand. When plaintiff ultimately left the position of distribution clerk, the duties she performed were merged back into existing positions and her job was not refilled.
15. Based upon the greater weight of the evidence, the Full Commission finds that the duties assigned to plaintiff in the position of distribution clerk made it a "make-work" position which was not available in the competitive job market and thus was not indicative of plaintiff's wage-earning capacity.
16. Plaintiff had difficulty performing the job of distribution clerk. She did not always deliver packages to the correct locations, and she frequently failed to secure the requisite signatures on delivered packages. Plaintiff received a number of warnings for her errors. On 6 March 1997, plaintiff received a verbal warning, documented by defendant, for failing to properly deliver a package. Plaintiff did not deliver the package to the proper person or obtain the required signature. On 18 March 1997, plaintiff also received a verbal warning, documented by defendant, for failing to obtain the necessary signatures on the packages.
***
19. There is no evidence of record that plaintiff purposely failed to perform her job or that she willfully or constructivelyrefused to perform the job duties assigned. Further, as the employment in question is deemed a "make-work" job, plaintiff's termination does not constitute a constructive refusal of suitable employment.
***
23. Because plaintiff's condition of right upper extremity pain has persisted since the date of her injury by accident and the medical records did not adequately address the issue of causation, the Full Commission on 13 September 2002, ordered that the record be reopened in this case for the admission of additional evidence in the form of an Independent Medical Examination of plaintiff. The matter was referred to the Industrial Commission Nurses' Section to arrange an appointment for plaintiff with orthopedist, Dr. Richard Moore. On 20 December 2002, Dr. Moore examined plaintiff as well as the records of her prior medical treatment by other physicians. He noted that plaintiff's right arm exhibited signs of chronic use of a splint, with slight subtle forearm atrophy. Dr. Moore's impression at that time was that plaintiff suffered from "chronic right upper extremity pain of unclear etiology." He noted that electrical studies which had been previously recommended, but not performed, were needed. Pursuant to an Order of the Full Commission, these tests were scheduled.
24. The EMG and NCV studies recommended by Dr. Moore were performed on 16 January 2003. Dr. Moore reviewed the studies and found "evidence of severe right carpal tunnel syndrome" and "mild right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow with focal slowing in the retrocondylar groove." He further noted a possibility that plaintiff suffers from a "chronic regional pain syndrome." Dr. Moore recommended carpal tunnel release surgery. Plaintiff is currently determining whether to undergo the surgery. Dr. Moore is of the opinion and the Full Commission finds that plaintiff's carpal tunnel syndrome and right upper extremity problems are causally related to her June 1995 injury.
25. Dr. Moore's diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome and mild right ulnar neuropathy is given greater weight by the Full Commission than the contrary opinions of plaintiff's other treating physicians who did not have the benefit of the electrical testing which Dr. Moore considered.
26. The record contains a Form 21 Agreement for Compensation dated 18 June 1996 in I.C. No. 558162, wherein defendant admitted liability and agreed to pay plaintiff compensation for 4.8 weeks based upon a permanent partial disability rating of "2% to the arm, plus one week waiting period" pursuant to the rating plaintiff received from Dr. Markworth. The Industrial Commission approved the Form 21 on 3 April 1997.
***
29. Plaintiff's current disability is causally related to the June 1995 injury by accident and the subsequent aggravation of her condition on or about May 1996. Plaintiff has not reached maximum medical improvement in this claim.
***
Conclusions of Law
***
3. Plaintiff's current conditions of carpal tunnel syndrome and chronic right upper extremity pain are either caused by or are the direct and natural consequence of her compensable injury of 25 June 1995, which was aggravated by lifting a package at work on 14 May 1996. Accordingly, plaintiff is entitled to indemnity compensation for the loss of wage earning capacity as a result. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-29.
4. Plaintiff's various light duty positions with defendant subsequent to her 25 June 1995 injury, including the duties created for the position of distribution clerk, were not jobs readily available in the competitive job market; therefore, they do not constitute suitable employment and do not demonstrateplaintiff's wage earning capacity. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-32. Further, plaintiff has shown that her inability to maintain continuing employment is due to her work-related injury; therefore, plaintiff has not constructively refused suitable employment. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-32; Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro, 123 N.C. App. 228, 472 S.E.2d 587 (1996).
5. A change of condition is defined as a substantial change in the claimant's physical capacity to earn wages, occurring after a final award of compensation, different from that existing when the award was made. Bailey v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 131 N.C. App. 649, 508 S.E.2d 831 (1998). In this case, plaintiff is not required to demonstrate a change of condition. Plaintiff has proven by the greater weight of the evidence that she has not regained her pre-injury wage earning capacity. Even if plaintiff has sustained a change of condition, the Form 18 filed by plaintiff for aggravation of her 25 June 1995 injury satisfies the requirements of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-47.
6. Plaintiff is entitled to the payment of weekly compensation in the amount of $133.12 from 3 June 1997 through the present and continuing until further Order of the Commission, with the exception of those periods of time during which she was employed by Elder Care and Hospice. During those periods of temporary, part time employment, plaintiff is entitled to temporary partial disability compensation in accordance with the Act. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 97-29; 97-30.
7. Plaintiff is entitled to the payment of all medical expenses incurred, or to be incurred, as a result of her injury by accident so long as it tends to effect a cure or give relief, including the performance of carpal tunnel release surgery. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-25.
The medical center argues that the full Commission erred in awarding Ms. Spicer temporary total and temporary partial disability after finding that Ms. Spicer's position as adistribution clerk was "make work." The medical center argues that even if it is "make work" the findings of fact do not support the conclusions of law that Ms. Spicer's behavior leading to termination is excused. We disagree.
"In order to obtain compensation under the Workers' Compensation Act, the claimant has the burden of proving the existence of his disability and its extent." Hendrix v. Linn-Corriher Corp., 317 N.C. 179, 185, 345 S.E.2d 374, 378 (1986). To support a conclusion of disability, the plaintiff must prove and the full Commission must find that: (1) plaintiff was incapable after her injury of earning the same wages earned prior to injury in the same employment, (2) plaintiff was incapable after her injury of earning the same wages she earned prior to injury in any other employment, and (3) plaintiff's incapacity to earn wages was caused by her compensable injury. Hilliard v. Apex Cabinet Co., 305 N.C. 593, 595, 290 S.E.2d 682, 683 (1982); Effingham v. Kroger Co., 149 N.C. App. 105, 111, 561 S.E.2d 287, 292 (2002). After these elements are proven, "the burden shifts to [the employer] to show that plaintiff is employable." Dalton v. Anvil Knitwear, 119 N.C. App. 275, 284, 458 S.E.2d 251, 257 (1995).
"However, the fact that an employee is capable of performing employment tendered by the employer is not, as a matter of law, an indication of plaintiff's ability to earn wages." Saums v. Raleigh Cmty. Hosp., 346 N.C. 760, 764, 487 S.E.2d 746, 750 (1997). The tendered employment must accurately reflect the employee's ability to compete with others in the job market in order for theemployment to be indicative of an employee's earning capacity. Peoples v. Cone Mills Corp., 316 N.C. 426, 438, 342 S.E.2d 798, 806 (1986). Thus, "if other employers would not hire the employee with the employee's limitations at a comparable wage level . . . [or] if the proffered employment is so modified because of the employee's limitations that it is not ordinarily available in the competitive job market[,]" the job is "make work" and is not competitive. Id.
The evidence in this case shows that the job of distribution clerk is an actual job. The position entails the employee to deliver packages using a wheeled cart to various places in the hospital. Due to Ms. Spicer's work restrictions, the hospital modified the position for Ms. Spicer by having her deliver only light-weight packages. Ms. Spicer's supervisor testified that "we basically kind of created a position for her."
Although much of the evidence tends to support a finding of modification, the full Commission made a finding of fact of "make work" supported by the supervisor's statement. It is not the job of this Court to re-weigh the evidence. Adams, 349 N.C. at 681, 509 S.E.2d at 414. Since there is competent evidence to support these findings of fact of a "make work" position, they will not be disturbed on appeal. Morrison, 304 N.C. at 6, 282 S.E.2d at 463. The medical center also argues that even if Ms. Spicer's position as a distribution clerk is considered "make work," Ms. Spicer is not entitled to any workers' compensation as she constructively refused employment by being terminated for cause. We disagree. This Court has previously stated:
where an employee, who has sustained a compensable injury and has been provided light duty or rehabilitative employment, is terminated from such employment for misconduct or other fault on the part of the employee, such termination does not automatically constitute a constructive refusal to accept employment so as to bar the employee from receiving benefits for temporary partial or total disability. . . . Therefore, in such cases the employer must first show that the employee was terminated for misconduct or fault, unrelated to the compensable injury, for which a nondisabled employee would ordinarily have been terminated. If the employer makes such a showing, the employee's misconduct will be deemed to constitute a constructive refusal to perform the work provided and consequent forfeiture of benefits for lost earnings, unless the employee is then able to show that his or her inability to find or hold other employment of any kind, or other employment at a wage comparable to that earned prior to the injury, is due to the work-related disability.
Seagraves v. Austin Co. of Greensboro, 123 N.C. App. 228, 233-34, 472 S.E.2d 397, 401 (1996) (emphasis added).
In this case, there is no evidence that the medical center would not have terminated Ms. Spicer had she been a nondisabled employee. The medical center terminated Ms. Spicer for failing adequately to perform her job after she had received repeated verbal and written warnings. Thus, the medical center met the first prong of the constructive refusal test. But the full Commission found that Ms. Spicer's position was a "make work" position and therefore could not be obtained in the competitive job market. The full Commission also found that Ms. Spicer's work-related injury prevented her from holding a job in her previousoccupation as a Certified Nursing Assistant. Therefore, Ms. Spicer meets the second prong of the test in Seagraves entitling her to workers' compensation. Id.
The medical center next argues that the full Commission erred in finding that Ms. Spicer did not need to assert a compensable change in condition. We disagree.
Section 97-31 of the North Carolina General Statutes provides that payment for disability shall be paid "during the healing period." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-31 (2003). The healing period ends when "after a course of treatment and observation, the injury is discovered to be permanent and that fact is duly established." Crawley v. S. Devices, Inc., 31 N.C. App. 284, 289, 229 S.E.2d 325, 329 (1976). The point at which the injury has stabilized is often called "maximum medical improvement." Carpenter v. Indus. Piping Co., 73 N.C. App. 309, 311, 326 S.E.2d 328, 330 (1985).
The full Commission found that Ms. Spicer had not reached maximum medical improvement in this claim. The full Commission's findings were supported by the testimony of Dr. Moore, who stated that Ms. Spicer continued to have pain and wear a wrist splint due to carpal tunnel syndrome. See Morrison, 304 N.C. at 6, 282 S.E.2d at 463. The full Commission also concluded that Ms. Spicer still might benefit from carpal tunnel release surgery. Therefore, Ms. Spicer was still in the healing period and entitled to ongoing disability payments. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-31. Since Ms. Spicer was still in the healing period, there was no need for Ms. Spicer to assert a change in condition to obtain disability payments. The medical center's final argument is that the full Commission erred in finding that Ms. Spicer's original work-related injury caused carpal tunnel syndrome in her right hand, because it lacked competent evidence. We disagree.
The medical center contends that the full Commission erred by relying on Dr. Moore's testimony as opposed to Ms. Spicer's treating physician Dr. Markworth. Because Dr. Moore did not examine Ms. Spicer until seven and one-half years after the injury, the medical center contends that this opinion should not be given any weight. But, again, it is not the role of this Court to determine the credibility of witnesses or weigh the evidence; that is the job of the full Commission. Adams, 349 N.C. at 681, 509 S.E.2d at 414. Accordingly, we will not disturb these findings of fact on appeal.
Affirmed.
Judges HUNTER and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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GEER, Judge.
Defendant Aundrea Rea Carroll appeals from the trial court's order granting primary custody of her son G.L. to plaintiff Betty Laird - Ms. Carroll's mother and the child's grandmother. Since Ms. Carroll has not properly assigned error to the trial court's findings of fact and since those findings support the trial court's conclusions of law, we hold that the trial court did not err in concluding that Ms. Carroll engaged in conduct inconsistent with her constitutionally protected status as a parent. Based on ourreview of the record and the trial court's order, we further hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in determining that the best interests of the child required that custody be awarded to Ms. Laird. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's order.
Ordinarily, in child custody proceedings, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(a) (2003) requires that the trial court "award the custody of [a minor] child to such person, agency, organization or institution as will best promote the interest and welfare of the child." When, however, the proceeding involves a dispute between a parent and a nonparent, the parent has a constitutionally protected right to the custody, care, and control of his or her child. Petersen v. Rogers, 337 N.C. 397, 406, 445 S.E.2d 901, 906 (1994). This constitutionally protected interest "must prevail in a custody dispute with a nonparent, absent a showing of unfitness or neglect." Price v. Howard, 346 N.C. 68, 72, 484 S.E.2d 528, 530 (1997).
A parent's paramount constitutional interest in his or her child exists hand-in-hand with "the parental responsibilities the parent has assumed." Id. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534. Because of these responsibilities, courts presume that the parent will act in the best interest of the child. Id. Accordingly, the parent loses this paramount status "if his or her conduct is inconsistent withthis presumption or if he or she fails to shoulder the responsibilities that are attendant to rearing a child." Id. Our Supreme Court has described the conduct that is inconsistent with a parent's protected status: "Unfitness, neglect, and abandonment clearly constitute conduct inconsistent with the protected status parents may enjoy. Other types of conduct, which must be viewed on a case-by-case basis, can also rise to this level so as to be inconsistent with the protected status of natural parents." Id., 484 S.E.2d at 534-35. Once the trial court finds such conduct, "custody should be determined by the `best interest of the child' test mandated by statute." Id., 484 S.E.2d at 535.
The trial court's findings of fact as to whether a parent's conduct is inconsistent with his or her constitutionally protected status are conclusive on appeal if they are supported by clear and convincing evidence, even though the evidence might sustain findings to the contrary. Owenby v. Young, 357 N.C. 142, 147, 579 S.E.2d 264, 268 (2003). The trial court's determination regarding the best interests of the child will not be disturbed unless there is "`a clear showing of abuse of discretion.'" Dixon v. Dixon, 67 N.C. App. 73, 76, 312 S.E.2d 669, 672 (1984) (quoting King v. Demo, 40 N.C. App. 661, 668, 253 S.E.2d 616, 621 (1979)). An abuse of discretion "is shown only when the court's decision `is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not havebeen the result of a reasoned decision.'" Barton v. Sutton, 152 N.C. App. 706, 710, 568 S.E.2d 264, 266 (2002) (quoting State v. McDonald, 130 N.C. App. 263, 267, 502 S.E.2d 409, 413 (1998)).
Facts
From the day G.L. was born, 30 December 1991, until he was about two years old, he lived with Ms. Carroll and her parents, Betty and Jay Laird, in the Lairds' home in Candler, North Carolina. Ms. Laird, rather than Ms. Carroll, provided primary care for G.L. Although Ms. Carroll moved out of the Lairds' home when the child was two years old, G.L. continued to live with and be cared for by the Lairds.
When the child was three years old, Ms. Carroll moved into a mobile home 150 yards from the Lairds' home. During the next three years, Ms. Laird continued to care for G.L. while Ms. Carroll worked; G.L. often spent nights and weekends with the Lairds; and G.L. went to the Lairds' home when he was upset or afraid because of fighting between Ms. Carroll and her new husband. Ms. Carroll often became angry and damaged objects and the mobile home. During this period, G.L. was in Ms. Laird's care for at least half the time.
Shortly after G.L. began first grade, Ms. Carroll and herhusband moved to Franklin, North Carolina, leaving G.L. with Ms. Laird. Although after a few weeks, Ms. Carroll retrieved G.L., she later returned him to Ms. Laird and Ms. Laird enrolled him in first grade in Candler. Ms. Carroll visited him on occasional weekends.
While in Franklin, Ms. Carroll continued to experience episodes of intense, destructive anger. After being evicted from their Franklin home, the Carrolls returned to the mobile home near the Lairds, but G.L. stayed with Ms. Laird most nights. The Carrolls had violent arguments, but Ms. Carroll told G.L. not to let Ms. Laird know. After several months, the Carrolls separated and Ms. Carroll moved into the Lairds' home. Even so, Ms. Laird continued to be the primary caretaker of G.L. In the fall of G.L.'s second-grade year, however, Ms. Carroll had a dispute with her mother, moved out with her son, and told Ms. Laird that she would never see the child again.
Until that point, Ms. Laird had been the primary caregiver for G.L. for most of his life. She had been primarily responsible for taking him to doctors and dentists; she, rather than Ms. Carroll, had been involved in his school activities; she had purchased almost all of his clothes and school supplies; and she had involved him in church and church activities.
On 19 December 2000, in response to her daughter's threat to deprive her of contact with her grandchild, Ms. Laird filed suitseeking custody of and visitation with her grandchild. Over time, the court entered a series of orders, granting Ms. Carroll custody, providing Ms. Laird with visitation, ordering Ms. Carroll to complete a substance-abuse assessment, and directing Ms. Carroll to enroll her son in therapy.
The court found, based on the testimony of school officials, that during the time G.L. resided with Ms. Laird, he arrived at school on time, was calm and prepared, and had his homework complete. When Ms. Carroll had primary care, G.L.'s attendance was poor, he was frequently late (receiving more than 100 "tardies" in the third and fourth grades), he often arrived without having had breakfast, his grades fell significantly, and he had disciplinary problems. When school officials attempted to communicate with Ms. Carroll about the child's unexcused absences and disciplinary problems, she either did not respond or was rude and hostile.
On 21 December 2001, the court found Ms. Carroll to be in willful contempt of the prior orders for repeatedly failing to grant Ms. Laird her visitation. The trial court deferred ruling on sanctions until a later hearing, but admonished Ms. Carroll to comply with the prior orders and ordered her to provide documentation that she and G.L. had been receiving therapy.
Following a hearing on 21 February 2002 that Ms. Carroll chose not to attend, the trial court found (1) that Ms. Carroll hadfailed to document compliance with the requirement that she provide G.L. with counseling and that she complete an anger management program and (2) that Ms. Carroll had continued to violate Ms. Laird's right to visitation. The court, however, again held open the issue of sanctions pending further hearing. At the next hearing on 25 March 2002, Ms. Carroll arrived an hour late. In its order following the hearing, the court noted that "[it] had serious concerns over the Defendant's attentiveness to the necessary details of this case . . . ." The court found that Ms. Carroll had failed to comply with prior orders regarding G.L.'s counseling and anger management. The court appointed a guardian ad litem to investigate Ms. Laird's allegations and assist the court in determining the best interests of G.L.
The matter was peremptorily set for hearing the week of 5 June 2002 and the court instructed the parties to have their witnesses available. Following the filing of the guardian ad litem's report, Ms. Carroll moved for a continuance to obtain witnesses to respond to that report. At the 5 June 2002 hearing, the parties stipulated that the guardian ad litem's report would be admitted. Although granting Ms. Carroll's request for a continuance, the trial court ordered joint custody between the parties with alternating weekly placement pending a further hearing. Ms. Carroll, however, failed to comply with the order, causing Ms. Laird to file a motion toshow cause on 19 December 2002.
In November 2002, the fall of G.L.'s fifth-grade year, Ms. Carroll remarried. In March 2003, police responded to a domestic dispute that occurred with G.L. present and while Ms. Carroll's new husband was intoxicated. During the fifth grade, G.L.'s grades continued to fall, he was sent to the principal's office six times, and he had excessive unexcused absences and tardies. The court found that Ms. Carroll drove G.L. to school on multiple occasions although she does not have a valid North Carolina driver's license. The school counselor was concerned that the child's disciplinary problems were related to Ms. Carroll's remarriage. While Ms. Carroll did not respond to communications from the school, Ms. Laird continued to meet with G.L.'s teachers to discuss his school performance.
On 14 February 2003, the trial court found Ms. Carroll in willful contempt of its prior orders, but - at the parties' request - did not impose sanctions and instead admonished Ms. Carroll to allow the court-ordered visitation. Immediately following the hearing, however, Ms. Carroll failed to comply. When it entered its written order, the court found "that defendant has been found in willful contempt of the orders of this Court on two occasions and has continued to make it clear that she will not follow the orders of this Court." Following an evidentiary hearing in March and April 2003, the court entered an order on 19 May 2003, concluding "[t]hat there is convincing evidence that the defendant has neglected her minor child . . ., such that she should not have custody of him and that she has thereby waived her paramount constitutional right to custody and control of said child" and "[t]hat the plaintiff is a fit and proper person to have custody of [the child] and it is in his best interest that she have custody of him." The court granted Ms. Laird primary custody and Ms. Carroll weekend visitation. Ms. Carroll filed notice of appeal from the court's 19 May 2003 order on 20 May 2003.
Ms. Carroll's Constitutionally Protected Right
In challenging the trial court's determination that she engaged in conduct inconsistent with her protected status, Ms. Carroll first argues that the evidence was inadequate to support the trial court's findings of fact. Ms. Carroll did not, however, specifically assign error to any of the trial court's findings of fact. Instead, her sole pertinent assignment of error states only: "The court's Finding[s] of Facts are not supported by clear and convincing evidence and are therefore erroneous."
It is well-established that "[a] single assignment [of error] generally challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support numerous findings of fact, as here, is broadside and ineffective"under N.C.R. App. P. 10. Wade v. Wade, 72 N.C. App. 372, 375-76, 325 S.E.2d 260, 266, disc. review denied, 313 N.C. 612, 330 S.E.2d 616 (1985). Because Ms. Carroll has not properly assigned error to any specific findings of fact, the trial court's findings are binding on this Court. Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991) ("Where no exception is taken to a finding of fact by the trial court, the finding is presumed to be supported by competent evidence and is binding on appeal."). Those findings and the trial court's other prior unchallenged orders established the above-recited facts.
In any event, Ms. Carroll acknowledges that the court's findings of fact were supported by the testimony of Ms. Laird and her husband and by the guardian ad litem's report. She contends, however, that the trial court erred in accepting this evidence as credible and that it was insufficient to overcome her evidence. Questions of credibility and weight are solely within the discretion of the trial judge when sitting as the trier of fact. Westneat v. Westneat, 113 N.C. App. 247, 250, 437 S.E.2d 899, 900 (1994). The trial court was free to choose to believe the Lairds' and school officials' testimony over that of Ms. Carroll. With respect to the guardian ad litem report, Ms. Carroll also complains that it contains "unsworn, biased statements from a collection of incompetent, unreliable witnesses" and could not, therefore, forma basis for the trial court's findings of fact. Ms. Carroll, however, stipulated to the report's admission into evidence and the trial court accordingly properly relied upon it.
The sole question properly before this Court is whether the findings of fact support the conclusion of law that Ms. Carroll neglected G.L. and waived her paramount constitutional right to custody. Although it is unnecessary for a court to find that a parent's conduct rose to the level warranting termination of parental rights, a court's finding of neglect, abandonment, or any of the other grounds set forth in N.C. Gen. Stat. §7B-1111 may result in a loss of a parent's protected status. Owenby, 357 N.C. at 145, 579 S.E.2d at 267. See also Price, 346 N.C. at 79, 484 S.E.2d at 534 ("Unfitness, neglect, and abandonment clearly constitute conduct inconsistent with the protected status parents may enjoy."). In Speagle v. Seitz, 354 N.C. 525, 531, 557 S.E.2d 83, 87 (2001), the Supreme Court stressed "that any past circumstance or conduct which could impact either the present or the future of a child is relevant, notwithstanding the fact that such circumstance or conduct did not exist or was not being engaged in at the time of the custody proceeding."
In this case, the court made detailed findings regarding Ms. Carroll's conduct. They included (1) leaving G.L. in Ms. Laird's care for extended periods of time and, even when Ms. Carroll waspresent in Ms. Laird's home, allowing Ms. Laird to be primarily responsible for G.L.'s care, supervision, and necessities; (2) exposing the child to substantial domestic violence and emotional upheaval in his home; (3) failing to ensure that he received necessary counseling and a proper education; and (4) willfully violating court orders entered in the best interests of the child.
These findings regarding the child's care are consistent with the statutory definition of a "[n]eglected juvenile":
A juvenile who does not receive proper care, supervision, or discipline from the juvenile's parent, guardian, custodian, or caretaker . . . or who is not provided necessary remedial care; or who lives in an environment injurious to the juvenile's welfare . . . .
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-101(15) (2003). See, e.g., Pratt v. Bishop, 257 N.C. 486, 501, 126 S.E.2d 597, 608 (1962) ("Certainly a continued wilful failure to perform the parental duty to support and maintain a child would be evidence that a parent had relinquished his claim to the child."); In re Davis, 116 N.C. App. 409, 414, 448 S.E.2d 303, 306 (parents' failure to "obtain[] continued counseling, a stable home, stable employment, and [attend] parenting classes" was sufficient to show a probability that neglect would be repeated if child were returned to the care of the parents), disc. review denied, 338 N.C. 516, 452 S.E.2d 808 (1994); In re McMillan, 30 N.C. App. 235, 238, 226 S.E.2d 693, 695(1976) ("It is fundamental that a child who receives proper care and supervision in modern times is provided a basic education.").
Further, our Supreme Court has observed that a parent's "failure to maintain personal contact with the child or failure to resume custody when able" may alone amount to conduct inconsistent with protected parental interests. Price, 346 N.C. at 83-84, 484 S.E.2d at 537. Here, the trial court's findings reveal that, for much of G.L.'s life, Ms. Carroll abdicated responsibility for her son to her mother, Ms. Laird. These findings are sufficient to support the conclusion that Ms. Carroll acted in a manner inconsistent with her status as a parent. Ellison v. Ramos, 130 N.C. App. 389, 398-99, 502 S.E.2d 891, 897 (allegations that the father had relinquished custody of his child to others on several occasions "support a conclusion that [the father] has acted in a manner inconsistent with his protected status as a parent"), appeal dismissed, 349 N.C. 356, 517 S.E.2d 891 (1998).
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court's findings of fact supported its conclusion of law that Ms. Carroll's conduct wasinconsistent with the constitutionally protected right of a parent to custody and control of her child.
The Award of Custody to the Child's Grandmother
Following the trial court's initial determination regarding the nature of Ms. Carroll's conduct, the court was required to consider the best interests of the child in deciding whether to award Ms. Laird custody. Speagle, 354 N.C. at 531-32, 557 S.E.2d at 87 ("[W]e note that findings of fact of a parent's conduct inconsistent with that parent's protected status, whether related to past or present conduct, do not in and of themselves determine custody. A finding of inconsistent conduct merely triggers the best interests of the child analysis."). Ms. Carroll did not assign error to the trial court's decision regarding the best interests of the child. That decision, therefore, is not properly before us. N.C.R. App. P. 10(a) ("[T]he scope of review on appeal is confined to a consideration of those assignments of error set out in the record on appeal in accordance with this Rule 10.").
In her brief, however, Ms. Carroll complains that the trial court did not conduct any additional analysis before making the "best interests" determination. It is unclear what procedure Ms. Carroll contends that the trial court should have followed. Before awarding custody, the trial court must conclude as a matter of law that the award of custody to a particular party "willbest promote the interest and welfare of the child." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(a). The court must make findings as to the "characteristics of the competing parties," such as physical, mental, or financial fitness or any other factors brought out by the evidence and relevant to the issue of the welfare of the child. Steele v. Steele, 36 N.C. App. 601, 604, 244 S.E.2d 466, 468 (1978). The findings must be sufficiently detailed so that a reviewing court may determine whether the award of custody is, in fact, in the child's best interest. Dixon, 67 N.C. App. at 76-77, 312 S.E.2d at 672.
Here, the trial court made the necessary findings and specifically concluded that awarding custody to Ms. Laird was in the best interests of the child. Based on those findings - describing G.L.'s significantly better school performance when in the care of Ms. Laird, the anger and violence surrounding Ms. Carroll, and Ms. Carroll's unwillingness to follow the court's orders (including obtaining necessary therapy for her son) - we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding custody to Ms. Laird.
Affirmed.
Judges HUDSON and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
The child's father is unknown and was not a party to this action.
Ms. Carroll has not argued that circumstances required her to relinquish custody for the benefit of the child. Compare Price, 346 N.C. at 83, 484 S.E.2d at 537 ("[T]here are circumstances where the responsibility of a parent to act in the best interest of his or her child would require a temporary relinquishment of custody, such as under a foster-parent agreement or during a period of service in the military, a period of poor health, or a search for employment.").
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STEELMAN, Judge.
On 24 March 2003, Officer Jonathan Brown observed a late model silver Cadillac driving at a high rate of speed and running a stop sign in Asheville, Buncombe County. Officer Brown commenced pursuit of the vehicle and activated his blue lights. The vehicle pulled into a bus station and Officer Brown followed, believing the vehicle was stopping in response to his blue light. The vehicle then made an aggressive turn and sped directly toward Officer Brown. Officer Brown observed defendant (with whom Officer Brown was familiar) driving the vehicle, and a female passenger. Defendant sped off with Officer Brown in pursuit. The chase continued at high speed, including periods where defendant wasdriving 70 mph in a 35 mph zone. Defendant ran several red lights. While in pursuit, Officer Brown radioed communications to inform them that he was involved in a chase and to give descriptions of the vehicle and its occupants. Due to the high rate of speed, in what had become a 20 mph zone, and the risks inherent to such a pursuit in downtown Asheville, Officer Brown ceased pursuit of defendant. Approximately twenty seconds after Officer Brown gave up pursuit, Officer Sean Ward, having been alerted to the chase over his radio, observed a silver Cadillac with two occupants matching the description given by Officer Brown driving at a high rate of speed. Officer Ward gave chase with lights and siren on Patton Avenue and Leicester Highway. Officer Ward paced defendant's speed at times at 120 mph in a 45 mph zone, and he observed the vehicle crossing the center line. Leicester Highway becomes a winding mountain road which terminates at its intersection with Highway 209. Officer Ward lost sight of the vehicle and terminated the chase pursuant to department policy. Defendant fled from Buncombe County into Haywood County. Sergeant Don Robinson of the Haywood County Sheriff's Department, also alerted by the radio transmission, ordered his officers to spread out in search of the vehicle. Defendant's vehicle was again located and pursued, with different officers joining in and leaving the chase. Defendant traveled in excess of 20 miles through two counties while evading various law enforcement officers. Defendant was finally arrested in Haywood County after officers disabled the vehicle using stop sticks. Indictments were returned in Buncombe county charging defendant with speeding 120 mph in a 45 mph zone, running a red light, running a stop sign, resisting an officer, two counts of reckless driving, and two counts of felony fleeing to elude arrest on 2 June 2003. The trial court dismissed the resisting an officer charge at the end of State's evidence. The jury convicted defendant on the remaining charges. The trial court arrested judgment on the two reckless driving charges because this was an aggravating factor in elevating the two fleeing to elude arrest charges to felonies. Judgments and commitments were entered on 17 September 2003, sentencing defendant to two consecutive active sentences of 8 to 10 months. From these judgments defendant appeals.
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred in proceeding on two identically worded indictments for fleeing to elude arrest and reckless driving on the same date because they were fatally defective for failing to allege a noncontinuous period of driving or otherwise allege a sufficient factual basis to distinguish each offense. We disagree.
This argument encompasses defendant's assignments of error numbers two, three and four in the record. These assignments of error are: 1) the trial court erred in sentencing the defendant because "the indictments were materially defective and failed to state criminal offenses as defined by law[;]" 2) "[t]he trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to accept the jury's verdict because the indictments are facially defective[;]" and 3)the trial court erred in entering judgment on the verdict and sentencing defendant because "the indictments were materially insufficient to charge the offenses . . . ." Defendant further argues that the trial court's actions as set forth in assignments of error 1) and 3) violated his constitutional rights. Defendant did not object to the indictments as being "materially" or "facially" defective at trial, or that they "failed to "state criminal offenses as defined by law." Defendant merely argues in his brief that the evidence did not support two charges because they were both part of the same transaction.
Normally, having not objected at trial, and having not argued plain error in his brief, these arguments would not be properly before us. N.C. R. App. P. Rule 10(b)(1); State v. Nobles, 350 N.C. 483, 514-15, 515 S.E.2d 885, 904 (1999). "However, under Rule 10(a) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, upon appeal, any party may present for review . . . the questions of whether the court had jurisdiction of the subject matter, and whether a criminal charge is sufficient in law." State v. Beaver, 291 N.C. 137, 139-40, 229 S.E.2d 179, 181 (1976). "This is true, notwithstanding the absence of exceptions or assignments of error in the record on appeal." Id. at 140, 229 S.E.2d 179, 181.
In the instant case, defendant attempts to parlay his right to argue the sufficiency of the indictments and subject matter jurisdiction into an argument that his convictions based on the two indictments violated the double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This he has no rightto do. Having failed to object to the indictments on double jeopardy grounds at trial, and failing to argue plain error in his brief, defendant may not now "swap horses between courts in order to get a better mount" on appeal. Weil v. Herring, 207 N.C. 6, 10 (1934); State v. Woodard, 102 N.C. App. 687, 696, 404 S.E.2d 6, 11 (1991).
Thus, our review is limited to whether the two indictments were sufficient to charge the alleged offenses and confer jurisdiction upon the trial court. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-924(a)(5) requires: "A plain and concise factual statement in each count which, without allegations of an evidentiary nature, asserts facts supporting every element of a criminal offense and the defendant's commission thereof with sufficient precision clearly to apprise the defendant or defendants of the conduct which is the subject of the accusation." The two indictments alleging that defendant twice committed the crime of fleeing to elude arrest in the instant case sufficiently allege each element of the crime, a point defendant does not contest, and thus properly charged each crime and conferred subject matter jurisdiction on the trial court. Defendant's argument that there was only one criminal transaction of fleeing to elude arrest, and thus the evidence at trial could only support one conviction of this crime, represent "allegations of an evidentiary nature" that were properly left out of the indictments. There was a proper procedure for defendant to assert a double jeopardy argument at trial and on appeal, but defendantchose not to follow that procedure. This argument is without merit.
In defendant's second argument, which encompasses his assignments of error numbers seven and nine, he contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss one count of fleeing to elude arrest and one count of reckless driving because there was only a single criminal act. We disagree.
First, nowhere in the record does defendant assign error to the denial of his motion to dismiss one count of reckless driving. Thus, this issue is not preserved for appeal. N.C. R. App. P. Rule 10; State v. White, 82 N.C. App. 358, 360, 346 S.E.2d 243, 245 (1986).
Our review is therefore limited to defendant's argument that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss one count of fleeing to elude arrest.
Upon reviewing a motion to dismiss in a criminal trial, "`the question for the Court is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant's being the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied.'" "Substantial evidence is that amount of relevant evidence necessary to persuade a rational juror to accept a conclusion." "`In reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of evidence, we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, giving the State the benefit of all reasonable inferences. Contradictions and discrepancies do not warrant dismissal of the case but are for the jury to resolve.'" "`When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court should be concerned only about whether the evidence is sufficient for jury consideration, not about the weight of the evidence.'"
State v. Littlejohn, 158 N.C. App. 628, 634-35, 582 S.E.2d 301, 306 (2003).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-141.5(a) states in relevant part: "It shall be unlawful for any person to operate a motor vehicle on a street, highway, or public vehicular area while fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer who is in the lawful performance of his duties."
In the instant case evidence was presented that defendant fled from Officer Brown after Officer Brown had activated his blue light and siren, speeding through multiple red lights. Officer Brown lost contact with defendant and gave up the chase, determining that pursuit of defendant would involve risk to others. Defendant was out of contact with any law enforcement officer for approximately twenty seconds. Officer Ward, who had been alerted to the chase over his radio, made contact with defendant, activated his blue light and siren, and pulled in behind defendant. Defendant fled from Officer Ward, reaching speeds of 120 mph, and defendant successfully eluded arrest by Officer Ward.
Defendant committed the first offense of fleeing to elude arrest when he failed to stop for Officer Brown. Once defendant successfully eluded Officer Brown, that offense was complete. Once Officer Ward made contact with defendant, defendant had the choice of obeying the blue lights and siren and pulling over, or attempting to flee a second time. Defendant chose to flee. This constituted a second offense of fleeing to elude arrest. We hold there was sufficient relevant evidence to persuade a rational jurorto accept that two distinct offenses of fleeing to elude arrest had occurred.
Defendant argues this outcome allows for absurd results, suggesting that if two patrol cars are simultaneously chasing a suspect, the suspect could then be convicted of two counts of the crime. We disagree. When a suspect flees pursuit, whether by one officer or ten, he has committed the crime of fleeing to elude arrest. If he successfully eludes pursuit, is subsequently pursued by law enforcement, and again chooses to flee, he has committed a second offense. The fact that there was a very short period of time separating the end of the first pursuit and the commencement of the second pursuit does not alter this conclusion. In this case there were two distinct pursuits by different officers at different times. This argument is without merit.
In defendant's third argument, encompassing his assignments of error numbers twelve and thirteen, he contends the trial court erred in instructing the jury on two counts of fleeing to elude arrest and two counts of reckless driving. In light of our holding on defendant's second argument, we hold that this argument is also without merit.
In defendant's fourth argument, encompassing his assignment of error number seven, he makes a "preservation claim" contending that there was insufficient evidence at trial to establish defendant as the driver of the vehicle involved in these crimes. We disagree.
A preservation claim is made when the defendant acknowledges that the decisions of the appellate courts have already determinedthe issue against him, but he desires to preserve the claim in the hope that the decisions of the appellate courts will be overturned in his favor. See State v. Wiley, 355 N.C. 592, 639, 565 S.E.2d 22, 53 (2002). Reviewing the facts of the instant case, and the relevant case law, we agree that defendant's position is against the weight of our state's appellate decisions. See State v. Steelman, 62 N.C. App. 311, 302 S.E.2d 637 (1983). This argument is without merit.
Because defendant has not argued his other assignments of error in his brief, they are deemed abandoned. N.C. R. App. P. Rule 28(b)(6) (2003).
NO ERROR.
Chief Judge MARTIN and Judge McCULLOUGH concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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STEELMAN, Judge.
Defendant was charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury. She was found guilty of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. She was sentenced on 21 February 2003 to an active sentence of 25 months to 39 months. The court recommended payment of restitution in the amount of $23,852.86 to the victim from work release earnings or as a condition of post release supervision. Defendant appeals.
In her second and third assignments of error, defendant contends that the court erred by recommending that she pay restitution in the amount of $23,852.86 to the victim. She argues there is no competent evidence to support the award. We disagree.
To challenge a recommendation of restitution on appeal, aparty must object to the recommendation in the court below. State v. Applewhite, 127 N.C. App. 677, 684-85, 493 S.E.2d 297, 301 (1997). The record shows that defendant asked the trial court to recommend payment of restitution for the medical bills incurred by the victim. Further, defendant did not object when the court ruled that it was recommending payment of restitution in the amount stated in the judgment. We conclude defendant has failed to preserve this issue for appellate review.
Assuming, arguendo, defendant did preserve the issue, we find evidence to support the recommendation. "[T]he amount of restitution recommended by the trial court must be supported by evidence adduced at trial or at sentencing." State v. Wilson, 340 N.C. 720, 726, 459 S.E.2d 192, 196 (1995)(citation omitted). At trial, the victim testified that his medical expenses were in the neighborhood of $22,000.00, and the actual medical bills were entered into evidence. A summary of these medical expenses, totaling $23,852.86, was entered into evidence at sentencing. There was ample evidence before the trial court to support the amount of restitution awarded. These assignments of error are without merit.
In her first assignment of error, defendant contends that she is entitled to a new trial because the delayed delivery of the trial transcript deprived her of the right to speedy appellate review. Although there is no constitutional right to a speedy appeal, this Court has held that undue delay in processing an appeal may amount to a violation of due process. State v.Hammonds, 141 N.C. App. 152, 164, 541 S.E.2d 166, 175 (2000). In determining whether a due process violation has occurred, the court must examine four factors: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant's assertion of his right to a speedy appeal; and (4) any prejudice resulting to the defendant as a result of the delay. Id. at 164, 541 S.E.2d at 175-6. All of these factors must be considered collectively, along with the circumstances, and no single factor is dispositive. State v. China, 150 N.C. App. 469, 473, 564 S.E.2d 64, 68 (2002), appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 683, 577 S.E.2d 899 (2003).
The length of the delay in this case of almost one year, while unfortunate, is not nearly as egregious as the delays of two and a half years and seven years in Hammonds and China, respectively. In both of those cases this Court failed to find a violation of due process. The reason for the delay sub judice is the court reporter's resignation from employment subsequent to the trial and is not attributable to the prosecution or to any bad faith. To her credit, defendant asserted her right to a speedy appeal by writing letters to the court reporter in August and September 2003 inquiring into the status of the transcript and by making a telephone call in October 2003 to Vicki Smith, Court Reporting Coordinator with the Administrative Office of the Courts, seeking her assistance in compelling production of the transcript. Although the delay in obtaining the transcript may have been "mentally taxing," to use defendant's words, the delay has notprejudiced defendant in the preparation of the appeal as defendant has ultimately been able to prepare and submit a complete record to this court. Nothing indicates that the delay has prejudiced defendant's ability to present or argue any issue. Considering all of these circumstances as a whole, we conclude that no violation of due process resulted from the delay in production and delivery of the transcript.
NO ERROR.
Judges HUNTER and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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STEELMAN, Judge.
A jury found defendant guilty of felonious child abuse inflicting serious physical injury, a Class E felony. Defendant received an active sentence from the presumptive range of twenty-nine to fourty-four months. Defendant appeals.
The State's evidence tended to show the following: On 16 May 2003, eleven-month-old T.P. arrived in the Craven Regional Medical Center's emergency room with a mid-shaft, spiral fracture of his right femur. The next day, orthopaedic surgeon William B. Wheatley, MD, operated on T.P. to set the bone and placed the child in a "spica cast, which is a long-legged cast that goes to the foot up essentially to the chest[,]" for six weeks. Given the nature ofthe fracture and the fact that T.P. was not yet walking, Dr. Wheatley suspected the injury stemmed from abuse.
T.P.'s mother, Abbey, began dating defendant in January of 2003, and was living with him at the time of T.P.'s injury. On 16 May 2003, Abbey went to work at 5:00 p.m. and left defendant alone with T.P., who was in his walker "laughing and playing[.]" Within ten minutes of her arrival at work, Abbey received a telephone call from defendant, who said that she "needed to come home, he thought [T.P.]'s leg was broken." Abbey returned home immediately and found defendant in the kitchen holding T.P., who was crying and whose leg "was limp." Defendant gave Abbey the following account of T.P.'s injury:
He had went outside to smoke a cigarette. He came back in and heard a crash. He said it sounded like the crib was falling apart. And he heard [T.P.] screaming. He went in there and my crib was solid on the two walls where [T.P.'s] head and his footboards were. [Defendant] said he had climbed up with his feet, along the flat piece, and somehow his foot got all the way up, into the hole, and his body shifted over the side of the crib, and that he was hanging there when he walked into the room.
Abbey took T.P. to the hospital with her neighbor.
Believing that defendant would never hurt T.P., but knowing he had previously pled guilty to a charge of misdemeanor child abuse, Abbey and the neighbor decided to tell the police that the neighbor had been in the house with T.P. when the injury occurred. According to Abbey, defendant had explained the events leading to his prior conviction as follows:
He told me . . . that his ex-girlfriend had left him alone with her daughter, and that she had went into seizures and fallen off the top of a bunk-bed and hit her head on the way down. And they charged him with Misdemeanor Child Abuse.
Defendant told Abbey he had pled guilty because he "was scared" and "didn't know what was going to happen." Based on defendant's description of the girl's injuries, Abbey "figured there was no way that he did that to a little girl and wasn't in jail."
As planned, Abbey initially told police that her neighbor was in the house with T.P. at the time of his injury. When the neighbor later refused to participate in the false story, Abbey told police "the truth[.]"
New Bern Police Detective B.J. Cumiskey interviewed defendant, Abbey, and the neighbor on 19 May 2003. When asked what happened to T.P., defendant said "he didn't know, he wasn't there." When apprised of the disparity between her neighbor's story and her own, Abbey admitted that "defendant was actually watching the baby." Cumiskey then confronted defendant, who acknowledged "that he had in fact lied, that he had been arrested in Jones County for a similar incident, child abuse, and that he was basically railroaded and he did not want that to happen to him again." Defendant told Cumiskey that he had "heard what sounded like the crib falling apart, and he went into where [T.P.] was sleeping, and he found [T.P.] with his leg in the top rung of the crib, hung over the . . . side rail."
After investigating the facts of defendant's prior conviction in Jones County, Cumiskey contacted defendant on 27 May 2003 andasked him to submit to a second interview, during which he gave the following statement to Craven County Sheriff's Detective John Whitfield:
I lied about the entire story, telling Social Services and the police that [T.P.] tried to crawl out of his crib and fell . . . . I was afraid to tell the truth because of what happened before, in Jones County.
I have now decided to tell the truth, which is that Abbey left for work and left [T.P.] in his crib. . . . I got him up and tried to put him in the walker. He didn't want to get in the walker. He held his legs together, and I pulled his legs apart. I pulled out and down on his right leg, and I heard a snap.
Defendant told Whitfield that he loved and would never hurt T.P. He conceded having "a problem with anger management[,]" but stated, "I am willing to get help and go through therapy if I need to." Defendant signed the statement after reviewing it.
Defendant's former girlfriend, Casey, lived with defendant during the first half of 2001 in Jones County, North Carolina with her two-year-old daughter, L. On the night of 24 May 2001, Casey left their residence at approximately 10:30 p.m. to go to the convenience store. L. was in bed asleep and defendant was awake. When Casey returned home thirty minutes later, defendant ran outside and told her "there was something wrong with the baby, she was having trouble breathing." He told Casey that he heard a "thump" sound from L.'s bedroom. When he went to check on her, he found her "gasping for air." L. was air-lifted to Pitt Memorial Hospital in Greenville, where she remained for two weeks with bleeding on the left side of her brain and behind her eyes. At trial defendant testified that when Abbey left for work on 16 May 2003, T.P. was in his crib "fussing and crying." Defendant decided to bring T.P. into the living room. As he was trying to put T.P.'s legs into his walker, defendant "spread his leg apart and like pulled him down, to try to get him in the walker, and his leg popped." Defendant was not angry or upset and did not believe he had done anything wrong in attempting to get T.P. into the walker. He claimed it was Abbey who decided they should lie to the police and who made up the story about T.P. falling from his crib. Defendant went along with Abbey's story, because he did not want to get anybody else in trouble. He ultimately told the truth in his written statement to Whitfield.
The trial court denied defendant's renewed motion to dismiss at the conclusion of all the evidence.
In defendant's first assignment of error he contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his prior act of child abuse under Rule 404(b) of the Rules of Evidence for the purpose of showing absence of accident at the time of the alleged abuse in this case. Defendant asserts he did not claim T.P. was injured in an accident. Rather, he testified that he had no intent to injure the child when attempting to place him in his walker.
Having reviewed the relevant portions of the trial transcript, we find defendant has failed to preserve this issue for appellate review. "A defendant waives any possible objection to testimony by failing to object to this testimony when it is first admitted." State v. Davis, 353 N.C. 1, 19, 539 S.E.2d 243, 256 (2000), cert.denied, 534 U.S. 839, 151 L. 3d. 2d 55 (2001). In the case before us, Abbey testified without objection concerning defendant's prior abuse of L. On cross-examination, defense counsel asked her, "[b]ut you knew that [defendant] had been - had pled guilty to misdemeanor child abuse, did you not?" Thereafter, Casey testified without objection regarding the incident with L., as well as defendant's proffered explanation that he heard a noise from L.'s room and discovered she had fallen off of her bed. Only when the State sought to introduce a copy of his criminal judgment from Jones County did defendant object. By allowing into evidence both the circumstances surrounding the abuse of L. and the fact of his guilty plea to misdemeanor child abuse, defendant waived any objection to subsequent iterations thereof. Moreover, defendant has not assigned plain error on appeal. N.C.R. App. P. 10(c)(4).
However, we have reviewed the transcript in this matter and further conclude that the evidence objected to was properly admitted under Rule 404(b) to show the absence of accident. Accordingly, this assignment of error is without merit.
In defendant's second assignment of error he contends the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss, arguing "there was no evidence of serious bodily injury and because there was insufficient evidence that he intended to inflict injury to [T.P.]."
In reviewing the denial of a motion to dismiss, we must determine whether the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the State, would allow a reasonable juror to find the defendantguilty "of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein[.]" State v. Earnhardt, 307 N.C. 62, 65-66, 296 S.E.2d 649, 651 (1982) (citations omitted). Here, defendant was indicted for the Class C felony of child abuse inflicting "serious bodily injury" under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(a3), but was convicted of the lesser, Class E felony of child abuse inflicting "serious physical injury" under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(a). The trial court did not instruct the jury on the greater offense, finding no evidence to support a finding of "serious bodily injury" as defined by statute. Therefore, we need not determine if the State introduced sufficient evidence to support the submission of the Class C felony to the jury.
In order to convict a defendant for felony child abuse, the State must prove (1) the defendant is the parent or caretaker of a child under the age of 16; (2) the defendant "intentionally inflicte[d] any serious physical injury upon or to the child or . . . intentionally committ[ed] an assault upon the child;" and (3) the abuse inflicted by the defendant resulted in "serious physical injury." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(a) (2004); State v. Romero, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 595 S.E.2d 208, 210 (2004). Although the State must prove the defendant intentionally assaulted or injured the child, it is not required to prove the defendant had the specific intent to inflict serious injury. State v. Campbell, 316 N.C. 168, 172, 340 S.E.2d 474, 476 (1986). For purposes of this offense, "serious physical injury" is an injury that causes "great pain and suffering." State v. Phillips, 328 N.C. 1, 20, 399 S.E.2d 293,303, cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1208, 115 L. Ed. 2d 977 (1991).
The trial court properly denied defendant's motion to dismiss. The State adduced substantial evidence that T.P., a pre-ambulatory infant child, sustained a spiral fracture in the middle of his femur while in the sole care of defendant. Dr. Wheatley described the fracture as "a rotational type of injury, where the bone breaks at the top and it rotates around in a spiral fashion." Defendant lied to both the police and the child's mother about the cause of the injury, using a story substantially similar to the story he used in attempting to avoid responsibility for a prior act of child abuse upon L., to which he ultimately pled guilty. Defendant's third explanation, that he accidentally hurt T.P. while moving him from his crib to his walker, was contradicted by Abbey's testimony that T.P. was already in his walker when she left for work. The nature of T.P.'s injury and the surrounding circumstances support a finding that defendant inflicted the injury intentionally. See State v. Riggsbee, 72 N.C. App. 167, 171, 323 S.E.2d 502, 505 (1984). Moreover, a fractured femur requiring surgery and six weeks in a full-body cast satisfies the "serious physical injury" standard of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(a). See Romero, __ N.C. App. at ___, 595 S.E.2d at 211 (finding sufficient evidence of serious physical injury where "the child suffered a visible bruise to his head as a result of being struck by [a] belt").
Defendant has identified a clerical error on the judgment. Although he was convicted of and sentenced for the Class E felony of child abuse inflicting serious physical injury under N.C. Gen.Stat. § 14-318.4(a), the judgment shows a conviction for child abuse inflicting serious bodily injury under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(a3). The references on the judgment to "ser[ious] bod[i]ly inj[ury]" and to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318(a3) are erroneous and should be corrected by the trial court.
In defendant's third and final assignment of error he "abandons" a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, asking that it be dismissed without prejudice so that defendant may raise the issue later in a post-conviction motion for appropriate relief. Because defendant has not particularized the alleged deficiencies of his counsel, we cannot determine whether his claim is fully reviewable on direct appeal. See State v. Fair, 354 N.C. 131, 166-67, 557 S.E.2d 500, 524-25 (2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 1114, 153 L. Ed. 2d 162 (2002). Accordingly, we decline to address whether this claim is subject to the procedural bar of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1419(a)(3) (2003), if raised in a future post-conviction motion. See generally State v. Hyatt, 355 N.C. 642, 668, 566 S.E.2d 61, 78 (2002)(requiring defendants to raise on direct appeal "those [ineffective assistance of counsel] claims on direct review that are apparent from the record"), cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1133, 154 L. Ed. 2d 823 (2003).
NO PREJUDICIAL ERROR; REMANDED FOR CORRECTION OF CLERICAL ERROR IN JUDGMENT.
Judges HUNTER and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
GEER, Judge.
Defendant James William Barrow appeals from a judgment and sentence entered for the first degree murder of Lynn Wright. Defendant was also convicted of the first degree murder of Michael Jones under the felony murder rule, with the underlying felony being the murder of Lynn Wright. Because defendant's conviction for the murder of Lynn Wright merged into his conviction under the felony murder rule for the murder of Michael Jones, we conclude that the judgment and sentence of life imprisonment for the murder of Lynn Wright must be arrested.
The State's evidence tended to prove the following. On 21 January 1995, defendant and Davy Stephens entered the home of LynnWright. While in Wright's house, defendant and Stephens shot Wright six times, killing him. After killing Wright, defendant walked onto the house's porch where he found Antwon Jenkins and James White. Defendant shot and killed Jenkins and then attempted to kill White, although the bullet only grazed the side of White's face. While defendant was on the porch, Stephens entered the living room and shot Kenneth Farmer in the arm. At this point, defendant and Stephens fled. Later that day, however, defendant and Stephens returned to the Wright house. Upon their return, Stephens shot and killed Michael Jones while defendant shot at June Bates, injuring her in the back and arm.
At trial, the jury found defendant guilty of three counts of first degree murder and two counts of assault with intent to kill inflicting serious bodily injury. Following a capital sentencing hearing, defendant was sentenced to death for the murders of Antwon Jenkins and Michael Jones, but received a life sentence without parole for the murder of Lynn Wright. Subsequently, the Supreme Court granted defendant a new trial. See State v. Barrow, 350 N.C. 640, 517 S.E.2d 374 (1999).
At the new trial, defendant was again found guilty of the first degree murder of Lynn Wright and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Defendant was also found guilty of the first degree murder of Antwon Jenkins on the basis of both premeditation and deliberation and the felony murder rule. With respect to Michael Jones, defendant was found guilty of first degree murder under the felony murder rule only; the underlyingfelony was the murder of Lynn Wright. After the capital sentencing hearing, the jury declined to sentence defendant to death. Accordingly, the trial court imposed three consecutive life sentences without parole.
In his sole assignment of error, defendant contends that the trial court erred in sentencing him for the murder of Lynn Wright when this offense was the underlying felony for defendant's felony murder conviction. Defendant argues that since the felony conviction merges with the murder conviction, he could not be convicted and sentenced for both the murders of Michael Jones and Lynn Wright. We agree.
In State v. Goldston, 343 N.C. 501, 471 S.E.2d 412 (1996), the defendant killed a clerk in a store. At trial, the defendant was found guilty of attempted armed robbery and of felony murder based on the attempted armed robbery. The trial court consolidated the attempted armed robbery and murder convictions for sentencing and imposed a life sentence. On appeal, our Supreme Court stated the applicable rule:
The felony upon which the first-degree murder conviction was based in this case was the attempted robbery with a firearm. The jury did not convict the defendant based on premeditation and deliberation, and the attempted robbery conviction merged into the felony murder conviction. Therefore, judgment should have been arrested on the attempted robbery with a firearm conviction.
Id. at 504, 471 S.E.2d at 414. See also State v. Millsaps, 356 N.C. 556, 560, 572 S.E.2d 767, 770 (2002) ("When a defendant is convicted of felony murder only, the underlying felony constitutesan element of first-degree murder and merges into the murder conviction.").
The rule stated in Goldston was also applied by this Court in State v. Dudley, 151 N.C. App. 711, 716, 566 S.E.2d 843, 847 (2002), disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 684, 578 S.E.2d 314 (2003), on the Court's own initiative "to prevent manifest injustice." We held: "[I]f the State secures an indictment for the underlying felony and a defendant is convicted of both the underlying felony and felony murder, the defendant will only be sentenced for the murder. The underlying felony must be arrested under the merger rule." Id.
Goldston and Dudley direct that the judgment and sentence entered for the murder of Lynn Wright must be arrested. Because defendant does not raise any other assignment of error, we find no error as to the other convictions entered in this case.
Judgment and sentence arrested as to 95 CRS 794.
No error as to 95 CRS 792, 95 CRS 795, 95 CRS 796 and 95 CRS 2854.
Judges LEVINSON and THORNBURG concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
LEVINSON, Judge.
Defendant (Anne Johnson Mabe) appeals from conviction and judgment for embezzlement of $100,000 or more. We hold that defendant received a fair trial, free of prejudicial error.
The evidence at defendant's trial tended to show the following: Between 1998 and 2001, defendant worked as an office manager at Paper Stock Dealers, Incorporated. Paper Stock Dealers is in the business of purchasing waste paper products. As part of its business, the company pays for deliveries of waste paper. The value of a delivery is determined by the weight and grade of the waste paper being delivered; trucks are weighed before and after unloading. Cash payments are made from a cash drawer; checks are prepared for non-cash purchases. Defendant's duties at Paper StockDealers included overseeing the weighing process, calculating the price to be paid to customers, making cash payments to customers from the cash drawer, replenishing the cash drawer with funds held at the company's bank, reconciling the cash drawer, writing checks, paying bills, and keeping reports of receipts and shipments.
Company policy established the amount of currency to be placed in the cash drawer. When cash was paid out of the cash drawer for delivered paper products, the weight ticket for the delivery was placed in the cash drawer; each ticket included information on the amount paid for the particular delivery. Cash from the cash drawer was also used to make small purchases of supplies. When this occurred the receipt from the supply purchase was required to be placed in the cash drawer. Prior to being replenished with funds from the bank, the cash drawer would be reconciled by comparing the amount placed in the drawer pursuant to the company's policy with the sum of the remaining currency in the drawer and expenditures represented by weight tickets and receipts. The sum of the remaining cash and authorized expenditures should have equaled the amount authorized to be placed in the drawer. A check would then be prepared to cover the amount of cash that needed to be placed back in the drawer. The bank would cash this check and the funds in the drawer would be replenished.
An audit revealed that, during defendant's time as office manager, Paper Stock Dealers experienced a loss of funds from the cash drawer. Specifically, defendant drafted the replenishment checks for amounts greater than were needed to equalize the amountof cash paid out for waste paper deliveries and other supplies. The difference was not returned to the company. According to the company's accountants, this practice resulted in missing funds totaling $129,068.83 between 1998 and 2001: $41,472.64 in 1998, $42,909.84 in 1999, $40,146.85 in 2000, and $4,539.50 during January and February of 2001.
The cash drawer was locked in a safe during non-working hours and was kept in the desk in defendant's office during working hours. Defendant's office was located inside of a building containing a conference room, other offices, a bathroom, and a kitchen. Though access to defendant's office from inside of the building was not restricted, access to the building from the outside was secured by a door, which opened from the inside by an electronic mechanism. In addition to defendant, two other employees had access to the cash drawer: plant manager David Partin and Marty Dunn, an employee who handled defendant's responsibilities when defendant was on a break or out of the office. After speaking to these employees, company officials were unable to link Partin or Dunn to the missing funds. Indeed, Dunn had prepared only one replenishment check during the relevant period, and that check had been drafted in an amount equal to the amount of cash paid out for waste paper deliveries and other supplies. Partin testified that he did not review defendant's work on reconciliations and that he was not aware of any missing funds until receiving a call from the area manager. The president of Paper Stock Dealers, James Boyd, Jr., and a human resources manager, Grady Weaver, interviewed defendant about the missing funds. Boyd testified that, upon being confronted and asked to tally some numbers on a reconciliation sheet, defendant became nervous, but accurately tallied the numbers. Defendant acknowledged error in the reconciliation, but blamed the problem on the computer. Boyd testified that the computer error proposed by defendant would have resulted in a significant amount of excess cash. When asked what happened to the excess cash that would have been withdrawn, defendant stated, "I don't know where the money is." Defendant told Boyd and Weaver that she did not do anything wrong and offered to take action to assure them of her innocence.
There was also evidence that defendant deposited nine checks made payable to the company into her personal account without being authorized to do so. The total amount of these checks was approximately $3,000. In addition, defendant drafted nine unauthorized checks on the company's account made payable to defendant in the amount of $200. Defendant also used the company credits card for personal use; her unapproved purchase balance on the credit cards was approximately $7,800.
Detective Kenneth Rickard of the Greensboro Police Department conducted a criminal investigation into the missing funds. In an interview with Rickard, defendant admitted to taking some money from Paper Stock Dealers, but indicated that she replaced the funds. Defendant was unable to tell the detective exactly how much money she had taken. In response to a question, defendantindicated that "[p]erhaps" she had taken $500 per week, though she later indicated that she could not have taken that much. Defendant also admitted to purchasing personal items with the company's credit cards. Further investigation by Detective Rickard revealed that defendant's bank accounts received cash deposits of $35,912.08 in 1998, $43,007.98 in 1999, $23,849 in 2000, and $2,350 in 2001. These deposits did not include any deposited checks or account transfers.
Defendant took the stand in her own defense. She admitted to taking money from the cash drawer and depositing it in her personal bank account. However, defendant estimated that the total amount taken did not exceed $30,000 or $35,000. Defendant also admitted to writing company checks to herself, though she characterized these as unauthorized loans. Defendant insisted that she repaid these loans by placing cash in the cash drawer, but acknowledged that doing so should have resulted in cash overages that were not recorded.
A jury convicted defendant of embezzlement of $100,000 or more. The trial court imposed a mitigated sentence of seventy to ninety-three months imprisonment. Defendant now appeals.
_________________________________
We first address defendant's argument that the trial court erred in denying her motion to dismiss the charge of embezzling $100,000 or more. We are unpersuaded by this contention.
When ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court must determine whether the prosecution has presented "substantialevidence of each essential element of the crime." State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382, 417, 508 S.E.2d 496, 518 (1998) (citation omitted). "Evidence is substantial if it is relevant and adequate to convince a reasonable mind to accept a conclusion." State v. Robinson, 355 N.C. 320, 336, 561 S.E.2d 245, 255-56, cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1006, 154 L. Ed. 2d 404 (2002) (citation omitted). "In considering a motion to dismiss, the trial court must analyze the evidence in the light most favorable to the State and give the State the benefit of every reasonable inference from the evidence." Id. (citation omitted). "The trial court must also resolve any contradictions in the evidence in the State's favor." Id. (citation omitted). "The trial court does not weigh the evidence, consider evidence unfavorable to the State, or determine any witness' credibility." Id. (citation omitted). "[T]he rule for determining the sufficiency of evidence is the same whether the evidence is completely circumstantial, completely direct, or both." State v. Wright, 302 N.C. 122, 126, 273 S.E.2d 699, 703 (1981).
To convict a defendant of embezzlement, the State must prove (1) that the defendant, acting as an agent, (2) received property of her principal in the course of her agency; and (3) embezzled or fraudulently or knowingly and willfully misapplied or converted such property to her own use. See N.C.G.S. § 14-90 (2003); State v. Block, 245 N.C. 661, 663, 97 S.E.2d 243, 244 (1957). Pursuant to G.S. § 14-90, an offender is guilty of a Class C felony, rather than a Class H felony, if the value of the property embezzled is $100,000 or greater. In the instant case, defendant contends that the State did not present any evidence of a conversion of $100,000 or more or of the defendant being the perpetrator of any such conversion. However, the evidence at trial tended to show that, between 1998 and 2001, defendant prepared replenishment checks for amounts that totaled $129,068.83 in excess of the amount of cash that actually needed to be added to her employer's cash drawer. The excess funds could not be accounted for, and defendant made approximately $105,000 in cash deposits during the same period of time. The State's evidence tended to exclude the possibility that anyone other than defendant removed the missing funds from the cash drawer. Moreover, defendant's unauthorized depositing of checks made out to her employer into her personal accounts, improper drafting of company checks made payable to herself, and unsanctioned use of the company credit card further inculpated her in the embezzlement. In addition, defendant testified that she had taken some money from the cash drawer and admitted to Detective Rickard that she had "[p]erhaps" taken as much as $500 per week, though she later questioned that figure. This evidence, considered in the light most favorable to State, amply supported a verdict of guilty of embezzlement of $100,000 or more. This assignment of error is overruled.
________________________________
We next address defendant's argument that the trial court committed plain error in instructing the jury that it couldconsider evidence of a confession where such an instruction was not supported by the evidence. We are unpersuaded by this contention.
Detective Rickard testified that he interviewed defendant as part of his investigation. He described his conversation with defendant as follows:
Through the course of the interview, she admitted that she had taken some money, some cash, but that she had put it back in [the cash drawer]. . . . I asked her how much money she had taken over the course of time. She wasn't able to tell me that. I suggested five hundred dollars a week. She said, "Perhaps." I did the math for five hundred dollars a week times fifty weeks times five years at one hundred and twenty five thousand dollars. . . . She said, "No." That was too much. . . . It was not that much. . . . [S]he suggested maybe it was two hundred and fifty dollars a month. I did the math for that. It came out to thirty thousand dollars. She suggested that she put half of that back, for a loss of fifteen thousand dollars.
Defense counsel requested jury instructions on admissions and confessions. The prosecutor argued that giving an instruction on both admissions and confessions would be redundant, favoring instead only an instruction on confessions. Defense counsel responded, "We'd like to bear the burden of redundancy[.]" In accordance with defendant's request, the trial court instructed the jury as follows:
There is evidence which tends to show that the defendant confessed that she committed the crime charged in this case. If you find that the defendant made that confession, then you should consider all of the circumstances under which it was made in determining whether it was a truthful confession and the weight you will give to it.
Defendant did not object to this instruction.
Our appellate courts "consistently den[y] appellate review to defendants who have attempted to assign error to the granting oftheir own requests." State v. Bell, ___ N.C. ___, ___, 603 S.E.2d 93, 115 (2004). It follows that where, as here, a defendant has invited an alleged instructional error, she cannot claim on appeal that she was prejudiced by the instruction. See State v. Basden, 339 N.C. 288, 303, 451 S.E.2d 238, 246 (1994).
Moreover, the trial court did not commit plain error in giving the confession instruction. Trial judges are limited to giving instructions that are "based upon a state of facts presented by some reasonable view of the evidence." State v. Cannon, 341 N.C. 79, 89, 459 S.E.2d 238, 244-45 (1995) (citation omitted). For a confession instruction to be warranted, there must be evidence of a "'[v]oluntary statement made by one who is [a] defendant in [a] criminal trial at [a] time when he is not testifying in trial and by which he acknowledges certain conduct of his own constituting [a] crime for which he is on trial; a statement which, if true, discloses his guilt of that crime.'" Id. (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 296 (6th ed. 1990)). In the instant case, defendant was charged with the crime of embezzlement of more than $100,000. She made a statement to Detective Rickard indicating that "perhaps" she had taken as much as $500 per week from her employer for five years, which equals approximately $125,000. As such, the trial court's confession instruction was supported by the evidence presented at trial. Furthermore, even assuming arguendo that the trial court's instruction was erroneous, we are unpersuaded that it constitued "a fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial that justice cannot have been done" or that "this [alleged]instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury's finding that the defendant was guilty." See State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 660, 300 S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). As such, defendant has not demonstrated plain error with respect to this issue. This assignment of error is overruled.
____________________________________
We next address defendant's argument that she is entitled to a new sentencing hearing because the trial court "erroneously considered matters that are inherent in the offense in determining the severity of her sentence." We are unpersuaded by this contention.
Defendant was convicted of a Class C felony. The trial court found that she had a Level II prior record level, which carries a presumptive mandatory minimum sentence of eighty to 100 months imprisonment. However, the trial court found as a mitigating factor that defendant voluntarily acknowledged wrongdoing prior to arrest and imposed a mitigated sentence of seventy to ninety-three months imprisonment. After imposing this sentence, the trial court made the following remarks:
The statute [G.S. § 14-90] is very rough. It's a very punitive statute. . . . But it's intended for corporate people who steal from businesses and destroy them. I don't know how many employees that were out there at this Paper Stock Dealers, but all of their jobs were jeopardized by this, and their livelihoods. We have to- I have to consider that, and the law does too. That's probably why it's so serious . . . because businesses fail because of things like this. I've seen it many times. And when the business fails, then all the suppliers and all the people that work there lose theirjobs, and the ripples-the effects spread throughout society.
Defendant insists that this statement demonstrates that the trial court imposed an unduly harsh sentence based upon improper consideration of matters that are inherent in the offense of embezzlement.
We observe that the trial court's ruminations do not appear to be an indication that the court was relying on improper matters in determining defendant's sentence. Rather, our review of the record reveals that the trial court was explaining to the defendant and her counsel why embezzlement is a serious offense and why the General Statutes prescribe such a serious punishment for it. Moreover, contrary to defendant's assertions on appeal, we are unpersuaded that the considerations mentioned by the trial court are necessarily inherent elements of the crime of embezzlement. However, even assuming arguendo that the harm caused to businesses, employees, and society by embezzlement are inherent elements of the offense, we note that defendant's argument as to the harshness of her sentence is severely compromised by the fact that she received a mandatory minimum sentence in the mitigated range. As such, defendant's reliance on cases holding that a trial court may not aggravate a sentence based on consideration of factors that are "the very essence of" or "inherent in" the underlying conviction is misplaced. See generally State v. Higson, 310 N.C. 418, 424, 312 S.E.2d 437, 441 (1984); State v. Baldwin, 139 N.C. App. 65, 73-74, 532 S.E.2d 808, 814-15 (2000). In the instant case, the trial court found that a mitigating factor was present and imposed a sentence with a minimum term of imprisonment within the mitigated range. We reject defendant's contention that the trial court enhanced her sentence based on consideration of matters that are inherent in the embezzlement for which she was convicted. This assignment of error is overruled.
In addition, we have carefully reviewed the remaining assignments of error brought forward in defendant's brief and have found them to be without merit. They are, therefore, overruled.
No error.
Judges TYSON and BRYANT concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge.
University of North Carolina Hospitals ("respondent") appeals the trial court order granting judgment in favor of Robin B. Smith ("petitioner"). For the reasons discussed herein, we reverse.
The facts and procedural history pertinent to the instant appeal are as follows: On 14 October 1999, petitioner filed a contested case petition with the Office of Administrative Hearings, alleging that respondent denied petitioner a promotion based upon discriminatory and impermissible selection factors. In the spring of 2002, petitioner's case was heard before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"). Petitioner, a forty-three-year-old African-American female, argued that respondent denied her a promotion in favor ofBert Basabe ("Basabe"), a thirty-eight-year-old Hispanic male. Petitioner alleged that respondent based its decision to select Basabe on petitioner's race, color, sex, and age. After hearing testimony and receiving evidence from both parties, the ALJ concluded that petitioner had failed to establish a prima facie case on any of the alleged grounds of discrimination. The ALJ also concluded that petitioner had failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation, and had failed to demonstrate a disparate impact in the hiring processes of respondent. In an order filed 14 July 2000, the ALJ recommended that the State Personnel Commission ("SPC") affirm respondent's decision not to promote petitioner.
After considering the ALJ's recommended decision, the SPC concluded that petitioner had failed to meet her burden of proving that respondent had discriminated against her on the basis of race, color, sex, or age. In an order filed 12 January 2001, the SPC adopted the ALJ's findings of fact and conclusions of law, thereby affirming respondent's decision not to promote petitioner.
Petitioner appealed the SPC's decision to the superior court. After considering oral and written arguments from the parties, the trial court concluded that the SPC had failed to apply the proper legal standard to petitioner's claim. Specifically, the trial court concluded that the SPC had failed to consider applicable case law in reaching its decision, most notably the Supreme Court's holding in Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prod., 530 U.S. 133, 147 L. Ed. 2d 105 (2000). The trial court also examined the merits of petitioner's claim, and in an order entered 18 September 2002, the trial court reversed the SPC's decision and held that petitioner had sufficiently demonstrated claims of race, color, age, and sex discrimination. It is from this order that respondent appeals.
The issues on appeal are whether the trial court erred by: (I) choosing to apply the de novo standard of review; and (II) concluding that the SPC decision contained errors of law. We note initially that "an appellate court's obligation to review a superior court order examining an agency decision `can be accomplished by addressing the dispositive issue(s) before the agency and the superior court without examining the scope of review utilized by the superior court.'" Shackleford-Moten v. Lenoir Cty. DSS, 155 N.C. App. 568, 572, 573 S.E.2d 767, 770 (2002) (quoting Capital Outdoor, Inc. v. Guilford Cty. Bd. of Adjust., 146 N.C. 388, 392, 552 S.E.2d 265, 268 (2001) (J. Greene, dissenting), rev'd per curium, 355 N.C. 269, 559 S.E.2d 547 (2002)), disc. review denied, 357 N.C. 252, 582 S.E.2d 609 (2003). Thus, we need not address respondent's arguments concerning the trial court's decision to apply de novo review, and we therefore limit our present review to those arguments regarding the trial court's analysis of the instant case.
Moreover, because our review of the trial court's order "is the same as in any other civil case - consideration of whether the court committed any error of law[,]" we will review the trial court's order de novo. In re Appeal by McCrary, 112 N.C. App. 161,165, 435 S.E.2d 359, 363 (1993). De novo review requires that the reviewing court consider the matter anew, thereby freely substituting its own judgment for that of the trial court. Sutton v. N.C. Dep't of Labor, 132 N.C. App. 387, 388-89, 511 S.E.2d 340, 341 (1999). Based upon this standard, we will impose our own judgment on this matter consistent with the record on appeal.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 126-16 (2003) requires that equal opportunity be given to both applicants to and employees of state agencies, providing as follows:
All State departments and agencies and all local political subdivisions of North Carolina shall give equal opportunity for employment and compensation, without regard to race, religion, color, creed, national origin, sex, age, or handicapping condition . . . . This section with respect to equal opportunity as to age shall be limited to individuals who are at least 40 years of age.
Where a claimant alleges employment discrimination, the Supreme Court has established a burden-shifting scheme of review, where the following standards apply:
(1) The claimant carries the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination.
(2) The burden shifts to the employer to articulate some legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for the applicant's rejection.
(3) If a legitimate nondiscriminatory reason for rejection has been articulated, the claimant has the opportunity to show that the stated reason for rejection was, in fact, a pretext for discrimination.
Dept. of Correction v. Gibson, 308 N.C. 131, 137, 301 S.E.2d 78, 82 (1983) (citing McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 36L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973)). In applying the burden-shifting scheme, the "'ultimate burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff remains at all times with the plaintiff.'" Gibson, 308 N.C. at 138, 301 S.E.2d at 83 (quoting Texas Dept. of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253, 67 L. Ed. 2d 207, 215 (1981)).
A prima facie case of discrimination is established by demonstrating that the claimant:
(1) is a member of a protected class;
(2) applied for the position in question;
(3) is qualified for the position; and
(4) was rejected for the position in favor of someone not a member of a protected class.
See Gibson, 308 N.C. at 137, 301 S.E.2d at 82-83; Alvarado v. Bd. of Trustees of Montgomery College, 928 F.2d 118, 121 (4th Cir. 1991); Enoch v. Alamance Co. Dep't of Soc. Servs., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 595 S.E.2d 744, 752 (2004).
Once the claimant establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, "a presumption arises that the employer unlawfully discriminated against the employee." Gibson, 308 N.C. at 138, 301 S.E.2d at 83. However, "[t]he showing of a prima facie case is not equivalent to a finding of discrimination." Id. Instead, the burden shifts to the employer, which then "must clearly explain by admissible evidence, the nondiscriminatory reasons for the employee's rejection or discharge." Id. at 139, 301 S.E.2d at 84. The employer's explanation "must be legally sufficient to supporta judgment for the employer." Id. "If the employer is able to meet this requirement, the prima facie case, and the attendant presumption giving rise thereto, is successfully rebutted[,]" and the claimant "is then given the opportunity to show that the employer's stated reasons are in fact a pretext for intentional discrimination." Id.
In order to demonstrate that the employer's stated reasons are a pretext for intentional discrimination, the claimant "can reuse evidence from their prima facie showing . . . though the prima facie presumption has been dispelled." Enoch, ___ N.C. App. at ___, 595 S.E.2d at 752; Gibson, 308 N.C. at 139, 301 S.E.2d at 84. However, "[t]he trier of fact is not at liberty to review the soundness or reasonableness of an employer's business judgment when it considers whether alleged disparate treatment is a pretext for discrimination." Gibson, 308 N.C. at 140, 301 S.E.2d at 84. "Whether the employer's stated reasons are pretextual does not turn on whether the trier of fact approves of them. The issue is not whether the employer's decision was reasonable, but whether it was unlawfully motivated." Olsen v. Southern Pac. Transp. Co., 480 F. Supp. 773, 780 (N.D. Cal. 1979), aff'd sub nom. Willey v. Southern Pacific Transportation Co., 654 F.2d 733 (9th Cir. 1981). Thus, "it is not enough . . . to disbelieve the employer; the factfinder must believe the [claimant's] explanation of intentional discrimination." St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 519, 125 L. Ed. 2d 407, 424 (1993) (emphasis in original).
In the instant case, the SPC adopted the ALJ's conclusions oflaw, which held that petitioner failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination on any of the alleged grounds. The SPC and ALJ further determined that, even if petitioner did establish a prima facie case of discrimination, petitioner was unable to demonstrate that respondent's legitimate reason for not promoting petitioner was actually a pretext for discrimination. On appeal, the trial court determined that the SPC failed to consider relevant case law in reaching its decision, and that its decision was contrary to law. We conclude that the trial court erred.
The trial court first determined that the SPC had erred by failing to consider Reeves, which, according to the trial court, "strongly reiterated the evidentiary burdens and standards to be followed in employment discrimination cases." In Reeves, the Supreme Court granted certiorari "to resolve a conflict among the Courts of Appeals as to whether a plaintiff's prima facie case of discrimination . . . combined with sufficient evidence for a reasonable factfinder to reject the employer's nondiscriminatory explanation for its decision, is adequate to sustain a finding of liability for intentional discrimination." 530 U.S. at 140, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 115 (internal citations omitted). The Court rejected the "pretext-plus" approach adopted by many circuits, where, in order to rebut the presumption that the employer's explanation was legitimate, the claimant was required to introduce additional evidence of discrimination, independent of that used to establish a prima facie case. Id. at 146, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 119. The Court concluded that the "pretext-plus" approach placed too high a burdenon the claimant, and the Court reiterated that "a plaintiff's prima facie case, combined with sufficient evidence to find that the employer's asserted justification is false, may permit the trier of fact to conclude that the employer unlawfully discriminated." Id. at 148, 147 L. Ed. 2d at 120. We conclude that Reeves is inapplicable to the instant case.
As discussed above, the ALJ and SPC concluded as a matter of law that petitioner failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination on any of the alleged grounds. The ALJ began its discussion of respondent's proffered explanation by noting that it was assuming for the sake of argument that petitioner had established a prima facie case. Thus, the subsequent discussion regarding the explanation was dicta, and whether the ALJ or SPC employed a "pretext-plus" analysis in its discussion was irrelevant to the conclusion that petitioner had failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred by determining that petitioner was prejudiced by the discussion of respondent's proffered explanation.
After determining that the SPC had erred by failing to consider Reeves, the trial court then examined petitioner's claim de novo. The trial court concluded that petitioner had established a prima facie case of discrimination based on race, color, age, and sex, and that respondent's explanation for not hiring petitioner was merely a pretext for discrimination. After reviewing the record in the instant case, we conclude that the trial court erred.
As discussed above, to establish a prima facie case ofdiscrimination, the claimant must first demonstrate that she is a member of a protected class. See Gibson, 308 N.C. at 137, 301 S.E.2d at 83. Next, the claimant must demonstrate that she applied for the position in question. See id. In the instant case, the evidence presented at the ALJ hearing tends to show that petitioner is an African-American female over the age of forty, who applied for the Medical Laboratory Technologist III ("Med Tech III") position offered by respondent. Thus, petitioner has clearly satisfied the first two prongs of the prima facie case requirements.
The third prong requires that the claimant demonstrate she is qualified for the position offered by the employer. See id. In the instant case, the recruitment form for the Med Tech III position states that the following specific skills are required of applicants for the position:
Demonstrated experience in Histology with a thorough understanding of laboratory operations. Knowledge of theory and background information that is associated with histopathology. Paraffin embedding, sectioning using the microtome, troubleshooting of automated instruments.
Petitioner's evidence tends to show that she has worked for respondent since 1976, and that from 1976 to 1982, she worked as an histology technician. From 1982 to 1996, petitioner worked in the electromicroscopy laboratory, but she returned to the histology laboratory in 1996. Petitioner has been certified as an histology technician, and she has experience embedding, sectioning, and staining human tissue for analysis. Based upon her testimony,petitioner appears to have a thorough understanding of the histology laboratory's functions and operations. Thus, the evidence tends to show petitioner was qualified for the position offered by respondent, and therefore satisfied the third prong of the prima facie case requirements.
The fourth prong requires the claimant demonstrate she was rejected for the position in favor of someone not a member of a protected class. See id. In the instant case, we conclude that petitioner failed to satisfy the fourth prong with respect to her race, color, and age. With regard to her claim of discrimination based upon race and color, the evidence tends to show that Basabe, the individual selected for the Med Tech III position, is Hispanic with light brown-colored skin. In his application for the position, Basabe twice listed his race as Hispanic, once on the form granting respondent authority to conduct a background check, and once on the applicant log kept by respondent's personnel department. Basabe testified at trial that he was born in Quito, Ecuador, and considered himself "Spanish." He noted that petitioner had referred to him as "Latino" and that he had marked that he is Hispanic on his application, but that "they are the same." In its recommended decision adopted by the SPC, the ALJ, who witnessed Basabe at the hearing, found that "Mr. Bert Basabe is a Hispanic male with light brown-colored skin, who was thirty-nine years old on June 15, 1999. Mr. Basabe was born in Quito,Ecuador." Our courts have previously recognized that Hispanic individuals are members of a protected group. Alvarado, 928 F.2d at 121; EEOC v. Sears Roebuck and Co., 243 F.3d 846, 851 (4th Cir. 2001). Thus, in light of the evidence in the instant case, we are unable to conclude that petitioner was rejected for the Med Tech III position in favor of an applicant who was not a member of a protected group. Therefore, we conclude that petitioner failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination based on race or color, and the trial court erred in concluding to the contrary.
With respect to petitioner's claim of discrimination based upon age, we note that "the prima facie case requires `evidence adequate to create an inference that an employment decision was based on a[n] [illegal] discriminatory criterion[.]'" O'Connor v. Consol. Coin Caterers, 517 U.S. 308, 312, 134 L. Ed. 2d 433, 438 (1996) (quoting Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 324, 358, 52 L. Ed. 2d 396, 429 (1977)) (emphasis in original). "In the age-discrimination context, such an inference cannot be drawn from the replacement of one worker with another worker insignificantly younger." O'Connor, 517 U.S. at 313, 134 L. Ed. 2d at 439. Although a difference of less than ten years has been held insignificant, we note that
There may be situations where a difference of less than ten years is substantial, and we have also previously made clear that "in cases where the disparity is less, the plaintiff still may present a triable claim if she directs the court to evidence that her employer considered her age to be significant."
Hoffmann v. Primedia Special Interest Publications, 217 F.3d 522,524-25 (7th Cir. 2000) (quoting Hartley v. Wisconsin Bell, Inc., 124 F.3d 887, 893 (7th Cir. 1997) (holding that a six-to-seven year age difference is insignificant)).
In the instant case, petitioner was forty-three years old when she was denied the promotion given to Basabe, who was thirty-eight years old. We conclude that the difference in age of the applicants was insignificant, and thus presumptively insufficient to establish a prima facie case of age discrimination. A review of the record indicates that respondent routinely promotes individuals over the age of forty, including two of the individuals involved in interviewing petitioner. Petitioner failed to produce any competent evidence tending to show that age was a factor in respondent's decision. Thus, petitioner failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination based upon age, and the trial court erred in concluding to the contrary.
With respect to petitioner's claim of discrimination based upon sex, because Basabe is male and petitioner is female, we conclude that petitioner did establish a prima facie case. Accordingly, we proceed to the next phase in the discrimination analysis, that is, determining whether respondent offered a legitimate explanation for its decision to promote Basabe rather than petitioner.
As discussed above, once petitioner establishes a prima facie case of sex discrimination, the burden shifts to respondent to offer a legitimate nondiscriminatory explanation for petitioner's rejection. Gibson, 308 N.C. at 138, 301 S.E.2d at 83. "The employer is not required to prove that its action was actually motivated by the proffered reasons[,] for it is sufficient if the evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether the claimant is a victim of intentional discrimination." Id.
In the instant case, respondent asserts that, although petitioner and Basabe both met the skills and training requirements for the Med Tech III position, respondent believed Basabe was more suitable for the position because of the responses he gave during his interviews. In its memorandum decision, the trial court concluded that respondent's interview procedure runs counter to the General Provisions of the North Carolina Administrative Code. Specifically, the trial court determined that the interview process violated the requirements of 25 N.C.A.C. 1H. 0606, which requires that a promotion be "based upon a relative consideration of [applicants'] qualifications for the position to be filed" and that employers "reasonably document hiring decisions to verify" that "advantage" was "given to applicants determined to be most qualified[.]" The trial court further determined that respondent failed to consider properly the qualifications of the applicants. We disagree.
To support the assertion that respondent's interview process was discriminatory, petitioner and the trial court both cite this Court's decision in N.C. Dep't of Correction v. Hodge, 99 N.C. App. 602, 394 S.E.2d 285 (1990). In Hodge, we rejected an employer's explanation that it based its promotion decision on the scores achieved by applicants in an interview process similar to the oneused in the instant case. We first noted that "[t]he committee's interview was the only part of the application process in which Hodge was rated less qualified than another candidate, and its rankings contradict Hodge's achievements on objective tests evaluating his knowledge of the same subjects tested in the interview." Id. at 613, 394 S.E.2d at 291. Based on these facts, we concluded that "[t]he State's use of the interview as the sole criteria for not promoting Hodge contravened its own system of promotion, in which the State used the interview as one item that carried more weight than all of the other items of evaluation combined." Id. We conclude that Hodge is distinguishable from the instant case.
Unlike Hodge, in the instant case, respondent had consistently utilized the interview process since 1991, and therefore its decision to implement the process did not contravene its own system of promotion. Furthermore, the interview process was not the only part of the promotion decision in which Basabe was rated more qualified. Although the evidence presented tends to show that petitioner had twenty-three years of histology and related experience while Basabe had sixteen years of histology and related experience, the evidence also tends to show that the interviewers were more impressed with the nature of Basabe's experience. Prior to being interviewed, both Basabe and petitioner submitted applications for the position, which were reviewed by the interviewers prior to interviewing the applicants. At the ALJ hearing, Dr. Mary Iacocca ("Iacocca"), the medical director forhistology and one of the individuals who interviewed the candidates, testified as follows:
THE COURT: And then, I have that you - could you tell me - or qualify your testimony about what their qualifications were, your opinion of the three applicants' qualifications as far as their histology experience?
THE WITNESS: Based on my experience or based on what I read off their applications?
THE COURT: Applications. Before the interview.
THE WITNESS: I remember making a note that [Basabe] had trained at the [Armed Forces Institute of Pathology], which, in pathology, has a very good reputation, and that he also worked in a private lab. . . . And I was aware of [petitioner's] recent history of employment, in that she had been in electron microscopy . . . and then had been in histology for the last several years at UNC.
THE COURT: Had you at that point had any opinion whether they were qualified, not making any final decision, but how their qualifications ranked before the interview?
. . . .
THE WITNESS: If I had to give my personal feeling about qualifications simply on histology experience, I would say the length of time actually in the histology lab was very important to me. And so I would have ranked [Basabe] highly on that.
In support of its explanation, respondent offered the "interview guides" of Howard Parker ("Parker"), the supervisor of the pathology laboratory, Michael McDade ("McDade"), the financial and compliance officer for the laboratory, and Beverly Jones ("Jones"), a cytotechnologist in the cytology laboratory. The interview guides contained the interviewer's notations of the applicant's answers, including the scaled ratings relied upon in reaching a decision. The interviewers testified at the hearing and explained the interview process thoroughly. The interview process was structured to allow each candidate to interview with a panel of three to four interviewers, and its aim was to select the most qualified candidate. The interviewers asked each candidate questions set forth in the interview guide and then rated the candidate's answers on a scale of one to five. Basabe averaged a score of four on his answers to the interview questions, while petitioner averaged a score of three on her answers. Thus, in light of the record in the instant case, we conclude that the explanation and evidence offered by respondent satisfied its burden. Accordingly, we now consider whether respondent's explanation was a mere pretext for sex discrimination.
As discussed above, after the employer articulates a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its hiring decision, the burden shifts to the claimant, who, in order to maintain a claim of discrimination, must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that the employer's explanation is actually a pretext for discrimination. Gibson, 308 N.C. at 139, 301 S.E.2d at 84. Courtshave considered the following factors as relevant evidence of pretext:
(2) Evidence of the employer's treatment of the employee during his term of employment,
(3) Evidence of the employer's response to the employee's legitimate civil rights activities, and
(4) Evidence of the employer's general policy and practice with respect to minority employees.
Id. at 139-40, 301 S.E.2d at 84.
In the instant case, petitioner asserts that a pattern of sex discrimination existed in her work environment. She testified that Parker did not take women "seriously," and that she did not believe Parker "treated the women in the lab the same way [he] treat[ed] the men that are under his supervision." Petitioner asserts that Parker did not offer interview training to her or other females, or ask them if they wanted to be included on the computer implementation team. However, we note that petitioner's evidence is largely subjective, and, when considered in light of the evidence to the contrary, cannot reasonably be said to demonstrate that respondent's proffered explanation was a pretext for sex discrimination. Many of petitioner's fellow female co-workers were promoted, and one, Mary Parker ("Mary Parker"), was offered the Med Tech III position before it was ever posted. The laboratory had previously been supervised by women, and four of the six interviewers were women. In sum, petitioner's evidence is insufficient to establish that respondent intentionally discriminated against her based upon her sex. Thus, in light ofthe record in the instant case, we conclude that petitioner has failed to demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that respondent's explanation for hiring Basabe was a pretext for sex discrimination. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred by determining that petitioner was discriminated against based upon her sex.
In light of the foregoing conclusions, we hold that petitioner has failed to establish a claim of discrimination and that the trial court erred in concluding that the SPC's decision was effected by errors of law. Accordingly, the order of the trial court is reversed.
Reversed.
Judges WYNN and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
As noted herein, Basabe was in fact thirty-eight years old when he applied for the position.
|
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] |
STEELMAN, Judge.
Defendant Nathan Owen Chance pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to the second degree murder of his wife. Defendant stipulated to a factual basis for the plea and the State offered a factual summary. The court found that a factual basis existed for entry of the plea and accepted defendant's guilty plea. The court then sentenced defendant, who had a prior record level of IV, to a mitigated range sentence of 171 to 215 months imprisonment. Defendant's counsel states that "[a]fter repeated and close examination of the record and review of relevant law, counsel is unable to identify an issue with sufficient merit to support a meaningful argument for relief on appeal" and asks this Court toreview the record for possible prejudicial error.
Counsel has shown to the satisfaction of this Court that he has complied with the requirements of Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 18 L. Ed. 2d 493, reh'g denied, 388 U.S. 924, 18 L. Ed. 2d 1377 (1967), and State v. Kinch, 314 N.C. 99, 331 S.E.2d 665 (1985), by advising defendant of his right to file written arguments with this Court and providing him with documents necessary for him to do so. Defendant has filed written arguments on his own behalf with this Court, and this Court has thoroughly examined them.
Defendant argues in his pro se submission that his counsel was ineffective, that he was improperly allowed to agree to the plea while under the influence of prescription medication, and that he is uncertain whether he was sentenced at the proper prior record level.
A defendant who pleads guilty has a right of appeal limited to the following:
1. Whether the sentence "is supported by the evidence." This issue is appealable only if his minimum term of imprisonment does not fall within the presumptive range. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a1) (2001);
2. Whether the sentence "results from an incorrect finding of the defendant's prior record level under G.S. 15A-1340.14 or the defendant's prior conviction level under G.S. 15A-1340.21." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a2)(1) (2001);
3. Whether the sentence "contains a type of sentence disposition that is not authorized by G.S. 15A-1340.17 or G.S. 15A-1340.23 for the defendant's class of offense and prior record or conviction level." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a2)(2) (2001);
4. Whether the sentence "contains a term of imprisonment that is for a duration not authorized by G.S. 15A-1340.17 or G.S. 15A-1340.23 for the defendant's class of offense and prior record or conviction level." N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(a2)(3) (2001);
5. Whether the trial court improperly denied defendant's motion to suppress. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-979(b)(2001), 15A-1444(e) (2001);
6. Whether the trial court improperly denied defendant's motion to withdraw his guilty plea. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1444(e).
State v. Jones, 161 N.C. App. 60, 62, 588 S.E.2d 5, 8 (2003), reversed and remanded in part on different grounds by 358 N.C. 473, 598 S.E.2d 125 (2004). The only issue defendant argues to this Court that we have jurisdiction to consider is whether he was sentenced at the proper prior record level. The other two issues are not properly before this Court. State v. Nance, 155 N.C. App. 773, 574 S.E.2d 692 (2003). We note that the appropriate avenue for defendant to assert this claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is by a motion for appropriate relief to the superior court. State v. Fair, 354 N.C. 131, 167, 557 S.E.2d 500, 525 (2001).
In his submission, defendant states: "My prior worksheet level is level IV which I feel was incorrect because I was given a level V, but on the commitment papers I'm a level IV so I really don't know which level I am." The prior record worksheet is not included in the record. Defendant's judgment and commitment indicates he was sentenced at level IV from the mitigated range. There is nothing in the record suggesting that defendant was sentenced at the wrong level. Further, because sentencing at level V is moresevere than that at level IV, even if defendant is correct that he was sentenced at the wrong prior record level, he cannot have been prejudiced thereby. We find that defendant's arguments are without merit.
In accordance with Anders, we must fully examine the record to determine whether any issues of arguable merit appear therefrom or whether the appeal is wholly frivolous. We conclude the appeal is wholly frivolous. In reaching this conclusion, we have conducted our own examination of the record for possible prejudicial error and have found none.
NO ERROR.
Judges HUNTER and ELMORE concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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ELMORE, Judge.
This case began in the Small Claims Division of the Mecklenberg County District Court. In a subsequent trial de novo, the district court ordered Ana Maria Romero-Baeza (defendant) to pay Michael Mehrizi (plaintiff) the sum of $2,600.00 for the cost of certain repairs. For the foregoing reasons, we remand the decision of the district court for a new trial.
Plaintiff is the owner of a two-bedroom house which he leased to defendant beginning in May 2002. Defendant and several of her family members occupied the house from May 2002 through May of the following year. Two weeks before the end of the lease term, plaintiff filed a Complaint in Summary Ejectment in the Small Claims Division of the Mecklenburg County District Court alleging that defendant failed to pay rent. Plaintiff also alleged that criminal activity in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 42-63 had occurred on the premises. As part of her response, defendant filed a counterclaim against plaintiff for failure to provide a safe and livable environment, in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 42-42 (requiring landlord to maintain and repair whatever is necessary to keep premises in fit and habitable condition). The magistrate ordered that plaintiff be put in possession of the premises in accordance with his complaint. The magistrate ruled in favor of defendant on her counterclaim as well, awarding her $2,800.00. Plaintiff then appealed to the district court, and defendant vacated the house on 31 May 2003.
The district court held a trial de novo pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-228(a) (2003), which states "[a]fter final disposition before [a] magistrate, the sole remedy for an aggrieved party is an appeal for trial de novo before a district court judge or jury." Id. Defendant appeared pro se and communicated through an interpreter. Both parties testified, presented evidence, and called witnesses. Following a bench trial on the issues, the court's judgment contains only two substantive findings:
3. This case was called for trial as calendared and both Plaintiff and Defendant appeared and testified concerning both Plaintiff's claim for past due rent and damage to the premises and Defendant's counterclaim for failure of the landlord to provide a safe and livable environment.
4. And it appearing to the Court that the landlord did provide a safe and habitable premises, but that Defendant failed to pay rent in a timely manner and damaged the premises as shown through the testimony of the parties and the various documentary exhibits admitted into evidence.
Based on these "findings," the trial court ordered that:
[t]he magistrate's decision is reversed and the Plaintiff have and recover of the Defendant the sum of $2,600.00 and that Defendant recover nothing of the Plaintiff on Defendant's counterclaim.
Defendant now appeals.
Defendant argues that the trial court's final judgment violates N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 52 (a)(1). Specifically, defendant contends that the trial court failed to supply the factual findings necessary to conclude that a) "[plaintiff] did provide a safe and habitable premises" and b) "defendant failed to pay rent in a timely manner," which should have been explicitly stated in the order. We agree.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 52 (a)(1)(2003) states, " [i]n all actions tried upon the facts without a jury or with an advisory jury, the court shall find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and direct entry of the appropriate judgment. " Id. This court has interpreted Rule 52 (a)(1) to require a judge in a bench trial to "find the facts [raised in] all issues raised by the pleadings, state separately its conclusions of law drawn from the facts found, and enter its judgment." Mann Contr'rs., Inc. v. Flair with Goldsmith Consultants-II, Inc., 135 N.C. App. 772, 774, 522 S.E.2d 118, 120 (1999). Although Rule 52(a)(1) does not require a full statement of all evidentiary facts involved, it does require the trial court to find "the ultimate facts, i.e., those specific material facts which are determinative of the questions involved in the action and from which an appellate court can determine whether the findings are supported by the evidence and, in turn, support the conclusions of law reached by the trial court." Id.
Here, plaintiff suggests the following statement from the court's judgment complies with the dictates of Rule 52(a)(1): "[a]nd it appearing to the Court that the landlord did provide a safe and habitable premises, but that Defendant failed to pay rent in a timely manner and damaged the premises as shown through the testimony of the parties and the various documentary exhibits admitted into evidence." We cannot agree; this judgment fails to comply with Rule 52(a)(1) and in fact reads more like a brief synopsis of what happened at trial. See In re Anderson, 151 N.C. App. 94, 97, 564 S.E. 2d 599, 602 (2002) (Factual findings must be "more than a recitation of the allegations.").
First, there is no indication as to whether the above statement is a finding which merely reads like a conclusion of law or if this statement is the conclusion of law and there are no real findings. With no distinction between findings and conclusions this Court cannot determine whether the judgment is properly linked. See Mann Contr'rs., Inc., 135 N.C. App. at 774, 522 S.E.2d at 120. There is no indication as to what testimony the court relied on, which exhibits and testimony were reviewed, or how thetrial court linked the evidence to the conclusion that plaintiff prevails. Further, there is no explanation of how any damages incurred by defendant relate to whether or not plaintiff provided a safe and habitable environment, nor is there any way to determine to what extent these facts may have factored into plaintiff's award. See Patton v. Patton, 318 N.C. 404, 407, 348 S.E.2d 593, 595 (1986) (holding that a finding of fact that which is "merely an enumeration of the factors considered by a trial court" is insufficient to support a judgment). At the very least, compliance with Rule 52(a)(1) requires more than one "finding" to dispose of two wholly independent claims; and without proper specificity, it is almost impossible for an appellate court to carry out its task of determining whether proper legal reasoning was implemented. See id.; Coble v. Coble, 300 N.C. 708, 714, 268 S.E.2d 185, 190 (1980).
Second, the trial court's judgment and award as written, although in agreement with the outcome announced at trial, does not comport with the court's oral rationale for the award.
All right, I'm going to find for the plaintiff in the amount of . . . $2,600.00. That's the carpet and floor repair and the cabinet repair. So I'll enter a judgment for the plaintiff in the amount of $2,600.00 plus cost, and the remaining part is offset by the condition of the premises. I'm not going to find for the plaintiff as to the smell and the windows and the paint, which were the other items that the gentleman who did the repairs testified about.
The oral judgment was not based on any determination of past rent, as in the written judgment, since prior to the close of trial plaintiff's counsel agreed with the court that no rent was owed. Further still, the court orally determined the award to plaintiff was "offset" by the poor condition of the premises. Both counsel's briefs dispute what offset means in the context of the judgment and both are speculating. There are no findings, looking either to the transcript or record, that support a clear understanding of how the trial court reached the determination of plaintiff's claim and defendant's counterclaim.
Accordingly, we remand this case to the district court for a new trial on plaintiff's claim for damages to the apartment and defendant's counterclaim for unhabitable premises. The district court's judgment should include specific findings of fact and conclusions of law based on both of these claims. If the court finds in favor of both claims, then an "offset" may be appropriate but should be specifically expressed in the judgment. We do not reach defendant's other assignments of error.
Remanded for new trial.
Judges McGEE and McCULLOUGH concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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] |
HUDSON, Judge.
On 25 November 2002, a jury convicted defendant of driving while impaired (DWI), and the court imposed a 6 month sentence, suspended for 24 months. Defendant appeals the conviction, and for the reasons below, we find no error.
At approximately 9:46 p.m., 12 January 2002, Trooper K.D. Hyde, of the North Carolina Highway Patrol, observed defendant's vehicle traveling in excess of the speed limit. When the trooper clocked defendant's vehicle at seventy-seven m.p.h. in a fifty-five m.p.h. zone, he turned on his blue lights and siren and pursued defendant. Trooper Hyde saw defendant weave between the shoulder and the travel lane before he stopped. As Trooper Hyde exited his vehicle, he saw defendant get out of his own vehicle and stumblealong holding the side of his truck. Trooper Hyde also observed that defendant had red, glassy eyes, was very disoriented, and smelled strongly of alcohol. Defendant performed poorly on two psycho-physical tests administered by Trooper Hyde.
Based on his observations, Trooper Hyde formed the opinion that defendant was impaired and placed him under arrest for DWI. He took defendant to the Macon County Jail, and read him his rights, whereupon defendant blew a .14 on the Intoxylizer. Defendant appeared before a magistrate, who ordered that defendant be released to a sober adult or at daylight. Defendant telephoned his mother, who picked him up the next morning.
Before the trial, defendant issued a subpoena duces tecum for production of the repair records of, and raw data downloaded from, the Intoxilyzer unit used here. In response, the State filed a motion to quash. Defendant then filed a "Motion to Continue and Compel Timely Production of Data", and later, a "Motion for Independent Testing", and a motion to dismiss. On 19 November 2002, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing, at the conclusion of which it granted the State's motion to quash and denied all of defendant's motions.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to compel. He asserts that the information he sought in the subpoena duces tecum would have allowed him to present an affirmative defense, and the denial of that information violated his due process rights. Defendant concedes that he was not entitled to this information in advance under the discoverystatute, N.C.G.S. § 15A-901 (2003). We need not decide whether defendant was entitled to the information he sought through the subpoena duces tecum, as we conclude that any possible error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
This Court has repeatedly held that the proper standard for reviewing a court's refusal to grant a defendant's request for information is whether such denial, if error, was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Cunningham, 108 N.C. App. 185, 197, 423 S.E.2d 802, 809 (1992); State v. McKeithan, 140 N.C. App 422, 436, 537 S.E.2d 526, 535 (2000). Here, as in Cunningham and McKeithan, the evidence against defendant is overwhelming. Defendant admitted that he had consumed four drinks, as well as an entire bottle of cough syrup which contained alcohol. Furthermore, the arresting officer observed defendant's car weaving, and defendant stumbling as he exited his vehicle. The arresting officer testified:
I observed red glassy eyes . . . [H]e was very unsteady on his feet . . . I asked Mr. Worley why he was traveling so fast . . . He just continued to stare at me. He was very disoriented. I had to ask Mr. Worley that question about 3 times before I finally got an answer . . . I asked Mr. Worley for his driver's license. At that time, he still seemed very disoriented. He took his wallet out of his pocket. He handed me a Sams Card . . . I then instructed Mr. Worley that it was his Sams Card and not his driver's license. I handed it back to Mr. Worley for him to observe and look at. He then was still very disoriented. He looked at it very hard, handed it back to me and said, "No sir, this is my driver's license."
Defendant then failed two field sobriety tests. Given this overwhelming evidence of defendant's intoxication, we conclude that there is no reasonable possibility that the jury would haveconcluded otherwise. Thus, any error in denying defendant's request for the Intoxylizer and its data was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We overrule this assignment of error.
Defendant also assigns error to the court's denial of defendant's motion to dismiss. He contends that the magistrate violated N.C.G.S. § 15A-534.2 (2003) when he ordered that defendant be released "to sober adult or daylight." He argues that no part of G.S. § 15A-534.2 allows detention of an impaired driver "until daylight." Although the statute does not explicitly authorize holding an impaired driver "until daylight," it does specifically allow holding an impaired driver until:
(1) The defendant's physical and mental faculties are no longer impaired to the extent that he presents a danger of physical injury to himself or others or of damage to property if he is released; or
(2) A sober, responsible adult is willing and able to assume responsibility for the defendant until his physical and mental faculties are no longer impaired.
Further, G.S. § 15A-534.2 (c) provides that "[t]he defendant may be denied pretrial release under this section for a period no longer than 24 hours." Defendant contends that after he spoke with his mother, at approximately 11:00 p.m, she called the jail and was told she would have to wait until morning. The State challenges this account and asserts that defendant's mother was not delayed and merely chose to pick him up in the morning. The trial court found as fact that "Defendant's mother picked the Defendant up in the morning and was not delayed nor inhibited from coming andpicking up the Defendant sooner." Defendant has not challenged this finding of fact and thus, it is conclusive on appeal. Further, the record shows that defendant arrived at the detention facility at 12:33 a.m. and was released at 8:00 a.m. - he was in custody far less than twenty-four hours. As the magistrate's order was within the scope of G.S. § 15A-534.2, we conclude that the defendant has failed to show that any official detained him in violation of the statute.
The State also asserts that defendant has failed to show any prejudice. As we have concluded that defendant has not shown a violation of the statute, we need not address the question of prejudice.
No error.
Judges TYSON and BRYANT concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 3rd day of December 2003 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 21st day of October 2003 by Unnamed Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 1st day of December 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 20th day of January 2004 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed on the 31st day of December 2003 by Defendant in this matter for discretionary review of the decision of the North Carolina Court of Appeals pursuant to G.S. 7A-31, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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Upon consideration of the petition filed by the Attorney General on the 26th day of November 2003 for Writ of Supersedeas of the judgment of the Superior Court, Columbus County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to Superior Court, Columbus County:
"Dismissed as Moot by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition filed by the Attorney General on the 2nd day of December 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Columbus County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed as Moot by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by the Attorney General on the 30th day of July 2003 for Writ of Supersedeas of the judgment of the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Allowed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the notice of appeal from the North Carolina Court of Appeals, filed by the Attorney General in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-30 (substantial constitutional question), the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the notice of appeal is
"Retained by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Upon consideration of the petition for discretionary review, filed by the Attorney General on the 30th day of July 2003 in this matter pursuant to G.S. 7A-31 and the Appellate Rule 16(b) as to issues in addition to those presented as the basis for the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals: the petition for discretionary review as to additional issues is
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
Accordingly, only those issues which are the basis of the dissenting opinion in the Court of Appeals and the issues raised in the Notice of Appeal based upon a Constitutional Question shall be presented to this Court in briefs. The Plaintiffs new brief so limited in scope shall be filed with this Court not more that 30 days from the date of certification of this order.
Justices MARTIN and WAINWRIGHT recused.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 26th day of November 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the Order of the North Carolina Court of Appeals, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the North Carolina Court of Appeals:
"Denied by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
TIMMONS-GOODSON, Judge.
John D. Oliver ("Oliver"), OHR Building, Inc., and Glenda Faye Motsinger Oliver (collectively as "plaintiffs"), and Randolph M. James ("James") appeal from an order of the trial court granting the disqualification of James as plaintiffs' counsel. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm the order of the trial court.
The pertinent facts of the instant appeal are as follows: Defendant Zachary T. Bynum, III ("Bynum") and James are both attorneys in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. James represented Paul Freer ("Freer") in a real estate venture in which Freer became a business partner with Bynum. Thereafter, James approached Bynum about merging their legal practices. Bynum declined.
Freer and his wife own P.F. Plumbing Contractors, Inc., a plumbing business that provided services for Bynum and Watson Development Company ("Bynum and Watson Dev."), a real estate development company. James represented Freer in an action against Bynum and Watson Dev., which resulted in a settlement agreement. The settlement provided that Bynum would personally guarantee a partial payment of Bynum and Watson Dev.'s debt to Freer. The personal guarantee is secured by a deed of trust wherein Bynum is the grantor, P.F. Plumbing Contractors, Inc., is the beneficiary, and James is the trustee. Bynum alleges that James gained access to Bynum's confidential financial records as a result of his representation of Freer in this matter.
The record is clear that there is animosity between these two lawyers. Bynum alleges that James defaulted on a referral fee arising from a fee-splitting arrangement. Around the same time, James's sole associate left James to work for Bynum.
At the end of 2001, James represented Freer in an action against Oliver, who was represented by Bynum. The record is unclear as to whether this suit was ever settled. In late 2001, Oliver was unhappy with Bynum's representation of him. Oliver contacted Freer for a lawyer referral. Freer recommended James.
Before the end of 2001, Oliver audiotaped a conversation between himself and Bynum. At the time of the conversation, Bynum believed that he still represented Oliver. Oliver delivered the tapes to James. Although James denies that he directed Oliver to tape these conversations, James's paralegal, Susan Gray ("Gray"), testified that James told her that he requested that Freer direct Oliver to tape his conversations with Bynum.
Oliver expressed concern that he would be unable to finance his suit against Bynum. Freer offered to finance the litigation. James's paralegal testified about the contents of the fee agreements between James, Freer, and plaintiffs. Plaintiffs and James entered into a contingency fee agreement while Freer and James created a part contingency, part hourly agreement wherein Freer agreed to finance the litigation up to $40,000. If the suit was successful, Freer would recoup the money he spent and would be entitled to part of the proceeds after attorney's fees and costs were paid.
James filed plaintiffs' complaint against Bynum on 27 December 2001, alleging breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, fraud, and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Bynum, Bynum & Murphrey, PLLC, MTNJ Construction Company, Inc. and M.T.N.J. Development Company, Inc. (collectively as "defendants") counterclaimed that plaintiffs conspired with Freer and James to defraud them. Defendants then motioned the trial court to disqualify James as plaintiffs' counsel. In granting defendants' motion to disqualify James, the trial court entered the following findings of fact:
1.Defendants and counterclaim plaintiffs have offered evidence and asserted claims and affirmative defenses in their responsive pleading alleging that counterclaim defendant James ("James") engaged in a civil conspiracy, champerty and maintenance.
In addition to the testimony offered, the court reviewed and considered a written agreement between James and counterclaim defendant Paul Freer ("Freer"), a stranger to this litigation, in which Freer agreed to finance the prosecution of plaintiff's claims in the above lawsuit up to the sum of $40,000, with provision for reimbursement and participation in any recovery on their behalf.
2. Defendants and counterclaim plaintiffs have offered evidence and asserted claims and affirmative defenses in their responsive pleading alleging that James represented Freer in a dispute with defendant Bynum ("Bynum") which resulted in a settlement in August 2001, in which James served as trustee under a deed of trust securing performance under the agreement. The alleged breach of this agreement is also the subject of a claim by Bynum against Freer in this lawsuit. As part of this settlement, James and Freer obtained confidential financial information from Bynum which he contends they intend to use in the current lawsuit. Subsequent to the above settlement, James continued to represent Freer's interest in a claim against plaintiff OHR Building, Inc. while at the same time representing plaintiffs in the preparation of their claims in this lawsuit.
3. Counterclaim defendant James will be a material fact witness in this lawsuit because of his involvement in the above transactions and representations of multiple parties.
Based on the foregoing findings of fact, the court made the following conclusions of law:
1. James's representation of multiple parties and his involvement in this litigation as a party creates a conflict of interest in violation of Rules 1.7(b) and 1.9(a) of the North Carolina Rules of Professional Conduct.
2. James is a material witness in this litigation, which creates a further conflict of interest in his representation of plaintiffs.
3. Defendants and counterclaim plaintiffs have made a colorable showing at this stage of the litigation that James has engaged in the conduct alleged in their affirmative defenses and counterclaims.
Plaintiff and James assert that the trial court abused its discretion by granting defendants' motion to disqualify plaintiffs' counsel based on findings of fact not supported by competent evidence and conclusions of law not supported by the findings of fact. For the reasons stated herein, we disagree.
"Decisions regarding whether to disqualify counsel are within the discretion of the trial judge and, absent an abuse of discretion, a trial judge's ruling on a motion to disqualify will not be disturbed on appeal." Travco Hotels v. Piedmont Natural Gas Co., 332 N.C. 288, 295, 420 S.E.2d 426, 430 (1992), citing In re Lee, 85 N.C.App. 302, 310, 354 S.E.2d 759, 764-65, disc. rev. denied, 320 N.C. 513, 358 S.E.2d 520 (1987). An appellate court may reverse a trial court under an abuse of discretion standard "only upon a showing that its actions are manifestly unsupported by reason." Dockery v. Hocutt, 357 N.C. 210, 215, 581 S.E.2d 431, 435 (2003) (citations omitted).
The standard of review for findings made by a trial court sitting without a jury is "whether any competent evidence exists in the record" to support said findings. Hollerbach v. Hollerbach, 90 N.C.App. 384, 387, 368 S.E.2d 413, 415 (1988). Findings of fact and conclusions of law "allow meaningful review by the appellate courts." O'Neill v. Southern Nat. Bank, 40 N.C.App. 227, 231, 252 S.E.2d 231, 234 (1979). Findings of fact are conclusive if supported by competent evidence, irrespective of evidence to the contrary. Associates, Inc. v. Myerly and Equipment Co. v. Myerly, 29 N.C.App. 85, 89, 223 S.E.2d 545, 548 (1976).
Plaintiffs and James assert that the trial court erred when it found as fact that James engaged in civil conspiracy, champerty and maintenance and that he obtained confidential financial information from Bynum during his representation of Freer. We disagree.
A successful civil conspiracy claim requires the moving party to evidence an agreement of two or more parties to carry out unlawful conduct and injury resulting from that agreement. Toomer v. Garrett, 155 N.C.App. 462, 483, 574 S.E.2d 76, 92 (2002). Gray testified that upon questioning James regarding his arrangement with Freer and Oliver, James stated that "he and Paul Freer were teaming up to do whatever it took to strip Zack Bynum of his law license. He further stated that this would probably push Mr. Bynum into bankruptcy." Gray's testimony provides competent evidence to support the trial court's finding of fact that James engaged in a civil conspiracy.
The terms "maintenance" and "champerty" have been defined as follows:
"Maintenance" [is] an officious intermeddling in a suit, which in no way belongs to one, by maintaining or assisting either party with money or otherwise to prosecute or defend it. "Champerty" is a form of maintenance whereby a stranger makes a bargain with a plaintiff or defendant to divide the land or other matter sued for between them if they prevail at law, whereupon the champertor is to carry on the party's suit at his own expense. The Supreme Court... noted that many exceptions to the principles of champerty and maintenance have been recognized and that it has come to be generally accepted that an agreement will not be held to be within the condemnation of the principles unless the interference is clearly officious and for the purpose of stirring up strife and continuing litigation.
Wright v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 63 N.C.App. 465, 469, 305 S.E.2d 190, 192 (1983) (citations omitted). Freer offered to financially support Oliver's lawsuit against Bynum even though Oliver still owed him $10,000 from a previous lawsuit. Gray testified that James "instructed Mr. Freer and/or Mr. Oliver to obtain taped conversations from meetings with Mr. Bynum" and that James intended to destroy Bynum's legal career. Although James did not personally finance the lawsuit, there is evidence on the record that he facilitated the financing through Freer "for the purpose of `stirring up strife and continuing litigation.'" See Wright, 63 N.C.App. at 469, 305 S.E.2d at 192, quoting 5 Lawson on Rights and Remedies, § 2400. Thus, there is competent evidence in the record that James engaged in champerty and maintenance. Id.
Plaintiffs and James further argue that the findings of fact do not support the conclusions of law. The trial court concluded as a matter of law that (1) James's "representation of multiple parties and his involvement in this litigation as a party creates a conflict of interest;" (2) James is a material witness in this litigation, creating another conflict of interest; and, (3) defendants have made a colorable showing that James has engaged in the conduct alluded to in their affirmative defenses and counterclaims, including civil conspiracy, champerty and maintenance.
As there is competent evidence in the record to support findings that James engaged in civil conspiracy, champerty and maintenance in his dealings with plaintiffs and Freer, the trial court could reasonably have concluded that James may have a conflict of interest in regard to this litigation. As such, plaintiffs and James have failed to show that the trial court's disqualification of James as plaintiffs' counsel is an abuse of discretion and manifestly unsupported by reason. See Dockery, 357 N.C. at 215, 581 S.E.2d at 435.
Affirmed.
Judges HUDSON and ELMORE concur.
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GEER, Judge.
This appeal arises out of a real property title dispute between plaintiff Beneficial Mortgage Co. of North Carolina, which holds a deed of trust in the subject property, and defendants Sam C. Ogburn Jr. and Terry N.
Renegar, who claim title through an execution sale conducted to satisfy a materialman's lien in favor of defendant Steve Peterson d/b/a Decked Out. Because (1) defendants did not assign error to the trial court's findings of fact and (2) those findings supported the court's conclusion that material irregularities in the execution sale coupled with a grossly inadequate purchase price justified setting aside the sale, we affirm.
On 6 April 2001, plaintiff brought suit against defendants Ogburn, Renegar, Peterson, and Paul A. and Mary J. Dix, seeking to set aside an execution sale of real property owned by the Dixes. Default was entered against the Dixes. Mr. Peterson filed an answer to the complaint, seeking dismissal of any claims asserted against him. The record does not reflect any further proceedings with respect to the Dixes and Mr. Peterson.
Plaintiff Beneficial and defendants Ogburn and Renegar filed cross-motions for summary judgment together with supporting affidavits and depositions. The trial judge orally denied both motions for summary judgment. The trial court's judgment recites that both parties then "stipulated to final judgment being rendered by the Court based upon the evidence and stipulated facts before the Court."
In reviewing a judgment resulting from a bench trial, the question before this Court is whether competent evidence exists to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether those findings support the trial court's conclusions of law. Lewis v. Edwards, 159 N.C.App. 384, 388, 583 S.E.2d 387, 390 (2003). If the trial court's findings of fact are supported by evidence, then they have the force of a jury verdict and are conclusive on appeal. In re Estate of Lunsford, 160 N.C.App. 125, 129, 585 S.E.2d 245, 248 (2003).
Further, under N.C.R.App. P. 10(a), this Court's review is limited to those findings of fact properly assigned as error. Thus, "`findings of fact to which [appellant] has not assigned error and argued in his brief are conclusively established on appeal.' " Lunsford, 160 N.C.App. at 129, 585 S.E.2d at 248 (quoting Static Control Components, Inc. v. Vogler, 152 N.C.App. 599, 603, 568 S.E.2d 305, 308 (2002)).
Since defendants Ogburn and Renegar did not assign error to any of the trial court's findings of fact in this case, those findings are binding on appeal. The trial court's findings of fact and undisputed evidence establish the following facts.
On 4 June 1998, the Dixes recorded a deed to the property at 432 Hollinswood Avenue, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Mr. Peterson, a contractor, installed a deck on the seven room, 2,403 square-foot brick house. On 2 December 1998, after the Dixes failed to pay him for the deck, Mr. Peterson timely filed a claim of lien in the amount of $6,055.16. On approximately 25 March 1999, Mr. Peterson brought suit in Forsyth County District Court to enforce his lien.
On 10 April 2000, District Court Judge Roland H. Hayes concluded that Mr. Peterson was entitled to a lien in the sum of $6,055.16 plus interest. The court directed that the property be sold in accordance with Chapter 44A of the North Carolina General Statutes to satisfy Mr. Peterson's lien.
On 26 October 1999-after the filing of Mr. Peterson's claim of lien and his lawsuit to enforce the lien, but before the entry of judgment enforcing the lien-the Dixes borrowed $244,196.47 from Beneficial and gave Beneficial a deed of trust to secure repayment of that loan. Beneficial recorded the deed of trust on 4 November 1999. In April and May 2000, T. Daniel Womble, attorney for Mr. Peterson, attempted unsuccessfully to contact Beneficial at its local office to discuss Mr. Peterson's judgment and its implications for Beneficial.
On 11 September 2000, the Dixes filed a motion to claim as exempt the property at 432 Hollinswood Avenue. In that motion, they declared that the property had an estimated value of $219,000.00 and reported that Beneficial held a lien on the property with $247,000.00 still owed.
On 3 November 2000, Mr. Peterson obtained a writ of execution from the assistant clerk of superior court allowing the property to be sold at an execution sale to satisfy his judgment. The writ specified that pursuant to a judgment docketed on 10 April 2000, Mr. Peterson was entitled to the sum of $9,546.30. It directed the Sheriff of Forsyth County to satisfy the judgment "out of the personal property of [the Dixes], and if sufficient personal property cannot be found, then out of the real property belonging to [the Dixes] on the day the judgment was docketed in your county as shown above or any time after that date." Nothing in the writ of execution indicated that the underlying judgment had an effective date other than the date of docketing, 10 April 2000.
The Sheriff of Forsyth County posted a notice of sale announcing the sale of "all right, title and interest which the Defendants now have or at any time at or after the docketing of the judgment in said action had in and to [432 Hollinswood Avenue]." The notice of sale also stated, "This property is being sold subject to all prior liens and encumbrances pending against the property."
Beneficial was not sent notice of the execution sale and the trial court found nothing to indicate that Beneficial otherwise received actual notice of the sale. The property was sold by the sheriff on 19 February 2001 to defendant Ogburn, the highest bidder, for the price of $10,200.00. An order purporting to confirm the sale as required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-339.67 (2003) was signed by District Court Judge Chester C. Davis. The sale was never confirmed by the clerk of superior court.
On 26 March 2001, the sheriff executed a sheriff's deed drafted by Mr. Womble, formerly Mr. Peterson's attorney, identifying Ogburn as the purchaser of the property. On 2 April 2001, Ogburn purported to convey to defendant Renegar by quitclaim deed, again drafted by Mr. Womble, a one-half undivided interest in the property.
Based on these facts, the trial court concluded that irregularities in the sale, coupled with a grossly inadequate purchase price, warranted setting aside the sale and declaring void the deed from Ogburn to Renegar. The court further concluded that Ogburn and Renegar were entitled to an equitable lien on the property in the amounts of $10,200.00 for the purchase price and $14,794.00 for expenses incurred in maintaining the property. The court ordered that if a second sale was conducted, then the proceeds were to be applied in the following order: (1) sums due the sheriff on account of the sale, (2) the equitable lien granted to Ogburn and Renegar, and (3) the balance due Beneficial pursuant to its deed of trust in the original principal amount of $244,196.47.
I
As a preliminary matter, we note that this appeal appears to be interlocutory. Although defendants recite in their brief that they have appealed from a final judgment, the record on appeal does not establish that all claims against all parties have been resolved. While the record on appeal contains an entry of default as to the Dixes, the record on appeal does not contain any default judgment, as provided in Rule 55(b) of the Rules of Civil Procedure. In addition, there is no indication that the claims asserted against defendant Peterson have been addressed in any manner.
When an order resolves some, but not all, of the claims in a lawsuit, any appeal from that order is interlocutory. Mitsubishi Elec. & Elecs. USA, Inc. v. Duke Power Co., 155 N.C.App. 555, 559, 573 S.E.2d 742, 745 (2002). An appeal is permissible only if (1) the trial court certified the order for immediate interlocutory appeal under Rule 54 of the Rules of Civil Procedure or (2) the order affects a substantial right that would be lost without immediate review. Embler v. Embler, 143 N.C.App. 162, 164-65, 545 S.E.2d 259, 261 (2001). The judgment at issue in this appeal does not contain a Rule 54 certification. Defendants were, therefore, required to establish that a substantial right was at issue. Because defendants did not recognize that their appeal was interlocutory, they have failed to meet their burden. Nevertheless, we elect to exercise our authority under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure to review defendants' arguments pursuant to a grant of certiorari.
II
Defendants Ogburn and Renegar first assign as error the trial court's failure to grant their motion for summary judgment. Our Supreme Court has held:
The purpose of summary judgment is to bring litigation to an early decision on the merits without the delay and expense of a trial when no material facts are at issue. After there has been a trial, this purpose cannot be served. Improper denial of a motion for summary judgment is not reversible error when the case has proceeded to trial and has been determined on the merits by the trier of the facts, either judge or jury.
Harris v. Walden, 314 N.C. 284, 286, 333 S.E.2d 254, 256 (1985) (internal citations omitted).
Even if a denial of summary judgment were properly reviewable following a trial on the merits, defendants have failed to include in the record on appeal a copy of the trial court's order denying summary judgment. This Court explained in Sessoms v. Sessoms, 76 N.C.App. 338, 339, 332 S.E.2d 511, 512-13 (1985):
The [appellant's] failure to submit a copy of the purported order from which she appeals is a violation of Appellate Rule 9(a)(1)(viii), which states in clear language that the record on appeal in civil actions shall contain "a copy of the judgment, order or other determination from which appeal is taken." In this case, submission of the transcript of the trial court's statements as to what he will find and order is not sufficient.
See also Buckingham v. Buckingham, 134 N.C.App. 82, 91, 516 S.E.2d 869, 876 ("Because the record in this case does not contain a written order denying plaintiff's motions, such order was not entered by the trial court."), disc. review denied, 351 N.C. 100, 540 S.E.2d 353 (1999). The omission from the record on appeal of any order denying summary judgment thus precludes review.
For both of the foregoing reasons, we decline to address the question whether the trial court properly denied defendants' motion for summary judgment.
III
Defendants next challenge the trial court's conclusion that the sale should be set aside due to material irregularities and the inadequacy of the sales price. We hold that the trial court's conclusions are properly supported by the findings of fact and that the trial court did not err in setting aside the sale.
Our Supreme Court has held with respect to foreclosure and execution sales:
Nor is inadequacy of price alone sufficient to avoid the sale. But gross inadequacy of consideration, when coupled with any other inequitable element, even though neither, standing alone, may be sufficient for the purpose, will induce a court of equity to interpose and do justice between the parties.
Weir v. Weir, 196 N.C. 268, 270, 145 S.E. 281, 282 (1928) (internal citations omitted). The Court clarified this principle in Swindell v. Overton, 310 N.C. 707, 713, 314 S.E.2d 512, 516 (1984) (internal citations omitted):
[I]t is the materiality of the irregularity in such a sale, not mere inadequacy of the purchase price, which is determinative of a decision in equity to set the sale aside. Where an irregularity is first alleged, gross inadequacy of purchase price may then be considered on the question of the materiality of the irregularity. Where inadequacy of purchase price is necessary to establish the materiality of the irregularity, it must also appear that the irregularity or unusual circumstance caused the inadequacy of price.
Under Swindell, the trial court was required (1) to evaluate the adequacy of the sales price, (2) to identify whether any irregularities occurred in connection with the sale, and (3) to determine if the irregularities were material. The trial court in this case concluded that there were material irregularities and that the sales price was grossly inadequate. It is the role of this Court, in reviewing that judgment, to decide whether those conclusions are supported by the trial court's findings of fact.
A. Adequacy of the Sales Price.
Although defendants assigned as error the trial court's conclusion that the sales price was grossly inadequate, they did not assign error to the trial court's findings of fact relating to the adequacy of price. Moreover, defendants' brief does not contain any argument that the trial court erred in concluding that the sales price was grossly inadequate. This issue has not therefore been properly presented for review. N.C.R.App. P. 28(b)(6) ("Assignments of error not set out in the appellant's brief, or in support of which no reason or argument is stated or authority cited, will be taken as abandoned.").
The trial court found that the fair market value of the property was $215,000.00 on the date of the sale and that the price of $10,200.00 realized at the execution sale thus represented only 4.7% of the property's fair market value. The court also noted both that the deck that had led to the execution sale was, standing alone, valued at $15,500.00-$5,300.00 more than the execution sale price-and the property had been listed for sale at $270,000.00. In the absence of any argument by defendants as to why these findings fail to establish the inadequacy of the price, we decline to set aside the trial court's conclusion.
B. Irregularities in the Execution Sale.
Although in the conclusions of law, the trial court did not specifically enumerate the irregularities upon which it was relying, the court's findings of fact indicate that the court found (1) the Peterson judgment did not specify that it related back to a date earlier than 10 April 2000, the date of the judgment; (2) the sheriff's notice of sale limited the interest being sold to that possessed by defendant as of 10 April 2000 and made the sale subject to any liens prior to that date; and (3) the sale was not confirmed by the clerk of court. We agree that these findings establish the existence of irregularities in the execution sale.
First, the Peterson judgment did not specify that the lien related back to a prior date. Although this Court has held that omission of the effective date of the lien from the judgment should not bar the lien, the judgment must still "relate[] the lien back to the date when labor and materials were first furnished at the site." Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. v. Rowell, 113 N.C.App. 779, 785, 440 S.E.2d 283, 285, disc. review denied, 338 N.C. 518, 452 S.E.2d 813 (1994). The trial court that rendered the Peterson judgment could have related the lien back to the first provision of labor and materials, 22 September 1998, but it did not do so. This lack of "relation back" language constitutes an irregularity. See also Jennings Glass Co. v. Brummer, 88 N.C.App. 44, 51-52, 362 S.E.2d 578, 583 (1987) (a "judgment relating back and incorporating the complaint and claim of lien" contained all required information), disc. review denied, 321 N.C. 473, 364 S.E.2d 921 (1988); Miller v. Lemon Tree Inn of Roanoke Rapids, Inc., 32 N.C.App. 524, 529, 233 S.E.2d 69, 73 (1977) ("To enforce a materialmen's lien the judgment must state the effective date of the lien and contain a general description of the property subject to the lien so that one reading the docketed judgment would have notice that it was more than a money judgment.").
Second, the sheriff's notice of sale indicated that he was selling only the Dixes' interest as of the date of the judgment, 10 April 2000. Our Supreme Court noted in Edwards v. Arnold, 250 N.C. 500, 506, 109 S.E.2d 205, 210 (1959), that a sheriff's authority to convey property in an execution sale is "limited to that conferred upon him by the judgment, the execution and by his own advertisement and sale." See also id. at 507, 109 S.E.2d at 210 (emphasis original) (sheriff limited to selling "the property described in his advertisement").
In this case, the sheriff's notice of sale referred to the property interest being sold as "... all right, title and interest which the Defendants now have or at any time at or after the docketing of the judgment in said action had in [432 Hollinswood Avenue.]" (Emphasis added) The notice of sale also stated that "[t]his property is being sold subject to all prior liens and encumbrances pending against the property." Thus, the notice of sale expressly stated that the interest being sold in the property was as of the date of docketing of the judgment, 10 April 2000, a date subsequent to the recording of plaintiff's deed of trust. It also appeared to make any purchase subject to existing liens, which would potentially include Beneficial's nearly $250,000.00 interest in the property. This limitation on the interest being sold constitutes a second irregularity (although one logically flowing from the judgment's failure to include "relation back" language).
Third, the trial court relied upon the lack of confirmation by the clerk of superior court. N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1-339.67 provides: "No sale of real property may be consummated until the sale is confirmed by the clerk of the superior court." N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1-339.67. See also Spalding Div. of Questor Corp. v. DuBose, 46 N.C.App. 612, 613, 265 S.E.2d 501, 503 ("The clerk has original jurisdiction to enter orders confirming execution sales" pursuant to N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1-339.67.), disc. review denied, 300 N.C. 375, 267 S.E.2d 678 (1980). The high bidder at an execution sale acquires no right until his bid is accepted and the sale confirmed. Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. v. Forbes, 258 N.C. 426, 429, 128 S.E.2d 875, 877 (1963). "If competitive bidding is stifled, resulting in a bid less than the fair value of the property sold, the clerk may decline to confirm the sale." Id.
Defendants argue that no irregularity occurred because a district court judge confirmed the sale. The language of the statute, indicating that no sale is valid unless confirmed by the clerk of superior court, is, however, mandatory. See Coker v. Virginia-Carolina Joint-Stock Land Bank, Inc., 208 N.C. 41, 44, 178 S.E. 863, 864 (1935) (statutory language that "no deed or other conveyance, except to secure purchase money ... shall be valid to pass possession, or title, during the lifetime of the wife" held to be "mandatory"). This Court has held that identical language in N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1-339.28(a) (2003), relating to judicial sales, gives the clerk of superior court "exclusive jurisdiction" over confirmations. Brown v. Miller, 63 N.C.App. 694, 697, 306 S.E.2d 502, 504 (1983), appeal dismissed and disc. review denied, 310 N.C. 476, 312 S.E.2d 882 (1984). Defendants have presented no reason why N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1-339.67 should be construed differently. As a result, the failure to have the clerk of superior court confirm the sale is an irregularity.
C. The Materiality of the Irregularities.
We must next determine whether the trial court properly found that these irregularities were material. In deciding whether an irregularity is material, we must look at its "natural and probable" effect on the sales price. Foust v. Gate City Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 233 N.C. 35, 37, 62 S.E.2d 521, 523 (1950). Potential effect and not actual effect is all that is required if the ultimate sales price is grossly inadequate: "Actuality of injury is not a prerequisite of relief. The potentialities of the error, considered in connection with the grossly inadequate price, compel the conclusion that the irregularity in the sale was material and prejudicial-sufficient in nature to justify the interposition of a court of equity." Id. at 38, 62 S.E.2d at 523.
The lack of "relation back" language in the Peterson judgment together with the notice of sale limiting the sale to the Dixes' interest on the date of the Peterson judgment (subject to existing encumbrances) would have suggested to potential bidders that their purchase would be subject to Beneficial's $244,196.47 deed of trust that pre-dated the Peterson judgment. That assumption would have the likely effect of decreasing the number of potential bidders, the amount of competition, and the ultimate price bid. See Foust, 233 N.C. at 37-38, 62 S.E.2d at 523 (erroneously reported purchase price in confirmation report, indicating property sold for more than its reasonable market value, had "natural and probable effect" of chilling upset bids and therefore constituted a material irregularity). The trial court thus did not err in concluding that the irregularities were material.
Given the potential effect that the irregularities had on the sales price for the Dixes' home combined with the gross inadequacy of the ultimate sales price, we hold that the trial court did not err in setting aside the sale.
IV
Defendants also challenge the trial court's denial of their motion under Rule 59(a)(9) of the Rules of Civil Procedure for a new trial or, in the alternative, amendment or alteration of the judgment in their favor. Rule 59(a)(9) is a catch-all provision that allows a new trial to be granted for "[a]ny other reason heretofore recognized as grounds for new trial." Defendants contend that they were entitled to relief under Rule 59(a)(9) because the trial court should have resolved the equities of the circumstances with an eye towards the acts of and effects on the title insurers.
"It has been long settled in our jurisdiction that an appellate court's review of a trial judge's discretionary ruling either granting or denying a motion to set aside a verdict and order a new trial is strictly limited to the determination of whether the record affirmatively demonstrates a manifest abuse of discretion by the judge." Worthington v. Bynum, 305 N.C. 478, 482, 290 S.E.2d 599, 602 (1982). Our review of the record does not reveal that the trial court abused its discretion.
Because of our resolution of this case, it is unnecessary for us to address plaintiff's cross-assignments of error.
Affirmed.
Chief Judge MARTIN and Judge BRYANT, concur.
|
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] |
Upon consideration of the petition filed by Defendant on the 3rd day of December 2003 in this matter for a writ of certiorari to review the order of the Superior Court, Forsyth County, the following order was entered and is hereby certified to the Superior Court of that County:
"Dismissed by order of the Court in conference, this the 5th day of February 2004."
|
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] |
McGEE, Judge.
Defendant appeals from an order awarding Mary B. Godwin (plaintiff) $95.00 per month in child support, in addition to providing medical insurance should it become available at a reasonable cost through defendant's employment.
Defendant is the biological father of a minor child, Peyton E. Godwin (Peyton), born 3 July 2001. Plaintiff is the biological mother of Peyton and has custody of the child. At the time of Peyton's birth, defendant and plaintiff were seventeen-year-old minors in their junior year of high school. Prior to defendant's graduation from high school in June 2002, defendant was accepted for enrollment as a student at East Carolina University.
In 2001, defendant earned an average monthly gross income of $478.01, derived from his after-school part-time and summer seasonal employment at Outback Steakhouse in New Bern, North Carolina. In 2002, while still in high school, defendant continued to work after school at the Outback Steakhouse. After his high school graduation in June 2002, and prior to his college enrollment in August 2002, defendant worked full-time as a busboy at Clawson's restaurant (Clawson's) in Beaufort, North Carolina. At Clawson's, he earned approximately $5.25 per hour. At the time of the trial court's hearing on the matter of child support in September 2002, defendant was enrolled as a full-time student at East Carolina University and was seeking part-time employment.
After hearing evidence regarding Peyton's needs and testimony on defendant's financial status, the trial court utilized an earning capacity standard to calculate defendant's monthly child support obligation, rather than relying on defendant's actual income. The trial court found that defendant was an able-bodied person capable of earning income at the minimum wage of $5.15 per hour, on a full-time basis. The trial court computed his imputed gross income to be $892.67 per month. Based upon the 1998 North Carolina Child Support Guidelines, the trial court announced its order in open court in September 2002, directing defendant to pay child support in the amount of $95.00 per month. The written order was entered on 16 December 2002. Defendant appeals.
Defendant first assigns error to the trial court's use of the 1998 version of the North Carolina Child Support Guidelines (Guidelines) instead of the 2002 version. Defendant emphasizes that while the trial court announced its order in open court on 3 September 2002, the order was not entered until 16 December 2002, after the effective date of the 2002 version of the Guidelines.
Although defendant did not include this issue in his assignments of error and thus has failed to preserve the issue for appellate review, this Court elects in the interest of judicial economy to consider the merits of defendant's argument. N.C.R.App. P. 2.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 58 (2003) provides that "a judgment is entered when it is reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and filed with the clerk of court." This Court has held that Rule 58 applies to orders as well as to judgments. West v. Marko, 130 N.C.App. 751, 756, 504 S.E.2d 571, 574 (1998). As with a judgment, "an order rendered in open court is not enforceable until it is `entered.'" Id. at 756, 504 S.E.2d at 574. Thus, in the case before us, the trial court's child support order was not enforceable between the parties until it was entered on 16 December 2002.
N.C. Gen.Stat. § 50-13.4(c) (2003) mandates that the trial court in an action for support of a minor child is to "determine the amount of child support payments by applying the presumptive guidelines[.]" None of the exceptions to this legislative directive are applicable in the case before this Court. The Guidelines are reviewed every four years and modified as necessary. At the time of the trial court's hearing and subsequent pronouncement in open court, the 1998 version of the Guidelines was in effect and the trial court was under a statutory obligation to follow the Guidelines current at that time. The 2002 version of the Guidelines became effective as of 1 October 2002.
The introductory portion of the 2002 version of the Guidelines does not elaborate as to whether it is applicable to orders not yet entered as of 1 October 2002. Defendant stresses that the introduction to the 2002 version of the Guidelines proscribes that "[t]he guidelines must be used when the court enters a temporary or permanent child support order in a non-contested case or contested hearing." Defendant thus argues that since the order was not entered until after 1 October 2002, the 2002 version is controlling. We construe this directive to be only a restatement of the presumptive nature of the Guidelines as mandated by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.4(c).
We recognize that the trial court was not required to announce its order in open court. However, by doing so, the trial court was required by statute to apply the presumptive Guidelines in effect on 3 September 2002. At that time, the revised 2002 version of the Guidelines was not yet applicable. In the absence of guidance from the General Assembly as to what cases were impacted by the 2002 version's stated effective date of 1 October 2002, we conclude that the trial court acted appropriately in applying the 1998 version of the Guidelines at the time the trial court announced its decision and subsequently entered its order. We find defendant's argument is without merit.
Defendant next contends the trial court erred in using an earning capacity standard, instead of defendant's actual earnings, for the purpose of determining defendant's child support payments. Defendant argues the trial court, in imputing income to defendant, did not make the requisite findings or conclusions indicating any deliberate or bad faith conduct by defendant to suppress his income or otherwise avoid his child support obligation.
Upon appellate review, a trial court's determination of the proper child support payment will not be disturbed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Bowers v. Bowers, 141 N.C.App. 729, 731, 541 S.E.2d 508, 509 (2001). To support such a reversal, an appellant must show that the trial court's actions were manifestly unsupported by reason. Id.
Child support payments are ordinarily determined based on a party's actual income at the time the award is made. Sharpe v. Nobles, 127 N.C.App. 705, 708, 493 S.E.2d 288, 290 (1997). Our appellate Courts have repeatedly held that the earning capacity standard can only be used in calculating child support payments where there are "findings, based on competent evidence, to support a conclusion that the supporting ... parent is deliberately suppressing his or her income to avoid family responsibilities." Bowers, 141 N.C.App. at 732, 541 S.E.2d at 510; see Kowalick v. Kowalick, 129 N.C.App. 781, 787-88, 501 S.E.2d 671, 676 (1998); Ellis v. Ellis, 126 N.C.App. 362, 364-65, 485 S.E.2d 82, 83 (1997); Whitley v. Whitley, 46 N.C.App. 810, 812, 266 S.E.2d 23, 24 (1980). Standing alone, evidence that a defendant voluntarily depressed his income is insufficient to support the application of the earning capacity standard. Cook v. Cook, 159 N.C.App. 657, 662, 583 S.E.2d 696, 699 (2003). In this case, the trial court's order lacks any finding or conclusion that defendant depressed his income in bad faith. Therefore, we reverse and remand for an appropriate determination of defendant's child support obligation in accordance with this opinion.
Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part.
Judges HUNTER and GEER concur.
|
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] |
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