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25429730
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease with an uncertain pathogenesis. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) represent a recently discovered cell population which has been implicated in driving Th2 inflammation in CRS; however, their relationship with clinical disease characteristics has yet to be investigated.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The aim of this study was to identify ILC2s in sinus mucosa in patients with CRS and controls and compare ILC2s across characteristics of disease.\n- <METHODS> : A cross-sectional study of patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery was conducted. Sinus mucosal biopsies were obtained during surgery and control tissue from patients undergoing pituitary tumour resection through transphenoidal approach. ILC2s were identified as CD45(+) Lin(-) CD127(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CRTH2(CD294)(+) CD161(+) cells in single cell suspensions through flow cytometry. ILC2 frequencies, measured as a percentage of CD45(+) cells, were compared across CRS phenotype, endotype, inflammatory CRS subtype and other disease characteristics including blood eosinophils, serum IgE, asthma status and nasal symptom score.\n- <RESULTS> : 35 patients (40% female, age 48 ± 17 years) including 13 with eosinophilic CRS (eCRS), 13 with non-eCRS and 9 controls were recruited. ILC2 frequencies were associated with the presence of nasal polyps (P = 0.002) as well as high tissue eosinophilia (P = 0.004) and eosinophil-dominant CRS (P = 0.001) (Mann-Whitney U). They were also associated with increased blood eosinophilia (P = 0.005). There were no significant associations found between ILC2s and serum total IgE and allergic disease. In the CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) population, ILC2s were increased in patients with co-existing asthma (P = 0.03). ILC2s were also correlated with worsening nasal symptom score in CRS (P = 0.04).\n\n**Question:** Are group 2 innate lymphoid cells ( ILC2s ) increased in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps or eosinophilia?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** As ILC2s are elevated in patients with CRSwNP, they may drive nasal polyp formation in CRS. ILC2s are also linked with high tissue and blood eosinophilia and have a potential role in the activation and survival of eosinophils during the Th2 immune response. The association of innate lymphoid cells in CRS provides insights into its pathogenesis.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25433161
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT), a liver enriched enzyme, is responsible for approximately one third of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. When fed a high-fat diet (HFD), Pemt(-/-) mice are protected from HF-induced obesity; however, they develop steatohepatitis. The vagus nerve relays signals between liver and brain that regulate peripheral adiposity and pancreas function. Here we explore a possible role of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve in the development of diet induced obesity and steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice.\n- <METHODS> : 8-week old Pemt(-/-) and Pemt(+/+) mice were subjected to hepatic vagotomy (HV) or capsaicin treatment, which selectively disrupts afferent nerves, and were compared to sham-operated or vehicle-treatment, respectively. After surgery, mice were fed a HFD for 10 weeks.\n- <RESULTS> : HV abolished the protection against the HFD-induced obesity and glucose intolerance in Pemt(-/-) mice. HV normalized phospholipid content and prevented steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice. Moreover, HV increased the hepatic anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, reduced chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and the ER stress marker C/EBP homologous protein. Furthermore, HV normalized the expression of mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins and of proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase in Pemt(-/-) mice. However, disruption of the hepatic afferent vagus nerve by capsaicin failed to reverse either the protection against the HFD-induced obesity or the development of HF-induced steatohepatitis in Pemt(-/-) mice.\n\n**Question:** Does vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and obesity in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Neuronal signals via the hepatic vagus nerve contribute to the development of steatohepatitis and protection against obesity in HFD fed Pemt(-/-) mice.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25445714
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Psammaplin A (PsA) is a natural product isolated from marine sponges, which has been demonstrated to have anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines via the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. New drugs that are less toxic and more effective against multidrug-resistant cancers are urgently needed.\n- <METHODS> : We tested cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and autophagic cell death pathway in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/adr) human breast cancer cells. The potency of PsA was further determined using an in vivo xenograft model.\n\n**Question:** Does psammaplin A induce Sirtuin 1-dependent autophagic cell death in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7/adr human breast cancer cells and xenografts?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** PsA significantly inhibited MCF-7/adr cells proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, with accumulation of cells in G2/M phase of the cell cycle. PsA significantly decreased SIRT1 enzyme activity and reduced expression of SIRT1 protein in the cultured cells with greater potency than sirtinol or salermide. Acetylation of p53, a putative target of SIRT1, increased significantly following PsA treatment. In addition, PsA markedly increased the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins. In support of this, it was found that PsA significantly increased the expression of damage-regulated autophagy modulator (DRAM), a p53-induced protein.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25431941
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : This study examined links between DNA methylation and birth weight centile (BWC), and explored the impact of genetic variation.\n- <METHODS> : Using HumanMethylation450 arrays, we examined candidate gene-associated CpGs in cord blood from newborns with low (<15th centile), medium (40-60th centile) and high (>85th centile) BWC (n = 12). Candidates were examined in an investigation cohort (n = 110) using pyrosequencing and genotyping for putative methylation-associated polymorphisms performed using standard PCR.\n- <RESULTS> : Array analysis identified 314 candidate genes associated with BWC extremes, four of which showed ≥ 4 BWC-linked CpGs. Of these, PM20D1 and MI886 suggested genetically determined methylation levels. However, methylation at three CpGs in FGFR2 remained significantly associated with high BWC (p = 0.004-0.027).\n\n**Question:** Is methylation of the FGFR2 gene associated with high birth weight centile in humans?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** We identified a novel biologically plausible candidate (FGFR2) for with BWC that merits further study.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25432519
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Tumor microenvironment immunity is associated with breast cancer outcome. A high lymphocytic infiltration has been associated with response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, but the contribution to response and prognosis of immune cell subpopulations profiles in both pre-treated and post-treatment residual tumor is still unclear.\n- <METHODS> : We analyzed pre- and post-treatment tumor-infiltrating immune cells (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, Foxp3) by immunohistochemistry in a series of 121 breast cancer patients homogeneously treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Immune cell profiles were analyzed and correlated with response and survival.\n- <RESULTS> : We identified three tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles, which were able to predict pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cluster B: 58%, versus clusters A and C: 7%). A higher infiltration by CD4 lymphocytes was the main factor explaining the occurrence of pCR, and this association was validated in six public genomic datasets. A higher chemotherapy effect on lymphocytic infiltration, including an inversion of CD4/CD8 ratio, was associated with pCR and with better prognosis. Analysis of the immune infiltrate in post-chemotherapy residual tumor identified a profile (cluster Y), mainly characterized by high CD3 and CD68 infiltration, with a worse disease free survival.\n\n**Question:** Do tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and their change after neoadjuvant chemotherapy predict response and prognosis of breast cancer?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Breast cancer immune cell subpopulation profiles, determined by immunohistochemistry-based computerized analysis, identify groups of patients characterized by high response (in the pre-treatment setting) and poor prognosis (in the post-treatment setting). Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying the distribution of immune cells and their changes after chemotherapy may contribute to the development of new immune-targeted therapies for breast cancer.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25440440
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving intertriginous skin. Previous epidemiologic studies have been limited by small sample size.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : We sought to describe the prevalence and comorbidities of HS in a large patient care database.\n- <METHODS> : In this retrospective case-control study, we chart-validated all patients within a hospital database who received at least 1 billing code for HS between 1980 and 2013. Verified cases were matched with controls based on age, gender, and race. Prevalences of a priori selected comorbidities were compared between HS and control groups.\n- <RESULTS> : A total of 2292 patients at Massachusetts General Hospital received at least 1 code for HS. A total of 1776 cases had a validated diagnosis of HS, yielding a prevalence of 0.08%. In unadjusted analysis, all comorbidities were diagnosed significantly more in HS compared with control including (in rank order of likelihood): smoking, arthropathies, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, psychiatric disorders, obesity, drug dependence, hypertension, diabetes, thyroid disease, alcohol dependence, and lymphoma (all P < .01).\n\n**Question:** Is hidradenitis suppurativa a systemic disease with substantial comorbidity burden : a chart-verified case-control analysis?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Control subjects were not validated for absence of HS and comorbidity validation was not performed for either group.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25444977
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The interassay variability found in the measurement of testosterone (T) levels warrants the need for laboratories to validate their methods to establish trustworthy cut-off points for diagnosis of male hypogonadism. The aims of this study were to validate measurement of total T (TT) at our laboratory in order to obtain reference ranges for TT, calculated free T (CFT), calculated bioavailable T (CBT), and salivary T (ST) in healthy young men from the Mediterranean region, and to evaluate the potential clinical value of ST by establishing its correlation with serum T.\n- <METHODS> : An observational, cross-sectional study with sequential sampling.\n- <METHODS> : men aged 18-30 years with body mass index (BMI)<30.\n- <METHODS> : chronic diseases, hepatic insufficiency or use of drugs altering circulating T levels. Main outcome measures TT (chemiluminescent immunoassay UniCell DXI 800 [Access T Beckman Coulter]), CFT and CBT (Vermeulen's formula), and ST (radioimmunoassay for serum TT modified for saliva [Coat-A-Count, Siemens]). Descriptive statistical analyses and correlation by Spearman's rho (SPSS 19.0 Inc., Chicago) were used.\n- <RESULTS> : One hundred and twenty-one subjects aged 24±3.6 years with BMI 24±2.5 kg/m(2) were enrolled. Hormone study: TT, 19±5.5 nmol/L (reference range [rr.] 9.7-33.3); CFT, 0.38 nmol/L (rr. 0.22-0.79); CBT, 9.7 nmol/L (rr. 4.9-19.2); and ST, 0.35 nmol/L (rr. 0.19-0.68). Correlation between ST and CFT was 0.46.\n\n**Question:** Does reference range for serum and salivary testosterone in young men of Mediterranean region?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** In men from the Mediterranean region, values of TT>9.7 nmol/L, CFT>0.22 nmol/L, and/or CBT>4.9 nmol/L make the presence of biochemical hypogonadism unlikely. According to the correlation between serum and ST, the clinical value of ST remains to be established.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25429648
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) initiate the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, are increased in the airways of people with severe asthma, and induce mucin hypersecretion. We used IL-13-transformed, highly enriched goblet cells and differentiated (ciliary cell-enriched) human bronchial epithelial cell culture to evaluate the relative contribution of ciliated and goblet cells to airway sPLA2 generation and response. We wished to determine the primary source(s) of sPLA2 and leukotrienes in human airway epithelial cells.\n- <METHODS> : Human bronchial epithelial cells from subjects without lung disease were differentiated to a ciliated-enriched or goblet-enriched cell phenotype. Synthesis of sPLA2, cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), and airway mucin messenger RNA and protein was measured by real-time-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the localization of mucin and sPLA2 to specific cells types was confirmed by confocal microscopy.\n- <RESULTS> : sPLA2 group IIa, V, and X messenger RNA expression was increased in ciliated-enriched cells (P < .001) but not in goblet-enriched cells. sPLA2 were secreted from the apical (air) side of ciliated-enriched cells but not goblet-enriched cells (P < .001). Immunostaining of sPLA2 V was strongly positive in ciliated-enriched cells but not in goblet-enriched cells. sPLA2 released cysLTs from goblet-enriched cells but not from ciliated-enriched cells, and this result was greatest with sPLA2 V (P < .05). sPLA2 V increased goblet-enriched cell mucin secretion, which was inhibited by inhibitors of lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase (P < .02).\n\n**Question:** Are secretory phospholipases A2 secreted from ciliated cells and increase mucin and eicosanoid secretion from goblet cells?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** sPLA2 are secreted from ciliated cells and appear to induce mucin and cysLT secretion from goblet cells, strongly suggesting that airway goblet cells are proinflammatory effector cells.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25424148
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Hyperglycemia on admission is associated with increased mortality rates in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who are treated with either fibrinolytic therapy (FT) or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, data regarding the relationship between hyperglycemia and the success of FT are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of admission blood glucose for the prediction of failed reperfusion following FT.\n- <RESULTS> : This is a retrospective study of 304 STEMI patients who received FT and whose admission glucose levels were recorded. The main outcome measure was ST segment resolution≥50%. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) blood glucose level in the entire study group was 112 (95-153). In 92 (30.2%) patients, FT was unsuccessful and rescue PCI was performed. Admission glucose (126 [99-192] vs. 110 [94-144] mg/dL, p<0.001), time from symptom onset to FT (180 [120-270] vs. 150 [120-180] min, p=0.009), and maximum ST elevation amplitude (3 [2-7] vs. 3 [2-6] mm, p=0.05) were higher in the failed reperfusion group than in the reperfusion group. Admission hyperglycemia was an independent predictive factor for failed reperfusion (hazard ratio 4.79 [1.80-12.76], p=0.002), along with time from symptom onset to fibrinolysis and anterior wall myocardial infarction.\n\n**Question:** Is admission hyperglycemia associated with failed reperfusion following fibrinolytic therapy in patients with STEMI : results of a retrospective study?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** In patients with STEMI who undergo FT, admission hyperglycemia is an independent predictor of the failure of fibrinolysis.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25447560
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Publication bias compromises the validity of systematic reviews. This problem can be addressed in part through searching clinical trials registries to identify unpublished studies. This study aims to determine how often systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals include clinical trials registry searches.\n- <METHODS> : We identified all systematic reviews published in the 6 highest-impact emergency medicine journals between January 1 and December 31, 2013. Systematic reviews that assessed the effects of an intervention were further examined to determine whether the authors described searching a clinical trials registry and whether this search identified relevant unpublished studies.\n- <RESULTS> : Of 191 articles identified through PubMed search, 80 were confirmed to be systematic reviews. Our sample consisted of 41 systematic reviews that assessed a specific intervention. Eight of these 41 (20%) searched a clinical trials registry. For 4 of these 8 reviews, the registry search identified at least 1 relevant unpublished study.\n\n**Question:** Do systematic Reviews Published in Emergency Medicine Journals Routinely Search Clinical Trials Registries : A Cross-Sectional Analysis?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Systematic reviews published in emergency medicine journals do not routinely include searches of clinical trials registries. By helping authors identify unpublished trial data, the addition of registry searches may improve the validity of systematic reviews.\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25447567
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have higher 90-day mortality after lung transplantation. We sought to determine whether body mass index (BMI) differentially modified the effect of transplant procedure type on 90-day mortality in IPF patients.\n- <METHODS> : We analyzed data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) for all patients with IPF who were transplanted between 2000 and 2010. Post-transplant survival was examined using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine the difference in 90-day survival. The primary variable of interest was the interaction term between body mass index (BMI) and transplant type.\n- <RESULTS> : A total of 3,389 (58% single-lung transplant [SLT] and 42% bilateral lung transplant [BLT]) subjects were included. Multivariable logistic regression modeling demonstrated a statistically significant interaction between BMI and transplant type (p = 0.047). Patients with a BMI > 30 kg/m(2) who received a BLT are 1.71 times (95% CI [1.03 to 2.85], p = 0.038) more likely to die within 90 days than BLT recipients with a BMI of 18.5 to 30 kg/m(2).\n\n**Question:** Do obese patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have a higher 90-day mortality risk with bilateral lung transplantation?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our results suggest that obese patients who receive a BLT may be at higher risk of 90-day mortality compared with patients of normal weight. Further study is needed to obtain more detailed information about comorbidities and other risk factors for early death that are not included in the OPTN database.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25445624
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Schizophrenia is recognized as a disorder of the brain and neuronal connectivity. The neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) gene plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal connectivity.\n- <METHODS> : We conducted a two-stage association analysis on 17 NCAM1 SNPs in two independent Han Chinese schizophrenia case-control cohorts (discovery sample from Hunan Province: 986 patients and 1040 normal controls; replication sample from Yunnan Province: 564 cases and 547 healthy controls). Allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between case and control samples. Transcription factor binding site prediction and luciferase reporter assays were employed to assess the potential function of promoter SNPs. We detected developmental changes at the transcriptional level of NCAM1 during neuron differentiation in Macaca mulatta neural progenitor cells (NPC). Serum levels of NCAM1 were measured in 72 cases and 88 controls.\n- <RESULTS> : A promoter variant, rs2301228, was found to be associated with schizophrenia at the allelic level and was validated in a replication cohort. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that risk allele rs2301228-A significantly down-regulated NCAM1 gene transcription compared to the G-allele. Concordantly, schizophrenia patients had a significantly lower level of serum NCAM1 compared to healthy donors. During the NPC neuronal differentiation, NCAM1 mRNA was significantly increased, suggesting a critical role of this gene in neural development.\n\n**Question:** Does promoter variant rs2301228 on the neural cell adhesion molecule 1 gene confer risk of schizophrenia in Han Chinese?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our results provide direct evidence for NCAM1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, which offers support to a neurodevelopmental model and neuronal connectivity hypothesis in the onset of schizophrenia.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25445628
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Oxidative stress generated within inflammatory joints can produce autoimmune phenomena and joint destruction. Radical species with oxidative activity, including reactive nitrogen species, represent mediators of inflammation and cartilage damage.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To assess serum nitric oxide as a marker of oxidative stress in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis and its relation to disease activity.\n- <METHODS> : 80 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were divided into 2 groups, according to the DAS-28 score: Group I: 42 patients with disease activity, and Group II: 38 patients with no disease activity. Forty age- and sex-matched individuals were included as control group (Group III). Routine laboratory investigations were done, and nitric oxide was measured using Elisa. Hand plain radiographies were done for radiological status scoring using the Sharp method.\n- <RESULTS> : A comparison between nitric oxide in all three groups showed a highly significant difference (p < 0.001), significantly higher levels were obtained among rheumatoid arthritis patients in comparison to controls, and higher levels were obtained in patients with active disease (mean±SD 82.38±20.46) in comparison to patients without active disease (35.53±7.15). Nitric oxide in Group I showed a significant positive correlation with morning stiffness (r=0.45), arthritis (r=0.43), platelet count (r=0.46), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=0.83), C-reactive protein (r=0.76) and Disease Activity Score (r=0.85). Nitric oxide showed a significant positive correlation (r=0.43) with hand radiographies (Sharp score) in Group I.\n\n**Question:** Are [ Higher nitric oxide levels associated with disease activity in Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients ]?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** There are increased levels of nitric oxide in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nitric oxide correlates significantly with disease activity, inflammatory markers and radiological joint status.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25432781
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Activation of B cells is a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Syk and TRAF6 are key signaling molecules in B-cell activation through BCR and CD40/TLR, respectively. Nevertheless, whether expression of Syk and TRAF6 is altered in SLE B cells remains unknown.\n- <METHODS> : Phosphorylation and/or expression of Syk and TRAF6 were analyzed by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from SLE patients.\n- <RESULTS> : Pronounced phosphorylation and expression of Syk were noted in B cells from SLE patients compared with healthy donors. Levels of Syk phosphorylation correlated with the disease activity score. TRAF6 was significantly over-expressed in B cells of SLE patients as compared with healthy donors, and significant correlation of levels of TRAF6 expression and Syk phosphorylation was observed in SLE patients. Levels of TRAF6 expression were more pronounced in CD27+ memory B cells than in CD27-naïve B cells. In vitro treatment of SLE B cells with a Syk inhibitor (BAY61-3606) reduced Syk phosphorylation as well as TRAF6 expression.\n\n**Question:** Does increased Syk phosphorylation lead to overexpression of TRAF6 in peripheral B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our results suggest that the activated Syk-mediated TRAF6 pathway leads to aberrant activation of B cells in SLE, and also highlight Syk as a potential target for B-cell-mediated processes in SLE.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25429481
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The aim of this study was to determine the reasons for which erupted third molars (3M) are extracted in a sample of Mexican patients.\n- <METHODS> : A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 83 patients attending exodontia (minor oral surgery) clinics of a public university in Mexico (Autonomous University of Hidalgo State). The outcome variable was the reason for extractions using Kay and Blinkhorn's classification. The independent variables were age, gender, arch and tooth number according to the World Health Organization (WHO). For statistical analysis, we used the Chi-squared test in Stata 9.0.\n- <RESULTS> : Eighty-three patients underwent 150 3M extractions. Mean age was 38.67 ± 13.96 years, and 71.1% were female. The four reasons for 3M extraction were prosthetic (44.0%), followed by orthodontic (24.7%), dental caries (20.0%) and periodontal disease (11.3%). Differences were observed in the reasons for 3M extractions across age groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences existed between men and women (p > 0.05), or the WHO tooth number (p > 0.05).\n\n**Question:** Are reasons why erupted third molars extracted in a public university in Mexico?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Women and patients 18 to 34 years of age had erupted 3M extracted more frequently, primarily for prosthetic reasons. The age profile indicated a trend in demand for services that differ from those of overall tooth extractions, but not for the trend across gender.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25424372
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To measure the through-focus curve for eyes implanted with a type 1 Boston keratoprosthesis (KPro) and compare it to that of pseudophakic controls with fixed pupil sizes. The results should assist in evaluating postoperative visual quality after surgery. They should also help to determine the necessary KPro inventories in terms of refractive power steps.\n- <METHODS> : Autorefraction and manifest refraction were performed on all eyes. The monocular through-focus acuity curve was plotted in reference to the best-corrected visual acuity by spectacle plane defocus ranging from +5.00 to -5.00 dioptres in 0.50 dioptre increments. These measurements were obtained on KPro-implanted eyes, pseudophakic eyes as controls, and on the same control eyes after fixing the pupil diameter to 3 and 2 mm using black painted iris contact lenses.\n- <RESULTS> : Ten KPro eyes and five control eyes were included. Good agreement was noted between the subjective refractions and autorefraction in KPro eyes. The average through-focus curve for the control eyes was significantly steeper than that of the KPro curve, but became comparable after fixing the control pupil to 2 and 3 mm.\n\n**Question:** Does the Boston keratoprosthesis provide a wide depth of focus?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** The KPro's wide depth-of-focus makes the visual acuity less dependent on an exact refractive correction at distance and explains the 'pseudoaccomodation' experienced by these patients. This is primarily due to the small pupil diameter of the KPro. The current manufacturing steps in 0.50 dioptre increments appears to be sufficient.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25449410
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Larger food portions lead to increased intake but the mechanism behind this effect is unclear. We investigated the effect of portion size on bite size, eating rate, deceleration rate, and meal duration.\n- <METHODS> : Thirty-seven overweight women attended 5 visits after a 3 h fast and consumed a 229, 303, 400, 529 or 700 g portion of a lunch meal in random order. Meal eating parameters were measured with the Sussex Ingestion Pattern Monitor. Data were analyzed with mixed effects models.\n- <RESULTS> : Average bite size increased by 0.22 g for every 100 g increase in portion size (p=0.001); portion size had a non-linear effect on eating rate, increasing with portion sizes up to about 540 g (p=0.01). Deceleration rate (reduction in speed of eating) decreased by 20% (p<0.001) and meal duration increased by 22.5% for every 100 g increase in portion size (p<0.001), relative to the smallest portion.\n\n**Question:** Do large portion sizes increase bite size and eating rate in overweight women?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Increasing portion size led to a larger bite size and faster eating rate, but a slower reduction in eating speed during the meal. These changes may underlie greater energy intakes with exposure to large portions. Interventions to reduce bite size and slow eating rate may provide individuals with strategies to reduce the risk of overconsumption.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25448648
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Pre-operative restaging CT scans are often performed routinely following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. There is a paucity of data on the utility of this common practice. We sought to determine how often restaging CTs identified disease progression or regression that altered management.\n- <METHODS> : We performed a single-institution retrospective study. From 2007 to 2011, 182 patients had newly-diagnosed, non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma, of which 96 were surgical candidates with clinical stage II/III disease. Ninety-one of these patients (95%) completed neoadjuvant chemoradiation.\n- <RESULTS> : Eighty-three out of 91 patients (91%) had restaging CTs. Four patients (5%) had new lesions suspicious for distant metastasis (2 lung, 2 liver) on restaging CT scan reports (1 of these was present on initial staging CT but not reported). All 4 patients had node-positive disease. In no case did restaging CT result in a change in surgical management.\n\n**Question:** Are routine preoperative restaging CTs after neoadjuvant chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer low yield : a retrospective case study?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Because of the financial costs and established risks of intravenous contrast and cumulative radiation exposure, it may be advisable to take a more selective approach to preoperative imaging. Larger, prospective studies may enable identification of an at-risk cohort who would benefit most from restaging CT.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25445712
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) rise upon food intake. Although other pancreatic islet hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, have been extensively investigated, PP secretion and actions are still poorly understood.\n- <METHODS> : The release of PP upon glucose stimulation and the effects of PP on glucagon and insulin secretion were analyzed in isolated pancreatic islets. Expression of PP receptor (PPYR1) was investigated by immunoblotting, quantitative RT-PCR on sorted pancreatic islet cells, and immunohistochemistry.\n- <RESULTS> : In isolated mouse pancreatic islets, glucose stimulation increased PP release, while insulin secretion was up and glucagon release was down. Direct exposure of islets to PP inhibited glucagon release. In mouse islets, PPYR1 protein was observed by immunoblotting and quantitative RT-PCR revealed PPYR1 expression in the FACS-enriched glucagon alpha-cell fraction. Immunohistochemistry on pancreatic sections showed the presence of PPYR1 in alpha-cells of both mouse and human islets, while the receptor was absent in other islet cell types and exocrine pancreas.\n\n**Question:** Does pancreatic polypeptide regulate glucagon release through PPYR1 receptors expressed in mouse and human alpha-cells?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Glucose stimulates PP secretion and PP inhibits glucagon release in mouse pancreatic islets. PP receptors are present in alpha-cells of mouse and human pancreatic islets.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25449344
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To review UK newspaper reports relating to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions in order to identify common themes and encourage dialogue.\n- <METHODS> : An online media database (LexisNexis(®)) was searched for UK Newspaper articles between 1993 and 2013 that referenced DNACPR decisions. Legal cases, concerning resuscitation decisions, were identified using two case law databases (Lexis Law(®) and Westlaw(®)), and referenced back to newspaper publications. All articles were fully reviewed.\n- <RESULTS> : Three hundred and thirty one articles were identified, resulting from 77 identifiable incidents. The periods 2000-01 and 2011-13 encompassed the majority of articles. There were 16 high-profile legal cases, nine of which resulted in newspaper articles. Approximately 35 percent of newspaper reports referred to DNACPR decisions apparently made without adequate patient and/or family consultation. \"Ageism\" was referred to in 9 percent of articles (mostly printed 2000-02); and \"discrimination against the disabled\" in 8 percent (mostly from 2010-12). Only five newspaper articles (2 percent) discussed patients receiving CPR against their wishes. Eighteen newspaper reports (5 percent) associated DNACPR decisions with active euthanasia.\n\n**Question:** Do two decades of British newspaper coverage regarding attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions : Lessons for clinicians?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Regarding DNACPR decision-making, the predominant theme was perceived lack of patient involvement, and, more recently, lack of surrogate involvement. Negative language was common, especially when decisions were presumed unilateral. Increased dialogue, and shared decision-making, is recommended.\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25440267
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment and surgery has been described as an important predictor of pathologic response to therapy in nonesophageal cancer sites. We retrospectively reviewed our experience with patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation and esophagectomy to better understand the impact of the timing of surgery on pathologic complete response rates in esophageal cancer.\n- <METHODS> : Two hundred thirty-one sequentially treated patients from 2000 to 2011 were identified for this study; 88 of these patients completed neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy at our institution. The interval between completion of chemoradiation and surgery was calculated for each patient. The patients were categorized into quartiles and also into 3-week interval groups. Treatment factors and surgical morbidity data, including the estimated blood loss and length of operative stay, were also assessed.\n- <RESULTS> : Quartiles for the neoadjuvant chemoradiation to surgery interval were less than 45 days, 46 to 50 days, 51 to 63 days, and 64+ days. Corresponding pathologic complete response rates were 12.5%, 20.0%, 22.7%, and 40.9% (p = 0.03). Results for 3-week intervals were similar (p = 0.02). There was no association between increasing time interval between the ending of neoadjuvant chemoradiation to surgery and length of stay longer than 2 weeks.\n\n**Question:** Is increased time from neoadjuvant chemoradiation to surgery associated with higher pathologic complete response rates in esophageal cancer?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** A longer interval between completion of neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery was associated with higher pathologic complete response rates without an impact on surgical morbidity.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25440261
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To investigate whether epileptogenic focus localization is possible based on resting state connectivity analysis of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data.\n- <METHODS> : A multivariate autoregressive (MVAR) model was constructed using the sensor space data and was projected to the source space using lead field and inverse matrix. The generalized partial directed coherence was estimated from the MVAR model in the source space. The dipole with the maximum information inflow was hypothesized to be within the epileptogenic focus.\n- <RESULTS> : Applying the focus localization algorithm (FLA) to the interictal MEG recordings from five patients with neocortical epilepsy, who underwent presurgical evaluation for the identification of epileptogenic focus, we were able to correctly localize the focus, on the basis of maximum interictal information inflow in the presence or absence of interictal epileptic spikes in the data, with three out of five patients undergoing resective surgery and being seizure free since.\n\n**Question:** Is epileptic focus localization based on resting state interictal MEG recordings feasible irrespective of the presence or absence of spikes?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our preliminary results suggest that accurate localization of the epileptogenic focus may be accomplished using noninvasive spontaneous \"resting-state\" recordings of relatively brief duration and without the need to capture definite interictal and/or ictal abnormalities.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25432826
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To assess the effect of treatment of seminal Helicobacter pylori in infertile asthenozoospermic men.\n- <METHODS> : In all, 223 infertile asthenozoospermic men were consecutively selected. They were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, semen analysis, and estimation of H pylori IgA antibodies in their seminal fluid. Infertile men with high seminal H pylori IgA were subjected to triple drug treatment, omeprazole, 20 mg; tinidazole, 500 mg; and clarithromycin, 250 mg twice a day for 2 weeks. Semen analysis as well as H pylori IgA antibodies was estimated after 3 months.\n- <RESULTS> : In all, 22 of 223 men (9.87%) demonstrated H pylori IgA antibodies in their seminal plasma. After treatment, mean seminal H pylori IgA levels demonstrated significant decrease (1.55 ± 0.4 vs 0.52 ± 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.21; P = .001) concomitant with improved progressive as well as nonprogressive sperm motility. H pylori IgA antibodies demonstrated significant negative correlation with progressive sperm motility, nonprogressive sperm motility, normal sperm morphology, and significant positive correlation with immotile sperm motility.\n\n**Question:** Does seminal Helicobacter pylori treatment improve sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** H pylori treatment significantly improves sperm motility in infertile asthenozoospermic men with elevated seminal H pylori IgA.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25447994
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : In most cells, the cilium is formed within a compartment separated from the cytoplasm. Entry into the ciliary compartment is regulated by a specialized gate located at the base of the cilium in a region known as the transition zone. The transition zone is closely associated with multiple structures of the ciliary base, including the centriole, axoneme, and ciliary membrane. However, the contribution of these structures to the ciliary gate remains unclear.\n- <RESULTS> : Here we report that, in Drosophila spermatids, a conserved module of transition zone proteins mutated in Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS), including Cep290, Mks1, B9d1, and B9d2, comprise a ciliary gate that continuously migrates away from the centriole to compartmentalize the growing axoneme tip. We show that Cep290 is essential for transition zone composition, compartmentalization of the axoneme tip, and axoneme integrity and find that MKS proteins also delimit a centriole-independent compartment in mouse spermatids.\n\n**Question:** Does a migrating ciliary gate compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly in Drosophila spermatids?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our findings demonstrate that the ciliary gate can migrate away from the base of the cilium, thereby functioning independently of the centriole and of a static interaction with the axoneme to compartmentalize the site of axoneme assembly.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25453030
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Active commuters have lower risk of chronic disease. Understanding which of the, to some extent, modifiable characteristics of public transportation that facilitate its use is thus important in a public health perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the association between individual public transportation accessibility and self-reported active commuting, and whether the associations varied with commute distance, age, and gender.\n- <METHODS> : Twenty-eight thousand nine hundred twenty-eight commuters in The Capital Region of Denmark reported self-reported time spent either walking or cycling to work or study each day and the distance to work or study. Data were obtained from the Danish National Health Survey collected in February to April 2010. Individual accessibility by public transportation was calculated using a multi-modal network in a GIS. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the association between accessibility, expressed as access area, and being an active commuter.\n- <RESULTS> : Public transport accessibility area based on all stops within walking and cycling distance was positively associated with being an active commuter. Distance to work, age, and gender modified the associations. Residing within 10 km commute distance and in areas of high accessibility was associated with being an active commuter and meeting the recommendations of physical activity. For the respondents above 29 years, individual public transportation accessibility was positively associated with being an active commuter. Women having high accessibility had significantly higher odds of being an active commuter compared to having a low accessibility. For men, the associations were insignificant.\n\n**Question:** Is individual Public Transportation Accessibility Positively Associated with Self-Reported Active Commuting?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** This study extends the knowledge about the driving forces of using public transportation for commuting by examining the individual public transportation accessibility. Findings suggest that transportation accessibility supports active commuting and planning of improved public transit accessibility has thus a potential of providing health benefits to commuters.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25444989
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to chordee in patients with hypospadias and to the hidden state of buried penis in the prepubic fat remain unclear. Resection of dartos tissue usually makes the penis straight in patients with hypospadias and corrects it in those with buried penis, suggesting a common pathophysiology related to dartos tissue.\n- <METHODS> : Tissue samples from 113 children undergoing primary penile surgery for hypospadias (94 patients), epispadias (1) or buried penis (18) were collected between November 2011 and September 2013. Tissue samples from 79 children undergoing circumcision for nonmedical reasons served as controls. All samples were stained with smooth muscle actin and analyzed by the same pathologist, who was blinded to indication for surgery. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were applied.\n- <RESULTS> : Three different dartos tissue patterns were observed. Pattern I (normal) consisted of smooth muscle fibers of dartos tissue organized in a parallel configuration in the subcutaneous tissue. Pattern II was characterized by poorly developed and hypotrophic smooth muscle fibers. Pattern III was determined by randomly distributed smooth muscle fibers in the subcutaneous tissue, without parallel configuration. Pattern I was observed in 45 circumcision specimens (64%). Of buried penis cases 78% were considered abnormal (pattern II in 4 cases and III in 10, p = 0.001). Of hypospadias cases 70% were considered abnormal (pattern II in 31 cases, III in 32, and mixed II and III in 3, p < 0.001). The only epispadias case was designated pattern II.\n\n**Question:** Is congenital penile pathology associated with abnormal development of the dartos muscle : a prospective study of primary penile surgery at a tertiary referral center?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Congenital penile pathology (hypospadias, buried penis) is associated with structural anomalies in dartos tissue. Further research is needed to unveil the pathophysiology of the condition.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25444981
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Several risk factors have been claimed to predict the progression of clinically high grade T1 bladder tumors. However, these factors are not specific enough to define which patients should be treated immediately with radical cystectomy. Therefore, it is critical to identify molecular markers that can help provide individualized, risk stratified decision making. Our main goal was to evaluate the role of total p63, p53 and ΔNp63 expression in cases of clinically high grade T1 bladder cancer progression.\n- <METHODS> : Total p63, p53 and ΔNp63 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in 134 clinically high grade T1 tumors. We assessed clinical progression to muscle invasive disease or radical cystectomy as a patient outcome end point. Survival analysis was done for recurrence-free, progression-free, disease specific and overall survival.\n- <RESULTS> : A total of 132 patients (98.5%) underwent repeat transurethral resection. Cases of early progression (less than 3 months) were excluded from study to avoid under staging. Of the tumors 90 (67.2%) showed ΔNp63 expression loss. During a median followup of 62.1 months 19 patients (14.2%) progressed to muscle invasive disease. The progression rate was 21.1% in patients with tumors characterized by ΔNp63 loss but no progression was observed in those with tumors with ΔNp63 expression (p <0.001). There was no difference in the number of patients who underwent repeat transurethral resection, had associated carcinoma in situ, showed lymphovascular invasion or received followup intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin courses.\n\n**Question:** Is δNp63 expression a protective factor of progression in clinical high grade T1 bladder cancer?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** ΔNp63 expression is a favorable prognostic factor in clinically high grade T1 bladder cancer. This marker identifies patients at low risk for progression who could benefit from conservative therapy with transurethral bladder tumor resection and bacillus Calmette-Guérin, avoiding over treatment with immediate radical cystectomy.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25436308
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To date, no data is available about procalcitonin (PCT) levels and its relevance to morbidity and graft function in the early phase after pediatric liver transplantation (pLTx). The aim of this study was to analyse the prognostic relevance of early postoperative PCT elevations in pediatric liver recipients.\n- <METHODS> : Thirty pediatric patients who underwent 32 liver transplantations were included into this observational single-center study.\n- <RESULTS> : Patients with high PCT levels on postoperative day (POD) 2 had higher International Normalized Ratio values on POD 5 (p<0.05) and suffered more often from primary graft non-function (p<0.05). They also had a longer stay in the pediatric intensive care unit (p<0.01) and on mechanical ventilation (p=0.001). There was no correlation between PCT elevation and systemic infection. However, PCT levels were correlated with peak serum lactate levels immediately after graft reperfusion and elevation of serum aminotransferases on POD 1 (r2=0.61, p<0.001).\n\n**Question:** Do high levels of procalcitonin in the early phase after pediatric liver transplantation indicate poor postoperative outcome?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** High levels of PCT after pLTx are an early indicator of poor postoperative outcome and may reflect ischemia induced liver cell injury within the context of an ischemia- reperfusion injury.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25436304
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The purpose of this study was to assess liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) expression and its association with clinicopathological features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).\n- <METHODS> : L-FABP mRNA expression in 57 samples of HCC and corresponding adjacent liver tissue and 8 normal liver tissue samples were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)–PCR analyses. Tissue microarray technique and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of L-FABP in 163 HCCs. The association between L-FABP expression and the clinicopathological factors and prognosis was analyzed.\n- <RESULTS> : The average expression of L-FABP mRNA was 0.233 in the HCC tissues, 1.407 in the peri-carcinoma tissues, and 1.0 in the normal liver tissues. IHC analysis showed that there were 47% (76/163) HCCs exhibited weak or even no immunoreactivity of L-FABP. The L-FABP expression in HCC showed significant associations with preoperative levels of AFP (p=0.039), tumor size (p=0.026), histological grade (p=0.000), differential degree (p=0.000), vascular invasion (p=0.016), capsular invasion (p=0.029) and recurrence (p=0.004). Patients with L-FABP high-expression showed better prognosis than patients with L-FABP low-expression (p=0.008).\n\n**Question:** Is decreased expression of liver-type fatty acid-binding protein associated with poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** L-FABP was downregulated in HCC and could be served as a promising prognostic marker for HCC patients.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25446283
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Vein bypass is an essential therapy for patients with advanced peripheral and coronary artery disease despite development of neointimal hyperplasia. We have shown that stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinase ephrin type-B receptor 4 (Eph-B4) with its ligand ephrin-B2 prevents neointimal hyperplasia in murine vein grafts. This study determines whether Eph-B4 in adult human veins is capable of phosphorylation and activation of downstream signaling pathways, as well as functional to release nitric oxide (NO) and prevent neointimal hyperplasia in vitro.\n- <METHODS> : Discarded human saphenous veins were taken from the operating room and placed in organ culture without or with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) for 14 days, and the neointima/media ratio was measured in matched veins. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) and examined with quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunoassays, and for release of NO. Ephrin-B2/Fc (2 μg/mL) was placed on the adventitia of saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress for 24 hours in a bioreactor and activated Eph-B4 examined with immunofluorescence.\n- <RESULTS> : The baseline intima/media ratio in saphenous vein rings was 0.456 ± 0.097, which increased to 0.726 ± 0.142 in untreated veins after 14 days in organ culture but only to 0.630 ± 0.132 in veins treated with ephrin-B2/Fc (n = 19, P = .017). Ephrin-B2/Fc stimulated Akt, endothelial NO synthase and caveolin-1 phosphorylation, and NO release (P = .007) from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (n = 6). Ephrin-B2/Fc delivered to the adventitia stimulated endothelial Eph-B4 phosphorylation after 24 hours of arterial stress in a bioreactor (n = 3).\n\n**Question:** Does ephrin type-B receptor 4 activation reduce neointimal hyperplasia in human saphenous vein in vitro?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Eph-B4 is present and functional in adult human saphenous veins, with intact downstream signaling pathways capable of NO release and prevention of neointimal hyperplasia in vitro. Adventitial delivery of ephrin-B2/Fc activates endothelial Eph-B4 in saphenous veins treated with arterial shear stress in vitro. These results suggest that stimulation of Eph-B4 function may be a candidate strategy for translation to human clinical trials designed to inhibit venous neointimal hyperplasia.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25438665
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Low serum levels of vitamin D have been associated with depression in non-stroke subjects. Our aim was to examine the possible association between serum vitamin D levels and the development of post-stroke depression (PSD).\n- <METHODS> : In total, 189 patients with acute ischaemic stroke were consecutively recruited. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured by competitive protein-binding assay within 24 h after admission. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale was used for screening for the existence of depressive symptoms at 1 month after stroke. Patients with a Hamilton Depression Scale score of ≥7 were given the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, for diagnosis of PSD. Meanwhile, 100 healthy control subjects were also recruited and underwent measurement of 25(OH)D.\n- <RESULTS> : Fifty-five patients (29.1%) were diagnosed as having PSD at 1 month. Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission were significantly lower in both non-PSD patients and PSD patients than in normal controls. PSD patients had significantly lower vitamin D than non-PSD patients. Serum vitamin D levels (≤37.1 and ≥64.1 nmol/l) were independently associated with the development of PSD (odds ratio 8.824, 95% confidence interval 2.011-38.720, P = 0.004, and odds ratio 0.127, 95% confidence interval 0.022-0.718, P = 0.020, respectively).\n\n**Question:** Are low serum levels of vitamin D associated with post-stroke depression?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Serum vitamin D levels within 24 h after admission are found to be associated with PSD and may predict its development at 1 month post-stroke.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25447851
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Barrett's esophagus (BE) increases the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We found the risk to be BE has been associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 6p21 (within the HLA region) and on 16q23, where the closest protein-coding gene is FOXF1. Subsequently, the Barrett's and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Consortium (BEACON) identified risk loci for BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma near CRTC1 and BARX1, and within 100 kb of FOXP1. We aimed to identify further SNPs that increased BE risk and to validate previously reported associations.\n- <METHODS> : We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify variants associated with BE and further analyzed promising variants identified by BEACON by genotyping 10,158 patients with BE and 21,062 controls.\n- <RESULTS> : We identified 2 SNPs not previously associated with BE: rs3072 (2p24.1; odds ratio [OR] = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.09-1.18; P = 1.8 × 10(-11)) and rs2701108 (12q24.21; OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86-0.93; P = 7.5 × 10(-9)). The closest protein-coding genes were respectively GDF7 (rs3072), which encodes a ligand in the bone morphogenetic protein pathway, and TBX5 (rs2701108), which encodes a transcription factor that regulates esophageal and cardiac development. Our data also supported in BE cases 3 risk SNPs identified by BEACON (rs2687201, rs11789015, and rs10423674). Meta-analysis of all data identified another SNP associated with BE and esophageal adenocarcinoma: rs3784262, within ALDH1A2 (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.87-0.93; P = 3.72 × 10(-9)).\n\n**Question:** Are polymorphisms near TBX5 and GDF7 associated with increased risk for Barrett 's esophagus?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** We identified 2 loci associated with risk of BE and provided data to support a further locus. The genes we found to be associated with risk for BE encode transcription factors involved in thoracic, diaphragmatic, and esophageal development or proteins involved in the inflammatory response.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25435286
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Danzhi Xiaoyao San (DXS) is a canonical Chinese medicine formula from Principles of Internal Medicine, which was written during the Ming dynasty. This formula is approved and commercialized for use in the prevention and treatment of affective disorders. This study is aimed to investigate the hypothesis that DXS treats depressive-like behavior by shifting the balance of the kynurenine (Kyn)/serotonin (5-HT) pathway toward the 5-HT pathway through the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO).\n- <METHODS> : Chemical fingerprints of gardenoside, paeoniflorin, ferulic acid, paeonol, and ligustilide in standard extraction were used as the material bases of DXS. Rats with depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) were randomly divided into four groups, namely the control, model, DXS, and fluoxetine groups. Cytokines, IDO, and tryptophan (Trp) catabolites were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, respectively.\n- <RESULTS> : DXS significantly increased crossing grid numbers, sucrose consumption, and body weight. This treatment significantly decreased the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6). However, DXS elicited no significant effects on IL-1β, IL-2, and interferon γ. DXS downregulated the activity of IDO and subsequent production of Kyn in the hippocampus. This treatment upregulated the hippocampal contents of Trp and 5-HT but did not influence 5-HT turnover.\n\n**Question:** Does danzhi Xiaoyao San ameliorate depressive-like behavior by shifting toward serotonin via the downregulation of hippocampal indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** DXS exhibited antidepressant-like effects on rats exposed to CUMS. DXS reduced IDO activity to shift the balance of the Kyn/5-HT pathway toward the 5-HT pathway.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25429340
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Prostate cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer and the second cause of cancer-related death in men after lung cancer. Differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma from benign prostate lesions and hyperplasia sometimes cannot be done on the basis of morphologic findings. Considering the fact that in the prostate adenocarcinoma there is no basal cell layer, basal cell markers can help to differentiate prostate adenocarcinoma from cancer mimickers.\n- <METHODS> : We studied 98 prostate biopsy blocks (40 adenocarcinoma and 58 benign lesions) for basal cell marker expression.\n- <RESULTS> : p63 and 34βE12 were negative in all prostate adenocarcinoma specimens, but all benign prostate hyperplasia and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia cases expressed them.\n\n**Question:** Is p63 more sensitive and specific than 34βE12 to differentiate adenocarcinoma of prostate from cancer mimickers?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Basal cell markers can help to distinguish prostate adenocarcinoma from cancer mimickers.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25451441
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Disturbed sleep is associated with mood disorders. Both depression and insomnia may increase the risk of disability retirement. The longitudinal links among insomnia, depression and work incapacity are poorly known.\n- <METHODS> : We examined association of self-reported sleep quality with incident symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depressive disorders in a longitudinal population-based sample of twins (n=12,063 individuals). These adults were categorized by their sleep quality in 1975 and 1981, excluding individuals with depressed mood in 1975/1981. The outcomes were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDItot) and its subscale Negative Attitudes Towards Self (BDINATS) in 1990 as dichotomized measures, and the incidence of disability retirement due to depressive disorder during 1991-2004.\n- <RESULTS> : Onset of poor sleep between 1975 and 1981 predicted incident depression (BDItot OR=4.5, 95% CI: 2.7-7.4, BDINATS OR=2.0, 95% CI: 1.4-2.7), while persistent poor sleep showed somewhat weaker effects (BDItot; OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.0-6.0, BDINATS OR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.3). Among those with few recent stressful life events, onset of poor sleep predicted strongly depression (BDINATS OR=9.5, 95% CI: 3.7-24.2). Likewise onset of poor sleep by 1981 increased the risk of disability retirement due to depression (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.8-4.9) with a similar risk among those with persistent poor sleep (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.3-5.7).\n\n**Question:** Does poor sleep predict symptoms of depression and disability retirement due to depression?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Lack of baseline diagnostic interviews; sleep quality based on self-report.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25434319
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancers. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2274223) in PLCE1 has been identified as a novel susceptibility locus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of three potentially functional SNPs (rs2274223A > G, rs3765524C > T, and rs7922612C > T) of PLCE1 in gastric cancer patients from Kashmir Valley.\n- <METHODS> : The study was conducted in 108 GC cases and 195 healthy controls from Kashmir Valley. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Data were statistically analyzed using c2 test and logistic regression models. A P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.\n- <RESULTS> : The frequency of PLCE1 A2274223C3765524T7922612, G2274223C3765524T7922612 , and G2274223T3765524C7922612 haplotypes were higher in patients compared with controls, conferred high risk for GC [odds ratio (OR) =6.29; P = 0.001; Pcorr = 0.003], (OR = 3.23; P = 0.011; Pcorr = 0.033), and (OR = 5.14; P = 0.011; Pcorr = 0.033), respectively. Smoking and salted tea are independent risk factors for GC, but we did not find any significant modulation of cancer risk by PLCE1 variants with smoking or excessive consumption of salted tea.\n\n**Question:** Are phospholipase C epsilon 1 ( PLCE1 ) haplotypes associated with increased risk of gastric cancer in Kashmir Valley?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** These results suggest that variation in PLCE1 may be associated with GC risk in Kashmir Valley.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25448803
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an important cause of cancer-related death worldwide. To improve prognoses in patients with ESCC, we evaluated the potential of transforming growth factor-beta-induced protein (TGFBI), which is overexpressed in ESCC, as a therapeutic candidate.\n- <METHODS> : We examined the clinical significance of TBFBI in 102 ESCC samples using real-time RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to examine the localization of TGFBI. Knockdown of TGFBI in cocultured fibroblasts was performed to determine the roles of TGFBI in migration and invasion.\n- <RESULTS> : The level of TGFBI in ESCC tissues was higher than that in normal tissues. The high TGFBI expression group (n = 16) had higher TGFB1 expression and more frequent hematogenous recurrence than the low-expression group (n = 86). High TGFBI expression was an independent prognostic factor in patients with ESCC. TGFBI was mainly localized in stromal cells of ESCC. Moreover, suppression of TGFBI in fibroblasts inhibited the migration and invasion capacity of TE8 ESCC cells.\n\n**Question:** Is tGFBI Expression in Cancer Stromal Cells Associated with Poor Prognosis and Hematogenous Recurrence in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** High TGFBI expression in ESCC tissues could be a powerful biomarker of poor prognosis and hematogenous recurrence. TGFBI in stromal cells might be a promising molecular target for ESCC treatment.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25437817
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) occurs more frequently in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) with concomitant autoimmune disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the overlap between dysregulated immune features in patients with IPAA and their association with CARP.\n- <METHODS> : We identified 150 symptomatic patients with IPAA who met inclusion criteria, including measurement of select autoimmune serology. Demographic and clinical variables were compared between patients with and without CARP.\n- <RESULTS> : Autoimmune thyroid disease was more frequent among patients with CARP. The frequency of primary sclerosing cholangitis (16.7% versus 5.3%; P = 0.04) and serum positivity for microsomal antibody (25% versus 6.1%, P = 0.003) were significantly greater in patients with CARP compared with non-CARP patients, respectively. Increased tissue infiltration by IgG4-expressing plasma cells was detected in 17 of 31 patients (54.8%) in the CARP group as compared with 10/67 (14.9%) in the non-CARP group (P = 0.0001). Forty-seven percent of patients in the CARP group versus 22.8% in the non-CARP group had at least 2 immune features (P = 0.019). Among patients with IgG4 histology, 87% of patients in the CARP group versus 60% in the non-CARP group had at least 1 immune marker (P = 0.004). On multivariate analysis, microsomal antibody expression (odds ratio, 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-42.6; P = 0.02) and increased IgG4-expressing plasma cells tissue infiltration (odds ratio, 9.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-32.6, P = 0.0001) were risk factors for CARP.\n\n**Question:** Are autoimmune features associated with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** There is marked overlap of certain immune markers in patients with pouch dysfunction, especially those with CARP. Microsomal antibody expression and elevated IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration were independent risk factors for CARP.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25439493
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism are two separate movement disorders with different dominant mutations in the same sodium-potassium transporter ATPase subunit gene, ATP1A3.\n- <METHODS> : We present a child with topiramate-responsive alternating hemiplegia of childhood who was tested for an ATP1A3 gene mutation.\n- <RESULTS> : Gene sequencing revealed an identical ATP1A3 mutation as in three typical adult-onset rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism cases but never previously described in an alternating hemiplegia of childhood case.\n\n**Question:** Does identical ATP1A3 mutation cause alternating hemiplegia of childhood and rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism phenotypes?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** The discordance of these phenotypes suggests that there are other undiscovered environmental, genetic, or epigenetic factors influencing the development of alternating hemiplegia of childhood or rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25450181
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The principal oxidative-stress defense in the human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi is the tryparedoxin-dependent peroxide detoxification pathway, constituted by trypanothione reductase (TryR), tryparedoxin (TXN), tryparedoxin peroxidase (TXNPx) and tryparedoxin-dependent glutathione peroxidase A (GPxA). Here, Metabolic Control Analysis (MCA) was applied to quantitatively prioritize drug target(s) within the pathway by identifying its flux-controlling enzymes.\n- <METHODS> : The recombinant enzymes were kinetically characterized at physiological pH/temperature. Further, the pathway was in vitro reconstituted using enzyme activity ratios and fluxes similar to those observed in the parasites; then, enzyme and substrate titrations were performed to determine their degree of control on flux. Also, kinetic characterization of the whole pathway was performed.\n- <RESULTS> : Analyses of the kinetic properties indicated that TXN is the less efficient pathway enzyme derived from its high Kmapp for trypanothione and low Vmax values within the cell. MCA established that the TXN-TXNPx and TXN-GPxA redox pairs controlled by 90-100% the pathway flux, whereas 10% control was attained by TryR. The Kmapp values of the complete pathway for substrates suggested that the pathway flux was determined by the peroxide availability, whereas at high peroxide concentrations, flux may be limited by NADPH.\n\n**Question:** Does metabolic control analysis of the Trypanosoma cruzi peroxide detoxification pathway identify tryparedoxin as a suitable drug target?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** These quantitative kinetic and metabolic analyses pointed out to TXN as a convenient drug target due to its low catalytic efficiency, high control on the flux of peroxide detoxification and role as provider of reducing equivalents to the two main peroxidases in the parasite.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25450186
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The role of Kdr (VEGFR-2/Flk-1) in vascular formation has been well described, but the role of Flt1 (VEGFR-1) is not well studied and is generally considered as a decoy receptor for trapping VEGF.\n- <METHODS> : The effects of VEGFR1/2 kinase inhibitor (VRI) and calycosin on Flt1 tyrosine kinase (TK) activity were evaluated by molecular docking, enzymatic inhibition assay, protein co-immunoprecipitation and siRNA gene knock-down analysis in HUVECs. Toxicities of the chemicals were examined using HUVECs viability. Their effects on angiogenesis and vessel formation were furthered studied in HUVECs in vitro and Tg(fli-1:EGFP) zebrafish in vivo. The gene and protein expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot.\n- <RESULTS> : VRI strongly inhibited physiological functions of both VEGF receptors and suppressed endothelial cell survival. This resulted in blood vessel loss in zebrafish embryos. Interestingly, calycosin co-treatment impeded VRI-induced blood vessel loss. Docking and kinase inhibition assay revealed that calycosin competed with VRI for the tyrosine kinase domain of Flt1 without affecting ATP binding. On the contrary, calycosin did not affect the interaction between VRI and Kdr-TK. Consistent with these results, calycosin counteracted the inhibition of Flt1-TK and PI3K phosphorylation induced by VRI in HUVECs. Further studies in vitro and in vivo showed that the minimizing effect of calycosin on VRI-mediated endothelial cytotoxicity was blocked by wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor). The impeding effect of calycosin on VRI-induced blood vessel loss was absent in zebrafish embryos injected with Flt1 MO.\n\n**Question:** Is basal Flt1 tyrosine kinase activity a positive regulator of endothelial survival and vascularization during zebrafish embryogenesis?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Flt1-tyrosine kinase (TK) activity contributed significantly in endothelial cells survival and vascular development during embryo angiogenesis in zebrafish by engaging PI3K/Akt pathway.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25449231
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The capacity of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist-conjugated hepatitis B virus (HBV) proteins (HBV-Ag) to overcome established hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific immune tolerance was explored.\n- <METHODS> : A TLR7/8 agonist, CL097, was conjugated with alum-absorbed HBsAg and hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), as confirmed by ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF MS). Mice from two independently generated HBV-transgenic (HBV-Tg) colonies, C57BL/6J-TgN (AlblHBV) 44Bri/J mice and C57BL/6-HBV-1.3 genome-eq mice, were immunized with CL097-conjugated HBV-Ag every 2 weeks, four times.\n- <RESULTS> : After immunization, 8/11 (72.7%) of the AlblHBV mice and 10/13 (76.9%) of the HBV-1.3 genome-eq mice generated serum detectable antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBs). HBsAg-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells were detected in splenocytes from these mice. Naïve normal mice receiving splenocytes from the mice immunized with CL097-conjugated HBV-Ag generated immediate recall immune responses, e.g., the mice that received CD4(+)CD25(+)-depleted splenocytes generated anti-HBs on day 3 after HBsAg challenge while those receiving cells from sham-immunized mice did not.\n\n**Question:** Do immunizations with hepatitis B viral antigens and a TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant induce antigen-specific immune responses in HBV-transgenic mice?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Immunization with CL097-conjugated HBV-Ag reversed immune tolerance in HBV-Tg mice and induced antigen-specific immune responses. TLR7/8 agonists appear to be potent adjuvants for the induction of antigen-specific Th1 responses in an immune tolerant state.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25427958
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Normal aging is associated with a decline in cognitive abilities, particularly in the domains of psychomotor speed and executive functioning. However, 'aging,' per se, is not a cause of cognitive decline but rather a variable that likely captures multiple accumulating biological changes over time that collectively affect mental abilities. Recent work has focused on the role of cerebrovascular disease as one of the biological changes. In the current study, we examined whether lobar microbleeds - magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal voids due to hemosiderin deposits secondary to cerebral amyloid angiopathy - are associated with cognitive decline in normal aging. Previous studies that reported a relationship between the presence of lobar microbleeds and decreased cognitive abilities have been primarily cross-sectional. Here, we used a retrospective longitudinal design to examine whether the presence of lobar microbleeds is associated with the rate of cognitive decline among non-demented older adults.\n- <METHODS> : Participants came from an ongoing longitudinal community-based aging study, in which subjects are evaluated at 18-24 months intervals and received a full medical, neurological, and neuropsychological examination at each of the follow-up visits. Gradient echo MRI scans were available on 197 non-demented participants (mean age: 84.15 ± 5.02 years). Microbleeds were rated visually on axial view and divided into subcortical (basal ganglia, cerebellum) and lobar (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobe) regions, and confirmed with coronal and sagittal views to exclude artifacts. Cognition was assessed with a neuropsychological battery, providing summary scores for memory, language, executive, and visuospatial abilities. Using general estimating equations (GEE), we compared cognition cross-sectionally between individuals with 2 or more (n = 11) and fewer than 2 (n = 186) lobar microbleeds and examined longitudinal cognitive change beginning 9.47 ± 3.13 years before the MRI scan.\n- <RESULTS> : Subjects with 2 or more lobar microbleeds had worse executive functioning at the visit closest to the MRI scan (β = -0.044; p < 0.001) and had a faster decline in executive function over time (β = -0.072; p = 0.012) than subjects with fewer than 2 lobar microbleeds. The two groups were similar in age at scan date, education, ethnicity, sex distribution, and cognitive performance at first visit.\n\n**Question:** Are lobar microbleeds associated with a decline in executive functioning in older adults?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Lobar microbleeds, a marker of cerebral amyloid angiopathy, are associated with an accelerated rate of executive function decline. The presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy may be an important source of cognitive decline in aging. Future work should examine how cerebral amyloid angiopathy interacts with neurodegenerative processes, such as Alzheimer's disease.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25427957
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : In recent years, the relationship between physical activity (PA) and smoking cessation has been increasingly studied. However, very few studies have investigated the possible protective role of PA on smoking relapse on the long term.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : This study evaluated the impact of self-reported PA in precessation on smoking relapse. Other variables evaluated included measures of dependence, socio-demographic factors and smoking-related variables. Several possible interactions between PA and well identified factors influencing smoking relapse rate were also explored.\n- <METHODS> : After the initial consultation, 345 smokers were consecutively recruited in a smoking-cessation unit. Smoking abstinence was collected regularly during consultation or by phone calls. PA was measured with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form. Cox proportional hazard model was performed to determine factors associated with smoking relapse.\n- <RESULTS> : Among the initial sample, 227 adults were included in the survival analysis. After adjustment for potential cofounders, PA was not associated with smoking relapse. Self-efficacy level, absence of professional activity, previous attempts to quit and alcohol use disorders were associated with relapse. Secondary analysis showed a statistically significant effect of an interaction term for PA and antidepressant use on reducing smoking relapse (HR = .81, 95% CI: .66-.99).\n\n**Question:** Is self-reported physical activity in smoking pre-cessation a protective factor against relapse for all?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Previous quit attempts and professional activity were positive predictors of smoking abstinence, with alcohol use disorder a negative predictor. PA was not found to be a significant predictor of smoking relapse, with only a positive interaction term seen for persons on antidepressant treatment. (Am J Addict 2014;XX:1-7).\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25452165
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Many assume that most patients hospitalized with heart failure (HF) are short of breath at rest (SOBAR). The National HF Audit for England and Wales suggests that this assumption is false, which has profound implications for management\n- <RESULTS> : A retrospective case-note review was carried out of patients hospitalized with HF to determine how many present with shortness of breath at rest or are comfortable at rest but breathless on slight exertion (CARBOSE). Vital signs were tracked for 24 h and mortality for 180 days. Of 311 patients, those who were SOBAR (42%) had higher median heart rate (HR) (100 vs. 85 b.p.m.; P < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (141 vs. 122 mmHg; P < 0.001), and respiratory rate (RR) (24 vs. 18 breaths/min; P < 0.001) compared with those who were CARBOSE (56%). Vital signs changed little in those who were CARBOSE over the first 4-6 h, but SBP (141-128 mmHg; P < 0.001), HR (100-90 b.p.m.; P = 0.002), and RR (24-20 breaths/min; P < 0.001) fell in those who were SOBAR. At presentation, SBP was >125 mmHg in 73% of patients who were SOBAR and in 46% who were CARBOSE, dropping to 52% and 37%, respectively, by 4-6 h. Mortality amongst those who were SOBAR and those who were CARBOSE was, respectively, 19% and 34% (odds ratio 2.29; P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval 1.29-4.06).\n\n**Question:** Is breathlessness at rest the dominant presentation of patients admitted with heart failure?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Many patients admitted with HF are CARBOSE. Shortness of breath at rest may be more alarming, but those who are CARBOSE have a worse prognosis, perhaps reflecting more severe right heart dysfunction. Clinical trials of hospitalized HF may inappropriately exclude patients if they focus on shortness of breath at rest rather than peripheral congestion.\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25437683
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Duodenal stump disruption remains one of the most dreadful postgastrectomy complications, posing an overwhelming therapeutic challenge.\n- <METHODS> : The present report describes the extremely rare occurrence of a delayed duodenal stump disruption following total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy for cancer, because of mechanical obstruction of the distal jejunum resulting in increased backpressure on afferent limp and duodenal stump. Surgical management included repair of distal jejunum obstruction, mobilization and re-stapling of the duodenum at the level of its intact second part and retrograde decompressing tube duodenostomy through the proximal jejunum.\n\n**Question:** Is delayed duodenal stump blow-out following total gastrectomy for cancer : Heightened awareness for the continued presence of the surgical past in the present the key to a successful duodenal stump disruption management . A case report?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Several strategies have been proposed for the successful management post-gastrectomy duodenal stump disruption however; its treatment planning is absolutely determined by the presence or not of generalized peritonitis and hemodynamic instability with hostile abdomen. In such scenario, urgent reoperation is mandatory and the damage control principle should govern the operative treatment.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25428761
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) levels are associated with both coronary artery and cerebrovascular diseases. The clinical diagnosis of neurovascular events, specifically transient ischemic attack can be challenging, although there is disagreement among vascular trained neurologists regarding this. Currently, there is no single accurate biomarker for the diagnosis of acute brain ischemia.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : We studied the relationship between Lp-PLA2 mass and activity levels and the diagnosis of acute brain ischemia in the acute phase among patients evaluated in the emergency department following transient focal neurological symptoms.\n- <METHODS> : Patients evaluated in our academic center for transient neurological symptoms of possible ischemic mechanism were enrolled with informed consent. Lp-PLA2 mass and activity levels were performed by DiaDexus, Inc.\n- <RESULTS> : 100 patients were enrolled: 58 were ischemic (30 stroke, 28 TIA), 10 were unknown, and 28 were non-ischemic. Blood samples were collected after a median delay of 23 h (IQR: 17, 36) after symptom onset. The median levels of Lp-PLA2 activity level for ischemic (stroke and TIA) versus non-ischemic events were 186.5 nmol/ml/min (IQR = 153, 216.3) and 169 nmol/ml/min (IQR = 137, 212.5), respectively. The median levels of Lp-PLA2 mass level for ischemic versus non-ischemic events were 202 ng/ml (IQR = 171.6, 226.1) and 192 ng/ml (167.8, 230). The differences in median Lp-PLA2 mass and activity levels were not statistically significant in the ischemic versus non-ischemic patients. Vessel imaging revealed a symptomatic stenosis in 14 patients (10 intracranial and 4 cervical). The median Lp-PLA2 mass and activity levels among patients with a symptomatic stenosis were not significantly higher than the levels measured in TIA/stroke patients without stenosis.\n\n**Question:** Are lipoprotein phospholipase A2 mass and activity associated with the diagnosis of acute brain ischemia?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** The results of our study do not support the early measurement of Lp-PLA2 mass or activity levels for confirming an ischemic etiology in patients experiencing minor or transient focal neurological events.\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25442456
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Recently, the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the pathogenesis of heart failure through different mechanisms has received much attention. Subclinical changes in left ventricular (LV) function can be identified using quantification of myocardial strain, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a superior predictor of outcomes than ejection fraction. We hypothesized that increased OPG levels could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in treated diabetic hypertensive patients with preserved LV ejection fraction.\n- <METHODS> : The study was composed of 86 diabetic hypertensive and 30 nondiabetic hypertensive patients. All patients underwent echocardiography and venous blood samples were taken for determination of OPG. The relation between OPG levels and LV GLS was investigated using 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.\n- <RESULTS> : Diabetic hypertensive patients had higher diastolic peak early/early diastolic tissue velocity and lower systolic tissue velocity, GLS, GLS rate systolic, and GLS rate early diastolic than nondiabetic hypertensive patients (P = 0.009, P = 0.049, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P < 0.001, respectively). Diabetic hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups according to median GLS value (> 18.5 and ≤ 18.5). The patients with GLS ≤ 18.5 had higher diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg; P = 0.048), OPG (pmol/L; P < 0.001), and hemoglobin A1c (%; P = 0.042) values than those with GLS > 18.5. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, OPG was found to be an independent predictor of impaired GLS (P = 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that OPG values of > 6.45 (pmol/L) identified the patients with GLS ≤ 18.5.\n\n**Question:** Is osteoprotegerin associated with subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients : a speckle tracking study?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Plasma OPG values could predict subclinical LV systolic dysfunction in diabetic hypertensive patients.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25440857
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Burns are common and recurrent events treated by physicians on a daily basis at most emergency rooms around the world. There is a constant need to understand the physiopathology of burns, so as to minimize their devastating results. The objective of the present report is to describe a burn apparatus in association with an innovative method of animal fixation, as to produce burns of varying sizes and depths.\n- <METHODS> : Rats were subjected to burns of 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C for 10 s and after 3 days half of the rats in each group were killed and the resulting lesions were analyzed using histological techniques. In the other half of the rats the wound was measured weakly until complete re-epithelialization.\n- <RESULTS> : All burns were easily visible and the histological feature for the 60 °C burn was a superficial second-degree burn (28% of the dermis), for 70 °C we observed a deep second-degree burn (72% of the dermis), and in the 80 °C group, a third degree-burn was present (100% of the dermis).\n\n**Question:** Do a new model for the standardization of experimental burn wounds?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** This is a safe, reliable, easy to construct and use model that has the ability to produce a regular and uniform reproducible burn due to precise temperature control associated with standardized animal positioning.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25452597
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The goal of this study was to identify genetic determinants of plasma N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) in the general community by performing a large-scale genetic association study and to assess its functional significance in in vitro cell studies and on disease susceptibility.\n- <RESULTS> : Genotyping was performed across 16 000 genes in 893 randomly selected individuals, with replication in 891 subjects from the community. Plasma NT-proANP1-98 concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Thirty-three genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB locus and were all replicated. To assess the significance, in vitro functional genomic studies and clinical outcomes for carriers of a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5063 (V32M) located in NPPA that represented the most significant variation in this genetic locus were assessed. The rs5063 variant allozyme in transfected HEK293 cells was decreased to 55±8% of wild-type protein (P=0.01) as assessed by quantitative western blots. Carriers of rs5063 had lower NT-proANP levels (1427 versus 2291 pmol/L; P<0.001) and higher diastolic blood pressures (75 versus 73 mm Hg; P=0.009) and were at an increased risk of stroke when compared with wild-type subjects independent of age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cholesterol levels (hazard ratio, 1.6; P=0.004).\n\n**Question:** Does circulating atrial natriuretic peptide genetic association study identify a novel gene cluster associated with stroke in whites?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** This is the first large-scale genetic association study of circulating NT-proANP levels performed with replication and functional assessment that identified genetic variants in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB cluster to be significantly associated with NT-proANP levels. The clinical significance of this variation is related to lower NT-proANP levels, higher blood pressures, and an increased risk of stroke in the general community.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25452595
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Mycobacterium abscessus has emerged as a major pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and has been associated with poor clinical outcomes, particularly following lung transplant. We investigated the acquisition of this bacterium in a cohort of pediatric CF patients.\n- <METHODS> : Demographic and patient location data were used to uncover epidemiological links between patients with genetically related strains of M. abscessus that had been previously typed by variable-number tandem repeat profiling. Whole-genome sequencing was applied to 27 M. abscessus isolates from the 20 patients in this cohort to provide definitive data on the genetic relatedness of strains.\n- <RESULTS> : Whole-genome sequencing data demonstrated that M. abscessus isolates from 16 patients were unrelated, differing by at least 34 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from any other isolate, suggesting that independent acquisition events have occurred. Only 2 clusters of very closely related (<25 SNPs) isolates from different patients were seen. The first cluster contained 8 isolates, differing by a maximum of 17 SNPs, from a sibling pair who had intense exposure to each other both inside and outside the hospital. The second cluster contained 3 isolates, differing by a maximum of 24 SNPs, from 2 individuals with no apparent epidemiological links.\n\n**Question:** Do whole-genome sequencing and epidemiological analysis provide evidence for cross-transmission of mycobacterium abscessus in a cohort of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** We have not demonstrated cross-transmission of M. abscessus within our hospital, except between 1 sibling pair. Alternative routes of acquisition of M. abscessus infection, in particular the environment, require further investigation.\n\n**Answer:** No\n"
}
] |
No
|
25452591
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for preterm birth. The various conventional methods for its diagnosis are laborious and not easily reproducible. Molecular quantification methods have been reported recently, but the specific risk factors they might identify remain unclear.\n- <METHODS> : A prospective multicenter national study included pregnant women at risk of preterm birth. A quantitative molecular tool using a specific real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and serial dilutions of a plasmid suspension quantified Atopobium vaginae, Gardnerella vaginalis, lactobacilli, Mycoplasma hominis, and the human albumin gene (for quality control).\n- <RESULTS> : In 813 pregnancies, high vaginal loads of either or both of A. vaginae and G. vaginalis were associated with preterm birth (hazard ratio [HR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.1-14.1; P = .031). A high vaginal load of A. vaginae was significantly associated with shortened time to delivery and therefore pregnancy length. These times were, respectively, 152.2 and 188.2 days (HR, 5.6; 95% CI, 1.5-21.3; P < .001) before 22 weeks, 149.0 and 183.2 days (HR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-8.2; P = .048) before 28 weeks, and 132.6 and 170.4 days (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6; P = .033) before 32 weeks. After multivariate analysis, A. vaginae levels ≥10(8) copies/mL remained significantly associated with delivery before 22 weeks of gestation (adjusted HR, 4.7; 95% CI, .2-17.6; P = .014).\n\n**Question:** Are high Atopobium vaginae and Gardnerella vaginalis vaginal loads associated with preterm birth?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** High vaginal loads of A. vaginae and G. vaginalis are associated with late miscarriage and prematurity in high-risk pregnancies. A high vaginal load of A. vaginae (DNA level ≥10(8) copies/mL) identifies a population at high risk of preterm birth. Further studies that both screen for and then treat A. vaginae are needed.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25429803
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL), is an aggressive type of lymphoma whose standard treatment and validated prognostic model have not yet been defined.\n- <METHODS> : CD30 expression was detected using immunohistochemistry in 96 ENKTL patients, and the data were used to evaluate its relationship with clinical features, treatment response and prognosis.\n- <RESULTS> : Expression of CD30 was detected in 31.2% of ENKTL patients, which was significantly correlated with B symptoms and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase. The complete remission rate was not significantly different between CD30-positive and negative groups. After a median follow-up time of 31 months, 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates in the CD30-positive group were both significantly lower than those in the CD30-negative group (34.1% vs. 64.4%, P=0.002, for 5 year-OS; 26.0% vs. 66.7%, P<0.001, for 5 year-PFS). In patients with an International Prognostic Index (IPI) or Korean Prognostic Index (KPI) score of 0-1, CD30 positivity was associated with shorter 5-year OS and PFS (IPI: P=0.001 and 0.002, respectively; KPI: P=0.018 and 0.023, respectively). In a multivariate Cox regression model, CD30 expression and stage were independent prognostic factors for OS (p=0.004 and p=0.012, respectively) and PFS (p=0.001 and p=0.022, respectively).\n\n**Question:** Is cD30 expression a novel prognostic indicator in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma , nasal type?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our results showed that expression of CD30 was not related to response to treatment but was an independent prognostic factor for both OS and PFS in ENKTL, nasal type, which suggests a role for CD30 in the pathogenesis of this disease and may support the incorporation of anti-CD30-targeted therapy into the treatment paradigm for ENKTL.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25429809
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To observe the therapeutic effects of continuous plasma filtration absorption (CPFA) treatment on burn sepsis.\n- <METHODS> : Thirty burn patients with sepsis hospitalized in Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital from July 2009 to October 2012 were treated by CPFA for twice besides routine treatment. The blood samples were collected at five sites (A, B, C, D, and E, respectively) of blood purification equipment before and after CPFA, before and after hemoabsorption, and before hemofiltration. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) I , and sTNFR-II from sites A, C, and E were determined with ELISA before CPFA was performed for the first time, and those from sites B and D were determined with ELISA after CPFA was performed for the first time. Plasma levels of the above-mentioned cytokines from sites A and B were determined with ELISA before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time. The data of plasma levels of IL-1βP3, IL-1RA, sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and TNF-α before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time were collected for calculation of the ratios of IL-1RA to IL-1β and sTNFR-I plus sTNFR-II to TNF-α. The expression rate of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) on the CD14 positive monocytes, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, body temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and leukocyte count of patients were evaluated or recorded before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time. Patients'condition was observed. Data were processed with paired t test.\n- <RESULTS> : The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 from site B after CPFA was performed for the second time were significantly lower than those from site A before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values respectively 7.05, 5.23, 4.73, 2.37, P values below 0.01). After CPFA was performed for the first time, the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from site D were significantly lower than those from site C before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values respectively 5.48, 2. 17, 1.78, P < 0.05 or P <0.01). The plasma levels of all cytokines were close between site B after CPFA was performed for the first time and site E before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values from 0.04 to 1.05, P values above 0.05). The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from site B after CPFA was performed for the second time were significantly lower than those from site A before CPFA was performed for the second time (with t values from 1.87 to 5.93, P <0.05 or P <0.01). The ratios of IL-1RA to IL-1β and sTNFR-I plus sTNFR-II to TNF-α, and expression rate of HLA-DR were increased significantly after CPFA was performed for the second time as compared with those before CPFA (with t values from 3.99 to 7. 80, P values below 0.01). APACHE II score after CPFA was performed for the second time was 11 ± 6, which was lower than that before CPFA (22 ± 7, t =4.63, P <0.01). After CPFA was performed for the second time, body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate of patients were improved (with t values from 1.95 to 3.55, P values below 0.05) , and the leukocyte count was significantly decreased (t =4.36, P <0.01) as compared with those before CPFA. All patients survived and were discharged with length of stay of (27 ± 31) d, and no adverse effects occurred during CPFA treatment.\n\n**Question:** Do [ Clinical study on continuous plasma filtration absorption treatment for burn sepsis ]?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** CPFA, which combines hemoabsorption and hemofiltration, can facilitate the treatment of burn sepsis by decreasing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines efficiently, alleviating systemic inflammatory response, and improving the immune status.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25424667
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Studies performed in Andean populations living in high altitude, indicate that the reduced availability of oxygen could be associated to both a fetal growth retardation and a lower birth weight. These variables are predictive of morbidity and mortality during the first year of life.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To study perinatal variables of newborns of mothers living at contrasting altitudinal levels, harboring different degrees of Aymara ancestry.\n- <METHODS> : Review of medical records of 5,295 women whose deliveries occurred between February 2004 and August 2010. Information was obtained on place of residence, grouped into two categories: coast (150 to 3,000 m) and high plateau (3,000 to 4,300 m), ancestry was estimated using number of Aymara surnames that were homologated to percentages of Amerindian admixture, gestational age, birth weight, height, head circumference and obstetric variables.\n- <RESULTS> : Gestational age showed a tendency to increase and birth weight, height and head circumference to decrease with altitude of residence. Only weight reached statistical significance. Women with Aymara ancestry gave birth to children with a significantly higher gestational age, weight and cranial circumference.\n\n**Question:** Do [ Perinatal variables from newborns of Aymara mothers suggest a genetic adaptation to high altitude ]?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Altitude of residence is related to a decrease in perinatal variables that proved to be less pronounced in newborns of mothers with a higher degree of Aymara ancestry. RESULTS suggest a genetic adaptation to hypoxia that could be related to candidate genes linked to the capture, transport or utilization of oxygen.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25424481
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The aim of this study was to determine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and neuroimaging correlates of cerebral small vessel disease.\n- <METHODS> : We identified 759 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lacunes, white matter hyperintensity, and cerebral microbleed (CMB) were assessed using MR images. Deep CMB was defined as the presence of CMB in basal ganglia, thalamus, or brain stem. The association between 25(OH)D and small vessel disease was tested using linear and logistic regression analyses.\n- <RESULTS> : Mean age was 68 (±13) years. Mean level of 25(OH)D was 34.1±17.8 nmol/L. On bivariate analysis, a 25-nmol/L decrease in 25(OH)D was associated with lacunes (regression coefficient, 0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02-0.45), severe white matter hyperintensity (odds ratio, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.41-3.08), and deep CMB (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.01-1.63). Also, 25(OH)D deficiency (≤25 nmol/L) was associated with lacunes (regression coefficient, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.04-0.95), severe white matter hyperintensity (odds ratio, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.31-6.45), and deep CMB (odds ratio, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.03-2.78). The association remained significant even after multivariable adjustment and in the subgroup of previously healthy patients.\n\n**Question:** Is 25-hydroxyvitamin D status associated with chronic cerebral small vessel disease?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** 25(OH)D is inversely associated with lacunes, white matter hyperintensity, and deep CMB. Our findings suggest that 25(OH)D is linked to small vessel disease, and in future trials it should be tested whether 25(OH)D supplementation can prevent small vessel disease.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25436124
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : The aims of this study were to demonstrate the tumorigenicity of CD133+ colon cancer cells in vitro, analyze the correlations between spheroid formation and clinicopathologic variables, and screen for overexpressed genes in CD133+ colon cancer stem cells. Moreover, the aim of this study was to establish a living tumor tissue bank using surgically resected specimens.\n- <METHODS> : Using LoVo cell line, we isolated CD133+ cells and performed clonogenic assay and animal experiment to test tumorigenicity of CD133+ cells. Twenty-nine surgical samples were freshly collected from 27 patients who received curative or palliative surgery, and the samples were mechanically and enzymatically dissociated into single cells.\n- <RESULTS> : We confirmed the enhanced tumorigenicity of CD133+ cells isolated from LoVo cell line both in vitro and in vivo. Of these 29 samples, 8 (28%) contained >3% CD133+ cells. Sphere formation was significantly higher in samples from patients with lymphatic invasion than in those without lymphatic invasion [54.5% (6/11) vs. 12.5% (2/16); P=0.033] and in samples containing >3% of CD133+ cells than in those containing ≤3% of CD133+ cells [36.4% (4/11) vs. 0% (0/16); P=0.019].\n\n**Question:** Is cD133-positive tumor cell content a predictor of early recurrence in colorectal cancer?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** These findings indicate that CD133 is a valid marker for identifying cancer stem cells from fresh surgically resected colorectal cancer tissues. Furthermore, we successfully established a living tumor tissue bank using surgically resected colorectal tissues with a viability of >70%.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25446758
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year and is characterized by direct tissue injury followed by a neuroinflammatory response. The post-TBI recovery period can be associated with a negative emotional state characterized by alterations in affective behaviors implicated in the development of Alcohol Use Disorder in humans. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that post-TBI neuroinflammation is associated with behavioral dysfunction, including escalated alcohol intake.\n- <METHODS> : Adult male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer alcohol prior to counterbalanced assignment into naïve, craniotomy, and TBI groups by baseline drinking. TBI was produced by lateral fluid percussion (LFP; >2 ATM; 25ms). Alcohol drinking and neurobehavioral function were measured at baseline and following TBI in all experimental groups. Markers of neuroinflammation (GFAP and ED1) and neurodegeneration (FJC) were determined by fluorescence histochemistry in brains excised at sacrifice 19 days post-TBI.\n- <RESULTS> : The cumulative increase in alcohol intake over the 15 days post-TBI was greater in TBI animals compared to naïve controls. A higher rate of pre-injury alcohol intake was associated with a greater increase in post-injury alcohol intake in both TBI and craniotomy animals. Immediately following TBI, both TBI and craniotomy animals exhibited greater neurobehavioral dysfunction compared to naïve animals. GFAP, IBA-1, ED1, and FJC immunoreactivity at 19 days post-TBI was significantly higher in brains from TBI animals compared to both craniotomy and naïve animals.\n\n**Question:** Does traumatic brain injury induce neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration that is associated with escalated alcohol self-administration in rats?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** These results show an association between post-TBI escalation of alcohol drinking and marked localized neuroinflammation at the site of injury. Moreover, these results highlight the relevance of baseline alcohol preference in determining post-TBI alcohol drinking. Further investigation to determine the contribution of neuroinflammation to increased alcohol drinking post-TBI is warranted.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25439841
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To determine the effects of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on the reproductive axis of aging offspring.\n- <METHODS> : Animal (rat) study.\n- <METHODS> : Research laboratory.\n- <METHODS> : Female Sprague-Dawley rats.\n- <METHODS> : Food restriction during the second half of pregnancy in rats.\n- <METHODS> : Circulating gonadotropins, antimüllerian hormone (AMH), ovarian morphology, estrous cyclicity, and gene expression studies in the hypothalamus and ovary in 1-day-old (P1) and aging adult offspring.\n- <RESULTS> : Offspring of MUN dams had low birth weight (LBW) and by adult age developed obesity. In addition, 80% of adult LBW offspring had disruption of estrous cycle by 8 months of age, with the majority of animals in persistent estrous. Ovarian morphology was consistent with acyclicity, with ovaries exhibiting large cystic structures and reduced corpora lutea. There was an elevation in circulating T, increased ovarian expression of enzymes involved in androgen synthesis, an increase in plasma LH/FSH levels, a reduction in E2 levels, and no changes in AMH in adult LBW offspring compared with in control offspring. Hypothalamic expression of leptin receptor (ObRb), estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), and GnRH protein was altered in an age-dependent manner with increased ObRb and ER-α expression in P1 LBW hypothalami and a reversal of this expression pattern in adult LBW hypothalami.\n\n**Question:** Does maternal undernutrition induce premature reproductive senescence in adult female rat offspring?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Our data indicate that the maternal nutritional environment programs the reproductive potential of the offspring through alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The premature reproductive senescence in LBW offspring could be secondary to the development of obesity and hyperleptinemia in these animals in adult life.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25439845
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : To determine whether granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) could prevent loss of spermatogenesis induced by busulfan chemotherapy via protection of undifferentiated spermatogonia, which might serve as an adjuvant approach to preserving male fertility among cancer patients.\n- <METHODS> : Laboratory animal study.\n- <METHODS> : University.\n- <METHODS> : Laboratory mice.\n- <METHODS> : Five-week-old mice were treated with a sterilizing busulfan dose and with 7 days of G-CSF or vehicle treatment and evaluated 10 weeks later (experiment 1) or 24 hours after treatment (experiment 2).\n- <METHODS> : Experiment 1: testis weights, epididymal sperm counts, testis histology. Experiment 2: PLZF immunofluorescent costaining with apoptotic markers. Molecular analysis of G-CSF receptor expression in undifferentiated spermatogonia.\n- <RESULTS> : Ten weeks after treatment, busulfan-treated mice that also received treatment with G-CSF exhibited significantly better recovery of spermatogenesis and epididymal sperm counts than animals receiving busulfan alone. G-CSF led to increased numbers of PLZF+ spermatogonia 24 hours after treatment that was not accompanied by changes in apoptosis. To address the cellular target of G-CSF, mRNA for the G-CSF receptor, Csf3r, was found in adult mouse testes and cultured THY1+ (undifferentiated) spermatogonia, and cell-surface localized CSF3R was observed on 3% of cultured THY1+ spermatogonia.\n\n**Question:** Does granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prevent loss of spermatogenesis after sterilizing busulfan chemotherapy?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** These results demonstrate that G-CSF protects spermatogenesis from gonadotoxic insult (busulfan) in rodents, and this may occur via direct action on CSF3R+ undifferentiated spermatogonia. G-CSF treatment might be an effective adjuvant therapy to preserve male fertility in cancer patients receiving sterilizing treatments.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25450204
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : A vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV) is unavailable and cost-effective antivirals that prevent HCV infection and re-infection, such as in the transplant setting, do not exist. In a search for novel and economical prophylactic agents, we examined the antiviral activity of saikosaponins (SSa, SSb2, SSc, and SSd) from Bupleurum kaoi root (BK) as entry inhibitors against HCV infection.\n- <METHODS> : Infectious HCV culture systems were used to examine the effect of saikosaponins on the complete virus life cycle (entry, RNA replication/translation, and particle production). Antiviral activity against various HCV genotypes, clinical isolates, and infection of primary human hepatocytes were also evaluated.\n- <RESULTS> : BK and the saikosaponins potently inhibited HCV infection at non-cytotoxic concentrations. These natural agents targeted early steps of the viral life cycle, while leaving replication/translation, egress, and spread relatively unaffected. In particular, we identified SSb2 as an efficient inhibitor of early HCV entry, including neutralization of virus particles, preventing viral attachment, and inhibiting viral entry/fusion. Binding analysis, using soluble viral glycoproteins, demonstrated that SSb2 acted on HCV E2. Moreover, SSb2 inhibited infection by several genotypic strains and prevented binding of serum-derived HCV onto hepatoma cells. Finally, treatment with the compound blocked HCV infection of primary human hepatocytes.\n\n**Question:** Is saikosaponin b2 a naturally occurring terpenoid that efficiently inhibits hepatitis C virus entry?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Due to its potency, SSb2 may be of value for development as an antagonist of HCV entry and could be explored as prophylactic treatment during the course of liver transplantation.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25450205
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <OBJECTIVE> : Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is defined by pruritus, elevated total fasting serum bile salts (TBS) and transaminases, and an increased risk of adverse fetal outcome. An accurate diagnostic marker is needed. Increased serum autotaxin correlates with cholestasis-associated pruritus. We aimed at unraveling the diagnostic accuracy of autotaxin in ICP.\n- <METHODS> : Serum samples and placental tissue were collected from 44 women with uncomplicated pregnancies and 105 with pruritus and/or elevated serum transaminases. Autotaxin serum levels were quantified enzymatically and by Western blotting, autotaxin gene expression by quantitative PCR.\n- <RESULTS> : Serum autotaxin was increased in ICP (mean ± SD: 43.5 ± 18.2 nmol ml(-1)min(-1), n=55, p<0.0001) compared to other pruritic disorders of pregnancy (16.8 ± 6.7 nmol ml(-1)min(-1), n=33), pre-eclampsia complicated by HELLP-syndrome (16.8 ± 8.9 nmol ml(-1)min(-1), n=17), and pregnant controls (19.6 ± 5.7 nmol ml(-1)min(-1), n=44). Longitudinal analysis during pregnancy revealed a marked rise in serum autotaxin with onset of ICP-related pruritus. Serum autotaxin was increased in women taking oral contraceptives. Increased serum autotaxin during ICP was not associated with increased autotaxin mRNA in placenta. With a cut-off value of 27.0 nmol ml(-1)min(-1), autotaxin had an excellent sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing ICP from other pruritic disorders or pre-eclampsia/HELLP-syndrome. Serum autotaxin displayed no circadian rhythm and was not influenced by food intake.\n\n**Question:** Does autotaxin activity have a high accuracy to diagnose intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Increased serum autotaxin activity represents a highly sensitive, specific and robust diagnostic marker of ICP, distinguishing ICP from other pruritic disorders of pregnancy and pregnancy-related liver diseases. Pregnancy and oral contraception increase serum autotaxin to a much lesser extent than ICP.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
25448329
|
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "You are a medical expert specialized in biomedical question answering focused on research-level queries from PubMed articles. You task is given the context of a PubMed Article and a Question, provide a reasoning and a final judgement about the relationship between the context and the Question.\n\nThe article context is denoted by **PubMed Article Information:**, which each sentence being prepended by a bullet point describing the type of information it contains (e.g., - <Background>, - <Methods>, - <Results>,...). \n\nThe question is denoted by **Question:**, and you are supposed to answer it only using the information provided in the context and your medical experstise, not using any external knowledge or resources. Be as accurate and concise as possible in your reasoning, and ensure that your final judgement is directly supported by the information provided in the context.\n\n**PubMed Article Information:** \n\n- <BACKGROUND> : Programs seek to expose trainees to research during residency. However, little is known in any formal sense regarding how to do this effectively, or whether these efforts result in more or better-quality research output.\n- <OBJECTIVE> : The objective of our study was to evaluate a dedicated resident research program in terms of the quantity and quality of resident research peer-reviewed publications. Specifically we asked: (1) Did residents mentored through a dedicated resident research program have more peer-reviewed publications in higher-impact journals with higher citation rates compared with residents who pursued research projects under a less structured approach? (2) Did this effect continue after graduation?\n- <METHODS> : In 2006, our department of orthopaedic surgery established a dedicated resident research program, which consisted of a new research policy and a research committee to monitor quality and compliance with this policy. Peer-reviewed publications (determined from PubMed) of residents who graduated 6 years before establishing the dedicated resident research program were compared with publications from an equal period of the research-program-directed residents. The data were assessed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Twenty-four residents graduated from 2001 to 2006 (before implementation of the dedicated resident research program); 27 graduated from 2007 to 2012 (after implementation of the dedicated resident research program). There were 74 eligible publications as defined by the study inclusion and exclusion criteria.\n- <RESULTS> : Residents who trained after implementation of the dedicated resident research program published more papers during residency than did residents who trained before the program was implemented (1.15 versus 0.79 publications per resident; 95% CI [0.05,0.93]; p = 0.047) and the journal impact factor was greater in the group that had the research program (1.25 versus 0.55 per resident; 95% CI [0.2,1.18]; p = 0.005). There were no differences between postresidency publications by trainees who graduated with versus without the research program in the number of publications, citations, and average journal impact factor per resident. A regression analysis showed no difference in citation rates of the residents' published papers before and since implementation of the research program.\n\n**Question:** Does a dedicated research program increase the quantity and quality of orthopaedic resident publications?\n\nPlease provide your judgement after **Answer:** in a single word (Yes or No), corresponding to the correct option that answers the Question based on the Article Information.\n"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "**Reasoning:** Currently in the United States, there are no standard policies or requirements that dictate how research should be incorporated in orthopaedic surgery residency training programs. The results of our study suggest that implementation of a dedicated resident research program improves the quantity and to some extent quality of orthopaedic resident research publications, but this effect did not persist after graduation.\n\n**Answer:** Yes\n"
}
] |
Yes
|
| Links | |
|---|---|
| Homepage: | Github.io |
| Repository: | Github |
| Paper: | arXiv |
| Leaderboard: | PapersWithCode |
| Contact (Original Authors): | Qiao Jin ([email protected]) |
| Contact (Curator): | Artur Guimarães ([email protected]) |
The task of PubMedQA is to answer research questions with yes/no/maybe (e.g.: Do preoperative statins reduce atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting?) using the corresponding abstracts.
{
"id": "21645374",
"QUESTION": ""Do mitochondria play a role in remodelling lace plant leaves during programmed cell death?",
"CONTEXTS" : ["Programmed cell death (PCD) is the regulated death of cells within an organism. The lace plant (Aponogeton madagascariensis) produces perforations in its leaves through PCD. The leaves of the plant consist of a latticework of longitudinal and transverse veins enclosing areoles. PCD occurs in the cells at the center of these areoles and progresses outwards, stopping approximately five cells from the vasculature. The role of mitochondria during PCD has been recognized in animals; however, it has been less studied during PCD in plants.", "The following paper elucidates the role of mitochondrial dynamics during developmentally regulated PCD in vivo in A. madagascariensis. A single areole within a window stage leaf (PCD is occurring) was divided into three areas based on the progression of PCD; cells that will not undergo PCD (NPCD), cells in early stages of PCD (EPCD), and cells in late stages of PCD (LPCD). Window stage leaves were stained with the mitochondrial dye MitoTracker Red CMXRos and examined. Mitochondrial dynamics were delineated into four categories (M1-M4) based on characteristics including distribution, motility, and membrane potential (\u0394\u03a8m). A TUNEL assay showed fragmented nDNA in a gradient over these mitochondrial stages. Chloroplasts and transvacuolar strands were also examined using live cell imaging. The possible importance of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) formation during PCD was indirectly examined via in vivo cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. This treatment resulted in lace plant leaves with a significantly lower number of perforations compared to controls, and that displayed mitochondrial dynamics similar to that of non-PCD cells."],
"LABELS": ["BACKGROUND", "RESULTS"],
"statement_pol": ,
"MESHES": ["Alismataceae", "Apoptosis", "Cell Differentiation", "Mitochondria", "Plant Leaves"],
"final_decision": "yes",
"LONG_ANSWER": "Results depicted mitochondrial dynamics in vivo as PCD progresses within the lace plant, and highlight the correlation of this organelle with other organelles during developmental PCD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mitochondria and chloroplasts moving on transvacuolar strands to form a ring structure surrounding the nucleus during developmental PCD. Also, for the first time, we have shown the feasibility for the use of CsA in a whole plant system. Overall, our findings implicate the mitochondria as playing a critical and early role in developmentally regulated PCD in the lace plant."
}
TO:DO
TO:DO
@inproceedings{jin2019pubmedqa,
title={PubMedQA: A Dataset for Biomedical Research Question Answering},
author={Jin, Qiao and Dhingra, Bhuwan and Liu, Zhengping and Cohen, William and Lu, Xinghua},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)},
pages={2567--2577},
year={2019}
}
Thanks to araag2 for adding this dataset.