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interaction_id stringlengths 6 9	query stringlengths 26 101	query_time stringclasses 1 value	answer listlengths 1 23	alt_ans listlengths 0 0	domain stringclasses 1 value	question_type stringclasses 1 value	static_or_dynamic stringclasses 1 value	search_results listlengths 0 0	retrieved_chunks listlengths 50 50
test_0	who got the first nobel prize in physics?	n/a	[ "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16315106", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nNobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to physicist Wilhelm Röntgen in recognition of the extraordinary services he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16315118", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nreceive a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. Nobel Prize in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics () is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who have made the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18359579", "chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\nWilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. Born to a German father and a Dutch mother, Röntgen attended high school in Utrecht, Netherlands. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6617129", "chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\nWilhelm Röntgen Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (; ; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German mechanical engineer and physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known as X-rays or Röntgen rays, an achievement that earned him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. In honour of his accomplishments, in 2004 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, a radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. Born to a German father and a Dutch mother, Röntgen attended high school in Utrecht, Netherlands. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376096", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nWilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize. In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy \"\"was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize\"\". The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van 't Hoff. Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics. The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11456312", "chunk_text": "\"Pierre Curie\"\nPierre Curie Pierre Curie (; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity. In 1903, he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\"\". Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugene Curie (28 August 1827 – 25 February 1910), a doctor of Alsatian Protestant origin, and Sophie-Claire Depouilly Curie (15 January 1832 –", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13997394", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nHis son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves. William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer. Niels Bohr was awarded the Physics prize in 1922, as was his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975. Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981. Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14928077", "chunk_text": "\"History of physics\"\ntime of the conception and evolution of the theory. The basic ideas of quantum theory were introduced in 1900 by Max Planck (1858–1947), who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918 for his discovery of the quantified nature of energy. The quantum theory (which previously relied in the \"\"correspondence\"\" at large scales between the quantized world of the atom and the continuities of the \"\"classical\"\" world) was accepted when the Compton Effect established that light carries momentum and can scatter off particles, and when Louis de Broglie asserted that matter can be seen as behaving as a wave", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16708877", "chunk_text": "\"Albert A. Michelson\"\nAlbert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. Michelson was born in Strzelno, Province of Posen in Germany (now Poland), the son of Samuel Michelson and his wife, Rozalia Przyłubska, both of Jewish descent. He moved to the US with his parents in 1855, at the age of two. He grew up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8874311", "chunk_text": "\"Albert Einstein\"\nAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"\"the world's most famous equation\"\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"\", a pivotal step", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12000810", "chunk_text": "\"Theodore William Richards\"\nTheodore William Richards Theodore William Richards (January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award \"\"in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements.\"\" Theodore Richards was born in Germantown, Pennsylvania to William Trost Richards, a land- and seascape painter, and Anna née Matlack, a poet. Richards received most of his pre-college education from his mother. During one summer's stay at Newport, Rhode Island, Richards met Professor Josiah Parsons Cooke of Harvard, who showed the young boy Saturn's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9849942", "chunk_text": "\"Svante Arrhenius\"\nSvante Arrhenius Svante August Arrhenius (; 19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Swedish scientist. Originally a physicist, but often referred to as a chemist, Arrhenius was one of the founders of the science of physical chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation, Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3595524", "chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Pauli\"\nWolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"\"decisive contribution through his discovery of a new law of Nature, the exclusion principle or Pauli principle\"\". The discovery involved spin theory, which is the basis of a theory of the structure of matter. Pauli was born in Vienna to a chemist Wolfgang Joseph Pauli (\"\"né\"\" Wolf Pascheles, 1869–1955) and his wife", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5465316", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Chemistry\"\non December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"\"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\"\" From 1901 to 2018, the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals. Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the \"\"greatest benefit on mankind\"\" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15011908", "chunk_text": "\"John Bardeen\"\nJohn Bardeen John Bardeen (; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) was an American physicist and electrical engineer. He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of conventional superconductivity known as the BCS theory. The transistor revolutionized the electronics industry and ushered the birth of the Information Age. The semiconductor device also made possible the development of almost every modern electronic device,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8874415", "chunk_text": "\"Albert Einstein\"\nto Einstein in 1922. Footnotes Citations Albert Einstein Albert Einstein (; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula , which has been dubbed \"\"the world's most famous equation\"\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1842548", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Dirac\"\nPaul Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who is regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation which describes the behaviour of fermions and predicted the existence of antimatter. Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Erwin Schrödinger \"\"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\"\". He also made significant contributions to the reconciliation of general relativity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16243625", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize controversies\"\nresearch CERN, commented in a scientific meet in Kolkata titled \"\"Frontiers of Science\"\" that \"\"it is unfortunate that pioneering Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose did not win the Nobel Prize for work on quantum physics in the 1920s that provided the foundation of the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate\"\". Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and \"\"for his services to Theoretical Physics\"\". The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1007846", "chunk_text": "\"Marie Curie\"\nthe Nobel Prize in Physics, \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.\"\" At first the committee had intended to honor only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, but a committee member and advocate for women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize. Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15181302", "chunk_text": "\"Max Planck\"\nMax Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes 83 institutions representing a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10790013", "chunk_text": "\"Henri Becquerel\"\nHenri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (; ; 15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie, received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him. Becquerel was born in Paris into a wealthy family which produced four generations of physicists: Becquerel's grandfather (Antoine César Becquerel), father (Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel), and son (Jean Becquerel). Henri started off his education by attending the Lycée Louis-le-Grand school, a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376199", "chunk_text": "\"Niels Bohr\"\nasteroid, 3948 Bohr, was named after him, as was the Bohr lunar crater and bohrium, the chemical element with atomic number 107. Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16336238", "chunk_text": "\"Planck constant\"\nusually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376143", "chunk_text": "\"Niels Bohr\"\nNiels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another. Although the Bohr model has been supplanted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3375379", "chunk_text": "\"Max Planck\"\nalone a Christian God.\"\" Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, ForMemRS (; ; 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes. In 1948 the German scientific institution the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (of which Planck was twice president) was renamed the Max Planck Society (MPS). The MPS now includes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1897405", "chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\ninstead of disproving it. While energy of ejected electrons reflected Planck's constant, the existence of photons was not explicitly proven until the discovery of the photon antibunching effect, of which a modern experiment can be performed in undergraduate-level labs. This phenomenon could only be explained via photons, and not through any semi-classical theory (which could alternatively explain the photoelectric effect). When Einstein received his Nobel Prize in 1921, it was not for his more difficult and mathematically laborious special and general relativity, but for the simple, yet totally revolutionary, suggestion of quantized light. Einstein's \"\"light quanta\"\" would not be called", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18359576", "chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Röntgen\"\n1887. Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine. He inherited two Million Reichsmarks after his father's death. With the inflation following World War I, Röntgen fell into bankruptcy later in life, spending his final years at his country home at Weilheim, near Munich. In keeping with his will, all his personal and scientific correspondence was destroyed upon his death. In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics. The award was officially \"\"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him\"\". Röntgen donated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11923187", "chunk_text": "\"History of physics\"\nthe Nobel Prize in 1921. The gradual acceptance of Einstein's theories of relativity and the quantized nature of light transmission, and of Niels Bohr's model of the atom created as many problems as they solved, leading to a full-scale effort to reestablish physics on new fundamental principles. Expanding relativity to cases of accelerating reference frames (the \"\"general theory of relativity\"\") in the 1910s, Einstein posited an equivalence between the inertial force of acceleration and the force of gravity, leading to the conclusion that space is curved and finite in size, and the prediction of such phenomena as gravitational lensing and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16708905", "chunk_text": "\"Albert A. Michelson\"\nvantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards. Michelson was a member of the Royal Society, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The Computer Measurement Group gives an annual A. A. Michelson Award. Albert A. Michelson Albert Abraham Michelson FFRS HFRSE (December 19, 1852 – May 9, 1931) was an American physicist known for his work on measuring the speed of light and especially for the Michelson–Morley experiment. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, becoming the first American to win the Nobel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6216670", "chunk_text": "\"James Franck\"\nJames Franck James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz \"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\". He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of professor extraordinarius. He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I. He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and was awarded the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13592518", "chunk_text": "\"Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff\"\nJacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jacobus Henricus \"\"Henry\"\" van 't Hoff, Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry. In 1875, he predicted the correct structures of allenes and cumulenes as well as their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6470006", "chunk_text": "\"Louis de Broglie\"\nLouis de Broglie Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, duc de Broglie (; or ; 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of quantum mechanics. De Broglie won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11644016", "chunk_text": "\"Philipp Lenard\"\nPhilipp Lenard Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (7 June 1862 – 20 May 1947) was a German physicist and the winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and the discovery of many of their properties. Lenard was a nationalist and anti-Semite; as an active proponent of the Nazi ideology, he supported Adolf Hitler in the 1920s and was an important role model for the \"\"Deutsche Physik\"\" movement during the Nazi period. Notably, he labeled Albert Einstein's contributions to science as \"\"Jewish physics\"\". Philipp Lenard was born in Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 7", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13678482", "chunk_text": "\"Planck constant\"\n(along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) in convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"\"the theory of radiation and quanta\"\". Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"\"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\"\". The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"\"photoelectrons\"\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3417551", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize\"\nrelevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5767826", "chunk_text": "\"Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff\"\nPrize in Chemistry as the culmination of his career. The following are named after him: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jacobus Henricus \"\"Henry\"\" van 't Hoff, Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical affinity, chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics, and chemical thermodynamics. In his 1874 pamphlet van 't Hoff formulated the theory of the tetrahedral carbon atom and laid the foundations of stereochemistry.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4736837", "chunk_text": "\"Gustav Ludwig Hertz\"\nGustav Ludwig Hertz Gustav Ludwig Hertz (22 July 1887 – 30 October 1975) was a German experimental physicist and Nobel Prize winner for his work on inelastic electron collisions in gases, and a nephew of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz. Hertz was born in Hamburg, the son of Auguste (née Arning) and a lawyer, Gustav Theodor Hertz (1858–1904), Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' brother. He attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums before studying at the Georg-August University of Göttingen (1906–1907), the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (1907–1908), and the Humboldt University of Berlin (1908–1911). He received his doctorate in 1911 under Heinrich Leopold Rubens. From", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10612607", "chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Pauli\"\nand Sciences. In May 1929, Pauli left the Roman Catholic Church. In December of that year, he married Käthe Margarethe Deppner. The marriage was an unhappy one, ending in divorce in 1930 after less than a year. He married again in 1934 to Franziska Bertram (1901–1987). They had no children. Wolfgang Pauli Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (; ; 25 April 1900 – 15 December 1958) was an Austrian-born Swiss and American theoretical physicist and one of the pioneers of quantum physics. In 1945, after having been nominated by Albert Einstein, Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"\"decisive contribution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9241969", "chunk_text": "\"Maria Goeppert Mayer\"\nMaria Goeppert Mayer Maria Goeppert Mayer (June 28, 1906 – February 20, 1972) was a German-born American theoretical physicist, and Nobel laureate in Physics for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus. She was the second woman to win a Nobel Prize in physics, the first being Marie Curie. A graduate of the University of Göttingen, Goeppert Mayer wrote her doctoral thesis on the theory of possible two-photon absorption by atoms. At the time, the chances of experimentally verifying her thesis seemed remote, but the development of the laser permitted this. Today, the unit for the two-photon absorption", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11828638", "chunk_text": "\"Erwin Schrödinger\"\nErwin Schrödinger Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (, ; ; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as ' or ', was a Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: he formulated the wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrödinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism and matrix mechanics. Schrödinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function. In addition, he was the author of many works in various fields of physics: statistical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1897411", "chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\nof electrons through a thin metal film and observed the predicted interference patterns. At Bell Labs, Clinton Joseph Davisson and Lester Halbert Germer guided their beam through a crystalline grid. De Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 for his hypothesis. Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for their experimental work. In his work on formulating quantum mechanics, Werner Heisenberg postulated his uncertainty principle, which states: where Heisenberg originally explained this as a consequence of the process of measuring: Measuring position accurately would disturb momentum and vice versa, offering an example (the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3609314", "chunk_text": "\"Wave–particle duality\"\nthe threshold frequency could release only one electron; the higher the frequency of a photon, the higher the kinetic energy of the emitted electron, but no amount of light (using technology available at the time) below the threshold frequency could release an electron. To \"\"violate\"\" this law would require extremely high-intensity lasers which had not yet been invented. Intensity-dependent phenomena have now been studied in detail with such lasers. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. In 1924, Louis-Victor de Broglie formulated the de Broglie hypothesis, claiming", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6216693", "chunk_text": "\"James Franck\"\nof Chicago Library. James Franck James Franck (26 August 1882 – 21 May 1964) was a German physicist who won the 1925 Nobel Prize for Physics with Gustav Hertz \"\"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom\"\". He completed his doctorate in 1906 and his habilitation in 1911 at the Frederick William University in Berlin, where he lectured and taught until 1918, having reached the position of professor extraordinarius. He served as a volunteer in the German Army during World War I. He was seriously injured in 1917 in a gas attack and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8478548", "chunk_text": "\"Eugene Wigner\"\nEugene Wigner Eugene Paul \"\"E. P.\"\" Wigner (; November 17, 1902 – January 1, 1995) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, engineer and mathematician. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 \"\"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles\"\". A graduate of the Technical University of Berlin, Wigner worked as an assistant to Karl Weissenberg and Richard Becker at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, and David Hilbert at the University of Göttingen. Wigner and Hermann Weyl were responsible for introducing group theory", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16315107", "chunk_text": "\"Nobel Prize in Physics\"\nrendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays). This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. Through 2018, a total of 209 individuals have been awarded the prize. Only three women (1.4% of laureates) have won the Nobel Prize in Physics: Marie Curie in 1903, Maria Goeppert Mayer in 1963, and Donna Strickland in 2018. Alfred Nobel, in his last will and testament, stated that his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "691800", "chunk_text": "\"Hendrik Lorentz\"\nHendrik Lorentz Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (; 18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations underpinning Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. According to the biography published by the Nobel Foundation, \"\"It may well be said that Lorentz was regarded by all theoretical physicists as the world's leading spirit, who completed what was left unfinished by his predecessors and prepared the ground for the fruitful reception of the new ideas based", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20827865", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Hofstadter\"\nRobert Hofstadter Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 – November 17, 1990) was an American physicist. He was the joint winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) \"\"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning the structure of nucleons\"\". Hofstadter was born into a Jewish family in New York City on February 5, 1915, to Polish immigrants, Louis Hofstadter, a salesman, and the former Henrietta Koenigsberg. He attended elementary and high schools in New York City and entered City College of New York, graduating with a B.S. degree", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15273961", "chunk_text": "\"Wilhelm Wien\"\nWilhelm Wien Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature. He also formulated an expression for the black-body radiation, which is correct in the photon-gas limit. His arguments were based on the notion of adiabatic invariance, and were instrumental for the formulation of quantum mechanics. Wien received the 1911 Nobel Prize for his work on heat radiation.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14762286", "chunk_text": "Electricity\nParsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for \"\"his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\"\". The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13449779", "chunk_text": "\"Matrix mechanics\"\nBA\"\" does not necessarily equal 0. The fundamental commutation relation of matrix mechanics, implies then that \"\"there are no states which simultaneously have a definite position and momentum\"\". This principle of uncertainty holds for many other pairs of observables as well. For example, the energy does not commute with the position either, so it is impossible to precisely determine the position and energy of an electron in an atom. In 1928, Albert Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics. The announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 was delayed until November 1933. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_1	when is the next deadpool movie being released?	n/a	[ "May 18, 2018" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11247489", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nwas written by Reese and Wernick and played in front of \"\"Logan\"\". \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released on May 18, 2018, with Baccarin, T. J. Miller, Uggams, Hildebrand, and Kapičić all returning. Josh Brolin joined them as Cable. The film explores the team X-Force, which includes Deadpool and Cable. In March 2017, Reese said that a future film focused on that group would be separate from \"\"Deadpool 3\"\", \"\"so I think we'll be able to take two paths. [\"\"X-Force\"\"] is where we're launching something bigger, but then [\"\"Deadpool 3\"\" is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\"\" After the acquisition", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944682", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nis dedicated to her memory. The film's score is the first to receive a parental advisory warning for explicit content, and the soundtrack also includes the original song \"\"Ashes\"\" by Céline Dion. \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released in the United States on May 18, 2018. It has grossed over $738 million worldwide, becoming the seventh highest-grossing film of 2018, as well as the third highest-grossing R-rated film and the third highest-grossing \"\"X-Men\"\" film. It received positive reviews from critics, who praised its humor, acting (particularly Reynolds, Brolin, and Beetz's performances), story, and action sequences, with some calling it better than the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728070", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nchimichangas, traditionally Deadpool's favorite food, as well as \"\"Deadpool\"\"-inspired Harder drinks. The campaign also included the chance to win a trip to the film's premiere through Harder, and the Los Angeles pop-up benefitted the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival. \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" premiered at Leicester Square in London on May 10, 2018. It was released in the United States on May 18, 2018, having been previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year. Leitch's initial cut of the film was around two hours and twelve minutes, with \"\"nips and tucks\"\" done to it to get the run time down to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728058", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nJanuary, the film's release was moved up to May 18, 2018. In February 2018, Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film, the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing, and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title, \"\"Daisy\"\". Some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that these reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film, and consisted of sweeping changes. However, the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did, up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944740", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nat the convention moderated by Soni and featuring other cast members. Some of the scenes cut from the theatrical version of the film were debuted at the panel. At the end of September 2018, Fox announced that it would release an untitled \"\"Deadpool\"\" film in theaters on December 21. The studio suggested that press and fans \"\"guess away\"\" as to what this new film would be, but it was believed to be a re-cut version of \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" that would carry a PG-13 rating rather than being R-rated like the initial theatrical release. Reynolds hinted that the version of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728008", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nDeadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film \"\"Deadpool\"\". The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from the time-traveling soldier Cable.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18236642", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nintegrate him into the PG-13 MCU. Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eleventh installment in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, and a direct sequel to the 2016 film \"\"Deadpool\"\". The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese, Paul Wernick, and Ryan Reynolds, with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin, Morena Baccarin, Julian Dennison, Zazie Beetz, T.J. Miller, Brianna Hildebrand, and Jack Kesy. In the film, Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944683", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nfirst film, although a feeling of cynicism drew some criticism. An extended edition was released in August 2018, and a re-cut, PG-13 version of the film titled \"\"Once Upon a Deadpool\"\" was released theatrically in December 2018. A sequel, \"\"Deadpool 3\"\", is in development. After successfully working as the mercenary Deadpool for two years, Wade Wilson fails to kill one of his targets on his anniversary with Vanessa, his girlfriend. That night, after the pair decide to start a family together, the target tracks Wilson down and kills Vanessa. Wilson kills the man in revenge. He blames himself for her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944746", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nHD on August 7, 2018, and physically on August 21. The latter release covered the 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray, and DVD formats, including both the theatrical version and \"\"Super Duper $@%!#& Cut\"\" unrated extended edition. The physical release includes an audio commentary for the theatrical version in 4K Ultra HD and Blu-ray formats, from Reynolds, Leitch, Reese, and Wernick. The Blu-ray format also includes a gag reel, deleted and extended scenes, alternate takes, featurettes on Easter eggs, the cast and characters, Leitch's directing, and the action and stunts, and more. As of December 18, 2018, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" has grossed $323", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308052", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nplot as formulaic as well as the sheer number of jokes in the film. It also received many awards and nominations, including two Critics' Choice Awards and two Golden Globe nominations. A sequel, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\", was released in May 2018. Wade Wilson is a dishonorably discharged special forces operative working as a mercenary when he meets Vanessa, a prostitute. They become romantically involved, and a year later she accepts his marriage proposal. Wilson is diagnosed with terminal cancer, and leaves Vanessa without warning so she will not have to watch him die. A mysterious recruiter approaches Wilson, offering an experimental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308051", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nMay of that year. Several vendors provided visual effects for the film, ranging from the addition of blood and gore to the creation of the CG character Colossus. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, after an unconventional marketing campaign. The film achieved both financial and critical success. It earned over $783 million against a $58 million budget, breaking numerous records: it became the highest-grossing R-rated film, the highest-grossing \"\"X-Men\"\" film, and the ninth-highest-grossing 2016 film. Critics praised Reynolds' performance, the film's style and faithfulness to the comics, and its action sequences. Some detractors criticized the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11350936", "chunk_text": "\"Superhero film\"\nworldwide financial success earning in excess of $2 billion. Soon after, 20th Century Fox released \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" on May 18, 2018 which proved a major success in both regards itself In addition, the long awaited sequel for the Academy Award winning animated film \"\"The Incredibles\"\", \"\"Incredibles 2\"\", had its wide release on June 15, 2018 met with considerable critical praise and earned $182.68 million on its premiere weekend. The next superhero film In the Marvel Universe \"\"Ant-Man and the Wasp\"\" was released on July 6, with competing studios declining to release major films on American Independence Day in the face", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944710", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nThanos, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Also in April, Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film, while Fox gave the sequel a June 1, 2018 release date. Noting the release date, Leitch wanted to ensure that the film \"\"was worthy of a summer tentpole movie, and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films\"\", specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film \"\"bigger\"\" than the first one. However, he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11247428", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nfootage was leaked online in July 2014, and was met with an overwhelmingly enthusiastic response. That September, Fox gave \"\"Deadpool\"\" a release date of February 12, 2016. Production was set to begin in March 2015, with Simon Kinberg joining as producer. Reynolds attributed Fox's green-lighting of the film entirely to the leak. He, Miller and the writers had previously discussed leaking the footage themselves, and Reynolds initially thought that Miller had done so. He later believed the leak came from someone at Fox. In exchange for being able to make the film the way they wanted, Fox gave the crew", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7568072", "chunk_text": "\"Marketing for Deadpool (film)\"\nantihero Deadpool. After spending 10 years in development hell, \"\"Deadpool\"\" received a greenlight from Fox with a much smaller budget than is usually given to a big superhero film, $58 million. This gave the production team—including Miller in his directorial debut—the leeway they needed to create a comic-accurate film, after Reynolds' less-faithful portrayal of the character in \"\"\"\" was not well received. Focus was placed on reproducing the tone, humor, and violence of the comics. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released in the United States on February 12, 2016, and became a critical and financial success, breaking numerous box office records around the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "450281", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Wernick\"\nTim Miller. The R-rated film was released on February 12, 2016. Its opening weekend was the highest grossing of all time for R-Rated films, and it went on to gross more than $780 million worldwide. The team's next project, sci-fi thriller \"\"Life\"\", was released in March 2017. The film was directed by Daniel Espinosa, produced by Skydance, and through Sony Pictures, with Ryan Reynolds, Jake Gyllenhaal, and Rebecca Ferguson starring. They wrote \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" in 2018, which like its predecessor was released to positive reviews. Wernick and Reese were announced as the co-screenwriters of the feature film adaptation of \"\"Cowboy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308049", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nDeadpool (film) Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series and the first standalone \"\"Deadpool\"\" film. Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano and Brianna Hildebrand. In the film, Wilson—as the antihero Deadpool—hunts down the man who gave him mutant abilities and caused his scarred physical appearance. Development of a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7568071", "chunk_text": "\"Marketing for Deadpool (film)\"\nMarketing for Deadpool (film) \"\"Deadpool\"\" is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series. The film was directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, and stars Ryan Reynolds in the title role alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano, Leslie Uggams, Brianna Hildebrand, and Stefan Kapičić. In \"\"Deadpool\"\", Wade Wilson hunts the man who gave him mutant abilities, but also a scarred physical appearance, as the wisecracking, fourth wall-breaking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17026955", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nfrom Bates' score was released by Columbia Records on May 18, 2018, coinciding with the film's release. A soundtrack album covering all of the songs previously released in the soundtrack album, including \"\"Ashes\"\" and the cue from Bates' score, and adding six tracks including songs heard only in the extended cut of the film was released by Columbia Records on August 10, 2018, ahead of the extended cut's release on August 21. \"\"Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\"\" debuted on the US \"\"Billboard\"\" 200 chart at number 18, surpassing the peak of the first \"\"Deadpool\"\" film soundtrack (number 30 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11247490", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nof 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney. Deadpool (film) Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the eighth installment of the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series and the first standalone \"\"Deadpool\"\" film. Directed by Tim Miller from a screenplay by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, the film stars Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool alongside Morena Baccarin, Ed Skrein, T. J. Miller, Gina Carano and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3413424", "chunk_text": "\"Ryan Reynolds\"\na sequel. Also in 2016, Reynolds had a supporting role in the Ariel Vromen-directed thriller \"\"Criminal\"\". On December 15, 2016, Reynolds received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard. Reynolds co-starred with Jake Gyllenhaal and Rebecca Ferguson in the science fiction thriller \"\"Life\"\" in 2017, which reunited him with \"\"Safe House\"\" director Daniel Espinosa. Reynolds began filming \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" in June 2017, and the film opened on May 18, 2018. He will also star as the titular character in a live-action film adaptation of the \"\"Detective Pikachu\"\" video game in which Reynolds is the voice", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728067", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthe film's characters; the song \"\"Ashes\"\" was ultimately produced, as recorded by Céline Dion. Leitch directed a music video to go with the release of the song, and Reynolds both wanted to produce a music video to accompany the song; Leitch was initially conflicted about this, as he wanted audiences to discover the song, which was filmed in The Colosseum at Caesars Palace. It features dancer Yanis Marshall performing as Deadpool in high heels while Dion sings the song. The song was released as a single with the music video on May 3, 2018, before Sony Classical Records released a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15847471", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nanother by Reynolds, Reese, and Wernick. On November 7, Fox re-released the film and its special features on Blu-ray for the holiday season, as \"\"Deadpool's Holiday Blu-ray package\"\". The film was re-released again in April 2018 in a \"\"Deadpool\"\" Two Year Anniversary Edition Blu-ray package, with collectible covers as well as \"\"stickers, car decals, temporary tattoos and a set of paper dolls\"\". A 4K UHD Steelbook version was also released exclusively through Best Buy featuring original artwork. \"\"Deadpool\"\" grossed $363.1 million in the United States and Canada and $420 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $783.1 million,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6759974", "chunk_text": "\"The Happytime Murders\"\nof those puppets, and then you have avatars or CG puppets that are standing right next to the real puppets.\"\" \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" was released to cinemas by STX Entertainment on August 24, 2018. The film was originally scheduled for August 17, 2018, but was pushed back a week. The first official red-band trailer was released on May 18, 2018, with select screenings of \"\"Deadpool 2.\"\" \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" was released on Digital HD on November 20, 2018 and on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2018. \"\"The Happytime Murders\"\" has grossed $20.7 million in the United States and Canada,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728083", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nmillion in the United States and Canada, and $415.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $738.8 million, against a production budget of $110 million. On April 20, 2018, both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was the best pre-selling R-rated film in their respective histories. The film opened in 4,332 theaters, setting the record for widest R-rated release ever (beating the 4,103 count by \"\"It\"\" in September 2017). It made $18.6 million from Thursday night previews and $53.3 million on its first day, setting records for both by an R-rated film, beating \"\"It\"\"s $13.5 million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10881273", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (video game)\"\ndigital storefronts on January 1, 2016. As of July 15, 2016 the game was made available to purchase again on Steam as well as PlayStation Store's DLC but only in the US markets. The game was re-released on November 18, 2015 on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One to coincide with the 2016 film of the same name. On November 16, 2017, the game was once again removed from digital storefronts due to licensing issues. \"\"Deadpool\"\" is an action beat 'em up video game, with new combos becoming available to Deadpool as he progresses. The game, which is rated \"\"mature\"\", frequently", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15847470", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nbeing blocked in China during this initial release, \"\"Deadpool\"\" eventually premiered in the country during the 2018 Beijing International Film Festival, which ran over a week from April 15–22. The original version of the film played at the festival without any edits being made specifically for Chinese censors. \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released for digital download on April 26, 2016, moved up from the physical home media release, which came on May 10. The latter release, for Blu-ray and DVD, included behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and two audio commentaries: one by Tim Miller and Deadpool co-creator Rob Liefeld, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17026953", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nsell the excitement of the audience before the X-Force characters are unexpectedly killed. While writing the film's score, Bates was kept aware of the licensed songs that were being used in conjunction with his music because he felt it was \"\"paramount\"\" to his understanding of the film and Reynolds' intentions for it. He also attempted to compose the music on either side of each song in such a way that it could augment the songs and elevate their intended effects. \"\"Ashes\"\" was released as a single by Columbia Records on May 3, 2018, along with a music video directed by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728009", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nPlans for a sequel to \"\"Deadpool\"\" began before that film's release, and were confirmed in February 2016. Though the original creative team of Reynolds, Reese, Wernick, and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film, Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds and was soon replaced by Leitch. An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable, with Brolin ultimately cast. Filming took place in British Columbia, Canada, from June to October 2017. During filming, stunt woman Joi \"\"SJ\"\" Harris died in a motorcycle accident; the film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18236640", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthen [\"\"Deadpool 3\"\" is] where we're contracting and staying personal and small.\"\" After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017, Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) under Disney, and that the company would be willing to make future R-rated Deadpool films \"\"as long as we let the audiences know what's coming\"\". In May 2018, Reynolds stated that a third Deadpool film may not be made given the franchise's shift of focus to X-Force, though Reese and Wernick felt a third film would \"\"absolutely\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2195796", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nThis earned the score a parental advisory warning, making it the first score album to receive such a warning. \"\"Ashes\"\" was released as a single on May 3, 2018. Bates' score was released as Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Score) by Sony Classical Records on May 11. A soundtrack album collecting the previously released singles and other songs heard in the film was released by Columbia Records as Deadpool 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on May 18. Bates' score received positive reviews, especially when compared to the reception of the first film's score, while the soundtrack songs were generally praised;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3413423", "chunk_text": "\"Ryan Reynolds\"\nMarvel Comics source material. The film takes place within the larger X-Men film universe, being made possible by the reset timeline in \"\"\"\". \"\"Deadpool\"\" made several box-office records, including: a worldwide opening of $264.9 million from 62 markets, which is the biggest of 2016, the biggest for an R-rated film, and the second biggest for Fox, only behind \"\"\"\" ($303.9 million). It also recorded the biggest IMAX 2D worldwide opening of all time with $27.4 million from 606 IMAX theatres, eclipsing \"\"The Dark Knight Rises\"\" ($23.8 million). The film's financial and critical success led the studio to move forward with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11695843", "chunk_text": "Deadpool\n\"\"Merc with a Mouth\"\" because of his tendency to talk and joke constantly, including breaking the fourth wall for humorous effect and running gags. The character's popularity has seen him featured in numerous forms of other media. In the 2004 series \"\"Cable & Deadpool\"\", he refers to his own scarred appearance as \"\"Ryan Reynolds crossed with a Shar-Pei\"\". Reynolds himself would eventually portray the character in the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series, appearing in \"\"\"\" (2009)\"\",\"\" \"\"Deadpool\"\" (2016)\"\",\"\" and its sequel \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" (2018). Created by artist/writer Rob Liefeld and writer Fabian Nicieza, Deadpool made his first appearance in the pages of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14126080", "chunk_text": "\"Development of Gambit\"\nconfirmed that Tatum was still attached to the project, and a month later Kinberg described the film as being in \"\"active development\"\". He stated his hope for the project to be ready by the end of 2017, for filming to then begin at the start of 2018. He noted that there were already three \"\"X-Men\"\" franchise films set for release in 2018 at that point, so \"\"Gambit\"\" \"\"can wait for a moment.\"\" Kinberg compared Tatum's commitment to the role of Gambit to the determination shown by Reynolds and Jackman to get their most recent \"\"X-Men\"\" films (\"\"Deadpool\"\" and \"\"Logan\"\" (2017),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944706", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nand the character of Deadpool allows them to be \"\"flexible with the timeline, per se\"\". Reese and Wernick preferred to use jokes in the film that only certain members of the audience would understand, though Reynolds would not allow some to be used if he thought not enough people would enjoy them (including a reference to golfer Davis Love III). Following the announcement of the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney in December 2017, the film includes several Disney related jokes including a running gag about the Disney film \"\"Frozen\"\" (2013). However, Fox did make the producers remove", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944713", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nthe film needed due to her having only a minor role in the comics. Initial filming had begun by June 17, 2017, at Hatley Castle in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the \"\"X-Men\"\" films. Principal photography began in Vancouver, on June 26, under the working title \"\"Love Machine\"\". The East Lawn building of Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam served as the location for the final battle sequence. Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film. At the end of June, Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film. The next month,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "728047", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nT.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film, and that \"\"it's not going to be the same movie in a different location [like \"\"The Hangover Part II\"\"]. It's got different stakes, different things happen, some pretty tragic, dark shit happens in the first part of the film, in the beginning, and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that.\"\" By then, Kapičić had been working with Leitch on set, and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018. Production on the \"\"X-Men\"\" film \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" was taking place", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18733973", "chunk_text": "\"Widows (2018 film)\"\nMarch 2015, with Davis joining the cast in September 2016. The rest of the cast was added in the next several months, and filming began in Chicago in May 2017. \"\"Widows\"\" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on November 6, 2018 and in the United States on November 16, by 20th Century Fox. The film has grossed over $71 million worldwide and received praise for its direction, screenplay and performances (particularly Davis, Debicki and Kaluuya), with critics crediting it for blending \"\"dramatic themes with popcorn thrills.\"\" Harry", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5596260", "chunk_text": "\"X-Men (film series)\"\n2017 and a Deadpool duology from 2016 to 2018. Three \"\"X-Men\"\" prequels were also released from 2011 to 2016. \"\"X-Men\"\", \"\"X2: X-Men United\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"The Wolverine\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"Deadpool\"\", \"\"Logan\"\" and \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" were all met with positive reviews from critics, \"\"X-Men: The Last Stand\"\" and \"\"\"\" were met with mixed reviews, while \"\"\"\" received negative reviews. With eleven films released, the \"\"X-Men\"\" film series is the sixth highest-grossing film series, having grossed over worldwide. It is set to continue with the releases of \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" and \"\"The New Mutants\"\" in 2019 and \"\"Gambit\"\" in 2020. The film introduces Wolverine and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9686323", "chunk_text": "\"Terry Crews\"\nin the science fiction comedy film \"\"Sorry to Bother You\"\". The film was released in theaters on July 6, 2018. Also in 2018, he appeared as Bedlam in the superhero film \"\"Deadpool 2\"\". Crews made appearances in the music videos for \"\"Pressure\"\" and “Algorithm” by English rock band Muse. Crews considers his first job in the entertainment industry to be a stint as a courtroom sketch artist in Flint, Michigan. He later performed the role for the local station, WJRT. During his football career, Crews supplemented his income by producing portraits of fellow players, and in some cases this was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14866200", "chunk_text": "\"Logan (film)\"\nin the United States, where it was given a wide release on March 3, 2017. In October 2015, Fox confirmed that \"\"Logan\"\" would be released in the IMAX format. In the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, the film was preceded by a short film, \"\"Deadpool: No Good Deed\"\". In it, Deadpool notices a man getting robbed, and springs into action—but first has to change into his costume in a phone booth. As he is finishing up, the man is shot; the short film ends with Deadpool commenting on the strangeness of the phone booth's presence, and eating the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11642387", "chunk_text": "\"X-Men in other media\"\nfurther \"\"Wolverine\"\" spin-off, \"\"The Wolverine\"\", directed by James Mangold, set in Japan, was released in July 2013 and \"\"\"\", a sequel to both the original trilogy and \"\"X-Men: First Class\"\", with Singer returned to direct, was released in 2014. The spin-off \"\"Deadpool\"\" was released on February 12, 2016 and a sequel to \"\"Days of Future Past\"\" titled \"\"\"\" was released on May 27, 2016. A Wolverine sequel titled \"\"Logan\"\" with Mangold returning was released on March 3, 2017 set in the year 2029. A sequel to \"\"Deadpool\"\" titled \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" was released on May 18, 2018. A sequel to \"\"Apocalypse\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944700", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\nMartens, and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director. Leitch was the \"\"strong frontrunner\"\" for the role, and signed on a month later. Reynolds, a fan of Leitch's \"\"John Wick\"\", said the director \"\"really understands those \"\"Deadpool\"\" sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise\"\", and \"\"can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10–15 times what it cost\"\". The first completed draft from Wernick and Reese was expected around June 2016; multiple had been completed by January 2017. The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20910835", "chunk_text": "\"The New Mutants (film)\"\nBear would not be the main antagonist of the film, just that it was \"\"very much inspired\"\" by the run of the \"\"New Mutants\"\" comics in which Demon Bear was featured as the main villain. In January 2018, the film's release date was pushed back to February 22, 2019, which allowed it to avoid \"\"Deadpool 2\"\", which also had its release changed at that time to a date that would have had both films in theaters at the same time in certain markets, while also allowing time for the reshoots required to make the film more frightening. When asked about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1094365", "chunk_text": "\"Hobbs & Shaw\"\nfilm centered around characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw was announced in October 2017 by Universal Pictures and set a release date of July 26, 2019 with Chris Morgan returning to write the script. Variety reported that Shane Black was being considered to direct the film. The announcement of the spin-off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson, criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth \"\"Fast & Furious\"\" film to be delayed for another year. In February 2018, \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" director David Leitch entered talks to direct the film. In April 2018, Leitch was confirmed as the director for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12452835", "chunk_text": "\"Dark Phoenix (film)\"\nlate 2018. \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\" is scheduled to be released in the United States on June 7, 2019. In 1992, nearly a decade after the events of \"\"\"\", the X-Men are national heroes going on increasingly risky missions. When a solar flare hits them during a rescue mission in space, Jean Grey loses control of her abilities and unleashes the Phoenix. Additionally, Olivia Munn reprises her role of Psylocke, while Kota Eberhardt and Andrew Stehlin portray mutants Selene and Red Lotus, respectively. Daniel Cudmore—who previously portrayed Colossus in the franchise—and Lamar Johnson appear in undisclosed roles. After joining the 2003 film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15847468", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool (film)\"\nScreen Rant called it possibly \"\"the best film marketing campaign in the history of cinema\"\". HostGator's Jeremy Jensen attributed the campaign's success to Reynolds, and to Fox for embracing the film's R rating. \"\"Deadpool\"\"s world premiere was held at the Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016, before its initial theatrical release in Hong Kong the next day. This was followed by releases in 49 other markets over the next few days, including the United States on February 12. The movie was released in several formats, including IMAX, DLP, premium large formats, and D-Box. Kinberg explained that unlike the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17026954", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2 (soundtrack)\"\nLeitch. \"\"Welcome to the Party\"\" was released on May 15. Sony Classical Records released a score album for the film on May 11, 2018. It is the first score album to receive a parental advisory warning—it is labelled \"\"Parental Advisory: Explicit Content\"\" for the phrases sung by the choir in the score. A vinyl release for the album is scheduled for August 17. All music composed by Tyler Bates: All music composed by Tyler Bates: A soundtrack album compiling the songs from the film, including the previously released singles \"\"Ashes\"\" and \"\"Welcome to the Party\"\", as well as a cue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18944697", "chunk_text": "\"Deadpool 2\"\ngreen-lit a sequel, with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay. Though director Tim Miller and producer/star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time, Fox was \"\"intent on keeping the creative team together\"\". Miller and Reynolds' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April, though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel. He began work developing the script with the writers, while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him \"\"casting approval and other creative controls\"\". In June 2016, Kinberg expected filming to begin at the beginning", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4830504", "chunk_text": "\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\nWolverine\"\" through retroactive continuity. A third Wolverine film titled \"\"Logan\"\" was released on March 3, 2017. It is Hugh Jackman's last time portraying the character. The 2016 spin-off film \"\"Deadpool\"\" and its 2018 sequel \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" feature Ryan Reynolds reprising his role as the title character. Several jokes are aimed at the expense of the version of Deadpool in \"\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\" due to the negative reaction of the character's portrayal. A \"\"Deadpool 2\"\" mid-credits scene depicts that film's version of Wilson traveling backwards in time to the events of \"\"X-Men Origins: Wolverine\"\" to kill the widely criticized Weapon XI", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_2	which mode is used for short wave broadcast service?	n/a	[ "Olivia", "MFSK" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324760", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nabove. Continuous wave (CW) is on-and-off keying of a carrier, used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile-based teleprinter transmissions. It is a data mode, although often listed separately. Radioteletype, fax, digital, slow-scan television, and other systems use forms of frequency-shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier. These generally require special equipment to decode, such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card. Note that on modern computer-driven systems, digital modes are typically sent by coupling a computer's sound output to the SSB input of a radio. Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324756", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nsimplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting. The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal (speech, or music, for example). At the receiver, a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier. Single sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation. An amplitude-modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency. If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier, only the remaining set is transmitted. This reduces power in the transmission, as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324758", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nand amateur radio operators. Lower sideband (LSB) is customarilly used below 9 MHz and USB (upper sideband) above 9 MHz. Vestigal sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband, but filters out the other sideband. It is a compromise between AM and SSB, enabing simple receivers to be used, but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM. One advantage is only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used. It can be heard in the transmission of certain radio time signal stations. Vestigial sideband is used for over the air Television Broadcasts both analog and digital. Narrow-band frequency", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324759", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nmodulation (NBFM or NFM) is used typically above 20 MHz. Because of the larger bandwidth required, NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication. Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands, and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth. NBFM is limited to short-range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz. It is a digital signal, like the data modes, below, but is for transmitting audio, like the analog modes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20615901", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nShortwave bands Shortwave bands are frequency allocations for use within the shortwave radio spectrum (the upper MF band and all of the HF band). They are the primary medium for applications such as maritime communications, international broadcasting and worldwide amateur radio activity because they take advantage of ionospheric skip propagation to send data around the world. The bands are conventionally stated in wavelength, measured in metres. Propagation behavior on the shortwave bands depends on the time of day, the season and the level of solar activity. Most international broadcasters use amplitude modulation with 5 kHz steps between channels; a few", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5707601", "chunk_text": "Sideband\ntransmission systems such as BPSK where the signal is continually present. If part of one sideband and all of the other remain, it is called vestigial sideband, used mostly with television broadcasting, which would otherwise take up an unacceptable amount of bandwidth. Transmission in which only one sideband is transmitted is called single-sideband modulation or SSB. SSB is the predominant voice mode on shortwave radio other than shortwave broadcasting. Since the sidebands are mirror images, which sideband is used is a matter of convention. In SSB, the carrier is suppressed, significantly reducing the electrical power (by up to 12dB) without", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "207116", "chunk_text": "Free-to-air\nsome content, the 11.7-12.2 GHz is also used. Ku-band signals can be received using smaller dishes, often as small as under a meter in diameter, allowing FTA satellite to be picked up from smaller spaces such as apartment balconies (note, however, that these dishes are not quite as small as those commonly used for commercial services such as Dish Network, DirecTV, Bell ExpressVu, Shaw Direct, etc. Dishes intended for those services may not deliver an adequate signal on Ku-band). The European-developed DVB-S and DVB-S2 standards are the most commonly used broadcast methods, with analog transmissions almost completely discontinued as of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324763", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\naudio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels. There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM, as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format. The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the-horizon radar. Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs (like the ALLISS antenna technology) to concentrate radio energy at the target area. Shortwave does possess a number of advantages over newer technologies, including the following: Shortwave radio's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7605135", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\ndigital shortwave broadcasts using DRM can cover the same geographic region with much less transmitter power — roughly one-fifth — than traditional AM mode broadcasts, significantly reducing the electricity cost of operating a station. A traditional AM (analog) international shortwave station can have a power rating of 50 kilowatts to as much as one million watts per transmitter, with typical power levels in the 50–500 kilowatt range. Endorsed by the ITU, it has been approved as an international standard for digital broadcasts on the HF (shortwave) bands. A DRM broadcast rivals FM mono quality and can also send graphic images", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15421290", "chunk_text": "\"AM broadcasting\"\nto 1700 kHz, using 10 kHz spacing (525–1705 kHz), including the ITU Extended AM broadcast band, authorized in Region 2, between 1605 and 1705 kHz, previously used for police radio. \"\"Shortwave\"\" (also known as High frequency (HF)) transmissions range from approximately 2.3 to 26.1 MHz, divided into 14 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts generally use a narrow 5 kHz channel spacing. Shortwave is used by audio services intended to be heard at great distances from the transmitting station. The long range of shortwave broadcasts comes at the expense of lower audio fidelity. Most broadcast services use AM transmissions, although some use", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8739940", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio receiver\"\nor more stages of a superheterodyne receiver with digital signal processing for filtering, demodulation or other processing. A well equipped shortwave radio receiver can receive CW and SSB modes in addition to the AM mode traditionally used by broadcasters. Some modern shortwave radio receivers can receive digital radio signals. Some receivers only tune within frequency bands allocated by international agreement. This may be necessary in some countries where restrictive laws prevent persons from listening to non-broadcast stations. Others offer continuous tuning over the whole shortwave frequency range, allowing the user to listen to amateur radio, marine, air, and utility stations", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18246920", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nShortwave radio Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies. There is no official definition of the band, but the range always includes all of the high frequency band (HF), and generally extends from ; from the high end of the medium frequency band (MF) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band, to the end of the HF band. Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20615902", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nuse single sideband or reduced carrier single sideband modulation. The World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC), organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union, allocates bands for various services in periodic conferences. The most recent WRC took place in 2012. At WRC-97 in 1997, the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting: Amateur radio operators in many countries are allocated several shortwave bands for private, non-commercial use. Amateur radio is a communications service, educational tool and hobby. It is particularly useful in providing emergency communication where standard telecommunications infrastructure is compromised or nonexistent, such as a disaster area or remote region", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8609234", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\nBoard of Governors, which oversees U.S. international broadcasting, has also resulted in reduced broadcasting hours in the English language. Radio Netherlands, Voice of Russia (formerly Radio Moscow), Radio Canada International and Radio Australia are among the prominent broadcasters who have ceased broadcasting on shortwave. Although most of the prominent broadcasters continue to scale back their analog shortwave transmissions or completely terminate them, shortwave is still very common and active in developing regions such as parts of Africa. Some international broadcasters have turned to a digital mode of broadcasting called Digital Radio Mondiale for their shortwave outlets. One reason is that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324762", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\ntraditional analog audio broadcasting. Although countries generally follow the table above, there may be small differences between countries or regions. For example, in the official bandplan of the Netherlands, the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz, the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz, the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz, and the 120, 90 and 60 m bands are absent altogether. Additionally, international broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal WRC-allocated bands or use off-channel frequencies. This is done for practical reasons, or to attract attention in crowded bands (60m, 49m, 40m, 41m, 31m, 25m). The new digital", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18246928", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nRadiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927. The 15 meter band (21 MHz) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952. Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to the earth by the ionosphere, (a phenomenon known as \"\"skywave propagation\"\"). A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails. With a fixed working frequency, large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night. As a result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere, propagation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13278462", "chunk_text": "\"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing\"\ndifference in performance may diminish with advances in equalizer design. COFDM is also used for other radio standards, for Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), the standard for digital audio broadcasting at VHF frequencies, for Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), the standard for digital broadcasting at shortwave and medium wave frequencies (below 30 MHz) and for DRM+ a more recently introduced standard for digital audio broadcasting at VHF frequencies. (30 to 174 MHz) The USA again uses an alternate standard, a proprietary system developed by iBiquity dubbed \"\"HD Radio\"\". However, it uses COFDM as the underlying broadcast technology to add digital audio to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10056924", "chunk_text": "Radio\nto specify the light intensity of television pixels. It was the method used for the first audio radio transmissions, and remains in use today. \"\"AM\"\" is often used to refer to the medium wave broadcast band (see AM radio), but it is used in various radiotelephone services such as the Citizens Band, amateur radio and especially in aviation, due to its ability to be received under very weak signal conditions and its immunity to capture effect, allowing more than one signal to be heard simultaneously. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier. The instantaneous frequency of the carrier is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11201954", "chunk_text": "\"IEEE 802.15\"\nCFR 15.255 in North America). The millimeter-wave WPAN allows very high data rate, short range (10 m) for applications including high speed internet access, streaming content download (video on demand, HDTV, home theater, etc.), real time streaming and wireless data bus for cable replacement. A total of three PHY modes were defined in the standard: IEEE 802.15.4-2003 (Low Rate WPAN) deals with low data rate but very long battery life (months or even years) and very low complexity. The standard defines both the physical (Layer 1) and data-link (Layer 2) layers of the OSI model. The first edition of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4501081", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadband antenna\"\nShortwave broadband antenna A shortwave broadband antenna is a radio antenna, that without adjustment, can be used for transmission (and reception) of a shortwave radio channel chosen from greater part of the shortwave radio spectrum. Some shortwave broadband antennas can even be used on the whole shortwave radio spectrum (1.6-30 MHz) which consist of the upper part of medium frequency (1.6-3 MHz) and the whole of high frequency (3-30 MHz). A true shortwave broadband antenna will work continuously across most of, if not all of the shortwave spectrum with good radiation efficiency and minimal compromise of the radiation pattern. At", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17504740", "chunk_text": "\"Independent sideband\"\nphase modulation (PM) of the carrier occurs. AM and PM together then create quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ISB may or may not have the carrier suppressed. Suppressed-carrier ISB was employed in point-to-point (usually overseas) radiotelephony and radioteletype by shortwave (HF). In military use, ISB usually referred to a close pair of FSK radioteletype channels which could be demodulated by a single receiver, and employed in fleet broadcast, point-to-point, and between larger vessels and shore stations on HF and UHF. Independent sideband Independent sideband (ISB) is an AM single sideband mode which is used with some AM radio transmissions. Normally each", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376235", "chunk_text": "8VSB\n8VSB 8VSB is the modulation method used for broadcast in the ATSC digital television standard. ATSC and 8VSB modulation is used primarily in North America; in contrast, the DVB-T standard uses COFDM. A modulation method specifies how the radio signal fluctuates to convey information. ATSC and DVB-T specify the modulation used for over-the-air digital television; by comparison, QAM is the modulation method used for cable. The specifications for a cable-ready television, then, might state that it supports 8VSB (for broadcast TV) and QAM (for cable TV). 8VSB is an 8-level vestigial sideband modulation. In essence, it converts a binary stream", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10432065", "chunk_text": "\"Medium wave\"\nMedium wave Medium wave (MW) is the part of the medium frequency (MF) radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. For Europe the MW band ranges from 526.5 kHz to 1606.5 kHz, using channels spaced every 9 kHz, and in North America an extended MW broadcast band ranges from 525 kHz to 1705 kHz, using 10 kHz spaced channels. The term is a historic one, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was divided on the basis of the wavelength of the waves into long wave (LW), medium wave, and short wave (SW) radio bands. Wavelengths", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3593607", "chunk_text": "\"Radio broadcasting\"\nand the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely. See shortwave for the differences between shortwave, medium wave, and long wave spectra. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or religious broadcasting organizations. FM refers to frequency modulation, and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia. Russia, like the former Soviet Union, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. Edwin Howard Armstrong invented FM radio to overcome", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15419186", "chunk_text": "\"Yaesu FT-77 (S)\"\nYaesu FT-77 (S) The Yaesu FT-77 is a transceiver to be used in the 3,5 – 29,9 MHz shortwaveradio amateur segment. This means the coverage of the 80-40-30-20-15-17-12 and 10 meter HF bands. Its construction is based on a metal-cased transceiver with a polymer front. In its standard configuration the rig is very basic – even without a standard mike - with marginal control features and can handle the AM, CW and SSB modes on the above-mentioned bands. A 25 kHz frequency marker unit, a print to operate in FM mode and 1 fixed crystal operation mode are available as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4324757", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\nroughly of the energy sent by an AM signal is in the “carrier”, which is not needed to recover the information contained in the signal. It also reduces signal bandwidth, enabling less than one-half the AM signal bandwidth to be used. The drawback is the receiver is more complicated, since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal. Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal. As a result, single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast. Single sideband is used for long-range voice communications by ships and aircraft, Citizen's Band,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9482596", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio\"\noften simultaneously occurs on different paths, scattered by the E or F region and with different numbers of hops, a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques. Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band, absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer, the D layer, may impose a serious limit. This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules, absorbing some of a radio frequency's energy and converting it to heat. Predictions of skywave propagation depend on: Several different types of modulation are used to incorporate information in a short-wave signal. Amplitude modulation is the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "691500", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nof the globe. Designated bands in the shortwave spectrum are used for ships, aircraft, and land vehicles. Shortwave (HF radio) is used by transoceanic aircraft for communications with air-traffic control centers out of VHF radio range. Most countries with HF citizens'-band allocations use 40 or 80 channels between approximately 26.5 MHz and 27.9 MHz, in 10 kHz steps. Due to antenna-length requirements and the band's long-distance propagation characteristics (undesirable in these cases), much land-mobile radio activity has moved to VHF or UHF and most cordless-phone use is at UHF or higher. Some segments of the HF spectrum are allocated for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10432068", "chunk_text": "\"Medium wave\"\nstations on the same frequency. In North America, the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA) sets aside certain channels for nighttime use over extended service areas via skywave by a few specially licensed AM broadcasting stations. These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW. Initially, broadcasting in the United States was restricted to two wavelengths: \"\"entertainment\"\" was broadcast at 360 meters (833 kHz), with stations required to switch to 485 meters (619 kHz) when broadcasting weather forecasts, crop price reports and other government reports. This arrangement had numerous", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15947923", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave radio receiver\"\nas well as broadcasters. Tuners on analog receivers may include a bandspread control to allow accurate tuning of closely spaced frequencies. Receivers with digital tuning usually allow direct entry of frequencies with sufficient accuracy and precision so as not to require additional fine-tuning adjustment. Common for all shortwave receiver types: Additional for superheterodyne receivers: Additional for software-defined radio / digital baseband receivers: A feature coming into wide use in modern shortwave receivers is DSP technology, short for digital signal processing. DSP is the use of digital means to process signals, and a primary benefit in shortwave receivers is the ability", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7111127", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave relay station\"\nShortwave relay station Shortwave relay stations are transmitter sites used by international broadcasters to extend their coverage to areas that cannot be reached easily from their home state. E.g., the BBC operates an extensive net of relay stations. These days the programs are fed to the relay sites by satellite, cable/optical fiber or the Internet. Frequencies, transmitter power and antennas depend on the desired coverage. Some regional relays even operate in the medium wave or FM bands. Relay stations are also important to reach listeners in countries that practice radio jamming. Depending on the effect of the shortwave dead zone", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20994997", "chunk_text": "LowFER\nand Canadian radio operators who conduct low-frequency experimental operations on the LowFER band are known as \"\"LowFERs\"\". Many LowFERs are also licensed radio amateurs, although an amateur radio license is not required for LowFER communications in those countries. Practical antennas at these frequencies are much shorter than the wavelength, making it difficult to efficiently radiate much useful power. By current U.S. and Canadian regulations, LowFER transmitters may not use antennas longer than 50 feet or final RF stage input powers that exceeds 1 Watt. Telegraphy and digital modes are the most commonly used for communications, but speech transmission via amplitude", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12772168", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadcasting in the United States\"\nShortwave broadcasting in the United States Shortwave broadcasting in the United States allows private ownership of commercial and non-commercial shortwave stations that are not relays of existing AM/MW or FM radio stations, as are common in Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania except Australia and Latin America. In addition to private broadcasters, the United States also has government broadcasters and relay stations for international public broadcasters. Most privately owned shortwave stations have been religious broadcasters, either wholly owned and programmed by Roman Catholic and evangelical Protestant charities or offering brokered programming consisting primarily of religious broadcasters. To better reach other continents of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2335390", "chunk_text": "\"Digital Radio Mondiale\"\nlow-bit rate digital information is modulated using COFDM. It can run in simulcast mode by switching between DRM and AM, and it is also prepared for linking to other alternatives (e.g., DAB or FM services). DRM has been tested successfully on shortwave, mediumwave (with 9 as well as 10 kHz channel spacing) and longwave. There is also a lower bandwidth two-way communication version of DRM as a replacement for SSB communications on HF - note that it is \"\"not\"\" compatible with the official DRM specification. It may be possible in some future time for the 4.5 kHz bandwidth DRM version", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2842873", "chunk_text": "\"Amateur radio\"\nmodes such as radioteletype (RTTY) which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment. Hams led the development of packet radio in the 1970s, which has employed protocols such as AX.25 and TCP/IP. Specialized digital modes such as PSK31 allow real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands. EchoLink using Voice over IP technology has enabled amateurs to communicate through local Internet-connected repeaters and radio nodes, while IRLP has allowed the linking of repeaters to provide greater coverage area. Automatic link establishment (ALE) has enabled continuous amateur radio networks to operate on the high frequency bands with global coverage. Other modes, such as FSK441", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11567571", "chunk_text": "\"Beacon mode service\"\ntone. It can be used to signal other spacecraft to transmit their data to an orbiter; however, its primary function is to transmit spacecraft health information. Addressing multiple spacecraft is accomplished by using four unique CW frequencies with 16 possible tones, used somewhat like DTMF signaling technology. In the outer solar system, UHF frequencies are not used; instead, the primary (or backup) transmitter is programmed to transmit the required tone (generally in the X or Ku band). Spacecraft may respond in any transmit configuration compatible with valid orbiter receive configurations, but outside the beacon mode service. The beacon mode service", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12214228", "chunk_text": "\"Surface wave\"\ndistances). In the development of radio, ground waves were used extensively. Early commercial and professional radio services relied exclusively on long wave, low frequencies and ground-wave propagation. To prevent interference with these services, amateur and experimental transmitters were restricted to the high frequencies (HF), felt to be useless since their ground-wave range was limited. Upon discovery of the other propagation modes possible at medium wave and short wave frequencies, the advantages of HF for commercial and military purposes became apparent. Amateur experimentation was then confined only to authorized frequencies in the range. Mediumwave and shortwave reflect off the ionosphere at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15335141", "chunk_text": "\"WSJT (amateur radio software)\"\nand may be used on many different bands. WSJT's communication modes can be divided into fast and slow modes. While fast modes send character-by-character without error correction, the slow modes aim to optimize for minimal QRO (high-power) use. As of WSJT10, supported fast modes are JTMS, FSK441, ISCAT, and JT6M, and the slow modes are JT65 and JT4. WSJT-X 1.8 additionally implements the \"\"slow\"\" JT9, FT8, and QRA64. Some modes have derived submodes with larger tone spacing. Two other modes, WSPR and Echo are included for measuring propagation and testing moon bounce echo. FSK441, introduced in 2001 as the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14928921", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave listening\"\ntechnology designed for optimum reception of shortwave signals, along with outdoor antennas to enhance performance. With the advent of the Internet, many international broadcasters have scaled back or terminated their shortwave transmissions in favor of web-based program distribution, while others are moving from traditional analog to digital broadcasting modes in order to allow more efficient delivery of shortwave programming. The number of organized shortwave listening clubs has diminished along with printed magazines devoted to the hobby; however, many enthusiasts continue to exchange information and news on the web. The practice of listening to distant stations in the medium wave AM", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9597034", "chunk_text": "\"WSJT (amateur radio software)\"\nin order to facilitate HF operation. JT9, intended for MF and HF use, was introduced in an experimental version of WSJT, known as WSJT-X. It uses the same logical encoding as JT65, but modulates to a 9-FSK signal. With 1-minute transmission intervals, JT9 occupies less than 16 Hz bandwidth. JT9 also has versions designed for longer transmission intervals of 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes or 30 minutes. These extended versions take increasingly less bandwidth and permit reception of even weaker signals. Joe Taylor, K1JT, announced on June 29, 2017 the availability of a new mode in the WSJT-X software,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6206165", "chunk_text": "\"Short-range device\"\nand LPD433 bands. , they have been put off-market. In January 2018, four extra 500 mW frequencies will be available for \"\"smart use\"\". Short-range device A short-range device (SRD), described by ECC Recommendation 70-03, is a radio-frequency transmitter device used in telecommunication for the transmission of information, which has low capability of causing harmful interference to other radio equipment. Short-range devices are low-power transmitters typically limited to 25–100 mW effective radiated power (ERP) or less, depending on the frequency band, which limits their useful range to few hundred meters, and do not require a license from its user. Applications for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6004158", "chunk_text": "DVB-T\ndata carrier on a single radio frequency (RF) channel, COFDM works by splitting the digital data stream into a large number of slower digital streams, each of which digitally modulates a set of closely spaced adjacent sub-carrier frequencies. In the case of DVB-T, there are two choices for the number of carriers known as 2K-mode or 8K-mode. These are actually 1,705 or 6,817 sub-carriers that are approximately 4 kHz or 1 kHz apart. DVB-T offers three different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). DVB-T has been adopted or proposed for digital television broadcasting by many countries (see map), using mainly VHF", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17884416", "chunk_text": "\"FM broadcasting\"\nchannel. The (L+R) Main channel signal is transmitted as baseband audio limited to the range of 30 Hz to 15 kHz. The (L−R) signal is amplitude modulated onto a 38 kHz double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal occupying the baseband range of 23 to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz pilot tone, at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated. This is transmitted at 8–10% of overall modulation level and used by the receiver to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase. The final", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11572206", "chunk_text": "\"Very low frequency\"\n(or have assumed permission) to operate at frequencies below 8.3 kHz. Radiated power from amateur stations is very small, ranging from 1 μW to 100 μW for fixed base station antennas, and up to 10 mW from kite or balloon antennas. Despite the low power, stable propagation with low attenuation in the earth-ionosphere cavity enable very narrow bandwidths to be used to reach distances up to several thousand km. The modes used are QRSS, MFSK, and coherent BPSK. Operations tend to congregate around the frequencies 8.27 kHz, 6.47 kHz, 5.17 kHz and 2.97 kHz. Bandwidths of a few tens of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14610482", "chunk_text": "\"Short Message Service technical realisation (GSM)\"\nShort Message Service technical realisation (GSM) The Short Message Service is realised by the use of the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol, with Short Message protocol elements being transported across the network as fields within the MAP messages. These MAP messages may be transported using \"\"traditional\"\" TDM based signalling, or over IP using SIGTRAN and an appropriate adaptation layer. The Short Message protocol itself is defined by 3GPP TS 23.040 for the \"\"Short Message Service - Point to Point (SMS-PP)\"\", and 3GPP TS 23.041 for the \"\"Cell Broadcast Service (CBS)\"\". Four MAP procedures are defined for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20634597", "chunk_text": "Modem\nat the same time. Typically, transparent modems are polled in a round robin manner to collect small amounts of data from scattered locations that do not have easy access to wired infrastructure. Transparent modems are most commonly used by utility companies for data collection. Smart modems come with media access controllers inside, which prevents random data from colliding and resends data that is not correctly received. Smart modems typically require more bandwidth than transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale throughout the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17325144", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave broadband antenna\"\nin various configurations as a BBA-100. Shortwave broadband antenna A shortwave broadband antenna is a radio antenna, that without adjustment, can be used for transmission (and reception) of a shortwave radio channel chosen from greater part of the shortwave radio spectrum. Some shortwave broadband antennas can even be used on the whole shortwave radio spectrum (1.6-30 MHz) which consist of the upper part of medium frequency (1.6-3 MHz) and the whole of high frequency (3-30 MHz). A true shortwave broadband antenna will work continuously across most of, if not all of the shortwave spectrum with good radiation efficiency and minimal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5912074", "chunk_text": "\"Dedicated short-range communications\"\nDedicated short-range communications Dedicated short-range communications are one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication channels specifically designed for automotive use and a corresponding set of protocols and standards. In October 1999, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band to be used by intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In August 2008, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) allocated 30 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band for ITS. By 2003, it was used in Europe and Japan in electronic toll collection. DSRC systems in Europe, Japan and U.S. are not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5811665", "chunk_text": "\"Very-small-aperture terminal\"\nfor subscribers, including: telephony, fax, television, high-speed data communication services, Internet access, satellite news gathering (SNG), Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) and others. These systems provide high-quality service because they create efficient communication systems for both residential and business users. All the outdoor parts on the dish are collectively called the ODU (Outdoor Unit), i.e., OMT to split signal between BUC and LNB. The IDU is effectively a modem, usually with ethernet port and 2 x F-connectors for the coax to BUC (Transmit) and from LNB (Receive). The Astra2Connect has an all-in-one OMT/BUC/LNA that looks like a Quad LNB in shape", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "691502", "chunk_text": "\"Shortwave bands\"\nto 27.995 MHz portion, AM and FM mode, with two overlapping sets of 40 channels (27.60125 to 27.99125 MHz in 10 kHz steps, and 27.605 to 27.995 MHz in 10 kHz steps). These transmissions are usually rebroadcasts of church services and can sometimes be heard hundreds or even thousands of km (miles). Part of the 11 m/27 MHz band was also allocated in many countries for early-model cordless phones. In the US and Canada, as well as the Americas (ITU Region 2) as a whole, there are no pre-designated HF allocations for military use. Similar rules exist in Europe, where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_3	the south west wind blows across nigeria between?	n/a	[ "till September" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374365", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nsouth atlantic ocean, locally known as the south western wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The tropical maritime airmass (MT) is responsible for Nigeria's rainy season. This wind (the tropical maritime airmass) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country, reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June. Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat, of the tropical continental airmass (CT)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18589867", "chunk_text": "Onikwu\nThe dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south Atlantic Ocean, locally known as the south west wind, or by its main name, The Tropical Maritime (MT) airmass. These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds. The region Onikwu/Ndoni is flood prone communities, this is because the inland part of Rivers state consists of tropical rainforest; towards the coast the typical Niger", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415618", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nnorthern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees. Nigeria's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons. The Tropical Continental Airmass (CT) locally known as the harmattan, is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria. This airmass dominates Nigeria's climate during the dry season from December to March. The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014648", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\n(), Niger (), Chad (), Cameroon (), and has a coastline of at least s. Nigeria lies between latitudes 4° and 14°N, and longitudes 2° and 15°E. The highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue, which converge and empty into the Niger Delta. This is one of the world's largest river deltas, and the location of a large area of Central African mangroves. Nigeria has a varied landscape. The far south is defined by its tropical rainforest climate, where annual rainfall is a year. In the southeast stands the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13995721", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nnorth easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical(south westerlies) and the Continental tropical(north easterlies), begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity, heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria.Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over along the south western escarpment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13995720", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nNigeria, has a temperature range of to , and an annual rainfall of about with a single rainfall maxima in September. The single Dry season experienced in this climate, the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march, is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind, a continental tropical (CT) airmass laden with dust from the Sahara Desert prevailing throughout this period. With the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April, heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374369", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nairmass (CT) in turn, causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time (around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass (Tropical continental airmass (CT)), further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria. The Tropical continental airmass (CT)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014604", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\nNigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the southeast, and Benin in the west. Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415597", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nGeography of Nigeria Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, River Benue and Niger Delta. Nigeria is found in the Tropics, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four climate types; these climate types", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374371", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nexperiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure. The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth. Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass. During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415632", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nany other location. Geography of Nigeria Nigeria is a country in West Africa. Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast. Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands, Mambilla Plateau, Jos Plateau, Obudu Plateau, the Niger River, River Benue and Niger Delta. Nigeria is found in the Tropics, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four climate types;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415622", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nclear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December, a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere, this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime, from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season. But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415600", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvery high, usually above the rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide. Over of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the Niger delta area. Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over of rainfall annually. The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and of rain per year. The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks, with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks. The first rainy season begins", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1392709", "chunk_text": "Harmattan\nHarmattan The Harmattan is a season in the West African subcontinent, which occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind, of the same name, which blows from the Sahara Desert over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea. The name is related to the word \"\"haramata\"\" in the Twi language. The temperature is cold in most places, but can also be hot in certain places, depending on local circumstances. The Harmattan blows during the dry season, which occurs during the lowest-sun months. In this season the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415615", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nfinally retreats from most part of Nigeria, and the West African atmosphere around April to May, leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria. The sun's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass, which contained dust (in form of haze) that reduced the intensity of the sun. The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria. This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass (MT) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014649", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\nObudu Plateau. Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast. This forest zone's most southerly portion is defined as \"\"salt water swamp\"\", also known as a mangrove swamp because of the large amount of mangroves in the area. North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water swamp, and north of that is rainforest. Nigeria's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue river valleys (which merge into each other and form a \"\"y\"\" shape). To the southwest of the Niger is \"\"rugged\"\" highland. To the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415598", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nare distinguishable, as one moves from the southern part of Nigeria to the northern part of Nigeria through Nigeria's middle belt. The tropical monsoon climate, designated by the Köppen climate classification as \"\"Am\"\", is found in the southern part of the country. This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic ocean, which is brought into the country by the (maritime tropical) MT airmass, a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind. Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall, which is a result of the condensation of water", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4022065", "chunk_text": "\"Niger Delta\"\nNiger Delta The Niger Delta is the delta of the Niger River sitting directly on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean in Nigeria. It is typically considered to be located within nine coastal southern Nigerian states, which include: all six states from the South South geopolitical zone, one state (Ondo) from South West geopolitical zone and two states (Abia and Imo) from South East geopolitical zone. Of all the states that the region covers, only Cross River is not an oil-producing state. The Niger Delta is a very densely populated region sometimes called the Oil Rivers because it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374367", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nWest Africa comes directly under the sun at this time. The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere. The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa. Temperatures can climb as high as over west Africa during this time. Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as in cities like Maiduguri. The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6562883", "chunk_text": "Awka\ndry winds from across the Sahara desert. The monsoon winds from the Atlantic creates six months of heavy tropical rains, which occur between April and July, followed by a short dry period in August lasting two to three weeks with the rain resuming in September and October. This is followed by five months of dryness (November - March) marked by a Harmattan wind, also known as Ugulu in Igbo, which is a particularly dry and dusty wind which enters Nigeria in late December or in the early part of January and is characterized by a grey haze limiting visibility and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2724294", "chunk_text": "\"Cross River (Nigeria)\"\nCross River (Nigeria) Cross River (native name: Oyono) is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State. It originates in Cameroon, where it takes the name of the Manyu River. Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide. Over its last to the sea its flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River, about wide and long between the cities of Oron on the west bank and Calabar, on the east bank, more than from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374384", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nlocated in the southern part of Nigeria. It is one of the world's largest arcuate fan-shaped river deltas. The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean. The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and distributaries of the River Niger. The vegetation of the Niger Delta consist mainly of forest swamps. The forest are of two types, nearest the sea is a belt of saline/brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp. Numerous sandy islands occur with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374368", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nof low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria (between March to May). The Tropical continental airmass (CT) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa, is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time. The Tropical continental airmass (CT) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass (CT) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land. This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10664014", "chunk_text": "\"Cross River (Nigeria)\"\nthe Cross River and the Sanaga River of Cameroon. Cross River (Nigeria) Cross River (native name: Oyono) is the main river in southeastern Nigeria and gives its name to Cross River State. It originates in Cameroon, where it takes the name of the Manyu River. Although not long by African standards its catchment has high rainfall and it becomes very wide. Over its last to the sea its flows through swampy rainforest with numerous creeks and forms an inland delta near its confluence with the Calabar River, about wide and long between the cities of Oron on the west bank", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20673706", "chunk_text": "\"Oron people\"\nCivil War. Oron is found in the flood plain of South Eastern Nigeria, with the land mainly intersected by numerous streams and tributaries flowing into Cross River. The entire coastline stretches from Uya Oron to Udung Uko. Oron is in the tropical region and has a uniformly high temperature all the year round. The two main seasons are the dry which spans between October and April and wet season which starts around May and ends in September. There are also two prevailing winds – the South-West onshore winds which brings heavy rains and the North- East trade winds blowing across", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3594289", "chunk_text": "\"South wind\"\nSouth wind A south wind is a wind that originates in the south and blows north. Words used in English to describe the south wind are auster, buster (a violent south gale), föhn/foehn (alps), gibli (Libya with various spellings), friagem (a cold south wind blowing into Brazil from the Antarctic), khamsin (a hot spring wind in Egypt, with various spellings), kona (stormy southwest wind in Hawaii), notus (see mythology below for origin) and sirocco (North Africa). In Native American Iroquois tradition, the south wind is brought by the Fawn, and has a warm and gentle temperament reminiscent of the sweet", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415621", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nof the suns rays in the rainy season; this in turn cools the land, and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season. But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid, a feature of tropical climates. In the rainy season it is damp, and the rainfalls are usually abundant. The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria. The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415608", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nlocation in the tropics, this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands, mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height, a cool mountain climate. Nigeria, like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands, has only two seasons. These are the dry season and the rainy season. The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert, locally known as Harmattan, or by its main name, The Tropical Continental (CT) airmass, while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13019789", "chunk_text": "\"Trans–West African Coastal Highway\"\nTrans–West African Coastal Highway The Trans–West African Coastal Highway is a transnational highway project to link 12 West African coastal nations, from Mauritania in the north-west of the region to Nigeria in the east, with feeder roads already existing to two landlocked countries, Mali and Burkina Faso. The eastern end of the highway terminates at Lagos, Nigeria. Some organizations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) consider its western end to be Nouakchott, Mauritania, and others such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa consider it to be Dakar, Senegal, giving rise to these alternative names", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415617", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nAirmass (MT) in the rainy season of Nigeria, mornings are bright and sunny, the sun's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents, these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed, by afternoons to evenings, torrential downpour follows. The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria. The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line. The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds. Nigeria's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1013545", "chunk_text": "Niger\nNiger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of about /1e6 round 0 million live mostly in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9979222", "chunk_text": "\"Asaba, Delta\"\nOcean. Asaba forms a connector between western, eastern and northern Nigeria through the Niger River from the north and via the Asaba Niger Bridge, an east-west link and a Nigerian landmark. Asaba lies approximately 60 degrees north of the equator and about the same distance east of the meridian; about north of where the River Niger flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The greater Asaba occupies an area of about 300 square kilometers. It maintains an average tropical temperature of 32 °C during the dry season and an average fertile rainfall of during the rainy season. Asaba is traditionally led by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415602", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\ndry conditions between early December and late February. The tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate, is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the central part of Nigeria, where it exerts enormous influence on the region. This climate, the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator. Temperatures are above throughout the year. Abuja, Nigeria's capital city found in central", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16912807", "chunk_text": "Yorubaland\nYorubaland Yorubaland () is the cultural region of the Yoruba people in West Africa. It spans the modern day countries of Nigeria, Togo and Benin, and covers a total land area of 142,114 km or about the same size as the combined land areas of Greece and Montenegro, of which 106,016 km, representing about 74.6% within Nigeria, 18.9% in Benin, and the remaining 6.5% in Togo. The geocultural space contains an estimated 55 million people, the overwhelming majority of this population being ethnic Yorubas. About 5.3 million people are estimated to practice the Yoruba religion worldwide, with the largest number", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415619", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nThe haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun's rays from reaching the earth. The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass, since it crosses the Sahara Desert, it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall. The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation. The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass (the harmattan). But its coming brings some relief", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374386", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvegetation: forests (where there is significant tree cover), savannahs (insignificant tree cover, with grasses and flowers located between trees), and montane land. (The latter is the least common, and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border.) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts. Some of the forest zone's most southerly portion, especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas, is mangrove swamp (see Central African mangroves). North of this is fresh water swamp, containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps, and north of that is rain forest. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13994499", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\ndivided into Muslims and Christians, with a tiny minority of adherents of Animism and other religions. Islam dominates North Western (Hausa, Fulani and others) and a good portion of Northern Eastern (Kanuri, Fulani and other groups) Nigeria. It also has a number of adherents in the South Western, Yoruba part of the country. Nigeria has the largest Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa. Protestant and locally cultivated Christianity are also widely practiced in Western areas, while Roman Catholicism is a more prominent Christian feature of South Eastern Nigeria. Both Protestantism and Roman Catholicism are observed in the Ibibio, Annang, Efik and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9499912", "chunk_text": "Yorubaland\nof practitioners being found in Nigeria. Geophysically, Yorubaland spreads north from the Gulf of Guinea and west from the Niger River into Benin and Togo. In the northern section, Yorubaland begins in the suburbs just west of Lokoja and continues unbroken up to the Ogou tributary of the Mono River in Togo, a distance of around 610 km. In the south, it begins in an area just west of the Benin river occupied by the Ilaje Yorubas and continues uninterrupted up to Porto Novo, a total distance of about 270 km as the crow flies. West of Porto Novo Gbe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3829740", "chunk_text": "\"Mambilla Plateau\"\nis comparatively cold. Daytime temperatures hardly ever exceeds making it the coolest region in Nigeria. Strong winds prevail during the daytime, and the rainy season lasts from mid-March until the end of November. As a result of its high elevation, the plateau experiences temperate weather conditions but on a smaller scale due to its location in a tropical environment. The rainy season on the Mambilla Plateau is associated with frequent and heavy rainfall due to orographic activities on the plateau involving moist winds from the south Atlantic Ocean in southern Nigeria and the steep edges and escarpments of the plateau.The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9264185", "chunk_text": "\"Yewa River\"\nYewa River The Yewa River is a trans-boundary river between Republic of Benin and Nigeria, running along the Bight of Benin; at one point it crosses the border between the two countries. Other variants of the name are Yeoua, Yewa, Yéoua, and Yéwa. Its elevation is sea level. The Yewa's major sources are the Atan and Ilaro rivers. The Yewa empties into Badagry Creek which empties, in turn, into Lagos Harbor. The river is in a West African tropical climate zone and is an important source of fishing for local inhabitants. An important aspect of the local fishing is the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11374489", "chunk_text": "\"Transport in Nigeria\"\nkilometers of track, most of which is Cape gauge. The country has two major rail lines: a western line that connects Lagos to Nguru, and an eastern line that connects Port Harcourt to Maiduguri. The Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway is being built in segments to replace the western Cape gauge line. Several metro systems are under construction. Nigeria has the largest road network in West Africa and the second largest south of the Sahara, with roughly 108,000 km of surfaced roads in 1990. However they are poorly maintained and are often cited as a cause for the country's high rate", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014652", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\nSudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry northeast corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems, which has caused conflict. Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19915983", "chunk_text": "\"Dass, Nigeria\"\nis located within the Guinea savannah type of climate with 6-7 month of rainfall, usually starting from April and 5-6 month dry season from November to March every year respectively. The town records more than 1000mm annually. The rainfall in the area originates from the Atlantic maritime air masses, occurring on the leeward side of North Central Highland of Jos plateau. The two air masses that cover Nigeria which the study area is part, come into contact at inter tropical discontinuity (ITD) which resulted into occurrence of the rainfall in the area. The cold dry wind of continental origin forms", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6150706", "chunk_text": "Benin\nthe Yoruba (who also follow Christianity). Many, however, continue to hold Vodun and Orisha beliefs and have incorporated the pantheon of Vodun and Orisha into Christianity. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a sect originating in the 19th century, is also present in a significant minority. Benin, a narrow, north-south strip of land in West Africa, lies between latitudes 6° and 13°N, and longitudes 0° and 4°E. Benin is bounded by Togo to the west, Burkina Faso and Niger to the north, Nigeria to the east, and the Bight of Benin to the south. The distance from the Niger River in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13767268", "chunk_text": "\"Akwa Ibom State\"\nAkwa Ibom State Akwa Ibom is a state in Nigeria. It is located in the coastal southern part of the country called the Niger Delta, lying between latitudes 4°32′N and 5°33′N, and longitudes 7°25′E and 8°25′E. The state is located in the South-South geopolitical zone, and is bordered on the east by Cross River State, on the west by Rivers State and Abia State, and on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and the southernmost tip of Cross River State. Akwa Ibom is one of Nigeria's 36 states, with a population of over five million people. The state was created", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014430", "chunk_text": "Niger\npolice to punish criticism of the state. Trade Niger Niger or the Niger ( or ; ), officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Niger is bordered by Libya to the northeast, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, Benin to the southwest, Burkina Faso and Mali to the west, and Algeria to the northwest. Niger covers a land area of almost , making it the largest country in West Africa. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. The country's predominantly Islamic population of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11373251", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\nher husband and domestic violence are common. Women have less land rights. Maternal mortality was at 814 per 100,000 live births in 2015. Female genital mutilation is common. In 2015, there was a federal ban. In Nigeria, at least half a million suffer from vaginal fistula, largely as a result of lack of medical care. Early marriages can result in fistula. Most workers in the informal sector are women. Nigeria The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria (), is a federal republic in West Africa, bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415599", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nvapour in the rapidly rising air. The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range. Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year, for example, Warri town in the southern part of Nigeria, records a maximum of for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is in its coldest month. The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 °C (5 °F). The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall. These storms are usually convectional in nature due to the regions proximity, to the equatorial belt. The annual rainfall received in this region is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609030", "chunk_text": "\"South wind\"\nflowers, babbling brooks, and the voices of birds of summer. In Greek mythology, Notus was the god of the south wind and bringer of the storms of late summer and autumn. In Egyptian mythology, Shehbui is the god of the south wind. He was depicted as a man with the head of a lion. South wind A south wind is a wind that originates in the south and blows north. Words used in English to describe the south wind are auster, buster (a violent south gale), föhn/foehn (alps), gibli (Libya with various spellings), friagem (a cold south wind blowing into", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3415741", "chunk_text": "\"Transport in Nigeria\"\nroad system is barely usable, especially in high rainfall areas of the south. Nigeria's strategic location and size results in four routes of the Trans-African Highway network using its national road system: Nigeria has 8,600 km of inland waterways. The longest are the Niger River and its tributary, the Benue River but the most used, especially by larger powered boats and for commerce, are in the Niger Delta and all along the coast from Lagos Lagoon to Cross River. In 2004 Nigeria had 105 kilometers of pipelines for condensates, 1,896 kilometers for natural gas, 3,638 kilometers for oil, and 3,626", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_4	what does hp mean in war and order?	n/a	[ "hit points or health points" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7628554", "chunk_text": "Horsepower\nHorsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of steam engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the output power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19835947", "chunk_text": "Horsepower-hour\nHorsepower-hour A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs slightly from the German \"\"Pferdestärkenstunde\"\" (PSh): The horsepower-hour is still used in the railroad industry when sharing motive power (locomotives.) For example, if Railroad A borrows a 2,500 horsepower locomotive from Railroad B and operates", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4974982", "chunk_text": "\"Riviera: The Promised Land\"\nfrom healing to transformation, that may be used at any time. Once all allies have had their HP depleted to zero, the battle will end triggering a Game Over, which will give the player the option to retry the battle with the enemies' stats lowered and the OverDrive Gauge filled. If all enemies have had their HP deplete to zero, instead, the player will achieve victory and receive a rank based on their performance in battle. The rank is based both on time spent in battle and the finisher, but the rank will also be lowered if the player retried.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3490737", "chunk_text": "\"Health (gaming)\"\nHealth (gaming) Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities such as characters or objects within role-playing games and video games, that indicates their continued ability to function. Health is usually measured in hit points or health points, shortened to HP which lowers by set amounts when the entity is attacked or injured. When the HP of a player character or non-player character reaches zero, that character is incapacitated and barred from taking further action. In some games, such as those with cooperative multiplayer and party based role playing games, it may be possible for an ally to revive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19835948", "chunk_text": "Horsepower-hour\nit for twelve hours, Railroad A owes a debt of (2,500 hp × 12 h) = 30,000 hp⋅h. Railroad A may repay the debt by loaning Railroad B a 3,000 horsepower locomotive for ten hours. Horsepower-hour A horsepower-hour (hph or hp⋅h) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed capable of delivering during an hour (1 (one) horsepower integrated over a time interval of an hour). Based on differences in the definition of what constitutes the 'power of a horse', a horsepower-hour differs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13645368", "chunk_text": "P.T.O.\nwith a set of rolled scores in certain attributes – Air command ability, Sea command ability, Bravery, and overall War ability. Scores range from 01 to 99, and the total between the four scores is 102. Air and Sea abilities affect the actual combat performance of ships and planes under that commander's control. Bravery affects the commander's decision making when the fleet is under AI control. War is an overall rating, which is useful when it comes to convincing the Army and other military officials to agree with your submissions for objectives, budgeting, and industrial production. \"\"Computer Gaming World\"\" in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13588224", "chunk_text": "\"SaGa: Scarlet Grace\"\nsome attacks can knock an enemy back, pushing their action further down the Timeline. If all characters are adjacent on the Timeline following the end of a turn, a Consecutive Attack is triggered, allowing all characters to attack. A Consecutive Attack allows actions for the next turn to cost less BP, with the amount of BP reducing further if stronger characters took part and dealt higher damage. Each party member have health points (HP) and Life Points (LP). While HP can be replenished in battle using items and varieties of healing magic, but LP cannot be replenished except by a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15120743", "chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\na more forceful push would break the wire, allowing extra power. In normal service, the P-51H Mustang was rated at 1,380 hp, but WEP would deliver up to 2,218 hp, an increase of 61%. In the P-51D Mustang, the model most produced and used during World War II, the WEP increased the HP from 1490 to 1720. The Vought F4U Corsair, not originally equipped for WEP, later boasted a power increase of up to 410 hp (17%) when WEP was engaged. Several methods were used to boost engine power by manufacturers, including water injection and methanol-water injection. Some earlier engines", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19632381", "chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nan annex or appendix. These are then issued alongside the base order. The annexes and appendices allow the OPORD to be more easily read and understood by encouraging the inclusion or removal of material after its relevancy to the order's end user is determined. The OPORD is the primary means by which a unit commander and his or her staff deliver instructions and information to subordinate units regarding the missions they are tasked to undertake or support. But it is not the only type of order that may be issued for a mission: OPORD [sequential order number and fiscal year]", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14887673", "chunk_text": "R.U.S.E.\nthe range of fire. When units are ordered to attack, a crosshair indicates their rate of success in eliminating the target. It can either be: very easy, easy, balanced, danger or high danger. The latter meant that the target is highly dangerous and the unit(s) may refuse to engage when ordered to do so. Critically injured units will pull back with a (!) on top of the unit. Units that are unable to engage contact will pull back automatically when threatened. Sometimes a unit may be unable to pull back because it is experiencing shock or stress. Damaged units recover", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18771871", "chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nits use during the Vietnam War. Now his version of OPORD is used by all military forces within the Department of Defense. A standardized five paragraph order format is used by the United States Department of Defense and most other military forces. An OPORD is formatted to organize an operation into five easily understood paragraphs: Situation, Mission, Execution, Sustainment (formerly Service and Support, currently referred to as Admin & Logistics by the US Marine Corps), and Command and Control. Higher echelon's OPORDs often contain extensive details. The author of the order will often move the majority of this material to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19410059", "chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\n[code name] - [issuing headquarters] (place the overall security classification and an abbreviated title at the top of the second and any following pages.) 1. SITUATION. 2. MISSION. A concise statement that includes the Who, What, Where, When, and Why of the operation to be conducted. 3. EXECUTION. 4. SUSTAINMENT. 5. COMMAND AND CONTROL. Operations order An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11651485", "chunk_text": "\"Order of battle\"\nOrder of battle In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the United Kingdom. An order of battle should be distinguished from a table of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to the military doctrine of its armed force. As combat operations develop during a campaign,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9251639", "chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\nWar emergency power War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine's normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Similar systems used by non-US forces are now often referred to as WEP as well, although they may not have been at the time, as with the German Luftwaffe's \"\"Notleistung\"\" systems. Maximum normal power would be limited by a mechanical stop, for instance a wire across the throttle lever slot, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10432642", "chunk_text": "\"Dark Ages (1999 video game)\"\nboost stats so they can learn skills with the fewest points actually spent possible, enabling the excess points to be spent in CON or WIS, allowing the character to enjoy a greatly improved HP or MP pool and regeneration while leveling. HP and MP are the standards hit point and magic points. HP is reduced from receiving damage in combat from enemies, and if it is reduced to 0 results in the death of the character except under special circumstances. If a character is a member of a party, instead of immediate death the character is in a swooning state", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7628572", "chunk_text": "Horsepower\nwith its brakes applied, in addition to a static load. If the drawbar force (formula_14) is measured in pounds-force (lbf) and speed (formula_15) is measured in miles per hour (mph), then the drawbar power (formula_9) in horsepower (hp) is: Example: How much power is needed to pull a drawbar load of 2,025 pounds-force at 5 miles per hour? Horsepower Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power (the rate at which work is done). There are many different standards and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower), which is about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5370966", "chunk_text": "\"Disaster Report\"\nreporter, must investigate the reasons for the disaster. HP is the character's health and QP is the amount of energy the character has left. QP can be restored by drinking water. If the character becomes thirsty from running or other strenuous tasks, the player must provide the character with drinking water. If the player does not do this, the character begins to slowly lose health. Water can be drunk from clean taps or from bottled water filled up along the way. It is possible to give the character's companion water. Ultimately, the aim of the game is to move through", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18771869", "chunk_text": "\"Operations order\"\nOperations order An Operations Order, often abbreviated to OPORD, is a plan format meant to assist subordinate units with the conduct of military operations. An OPORD describes the situation the unit faces, the mission of the unit, and what supporting activities the unit will conduct in order to achieve their commander's desired end state. Normally an OPORD is generated at the battalion, regimental, brigade, divisional, or corps headquarters and disseminated to its assigned or attached elements. The issuance of an OPORD triggers subordinate unit leadership to develop orders specific to the role or roles that the unit will assume within", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4931931", "chunk_text": "\"Order of War\"\nOrder of War Order of War is a World War II Strategy video game developed by Wargaming.net and published by Square Enix. It was released on September 22, 2009. In the summer of 1944, World War II entered its end-game when the Allies launched two major operations that would drive back German forces on both the Western and Eastern Fronts at once. Order of War contains two campaigns, one American and one German. Order of War allows players to lead American forces to victory in the west and also places players in command of the German forces charged with repelling", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "274026", "chunk_text": "War\nWar War is a state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Warfare refers to the common activities and characteristics of types of war, or of wars in general. Total war is warfare that is not restricted to purely legitimate military targets, and can result in massive civilian or other non-combatant suffering and casualties. The scholarly study of war is sometimes called polemology ( ), from the Greek \"\"polemos\"\", meaning \"\"war\"\", and \"\"-logy\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7763852", "chunk_text": "\"Pool of Radiance\"\n(HP) fall below zero, he or she must be bandaged by another character or the character will die. The game contains random encounters, and game reviewers for \"\"Dragon\"\" magazine observed that random encounters seem to follow standard patterns of encounter tables in pen and paper \"\"AD&D\"\" game manuals. They also observed that the depictions of monsters confronting the party \"\"looked as though they had jumped from the pages of the \"\"Monster Manual\"\".\"\" Different combat options are available to characters based on class. For example, fighters can wield melee or ranged weapons; magic-users can cast spells; thieves have the option to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2912877", "chunk_text": "\"Dokapon Ikari no Tekken\"\nbattle commands followed by the table below. The player's ability is followed by Hit Points (HP) How much life the player has when it hits 0, the player will die and lose their turn. Attack (ATK) How much damage the player will give. The damage done is determined by your AT stat versus their DF stat. The higher value causes more damage. Defense (DEF) is to reduce the damage from the attacker. The higher value cause more power to reduce the attack damage. Magic (MG) is the magic skill value when players use magic spells. It will cause more damage.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16836793", "chunk_text": "\"HP Sauce\"\nYork, Ontario. HP Sauce HP Sauce is a brown sauce originally produced by HP Foods in the United Kingdom, now produced by the H. J. Heinz Company in the Netherlands. It was named after London's Houses of Parliament. Since its first appearance on British dinner tables, HP Sauce has become an icon of British culture. It was the best-selling brand of brown sauce in the UK in 2005, with 73.8% of the retail market. HP Sauce has a tomato base, blended with malt vinegar and spirit vinegar, sugars (molasses, glucose-fructose syrup, sugar), dates, cornflour, rye flour, salt, spices and tamarind.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13176997", "chunk_text": "\"Panzer General II\"\nhexes); its line of sight (in hexes); its attack abilities against armored targets, unarmored targets, ships, and airplanes; its defense against ranged, close, and air attacks; as well as values for initiative and remaining ammunition and fuel. The final value, health, is represented by a number, usually 1 to 10. When attacking or defending, the unit receives experience points based on the amount of damage inflicted to its enemy (also some points are received when damage is caused by the enemy). Each 100 experience points correspond to one experience level (a value ranging from 0 to 5). When attaining a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17326271", "chunk_text": "\"Fuzzy associative matrix\"\nFuzzy associative matrix A fuzzy associative matrix expresses fuzzy logic rules in tabular form. These rules usually take two variables as input, mapping cleanly to a two-dimensional matrix, although theoretically a matrix of any number of dimensions is possible. Suppose a professional is tasked with writing fuzzy logic rules for a video game monster. In the game being built, entities have two variables: hit points (HP) and firepower (FP): This translates to: Multiple rules can fire at once, and often will, because the distinction between \"\"very low\"\" and \"\"low\"\" is fuzzy. If it is more \"\"very low\"\" than it is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13817983", "chunk_text": "\"Dungeons & Dragons gameplay\"\nconstitution; it represents a character's endurance to pain. Reflex is based on dexterity or intelligence and can be modified by a shield; it represents a character's ability to dodge. Will is based on wisdom or charisma; it represents a character's strength of mind and resistance to mental attack. These defenses are typically lower than AC, so an attack against fortitude is usually better than an attack against AC. Hit points (HP) are a measure of a character's vitality or health; they are determined by the character's class (certain occupations breed hardier people) or race, and Constitution score. Hit points are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11216400", "chunk_text": "\"Hire purchase\"\nHire purchase A hire purchase (HP), known as installment plan in North America, is an arrangement whereby a customer agrees to a contract to acquire an asset by paying an initial installment (e.g. 40% of the total) and repays the balance of the price of the asset plus interest over a period of time. Other analogous practices are described as closed-end leasing or rent to own. The hire purchase agreement was developed in the United Kingdom in the 19th century to allow customers with a cash shortage to make an expensive purchase they otherwise would have to delay or forgo.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6220689", "chunk_text": "\"HP 9845C\"\nr/w memory to enable quick access. HP 9845C The HP 9845C was one of the first desktop computers in 1980 equipped with color screen and light pen for design and illustration work. It was used to create the color war room graphics in the 1983 movie \"\"WarGames\"\". The attached HP 98770A color display enabled the color graphics with its own CPU and separate power supply, a vector generator based on the AMD2900 bit-slice architecture, graphics memory with three planes of each, the connection interface to the mainframe consists of a direct data bus attachment, and a light-pen logic. were available.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12561326", "chunk_text": "\"Shattered Union\"\nthe lower right corner. This bar shows all the immediate stats for the unit, including EI, EV, and EA stats, their armor rating (how much attack power a unit can shrug off before it takes damage), their health rating (how much more damage the unit can take until it dies) and their gas level. Gas is required for vehicle and helicopter units to move- moving one hex drains one point of gas. If a unit runs out of fuel, it can still attack within its range, but it cannot move for a turn or so until it is resupplied. Infantry,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14921121", "chunk_text": "\"Exile (1988 video game series)\"\nor finding an exit. While Sadler fights primarily with his sword, he can also use magic spells once he acquires the ability to do so. Like in most action RPGs, Sadler gains a certain amount of cash and experience points for every enemy he kills. In addition to HP (hit points) and MP (magic points), two more statistics are represented on screen: AP (attack power, the player's offensive capabilities) and AC (armor class, the player's defensive capabilities), which are determined by Sadler's current level and equipment. One notable aspect in the original computer versions are the presence of illicit drugs.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "969307", "chunk_text": "\"War emergency power\"\nwater-jet exhausts which propel the surface-effect riding EFV vehicle at sea speeds reaching 35 knots. Although the EFV prototypes have demonstrated revolutionary performance on water and land, the reliability of their extremely boosted powerplants has yet to meet stringent military standards and the vehicle failed to enter Marine Corps service. War emergency power War Emergency Power (WEP) is an American term for a throttle setting on some World War II military aircraft engines. For use in emergency situations, it produced more than 100% of the engine's normal rated power for a limited amount of time, often about five minutes. Similar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7113503", "chunk_text": "\"La Tale\"\nand appearance. Names are also given to characters at this point (be warned that even if a character is deleted, the name will not be reusable). Hit points (HP) are displayed on the top left corner of the screen in orange, upon having a low amount of HP the bar will begin to flash red. HP can be recovered by using potions, consumables, and by sitting. Few items and equipment have HP regeneration ability, enabling gradual HP recovery per set of time. For example, the Syringe in fashion shop has a 70% HP and SP recovery over the time span", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "233522", "chunk_text": "\"Order of battle\"\nIraqi Freedom. Order of battle In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force. Various abbreviations are in use, including OOB, O/B, or OB, while ORBAT remains the most common in the United Kingdom. An order of battle should be distinguished from a table of organisation, which is the intended composition of a given unit or formation according to the military doctrine of its armed force. As combat operations develop during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14518763", "chunk_text": "\"Tooth-to-tail ratio\"\nTooth-to-tail ratio The tooth-to-tail ratio (T3R) is a military term that refers to the amount of military personnel it takes to supply and support (\"\"tail\"\") each combat soldier (\"\"tooth\"\"). While both \"\"tooth\"\" and \"\"tail\"\" soldiers may find themselves in combat or other life-threatening situations, \"\"tooth\"\" soldiers are those whose primary function is to neutralize the enemy. The ratio is not a specific measure but rather a general indication of an army's actual military might in relation to the resources it devotes to supply, upkeep, and logistics. An army's tooth-to-tail ratio is often inversely related to its technological capabilities and subsequently", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19990040", "chunk_text": "\"Blaze Union: Story to Reach the Future\"\nin a rock-paper-scissors fashion. Each unit comes with six stats: Morale, an indicator with a function similar to Hit points; GEN, generality; ATK, attack; TEC, technique; and LUK, luck. Player characters have a seventh statistic called REP, and enemy units' seventh statistic is POW.UP. In comparison to \"\"Yggdra Union\"\", REP (or reputation) is no longer a stat based on one out of six; instead, it is shown on the status screen as a percentage of total battles won. POW.UP is a reducible stat that increases card POW upon player victory. Each unit also has the potential for five 'effects', which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7879592", "chunk_text": "\"The Final Fantasy Legend\"\nleader is irreplaceable. Higher-level party members may be recruited at later towns in the game. A character's performance in battle is determined by numerical values (\"\"statistics\"\") for four categories. Each statistic has a range of 1 to 99. The categories are \"\"strength\"\", the effectiveness of physical attacks; \"\"defense\"\", the ability to reduce damage received; \"\"agility\"\", the effectiveness of ranged weapons or skills and at avoiding attacks; and \"\"mana\"\", the effectiveness of magical attacks. A character's health is measured in \"\"hit points\"\" (\"\"HP\"\"), consisting of a current HP statistic and a maximum HP statistic, ranging from 0 to 999. Character statistics", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7628563", "chunk_text": "Horsepower\n1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lbf ≈ 4.448 N, 1 J = 1 N⋅m, 1 W = 1 J/s: 1 hp ≈ 746 W The various units used to indicate this definition (\"\"PS\"\", \"\"cv\"\", \"\"hk\"\", \"\"pk\"\", \"\"ks\"\" and \"\"ch\"\") all translate to \"\"horse power\"\" in English. British manufacturers often intermix metric horsepower and mechanical horsepower depending on the origin of the engine in question. Sometimes the metric horsepower rating of an engine is conservative enough so that the same figure can be used for both 80/1269/EEC with metric hp and SAE J1349 with imperial hp. DIN 66036 defines one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14774892", "chunk_text": "\"Life During Wartime (novel)\"\n(At one point on Mingolla's journey, an AI combining a downed Sikorsky helicopter and a long-range guided missile imparts \"\"revelation\"\" to him.) PsiCorps' intensive drug therapy to hone Mingolla's potential as well as the presence and use of \"\"Sammy\"\" (short for \"\"Samurai\"\", an intense stimulant) and Frost, a super-addictive version of cocaine, make the third person point of view essential for this novel. Life During Wartime (novel) Life during Wartime is a science fantasy novel written by American author Lucius Shepard. His second novel, it was published by Bantam Books in 1987, in which year it was nominated for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9475512", "chunk_text": "\"HP Sauce\"\nHP Sauce HP Sauce is a brown sauce originally produced by HP Foods in the United Kingdom, now produced by the H. J. Heinz Company in the Netherlands. It was named after London's Houses of Parliament. Since its first appearance on British dinner tables, HP Sauce has become an icon of British culture. It was the best-selling brand of brown sauce in the UK in 2005, with 73.8% of the retail market. HP Sauce has a tomato base, blended with malt vinegar and spirit vinegar, sugars (molasses, glucose-fructose syrup, sugar), dates, cornflour, rye flour, salt, spices and tamarind. It is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6761326", "chunk_text": "\"Strength & Honour\"\nbecause this person is very unstable and may turn disloyal at any time. Most characters in Strength and Honor do not like working for people with low popularity and may rebel against you if they find themselves being a subordinate to one of low popularity. Characters with high political ability make your best governors and ministers. The higher political ability will allow them to successfully run administrative type positions. Because you are dependent on a large economy, characters with high political skills and popularity is a way to increase the populous and recruitment of personnel into your armies and cities.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19458014", "chunk_text": "\"Love and War (Cornell novel)\"\nher relationship with Jan, but she thinks he is simply jealous and doesn't want her to abandon him. The 'Papers of Felsecar' contains a message from a future Doctor, who has left behind the cypher to translate the Heavenite message. Ace spends the night with Jan who reveals that his secret name is Aradath, which means 'big fire', in relation to the prokinetic abilities he gained from the military drugs. Suddenly, a cloud of fungal spores drifts into the camp, but in the confusion it is impossible to tell who was infected. Christopher appears before Ace, in a reanimated corpse.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4856296", "chunk_text": "\"Rise and Fall: Civilizations at War\"\nupgrades that have been purchased; whether or not they are in formation, and, if so, its size. Three resources—wood, gold, and glory—are used to build structures, train units, purchase upgrades; a fourth resource, stamina, is spent using \"\"hero mode.\"\" Wood and gold are deposited in settlements, or one of their various upgrades, such as town centers. Glory and stamina are both earned: glory by building and fighting, and stamina when the hero unit kills an enemy. In several RTS games, upgrades—sometimes called \"\"Ages\"\"—are available that represent time periods or technological levels; \"\"Rise and Fall\"\" uses a similar concept. When upgrades", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16436658", "chunk_text": "\"History of the present illness\"\nfour or more of these elements. Also usable is SOCRATES. For chronic pain, the Stanford Five may be assessed to understand the pain experience from the patient's primary belief system. History of the present illness Following the chief complaint in medical history taking, a history of the present illness (abbreviated HPI) (termed history of presenting complaint (HPC) in the UK) refers to a detailed interview prompted by the chief complaint or presenting symptom (for example, pain). Different sources include different questions to be asked while conducting an HPI. Several acronyms have been developed to categorize the appropriate questions to include.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1120065", "chunk_text": "\"War Rule\"\nWar Rule The War Rule is a name used for various Dead Sea Scrolls. http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/deadsea.scrolls.exhibit/full-images/warrule.gif This six-line fragment, commonly referred to as the \"\"Pierced Messiah\"\" text, is written in a Herodian script of the first half of the first century C.E. and refers to a Messiah from the Branch of David, to a judgement, and to a killing. Hebrew is composed primarily of consonants; vowels must be supplied by the reader. The appropriate vowels depend on the context. Thus, the text (line 4) may be translated as \"\"and the Prince of the Congregation, the Branch of David, will kill him,\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18707459", "chunk_text": "\"Powered by the Apocalypse\"\nTyrant Kings, The Servants of the One True Faith, and The Lawgivers of the Wasteland. Character stats are Steel, Sway, Force and Lore, with playbooks including the Hunter, the Envoy, the Seeker and the Sentinel. Designed by James Iles and successfully kickstarted in December, 2014. After another successful Kickstarter campaign, a second edition was released in June 2018. MASHED explores life in a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War. Default statistics are Luck, Nerve, Skill, and Tough. The character playbooks are the Angel (nurse), Corpsman, Cowboy (pilot or mechanic), Cutter (surgeon), Doc (physician), Grunt (aka pogue), and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8011431", "chunk_text": "\"Wizards at War\"\nWizards at War Wizards at War is the eighth book in the Young Wizards series by Diane Duane. In this book, for the first time in a millennia, the wizards would have to go to war... The Lone Power, suspecting that a new threat is rising to its dark abilities, creates a surge of Dark Matter, called \"\"the Pullulus\"\", to eclipse the universe. Because of the way that the Pullulus affects the universe's structure, the Senior Wizards lose their wizardry and only wizards before adulthood are still able to fight. Ponch uses his tracking abilities to lead Nita, Kit, Ronan,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3490738", "chunk_text": "\"Health (gaming)\"\na character whose reached 0 hit points and let them return to action. In single player games, running out of health usually equates to \"\"dying\"\" and (in the case of a player character) losing a life or receiving a Game Over. Any entity within a game could have a health value, including the player character, non-player characters and objects. Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value. Health might be displayed as a numeric value, such as \"\"50/100\"\". Here, the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entity's maximum HP. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20746004", "chunk_text": "\"Generals Order\"\ntypical deck's offensive force. All character cards have a summon cost, Military attack(also known as STR, strength or damage) and Intelligence attack(also known as INT, intel). For a character/general to be successfully summoned, the player must discard an equal number of hand cards as the summon cost of the character. All characters are summoned within own city/fortress unless stated. A character summoned on this turn cannot attack or move until the next turn unless stated otherwise(they still can activate special effects/特效 though). Military attack is most commonly used and is the determining factor in direct combat(commanding your general to attack", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18753911", "chunk_text": "\"War and Peace (game)\"\nSpain and Russia where it was harder for armies to live off the land; all units in their home country get a -1 DRM whereas unsupplied units get a +1 DRM). If more than one strength point is to be lost then one of them must be cavalry if there is one in the hex. Neutral countries are immune from attrition, enabling a defeated major power to rebuild their forces until they rejoin the war. Diplomacy takes place in the alliance phase. This system is used to allow nations to ally with one another. Alliances essentially allow you to acquire", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20830702", "chunk_text": "HPxHC\nHPxHC HPxHC, also known as Harry Potter's Hardcore is an EP by the parodical hardcore band International Superheroes of Hardcore. The EP was distributed by hardcore label Bridge Nine Records and contains four new tracks. The EP is only available on vinyl or digital release. Digital tracks are available to purchasers of the vinyl. The vinyl was limited to 3200 copies. There are four colors available each representing the Hogwart's House Colours (Blue, Yellow, Maroon and Green). It was the band's last release. The lyrics on the EP remain as satirical commentaries on pop culture and the hardcore music scene,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_5	who wrote the first declaration of human rights?	n/a	[ "Cyrus" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4408107", "chunk_text": "\"John Peters Humphrey\"\nJohn Peters Humphrey John Peters Humphrey, OC (April 30, 1905 – March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peter on April 30, 1905, in Hampton, New Brunswick. His childhood was touched by tragedy as he lost both his parents to cancer and he also lost one of his arms in an accident while playing with fire. Humphrey attended a boarding school where he endured teasing from other students;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3741291", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights in the United States\"\nprisoners at Guantanamo Bay and black sites, and extrajudicial targeted killings (Disposition Matrix). Some observers give the U.S. high to fair marks on human rights, while others charge it with a persistent pattern of human rights violations. The first human rights organization in the Thirteen Colonies of British America, dedicated to the abolition of slavery, was formed by Anthony Benezet in 1775. A year later, the Declaration of Independence announced that the Thirteen Colonies regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. The Declaration stated \"\"that all men are created equal, that they are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3571591", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nthe Rights of the Child, the United Nations Convention Against Torture, and many more. The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments, academics, advocates, and constitutional courts, and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights. The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people. The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it \"\"an international document of the first order of importance\"\", while Eleanor Roosevelt—first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration—stated that it \"\"may well become the international Magna Carta of all", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7049690", "chunk_text": "\"John Peters Humphrey\"\nof the bench, which sits beside two tall stone plinths, one of which has several articles from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights carved into it in English, French and Maliseet. The memorial sits on the front lawn of the County Court House in the center of the town. John Peters Humphrey John Peters Humphrey, OC (April 30, 1905 – March 14, 1995) was a Canadian legal scholar, jurist, and human rights advocate. He is most famous as the author of the first draft of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Humphrey was born to Frank Humphrey and Nellie Peter", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3994082", "chunk_text": "\"Richard McKeon\"\nRichard McKeon Richard McKeon (; April 26, 1900 – March 31, 1985) was an American philosopher and longtime professor at the University of Chicago. His ideas formed the basis for the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights. McKeon obtained his undergraduate degree from Columbia University in 1920, graduating at the early age of 20 despite serving briefly in the U.S. Navy during the First World War. Continuing at Columbia, he completed a Master's thesis on Leo Tolstoy, Benedetto Croce, and George Santayana, also in 1920, and a doctoral thesis on Baruch Spinoza in 1922. In his doctoral studies, McKeon's mentors", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11184113", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nand peace in the world.\"\" The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens. The UDHR was framed by members of the Human Rights Commission, with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt as Chair, who began to discuss an \"\"International Bill of Rights\"\" in 1947. The members of the Commission did not immediately agree on the form of such a bill of rights, and whether, or how, it should be enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the priority.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14823163", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of the Child\"\nChild Welfare Charter, and was the first human rights document approved by an inter-governmental institution. It was reaffirmed by the League in 1934. Heads of State and Government pledged to incorporate its principles in domestic legislation. In France, it was ordered to be displayed in every school. The original document, in the archives of the city of Geneva, carries the signatures of various international delegates, including Jebb, Janusz Korczak, and Gustave Ador, a former President of the Swiss Confederation. After considering a number of options, including that of drafting an entirely new declaration, the United Nations resolved in 1946 to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11721272", "chunk_text": "\"Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nDrafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted from early 1947 to late 1948 by Drafting Committee the first United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Further discussion and amendments were made by the Commission on Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations. Members of the Commission who contributed significantly to the creation of the Declaration included Canadian John Peters Humphrey of the United Nations Secretariat, Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States (who chaired the Drafting Committee), René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11954567", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nof the Second World War and the events of the Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights. The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11954573", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nphilosophy of human rights by philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and G.W.F. Hegel during the 18th and 19th centuries. The term \"\"human rights\"\" probably came into use some time between Paine's \"\"The Rights of Man\"\" and William Lloyd Garrison's 1831 writings in \"\"The Liberator\"\", in which he stated that he was trying to enlist his readers in \"\"the great cause of human rights\"\". Although the term had been used by at least one author as early as 1742. In the 19th century, human rights became a central concern over the issue of slavery. A number of reformers,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6271304", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nother countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in and of itself part of domestic law. The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft, which was prepared by René Cassin. Cassin worked from a first draft, which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey. The structure was influenced by the \"\"Code Napoléon\"\", including a preamble and introductory general principles. Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple, with a foundation, steps, four columns, and a pediment. The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles: These articles are concerned with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10694801", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nstates \"\"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness\"\". Similarly, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen defines a set of individual and collective rights of the people. These are, in the document, held to be universal—not only to French citizens but to \"\"all men without exception\"\". Philosophers such as Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill and Hegel expanded on the theme of universality during the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1831 William Lloyd Garrison wrote in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4710981", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\"\nDeclaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (), set by France's National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by the Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson. Influenced by the doctrine of \"\"natural right\"\", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15776203", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nfrom natural law. The Northeast African civilization of Ancient Egypt supported basic human rights. For example, Pharaoh Bocchoris (725-720 BC) promoted individual rights, suppressed imprisonment for debt, and reformed laws relating to the transferral of property. The first recording of human rights were inscribed by Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, into the Cyrus Cylinder. The Cyrus Cylinder is a clay tablet created in 539 B.C. soon after the Achaemenid conquest of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Additionally it stated the freedom to practice one's faith without persecution and forced conversions. The Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, who ruled from 268", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3231860", "chunk_text": "\"American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man\"\nAmerican Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, also known as the Bogota Declaration, was the world's first international human rights instrument of a general nature, predating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by less than a year. The Declaration was adopted by the nations of the Americas at the Ninth International Conference of American States in Bogotá, Colombia, in April 1948, where we can find most of its travaux préparatoires. The same meeting that adopted the Charter of the Organization of American States and thereby created the OAS.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12154797", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nInternational Bill of Rights. The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, to write the articles of the Declaration. The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years. Canadian John Peters Humphrey, Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat, was called upon by the United Nations Secretary-General to work on the project and became the Declaration's principal drafter. At the time, Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. Other well-known members of the drafting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9637814", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms\"\nthe late Violation of it\"\", and will \"\"lay them down when Hostilities shall cease on the part of the Aggressors\"\". The very first sentence of the declaration includes a condemnation of slavery. In the 19th century, the authorship of the Declaration was disputed. In a collection of his works first published in 1801, John Dickinson took credit for writing the Declaration. This claim went unchallenged by Thomas Jefferson until many years later, when Jefferson was nearly 80 years old. In his autobiography, Jefferson claimed that he wrote the first draft, but Dickinson objected that it was too radical, and so", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11187572", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nof Aristotle, Cicero, John Locke, Machiavelli, the English Whigs and others. In countries with an English common law tradition, a long-standing common law right to keep and bear arms has long been recognised, as pre-existing in common law, prior even to the existence of national constitutions. In 1997, UNESCO adopted the \"\"Declaration on the Responsibilities of the Present Generation Towards the Future Generation\"\". The Declaration opens with the words: Article 1 of the declaration states \"\"the present generations have the responsibility of ensuring that the needs and interests of present and future generations are fully safeguarded\"\". The preamble to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4710982", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\"\nthe law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide. The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The content of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "358140", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nshould be enforced. The Commission proceeded to frame the UDHR and accompanying treaties, but the UDHR quickly became the priority. Canadian law professor John Humphrey and French lawyer Rene Cassin were responsible for much of the cross-national research and the structure of the document respectively, where the articles of the declaration were interpretative of the general principle of the preamble. The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood in the first two articles, followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15776237", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\ntorture, genocide and slavery and the principle of non-discrimination. The Geneva Conventions came into being between 1864 and 1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant, the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The conventions safeguard the human rights of individuals involved in armed conflict, and build on the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the international community's first attempt to formalise the laws of war and war crimes in the nascent body of secular international law. The conventions were revised as a result of World War II and readopted by the international community in 1949.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2689147", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nlaws. The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights, which was completed in 1966, and came into force in 1976, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them. Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration for more than 50 years, it has become binding as a part of customary international law. However, in the United States, the Supreme Court in \"\"Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain\"\" (2004), concluded that the Declaration \"\"does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law.\"\" Courts of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2689146", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nUniversal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote. The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties, economic transfers, regional human rights instruments, national constitutions, and other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15775986", "chunk_text": "\"Habeas corpus\"\ndetention is not lawful'.\"\" France and the United States played a synergistic role in the international team, led by Eleanor Roosevelt, which crafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The French judge and Nobel Peace Laureate René Cassin produced the first draft and argued against arbitrary detentions. René Cassin and the French team subsequently championed the \"\"habeas corpus\"\" provisions enshrined in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Germany has constitutional guarantees against improper detention and these have been implemented in statutory law in a manner that can be considered as equivalent to writs of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "358111", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\n6th century BC under Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document. The cylinder has been linked by some commentators to the decrees of Cyrus recorded in the Books of Chronicles, Nehemiah, and Ezra, which state that Cyrus allowed (at least some of) the Jews to return to their homeland from their Babylonian Captivity. In opposition to the above viewpoint, the interpretation of the Cylinder as a \"\"charter of human rights\"\" has been dismissed by other historians", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4408111", "chunk_text": "\"John Peters Humphrey\"\nRights. After consulting with the executive group of the Commission, chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt, Professor Humphrey prepared the first preliminary draft of what was to become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. On the night of December 10, 1948, the General Assembly unanimously adopted the Declaration, dubbed by Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt as \"\"the international Magna Carta of all humankind.\"\" Humphrey remained with the UN for 20 years. During this period, the oversaw the implementation of 67 international conventions and the constitutions of dozens of countries. He worked in areas including the freedom of the press, status of women, and racial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13103261", "chunk_text": "\"Society for Human Rights\"\nis guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence and to combat the public prejudices against them by dissemination of factors according to modern science among intellectuals of mature age. The Society stands only for law and order; it is in harmony with any and all general laws insofar as they protect the rights of others, and does in no manner recommend any acts in violation of present laws nor advocate any manner inimical to the public welfare. An African American clergyman named John T. Graves signed on as president of the new organization and Gerber, Graves and five others were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20499314", "chunk_text": "\"Hernán Santa Cruz\"\nlater singled out the important role he played in shaping the Declaration's transition away from \"\"eighteenth century Enlightenment philosophy\"\" towards \"\"socioeconomic rights.\"\" According to the United Nations, in addition to his work on the declaration, Cruz was \"\"actively involved in the establishment of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.\"\" Hernán Santa Cruz Hernán Santa Cruz (1906-1999) was a Chilean delegate to the United Nations, judge, lawyer and one of the initial drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born in Initially a lecturer on criminal and military procedure prior to his appointment as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10694802", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nnewspaper called \"\"The Liberator\"\" that he was trying to enlist his readers in \"\"the great cause of human rights\"\" so the term \"\"human rights\"\" probably came into use sometime between Paine's \"\"The Rights of Man\"\" and Garrison's publication. In 1849, a contemporary, Henry David Thoreau, wrote about human rights in his treatise \"\"On the Duty of Civil Disobedience\"\" which was later influential on human rights and civil rights thinkers. United States Supreme Court Justice David Davis, in his 1867 opinion for \"\"Ex parte Milligan\"\", wrote: \"\"By the protection of the law, human rights are secured; withdraw that protection and they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "358122", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\ncollective or group responsibility.\"\" Magna Carta is an English charter originally issued in 1215 which influenced the development of the common law and many later constitutional documents, such as the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights. Magna Carta was originally written because of disagreements amongst Pope Innocent III, King John and the English barons about the rights of the King. Magna Carta required the King to renounce certain rights, respect certain legal procedures and accept that his will could be bound by the law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or fettered—most notably", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10694799", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nand 18th-century European philosophers, most notably John Locke, developed the concept of \"\"natural rights\"\", the notion that people are naturally free and equal. Though Locke believed natural rights were derived from divinity since humans were creations of God, his ideas were important in the development of the modern notion of rights. Lockean natural rights did not rely on citizenship nor any law of the state, nor were they necessarily limited to one particular ethnic, cultural or religious group. Around the same time, in 1689, the English Bill of Rights was created which asserted some basic human rights, most famously freedom", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11721273", "chunk_text": "\"Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nP. C. Chang of Republic of China (Taiwan), and Hansa Mehta of India among others. While not a member of the drafting committee, the French philosopher Jacques Maritain was influential in the lead up to the drafting of the Universal Declaration, advocacy for it within UNESCO in 1947-8, and in its subsequent advancement. The Drafting Committee included John Peters Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat. In this role, he produced the first draft of a list of rights that were to form the basis of the Declaration. The underlying", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4710983", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\"\nthe document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment. The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson. In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on the 26 of August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11637107", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of Sentiments\"\nDeclaration of Sentiments The Declaration of Sentiments, also known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, is a document signed in 1848 by 68 women and 32 men—100 out of some 300 attendees at the first women's rights convention to be organized by women. Held in Seneca Falls, New York, the convention is now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who modeled it upon the United States Declaration of Independence. She was a key organizer of the convention along with Lucretia Coffin Mott, and Martha Coffin Wright. According to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11184114", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nCanadian law professor John Humphrey and French lawyer René Cassin were responsible for much of the cross-national research and the structure of the document respectively, where the articles of the declaration were interpretative of the general principle of the preamble. The document was structured by Cassin to include the basic principles of dignity, liberty, equality and brotherhood in the first two articles, followed successively by rights pertaining to individuals; rights of individuals in relation to each other and to groups; spiritual, public and political rights; and economic, social and cultural rights. According to Cassin, the final three articles place rights", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7998085", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights in the United Kingdom\"\nbe granted by the government or the law, but as a fundamental part of what it means to be a person. John Locke (1632–1704), one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers, argued that property - which to him included life, liberty and possessions - was an unalienable human right, that is, one which cannot be taken away. He articulated that every person is created equal and free but, in return for the advantages of living in an organised society, a person may need to give up some of this freedom. The Bill of Rights 1689, enacted in the Kingdom", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11184089", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nto 232 BCE, established the largest empire in South Asia. Following the reportedly destructive Kalinga War, Ashoka adopted Buddhism and abandoned an expansionist policy in favor of humanitarian reforms. The Edicts of Ashoka were erected throughout his empire, containing the 'Law of Piety'. These laws prohibited slavery, religious discrimination, and cruelty against both humans and animals. Later documents pertaining to human rights can be referenced in the Constitution of Medina (622), Al-Risalah al-Huquq (late 7th to early 8th century), Magna Carta (1215), the German Peasants' War Twelve Articles (1525), the English Bill of Rights (1689), the French Declaration of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2685470", "chunk_text": "\"Thomas Paine\"\nThomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain) – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American political activist, philosopher, political theorist and revolutionary. One of the Founding Fathers of the United States, he authored the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution and inspired the patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain. His ideas reflected Enlightenment-era ideals of transnational human rights. Saul K. Padover described him as \"\"a corsetmaker by trade, a journalist by profession, and a propagandist by inclination\"\". Born in Thetford in the English county of Norfolk, Paine migrated to the British American colonies", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16582348", "chunk_text": "\"Hernán Santa Cruz\"\nHernán Santa Cruz Hernán Santa Cruz (1906-1999) was a Chilean delegate to the United Nations, judge, lawyer and one of the initial drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Born in Initially a lecturer on criminal and military procedure prior to his appointment as a judge to Chile's Superior Military Court, Cruz's role in the United Nations, as a delegate of the Third Committee and Human Rights Commission, was a formative one. According to Susan Waltz, although Cruz \"\"held no position of responsibility...his political and substantive contributions were such\"\" that his co-drafter, John Peters Humphrey and author Johannes Morsink,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14881064", "chunk_text": "\"Golden Rule\"\nthe notion that the Golden Rule pertains to \"\"rights\"\" per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin. The development of human \"\"rights\"\" is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century France, among others. His writings influenced Thomas Jefferson, who then incorporated Rousseau's reference to \"\"inalienable rights\"\" into the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776. Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts. There has been research published arguing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "358137", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\na mandate to promote and safeguard certain of the rights later included in the UDHR: The Geneva Conventions came into being between 1864 and 1949 as a result of efforts by Henry Dunant, the founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross. The conventions safeguard the human rights of individuals involved in conflict, and follow on from the 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions, the international community's first attempt to define laws of war. Despite first being framed before World War II, the conventions were revised as a result of World War II and readopted by the international community in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1269180", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nthe human rights movement expanded beyond its original anti-totalitarianism to include numerous causes involving humanitarianism and social and economic development in the Developing World. Some notions of righteousness present in ancient law and religion are sometimes retrospectively included under the term \"\"human rights\"\". While Enlightenment philosophers suggest a secular social contract between the rulers and the ruled, ancient traditions derived similar conclusions from notions of divine law, and, in Hellenistic philosophy, natural law. The reforms of Urukagina of Lagash, the earliest known legal code (ca. 2350 BC), is often thought to be an early example of reform. Professor Norman Yoffee", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19292428", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights in the United States\"\nmostly by the Supreme Court, with the Court recognizing in 2012, in Miller v. Alabama a political and biological principle that children are different from adults. In 1945 the members of the United Nations organization completed the drafting of its founding text – the United nations charter: The USA played a significant role in this process. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee was chaired by former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who was known for her human rights advocacy. Similarly, for the United States government and its citizens, much remained uncertain about the future impact, force, and reach of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6738523", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nmen everywhere.\"\" In a speech on 5 October 1995, Pope John Paul II called the Declaration \"\"one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time\"\" but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration. In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union, Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration \"\"placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community.\"\" Turkey— which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population—signed the Declaration in 1948. However, the same year, Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6738538", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Declaration of Human Rights\"\nnow grown into a global movement, including hundreds of groups, clubs and chapters around the world. Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48 voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote. The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual's rights which, although not legally binding in themselves, have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10694800", "chunk_text": "\"History of human rights\"\nfrom cruel and unusual punishment. In the 1700s, the novel became a popular form of entertainment. Popular novels, such as \"\"Julie, or the New Heloise\"\" by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and \"\"Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded\"\" by Samuel Richardson, laid a foundation for popular acceptance of human rights by making readers empathize with characters unlike themselves. Two major revolutions occurred during the 18th century in the United States (1776) and in France (1789). The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 sets up a number of fundamental rights and freedoms. The later United States Declaration of Independence includes concepts of natural rights and famously", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4710984", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen\"\nversion of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by , led by . The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted. The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13046390", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\"\nfollowed by her \"\"\"\" (\"\",\"\" named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen was published in 1791 and is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. Olympe de Gouges dedicated the text to Marie Antoinette, whom de Gouges described as \"\"the most detested\"\" of women. The Declaration is ironic in formulation. It states that \"\"This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11954571", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights\"\nRights of Man and of the Citizen (1789), and the Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution (1791). The statute of Kalisz (1264), bestowed privileges to the Jewish minority in the Kingdom of Poland such as protection from discrimination and hate speech. Samuel Moyn suggests that the concept of human rights is intertwined with the modern sense of citizenship, which did not emerge until the past few hundred years. 17th-century English philosopher John Locke discussed natural rights in his work, identifying them as being \"\"life, liberty, and estate (property)\"\", and argued that such fundamental rights could not be surrendered", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13046381", "chunk_text": "\"Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen\"\nDeclaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (French: \"\"Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne\"\"), also known as the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, was written on 5 September in 1791 by French activist, feminist, and playwright Olympe de Gouges in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. By publishing this document, de Gouges hoped to expose the failures of the French Revolution in the recognition of sexual equality, but failed to create any lasting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_6	who is the owner of reading football club?	n/a	[ "Xiu Li Dai", "Dai Xiuli", "Dai Yongge", "Yongge Dai" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16333583", "chunk_text": "\"Anton Zingarevich\"\nAnton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire. At the age of 16, Zingarevich began education at Bearwood", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16333587", "chunk_text": "\"Anton Zingarevich\"\nThe couple married in late 2009 and had a child. Anton Zingarevich Anton Zingarevich (Russian: Антон Зингаревич) is a Russian businessman best known for being the former owner of Reading Football Club, who play in the English Championship. Zingarevich's bid to take over the club was announced in January 2012, and he formally purchased the club on 29 May 2012. Since then, Zingarevich has had minimum interest in the running of the club, however did make the decision to sack manager Brian McDermott, and the subsequent employment of Nigel Adkins. Zingarevich is the son of Boris Zingarevich, a Russian multi-billionaire.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1911155", "chunk_text": "\"Nigel Howe\"\nNigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses in which John Madejski has invested including the BenhamGoodhead Print Group, Sackville Properties and the Ark Group. He is also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13506629", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\nWembley where they lost on penalties following 0–0 draw after extra time. On 21 March 2018, Stam left Reading with immediate effect. Two days later, on 23 March 2018, Paul Clement was appointed as Reading's new manager. Clement was sacked on 6 December 2018 after poor results left the club outside of the relegation zone only on goal difference. The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953, it featured just the letter \"\"R\"\". There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three elm trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13506636", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\n2016–17 season. Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017–18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season. Reading Football Club ownership structure: 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd, 100% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai. 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon Reading F.C. Directors: Xiu Li Dai, Yongge Dai, Narin Niruttinanon, Nigel Howe As of 1 July 2018, the following players are those in the senior squad who are under 18. <br> Reading hold the record for the number of successive league", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1911156", "chunk_text": "\"Nigel Howe\"\na non-executive director of the Clearview Traffic Group. Howe is the nephew of former England and Arsenal coach Don Howe. Nigel Howe Nigel Howe (born 7 April 1958) is a British property developer, and a director at Reading Football Club, who currently play in the SkyBet Championship in England. The majority of Howe's career was in property management before joining John Madejski in 1995 when he took over as chief executive of Reading F.C. Howe led the redevelopment of both the club's Madejski Stadium and its business management, and is also a non-executive director of a number of other businesses", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3552730", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\nReading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due to the town's association with Huntley and Palmers. Established in 1871, the club is one of the oldest teams in England, but did not join The Football League until 1920, and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006–07", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13126638", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in Reading, Berkshire\"\nSport in Reading, Berkshire Reading is home to a number of professional sports teams and a large number of amateur sports clubs. Reading is the home of Reading Football Club, an association football club nicknamed \"\"The Royals\"\", formed in 1871. Formerly based at Elm Park, the club plays at the 24,161 capacity Madejski Stadium, named after chairman Sir John Madejski. After winning the 2005–06 Football League Championship with a record of 106 points, Reading F.C. spent two seasons in the Premier League before being relegated to The Championship. This so far the only time that the club has spent in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16101709", "chunk_text": "\"History of Reading F.C.\"\nin their final season at Elm Park. Reading moved into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium, named after chairman John Madejski, in August 1998. The club won their first match at the ground, beating Luton Town 3–0. Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being sacked in September 1999, after a poor start to the season after the club's failure to win promotion the previous season. He was replaced by former reserve team manager Alan Pardew. Pardew guided Reading to a third place finish in the 2000–01 season, where the club were beaten", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15364208", "chunk_text": "\"2014–15 Reading F.C. season\"\nat home to Millwall, with a double strike from Simon Cox and another from Nick Blackman. 20 September saw Reading travel to Hillsborough to face Sheffield Wednesday, with the game ending in disappointment for Reading as they fell to a 1–0 defeat courtesy of a late Stevie May goal. On 22 September, Reading announced the completion of the sale of the club to a Thai consurtimum, with Sir John Madejski staying on as Co-Chairman. The following day, 23 September, Reading suffered their second defeat in four days, as they went out of the League Cup with a 2–0 defeat to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13506610", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\nseason. The club competed in the 2012–13 Premier League season, having gained promotion at the end of the 2011–12 season after winning the Championship, but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight. The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998. In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium, which is named after the club's co-chairman Sir John Madejski. The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season, with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6549471", "chunk_text": "\"Supporters' Trust at Reading\"\nReading FC away matches, with bookings taken in the STAR HQ behind the East Stand at the Madejski Stadium. STAR holds at least 3 Fans' Forums every season. Guests have included Sir John Madejski, Steve Coppell, Kevin Doyle, Marcus Hahnemann, Brian McDermott (footballer), Nigel Adkins and Alex Pearce. Representatives of STAR meet with Reading's Senior Management Team every six weeks in order to discuss supporters' issues, and also have on-going contact with the relevant people at Reading FC such as customer services or stadium manager as appropriate. In January 2006 STAR presented Reading with the \"\"STAR Ticketing Blueprint\"\", outlining ways", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3552737", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\nonly to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final. Quinn and Gooding's contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One. Their successor, Terry Bullivant, lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998. The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium, named after Chairman John Madejski. Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew, who had previously been reserve team manager before being released. The club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18838176", "chunk_text": "\"2011–12 Reading F.C. season\"\nfired home the equaliser on 42 to see the sides in level at half time. Reading's winner was thanks to substitute Adam le Fondre who netted with 5 minutes remaining to give Reading all the points. On 20 January, Reading announced that Russian investment group, Thames Sports Investment, had agreed a deal with Sir John Madejski to buy a significant holding in Reading FC. The deal see Madejski stay on as chairman until 2014, and provide Brian McDermott and Nick Hammond with funds to spend during the January transfer window. 21 January saw Reading lose at home to another promotion", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10016000", "chunk_text": "\"Thames Valley Royals proposal\"\nplans. During the 1982–83 Football League season, both Oxford United and Reading competed in the Football League Third Division, then the third tier of English football—equivalent to today's League One. Managed by Jim Smith, Oxford challenged for promotion throughout the season, while Maurice Evans' Reading team languished near the relegation zone for much of the year, despite possessing one of the division's top-scoring forwards in Kerry Dixon. The colourful media mogul and former MP Robert Maxwell owned and chaired Oxford, having prevented the club's bankruptcy by buying it in 1982. One of the world's oldest football teams (established in 1871),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2758790", "chunk_text": "\"Madejski Stadium\"\nto start in October 2016 and a planned opening date in 2017. The new station will be just under a walk from the stadium. Madejski Stadium The Madejski is a football stadium located in Reading, Berkshire, England. It is the home of Reading Football Club playing in the Football League Championship and the rugby union club London Irish as tenants. It also provides the finish for the Reading Half Marathon. The stadium is named after Reading's chairman Sir John Madejski. It is an all-seater bowl stadium with a capacity of 24,161 and is located close to the M4 motorway. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5279987", "chunk_text": "\"John Madejski\"\nJohn Madejski Sir John Robert Madejski, (; born Robert John Hurst; 28 April 1941) is an English businessman, with commercial interests spanning property, broadcast media, hotels, restaurants, publishing and football. He changed his name when his stepfather, a Polish airman during World War II, returned to Britain to marry his mother. Madejski is the founder of the magazine which became \"\"Auto Trader\"\" and chairman of Reading F.C., as well as Chancellor of the University of Reading and Deputy Lieutenant of Berkshire. He is a benefactor to many institutions, especially in academia, education and the arts. In the \"\"Sunday Times Rich", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15531092", "chunk_text": "\"Reading Town F.C.\"\nthe end of the season Bartley resigned due to not wanting to work on a smaller budget for the following season. Michael Butcher was appointed as Bartleys replacement but only lasted till January 2013 when he quit as manager and former manager Colin Millard took over. In June 2013 Millard's appointment was made permanent. In February 2016, Reading Town were closed down by owners Battersea and Wandsworth TUC. Reading Town played their home games at Scours Lane Stadium, in the Tilehurst area of the town. The stadium has a capacity of 2,000, of which 162 is covered seating. The record", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12205420", "chunk_text": "\"Madejski Stadium\"\nMadejski Stadium The Madejski is a football stadium located in Reading, Berkshire, England. It is the home of Reading Football Club playing in the Football League Championship and the rugby union club London Irish as tenants. It also provides the finish for the Reading Half Marathon. The stadium is named after Reading's chairman Sir John Madejski. It is an all-seater bowl stadium with a capacity of 24,161 and is located close to the M4 motorway. It is built on the site of a former household waste dump and is surrounded by methane vents. The West Stand contains the Millennium Madejski", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16333584", "chunk_text": "\"Anton Zingarevich\"\nCollege, near Wokingham, England, studying there for two years. Whilst studying at Bearwood, Zingarevich would watch Reading F.C. play at Elm Park. Zingarevich studied business at Cass Business School of City University London, and Regents Business School. In 2004, Zingarevich was linked with a £20m takeover of Everton. However, the deal was never completed, with Boris Zingarevich issuing a statement saying neither he nor Anton would be purchasing a football club. In January 2012, it was announced that Sir John Madejski, the chairman of Championship football club Reading F.C., was in talks with Thames Sport Investment, a company founded by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3552764", "chunk_text": "\"Reading F.C.\"\nthey won promotion to the FA Women's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league. In the 2017–18 season, they finished fourth in the Women's Super League - their highest league position to date. The team currently plays at Adams Park, home of Wycombe Wanderers. Reading F.C. Reading Football Club ( ) is a professional association football club based in Reading, Berkshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the second tier of English football. Reading are nicknamed The Royals, due to Reading's location in the Royal County of Berkshire, though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen, due", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7397788", "chunk_text": "\"Stephen Lansdown\"\nStephen Lansdown Stephen Philip Lansdown CBE (born 30 August 1952) is an English-born Guernsey billionaire. He co-founded, with Peter Hargreaves, the British financial services firm Hargreaves Lansdown, founder of Bristol Sport and majority shareholder of Bristol Rugby, Bristol Flyers, and Bristol City Football Club. Educated at Thornbury Grammar School in Gloucestershire and trained as an accountant, Stephen Lansdown started Hargreaves Lansdown trading from a bedroom in 1981 and in 2009 was reportedly worth around £280 million. In April 2009, he sold a stake of 4.7% in Hargreaves Lansdown for a sum of £47.2million, which he put towards the cost of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4273637", "chunk_text": "\"Ownership of Arsenal F.C.\"\n1980s to David Dein, who sold some of them on to Danny Fiszman (a London diamond dealer). In the early 2000s the club sold a 9.9% stake to Granada Holdings Ltd, a subsidiary of ITV plc, and a significant stake was also bought by hedge fund Lansdowne Partners. As of 26 September 2018, Stan Kroenke, owner of Kroenke Sports Enterprises (KSE), is the sole owner of the club. Kroenke's holdings in the club began with an initial 9.9% bought from ITV plc in April 2007; initially treated with hostility, he is now regarded as an ally of the Arsenal board", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4122632", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Clement (football manager)\"\nStuart James, criticised chairman Huw Jenkins and the club's American owners for a poor transfer window, in which the club sold key performers Fernando Llorente and Gylfi Sigurðsson from the previous season. Clement was sacked on 20 December 2017, leaving the club bottom of the league table and four points adrift of safety. Jaap Stam left Championship club Reading by mutual consent on 21 March 2018; Clement was announced as his successor two days later on a three-year contract. He was sacked on 6 December 2018 after poor results left the club outside of the relegation zone only on goal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7397790", "chunk_text": "\"Stephen Lansdown\"\nservices to business and the community in Bristol. He is married with two children. Stephen Lansdown Stephen Philip Lansdown CBE (born 30 August 1952) is an English-born Guernsey billionaire. He co-founded, with Peter Hargreaves, the British financial services firm Hargreaves Lansdown, founder of Bristol Sport and majority shareholder of Bristol Rugby, Bristol Flyers, and Bristol City Football Club. Educated at Thornbury Grammar School in Gloucestershire and trained as an accountant, Stephen Lansdown started Hargreaves Lansdown trading from a bedroom in 1981 and in 2009 was reportedly worth around £280 million. In April 2009, he sold a stake of 4.7% in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5007140", "chunk_text": "\"Bob McNair\"\nprivate investment company that manages the McNairs' public and private equity investments, and was Chairman of The McNair Foundation. In June 2000, McNair formed a biotechnology investment firm, Cogene Biotech Ventures, where he served as company chairman. He was rumored to be interested in buying a soccer club in the United Kingdom, and twice went to visit St Andrews, home of Championship team, Birmingham City F.C., who have been up for sale for the past two years. On January 3, 2014, a consortium headed by McNair made a bid to purchase Reading F.C. of the Championship, but were unsuccessful. Committed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4339896", "chunk_text": "\"Ken Bates\"\nand Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink. However, its future was threatened by an estimated debt burden of £80 million, yet it was secured against the club's ground, Stamford Bridge. In 2003, he sold the club to Russian oil billionaire Roman Abramovich for a sum of £140 million, making a £17 million profit. Bruce Buck, the current chairman, was in charge of the club's sale to Roman Abramovich. After the takeover, Bates was investigated by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) for allegedly owning undeclared shares in Chelsea Village plc, but the case was eventually dropped. He stayed on as club chairman until March", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3277965", "chunk_text": "\"David Sullivan (businessman)\"\nDavid Sullivan (businessman) David Sullivan (born 5 February 1949) is a Welsh businessman and former pornographer. He graduated in Economics from Queen Mary College, University of London. From 1986 to 2007, he owned the \"\"Daily Sport\"\" and \"\"Sunday Sport\"\" which he sold for £40 million. In April 2016, Sullivan was named by \"\"The Sunday Times\"\" as Britain's 117th equal richest man, with assets valued at £1bn. He is the Joint-Chairman and largest single shareholder of Premier League football team West Ham United F.C. He was previously Joint-Chairman of Birmingham City F.C. Born in Cardiff, the son of an RAF serviceman,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20337046", "chunk_text": "\"Elliott Management Corporation\"\nlegal action as part of an effort to replace Akzo Nobel’s chairman, Antony Burgmans. During the conflict, Elliott became Akzo Nobel’s top shareholder, with a stake of about 9%. In April 2018, Elliott bought a majority stake in Waterstones, leaving Alexander Mamut's Lynwood Investments with a minority holding. The sale completed in May 2018. James Daunt will remain as chief executive. In July 2018, Elliott Management was confirmed as the official proprietor of Italian football club AC Milan with 99.93% of the stakes of the club, after erstwhile owner Li Yonghong defaulted on his €415M debt to Elliott. Elliott immediately", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13609608", "chunk_text": "\"Reading, Berkshire\"\nin 2006, but, as of July 2008, had no estimated completion date. A second Islamic centre in eastern Reading has also been granted planning permission. This £4m project has garnered some controversy. Reading also has places of worship of other religions: the Shantideva Mahayana Buddhist centre, a Hindu temple, a Sikh gurdwara, a Salvation Army citadel, a Quaker meeting house, and a Christadelphian Hall. Reading is the home of Reading Football Club, an association football club nicknamed \"\"The Royals\"\", formed in 1871. Formerly based at Elm Park, the club plays at the 24,161 capacity Madejski Stadium, named after chairman Sir", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4273629", "chunk_text": "\"Ownership of Arsenal F.C.\"\nOwnership of Arsenal F.C. The ownership of Arsenal Football Club is considerably different from that of other clubs in English football. It is owned by a parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, which has relatively few shares which are infrequently traded. Historically, the club has been owned by descendants of the Bracewell-Smith and Hill-Wood families. The club attracted outside interest as two rival tycoons, Stan Kroenke and Alisher Usmanov, acquired significant share holdings in 2007. In August 2018, Kroenke's offer of £550 million for Usmanov's share was accepted, and Kroenke bought out the remainder of the shares to become the club's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16101698", "chunk_text": "\"History of Reading F.C.\"\nHistory of Reading F.C. The history of Reading Football Club covers almost 150 years of both success and failure of the football club from Reading, England. The club was established in 1871, making it one of the oldest professional teams in England. Reading joined the Football League in 1920. The Royals competed at the top flight of English football for the first time in the 2006–07 season. Reading Football Club was formed on 25 December 1871 by founder Joseph Edward Sydenham. They were originally nicknamed \"\"The Biscuitmen\"\" after one of the main trades in the town, Huntley & Palmers biscuits,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9732625", "chunk_text": "\"Amit Bhatia\"\nAmit Bhatia Amit Bhatia (born 4 September 1979) is a British-Indian businessman. He is currently the owner of Swordfish Investments and chairman of football club Queens Park Rangers. Amit Bhatia was born in London, United Kingdom to Arun Bhatia and wife Renu. He was educated in Delhi at Columba's School until 1995, followed by Dulwich College in London, United Kingdom, in 1996, and at the British School in Delhi in 1997. Bhatia is an alumnus of Cornell University where he studied Economics & Management. He has since remained involved in alumni matters, now serving on Cornell's External Advisory Council for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12218673", "chunk_text": "\"Vibrac Corporation\"\nWith Reading seemingly unable to make the remaining payment Vibrac called in BGT to oversee the sale of the club. Vibrac pushed through the sale of Adam Le Fondre to Cardiff and seemingly made things difficult for the chairman, Sir John Madejski, by changing terms of sale on several occasions. This led to many potential investors disengaging with the club, whilst Vibrac sought to push through sale to the mystery Phoenix consortium, which involves former Director, and person responsible for bringing Vibrac into Reading, Chris Samuelson. This called the Football League to look into the inappropriate role that Vibrac have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10248497", "chunk_text": "\"2018–19 Reading F.C. season\"\n2018, whilst Ade Shokunbi joined Billericay Town until January 2019. On 7 November, Gabriel Osho had his loan with Aldershot Town extended until the New Year, with Josh Barrett joining Osho at Aldershot Town on 10 November, signing an initial one-month loan deal On 16 November, George Legg joined Braintree Town on a month-long loan deal, whilst Adam Liddle and Joel Rollinson signed youth loan moves with Eastbourne Borough until 16 December. On 19 November, Ron Gourlay left his role as CEO of Reading with immediate effect. On 3 December, Reading were drawn away to Manchester United by Ruud Gullit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6077255", "chunk_text": "\"Arsenal F.C.\"\n2009, when he increased his holding to 18,594 shares (29.9%). In April 2011, Kroenke achieved a full takeover by purchasing the shareholdings of Nina Bracewell-Smith and Danny Fiszman, taking his shareholding to 62.89%. As of May 2017, Kroenke owns 41,721 shares (67.05%) and Red & White Securities own 18,695 shares (30.04%). Ivan Gazidis has been the club's Chief executive since 2009. Arsenal's parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, operates as a non-quoted public limited company, whose ownership is considerably different from that of other football clubs. Only 62,219 shares in Arsenal have been issued, and they are not traded on a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13630159", "chunk_text": "\"Ownership of Arsenal F.C.\"\nplayers as well as three shares owned by the Arsenal Supporters' Trust. Kroenke moved forward with this in August 2018 by purchasing Usmanov's stake. Ownership of Arsenal F.C. The ownership of Arsenal Football Club is considerably different from that of other clubs in English football. It is owned by a parent company, Arsenal Holdings plc, which has relatively few shares which are infrequently traded. Historically, the club has been owned by descendants of the Bracewell-Smith and Hill-Wood families. The club attracted outside interest as two rival tycoons, Stan Kroenke and Alisher Usmanov, acquired significant share holdings in 2007. In August", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2589228", "chunk_text": "\"Jeremy Hosking\"\nand mid-December 2012 - in 2015. That was subject to an appeal in which Hosking argued profit shares could not be forfeited, but this was dismissed by the judge. In March 2010, Hosking bought the West Sussex country house hotel, the \"\"Gravetye Manor,\"\" out of administration. In August 2010, Hosking was part of a four-man consortium which bought Selhurst Park, and then residents Crystal Palace football club out of administration, via the limited company CPFC 2010. On 18 December 2015, it was announced that American investors Josh Harris and David Blitzer had bought a major share holding in the club.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20671501", "chunk_text": "\"Luton Town Supporters' Trust\"\nholding company, Luton Town Football Club 2020 Limited, and currently holds the right of veto over any changes to the club's identity – the only such organisation that has this right in English professional football. The Trust is also a member of Supporters Direct, a government-led trust initiative. In May 2003, businessman John Gurney and his consortium bought Luton Town for just £4 from owner Mike Watson-Challis. One of Gurney's first acts was to sack Luton manager Joe Kinnear and his assistant, Mick Harford – both popular figures with Luton's supporters. Gurney outlined his vision to, among other things, build", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8335600", "chunk_text": "\"Glenn Tamplin\"\nthe season. He returned the following Tuesday. Tamplin has been scrutinised several times for controversial tweets, including suggesting a \"\"hater\"\" should jump off a building or jump in front of a train. In February 2018, Tamplin was under police investigation after alleged \"\"gangster threats\"\" were made by him to Billericay Town footballer Elliot Kebbie. Glenn Tamplin Glenn David Tamplin (born January 1972) is a British businessman, investor, and the owner and former manager of football club Billericay Town. Tamplin is the principal owner of AGP Steel. In 2017 he ranked second in the \"\"Essex Power 100\"\" list, being named the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17981557", "chunk_text": "\"2015–16 Reading F.C. season\"\nIcelandic Úrvalsdeild side Fylkir on loan until 26 June 2016. On 9 May, it was confirmed that Reading would not be renewing the contracts of Anton Ferdinand, Hal Robson-Kanu, Simon Cox, Nana Owusu, Pierce Sweeney, Lewis Collins, Noor Husin, Hammad Lawal, Samúel Friðjónsson, Conor Shaughnessy and Bogdan Vaštšuk. It was also confirmed that Dominic Hyam, Robert Dickie, Shane Griffin, Sean Long, Aaron Kuhl, Liam Kelly, Zak Jules, George Legg had all been offered new contacts, alongside Under-18 players Omar Richards, Harrison Bennett, Ryan East, Sam Smith, Luke Southwood, Billy Collings and Joe Tupper. On 25 May, Reading announced the signing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16962605", "chunk_text": "\"Reading Racers\"\nshowed the new track will be ten metres longer than the track at Smallmead, which was their home for last thirty-two years (it was always intended to be a temporary track but the new stadium never got built). However the construction of the new stadium has been delayed numerous times and now will not be ready until the 2012 season at the earliest. The plans for the new stadium did not go ahead as agreed. The Reading Speedway Action Group are currently seeking new Land in the area. In July 2010 it was reported that Reading based entrepreneur Andy Povey", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9732630", "chunk_text": "\"Amit Bhatia\"\nmonths later. On 15 August 2018, Bhatia was appointed chairman of the club after co-chairmen Tony Fernandes and Ruben Gnanalingam vacated their positions. Amit Bhatia Amit Bhatia (born 4 September 1979) is a British-Indian businessman. He is currently the owner of Swordfish Investments and chairman of football club Queens Park Rangers. Amit Bhatia was born in London, United Kingdom to Arun Bhatia and wife Renu. He was educated in Delhi at Columba's School until 1995, followed by Dulwich College in London, United Kingdom, in 1996, and at the British School in Delhi in 1997. Bhatia is an alumnus of Cornell", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5843840", "chunk_text": "\"Ken Bates\"\nchairman and moved to the position of honorary president. He was replaced in the role of chairman by Salah Nooruddin. His tenure as president was short lived, however; he was sacked on 26 July 2013, apparently due to a dispute over payment for his private jet. Being married three times, Bates currently resides in Monaco with his third wife, Suzannah. He has five children. Ken Bates Kenneth William \"\"Ken\"\" Bates (born 4 December 1931) is a British businessman, football executive and hotelier. He was involved in forming the Premier League, the development of Wembley Stadium and is the former owner", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15062165", "chunk_text": "\"2013–14 Reading F.C. season\"\nGloucester City until March. After months of speculation and nearly half a year since the full takeover of the club by Anton Zingarevich was due to be completed, Chairman Sir John Madejski confirmed that he was looking for new owners as Zingarevich was no longer involved. The first game of the month was a home tie against Yeovil Town which ended 1–1 despite the visitors being reduced to eight men when Byron Webster, Joe Ralls and Kieffer Moore were all sent off in the second half. Having fallen behind to a Shane Duffy header, Reading missed the chance to equalise", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10832484", "chunk_text": "\"Edwin Davies\"\nEdwin Davies Eddie Davies (18 June 1946 – 11 September 2018) was a British businessman and philanthropist. He served as the Chairman of the Strix Group from 1984 to 2006. He was the owner of Bolton Wanderers F.C. until March 2016, when Dean Holdsworth fronted a consortium to take over the club. The Eddie and Susan Davies Galleries at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London are named in his honour. Eddie Davies was born on 18 June 1946 in Little Lever, near Bolton, Lancashire, England. He was educated at the Farnworth Grammar School in Farnworth, Lancashire, England. He received", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20701973", "chunk_text": "\"2009–10 Watford F.C. season\"\nGrzegorz Rasiak scoring Reading's goal, and Jobi McAnuff and Brynjar Gunnarsson also playing a part. Watford Football Club is owned by the holding company \"\"Watford Leisure Plc\"\" (LSE: WFC). Its 2008–09 financial year ran from 1 July 2008 until 30 June 2009. The company released its audited accounts and annual report on 6 November 2009. It included details of the club's major shareholders, showing that Fordwat Limited—the investment company of Michael Ashcroft—owned 37.16% of Watford Leisure, Valley Grown Salads (VGS)—owned by Watford Leisure directors Jimmy and Vince Russo—held a 29.98% stake, and that previous Watford chairman Graham Simpson had a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16962602", "chunk_text": "\"Reading Racers\"\n2007 season, but crowds dropped alarmingly, with some meetings being witnessed by less than 900 fans. This led to BSI deciding to put the club up for sale mid-season, which resulted in the club being purchased by Swindon-based businessman Mark Legg, who appointed ex-rider Malcolm Holloway as his co-promoter, with the astute Tim Sugar returning as Team Manager, whilst the club's press officer and webmaster Andy Povey was appointed to head up rider recruitment, marketing and commercial activities. It was confirmed at the time of the takeover that Reading would see out the remaining fixtures of the 2007 season in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17873434", "chunk_text": "\"Chips Keswick\"\nand Keswick was revealed to have donated £23,000 to the campaign. Chips Keswick Sir John Chippendale \"\"Chips\"\" Lindley Keswick (born 2 February 1940) is a British merchant banker and member of the Keswick family who control Jardine Matheson, founded by William Jardine. In June 2013, he became Chairman of Arsenal football club. Part of the Keswick family business dynasty, he is the son of Sir William Keswick (1903–1990) and Mary Lindley, and the grandson of Henry Keswick. He was educated at Eton College and the University of Aix-Marseilles. His elder brother Henry and younger brother Simon Keswick are chairman and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20723048", "chunk_text": "\"John Madejski\"\nyou're wasting your time. The club achieved pre-tax profits of £6.6m during the tax year ending in June 2007. On 21 January 2012 it was announced that Madejski planned to relinquish control of the club by selling a 51% stake to a Russian consortium (Thames Sports Investments) headed by Anton Zingarevich for £40m. Madejski announced that as part of the deal he would continue as chairman for at least another two years followed by becoming honorary life president of the club. Madejski's reign as owner of the club officially ended on 29 May 2012 when the takeover deal was completed.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_7	when is the next scandal episode coming out?	n/a	[ "February 1, 2018" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18094491", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nin a blind emergency trust and uses that money to reinstate B613 herself. Olivia becomes Command at the end of the season and considers herself the most powerful person in the world. On February 10, 2017, ABC renewed \"\"Scandal\"\" for a seventh season; on May 10, 2017, it was announced that this season would be the show's last. On January 3, 2018, a crossover with \"\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\" was announced, which aired on March 1, 2018, with Viola Davis and Aja Naomi King guest starring. In early 2011, it was announced that Shonda Rhimes was developing a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9295426", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 6)\"\ncharacter was killed off in the eleventh episode. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 80% approval rating with an average rating of 7.5/10 based on 10 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"\"As shocking and thrilling as ever, \"\"Scandal\"\" eases into its sixth season with as much confidence as Olivia Pope herself.\"\" Scandal (season 6) The sixth season of the American television drama series \"\"Scandal\"\" was ordered on March 3, 2016 by ABC. It began airing on January 26, 2017 in the United States on ABC. The season includes the 100th episode of the series, being the tenth episode", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20473574", "chunk_text": "\"Over a Cliff\"\nOver a Cliff \"\"Over a Cliff\"\" is the series finale of the American political drama television series \"\"Scandal\"\", which premiered in the United States on April 19, 2018 on ABC. The eighteenth episode of the seventh season and the 124th episode overall, it was directed by Tom Verica and written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes. According to Nielsen Media Research, it was watched by 5.46 million Americans, acquiring a 1.3/5 rating/share in the 18–49 age range demographic. Kerry Washington stars as female lead Olivia Pope, who convinces her colleagues to confess every crime they committed, including the existence of the top", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11531353", "chunk_text": "\"Watch Me (Scandal)\"\nby Jann Turner and written by \"\"Scandal\"\" creator and showrunner Shonda Rhimes. ABC renewed the series for a seventh and final season on February 10, 2017. The season began airing on October 5, 2017, with this episode, and will consist of 18 episodes, adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes. Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons and made his first appearance as a regular actor in this episode, portraying former B613 assassin Charlie. The table read for the episode started on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9295417", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 6)\"\nScandal (season 6) The sixth season of the American television drama series \"\"Scandal\"\" was ordered on March 3, 2016 by ABC. It began airing on January 26, 2017 in the United States on ABC. The season includes the 100th episode of the series, being the tenth episode of this season. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season continues the story of Olivia Pope's crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates, and its employees, as well as staff at the White House in Washington, D.C. Season six had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9295420", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 6)\"\npremiere during midseason, following a fall run of the new series \"\"Notorious\"\". Production began on July 13, 2016, with director and executive producer Tom Verica announcing that the crew was scouting for filming locations. The table read for the premiere was on July 26, 2016, with filming starting soon after. A teaser trailer was released on November 1, 2016 on YouTube. An official trailer for the sixth season was released by ABC on November 3, 2016. The season began airing on January 26, 2017. A promotional poster was released by ABC on November 29, 2016. On February 10, 2017, ABC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2440492", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 7)\"\nScandal (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television drama series \"\"Scandal\"\" was ordered on February 10, 2017 by ABC. It was later announced that the seventh season would be the final season for \"\"Scandal\"\". The season began airing on October 5, 2017, and consisted of 18 episodes, adding the total episode count of the show to 124 episodes. Cast member George Newbern was upgraded to a series regular after being a recurring cast member for the past six seasons. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4877542", "chunk_text": "\"Transfer of Power (Scandal)\"\nof \"\"TV Fanatic\"\" gave the season finale a 5 out of 5 stars rating. Lauren Busser of \"\"Tell-Tale TV\"\" gave the episode a 4.2 out of 5 stars rating. Transfer of Power (Scandal) \"\"Transfer of Power\"\" is the sixteenth episode and the season finale of the sixth season and the 106th episode overall of ABC's political thriller series \"\"Scandal\"\". It, along with the previous episode, premiered on May 18, 2017 in the United States. The episode was directed by Tony Goldwyn and written by Matt Byrne and Mark Fish. The installment received mixed reviews from television criticism and was watched", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2440494", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 7)\"\nnights at 9:00 pm until episode 15, where it aired in its original timeslot, Thursday 10:00 pm. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"\"Scandal\"\" was renewed for a seventh season on February 10, 2017, along with the other ShondaLand dramas. The series continued to air on Thursdays in its 9 p.m. E.T. timeslot like the previous seasons, but unlike the previous season which aired in January, the seventh season premiered in the fall of 2017. ABC announced on June 26, 2017, that the seventh season would consist of 18 episodes. Long-time director Tom Verica shared on Twitter that he would only direct the series finale", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14145634", "chunk_text": "\"Watch Me (Scandal)\"\nJuly 19, 2017. Filming commenced on August 2, 2017, and wrapped on the following day. A promo containing scenes from \"\"Scandal\"\" and other ShondaLand productions, which also featured Taylor Swift's song \"\"Look What You Made Me Do\"\", was released on September 11, 2017. This episode features the songs \"\"Fight the Power\"\" by American hip hop group Public Enemy and \"\"It Takes Two\"\" by Rob Base & DJ E-Z Rock. Score for this episode was developed by Chad Fischer. \"\"Watch Me\"\" premiered on ABC on October 5, 2017. During its airing, the installment was watched by 5.52 million Americans, acquiring a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3801019", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nABC renewed \"\"Scandal\"\" for a sixth season, which premiered on January 26, 2017. The entire season is about the murder of President-elect Frankie Vargas. It is revealed that his wife, Luna, was behind his murder because she wanted power. The end of season six concludes with Mellie becoming the first female President of the United States. At the end of Fitz's term, he decided to reinstate a B613 and become Command, due to Rowan's manipulation of him. Olivia convinces him not to, because she thinks it will destroy him. Then she has Mellie reserve a percentage of the Pentagon's funds", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4877530", "chunk_text": "\"Transfer of Power (Scandal)\"\nTransfer of Power (Scandal) \"\"Transfer of Power\"\" is the sixteenth episode and the season finale of the sixth season and the 106th episode overall of ABC's political thriller series \"\"Scandal\"\". It, along with the previous episode, premiered on May 18, 2017 in the United States. The episode was directed by Tony Goldwyn and written by Matt Byrne and Mark Fish. The installment received mixed reviews from television criticism and was watched by 5.23 million Americans. This episode is rated TV-14. Picking up immediately after the events of the previous episode, Fitz and Olivia discuss the latter's decision to free her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4877540", "chunk_text": "\"Transfer of Power (Scandal)\"\nOlivia. George Newbern, Tessie Santiago and Khandi Alexander has had guest appearances. The episode features the songs \"\"Hail to the Chief\"\" by United States Marine Band, \"\"The Light\"\" by The Album Leaf, and a cover version by Aretha Franklin of \"\"It's My Turn\"\". Score for the episode was developed by Paul Koch, who works on it since the show's inception. \"\"Transfer of Power\"\" premiered on May 18, 2017, on American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States, along with the previous episode, \"\"Tick Tock\"\", comprising into a two-hour finale event. The double event was watched by 5.23 million Americans during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5941629", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nwas announced on October 30, 2014, where it was announced that \"\"Scandal\"\" would air nine episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 20, 2014, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup \"\"TGIT\"\" \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\" and \"\"How To Get Away with Murder\"\". The remaining 13 episodes aired after the winter break, beginning on January 29, 2015, and ending with the season finale on May 14, 2015. \"\"Scandal\"\" was renewed for a fifth season on May 7, 2015, by ABC. The series will continue to air at Thursdays in the timeslot 9:00 p.m. E.T. like the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5267391", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nprevious season, as it was moved to the timeslot to make room for Shondaland Production Company's new TV series, \"\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\". Production began on May 21, 2015, when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the fifth season. The series was renewed for a sixth season on March 3, 2016, by ABC. Production is scheduled to begin in July, confirmed by executive-producer Tom Verica. After Kerry Washington announced that she was pregnant again, \"\"TVLine\"\" reported that ABC is considering moving the show's premiere to midseason. In addition, the episode order for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18094498", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nthe sixth season was reduced from 22 to 16 episodes. During ABC's annual upfront presentation in May, it was announced that \"\"Scandal\"\" will premiere during midseason, following a fall run of the new series \"\"Notorious\"\". Production began on July 13, 2016, with director and executive producer Tom Verica announcing that the crew was scouting for filming locations. The table read for the premiere was on July 26, 2016, with filming starting soon after. On February 10, 2017, ABC announced that the series had been renewed for a seventh season. On May 10, 2017, ABC announced that the seventh season would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19731160", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 5)\"\nannounced that Scandal would air nine episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 19, 2015, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup \"\"TGIT\"\" \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\" and \"\"How To Get Away with Murder\"\", which was the same last year. The remaining 12 episodes will air after the winter break, beginning on February 11, 2016, as a result of ABC airing the television miniseries \"\"Madoff\"\" over two nights on February 3–4, 2016 in the same time-slot as \"\"Scandal\"\" and \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\". The show was renewed by ABC for a sixth season on March 3, 2016. Shonda", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18094494", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nthis season was split into two runs of uninterrupted episodes, the first consisting of ten episodes. The second run, initially set to consist of 12 uninterrupted episodes, began on February 27, 2014. On December 7, 2013, ABC Studios, announced that due to Kerry Washington's pregnancy, the overall episode order would be trimmed from 22 to 18, which led the season finale to air four weeks earlier on April 17, 2014. The show was renewed for a fourth season by ABC on May 9, 2014. On May 13, 2014, ABC announced their new schedule, as well as a new time slot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4877539", "chunk_text": "\"Transfer of Power (Scandal)\"\nthat Cyrus persuaded Luna to take control after he repeated exactly the same sentences Luna said while explaining herself earlier. Cyrus, on the other hand, succeeds to understand that Olivia took over B613. \"\"Transfer or Power\"\" was directed by executive producer Tony Goldwyn and written by Matt Byrne and Mark Fish. The table read for the season finale was on April 13, 2017, as it was announced by Kerry Washington. Filming for the episode ended on April 29, 2017. The episode focuses on Mellie's oath and Fitz's departure from the White House, as well as showing a dark side of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2440498", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 7)\"\nto the regular cast. In August, Jay Hernandez and Shaun Toub were cast in unspecified, recurring roles. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95% \"\"certified fresh\"\" approval rating with an average rating of 8.11/10, based on 20 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: \"\"With the aptitude that helped change the face of serialized drama, \"\"Scandal\"\" concludes its fiery run with unpredictability, heart, and an emphasis on cultural affairs.\"\" Scandal (season 7) The seventh and final season of the American television drama series \"\"Scandal\"\" was ordered on February 10, 2017 by ABC. It was later announced that the seventh season would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14145628", "chunk_text": "\"Watch Me (Scandal)\"\nWatch Me (Scandal) \"\"Watch Me\"\" is the first episode of the seventh season of the American political thriller television series \"\"Scandal\"\", and the 107th episode overall. Written by series creator and showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Jann Turner, it premiered on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on October 5, 2017. This episode was watched by 5.52 million viewers. Local news announce Luna Vargas' death, which was considered a heart attack; Cyrus Beene' (Jeff Perry) new position as Vice President; and President Mellie Grant's (Bellamy Young) first joint session at the Congress, during which she promised a bill to free", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10557996", "chunk_text": "\"Day 101\"\nas \"\"Dog-Whistle Politics\"\". \"\"Day 101\"\" premiered on October 19, 2017. It was watched by 4.70 millions viewers, the first episode of \"\"Scandal\"\" to dip below 5 million viewers, and acquired a 1.1/4 rating/share among those aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. On DVR, it was watched by 2.55 millions and garnered a 1.0 rating, thus increasing the total viewership to 7.25 millions. Day 101 \"\"Day 101\"\" is the third episode of the seventh season of ABC's political drama series \"\"Scandal.\"\" Directed by Scott Foley and written by Zahir McGhee, it premiered in the U.S. on October 19, 2017. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "904260", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 4)\"\nannounced on October 30, 2014, where it was announced that \"\"Scandal\"\" would air nine episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 20, 2014, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup \"\"TGIT\"\" \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\" and \"\"How To Get Away with Murder\"\". The remaining 13 episodes aired after the winter break, beginning on January 29, 2015, and ending with the season finale on May 14, 2015. The show was renewed by ABC for a fifth season, on May 7, 2015. Production started at the beginning of July, as Rhimes tweeted that the writers were hard at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11531357", "chunk_text": "\"Watch Me (Scandal)\"\ngiving the installment a 3.8 out of 5 stars rating, saying it was \"\"decent,\"\" adding, \"\"It had the characters in some crazy situations, but as far as premieres go, this was the quietest one in quite some time.\"\" Watch Me (Scandal) \"\"Watch Me\"\" is the first episode of the seventh season of the American political thriller television series \"\"Scandal\"\", and the 107th episode overall. Written by series creator and showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Jann Turner, it premiered on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) on October 5, 2017. This episode was watched by 5.52 million viewers. Local news announce", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14728731", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 4)\"\neighteenth episode. After the season finale, it was announced that Portia de Rossi has been promoted to a series regular for the fifth season. The fourth season began airing September 25, 2014, in the U.S. in a new timeslot as a result of making room for ShondaLand produced show, \"\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\". The season premiered at the same time in Canada on City. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it premiered on Sky Living on January 8, 2015. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The season premiere returned with universal acclaim from critics, with many commenting the accomplishment the premiere did to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5941649", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nOctober 3. BET airs new episodes after an eight-day delay. Seasons 1–5 of the series have been released on DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment under the ABC Studios label. Additionally, Netflix currently streams all available seasons in the U.S, Canada and Mexico. The show is available via traditional by-episode and season purchase by most online video retailers, including iTunes. Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Seasons 6 and 7 The show has been met with generally favorable reviews, with a collective score of 64/100 based on 28 critics from Metacritic. Based on advanced screeners", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2440496", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 7)\"\nas he felt \"\"this once-great drama is simply spinning its wheels, serving us the same old flavors with only slightly different toppings.\"\" Before the sixth-season finale, multiple sources reported that \"\"Scandal\"\" would be ending next season. ABC confirmed on May 16, 2017, that the seventh season would be the final season for the show. Shonda Rhimes released a statement about the ending of the show calling the seventh season \"\"Olivia's Swan Song\"\" as she said: On January 3, 2018, Kerry Washington tweeted out a photo to Viola Davis of herself in a \"\"familiar\"\" setting, that being a courthouse used for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5267369", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nScandal (TV series) Scandal is an American political thriller television series starring Kerry Washington. Created by Shonda Rhimes, it aired on ABC from April 5, 2012, until April 19, 2018, for 124 episodes over seven seasons. Kerry Washington's character, Olivia Pope, is partially based on former George H.W. Bush administration press aide Judy Smith, who serves as a co-executive producer. The show takes place in Washington, D.C. and focuses on Olivia Pope's crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates (OPA), and its staff, as well as staff at the White House and surrounding political scene. In addition to Kerry Washington,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9295419", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 6)\"\nin their efforts to deal with and contain political scandals. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"\"Scandal\"\" was renewed for a sixth season on March 3, 2016, by ABC. The series continued to air at Thursdays in the timeslot 9 p.m. E.T. like the previous season. Production began in July, confirmed by executive-producer Tom Verica. After Kerry Washington announced that she was pregnant again, \"\"TVLine\"\" reported that ABC was considering moving the show's premiere to midseason. In addition, the episode order for the sixth season was reduced from 22 to 16 episodes. During ABC's annual upfront presentation in May, it was announced that \"\"Scandal\"\" will", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11776747", "chunk_text": "\"A Very English Scandal (TV series)\"\nThe BBC television drama was first announced on 4 May 2017. The miniseries comprises three 56-minute episodes. The series premiered on BBC One on 20 May 2018 and on Amazon Prime on 29 June 2018. The DVD was released on 2 July 2018. The miniseries has received very positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 95% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 9.05/10. The site summarized the critics' consensus as \"\"Hugh Grant and Ben Whishaw impress in \"\"A Very English Scandal\"\", an equally absorbing and appalling look at British politics and society\"\". Metacritic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11945719", "chunk_text": "\"Griffin Newman\"\nseason were released on August 25, 2017. The remaining six episodes of the first season were released on February 23, 2018. On January 17, 2018, Amazon ordered a second season of 10 episodes, expected to premiere in 2019. Newman has received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Everest. Newman has a small role in Woody Allen’s film \"\"A Rainy Day In New York\"\", set for release in 2018. In October 2017, Newman made a statement via his Twitter expressing his regret at taking the role in the film, due to the allegations of sexual misconduct against Allen. He announced he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12579974", "chunk_text": "Shondaland\npremiered in 2012 and 2014, respectively, with the latter still in production, and the former airing its final episode on April 19, 2018. The comedy-driven crime drama \"\"The Catch\"\" aired for two seasons and received generally positive reviews from critics. The period drama \"\"Still Star-Crossed\"\" premiered on May 29, 2017, and was cancelled after one season. The legal drama \"\"For the People\"\", created by Paul William Davies and set to premiere in the 2017–18 television season, is the eighth television series produced by Shondaland. It was announced on January 3, 2018 that \"\"Scandal\"\" and \"\"How to Get Away With Murder\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10557988", "chunk_text": "\"Day 101\"\nDay 101 \"\"Day 101\"\" is the third episode of the seventh season of ABC's political drama series \"\"Scandal.\"\" Directed by Scott Foley and written by Zahir McGhee, it premiered in the U.S. on October 19, 2017. The episode was watched by 4.70 million Americans, and received mixed commentary from television criticism. This episode depicts the 100-day period that followed Mellie's entrance in the White House as president. Fitz moves to Vermont and begins a candid, careless, and mundane life plan. During the first few days, Fitz does things a regular citizen does during their life, such as cooking and shopping", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19731159", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 5)\"\noccur and they must try to deal with them. \"\"Scandal\"\" was renewed for a fifth season on May 7, 2015, by ABC. The series will continue to air at Thursdays in the timeslot 9:00 p.m. E.T. like the previous season, as it was moved to the timeslot to make room for ShondaLand Production Company's new TV series, \"\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\". Production began on May 21, 2015, when Rhimes announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing mapping the fifth season. The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on November 16, 2015 where it was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7958883", "chunk_text": "\"Runaways (TV series)\"\n2017. The series was officially ordered by Hulu in May 2017. The first season was released from November 21, 2017, to January 9, 2018. In January 2018, \"\"Runaways\"\" was renewed for a 13-episode second season, which is scheduled to be released in its entirety on December 21, 2018. Six teenagers from different backgrounds unite against a common enemy – their criminal parents, collectively known as the Pride. In the second season, the teenagers are now on the run from their parents, living on their own and figuring out how to stop the Pride, before learning there may be a mole", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11658748", "chunk_text": "\"The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story\"\non it, is being closed. The same month, a second teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion. On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of \"\"\"\", which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018. In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it. The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16848366", "chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (season 6)\"\nHouse of Cards (season 6) The sixth and final season of the American political drama web television series \"\"House of Cards\"\" was confirmed by Netflix on December 4, 2017, and was released on November 2, 2018. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of thirteen episodes each, the sixth season consists of only eight. The season does not include former lead actor Kevin Spacey, who was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations. On October 11, 2017, \"\"The Baltimore Sun\"\" reported that \"\"House of Cards\"\" had been renewed for a sixth season and that filming would begin by the end", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20803191", "chunk_text": "\"The Sinner (TV series)\"\nordered on January 17, 2017, and the eight episodes were broadcast on USA Network between August 2 and September 20, 2017. Originally, the series was created as a miniseries; however, in March 2018, it was announced that \"\"The Sinner\"\" would return for a second season. The second season premiered on August 1, 2018, comprised eight episodes and concluded on September 19, 2018. The main song featured in the first-season storyline is \"\"Huggin and Kissin\"\" by Big Black Delta. In May 2018, Carrie Coon, Natalie Paul and Hannah Gross were cast for the second season as Vera, Heather and Marin respectively.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18319420", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (American band)\"\non January 17, 2009 in Ridgefield, Connecticut to a standing ovation. Smyth stated the song will be available to purchase digitally in February 2009, with the new EP to follow shortly. However, the single has been indefinitely delayed as the EP will be expanded to a full-length album, according to Smyth's blog in May 2009. As of December 2011, the only new music released was \"\"Silent Night\"\", their cover of the Christmas classic, which was featured in the \"\"NCIS\"\" Season 9 Christmas episode, \"\"Newborn King\"\" and subsequently available for purchase on the band's official website. Original drummer Frankie LaRocka died", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19951316", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (Japanese band)\"\n2017 was recorded for the October 21 episode of the television show \"\"Storytellers\"\". Their eighth studio album \"\"Honey\"\" was released in Japan on February 14, 2018, and in Europe on March 2. Honey peaked at number 3 on the Oricon weekly charts, thus extending their streak of being the only girl band to consecutively have their albums reach the top 5 of the charts to 8. — lead vocals, rhythm guitar Being fans of Japanese animation and manga themselves they wanted to be represented in animated form, turning each member into an animated character. The animated Scandal is featured on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6156555", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)\"\nan episode titled \"\"Info Wars\"\", inspired by the Charlottesville riots and the website InfoWars. Rhea's character was inspired by InfoWars reporter Millie Weaver. On March 5, 2018, it was revealed that Stephanie March would reprise her role as ADA Alexandra Cabot in an episode titled \"\"Sunk Cost Fallacy\"\" that aired on April 18, 2018. It marked March's first appearance on the show since . <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19) The nineteenth season of \"\"\"\" premiered on September 27, 2017 and finished on May 23, 2018 with a two-part season finale. Michael S. Chernuchin, who had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20534212", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nrecurring cast member. Production started at the beginning of July, as Rhimes tweeted that the writers were hard at work collaborating ideas and mapping out the fourth season. Scouting for the season began a few days later. The table read for the first episode was on July 24, 2014, and Rhimes revealed the title of the premiere the same day. Filming for the fourth season began on July 28, 2014, and ended on April 28, 2015. Scouting began in the beginning of July. Kerry Washington announced the first table read would happen July 14, 2015. The title of the season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18972071", "chunk_text": "\"Succession (TV series)\"\nthe pilot were to include Armstrong, McKay, Will Ferrell, Frank Rich, and Kevin Messick. On May 16, 2017, it was announced that HBO had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The previously announced creative was expected to continue their involvement as the series enters into production. On November 17, 2017, it was reported that Nicholas Britell would serve as the series' composer. On April 26, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on June 3, 2018. On June 11, 2018, it was reported that HBO had renewed the series for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7344541", "chunk_text": "\"How to Get Away with Murder\"\nfor a fourth season on February 10, 2017, by ABC. The series was renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2018, by ABC, which premiered on September 27, 2018. In an interview with \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\", showrunner Peter Nowalk talked about what will happen in the third season regarding Frank's disappearance; he commented: \"\"Yes, I can see the three-piece suits and the hair product all falling apart. It’s more what Frank feels about himself\"\". When talking about the trust between Annalise and Frank, Nowalk said: \"\"...Frank has two choices: To run away and hope she never catches him, just to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4021421", "chunk_text": "\"Dynasty (2017 TV series)\"\nits lead-in. Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to \"\"Dynasty\"\", making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast. The series moved to Fridays starting with the fourteenth episode. Season two began airing on October 12, 2018. Leslie Moonves, the head of CBS Corporation, said in 2017, \"\"We own 100 percent of [\"\"Dynasty\"\"], and we've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries ... So this means \"\"Dynasty\"\" is profitable before it even hits the air.\"\" The CW's president Mark Pedowitz said in January 2018, \"\"I'm disappointed in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9886226", "chunk_text": "\"No Activity (U.S. TV series)\"\nwere slated to consist of CBS Television Studios, Gary Sanchez Productions, and Funny Or Die. On October 4, 2017, it was announced that the series would premiere on November 12, 2017. On February 13, 2018, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season. On September 25, 2018, it was announced that the second season would be released all at once on November 22, 2018. Alongside the series premiere announcement, it was confirmed that the series would star Patrick Brammall and Tim Meadows with guest stars including Will Ferrell, Mark Berry, Arturo Castro, Mackenzie Davis, Bridget", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6664590", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (TV series)\"\nbeen cast in a recurring role. \"\"The Hollywood Reporter\"\" announced on February 18, 2016, that Joe Morton who plays Rowan \"\"Eli\"\" Pope had been promoted to a series regular, and was credited as a regular cast member for the first time in the twelfth episode of Season 5. \"\"TVLine\"\" announced on August 6, 2016, that \"\"Glee\"\"-alum Jessalyn Gilsig will replace Joelle Carter as Vanessa Moss, Jake Ballard's wife. \"\"TVLine\"\" announced on May 15, 2017, that George Newbern, who plays Charlie, is being promoted to a main cast member for Season 7, after having appeared in over fifty episodes as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20927663", "chunk_text": "\"The Conners\"\nHollywood that preliminary negotiations were underway with the cast for a second season. Production on the series began on August 31, 2018, at the Warner Bros. Studios lot in Burbank, California. On October 26, 2018, ABC announced it had ordered an additional episode, bringing the first season's total number to 11. The series premiered on October 16, 2018, on ABC in the United States, and on CTV in Canada. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating from critics with an average rating of 8.02/10 based on 45 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"\"\"\"The Conners\"\" offers the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19769178", "chunk_text": "\"Andi Mack\"\nChannel. The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017. On February 19, 2018, Disney Channel announced that \"\"Andi Mack\"\" had been renewed for a third season, with the cast informed about the renewal live on \"\"Good Morning America\"\" by the creator that day. The third season premiered on October 8, 2018. On November 13, 2018, it was announced that the series would be featuring a two-episode arc—\"\"Cookie Monster\"\" and \"\"The New Girls\"\"—revolving around gun safety and peer pressure. On December 14, 2018, it was announced that Stoney Westmoreland was fired by Disney Channel and would no longer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19731157", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 5)\"\nScandal (season 5) The fifth season of the American television drama series \"\"Scandal\"\" was ordered on May 7, 2015 by ABC, and began airing on September 24, 2015 in the United States on ABC. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. The season continues the story of Olivia Pope's crisis management firm, Olivia Pope & Associates, and its staff, as well as staff at the White House in Washington D.C. Season five has eleven series regulars, all returning from the previous season, out of which six are part of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_8	when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl?	n/a	[ "Super Bowl LII,", "2017" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11598890", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\n2004 and 2018), and won in 2018. The franchise frequently finished at the bottom of the standings in the 1930s, but improved in the 1940s, and became the only NFL team to win back to back championships by shutout (in 1948 and 1949). Though the franchise was average for much of the 1950s, the 1960 championship-winning Eagles were the only team to defeat the Vince Lombardi-coached Packers in a playoff game. The Eagles did not experience much success in the 1960s and early 1970s, but the franchise made four straight playoff appearances starting in 1978, including a Super Bowl appearance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494373", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nRedskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season. The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933. From that season, through 1966, this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division. In 1967, they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years. In 1970, the Steelers (along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old-line NFL teams in the National Football", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5816571", "chunk_text": "Philadelphia\nPlace became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall's tower in 1987. After ten years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first Super Bowl in 2018. In 2004, ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities. Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by \"\"GQ\"\" magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of \"\"Meanest Fans in America\"\" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing. Major professional sports teams that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8780917", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nin 1980. After another down period, the franchise made the playoffs in six of nine seasons between 1988 and 1996. Andy Reid was hired as head coach in 1999, and across fourteen seasons he led the franchise to nine playoff appearances and a run to the 2004 Super Bowl. After Chip Kelly's three-year tenure as head coach, the Eagles hired Doug Pederson, a former offensive coordinator under Reid. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. In 1994, defensive end Reggie White, running back Steve Van Buren, and two-way players Chuck Bednarik and Pete Pihos were named", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494404", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nstarring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles, most notably Season 3, Episode 2 – \"\"The Gang Gets Invincible,\"\" the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film. Philadelphia Eagles The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII; their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494322", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nPhiladelphia Eagles The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII; their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960. The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets, when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773234", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\nSeahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002. With the Eagles’ loss, the city of Philadelphia’s sports championship drought continued (no Philly-based pro sports team since the 1983 Sixers won the NBA title) until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14190442", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nPhiladelphia baseball club, the history of baseball in Philadelphia extends to even before the Athletics, as Philadelphians were playing town ball by the 1820s. The Philadelphia Eagles, founded in 1933, are members of the East Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League. They have operated continuously since then, with the partial exception of the 1943 season, when the Eagles temporarily merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers to become the Steagles. The Eagles have won three NFL titles (1948, 1949, 1960), four conference championships, and thirteen division championships. They have made three Super Bowl appearances (in 1980,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693612", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\n2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns, and the 2017 home opener against the Giants. In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers, on September 12, 2010, the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team. In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season, the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match-up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games. For the 2011 season, the Eagles did not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7598366", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nto overcome numerous injuries, particularly to its defense, to reach the NFC Championship for the third year in a row, only to suffer a heartbreaking 14-3 loss against the Carolina Panthers. On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27-10, sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations. With two Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14841207", "chunk_text": "\"Curse of Billy Penn\"\nplaced a new William Penn figurine atop the building's highest beam in hopes to ward off the curse. On February 4, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII 41-33 to win their first Super Bowl in team history, and first championship since the 1960 NFL Championship. Curse of Billy Penn The Curse of Billy Penn was a curse used to explain the failure of major professional sports teams based in Philadelphia to win championships since the March 1987 construction of the One Liberty Place skyscraper, which exceeded the height of William Penn's statue atop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679297", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\non December 11, 1988. In the 2010s, the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title, but still play the Cowboys particularly tough, posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014, despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings. The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s, when the long-moribund Eagles returned to contention. In January 1981, the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship, with Philadelphia winning 20–7. A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s, including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2212262", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia City Hall\"\nwere in contention for a championship: a Phillies cap in 1993 and a Flyers jersey in 1997—both teams lost. The supposed curse ended 22 years later when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series, a year and four months after a Penn statuette had been affixed to the final beam of the Comcast Center during its topping out ceremony in June 2007. Another Penn statuette was placed on the topmost beam of the Comcast Technology Center in November 2017, and the Eagles won the Super Bowl a few months later. City Hall is a masonry structure with load-bearing walls up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3720868", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Pennsylvania\"\nSports in Pennsylvania Sports in Pennsylvania includes numerous professional sporting teams, events, and venues located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Between 1979 and 1980, the Pirates, Phillies, Steelers, Eagles, Sixers, and Flyers all made it to the end of the postseason, with the Steelers, Pirates, and Phillies being victorious. . Until recently, when the Philadelphia Eagles won the super bowl 2018. Pennsylvania is home to eight teams from the five major American professional sports leagues. Football is the most popular sport in Pennsylvania, especially in the Lehigh Valley, Northeastern Pennsylvania, Central Pennsylvania, and Western Pennsylvania. Western Pennsylvania in particular", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11598177", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\n2010 Stanley Cup Finals made the city of Philadelphia the first North American city to have all four of its major professional sports league teams play in the league championship finals at least once since 2000, although the Phillies and the Eagles are the only teams to have won a championship since 2000. Philadelphia has had an odd trend of losing championship games during presidential inauguration years; the Sixers, Eagles, Phillies, and Flyers collectively have an 0-8 record in such games since 1977. In 2011, the Phillies became the first team in the city's major professional sports history to finish", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14189713", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nis one of just three cities in which one team from every league plays within city limits. These major sports teams are the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball, the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League, the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League. Each team has played in Philadelphia since at least the 1960s, and each team has won at least one championship. Since 2010, the Greater Philadelphia area has been the home of the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer, making the Philadelphia market one of nine cities", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494374", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nConference. As a result, the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year; instead, they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season, the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Lincoln Financial Field, with the Eagles winning 34–3. The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966, which was also the start of the Super Bowl era. The Eagles lead the all-time series 47–28–3. For several decades, the Eagles' colors were kelly green, silver, and white. In 1954, the Eagles, along with the Baltimore Colts,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494324", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\none of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community. They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has become more high-profile since the 1960s, as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins. Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry, roughly dating back to 1933, that mostly arises from the two teams' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state. The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season. In a \"\"Sports Illustrated\"\" poll", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8607334", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nfirst time since the 2004 season. The Eagles would face Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX at Super Bowl LII. The Eagles would end up winning the game 41-33 to give the Eagles their first Super Bowl Championship and their first championship since the 1960 season before the NFL-AFL merger. Nick Foles would be named Super Bowl MVP. The Eagles came back from a successful 2017 season hoping to become the first repeat Super Bowl victors since the New England Patriots during their 2003 and 2004 season. Before the season started many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693608", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nhowever, re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals. The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21, 2016 game against the New York Giants, in which they won 24-19. From 2006 to 2013, the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game, but did not use them in 2007, 2010, and 2011. For the 2007 and 2010 seasons, the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams. The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16032894", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl LII\"\nSuper Bowl LII Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773187", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\nSuper Bowl XXXIX Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14–2 regular season record, became the first, and most recent (as of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3719963", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nYuengling later retracted their file for the trademark. At the NFL Owners Meetings in Orlando, Doug Pederson said that the play is being unofficially retired for at least the next season due to other teams' awareness of the play. On June 14, 2018, the Eagles received their Super Bowl rings. The bezel of the ring contained 127 diamonds, which is the total from the numbers of the jerseys of the three players who handled the ball after the snap on the Philly Special—Corey Clement (30), Trey Burton (88) and Nick Foles (9). In September 2018, a statue commemorating the Philly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13421028", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nmet the Boston Bruins seven times in the NHL playoffs, including a stretch where they met four out of five years. The Philadelphia Phillies and the Boston Red Sox are interleague rivals, and the two franchises met in the 1915 World Series. The Eagles and the New England Patriots rarely play, but the teams met in both the 2005 Super Bowl and the 2018 Super Bowl. The Union and the New England Revolution both play in the MLS's Eastern Conference. Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. have teams in the same division in the NFL, NHL, MLB, and MLS. The Eagles and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494372", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nbases, with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl. The rivalry has even spilled over into Draft Weekend, with Cowboys legend Drew Pearson and Eagles legend David Akers exchanging insults at the opposing franchise in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys, that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce. It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskins; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6–0, and lead the all-time series 85–76–6. The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall. However, the Eagles swept the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494370", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\ngoal by Jake Elliott to make the final score 41–33. The franchise won their first Super Bowl ever and their first championship since 1960. Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 out of 43 with 373 passing yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2002's Super Bowl XXXVI. One of the NFL's oldest, this rivalry began on October 15, 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56–0. The all-time series is tied at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693609", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nin 2004. Since 2014, the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season. In 2016, they wore the black jersey three times. To celebrate the team's 75th anniversary, the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th-season logo patch on the left shoulder. In addition, the team wore \"\"throwback\"\" jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions. The yellow and blue jerseys, the same colors found on Philadelphia's city flag, are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team's inaugural season, and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2483779", "chunk_text": "\"Doug Pederson\"\nleague MVP, tore his ACL in Week 14, leaving backup [[Nick Foles]] with the starting job for the remainder of the year. Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz, Foles filled in admirably as the starter, allowing Philadelphia to make it to [[Super Bowl LII]], their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season. Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41-33 win over the [[New England Patriots]], giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960. On May 3, 2018, it was reported the Philadelphia", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8780946", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nan Arena Football League franchise founded in 2004. The team plays in the Wells Fargo Center. The Philadelphia Soul won ArenaBowl XXII in 2008 before the league formally disbanded in 2009. The Soul returned in 2010 after the Arena Football League restarted its operations as a new entity. The Soul have won four conference championships and four division championships. The Philadelphia Soul won back-to-back championships in 2017 (Arena Bowl XXIX) and 2018 (Arena Bowl XXX), making it a total of three Arena Bowl (League) Championships. Philadelphia hosts some women's football teams as well. The city's first women's tackle football team", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14924367", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nHistory of the Philadelphia Eagles The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances. The beginning era of the Eagles history, 1933 to 1939, was influenced by its owner, and then also coach, Bert Bell. After Bell ostensibly sold the team, to Alexis Thompson in 1940, the second era of the Eagles history was largely directed by their coach and future", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17192626", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars\"\nallowing the Panthers to carry a 17–3 lead into the fourth quarter. Sources The Stars remained in Philadelphia for the 1984 season but were forced to relocate their post-season home games to Franklin Field due to a conflict with the Philadelphia Phillies. The Stars roared through the regular season with the league best record, and routed George Allen's Arizona Wranglers, 23–3 for the league title in Florida at Tampa Stadium on July 15. It was the last traditional professional football championship for the city of Philadelphia until the Eagles' Super Bowl LII victory at the end of the 2017 season,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17185999", "chunk_text": "\"Vince Lombardi Trophy\"\n(1976, 1980, 1983), the Washington Redskins (1982, 1987, 1991) and the Denver Broncos (1997, 1998, 2015) are tied for seventh with three each. Although none of these teams have ever won three straight Super Bowls, two of them have won three Lombardi trophies in four years and one twice in three years: The Dallas Cowboys (1992, 1993, 1995) and the New England Patriots (2001, 2003, 2004) and (2014, 2016). The Pittsburgh Steelers won four Super Bowls in six years (1974, 1975, 1978, 1979). The trophy has been presented on a stage constructed on the field since Super Bowl XXX in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5817669", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nlevels of the sport for confirming proper alignment before a play. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII, 41–33. It was the team's first NFL championship since 1960, and first ever Super Bowl win. After the game, coach Doug Pederson told reporters \"\"We call [the play] the Philly special...\"\" Pederson also noted that the play came from “...[looking] at different plays around the league and the collegiate ranks, and things that over the years that might fit what we do. We found this one that fit, and we’ve been working on it for the last couple of weeks", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494329", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nas the \"\"Steagles.\"\" (The merger, never intended as a permanent arrangement, was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season.) By the late 1940s, head coach Earle \"\"Greasy\"\" Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back-to-back championships by shutouts, defeating the Chicago Cardinals, 7–0, in 1948—in a blizzard—and the Los Angeles Rams, 14–0, in 1949. After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8649173", "chunk_text": "\"The Lombardi Curse\"\nthat the franchise is cursed by Vince Lombardi; that beating Lombardi meant never winning the trophy named after him. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41 to 33 in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 4, 2018, ending the alleged curse. In 1958, the Philadelphia Eagles offered and nearly hired Vince Lombardi to be their head coach after having served as the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants, but after some discussion he refused it in the end. The Eagles were reportedly not happy with his decision. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693599", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\n86–86–2. Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as \"\"Miracle In The Meadowlands – Herm Edwards\"\", \"\"Miracle In The Meadowlands II – Brian Westbrook\"\" and \"\"Miracle In The New Meadowlands – DeSean Jackson\"\". The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles' biggest rivals. The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27–25 on September 30, 1960. Dallas leads the all-time series 63–51–0. They have been close in recent years, with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12. There is much hostility between the two teams' fan", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17831318", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nthe game that the Browns went on to win, ending a 19-game winless streak. Bud Light placed \"\"victory fridges\"\" in several Cleveland-area taverns that unlocked upon the Browns winning. Philly Special The Philly Special (also known as Philly Philly) was an American football trick play between Philadelphia Eagles players Corey Clement, Trey Burton and Nick Foles on fourth-down-and-goal toward the end of the second quarter of Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018. On the play, quarterback Foles moved up to behind his offensive line and the ball was directly snapped to running back Clement. Clement went on to pitch", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5816570", "chunk_text": "Philadelphia\nare the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports. The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the Philadelphia Union of Major League Soccer. The Union began playing their home games at Talen Energy Stadium in 2010, a soccer-specific stadium in Chester, Pennsylvania. The city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship, from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win until the Phillies 2008 World Series win. The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773209", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\ntime in January, the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak—teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years, beginning with the 76ers loss in . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981. 1989 was not included in that streak, but 1977, 1981, 1985 (Flyers), 1993 (Phillies), 1997 (Flyers), and 2001 (76ers) were. The game was televised in the United States by Fox, with play-by-play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman. Pam Oliver (Patriots sideline) and Chris Myers (Eagles sideline) served as sideline", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14924453", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\ninjuries plagued the team including their quarterback Carson Wentz who was still recovering from an ACL injury. Nick Foles would be the starting quarterback to begin the season and helped win the team their opening game against the Atlanta Falcons 18-12. History of the Philadelphia Eagles The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances. The beginning era of the Eagles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693624", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\ncity. The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday, September 12, 1999, which was Andy Reid's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles. The studies note that—win or lose—Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium. As of August 2008, the team had sold out 71 consecutive games, and 70,000 were on the team's waiting list for season tickets. Despite finishing with a 6–10 record in the 2005 season, the Eagles ranked second in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8767199", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl\"\ntheir dark-colored uniform in more recent years are the Green Bay Packers against the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XLV and the Philadelphia Eagles against the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, with teams in white winning 12 of the last 14 Super Bowls. The 49ers, as part of the league's 75th Anniversary celebration, used their 1955 throwback uniform in Super Bowl XXIX, which for that year was their regular home jersey. No team has yet worn a third jersey or Color Rush uniform for the Super Bowl. Fifteen different regions have hosted Super Bowls. A total of 26", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13651801", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nSpecial, showing the moment of discussion between Nick Foles and Doug Pederson, was unveiled at Lincoln Financial Field. On September 6, 2018, during the first game of the 2018 season, the Eagles ran a similar trick play against the Atlanta Falcons successfully, gaining a first down. Despite the Philly Special being occasionally called \"\"Philly Philly\"\" due to the conversation Foles and Pederson had regarding calling that play, Pederson indicated the play in the Falcons-Eagles game is called \"\"Philly Philly.\"\" It is notable that in Super Bowl LII, the Patriots ran a play that was essentially identical, albeit not successful, to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693620", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nbefore any major uniform changes and alterations can be made, it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made. In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants, the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys, giving them a blackout uniform set, the Eagles won the game 27–0. The victory was their first shutout in 18 years. The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory, 19-10, against the Raiders in 2017. The Eagles are 6–3 in their blackout uniforms: winning three times against the Giants and once", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1700667", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\non December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals. In August, the team stirred up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773208", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\nthe Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time. They joined the Dallas Cowboys, Denver Broncos, Pittsburgh Steelers, San Francisco 49ers, Miami Dolphins, Washington Redskins, and Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012. The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone's \"\"fo', fi', fo'\"\" during the 76ers run to the NBA Championship. With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376203", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League\"\nthe Green Bay Packers with thirteen (nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era, and four Super Bowl championships afterwards); the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the Philadelphia Eagles, who defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl championship after winning three NFL titles before the Super Bowl era. On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4211065", "chunk_text": "\"Multiple major sports championship seasons\"\nTherefore, Pittsburgh was in fact the most recent city to win multiple championships in the same season. On the other hand, Super Bowl III, won by the New York Jets of the AFL on January 12, 1969, is counted towards the 1968 season, disqualifying consideration of 3 titles in New York City in 1969. All four of Philadelphia's major professional sports teams played in the championship game or series, in their respective sports, following the 1980 season: The 1980 Philadelphia Phillies won the World Series, while the 1980 Philadelphia Eagles lost Super Bowl XV, the 1979-80 Philadelphia 76ers lost the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693584", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nbefore being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons, particularly 2015, as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense. At the end of the 2015 season, the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. They traded Byron Maxwell, Kiko Alonso, and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the #8 pick. Later, they traded the #8 pick, their third-round pick, their fourth-round pick, a 2017 first-round pick, and a 2018 second-round pick to the Cleveland", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494377", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nwas practically abandoned, as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green. The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color, with silver and black accents. The team's logo combination (the eagle and club name lettering) also changed in 1996, with the eagle itself limited to a white (bald eagle) head, drawn in a less realistic, more cartoon-based style, and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters. Since the 1996 alterations, the team has made only minor alterations, mostly relating to jersey/pant combinations worn during specific games. For example, in 1997, against the San Francisco 49ers,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_9	who was the first lady nominated member of the rajya sabha?	n/a	[ "Mary Kom" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18965053", "chunk_text": "\"First Ladies and Gentlemen of India\"\nto the post of president on 25th July 2017. Rajvanshi Devi, wife of India's first president, was the country's first First Lady from 1950 until 1962. Devi kept a very low profile during this era and did not attend public events with President Rajendra Prasad. Saraswati Bai, wife of the country's fourth president, V. V. Giri, was the first First Lady to take a more public role. Bai's role marked a change from the lower profile of her predecessors. She attended and hosted public events and became a recognizable figure to the Indian public. Her successor, Begum Abida Ahmed, India's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "239919", "chunk_text": "\"Violet Alva\"\nand Violet Alva, the first Parliamentarian couple in history, was unveiled in Parliament. In 2008, the year of Violet's birth centenary, a stamp commemorating the couple was issued by the government of India. Violet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18965054", "chunk_text": "\"First Ladies and Gentlemen of India\"\nfirst lady from 1974 to 1977, further expanded the public role of the First Lady's position by organizing ceremonies and official functions at the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Before Pratibha Patil was sworn in as the first female President of India, the role of the wives of the President were to act as the chief hostess of the Bhavan. In 2007, the office room meant for the First Lady went for some minor changes to accommodate the husband of Pratibha Patil, Devisingh Shekhawat, the country's inaugural \"\"First Gentleman\"\". Former First Lady Suvra Mukherjee, the wife of President Pranab Mukherjee, died in office", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3279613", "chunk_text": "\"Indira Gandhi\"\nIndira Gandhi Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (; née Nehru; November 19, 1917 – October 31, 1984), was an Indian politician, stateswoman and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, the only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as Prime Minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian Prime Minister after her father. Gandhi served as her father's personal assistant and hostess during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18619745", "chunk_text": "\"Rukmini Devi Arundale\"\nRukmini Devi Arundale Rukmini Devi Neelakanda Sastri (29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986) was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal rights and welfare. She also is the first ever woman in Indian history to be nominated as the Rajya Sabha member. She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts. Though she belonged to the Indian upper-caste", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11489660", "chunk_text": "\"Sarojini Mahishi\"\nSarojini Mahishi Sarojini Bindurao Mahishi (3 March 1927 – 25 January 2015) was an Indian teacher, lawyer, activist and politician. She was the first woman Member of Parliament from the State of Karnataka, who represented the constituency Dharwad North for four terms between 1962 and 1980. In 1983 she was elected to the Rajya Sabha as member of the Janata Party. Mahishi is best known for heading the committee appointed by the government of Karnataka in 1983 to recommend criteria for reservation in employment in the State.Submitting the recommendations in 1986, the committee recommended that a major percentage of employment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19146730", "chunk_text": "\"Begum Abida Ahmed\"\ntrain was named after her: the Abida Begum Express: Delhi Jn. - Raxaul. It has since been renamed. It is now called Satyagrah Express. Begum Abida Ahmed Begum Abida Ahmed (17 July 1923 – 7 December 2003) was an Indian politician, First Lady of India from 1974 to 1977, and the wife of the fifth President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977). She was twice member of the Lok sabha from Bareilly parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 and 1984. She was born on 17 July 1923 at Sheikhupur, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh to Mohammad Sultan Hyder 'Josh'. Ahmed was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17458552", "chunk_text": "\"Rukmini Devi Arundale\"\nfor International Women's Day. Rukmini Devi Arundale Rukmini Devi Neelakanda Sastri (29 February 1904 – 24 February 1986) was an Indian theosophist, dancer and choreographer of the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam, and an activist for animal rights and welfare. She also is the first ever woman in Indian history to be nominated as the Rajya Sabha member. She is considered the most important revivalist in the Indian classical dance form of Bharatanatyam from its original 'sadhir' style, prevalent amongst the temple dancers, Devadasis, she also worked for the re-establishment of traditional Indian arts and crafts. Though she belonged", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3273523", "chunk_text": "\"Savita Kovind\"\nSavita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee had been the occupant of this title, until her death on 18 August 2015. Kovind's parents originally lived near Lahore in present day Pakistan and moved to India post partition and settled in Lajpat Nagar in Delhi. She is a former employee in Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). She started her career in MTNL as a telephone operator. Gradually she got promoted to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14093660", "chunk_text": "\"Bhavna Chikhalia\"\nBhavna Chikhalia Bhavna Chikhalia (‎; 14 February 1955 – 28 June 2013) was a former Minister of State of Parliamentary Affairs and of Tourism and Culture in Government of India from 2003 to 2004. She was also a former member of Lok Sabha and the first lady of Gujarat who has won four consecutive term of Lok Sabha from Junagadh constituency, Gujarat (from 1991 to 2004). She was executive secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Parliamentary Wing from 1993 to 1996, and party Whip and Party Vice President in 1998. She was Chairperson of the Railway Convention Committee during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9310002", "chunk_text": "\"Dil Kumari Bhandari\"\nDil Kumari Bhandari Dil Kumari Bhandari (Nepali: दिल कुमारी भण्डारी) is a former and the first woman member of parliament (Lok Sabha) from Sikkim. She was also the president of Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh, an organization of the Indian Gorkhas till 2012. She has been constantly working for the cause of Nepali-speaking people, her most notable contribution being the inclusion of the Nepali language in the Eight Schedule of the Indian constitution. Dil Kumari Bhandari was born on 14 May 1949 in the village of Bana Puttabong in Darjeeling district, India. She comes from a highly cultured and traditional Rai family.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20227674", "chunk_text": "\"Janaki Venkataraman\"\nJanaki Venkataraman Janaki Venkataraman (1921 – 13 August 2010) was the First Lady of India from 1987 until 1992. She was the wife of Indian President R. Venkataraman who served as India's head of state from 25 July 1987 until 25 July 1992. Janaki was born in Pegu, Burma, to Kamala and Krishna Iyer. Her mother died with she was five, and as her father did not remarry, she assisted with the household duties along with her siblings. Janaki was married to R. Venkataraman in 1938 and had three daughters. She was considered \"\"deeply pious\"\" in her Hinduism by Gopal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14259605", "chunk_text": "\"Violet Alva\"\nViolet Alva Violet Hari Alva (24 April 1908 – 20 November 1969) was an Indian lawyer, journalist and politician, and Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, and member of the Indian National Congress (INC). She was the first woman lawyer to appear before a High Court in India and the first to preside over the Rajya Sabha. Alva was born Violet Hari on 24 April 1908 in Ahmedabad. She was the eighth of nine children. Violet's father, Reverend Laxman Hari, was one of the first Indian pastors of the Church of England. Having lost both her parents when she was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19146729", "chunk_text": "\"Begum Abida Ahmed\"\nBegum Abida Ahmed Begum Abida Ahmed (17 July 1923 – 7 December 2003) was an Indian politician, First Lady of India from 1974 to 1977, and the wife of the fifth President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (1974–1977). She was twice member of the Lok sabha from Bareilly parliamentary constituency of Uttar Pradesh in 1980 and 1984. She was born on 17 July 1923 at Sheikhupur, Badaun, Uttar Pradesh to Mohammad Sultan Hyder 'Josh'. Ahmed was educated from Women's College, Aligarh, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Shamsul Hasan made a life-size statue of \"\"Ghalib\"\", which had been ordered by Ahmed. A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17575001", "chunk_text": "\"Rukmini Lakshmipathi\"\nwas the first (and only) woman minister of the presidency. Marshall's road in Egmore, Chennai has been renamed after her. In her memory, a postage stamp was issued in 1997. Rukmini Lakshmipathi Rukmini Laxmipathi (also spelled as Rukmani Lakshmipathi, ; 6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an Indian independence activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature and the first to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency. Rukmini was born in Madras in an agriculturist family. Her grandfather was the landlord Raja T.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5145603", "chunk_text": "\"Mahila Rashtriya Sangha\"\nCongress and thus would pit her against the British Raj authorities and prevent her from being accepted for employment by the Raj Educational Service. Despite the opinion of Subhas, Latika selected his mother, Prabhabati Bose, to be the first president and Latika's sister-in-law, Bivabati, became the first vice-president. Subhas had wanted Basanti Devi to be president but Latika considered her to be too distant for most Bengali women because of the extent to which Devi had been westernised, and she also appreciated that having the mother of the most prominent Bengali nationalist as an office-holder would appeal to potential supporters.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4043785", "chunk_text": "\"Sushma Swaraj\"\nwas the first female Spokesperson of a national political party in India. She has many firsts to her credit as BJPs first female Chief Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, general secretary, Spokesperson, Leader of Opposition and Minister of External Affairs. She is the Indian Parliament's first and the only female MP honoured with the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award. She has contested 11 direct elections from four states. She has served as the President of the Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in Haryana for four years. During the times of Emergency, on 13 July 1975, Sushma Swaraj married Swaraj Kaushal, a peer and fellow advocate", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9310006", "chunk_text": "\"Dil Kumari Bhandari\"\nin the Eight Schedule of the Indian constitution. She is also a recipient of Gaurav Award, from the Hamro Swabhiman. Dil Kumari Bhandari Dil Kumari Bhandari (Nepali: दिल कुमारी भण्डारी) is a former and the first woman member of parliament (Lok Sabha) from Sikkim. She was also the president of Bharatiya Gorkha Parisangh, an organization of the Indian Gorkhas till 2012. She has been constantly working for the cause of Nepali-speaking people, her most notable contribution being the inclusion of the Nepali language in the Eight Schedule of the Indian constitution. Dil Kumari Bhandari was born on 14 May 1949", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17574999", "chunk_text": "\"Rukmini Lakshmipathi\"\nRukmini Lakshmipathi Rukmini Laxmipathi (also spelled as Rukmani Lakshmipathi, ; 6 December 1892 – 6 August 1951) was an Indian independence activist and politician belonging to the Indian National Congress. She was the first woman to be elected to the Madras Legislature and the first to serve as a minister in the Madras Presidency. Rukmini was born in Madras in an agriculturist family. Her grandfather was the landlord Raja T. Ramrao. She obtained her B.A from the Women's Christian College, Madras and married Dr. Achanta Laxmipathi. In 1923, she joined the Congress. In 1926, she attended the International Women's Suffrage", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7562582", "chunk_text": "\"1951–52 Indian general election\"\nconstituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes. Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress. Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi. The speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15525095", "chunk_text": "\"Meira Kumar\"\n(34.35%) received by Meira Kumar. Kovind became the first ever BJP candidate to become President. Despite losing by a margin of more than 3.30 Lakh votes, she polled the highest ever votes by a losing candidate, a total of 3.67 lakh votes out of 10.69 lakh valid votes polled. Meira Kumar Meira Kumar is an Indian politician and five-time Member of Parliament who was the United Progressive Alliance nominee for President of India in the 2017 election. She was elected unopposed as the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha and served from 2009 to 2014. Prior to being a member", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18965052", "chunk_text": "\"First Ladies and Gentlemen of India\"\nFirst Ladies and Gentlemen of India The First Lady or First Gentleman of India is the unofficial title and position traditionally held by the wife or husband of the President of India during that person's term of office. There are no official roles or duties assigned to the spouse but he or she generally attends the official ceremonies and functions held at the Rashtrapati Bhavan along with the President. The position of First Lady of India is currently held by Savita Kovind, wife of President Ram Nath Kovind. She assumed the position after her husband took the oath of office", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7786805", "chunk_text": "\"Sushila Ganesh Mavalankar\"\nSushila Ganesh Mavalankar Sushila Ganesh Mavalankar (4 August 1904–11 December 1995) was an Indian freedom fighter. She was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha unopposed from Ahmedabad in 1956. Daughter to Ramakrishna Gopinath Gurjar Date, Sushila was born on 4 August 1904 in the Bombay State and did her schooling to the under- metric level. Mavalankar took active part in the Indian Independence movement and on the call of Mahatma Gandhi participated in the Quit India Movement in 1942, which led to her imprisonment by the British authorities. She attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II held in June 1953.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "126816", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\ncommittee and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community. Judges, such as Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau, K. M. Munshi and Ganesh Mavlankar were members of the assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Amrit Kaur and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. The first, two-day president of the assembly was Sachchidananda Sinha; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. It met for the first time on 9 December 1946. Benegal Narsing Rau, a civil servant who became the first Indian judge in the International Court of Justice and was president of the United Nations Security Council,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7241505", "chunk_text": "\"First Nehru ministry\"\n1947, and chose 15 other members for his cabinet. Vallabhbhai Patel served as the first Deputy Prime Minister until his death on 15 December 1950. Lord Mountbatten, and later C. Rajagopalachari, served as Governor-General until 26 January 1950, when Rajendra Prasad was elected as the first President of India. There were members from Hindu, Muslim, Christian and Sikh communities. There were two members from the Dalit community as well. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was the only female Cabinet minister. The following is a list of the ministers in the first Cabinet. First Nehru ministry After independence, on 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17268176", "chunk_text": "\"Rajendra Kumari Bajpai\"\nRajendra Kumari Bajpai Rajendra Kumari Bajpai (8 February 1925 – 17 July 1999) was an Indian National Congress politician, a former Union Minister of India and former Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry. She was elected three times to the Lok Sabha from Sitapur constituency in 1980, 1984 and 1989 and was a close confidant of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. She was born on 8 February 1925 in Laluchak, Bhagalpur district, Bihar to Pt. S.K. Mishra, she was the granddaughter of Ravi Shankar Shukla and niece of Shyama Charan Shukla After her schooling she received M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Allahabad", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3275704", "chunk_text": "\"Savitribai Phule\"\nPhule in 2018. Notes Citations Savitribai Phule Savitribai Jyotirao Phule (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an Indian social reformer, educationalist and poet. She is regarded as the first lady teacher of India. Along with her husband, Jyotirao Phule, she played an important role in improving women's rights in India during British rule. Phule, along with her husband founded the first girls' school in Pune ran by native Indians at Bhide Wada in 1848. She worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender. She is regarded as an important figure of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2883593", "chunk_text": "\"Harindranath Chattopadhyay\"\nHarindranath Chattopadhyay Harindranath Chattopadhyay (2 April 1898 – 23 June 1990) was an Indian English poet, a dramatist, an actor, a musician and a member of the 1st Lok Sabha from Vijayawada constituency. He was the younger brother of Sarojini Naidu, the second woman President of the Indian National Congress and first Indian woman to hold the position, and Virendranath Chattopadhyay, an international communist revolutionary. The Government of India awarded him the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan in 1973. Born in Hyderabad (erstwhile Hyderabad State, present day Telangana) in a Bengali Hindu Kulin Brahmin family to Aghornath Chattopadhyaya, first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9769550", "chunk_text": "\"Savitribai Phule\"\nSavitribai Phule Savitribai Jyotirao Phule (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an Indian social reformer, educationalist and poet. She is regarded as the first lady teacher of India. Along with her husband, Jyotirao Phule, she played an important role in improving women's rights in India during British rule. Phule, along with her husband founded the first girls' school in Pune ran by native Indians at Bhide Wada in 1848. She worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on caste and gender. She is regarded as an important figure of the social reform movement in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1386423", "chunk_text": "\"Sheila Kaul\"\nSheila Kaul Sheila Kaul (7 February 1915 – 13 June 2015) was a social democratic leader of the Indian National Congress, a stateswoman, cabinet minister and governor, and the oldest living former member of parliament in India at the time of her death. She was also an educator, social worker, and social reformer in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, and an independence activist in British India. She was Jawaharlal Nehru's sister-in-law and Indira Gandhi's maternal aunt. Sheila Kaul was born in 1915. She had a degree in arts from the Lahore College for Women and a degree in teaching", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18033954", "chunk_text": "\"Anna Rajam Malhotra\"\nAnna Rajam Malhotra Anna Rajam Malhotra (née George; 17 July 1927 – 17 September 2018) was an Indian Administrative Service officer. She was the first woman in India to hold this position. Malhotra belonged to the 1951 batch of the IAS and married R. N. Malhotra, her batchmate. Malhotra was born in 1927 in Niranam, Alleppey as the daughter of Ottavelil O. A. George and Anna Paul. She was the granddaughter of Malayalam author Pailo Paul. She grew up in Calicut and completed her intermediate from Providence Women's College and bachelor's degree from Malabar Christian College in Calicut. In 1949", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18767604", "chunk_text": "\"Muthulakshmi Reddi\"\nGandhian ways. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 1956. Her two outstanding monumental gifts for humanity remain the Avvai Home (for children) and the Cancer Institute. She was nominated by Sakthi Hari Haran to the Madras Legislature as a member of the legislative council in 1926, and became the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India. When she was elected as the deputy chairperson of the legislative council, she became the first woman in the world to become the vice president of a legislature. She was the prime mover behind", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17458548", "chunk_text": "\"Rukmini Devi Arundale\"\nstarted in India, when Dr George Arundale invited Dr Maria Montessori to start courses in the 'Besant Theosophical High School' in 1939, and later also established, the 'Besant Arundale Senior Secondary School', The College of Fine Arts, The Besant Theosophical High School, The Maria Montessori School for Children, The Craft Education and Research Centre and the U V Swaminatha Iyer Library, within the Kalakshetra campus. Rukmini Devi was nominated as a member of the Indian Parliament's Council of States (the Rajya Sabha) in April 1952 and re-nominated in 1956. She was the first Indian woman to be nominated in Rajya", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15895950", "chunk_text": "\"Sarojini Mahishi\"\nThe Sarojini Mahishi report has become a tool for local organisations to insist all jobs in Karnataka to locals and implementation of local language in the state. Government of Karnataka has established a separate department named \"\"Kannada Abhivridhi Pradhikara\"\" to oversee that the accepted recommendations of the report are implemented in Karnataka effectively. Sarojini Mahishi Sarojini Bindurao Mahishi (3 March 1927 – 25 January 2015) was an Indian teacher, lawyer, activist and politician. She was the first woman Member of Parliament from the State of Karnataka, who represented the constituency Dharwad North for four terms between 1962 and 1980. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1751242", "chunk_text": "\"Savita Kovind\"\npost of Chief Section Supervisor. But in 2005, she took a voluntary retirement. Savitha married Ram Nath Kovind on 30 May 1974. They have a son, and a daughter. Kovind became the first lady on 25 July 2017 after nearly 2 years of vacancy since the last first lady died in office. India’s first spouses act as the official hostesses of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Savita Kovind Savita Kovind is the First Lady of India since 25 July 2017. She is the wife of the President of India Ram Nath Kovind. Previously, Suvra Mukherjee, wife of the former President Pranab Mukherjee", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9780273", "chunk_text": "\"Sarojini Naidu\"\nSarojini Naidu Sarojini Naidu ( Chattopadhyay; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was an Indian independence activist and poet. She was born in a Bengali Hindu family at Hyderabad and was educated in Chennai, London, and Cambridge. She married Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu and settled down in Hyderabad. She took part in the National Movement, became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and fought for the attainment of Swaraj. She became the President of Indian National Congress and later she was appointed to the Governor of the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh. Known as the 'Nightingale of India', she was also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2442333", "chunk_text": "\"Uma Nehru\"\nUma Nehru Uma Nehru (8 March 1884 – 28 August 1963) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. In the early 20th century, she was a frequent writer in \"\"Stree Darpan\"\", a woman's monthly magazine founded in 1909 by Rameshwari Nehru, in which she expressed feminist views. She took part in the Salt March and the Quit India Movement and was subsequently imprisoned. After the independence, she was twice elected to the Lok Sabha from Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh. From 1962 until her death, she was a member of the Rajya Sabha. Born in Agra, Nehru was educated at Saint", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20227677", "chunk_text": "\"Janaki Venkataraman\"\nhusband on state visits and was the public face of \"\"Indian womanhood\"\" during his presidency. As an active first lady, she was responsible for implementing social welfare programs that came from the president's office. Janaki Venkataraman died on 13 August 2010. Janaki Venkataraman Janaki Venkataraman (1921 – 13 August 2010) was the First Lady of India from 1987 until 1992. She was the wife of Indian President R. Venkataraman who served as India's head of state from 25 July 1987 until 25 July 1992. Janaki was born in Pegu, Burma, to Kamala and Krishna Iyer. Her mother died with she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11624376", "chunk_text": "\"Shobhana Bhartia\"\nof \"\"Forbes Asia\"\"'s 50 Women in the Mix. She has received the Delhi Women of the Decade Achievers Award 2013 from the ASSOCHAM Ladies League in recognition for her Excellence in Nation Building through Media & Leadership. Shobhana was one of the first Padma Shri award nominees in 2005. The award was given for journalism. The following year, in February 2006, Shobhana was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament, on a recommendation by the ruling United Progressive Alliance headed by Sonia Gandhi. The nomination, reserved for eminent people from the fields of literature, science, art and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15525090", "chunk_text": "\"Meira Kumar\"\nMeira Kumar Meira Kumar is an Indian politician and five-time Member of Parliament who was the United Progressive Alliance nominee for President of India in the 2017 election. She was elected unopposed as the first woman Speaker of Lok Sabha and served from 2009 to 2014. Prior to being a member of the 15th Lok Sabha, she had been elected earlier to the 8th, 11th, 12th and 14th Lok Sabha. She served as a Cabinet Minister in the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment of Manmohan Singh's Congress led Government (2004–2009). Kumar was the joint presidential candidate by the leading", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11498026", "chunk_text": "\"Sucheta Kriplani\"\nSucheta Kriplani Sucheta Kriplani (née Mazumdar, 25 June 1908 – 1 December 1974) was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. She was India's first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government from 1963 to 1967. She was born in Ambala, Punjab (now in Haryana) to a Bengali Brahmo family. She studied at Indraprastha College and Punjab University before becoming a Professor of Constitutional History at Banaras Hindu University. In 1936, she married Acharya Kriplani, a prominent figure of the Indian National Congress, who was twenty years her senior. The marriage was opposed by both families,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20639784", "chunk_text": "\"Usha Narayanan\"\nUsha Narayanan Usha Narayanan, born Tint Tint () was the First Lady of India from 1997 to 2002. She was married to K. R. Narayanan, the tenth President of India. Upon her husband's assumption of the presidency, Narayanan became India's second foreign-born first lady. She played a key role in women social welfare activities initiated by the presidency. Narayanan was born Tint Tint in 1923, in Yamethin, Burma. She attended Rangoon University, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree. Thereafter, she worked as a lecturing tutor at the Department of Burmese Language and Literature. She continued her graduate studies at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13720341", "chunk_text": "\"Tarkeshwari Sinha\"\nTarkeshwari Sinha Tarkeshwari Sinha (26 December 1926–14 August 2007) was an Indian politician and Indian independence movement activist from Bihar. Among the first female politicians of the country, she took active role in the Quit India Movement. At the age of 26, she was elected to the 1st Lok Sabha from Patna East constituency in 1952. Subsequently, she was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1957, 1962 and 1967 from Barh constituency. She was the first female Deputy Finance Minister in the union cabinet led by prime minister. Jawaharlal Nehru from 1958-64. She had also led a delegation to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18033957", "chunk_text": "\"Anna Rajam Malhotra\"\nin the central government. She was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1989. Anna Rajam Malhotra Anna Rajam Malhotra (née George; 17 July 1927 – 17 September 2018) was an Indian Administrative Service officer. She was the first woman in India to hold this position. Malhotra belonged to the 1951 batch of the IAS and married R. N. Malhotra, her batchmate. Malhotra was born in 1927 in Niranam, Alleppey as the daughter of Ottavelil O. A. George and Anna Paul. She was the granddaughter of Malayalam author Pailo Paul. She grew up in Calicut and completed her intermediate from Providence Women's College", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11597513", "chunk_text": "\"Feminism in India\"\nthe Indian feminist movement has gone beyond treating women as useful members of society and a right to parity, but also having the power to decide the course of their personal lives and the right of self-determination. In 1966 Indira Gandhi became the first female Prime Minister of India. She served as prime minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966–77) and a fourth term from 1980 until she was assassinated in 1984. Mary Roy won a lawsuit in 1986, against the inheritance legislation of her Keralite Syrian Christian community in the Supreme Court. The judgement ensured equal rights for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18721023", "chunk_text": "\"Amrit Kaur\"\nAmrit Kaur Rajkumari Amrit Kaur DStJ (2 February 1889 – 6 February 1964) was the first health minister of India and served for ten years in the capacity. She was an eminent Gandhian, a freedom fighter, and a social activist. Kaur was also a member of the Constituent Assembly, the body that framed the constitution of India. Amrit Kaur was born on 2 February 1889 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (then United Provinces), India. She and her seven brothers were the eight children of Rājā Harnam Singh, a member of the princely family of Kapurthala State in the Punjab region and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19079139", "chunk_text": "\"All India Mahila Congress\"\nAICC session was held at Shanmugam Hall, Bombay on 21 October 1983 along with the then Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi. A meeting of the State Conveners of the Congress Women’s Front was also held during the AICC Session with Rajiv Gandhi,the then General Secretary, AICC. Smt. Begum Abida Ahmed was the Chairperson of the Cell and Smt. Margaret Alwa was the Convener. A Constitution Review Committee was constituted to make its functioning more dynamic. The members of the Committee were: Smt. Begum Abida Ahmed, MP, Chairperson Women’s Front; Smt. Margaret Alva, MP, Convener, Women’s Front; Miss Mehmooda Begum, Joint Secretary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17268179", "chunk_text": "\"Rajendra Kumari Bajpai\"\nUttar Pradesh Mahila Congress. Rajendra Kumari Bajpai Rajendra Kumari Bajpai (8 February 1925 – 17 July 1999) was an Indian National Congress politician, a former Union Minister of India and former Lieutenant Governor of Pondicherry. She was elected three times to the Lok Sabha from Sitapur constituency in 1980, 1984 and 1989 and was a close confidant of former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. She was born on 8 February 1925 in Laluchak, Bhagalpur district, Bihar to Pt. S.K. Mishra, she was the granddaughter of Ravi Shankar Shukla and niece of Shyama Charan Shukla After her schooling she received M.A. and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5145600", "chunk_text": "\"Mahila Rashtriya Sangha\"\nMahila Rashtriya Sangha The Mahila Rashtriya Sangha (MRS, and also known as the Mahila Rashtriya Sangh) was the first organisation established in India with the aim of engaging women in political activism. It was formed in Bengal Presidency, British India, in 1928 by Latika Bose upon the instigation of Subhas Chandra Bose, a prominent Indian nationalist leader. Believing that improvement of the status of women and achievement of self-governance for India were inseparable aims, the MRS was a empowerment institution body that placed much emphasis on education as a means to achieve its goal. The name translates as the \"\"Women's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20180839", "chunk_text": "\"Shyam Kumari Khan\"\nShyam Kumari Khan Shyam Kumari Khan (née Nehru, 20 October 1904 – 9 June 1980) was an Indian lawyer, freedom fighter, politician and social worker. She was a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1963 to 1968. Khan studied at Allahabad University and was the first woman to become secretary, vice-president and president of the Allahabad University Union in the years 1924-28. A lawyer by profession, she defended Yashpal, a writer, freedom fighter and political prisoner, during his trial in 1932 when he was imprisoned for his attempts to overthrow the British Empire. In 1932, she joined the Khilafat Movement", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_10	what is the most current adobe flash player version?	n/a	[ "28.0.0.137" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616525", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nof the new features or bug fixes available in later versions. It has been on version 11.7 as of July 9, 2013, version 13 as of May 13, 2014, and version 18 as of August 11, 2015. Adobe has decided to discontinue the ESR branch and instead focus solely on the standard release as of August 2016. In 2011, Flash Player had emerged as the de facto standard for online video publishing on the desktop, with adaptive bitrate video streaming, DRM, and fullscreen support. On mobile devices however, after Apple refused to allow the Flash Player within the inbuilt iOS", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11372017", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nin early 2016. Adobe Flash has been deprecated. The latest version of Adobe Flash Player is available for three major desktop platforms, including Windows, macOS and Linux. On Linux the PPAPI plug-in is available; the NPAPI version wasn't updated to new major versions for a while until Adobe changed its mind on stopping support and its former plan to discontinue \"\"in 2017\"\". Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors: The \"\"ActiveX\"\" version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer and any other Windows applications that supports ActiveX technology. The \"\"Plug-in\"\" versions are available for browsers supporting either", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616524", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nfor Windows XP and later, Mac OS X 10.6 and later and Linux. Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors: On February 22, 2012, Adobe announced that it would no longer release new versions of NPAPI Flash plugins for Linux, although Flash Player 11.2 would continue to receive security updates. In August 2016 Adobe announced that, beginning with version 24, it will resume offering of Flash Player for Linux for other browsers. The Extended Support Release (ESR) of Flash Player on macOS and Windows was a version of Flash Player kept up to date with security updates, but none", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616517", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nusage has also waned because of modern web standards that allow some of Flash's use cases to be fulfilled without third-party plugins. In July 2017, Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player in 2020, and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash. The announcement was coordinated with Apple, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Mozilla. Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file, although it has no in-built features to modify the SWF file at runtime. It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20951787", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\ntablet devices, from Acer, BlackBerry 10, Dell, HTC, Lenovo, Logitech, LG, Motorola, Samsung, Sharp, SoftBank, Sony (and Sony Ericsson), and Toshiba. As of 2012, Adobe has stopped browser-based Flash Player development for mobile browsers in favor of HTML5, however Adobe continues to support Flash content on mobile devices with the Adobe Integrated Runtime, which allows developers to publish content that runs as native applications on certain supported mobile phone platforms. Version 9 was the most recent version available for the Linux/ARM-based Nokia 770/N800/N810 Internet tablets running Maemo OS2008, classic Mac OS and Windows 95/NT. Version 10 can be run under", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616537", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nrecords in 2009\"\". Adobe responded by pointing out that \"\"the Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009, found that Flash Player had the second lowest number of vulnerabilities of all Internet technologies listed (which included both web plug-ins and browsers).\"\" April 7, 2016, Adobe released a Flash Player patch for a zero-day memory corruption vulnerability CVE-2016-1019 that could be used to deliver malware via the Magnitude exploit kit. The vulnerability could be exploited for remote code execution. Flash Player 11.2 does not play certain kinds of content unless it has been digitally signed by Adobe, following a license obtained by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20951796", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nevaluate the urgency of a particular update. A version test page allows the user to check if the latest version is installed, and uninstallers may be used to ensure that old-version plugins have been uninstalled from all installed browsers. In February 2010, Adobe officially apologized for not fixing a known vulnerability for over a year. In June 2010 Adobe announced a \"\"critical vulnerability\"\" in recent versions, saying there are reports that this vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild against both Adobe Flash Player, and Adobe Reader and Acrobat. Later, in October 2010, Adobe announced another critical vulnerability, this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8621438", "chunk_text": "\"Comparison of HTML5 and Flash\"\nthe Flash platform, the HTML5 specification and the features implemented in modern web browsers. Web browsers cannot render Flash media themselves. Instead, Flash is primarily rendered via the proprietary, but freely available, Adobe Flash Player. Until 2008, there was no official specification by which to create an alternative player. Alternative players have been developed before 2008, but they support Flash to a lesser degree than the official one. The latest version of the Adobe Flash Player runs on Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, RIM, QNX and Google TV. Earlier versions run on Android 2.2-4.0.x (Flash has been released for 4.0, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17354550", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nweb browser, Adobe changed strategy, enabling Flash content to be delivered as native mobile applications using the Adobe Integrated Runtime. Up until 2012, Flash Player 11 was available for the Android (ARM Cortex-A8 and above), although in June 2012, Google announced that Android 4.1 (codenamed Jelly Bean) would not support Flash by default. Starting in August 2012, Adobe no longer updates Flash for Android. In spite of this, Adobe Flash is still available to install on Android devices via Adobe's update archives (up to Android 4.3). Flash Player is certified to be supported on a select range of mobile and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4584067", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nInternet is supported on iOS, since many popular video sharing websites such as YouTube have published video content in an HTML5 compatible format, enabling videos to playback in mobile web browsers even without Flash Player. Starting with version 30, Adobe stopped distributing Flash Player directly to Chinese users. Instead, they selected 2144.cn as a partner and released a special version of Flash Player on a specific website, which contains code to collect user activity and pops up advertisement window contents. The partnership started in about 2017, but in version 30, Adobe disabled the usage of vanilla (global) version of Flash", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13989002", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nNPAPI or PPAPI plug-ins on Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. The \"\"projector\"\" version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly. The following table documents Flash Player and Adobe AIR support on desktop operating systems: The latest version of Adobe AIR, version 18, contains Adobe Flash Player 18, and is available for Windows XP and later, as well as macOS. Official support for desktop Linux distributions ceased in June 2011 with version 2.6. Adobe Flash Player was available for a variety of mobile operating systems, including Android (between versions 2.2 and 4.0.4), Pocket PC/Windows CE, QNX (e.g. on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616515", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nProfessional, Adobe Flash Builder or by third party tools such as FlashDevelop. Flash Player supports vector graphics, 3D graphics, embedded audio, video and raster graphics, and a scripting language called ActionScript. ActionScript is based on ECMAScript (similar to JavaScript) and supports object-oriented code. Flash Player is distributed free of charge and its plug-in versions are available for every major web browser and operating system. Google Chrome, Internet Explorer 11 in Windows 8 and later, and Microsoft Edge come bundled with a sandboxed Adobe Flash plug-in. Flash Player once had a large user base, and was a common format for web", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13989016", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nexample, on old blogs and forums. For many years Adobe Flash Player's security record has led many security experts to recommend against installing the player, or to block Flash content. The US-CERT has recommended blocking Flash, and security researcher Charlie Miller recommended \"\"not to install Flash\"\"; however, for people still using Flash, Intego recommended that users get trusted updates \"\"only directly from the vendor that publishes them.\"\" As of February 12, 2015, Adobe Flash Player has over 400 CVE entries, of which over 300 lead to arbitrary code execution, and past vulnerabilities have enabled spying via web cameras. Security experts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3410042", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nvideo clips. For content in a single format (such as just text, video, or audio), other alternatives may provide better performance and consume less CPU power than the corresponding Flash movie, for example when using transparency or making large screen updates such as photographic or text fades. In addition to a vector-rendering engine, the Flash Player includes a virtual machine called the ActionScript Virtual Machine (AVM) for scripting interactivity at run-time, with video, MP3-based audio, and bitmap graphics. As of Flash Player 8, it offers two video codecs: On2 Technologies VP6 and Sorenson Spark, and run-time JPEG, Progressive JPEG, PNG,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3410008", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nAnimate, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Director, FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT. Adobe AIR enables full-featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash and published for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Wii U, and Switch. Although Flash was previously a dominant platform for online multimedia content, it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5. Flash Player has been deprecated and has an official end-of-life by 2020. However, Adobe will continue to develop Adobe AIR, a related technology for building stand-alone applications and games. In the early 2000s, Flash was widely installed on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14543567", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe AIR\"\nAdobe claimed that over 100,000 unique applications were built on AIR, and over 1 billion installations of the same were logged from users across the world. The latest version of Adobe AIR, version 28, contains Adobe Flash Player 28, and is available for Windows 7 and later, as well as OS X 10.9 and later. Official support for desktop Linux distributions ceased in June 2011 with version 2.6. Adobe AIR applications can be published as native phone applications on certain mobile operating systems, such as Android (ARM Cortex-A8 and above) and Apple iOS. Adobe AIR runs applications within a contained", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1733885", "chunk_text": "Swfdec\nSwfdec Swfdec is an outdated free and open-source replacement for Adobe Flash Player. It runs on Linux and FreeBSD and is distributed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). Its last release was 0.8.4, on and latest instable 0.9.2 of 2008-11-11. Development of Swfdec has stopped. As of March 2016, the most recent commit to its Git repository was in December 2009. Swfdec is a library that can be used to play Flash files. There is a standalone player and a Mozilla plugin that uses the library. Swfdec supports Flash through version 4, and most features", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20951780", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\non materials in the form of the Pixel Bender API, but still did not have GPU-accelerated 3D vertex processing. A significant change came in version 11, which added a new low-level API called Stage3D (initially codenamed Molehill), which provides full GPU acceleration, similar to WebGL. (The partial support for GPU acceleration in Pixel Bender was completely removed in Flash 11.8, resulting in the disruption of some projects like MIT's Scratch, which lacked the manpower to recode their applications quickly enough.) Current versions of Flash Player are optimized to use hardware acceleration for video playback and 3D graphics rendering on many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8125770", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe AIR\"\nSeptember 13, 2016. Adobe released Adobe AIR 24.0 on December 13, 2016. Adobe released Adobe AIR 25.0 on March 14, 2017. Adobe released Adobe AIR 26.0 on June 13, 2017. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 27.0 on September 12, 2017. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 28.0 on December 12, 2017. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 29.0 on March 13, 2018. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 30.0 on June 7, 2018. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 31.0 on September 11, 2018. Adobe released the Adobe AIR 32.0 on December 11, 2018. Adobe AIR Adobe AIR (formerly Adobe Integrated Runtime) is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17274822", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Media Server\"\n(as of version 10.1) can still only encode to the Spark codec. Version 2.0 also introduced edge-origin servers, an optional enterprise architecture that simplifies load balancing. The server side Actionscript runtime also received updates with support for XML, XMLSocket, SOAP and File operations. Version 3.0 was released on December 4, 2007. Version 3.5 was released on January 13, 2009. It also includes a free \"\"development\"\" server. Version 4.0 was released on September 13, 2010 and introduced full 64-bit support, more secure multiprotocol streaming, IP multicast broadcast, multicast fusion, peer-assisted networking, enhanced buffer, absolute timecode, RTMP QoS improvements, simplified player development,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3410039", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nits Flash authoring environment as Adobe Animate to emphasize its expanded support for HTML5 authoring, and stated that it would \"\"encourage content creators to build with new web standards\"\" rather than using Flash. In July 2017, Adobe announced that it would declare Flash to be end-of-life in 2020, and will cease support, distribution, and security updates to Flash Player. After the announcement, developers have started a petition to turn Flash into an open-source project, leading to controversy. The Flash Platform will continue in the form of Adobe AIR, which Adobe will continue to develop, and OpenFL, a multi-target open-source implementation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17353923", "chunk_text": "ActionScript\na newer version of ActionScript has been released, ActionScript 3.0. This version of the language is intended to be compiled and run on a version of the ActionScript Virtual Machine that has been itself completely re-written from the ground up (dubbed AVM2). Because of this, code written in ActionScript 3.0 is generally targeted for Flash Player 9 and higher and will not work in previous versions. At the same time, ActionScript 3.0 executes up to 10 times faster than legacy ActionScript code due to the Just-In-Time compiler enhancements. Flash libraries can be used with the XML capabilities of the browser", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4584068", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nPlayer in China, forcing users to use that specific version, which may pose a risk to its users due to China's Internet censorship. This affects Google Chrome and Firefox users, as well as Internet Explorer users using Windows 7, as Microsoft still directly distributes Flash Player for Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge through Windows Update in Windows 8 and upward. Adobe Flash Player Adobe Flash Player (labeled Shockwave Flash in Internet Explorer and Firefox) is computer software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform, including viewing multimedia contents, executing rich Internet applications, and streaming audio and video. Flash", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8644868", "chunk_text": "Swfdec\nof Flash through version 9. The player was routinely updated to support the latest features demanded by video players, resulting in most (including YouTube, Google Video, Lulu.tv, AOL video, and CNN video) working at any given time. Swfdec was chosen in 2007 as the Flash player for Fedora, and it has been ported to DirectFB for embedded use alongside its X11 and GTK+ bindings. It uses the Cairo graphics library for rendering, GStreamer for decoding audio and video, and PulseAudio, OSS, or ALSA for audio playback. Swfdec Swfdec is an outdated free and open-source replacement for Adobe Flash Player. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17353930", "chunk_text": "ActionScript\ncreate classes and interfaces, much as they would in class-based languages such as Java and C++. This version conformed partially to the ECMAScript Fourth Edition draft specification. 2006–today: ActionScript 3.0 In June 2006, ActionScript 3.0 debuted with Adobe Flex 2.0 and its corresponding player, Flash Player 9. ActionScript 3.0 was a fundamental restructuring of the language, so much so that it uses an entirely different virtual machine. Flash Player 9 contains two virtual machines, AVM1 for code written in ActionScript 1.0 and 2.0, and AVM2 for content written in ActionScript 3.0. ActionScript 3.0 added limited support for hardware acceleration (DirectX,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17274821", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Media Server\"\nMX. Version 1.0 was released on 9 July 2002 and included all the basic features that make up the product, including the NetConnection, SharedObject and NetStream objects. Version 1.5 was released on 27 March 2003 giving the server HTTP Tunneling, Linux support and a free developer edition. Version 2.0 was released on November 15, 2005. The server was renamed to Flash Media Server for this build to better illustrate what the server does; however, the version numbers were not reset. Version 2.0 brought support to stream the new video codec in Flash Player 8, On2’s VP6. However the Flash Player", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4584061", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nlocal user information using Flash Player, but this may disable or reduce the functionality of some websites, such as saved preferences or high scores and saved progress in games. Flash Player 10.1 and upward honor the privacy mode settings in the latest versions of the Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari web browsers, such that no local storage data is saved when the browser's privacy mode is in use. Adobe security bulletins and advisories announce security updates, but Adobe Flash Player release notes do not disclose the security issues addressed when a release closes security holes, making it difficult to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11371984", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\njoystick, gamepad and sensors for the first time. In 2011, \"\"Adobe Flash Player 11\"\" was released, and with it the first version of Stage3D, allowing GPU-accelerated 3D rendering for Flash applications and games on desktop platforms such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Adobe further improved 3D capabilities from 2011 to 2013, adding support for 3D rendering on Android and iOS platforms, alpha-channels, compressed textures, texture atlases, and other features. Adobe AIR was upgraded to support 64-bit computers, and to allow developers to add additional functionality to the AIR runtime using \"\"AIR Native Extensions\"\" (ANE). In 2014, Adobe AIR", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20951790", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nversion 2.70 and Flash Player 9 into the PlayStation 3's web browser in firmware version 2.50. Nintendo has integrated Flash Lite 3.1, equivalent to Flash 8, in the Internet Channel on the Wii. The following table documents historical support for Flash Player and AIR on mobile operating systems: Some CPU emulators have been created for Flash Player, including Chip8, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and the Nintendo Entertainment System. They enable video games created for such platforms to run within Flash Player. Adobe has taken steps to reduce or eliminate Flash licensing costs. For instance, the SWF file format documentation is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13988983", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nPlayer supports two distinct modes of video playback, and hardware accelerated video decoding may not be used for older video content. Such content causes excessive CPU usage compared to comparable content played with other players. In tests done by Ars Technica in 2008 and 2009, Adobe Flash Player performed better on Windows than Mac OS X and Linux with the same hardware. Performance has later improved for the latter two, on Mac OS X with Flash Player 10.1, and on Linux with Flash Player 11. Flash Audio is most commonly encoded in MP3 or AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) however it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1010476", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nElastic Compute Cloud, and others. As of 2015, Flex applications can be published for desktop platforms using Adobe AIR. Between 2006 and 2016, the Speedtest.net web service conducted over 9.0 billion speed tests using an RIA built with Adobe Flash. In 2016, the service shifted to HTML5 due to the decreasing availability of Adobe Flash Player on PCs. As of 2016, Web applications and RIAs can be developed with Flash using the ActionScript 3.0 programming language and related tools such as Adobe Flash Builder. Third-party IDEs such as FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT also enable developers to create Flash games and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11545767", "chunk_text": "\"HTML5 video\"\nis still widely installed on desktops, while generally not being supported on mobile devices such as smartphones. The Flash plugin is widely assumed, including by Adobe, to be destined to be phased out, which will leave HTML5 video as the only widely supported method to play video on the World Wide Web. Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge, have plans to make almost all flash content click to play in 2017. The only major browser which does not have announced plans to deprecate Flash is Internet Explorer. Adobe announced on 25 July 2017 that they would be permanently ending development of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1010521", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nAdobe Flash Player is the multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems. It plays SWF files, which can be created by Adobe Animate, Apache Flex, or a number of other Adobe Systems and 3rd party tools. It has support for a scripting language called ActionScript, which can be used to display Flash Video from an SWF file. Scaleform GFx is a commercial alternative Flash player that features fully hardware-accelerated 2D graphics rendering using the GPU. Scaleform has high conformance with both Flash 10 ActionScript 3 and Flash 8 ActionScript 2. Scaleform GFx is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616514", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nAdobe Flash Player Adobe Flash Player (labeled Shockwave Flash in Internet Explorer and Firefox) is computer software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform, including viewing multimedia contents, executing rich Internet applications, and streaming audio and video. Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug-in or on supported mobile devices. Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia in 2005. Flash Player is distributed as freeware or, in China, as adware. Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by Adobe Flash", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13988967", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nfirst major version of ActionScript was developed, and released with \"\"Flash 5\"\". Actionscript 2.0 was released with \"\"Flash MX 2004\"\" and supported object-oriented programming, improved UI components and other programming features. The last version of Flash released by Macromedia was \"\"Flash 8\"\", which focused on graphical upgrades such as filters (blur, drop shadow, etc.), blend modes (similar to Adobe Photoshop), and advanced features for FLV video. Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005, and the entire Macromedia product line including Flash, Dreamweaver, Director/Shockwave, Fireworks (which has since been discontinued) and Authorware is now handled by Adobe. In 2007, Adobe's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4584044", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nsystem integration, native client extensions, native window/screen integration, taskbar/dock integration, and hardware integration with connected Accelerometer and GPS devices. Flash Player includes native support for many data formats, some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface. Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform, and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version. It supports the following different multimedia formats which it can natively decode and play back. Until version 10 of the Flash player, there was no support for GPU acceleration. Version 10 added a limited form of support for shaders", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20003887", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Builder\"\n2 requires version 9 or later of the Flash Player runtime. Flash Player 9 incorporated a new and more robust virtual machine for running the new ActionScript 3. Flex was the first Macromedia product to be re-branded under the Adobe name. On April 26, 2007 Adobe announced their intent to release the Flex 3 SDK (which excludes the Flex Builder IDE and the LiveCycle Data Services) under the terms of the Mozilla Public License. Adobe released the first beta of Flex 3, codenamed \"\"Moxie\"\", in June 2007. Major enhancements include integration with the new versions of Adobe's Creative Suite products,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13235868", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Digital Editions\"\nAdobe Digital Editions were released on June 19, 2007. Previous versions of the software required version 9.0 of Adobe Flash Player. Starting with version 2.0, however, which relies on .NET Framework 3.5 on Windows, Flash Player is no longer supported. Adobe initiated development of a Linux version of ADE in 2007; however, this has not had any beta release or any formal updates. Adobe Digital Editions uses the proprietary ADEPT (Adobe Digital Experience Protection Technology) Digital Rights Management scheme, which is also implemented on some e-book readers, including iPads and many Android devices, but not Kindles. The software locks content", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616523", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nengines like Flixel saw their heyday. Adobe also developed the CrossBridge toolkit which cross-compiles C/C++ code to run within the Flash Player, using LLVM and GCC as compiler backends, and high-performance memory-access opcodes in the Flash Player (termed \"\"Domain Memory\"\") to work with in-memory data quickly. CrossBridge is targeted toward the game development industry, and includes tools for building, testing, and debugging C/C++ projects in Flash Player. Notable online video games developed in Flash include \"\"Angry Birds\"\", \"\"FarmVille\"\" and \"\"FarmVille 2\"\", and \"\"AdventureQuest\"\" (started in 2002, and still active as of 2011). The latest version of Flash Player is available", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11371999", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nAdobe Flash Player 10.1 does not have acoustic echo cancellation, unlike the VoIP offerings of Skype and Google Voice, making this and earlier versions of Flash less suitable for group calling or meetings. Flash Player 10.3 Beta incorporates acoustic echo cancellation. \"\"ActionScript\"\" is the programming language used by Flash. It is an enhanced superset of the ECMAScript programming language, with a classical Java-style class model, rather than JavaScript's prototype model. In October 1998, Macromedia disclosed the Flash Version 3 Specification on its website. It did this in response to many new and often semi-open formats competing with SWF, such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8125768", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe AIR\"\nreleased to beta on October 30, 2013, code named Jones. Adobe applied a new numbering scheme for the Flash products versions to synchronize them with the version numbering of the Flash Player, starting from Flash Player 13. Adobe released Adobe AIR 13.0 on April 8, 2014. It was numbered 13 to synchronize itself with the version numbering of Flash Player. Adobe released Adobe AIR 14.0 on June 10, 2014. Adobe released Adobe AIR 15.0 on September 9, 2014. It includes improvements to Stage3D technology, AIR Gamepad enhancements, and a new packaging engine for iOS apps that reduces compile times from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616535", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\ntime also affecting Android-based mobile devices. Android users have been recommended to disable Flash or make it only on demand. Subsequent security vulnerabilities also exposed Android users, such as the two critical vulnerabilities published in February 2013 or the four critical vulnerabilities published in March 2013, all of which could lead to arbitrary code execution. Symantec's Internet Security Threat Report states that a remote code execution in Adobe Reader and Flash Player was the second most attacked vulnerability in 2009. The same report also recommended using browser extensions to disable Flash Player usage on untrusted websites. McAfee predicted that Adobe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8125769", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe AIR\"\nminutes to seconds. Adobe released Adobe AIR 16.0 on January 13, 2015. Adobe released Adobe AIR 17.0 on March 12, 2015. Adobe released Adobe AIR 18.0 on June 9, 2015. Adobe released Adobe AIR 19.0 on September 21, 2015. Adobe released Adobe AIR 20.0 on December 8, 2015. Android SDK (API Level 21) has been upgraded in the AIR Runtime, applications built using this AIR SDK and later will only support Android OS 4.0 or greater. Adobe released Adobe AIR 21.0 on March 10, 2016. Adobe released Adobe AIR 22.0 on June 16, 2016. Adobe released Adobe AIR 23.0 on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9460347", "chunk_text": "AV1\nresolutions would be 426×240@30fps for level 2.0, 854×480@30fps for level 3.0, 1920×1080@30fps for level 4.0, 3840×2160@60fps for level 5.1, 3840×2160@120fps for level 5.2 and 5.3, and 7680×4320@120fps for level 6.2. Level 7 has not been defined yet. From November 2017 onwards, nightly builds of the Firefox web browser contained preliminary support for AV1. Upon its release on 9 February 2018, version 3.0.0 of the VLC media player shipped with an experimental AV1 decoder. Firefox 64 is planned for first official release. It is available in Firefox 63 and Google Chrome 70, but it is deactivated in standard configuration of Firefox", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16616516", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\ngames, animations, and graphical user interface (GUI) elements embedded in web pages. Adobe stated in 2013 that more than 400 million out of over 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release. Flash Player has become increasingly criticized for its performance, consumption of battery on mobile devices, the number of security vulnerabilities that had been discovered in the software, and its closed platform nature. Apple co-founder Steve Jobs was highly critical of Flash Player, having published an open letter detailing Apple's reasoning for banning Flash from its iOS device family. Its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3535356", "chunk_text": "LAMS\n2009. As of June 2018, the current stable version of LAMS is 3.0.2 Version 3.0 is a major release that introduces a responsive web design, drops the need to have Adobe Flash Player, updated all its tech stack and adds significant feature and technical improvements. LAMS version 3.1 is available as beta release (Oct 2018). LAMS can be integrated with any LMS system that implement IMS LTI as a consumer. However, IMS LTI 1.2 has some important limitations, therefore native integration with other popular LMSs are available for: LAMS is both a IMS LTI 1.3 consumer and service provider, including", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17353922", "chunk_text": "ActionScript\nversions added functionality allowing for the creation of Web-based games and rich Internet applications with streaming media (such as video and audio). Today, ActionScript is suitable for mobile development through Adobe AIR, use in some database applications, and in basic robotics, as with the Make Controller Kit. Flash MX 2004 introduced ActionScript 2.0, a scripting language more suited to the development of Flash applications. It is often possible to save time by scripting something rather than animating it, which usually also enables a higher level of flexibility when editing. Since the arrival of the Flash Player 9 alpha (in 2006)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18535947", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash Player\"\nthird-party Flash Player is the commercially available Scaleform GFx Player, which is game development middleware designed for integration into non-Flash video games. In some browsers, prior Flash versions have had to be uninstalled before an updated version could be installed. However, as of version 11.2 for Windows, there are now automatic updater options. Linux is partially supported, as Adobe is cooperating with Google to implement it via Chrome web browser on all Linux platforms. Mixing Flash applications with HTML leads to inconsistent behavior with respect to input handling (keyboard and mouse not working as they would in an HTML-only document).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13989007", "chunk_text": "\"Adobe Flash\"\nmodern multi-platform programming language. More than 500 video games have been developed with OpenFL, including the BAFTA-award-winning game \"\"Papers, Please\"\", Rymdkapsel, Lightbot and Madden NFL Mobile. HTML5 is often cited as an alternative to Adobe Flash technology usage on web pages. Adobe released a tool that converts Flash to HTML5, and in June 2011, Google released an experimental tool that does the same. In January 2015, YouTube defaulted to HTML5 players to better support more devices. The following tools allow running Flash content in web browsers using HTML5: Websites built with Adobe Flash will not function on most modern mobile", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14927946", "chunk_text": "SWF\nAdobe makes available a partial specification of SWF, most recently updated in January 2013 to reflect changes in SWF version 19. SWF versions have been decoupled from Flash player versions after Flash 10. Afterwards the version number of the SWF progressed rapidly; SWF version 19 corresponds to the new features added in Flash Player 11.6. Flash Player 14 uses SWF version 25. In 2008, the specifications document was criticized by Rob Savoye, the lead developer of the Gnash project, as missing \"\"huge amounts\"\" of information needed to completely implement SWF, omitting specifications for RTMP and Sorenson Spark. The RTMP specification", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_11	swan lake the sleeping beauty and the nutcracker are three famous ballets by?	n/a	[ "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12645852", "chunk_text": "\"Nevada Ballet Theatre\"\nNevada Ballet Theatre Nevada Ballet Theatre (NBT) is a regional ballet company located in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. It is the Resident Ballet Company of The Smith Center for the Performing Arts and is one of the largest performing arts organizations in the state. Its professional company of dancers possesses a versatile repertoire ranging from well-known story ballets such as \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", and \"\"Swan Lake\"\" to works by George Balanchine, Twyla Tharp, Val Caniparoli, James Canfield, Thaddeus Davis and many more. The organization also operates an Academy out of its main facility in Summerlin, as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12668832", "chunk_text": "\"Vienna Festival Ballet\"\nVienna Festival Ballet The Vienna Festival Ballet, is a classical ballet company founded in 1980 by Peter Mallek. Based in the United Kingdom, they typically spend eight months of the year touring small and medium venues around the country, with the occasional foreign trip. They have been touring the UK since 1980. Their repertoire includes Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, The Sleeping Beauty, Giselle, Cinderella, Coppélia, Othello, La Sylphide, Rhapsody in Blue, American in Paris and Bolero (after Bejart). Artistic director Peter Mallek trained in Vienna under the Russian teacher Harry Pluciss, a former pupil of the world famous ballet master", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13732790", "chunk_text": "\"History of ballet\"\ndisinformation and fantasy. The East was often perceived as a faraway place where anything was possible, provided it was lavish, exotic and decadent. Petipa appealed to popular taste with \"\"The Pharaoh's Daughter\"\" (1862), and later \"\"The Talisman\"\" (1889), and \"\"La Bayadère\"\" (1877). Petipa is best remembered for his collaborations with Tchaikovsky. He used his music for his choreography of \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (1892, though this is open to some debate among historians), \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (1890), and the definitive revival of \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (1895, with Lev Ivanov). These works were all drawn from European folklore. The female dancers' classical tutu as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "267562", "chunk_text": "\"Narrative ballet\"\nNarrative ballet The \"\"ballet d'action\"\", also known as narrative ballet or story ballet is a form of ballet that has a plot and characters. It is typically a production with full sets and costumes. It was an invention of the eighteenth century. Most romantic and classical ballets of the 19th century were narrative ballets. Among the most well known are \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", and \"\"Cinderella\"\". For these and other classic narrative ballets it is common for ballet directors to create their own choreography, while maintaining the plot and music used by the original 19th-century choreographer. Kenneth MacMillan and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1477016", "chunk_text": "\"The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)\"\nThe Sleeping Beauty (ballet) The Sleeping Beauty ( / \"\"Spyashchaya krasavitsa\"\") is a ballet in a prologue and three acts, first performed in 1890. The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (his opus 66). The score was completed in 1889, and is the second of his three ballets. The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky, and is based on Charles Perrault's \"\"La Belle au bois dormant\"\". The choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa. The premiere performance took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15, 1890. The work has become one of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12422746", "chunk_text": "\"History of ballet\"\ngifts to fulfill Fokine's vision of ballet as drama. Legend has it that Pavlova identified so much with the swan role that she requested her swan costume from her deathbed. George Balanchine developed state-of-the-art technique in America by opening a school in Chicago and more importantly, in New York. He adapted ballet to the new media, movies and television. A prolific worker, Balanchine rechoreographed classics such as \"\"Swan Lake\"\" and \"\"Sleeping Beauty\"\" as well as creating new ballets. He produced original interpretations of the dramas of William Shakespeare such as \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\" and \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\", and also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12331678", "chunk_text": "\"School of American Ballet\"\nwere required to turn eight in the year they began their studies. Children in the younger divisions are able to perform in various ballets with the company including George Balanchine's famous \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\", Peter Martins's \"\"Swan Lake\"\", and \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\". The most advanced students perform in a workshop at the end of each year where the heads of many prestigious ballet companies choose several of them to join their companies, including New York City Ballet. This started in 1965, when Alexandra Danilova sought and received approval from Balanchine to produce a spring workshop performance for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17713655", "chunk_text": "\"Lynn Garafola\"\nat Northwestern University, and in music at Princeton University. She has a deep commitment to guiding and developing dance history scholars in work that is empirically rich and that opens new windows onto the past. After Garafola returned to New York City in 1970 and began to attend performances of American Ballet Theatre, she fell in love with the nineteenth-century classic ballets: \"\"Swan Lake, Giselle, Coppélia, The Nutcracker,\"\" and \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\". Seeing these works reignited her childhood interest in dance, and attendance at performances by the Joffrey Ballet, the New York City Ballet, and various modern dance companies led", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15008853", "chunk_text": "\"Misa Kuranaga\"\nthe Vail International Dance Festival (2009, 2010). Her repertory includes the title role in George Balanchine's \"\"Coppelia\"\", Florence Clerc's \"\"La Bayadere\"\" (Nikiya), Sir Frederick Ashton's \"\"La Fille Mal Gardée\"\" (Lise); August Bournonville's \"\"La Sylphide\"\" (the Sylphide); Marius Petipa's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (Princess Aurora, Songbird Fairy, Princess Florine, and Jewels), Maina Gielgud's \"\"Giselle\"\" (Giselle, Peasant Pas de Deux, Lead Wili), \"\"Le Corsaire Pas de Deux\"\"; Mikko Nissinen's \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (Snow Queen, Sugar Plum Fairy, and Clara) and \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (Pas de Trois, Neapolitan, and Black Swan); Rudolf Nureyev's \"\"Don Quixote\"\" (Amour/Cupid), and leading solos in his \"\"Pas De Dix\"\" from \"\"Raymonda", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19690862", "chunk_text": "\"Bolshoi Theatre\"\nguest performances. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there have been a few attempts to reduce the theatre's traditional dependence on large state subsidies. Corporate sponsorship occurs for some productions, but state funding is still the lifeblood of the company. The Bolshoi has been associated from its beginnings with ballet. Tchaikovsky's ballet \"\"Swan Lake\"\" premiered at the theatre on 4 March 1877. Other staples of the Bolshoi repertoire include Tchaikovsky's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", Adam's \"\"Giselle\"\", Prokofiev's \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\", and Khachaturian's \"\"Spartacus\"\". The chief ballet conductor from 1923 to 1963 was Yuri Fayer. After the death", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16051899", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake (1895)\"\nEnchantress\"\" (1886) and \"\"The Queen of Spades\"\" (1890). In 1887 Vsevolozhsky commissioned Tchaikovsky to score music for Marius Petipa's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", a ballet which would prove to be one of both Tchaikovsky and Petipa's greatest masterworks. The first performance on 15 January 1890 by the Imperial Ballet was a great success and soon Vsevolozhsky commissioned a second score for a ballet and an opera from the composer, \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" and \"\"Iolanthe\"\", which premiered together on a double bill on 6 December 1892. Prior to commissioning \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", Vsevolozhsky had considered reviving one act of \"\"Swan Lake\"\" for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1524669", "chunk_text": "\"Music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\"\nare also far more striking than their counterparts in \"\"Swan Lake\"\", as several of them are character pieces from fairy tales such as Puss in Boots and Little Red Riding Hood, which elicited a far more individualized type of invention from the composer. Likewise, the musical ideas in these sections are more striking, pointed and precise. This characterful musical invention, combined with a structural fluency, a keen feeling for atmosphere and a well-structured plot, makes \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" perhaps Tchaikovsky's most consistently successful ballet. \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", on the other hand, is one of Tchaikovsky's best known works. While it has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8751050", "chunk_text": "\"The Royal Ballet\"\nthe repertory of the Imperial Russian Ballet. To stage these ballets with her newly formed company, de Valois employed Nicholas Sergeyev, a former régisseur of the Imperial. He staged productions of Petipa's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\"; Petipa and Ivanov's \"\"Swan Lake\"\" and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\"; Petipa and Cecchetti's production of \"\"Coppélia\"\"; and Petipa's \"\"Giselle\"\". Created with the aid of choreographic notation written in St Petersburg at the turn of the 20th century, these works have been included in the repertoire of the Royal Ballet ever since. The company now uses Peter Wright's 1984 production of \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", which uses some of Sergeyev's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3886968", "chunk_text": "\"Russian classical music\"\nRussia's first Conservatories in St Petersburg and in Moscow: the former trained the great Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–93), best known for ballets like \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"Sleeping Beauty\"\", and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\". He remains Russia's best-known composer outside Russia. Easily the most famous successor in his style is Sergei Rachmaninoff (1873–1943), who studied at the Moscow Conservatory (where Tchaikovsky himself taught). Alexander Glazunov also took this romantic style. The late 19th and early 20th century saw the third wave of Russian classics: Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915), Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953) and Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975). They were experimental in style", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3254752", "chunk_text": "\"John Neumeier\"\n\"\"Illusions, like Swan Lake\"\" (1976), based loosely on the life of Ludwig II of Bavaria, \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (1978) and \"\"Giselle\"\" (2000). He has choreographed works on Biblical subjects, including \"\"The Legend of Joseph\"\" (Vienna State Ballet, 1977), \"\"Saint Matthew Passion\"\" (1981), \"\"Magnificat\"\" (Paris Opera Ballet, 1987), \"\"Requiem\"\" (1991), \"\"Messiah\"\" (1999) and \"\"Christmas Oratorio\"\" (2007, 2013), as well as ballets inspired by mythological subjects: \"\"Daphnis and Chloe\"\" (Frankfurt Ballet, 1972), \"\"Sylvia\"\" (Paris Opera Ballet, 1997), \"\"Orpheus\"\" (2009), \"\"Tristan\"\" (1982), \"\"The Saga of King Arthur\"\" (1982) and \"\"Parzival - Episodes and Echo\"\" (2006). Neumeier is particularly inspired by the life and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4947115", "chunk_text": "\"Simon Virsaladze\"\n1973), Nutcracker (1966), Spartacus (1968), Swan Lake (1969), Ivan the Terrible (1975), Angara (1976), Romeo and Juliet (1979), The Golden Age (1982), and Raymonda (1984). He also designed Sergeyev's \"\"Raymonda\"\" (Kirov, 1948), \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (Kirov, 1950), and \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (Kirov, 1952) and Vainonen's \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (Kirov, 1954). American reviewers, writing of touring Soviet productions, praised Mr. Virsaladze's designs for their grand scale, tastefulness, sensitivity to period and style and for often furthering the action of the ballet. Simon Virsaladze Simon (Soliko) Virsaladze () (Tbilisi, 24 January 1909 – Tbilisi, 9 February 1989) was a Georgian and one of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9331479", "chunk_text": "\"Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\"\nand Juliet\"\", the \"\"1812 Overture\"\", his three ballets (\"\"The Nutcracker\"\", \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\") and \"\"Marche Slave\"\". These, along with his First Piano Concerto and his Violin Concerto, the last three of his six numbered symphonies and his operas \"\"The Queen of Spades\"\" and \"\"Eugene Onegin\"\", are among his most familiar works. Almost as popular are the \"\"Manfred\"\" Symphony, \"\"Francesca da Rimini\"\", the \"\"Capriccio Italien\"\" and the Serenade for Strings. Tchaikovsky displayed an unusually wide stylistic and emotional range, from salon works of innocuous charm to symphonies of tremendous depth, power, and grandeur. Some of his works, such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "139421", "chunk_text": "\"American Midwest Ballet\"\n\"\"Swan Lake\"\" (2016), Oskar Antunez' \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\" (2011, 2018), Mikail Folkine's \"\"The Dying Swan\"\" (2012, 2014), the \"\"Pas de trois des Odalisques\"\" and \"\"Medora\"\" variation from Joseph Mazilier's \"\"Le Corsaire\"\" (2014, 2017), \"\"Paquita\"\" (2015), \"\"Blue Bird and Princess Florine\"\" pas de deux from \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (2017), \"\"Giselle\"\" (2015), and George Balanchine's \"\"Valse-Fantaisie\"\". American Midwest Ballet American Midwest Ballet, formerly Ballet Nebraska, is a professional ballet company located in Omaha, Nebraska. The company's season typically consists of three mainstage productions including an annual mixed-repertory production entitled \"\"Momentum\"\", \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", and a full-length story ballet. The company also tours", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4610384", "chunk_text": "\"Hamburg Ballet\"\nartistic focuses lies on the revision of evening-length narrative ballets such as \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (1971), \"\"Illusions - like Swan Lake\"\" (1976), \"\"A Cinderella’s Story\"\" (1992), \"\"Sylvia\"\" (1997), which was originally created for the ballet of the Paris Opera, and \"\"Giselle\"\" (2000). The repertoire of The Hamburg Ballet also includes a variety of ballets choreographed to orchestral music. Of special importance is John Neumeier’s \"\"Third Symphony of Gustav Mahler\"\" (1975). Taken together with other ballets set to the music by Mahler, Neumeier's works form a cycle. In addition, John Neumeier has created ballets to Johann Sebastian Bach's \"\"Saint Matthew Passion\"\" (1980)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6622740", "chunk_text": "\"Dance notation\"\nby Raoul-Auger Feuillet and used to record dances throughout the eighteenth century. A well-known collection of dance scores is the Sergeyev Collection, recorded using Vladimir Ivanovich Stepanov's notation method (1892). This collection documents the Imperial Ballet's (today the Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet) repertoire from the turn of the 20th century, including Marius Petipa's original choreographic designs for \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", \"\"Giselle\"\", \"\"Le Corsaire\"\", and \"\"Swan Lake\"\", as well as \"\"Coppélia\"\" and the original version of \"\"The Nutcracker\"\". It was with this collection that many of these works were first staged outside Russia. In 1948, Hanya Holm became the first Broadway choreographer to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18679111", "chunk_text": "\"The Nutcracker\"\nThe Nutcracker The Nutcracker ( / \"\"Shchelkunchik, Balet-feyeriya\"\" ; ) is a two-act ballet, originally choreographed by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov with a score by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Op. 71). The libretto is adapted from E. T. A. Hoffmann's story \"\"The Nutcracker and the Mouse King\"\". Although the original production was not a success, the 20-minute suite that Tchaikovsky extracted from the ballet was. However, the complete \"\"Nutcracker\"\" has enjoyed enormous popularity since the late 1960s and is now performed by countless ballet companies, primarily during the Christmas season, especially in North America. Major American ballet companies generate around", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18824384", "chunk_text": "\"The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)\"\nclassical repertoire's most famous ballets. Tchaikovsky was approached by the Director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg, Ivan Vsevolozhsky on 25 May 1888 about a possible ballet adaptation on the subject of the story of \"\"Undine\"\". It was later decided that Charles Perrault's \"\"La Belle au bois dormant\"\" would be the story for which Tchaikovsky would compose the music for the ballet. Tchaikovsky did not hesitate to accept the commission, although he was aware that his only previous ballet, \"\"Swan Lake\"\", met with little enthusiasm at that stage of his career. The ballet scenario that Tchaikovsky worked on was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8394438", "chunk_text": "\"Lev Ivanov\"\nLev Ivanov Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (; 2 March 1834, Moscow – 24 December 1901, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer and later, Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet. As a performer with the Imperial Ballet, he achieved prominence after performing as an understudy in a benefit performance of \"\"La Fille Mal Gardée\"\". He is most famous as the choreographer of \"\"Dance of the Little Swans\"\" from \"\"Swan Lake\"\", Act II of \"\"Cinderella\"\", and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", which he choreographed alongside Marius Petipa. Ivanov entered the Moscow School of Dance, but in 1844 moved to Saint Petersburg where he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15552305", "chunk_text": "\"Oakville Ballet Company\"\nand the Genee Ballet Competition. Oakville Ballet Company consists of students from the Oakville School of Classical Ballet, who are selected by audition. The company has a wide repertoire including \"\"Giselle\"\", \"\"La Fille Mal Gardée\"\", \"\"La Bayadère\"\", \"\"Paquita\"\", \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"La Sylphide\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" and its hugely popular annual \"\"The Nutcracker\"\". The Oakville Ballet Company's \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" consists of dancers (both male and female) from the OBC (Oakville Ballet Company) and includes a male principal dancer from the National Ballet of Canada. Oakville Ballet Company The Oakville Ballet Company is a ballet company in Oakville, Ontario, Canada. Oakville School", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2354451", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake\"\nSwan Lake Swan Lake ( \"\"\"\"), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular of all ballets. The scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian and/or German folk tales and tells the story of Odette, a princess turned into a swan by an evil sorcerer's curse. The choreographer of the original production was Julius Reisinger (Václav Reisinger). The ballet was premiered by the Bolshoi Ballet on at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. Although it is presented in many different versions, most ballet", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4384477", "chunk_text": "\"Prodanza Ballet Academy\"\nin Brazil and in the month of August, in Cuba. Classic : Nutcracker Coppelia Don Quixote The Corsaire The Swan Lake La Bayadere La Fille Mal Gardee La Sylphide and the Scotsman The Three Musketeers Neoclassical : Dracula Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges Yarini Choreography: Classic: Diana and Actaeon (pas de deux) Giselle (pas de deux) Grand pas de quatre Sleeping Beauty (pas de deux) The Flames of Paris (pas de deux) The Dying Swan (male version) The Dying Swan (female version) Raymonda (pas de deux) Prodanza Ballet Academy The Center Prodanza of Cuba was established on December 30 of 1994", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4751467", "chunk_text": "\"Lesley Collier\"\nsolo roles. She went on to perform in all of the important classical ballets, and in 1972 became a principal dancer. On 13 November 1978 Collier danced with Wayne Sleep in a Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium. In 1981 \"\"The Ballet Goer's Guide\"\" called her \"\"a dancer of sparkling technique and speed\"\". During her dance career Collier was leading ballerina in \"\"Giselle\"\", \"\"La fille mal gardée\"\", \"\"Anastasia\"\", \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\", and Tchaikovsky's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" and \"\"Swan Lake\"\". After retiring in 1995 she joined the teaching staff of the Royal Ballet School. Lesley Collier Lesley Collier", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14803861", "chunk_text": "\"Mireille Hassenboehler\"\nMireille Hassenboehler Mireille Hassenboehler (born 1973) is an American former professional ballet dancer who performed as a principal dancer with the Houston Ballet until 2013. Hassenboehler was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. She trained with Harvey Hysell until the age of seventeen. After studying at the San Francisco Ballet School and Houston Ballet's Ben Stevenson Academy, she joined Houston Ballet in 1992 and was promoted to principal in 2000. Hassenboehler's classical repertoire includes: the Sugar Plum Fairy in \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", Aurora and Lilac Fairy in \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", Odette/Odile in \"\"Swan Lake\"\", Giselle and Myrtha in \"\"Giselle\"\", Kitri in \"\"Don", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16051921", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake (1895)\"\n\"\"Spanish Dance\"\" and the \"\"Mazurka\"\", Ivanov staged the \"\"Neapolitan Dance\"\" and the \"\"Hungarian Dance\"\"). During the premiere of the 1895 revival the \"\"Spanish Dance\"\" and the \"\"Neapolitan Dance\"\" left a rather neutral impression, but the \"\"Hungarian Dance\"\" and \"\"Mazurka\"\" were both encored. The \"\"Hungarian Dance\"\" was performed by the Danseur Alfred Bekefi and Petipa's daughter Marie Petipa (famous for creating the role of the Lilac Fairy in \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\"), who wore 12,000 roubles worth of diamonds for the performance. Perhaps the biggest sensation was the \"\"Mazurka\"\", danced by a group of dancers with Felix Kschessinsky as soloist. Kschessinsky (the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2354492", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake\"\ntitles. In 2014 the Little Princess Ballet Academy (LPBA) performed the entire Swan Lake in Second Life. The adaption follows the original, but some parts like the pas de deux were not possible to perform in Second Life and has been changed. All parts are played by individual avatars. Audio Video Swan Lake Swan Lake ( \"\"\"\"), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76. Despite its initial failure, it is now one of the most popular of all ballets. The scenario, initially in two acts, was fashioned from Russian and/or German folk tales and tells", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20945442", "chunk_text": "\"The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)\"\nan important thread to the underlying plot. Act III of the work, however, takes a complete break from the two motifs and instead places focus on the individual characters of the various court dances. St. Petersburg premiere (world premiere) Moscow premiere Other notable productions The ballet's premiere received more favorable accolades than \"\"Swan Lake\"\" from the press but Tchaikovsky never had the luxury of being able to witness his work become an instant success in theatres outside of Russia. He died in 1893. By 1903, \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" was the second most popular ballet in the repertory of the Imperial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2354455", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake\"\nReisinger of the requirements for each dance. However, unlike the instructions for the scores of \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", no written instruction is known to have survived. From around the time of the turn of the 19th century until the beginning of the 1890s, scores for ballets were almost always written by composers known as \"\"specialists,\"\" who were highly skilled at scoring the light, decorative, melodious, and rhythmically clear music that was at that time in vogue for ballet. Tchaikovsky studied the music of \"\"specialists\"\" such as the Italian Cesare Pugni and the Austrian Ludwig Minkus, before setting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9998482", "chunk_text": "\"Vladimir Malakhov (dancer)\"\nand Mercutio in \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\", Prince Siegfried, von Rothbart (at the ABT), Benno, and the Venetian Dance in \"\"Swan Lake\"\", Albrecht in \"\"Giselle\"\", Lensky in \"\"Eugene Onegin\"\", \"\"Suite en Blanc\"\", Oberon in \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\", Prince Désiré in \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", both the Prince and the Snow King in \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", \"\"La Fille Mal Gardée\"\", Des Grieux in \"\"Manon\"\", Solor in \"\"La Bayadère\"\", Fokine's \"\"Les Sylphides\"\", Balanchine's \"\"Theme and Variations\"\", Kasyan Golezovsky's \"\"Narcissus\"\", Armand in Neumeier's \"\"Lady of the Camellias\"\", the title role in Bigonzetti's \"\"Caravaggio\"\", and assorted classical \"\"pas de deux\"\". He has been the subject of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1369014", "chunk_text": "\"La fille mal gardée\"\nnotated in the Stepanov method of choreographic notation by the company's régisseur Nicholas Sergeyev and his team of notators. Sergeyev brought these notations with him when he left Russia in 1917 and utilised them to mount such ballets as the Petipa/Ivanov \"\"Swan Lake\"\", Petipa's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", the Imperial Ballet's original 1892 \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", the Petipa/Ivanov/Cecchetti \"\"Coppélia\"\", and Petipa's definitive \"\"Giselle\"\" for the first time outside of Russia, primarily for the Royal Ballet. Today all of these notations, including those for the Imperial Ballet's production of \"\"La Fille mal gardée\"\", are part of a collection known as the Sergeyev Collection,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1719612", "chunk_text": "\"Wild Swans (ballet)\"\nWild Swans (ballet) Wild Swans is a ballet by Soviet-born Australian composer Elena Kats-Chernin. The story is based on \"\"The Wild Swans\"\" by Hans Christian Andersen and tells the tale of Eliza, a princess whose wicked-witch stepmother has changed Eliza's eleven brothers into swans. Eliza must knit magic shirts from stinging nettles in order to break the spell and transform her brothers back into human form. With its basis in a fairy tale, the ballet follows in the tradition of Tchaikovsky's \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" and \"\"Swan Lake\"\", with ballet scores by Russian-born composers Prokofiev and Stravinsky also acknowledged influences. The ballet", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12624911", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Dreams (ballet)\"\nWinter Dreams (ballet) Winter Dreams is a one-act ballet choreographed by Kenneth MacMillan to piano pieces by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky selected and arranged by Philip Gammon and traditional Russian music selected and arranged for guitar and mandolin ensemble by Thomas Hartman. With scenery and costumes designed by Peer Farmer and lighting designed by Clive Thomas, it was first presented by The Royal Ballet at the Royal Opera House, London, on 7 February 1991. Macmillan's ballet was inspired by Anton Chekhov's play \"\"Three Sisters\"\" (1900), sometimes named as one of his four best plays, along with \"\"The Cherry Orchard, The Seagull,\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16880234", "chunk_text": "\"Ballet blanc\"\nin act 2 of \"\"Giselle\"\" (1842), in acts 2 and 4 of \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (1877/1895), in act 3 of \"\"La Bayadère\"\" (1877), and in act 1 of \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (1892). In modern productions, dancers in the lakeside scenes of \"\"Swan Lake\"\" and the Kingdom of the Shades scene of \"\"La Bayadère\"\" sometimes wear short, classical tutus rather than the traditional calf-length or ankle-length ballet dresses, but the visually stunning effect of the \"\"ballet blanc\"\" is undiminished. In 1908, Michel Fokine revived the genre in a ballet set to the music of Frédéric Chopin that he entitled \"\"Chopiniana\"\". When a revised", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18893288", "chunk_text": "\"Raymond Smith (dancer)\"\nBC and BalletMet. Since 2004 he has been on the faculty of Canada's National Ballet School. Smith's repertoire included \"\"La Sylphide\"\" (James), \"\"Napoli\"\" (Gennaro), \"\"Giselle\"\" (Count Albrecht), \"\"Coppélia\"\" (Franz), \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (Prince), \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (Prince Florimund, Bluebird), Celia Franca's production of \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" (Prince), \"\"Don Quixote\"\" (Basilio), the third act of \"\"Raymonda\"\" (Jean de Brienne), Michel Fokine's \"\"Les Sylphides\"\" and \"\"Le Spectre de la rose\"\", Frederick Ashton's \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\" (Romeo, Mercutio), \"\"La Fille mal gardée\"\" (Colas) and \"\"The Two Pigeons\"\" (Young Man), John Cranko's \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\" (Romeo), \"\"Onegin\"\" (Lensky, Onegin) and \"\"The Taming of the Shrew\"\" (Lucentio),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10596204", "chunk_text": "\"Hong Kong Ballet\"\nEurope as well as contemporary influences, and includes commissions focused on Hong Kong’s culture and history, such as \"\"Firecracker\"\" by local choreographer Yuri Ng. The Company’s repertoire encompasses full-length ballets such as \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" and \"\"Giselle\"\", and the finest classical and neo-classical works of the 20th and the 21st centuries, including George Balanchine's \"\"Rubies\"\" and \"\"Tchaikovsky Pas de Deux\"\"; Rudi van Dantzig’s \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\"; Ronald Hynd’s \"\"The Merry Widow\"\" and \"\"Coppélia\"\"; and Wang Xin Pang’s \"\"Serenade\"\" and \"\"Pas de Six from Mozart\"\". The Company has also performed contemporary ballets such as William Forsythe’s \"\"Steptext\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20388614", "chunk_text": "\"National Ballet of China Symphony Orchestra\"\nheld various concerts with the orchestra. In recent years, the orchestra has been regularly invited to audio and video recording by various Central stations, China Central Television and other China's record companies, publishers and film studios. It has toured across China including Hong Kong and Macao, as well as overseas. The orchestra has performed many world-acclaimed ballet repertoire: Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker, Raise the Red Lantern, Pirates, Don Quixote, Coppélia, Leiquan, Ji Purcell and other ballet programmes. National Ballet of China Symphony Orchestra The National Ballet of China Symphony Orchestra () is a national symphony orchestra of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20564728", "chunk_text": "\"Marius Petipa\"\nstage Petipa's \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\", his definitive version of \"\"Giselle\"\", \"\"Coppélia\"\" (as danced by the Imperial Ballet), and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" for the Vic-Wells Ballet of London (later the Royal Ballet) who still almost religiously perform many of these ballets with little changes from when they were first staged. It was through these revivals by Sergeyev in London with aid of these notations that the ballets of Petipa where first staged in the west, forming the nucleus of what is now known as the Classical Ballet repertory for not only the ballet of England but for the world. In 1969 the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12144472", "chunk_text": "\"Kristian Fredrikson\"\nrealised a long-held ambition to design all three of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballets. He designed \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" for the Royal New Zealand Ballet, \"\"Swan Lake\"\" for the Houston Ballet, and \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" for the Australian Ballet. This last work was the Australian Ballet's largest ever production, requiring 300 costumes and four major sets, and was still touring at the time of Fredrikson's death. In Australia Fredriksen created costumes and undertook production design for a number of film and television productions including costumes for the feature films \"\"Undercover\"\", \"\"Sky Pirate\"\" and \"\"Short Changed\"\" and production design for television series \"\"Vietnam\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13395799", "chunk_text": "\"Pas de deux\"\nPas de deux In ballet, a pas de deux (French, literally \"\"step of two\"\") is a dance duet in which two dancers, typically a male and a female, perform ballet steps together. The pas de deux is characteristic of classical ballet and can be found in many well-known ballets, including \"\"Sleeping Beauty\"\", \"\"Swan Lake\"\", and \"\"Giselle\"\". It is most often performed by a male and a female (a \"\"danseur\"\" and a \"\"ballerina\"\") though there are exceptions, such as in the film \"\"White Nights\"\", in which a pas de deux is performed by Mikhail Baryshnikov and Gregory Hines. A grand pas", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13189067", "chunk_text": "\"San Francisco Ballet\"\nTomasson's direction, San Francisco Ballet has been recognized as one of the most innovative ballet companies in the world due to its early and frequent commissioning of new works by aspiring choreographers around the globe, the breadth of its repertory—spanning classical ballet, neoclassical ballet, and contemporary ballet—and the diversity of its company members. The \"\"Financial Times\"\" noted in 2012, \"\"Tomasson ... helped shatter the distinction between the US top companies and so-called 'regional companies. Over a span of more than 25 years, Tomasson has staged acclaimed full-length productions of classics including \"\"Swan Lake\"\" (1988, 2009); \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" (1990); \"\"Romeo", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5129901", "chunk_text": "\"Anna Pavlova\"\nPointe. At the turn-of-the-Twentieth century, the Imperial Ballet began a project that notated much of its repertory in the Stepanov method of choreographic notation. Most of the notated choreographies were recorded while dancers were being taken through rehearsals. After the revolution of 1917, this collection of notation was taken out of Russia by the Imperial Ballet's former \"\"régisseur\"\" Nicholas Sergeyev, who utilized these documents to stage such works as \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" and \"\"Swan Lake\"\", as well as Marius Petipa's definitive versions of \"\"Giselle\"\" and of \"\"Coppélia\"\" for the Paris Opéra Ballet and the Vic-Wells Ballet of London", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "128103", "chunk_text": "\"Thomas Lund (dancer)\"\nand \"\"Wilhelm Tell\"\". Other important roles has included Prince in Peter Martins' \"\"Swan Lake\"\", the Prince in Alexei Ratmansky's \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", Puck in John Neumeier's \"\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\"\", Mercutio and Benvolio in John Neumeier's \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\", Harald Lander's ballets \"\"Études\"\" and \"\"Festpolonaisen\"\", Bim in Maurice Béjart's \"\"Gaité Parisienne\"\"; King Christian VII in Flemming Flindt's \"\"Caroline Mathilde\"\", the Teacher in Flindt's \"\"The Lesson\"\", Jerome Robbins’ \"\"Tarantella\"\" and \"\"Fancy Free\"\", George Balanchine's \"\"Symphony in C\"\" (3rd movement) and \"\"Jewels\"\" (2nd movement, \"\"Rubies\"\"), Peter Martins' \"\"Zakouski\"\" and as Lensky in \"\"Onegin\"\". Peasant Pas de Deux in \"\"Giselle\"\", \"\"Le Corsaire\"\", Shy boy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1924597", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake (1895)\"\nof both \"\"The Sleeping Beauty\"\" and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\", as well as \"\"Raymonda\"\", among many other ballets). Tchaikovsky was delighted at the prospect of \"\"Swan Lake\"\" being revived by Petipa, of whom he had the greatest respect, asserting that \"\"never with anyone but Petipa would I produce ballets.\"\" According to the composer/conductor Riccardo Drigo, \"\"While (Tchaikovsky) was still alive I knew of his dissatisfaction with the instrumentation of (\"\"Swan Lake\"\"), and that he intended to take up the matter, but he never managed to do this.\"\" Tchaikovsky died on 6 November 1893, just when plans to revive \"\"Swan Lake\"\" were beginning", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11553271", "chunk_text": "\"Minnesota Orchestra\"\nFirst Symphony. Beginning in 1954 and continuing on through 1955, the group made the first complete recordings of Tchaikovsky's three ballets: \"\"Swan Lake\"\", \"\"Sleeping Beauty\"\", and \"\"The Nutcracker\"\" under the baton of Antal Doráti. In 1954, they also made the first recording of Tchaikovsky's \"\"1812 Overture\"\" to include actual cannon fire, again under Doráti's direction. These recordings were made for Mercury Records as part of the \"\"Living Presence\"\" series. In the 1970s, the renamed Minnesota Orchestra made a series of recordings for Vox Records under the direction of Stanisław Skrowaczewski. In the 1990s, the orchestra recorded for the Reference Recordings", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16051897", "chunk_text": "\"Swan Lake (1895)\"\nSwan Lake (1895) The 1917 Petipa/Ivanov/Drigo revival of Swan Lake is a famous version of the ballet \"\"Swan Lake\"\", (ru. \"\"Лебединое Озеро\"\"), (fr. \"\"Le Lac des Cygnes\"\"). This is a ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky based on an ancient German legend, presented in either four acts, four scenes (primarily outside Russia and Eastern Europe), three acts, four scenes (primarily in Russia and Eastern Europe) or, more rarely, in two acts, four scenes. Originally choreographed by Julius Reisinger to the music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (opus 20), it was first presented as \"\"The Lake of the Swans\"\" by the Ballet of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13395806", "chunk_text": "\"Pas de deux\"\n20th century, the grand pas de deux became more integrated with the story of the ballet, with increasingly acrobatic content. Pas de deux In ballet, a pas de deux (French, literally \"\"step of two\"\") is a dance duet in which two dancers, typically a male and a female, perform ballet steps together. The pas de deux is characteristic of classical ballet and can be found in many well-known ballets, including \"\"Sleeping Beauty\"\", \"\"Swan Lake\"\", and \"\"Giselle\"\". It is most often performed by a male and a female (a \"\"danseur\"\" and a \"\"ballerina\"\") though there are exceptions, such as in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_12	how many episodes are there in dragon ball z?	n/a	[ "291 episodes", "291" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835657", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nIt premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996. Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime, \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" added original material not adapted from the manga, including lengthening scenes or adding new ones, and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga. For example, Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku's training with King Kai, resulting in the cricket Gregory. Throughout the production, the voice actors were tasked with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11851598", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nApril 5, 2009, the series premiered in Japan airing in Fuji TV. \"\"Dragon Ball Z Kai\"\" reduced the episode count to 159 episodes (167 episodes internationally), from the original footage of 291 episodes. Damaged frames were removed, resulting in some minor shots being remade from scratch in order to fix cropping, and others to address continuity issues. The majority of the international versions, including Funimation Entertainment's English dub, are titled \"\"Dragon Ball Z Kai\"\". premiered on Fuji TV on February 7, 1996 and ran until November 19, 1997 for 64 episodes. Unlike the first two anime series, it is not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11851595", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nboth based on the same outline by Toriyama for the story of \"\"Super\"\". Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the first 194 manga chapters, also titled \"\"Dragon Ball\"\". The series premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on February 26, 1986 and ran until April 19, 1989, lasting 153 episodes. Instead of continuing the anime as \"\"Dragon Ball\"\", Toei Animation decided to carry on with their adaptation under a new name and asked Akira Toriyama to come up with the title. picks up five years after the first series left off and adapts the final 325 chapters of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236395", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nset released on November 8, 2011. However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame. Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total. On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled the \"\"Rock the Dragon Edition\"\". In Japan, \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\" was released in wide-screen on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3223086", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nthe manga. It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996. Two television specials based on the \"\"Z\"\" series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan. The first, \"\"The One True Final Battle ~The Z Warrior Who Challenged Freeza -- Son Goku's Father~\"\", renamed \"\"\"\" by Funimation, was shown on October 17, 1990. The second special, \"\"Defiance in the Face of Despair!! The Remaining Super-Warriors: Gohan and Trunks\"\", renamed \"\"\"\" by Funimation, is based on a special chapter of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236399", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nEdition,\"\" which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume. However, in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3-in-1 volumes collecting the entire manga series, including what they previously released as \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", under the \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" name. The \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835664", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\n61 episodes. Funimation licensed \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\" for an English-language release in North America, under the title \"\"Dragon Ball Z Kai\"\". The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24, 2010 to January 1, 2012 (continuing in re-runs until April 2013). In addition to Nicktoons, the series also began airing on the 4Kids-owned Saturday morning programming block Toonzai on The CW in August 2010, then on its successor, the Saban-owned Vortexx, beginning in August 2012 until the block ended in September 2014. Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai/Vortexx airings were edited for content, though the Toonzai/Vortexx version was censored even more", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236397", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nand March 12, 2013. Funimation released \"\"The Final Chapters\"\" in three DVD and Blu-ray volumes from April 25 to June 20, 2017. While the manga was all titled \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" in Japan, due to the popularity of the \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" anime in the west, Viz Media initially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to \"\"\"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\"\"\" to avoid confusion. The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995. It began serialization in the American \"\"Shonen Jump\"\", beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks; the \"\"tankōbon\"\" volumes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835691", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\ntelecasts of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" ranked as the top three programs in all of television, broadcast or cable, for delivery of boys 9-14. In 2001, Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network. Beginning March 26, 2001, Cartoon Network ran a 12-week special promotion \"\"Toonami Reactor\"\" which included a focus on \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", which would stream episodes online to high-speed internet users. Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15664089", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nwhich summon a wish-granting dragon when gathered. Along his journey, Goku makes several friends and battles a wide variety of villains, many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls. Toriyama's manga was adapted and divided into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" and \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. Additionally, the studio has developed 19 animated feature films and three television specials, as well as two anime sequel series titled \"\"Dragon Ball GT\"\" (1996–1997) and \"\"Dragon Ball Super\"\" (2015–2018). From 2009 to 2015, a revised version of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835675", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nin two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"\"Dragon Boxes.\"\" The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007. The international home release structure of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236384", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nmanga. He said the reception to \"\"Kai\"\" was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game, so it all worked out. The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc, as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc. It was originally planned to run 98 episodes, however, due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami, the final episode of \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\" was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27, 2011. The 98th episode was later released direct-to-video in Japan on August 2, 2011. In November 2012, Mayumi", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835656", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money, and the result was the start of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\". The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it (though ironically enough, the sequel series would end up lasting much longer in episode count than the first series). \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in \"\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\" from 1988 to 1995.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580687", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nwould be fully colored digitally and re-released. Twenty volumes, beginning from chapter one hundred and ninety-five and grouped by story arcs, were released between February 4, 2013, and July 4, 2014. Twelve volumes covering the first one hundred and ninety-four chapters were published between January 4 and March 4, 2016. \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" was also released in a \"\"sōshūhen\"\" edition that aims to recreate the manga as it was originally serialized in \"\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\" in the same size, with the color pages, promotional text, and next chapter previews, in addition to foldout posters. Eighteen volumes were published between May 13,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236396", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\n33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu-ray and eight four-disc Blu-ray sets from September 18, 2009, to August 2, 2011. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets of \"\"Dragon Ball Z Kai\"\" from May 18, 2010 to June 5, 2012. These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray \"\"season\"\" sets between May 22, 2012", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8494616", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nof 34 \"\"kanzenban\"\" volumes, which included a slightly rewritten ending, new covers, and color artwork from its \"\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\" run. The February 2013 issue of \"\"V Jump\"\", which was released in December 2012, announced that parts of the manga will be fully colored and re-released in 2013. Twenty volumes, beginning from chapter 195 and grouped by story arcs, were released between February 4, 2013 and July 4, 2014. Twelve volumes covering the first 194 chapters were published between January 4 and March 4, 2016. A \"\"sōshūhen\"\" edition that aims to recreate the manga as it was originally serialized in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8494623", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nFunimation titled it for their dub, aired on March 26, 1997, between episodes 41 and 42, serving as a kind of precursor to the epilogue to the series shown at the end of episode 64. On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced , the first all-new \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and ran as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018 after 131 episodes. Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556565", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\nthis set began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on April 4, 2007 and finished with the 26th volume on December 5, 2007. \"\"Dragon Ball\"\"'s initial VHS release for North America was never completed. Funimation released their initial dub, the censored first thirteen episodes, on six tapes from September 24, 1996 to July 28, 1998 together with Trimark Pictures. These episodes and the first movie were later released in a VHS or DVD box set on October 24, 2000. Funimation began releasing their in-house dub beginning with episode 14 by themselves on June 5, 2001 in both edited and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556566", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\nuncut formats, before seizing VHS releases the following year. Including the initial 1996-1998 releases with Trimark, 86 episodes of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" across 28 volumes were produced on VHS for North America. Funimation released their in-house dub to ten two-disc DVD box sets between January 28, 2003 and August 19, 2003. Each box set, spanning an entire \"\"saga\"\" of the series, included the English and Japanese audio tracks with optional English subtitles, and uncut video and audio. However, they were unable to release the first thirteen episodes at the time, due to Lions Gate Entertainment holding the home video rights to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835647", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nchapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\". Additional works called animanga were released in Japan, which adapt the animation to manga form. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\"'s popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" universe; including 17 movies and 148 video games, many of them being only released in Japan, and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations, including a more-recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai. There have also been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236385", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nTanaka, the Japanese voice of Krillin, announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes of \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\". In February 2014, the \"\"Kai\"\" adaptation of the Majin Buu arc was officially confirmed. The new run of the series, which is titled \"\"Dragon Ball Z Kai: The Final Chapters\"\" internationally, began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6, 2014 and ended its run on June 28, 2015. The final arc of \"\"Kai\"\" was originally produced to last 69 episodes (as most of the international versions run), but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835683", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nlength. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580689", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nthe monthly format, Viz began to censor the manga in response to parental complaints about sexual innuendos. Viz changed their publishing format for the series again in 2003; the first ten collected volumes of both series were re-released under their \"\"Shonen Jump\"\" imprint. They have slightly smaller dimensions. The manga was completed in English with \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" in 16 volumes between May 6, 2003, and August 3, 2004, and \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" in 26 volumes from May 6, 2003, to June 6, 2006. However, when publishing the last few volumes of \"\"Z\"\", the company began to censor the series again", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236380", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nwith both the American and Japanese background music. In January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" within 30 minutes before their simulcast of \"\"One Piece\"\". As of 2017, \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" is no longer being streamed on Hulu. The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), AB Groupe and Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835667", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\n2016, Funimation announced the continuation of \"\"Kai\"\" to begin airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block; airing from January 7, 2017 to June 23, 2018. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\"s original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work. Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans. These changes included altering every aspect", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491627", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nApril 7, 2013. Nineteen animated theatrical films based on the \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" series have been released in Japan. The two most recent films, \"\"\"\" (2013) and \"\"\"\" (2015), were produced as full-length feature films and were given stand-alone theatrical releases in Japan (as well as limited theatrical releases in the U.S.); these two have a greater sense of continuity with the series than the older films, especially since their storylines were directly adapted into the first-two story arcs of the \"\"Dragon Ball Super\"\" anime. They're also the first movies to have original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved in their production.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835660", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\npreviously used a similar Vancouver-based voice cast in their short-lived 1995 dub of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\"). Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet, known for their work on the \"\"Power Rangers\"\" franchise, composed a new background score and theme song (nicknamed \"\"Rock the Dragon\"\"). Funimation's initial English dub of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" had mandated cuts to content and length, which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53. It premiered in the United States on September 13, 1996 in first-run syndication, but halted production in 1998 after two seasons. This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations, in order to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8494615", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\nwork of entertainment through and through. I dare say I don't care even if [my works] have left nothing behind, as long as they have entertained their readers.\"\" Written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" was serialized in the manga anthology \"\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\" from December 3, 1984 to June 5, 1995, when Toriyama grew exhausted and felt he needed a break from drawing. The 519 individual chapters were published into 42 \"\"tankōbon\"\" volumes by Shueisha from September 10, 1985 through August 4, 1995. Between December 4, 2002 and April 2, 2004, the chapters were re-released in a collection", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11851597", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\noriginal manga and aired on February 24, 1993. In February 2009, \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" celebrated its 20th anniversary, with Toei Animation announcing that it would broadcast a re-edited and remastered version under the name . The footage would be re-edited to follow the manga more closely, eliminating scenes and episodes which were not featured in the original manga, resulting in a more faithful adaptation, as well as in a faster-moving, and more focused story. The episodes were remastered for HDTV, with rerecording of the vocal tracks by most of the original cast, and featuring updated opening and ending sequences. On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835676", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nedited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make \"\"Billboard\"\" rankings as separate entries. Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts. Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release \"\"DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible\"\"; as in the case of their third season. Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999, and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999. Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8703701", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F'\"\naltered or expanded in the series' version of events. The \"\"Resurrection 'F'\"\" arc covers episodes 15-27. \"\"Resurrection 'F' \"\" opened in 658 2D and 3D theaters across Japan on April 18, 2015. It is the first Japanese film to be screened in IMAX 3D Digital theaters, shown in eighteen such establishments across the country. The previous movie \"\"Battle of Gods\"\" was the first ever Japanese film to be shown at IMAX Digital theaters, but was not in 3D. It is also screened in ten 4DX theaters across Japan, which adds environmental effects such as seat motion, wind, rain and scents", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556567", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\ntheir previous dub of the same episodes, having acquired them from Trimark after the company became defunct. After Lions Gate's license to the first thirteen episodes expired in 2009, Funimation remastered and re-released the complete \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" series to DVD in five individual uncut season box sets, with the first set released on September 15, 2009 and the final on July 27, 2010. Funimation's English dub of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" has been distributed in other countries by third parties. Madman Entertainment released the first thirteen episodes of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" and the first movie uncut in Australasia in a DVD set on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15664091", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball\"\n2018. Since its release, \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" has become one of the most successful manga and anime series of all time. The manga's 42 volumes have sold over 159million copies in Japan and over 350million copies worldwide, making it the second best-selling manga series in history. Reviewers have praised the art, characterization, and humour of the story. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest manga series ever made, with many manga artists citing \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" as a source of inspiration for their own now popular works. The anime, particularly \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", is also highly popular in various countries", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236394", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\ncropped the entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"\"season\"\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009. In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"\"Dragon Box\"\" restoration of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" in North America. These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to release \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" in Blu-ray format, with the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18733649", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Super\"\np.m. with an encore showing in their Toonami block later that night at 11:30 p.m. starting on January 7, 2017. This was later confirmed on Toonami's official Facebook page. The United States premiere of \"\"Dragon Ball Super\"\" obtained 1,063,000 viewers for its 8 p.m. showing on Adult Swim. Toonami Africa started airing Dragon Ball Super in Fall 2017 at 15:00 CAT (Central African Time) with an edited Funimation English Dub. In Australia, ABC Me started airing Dragon Ball Super on November 3, 2018, with a new episode every Saturday at 2:45 pm. Norihito Sumitomo, the composer for \"\"Battle of Gods\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580688", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\n2016, and January 13, 2017. The English language version of the \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" manga is licensed for North America by Viz Media. Viz originally published the first 194 chapters as \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" and chapters over 195 as \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" to mimic the names of the anime series, feeling it would reduce the potential for confusion by its readers. They initially released both series simultaneously, chapter by chapter in a monthly comic book format starting in 1998, before stopping in 2000 to switch to a graphic novel format similar to the Japanese \"\"tankōbon\"\". In 2000, while releasing \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835688", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nas of January 2012. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's \"\"Top 100 Animated Series\"\", and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show in \"\"Wizard\"\" magazine's \"\"Top 100 Greatest Animated shows\"\" list. The series ranked #6 on \"\"Wizard's Anime\"\" Magazine on their \"\"Top 50 Anime released in North America\"\". \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\"s popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media. In 2001, it was reported that the official website of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556559", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\nhelp \"\"reboot\"\" \"\"Dragon Ball\"\"; which coincided with the beginning of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\". Harmony Gold USA licensed the series for an English-language release in North America in 1989. In the voice dubbing of the series, Harmony Gold renamed almost all of the characters, including the protagonist Goku, who was renamed \"\"Zero.\"\" This dub consisting of 5 episodes and one movie (an 80-minute feature featuring footage of movies and edited together) was cancelled shortly after being test marketed in several US cities and was never broadcast to the general public, thus earning the fan-coined term \"\"The Lost Dub.\"\" In 1995, Funimation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835677", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nalso released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2001. Funimation's own distribution of their initial in-house dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003. A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their in-house dub of the beginning of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America. However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete. Instead, Funimation remastered and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12835671", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nerrors in the script were caused by dashes (—) and double-quotes (\"\") failing to appear, which resulted in confusing dialogue. Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\". The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is \"\"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\"\" performed by Hironobu Kageyama. The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is \"\"We Gotta Power\"\" also performed by Kageyama. The ending theme used for the first 199 episodes is performed by MANNA. The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is performed by Kageyama. Kenji Yamamoto composed the score for \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2970037", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nDragon Ball (manga) The manga was adapted into two anime series produced by Toei Animation: \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" and \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", which were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996. A media franchise has built up around the series; among the merchandise, there have been both animated and live-action films, collectible trading card games, action figures, collections of soundtracks and video games. The series was licensed for an English-language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Viz Media, and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment. The companies initially split the manga into two parts, \"\"Dragon Ball\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556568", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\nMarch 10, 2004. They produced two box sets containing the entire series in 2006 and 2007. Manga Entertainment began releasing Funimation's five remastered sets in the United Kingdom in 2014. Dragon Ball: Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!! (ドラゴンボールオッス！帰ってきた孫悟空と仲間たち！！ Doragon Bōru: Ossu! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama-tachi!!) is the second Dragon Ball Z OVA and features the first Dragon Ball animation in nearly a decade, following a short story arc in the remade Dr. Slump anime series featuring Goku and the Red Ribbon Army in 1999. The film premiered in Japan on September 21, 2008, at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236382", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nusing the censored Funimation/Saban dub before switching to Funimation's in-house dub. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998. In February 2009, Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" as part of the series' 20th-anniversary celebrations. The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5, 2009, under the title \"\"Dragon Ball Kai\"\". The ending suffix in the name means \"\"updated\"\" or \"\"altered\"\" and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work. The original footage was remastered for HDTV, featuring updated opening and ending sequences,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19556569", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (TV series)\"\nJump Super Anime Tour in honor of Weekly Shōnen Jump's fortieth anniversary. \"\"Yo! Son Goku and His Friends Return!!\"\" is also in the extra DVD included in the \"\"Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods\"\" limited edition, which was released on September 13, 2013. During the anime's broadcast, three theatrical animated \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" films were produced. The first was \"\"\"\" in 1986, followed by \"\"\"\" in 1987, and finally \"\"\"\" in 1988. In 1996, \"\"\"\" was produced in order to commemorate the anime's tenth anniversary. Several video games based on \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" have been created, beginning with \"\"\"\" in 1986. \"\"\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14236379", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z\"\nIn 2004, Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53/67 episodes of \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in-house voice cast and restore the removed content. This dub's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson. Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 (in late night, due to the unedited content). Funimation's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in-house dub for quality and consistency, mostly after the episode 67 gap, and had the option to play the entire series' dub", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580690", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nby changing or removing gun scenes and changing the few sexual references. \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\", from Trunk's appearance to chapter 226, was published in Viz's monthly magazine \"\"Shonen Jump\"\" from its debut issue in January 2003 to April 2005. Viz released both series in a wideban format called \"\"Viz Big Edition\"\", which collects three volumes into a single large volume. \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" was published in five volumes between June 3, 2008, and August 18, 2009, while \"\"Dragon Ball Z\"\" was published in nine volumes between June 3, 2008, and November 9, 2010. Viz published new 3-in-1 volumes of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17161496", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi\"\nin Japan on October 6, 2005, North America on October 18, 2005, and Europe on October 21, 2005. It is now a Greatest Hits title. The game features 64 playable characters in 90 forms and 10 stages for battle. Players can fight across the Earth Wasteland, the Earth Rock Area, Planet Namek, the Islands, the City Ruins, the Hyperbolic Time Chamber, the Cell Games Arena, the Mountain Road, the World Tournament Arena, and Kami's Lookout. Despite not featuring the original Japanese music, the American release of the game allows for selectable English (Funimation cast) and Japanese voices, while retaining the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580691", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nsimilar to their Viz Big Edition, across 14 volumes between June 4, 2013, and September 6, 2016. This version uses some Japanese \"\"kanzenban\"\" covers and marks the first time in English that the entire series was released under the \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" name, though it is still censored. Viz serialized chapters 195 to 245 of the fully colored version of the manga in their digital anthology \"\"Weekly Shonen Jump\"\" from February 2013 to February 2014. They began publishing \"\"Dragon Ball Full Color Edition\"\" in large format volumes on February 4, 2014. Although it uses the same translation as their other versions,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18733647", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball Super\"\nApril 1, 2018. According to Amazon Japan, the final Blu-ray set indicated the series' end at episode 131. The series ended on March 25, 2018, with the conclusion of the \"\"Universe Survival Saga\"\". Fuji TV stated that no definite plans were made to either continue the series at a later date or discontinue it entirely. \"\"Dragon Ball Super\"\" received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India on January 21, 2017. This dub is produced by Los Angeles based Bang Zoom! Entertainment for the Asian market. A sneak preview of the English dub's first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4580685", "chunk_text": "\"Dragon Ball (manga)\"\nthe Ginyu Force to add more balance to the manga. \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" was serialized in the manga anthology \"\"Weekly Shōnen Jump\"\" from issue No. 51 on December 3, 1984, to No. 25 on June 5, 1995. As the readership of \"\"Dragon Ball\"\" grew up, the magazine changed to reflect their changing interests. The 519 individual chapters were collected into 42 \"\"tankōbon\"\" volumes by Shueisha from September 10, 1985, through August 4, 1995. These saw any color or partly colored artwork grayscaled. For the series' 24th anniversary, the \"\"tankōbon\"\" received new cover art that has been used on all reprints since", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_13	cast of law & order special victim unit?	n/a	[ "Kelli Giddish", "Richard Belzer", "Stephanie March", "Diane Neal", "Ice-T", "Danny Pino", "Dann Florek", "Tamara Tunie", "Michaela McManus", "Mariska Hargitay", "Adam Beach", "B. D. Wong", "Christopher Meloni", "Raúl Esparza", "Michelle Hurd", "Peter Scanavino" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921237", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nhalf a season, however, before departing for unspecified reasons. Paula Patton joined the cast as ADA Mikka Von. She replaced Stephanie March. However, Patton dropped out after one episode to film \"\"\"\", and was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller in the recurring role of ADA Gillian Hardwicke. Before the end of season twelve, Mariska Hargitay asked for a lighter workload. As a way of writing her out of certain episodes, a plan to have her character promoted to a supervisory role was discussed. At the end of season twelve, Christopher Meloni departed the cast, unable to come to terms with his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921240", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nfrom the main cast to a guest starring role and recurring actor Joel de la Fuente's not appearing for the first time since 2002. Of the latter change, Warren Leight said, \"\"those scenes [which featured Fuente] can be dry\"\" and hired Gilbert Gottfried as a more comedic replacement. In addition to these changes, Linus Roache became a recurring cast member in his role of Michael Cutter, whom he played on \"\"Law & Order\"\"; on \"\"SVU\"\" former Executive ADA Cutter serves as the Bureau Chief for ADAs attached to the Special Victims Unit. In season 14, Raúl Esparza joined the cast", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921239", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nin season 13's episode \"\"\"\". In response to these departures, two new main actors were hired, and several changes were made to the recurring cast. In June 2011, it was announced that Kelli Giddish and Danny Pino would join the cast as new series regulars. Weeks later, it was announced that Stephanie March and Diane Neal would be reprising their roles as ADA Alexandra Cabot and ADA Casey Novak, respectively. The launch of season 13 was marked with a retooling of the show that Warren Leight referred to as \"\"SVU 2.0\"\". Changes that accompanied this included Tamara Tunie's being bumped", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20739523", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20)\"\n(Kelli Giddish). Rollins mentions him cheating on her with a prostitute in the previous season. Days later it was reported that Dylan Walsh would play John Conway, an abusive father who rapes his own son, in the season premiere. Walsh previously guest starred in the eighth season of the series. Mark Tallman portrays Gavin Riley, the new chief of detectives, in a recurring role. Carl Weathers reprised his role as his \"\"Chicago Justice\"\" character, State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, in the episode \"\"Zero Tolerance\"\". On August 16, 2018, \"\"The Hollywood Reporter\"\" announced that \"\"Homeland\"\" actress Sandrine Holt would be cast in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6450211", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nhas been nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category 8 years in a row beginning in 2004 and won the Emmy in 2006. Christopher Meloni was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series category in 2006. Robin Williams was nominated in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008. The series was nominated in the category Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Jane Alexander and Tracy Pollan in 2000, Martha Plimpton in 2002, Barbara Barrie in 2003, Mare Winningham and Marlee Matlin in 2004, Amanda Plummer and Angela Lansbury", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793848", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nthat Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long-running dramatic series. On February 7, 2018, Raúl Esparza left the series after six seasons. His role was taken over by Winchester. By season twelve, both Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni had become among the highest-paid lead actors on a drama, with each earning nearly $400,000 per episode, a salary that \"\"TV Guide\"\" said was exceeded only by \"\"House\"\"'s Hugh Laurie. During season sixteen, Hargitay was reported to be earning $450,000 per episode, or $10,350,000 per season, In season seventeen, her salary increased", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793854", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nPaxton (Christine Lahti) and Jo Marlowe (Sharon Stone) until the conclusion of season eleven. Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve. In season thirteen, both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs. From the beginning of season fourteen, ADA Rafael Barba had been SVU's prosecutor, until leaving halfway through season nineteen. \"\"Chicago Justice\"\"'s Peter Stone became SVU's ADA after \"\"Chicago Justice\"\" was canceled after only one season. In season 13, other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale. Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler. Amaro", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921242", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nrecurring role for episodes 1–3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5, with Kelli Giddish, Danny Pino, Ice-T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode. On May 20, 2015, it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale \"\"Surrendering Noah\"\". In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from \"\"Chicago P.D.\"\" and \"\"Chicago Justice\"\", who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original \"\"Law & Order\"\" show. It was later also announced", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2527727", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)\"\nWaterston's fourth guest appearance on \"\"SVU\"\". In the episode \"\"Pathological\"\", Tamara Tunie (M.E. Melinda Warner), Carolyn McCormick (Dr. Elizabeth Olivet), and Jenna Stern (Judge Elana Barth) returned as their respective characters. The episode aired on January 10, 2018. McCormick also guest starred in the season finale. On December 14, 2017, Martin Donovan and Yasmine Al Massri were confirmed to guest star in an episode titled \"\"Flight Risk\"\" based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations. The episode was about sexual assault in the airline industry and aired on January 17, 2018. On January 31, 2018, Rhea Seehorn guest starred in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793859", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nin 2005, Marcia Gay Harden and Leslie Caron in 2007, Cynthia Nixon in 2008, Ellen Burstyn, Brenda Blethyn, and Carol Burnett in 2009, and Ann-Margret in 2010. The series won the award for Plummer in 2005, Caron in 2007, Nixon in 2008, Burstyn in 2009, and Margret in 2010. \"\"Law and Order SVU\"\" airs on NBC in the United States. All seasons, including the season that is currently on the air, are available to stream on Hulu (with a subscription). The latest 5 episodes can be watched for free on NBC.com and the NBC app. Outside of SVOD and NBC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921246", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nshow focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy. Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day. His partner Benson's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit. Backing them up is John Munch, and his first partner Brian Cassidy. Munch is a transfer from Baltimore's homicide unit, who brings his acerbic wit, conspiracy theories, and street-honed investigative skills. While Cassidy is young", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921227", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nShapovalova. Casting for the lead characters of \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to seven finalists. For the female lead, Detective Olivia Benson, actresses Samantha Mathis, Reiko Aylesworth, and Mariska Hargitay were being considered. For the male role, Detective Elliot Stabler, the finalists were Tim Matheson, John Slattery, Nick Chinlund, and Christopher Meloni. Hargitay and Meloni had auditioned in the final round together and, after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3167882", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)\"\ncame back in \"\"Rhodium Nights\"\" to portray , returned for the season premiere episodes, along with guest stars Peter Jacobson (Bart Ganzel), Pippa Black (Carrissa Gibson), Ron Rifkin (Defense Attorney Marvin Exley), Brooke Smith (Delia Wilson), and Laura Benanti as . On January 4, 2013, Warren Leight tweeted the Cassidy character (Dean Winters) may appear again in the spring. Paget Brewster guest starred as Paula Foster, the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit in the District Attorney's office. Her character is assigned to the case against Captain Cragen (Dann Florek), who is suspected of murder after what occurred", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1685465", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)\"\nTaylor Hicks make cameos as judges on a reality show. In \"\"Military Justice\"\", Shiri Appleby made a special appearance as Amelia Albers, a junior officer who appeared to have been raped by her group of soldiers. In the same episode, Laura Benanti returns as Maria Grazie, the ex-wife of Detective Amaro, who provides information about the case to the SVU squad. Terry Serpico appears as Lieutenant Commander Travers, the commanding officer of Albers, and Delaney Williams returns as Defense Attorney John Buchanan. In \"\"Rapist Anonymous\"\", Nia Vardalos returned as Defense Attorney Minonna Efron, having previously appeared in the season 14", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20739524", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20)\"\na recurring role this season, as Dr. Lisa Abernathy, a clinical psychologist that consults on cases for the district attorney's office. Holt previously guest starred in the seventeenth season. On September 27, 2018, \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\" reported that Sebastian Roché would guest star as Arlo Beck, the charismatic leader of a female empowerment group, in the episode \"\"Accredo\"\", which aired October 18, 2018. Roché previously made two guest appearances on the flagship series, \"\"Law & Order\"\". Sasha Alexander guest starred as Anna Mill, a woman who murdered her husband and two children in the November 1st episode \"\"Caretaker.\"\" <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Law", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921236", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\npermanent member beginning with the ninth season. Although Beach felt the role was a \"\"dream role\"\", the character proved unpopular with fans who felt that he was designed to gradually write out either Richard Belzer or Ice-T. Feeling there were too many police characters on the show, Beach left the show after only one season. Michaela McManus was originally felt to be too young for the role of an Assistant District Attorney (ADA) before being cast as ADA Kim Greylek in the tenth season. McManus, months removed from a recurring role on \"\"One Tree Hill\"\", remained with the series only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13110890", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (often abbreviated to Law & Order: SVU or just SVU) is an American police procedural, legal, crime drama television series set in New York City, where it is also primarily produced. In the style of the original \"\"Law & Order\"\", episodes are often \"\"ripped from the headlines\"\" or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention. Created by Dick Wolf, the series premiered on NBC on September 20, 1999, as the second series in Wolf's successful \"\"Law & Order\"\" franchise. \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1685468", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)\"\nSadoski returns as Nate Davis, a character who also appeared in the previous episode \"\"Rapist Anonymous\"\". In \"\"Gambler's Fallacy\"\", Donal Logue and Sherri Saum guest star as two club managers. Stefanie Scott returns as Clare Wilson. Donal Logue has a recurring role starting in this episode until the end of the season, as Lieutenant Declan Murphy. Alec Baldwin returns to television in \"\"Criminal Stories\"\" playing Jimmy MacArthur, a controversial New York newspaper columnist who questions the SVU squad’s motives during the investigation of a potential hate crime/rape case. The episode also marks the directorial debut of Mariska Hargitay, whose character,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921241", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nin a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere, Esparza was promoted to a series regular. Also in season 15, Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode, \"\"Wonderland Story\"\", in which Sgt. Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA's office as an investigator. Later in the season, Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD, which made newly promoted Sgt. Benson the temporary squad commander. In leaving the cast, Florek ended a 400-episode run as Captain Cragen. In season 16, Peter Scanavino joined the series, first in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18306663", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)\"\nStephanie March (Alexandra Cabot) and guest star Sharon Stone (Jo Marlowe). Patton appeared in a single episode, but dropped out to film \"\"\"\". Her role was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller as . Sagemiller and Mariska Hargitay previously worked together on the \"\"SVU\"\" season one episode \"\"\"\", in which Sagemiller played a victim. \"\"There's something in my past, a personal connection that we have, something that she did for me and a family member who she helped out ... She's not aware of it yet [but] it becomes revealed in the next several episodes\"\", Sagemiller said. ADA Hardwicke's background was never", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9153101", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)\"\nHe is caught by Fin (Ice T) in the premiere's opening scenes. Amy Smart guest starred as one of Marks' victims, and Peter Jacobson – who previously guest starred in the finale and recurred in as a pimp named Bart Ganzel – guest starred in the premiere as his recurring mothership \"\"Law & Order\"\" character, Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin, a character created by Michael Chernuchin during his tenure on \"\"L&O\"\". Annabeth Gish guest starred in the third episode of the season. She portrayed a defense attorney in a case where a man is castrated and left for dead; leading the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1685469", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)\"\nSergeant Olivia Benson, goes head to head with MacArthur. Katie Couric also makes a cameo appearance, playing herself as a talk show host who quizzes MacArthur about the headline grabbing case. Summer Bishil and Questlove guest star. In \"\"Reasonable Doubt\"\", Bradley Whitford, Celia Kennan-Bolger, Aida Turturro, Emma Bell, and Samantha Mathis guest star. This is the second appearance of Mathis on the show as she had first appeared in \"\"Control\"\", the ninth episode of the . She had also auditioned for the role of Detective Olivia Benson in 1999. Jeffrey Tambor returns as counselor Lester Cohen. Geraldo Rivera and Ann", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921215", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nThe show starred Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson for its first twelve seasons until the former left the cast, unable to come to an agreement on his contract. As of November 29, 2018, \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" has aired 444 original episodes. On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a twentieth season, which allowed it to tie the flagship \"\"Law & Order\"\" and \"\"Gunsmoke\"\" for the longest-running scripted drama in U.S. television history. The season premiered on September 27, 2018. The idea for \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17968544", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)\"\nmentioned that many of the writing staff were fired during the first season because their scripts were not up to par. For the lead roles, Christopher Meloni was cast as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay was cast as Detective Olivia Benson after they auditioned together. Hargitay, who had to move from Los Angeles to New York when she got the role, said she was able to do this on short notice because she was already planning on moving to New York to pursue a Broadway career. The squad commander role was filled by Dann Florek, who had portrayed Captain", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "463156", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nareas and the Black Belt, but largely restricted to the eastern half of the country. It's most popular in Albany, N.Y.; least in Colorado and Utah\"\". \"\"Note: Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May (with the exception of the second and tenth season), which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.\"\" \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" has received many awards and award nominations. Mariska Hargitay has twice been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won once in 2005. The show has been nominated numerous times for the Emmy Award. Mariska Hargitay", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15874930", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order (franchise)\"\nactors have also been frequently cast. Also as the result of sharing the same pool of New York-based television actors, the series' casts have had significant overlap with that of the former HBO series \"\"Oz\"\". This is perhaps most pronounced in \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\", whose cast has included three regularly credited actors (Christopher Meloni, BD Wong and Dean Winters), as well as two recurring actors (J. K. Simmons and Mike Doyle) who were also regularly credited actors on \"\"Oz\"\", also Kathryn Erbe from \"\"Oz\"\" starring in \"\"Law & Order: Criminal Intent\"\". Similarly, \"\"Law & Order: UK\"\" sees", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6921247", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\nand eager to learn from his fellow detectives. These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe. When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes, Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out. In the beginning of season two, Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin \"\"Fin\"\" Tutuola, whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch. These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1–15. Cragen's tough-but-supportive approach to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1685463", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)\"\nBen Cohen in this episode, to represent Castille. David Conrad, who had originally auditioned to play detective Nick Amaro, appeared in \"\"Internal Affairs\"\" as Officer West, together with Nadia Dajani as Officer Ryan Quinn, who were suspected of raping young women during their shifts. In \"\"Wonderland Story\"\", Sofia Vassilieva guest starred as Sarah Walsh, a rape victim who needed the help of Detective Benson after being raped again. Vassilieva first appeared as Walsh in the \"\"True Believers\"\". Munch's resignation in this episode welcomed back his ex-wives Gwen Munch (Carol Kane) and Billie Lou Hatfield (Ellen McElduff) and his former \"\"\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6661103", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)\"\nseason premiere episode as an Italian dignitary accused of rape, evoking the Dominique Strauss-Kahn arrest. played the Italian dignitary's \"\"stand-by-your-man\"\" wife, Ron Rifkin played his savvy defense lawyer, similar to Strauss-Kahn's real-life lawyer, Benjamin Brafman, and Broadway and Dreamgirls star Anika Noni Rose played the victim. NBA stars Carmelo Anthony (New York Knicks) and Chris Bosh (Miami Heat) played themselves in cameo guest appearances in the episode \"\"Personal Fouls\"\". Mehcad Brooks played Prince Miller, a fictional basketball superstar who was once one of the coach's prodigies. Rapper/actor Heavy D played Miller's cousin and business manager, Supreme. Anthony and Bosh appeared", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6661114", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 13)\"\nI'm lucky because I get to work with my friend. I think Olivia couldn't have asked for a better companion to take her through a new stage in her life and career.\"\" Country singer Miranda Lambert made her acting debut on the \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" episode \"\"Father's Shadow\"\". Lambert played an actress who claims to have been sexually assaulted by a reality show producer played by Michael McKean. Harry Connick, Jr. (EADA David Haden) appeared in the episode as well. Ilene Kristen guest starred in \"\"Father's Shadow\"\" playing Evelyn Higgins, the estranged wife of Fred Sandow (Michael", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793837", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\ncharacter as a guest appearance in season six and as a regular character on the short-lived Wolf series, \"\"Conviction\"\", where she was promised more to do. Diane Neal had previously guest starred on \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" in season three before being cast as Cabot's replacement, Casey Novak, in season five. Neal remained with the show through the end of season nine, after which she was replaced by Michaela McManus. March returned to the show in the tenth season (after McManus' departure from the cast) when Neal Baer proposed Cabot receive a character arc to revitalize the second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1871561", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 2)\"\nretcon explanation in \"\"Runaway\"\" is that Detective Jeffries transferred to Vice and briefly stepped into the SVU squadroom again when they were in need of extra manpower for a case. Hurd was replaced by rapper-turned-actor Ice-T, who began portraying Detective Odafin \"\"Fin\"\" Tutuola. Stephanie March joined the cast as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot, the series using many guest actors and actresses to portray ADA characters in the . Tamara Tunie took on the recurring role of Medical Examiner Melinda Warner, replacing Leslie Hendrix's \"\"Law & Order\"\" character Chief Medical Examiner Elizabeth Rodgers. BD Wong began portraying FBI Forensic Psychiatrist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8120302", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)\"\ndetective from Atlanta who attends a law enforcement conference in New York, with Patton and accuses the latter of rape. \"\"Agent Provocateur\"\" features guest appearances from Tony Award winner Patti LuPone alongside of former \"\"Smash\"\" star and Tony nominee Jeremy Jordan. LuPone plays a Hollywood agent and Jordan her newest star who both become involved when their actor colleague is accused of rape. Jordan previously appeared in the 2008 episode \"\"Streetwise\"\", while LuPone made appearances on the original \"\"Law & Order\"\" series. Armand Assante guest starred in \"\"Padre Sandunguero\"\" as Nicholas, Detective Amaro's father. The episode also featured the second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2034546", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 10)\"\nappearing in every season since the . Neal Baer, who wanted to \"\"explore characters' reactions to a death in an interesting way\"\" decided to kill off the character and informed Doyle of the decision a few weeks before the episode was filmed. The premiere episode \"\"Trials\"\" stars Sara Gilbert as a rape victim who has given up her child and Luke Perry and Julie Bowen as the foster parents who begin taking care of him. When interviewed about his character, Perry stated that \"\"there are always moments when you gotta find the humanity to people who may be considered the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14842096", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 4)\"\nlast full season to star Stephanie March as ADA Alexandra Cabot. Previous seasons had shown Christopher Meloni and Mariska Hargitay in every episode. The first episode to break this trend was \"\"Rotten\"\" which showed Detective Benson working primarily with Detective Tutuola. Actor Chad Lowe who had previously guest starred in the returned to the set of \"\"SVU\"\". However, instead of reprising his character, he directed the season finale. The episode \"\"Dominance\"\" introduced the CSU Captain Judith Siper played by actress and life science executive Caren Browning. Browning continued to appear in this role for the eight seasons that followed. As", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2527726", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19)\"\nof \"\"SVU\"\" (\"\"Something Happened\"\"). Walters played the rape victim, Laurel Linwood, who knows she was raped but can't remember what happened. Going played Laurel's sister, Leah, who is brought in to help fill in the blanks. On September 20, 2017, it was announced Sam Waterston would guest star in an upcoming episode of \"\"SVU\"\" as his \"\"Law & Order\"\" character, Jack McCoy. Waterston was re-united with show runner/EP Michael S. Chernuchin, who also held the same position at the time Waterston joined the original series in 1994; Chernuchin is credited as the creator of the McCoy character. This also marked", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15367121", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16)\"\nto the cast and crew. Executive producer Warren Leight revealed that the sixteenth season will follow the events of the previous season finale, with Detective Nick Amaro (Danny Pino) \"\"sent to the bowels of Queens to do traffic stops\"\". Prior to the conclusion of the fifteenth season and hence Sergeant Olivia Benson's (Mariska Hargitay) fostering of baby Noah Porter, Raúl Esparza (Rafael Barba) revealed that, \"\"Benson has a very big, life-changing event take place for her, which I think is gonna last for a while...she might make some choices that are really gonna change her life.\"\" NBC President Robert Greenblatt", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13085810", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 11)\"\na lesbian activist who becomes a rape victim. Lee Tergesen and Mischa Barton guest-starred in the episode \"\"Savior\"\". Barton played a hooker named Gladys, while Tergesen played a \"\"deranged religious zealot suspected of murder\"\". This reunited Tergesen with his former \"\"Oz\"\" co-star Christopher Meloni, who played his lover on the show, for the first time since the show ended in 2003. Lena Olin, Richard Burgi and Russell Jones appeared in \"\"Confidential\"\". Olin played Ingrid Block, the high-powered attorney of Richard Morgan (Burgi), a billionaire investment banker and Jones played Morgan's head of security. Despite Sam Waterston's being listed in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2937353", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 9)\"\nguest starred as an engineer who tries to teach the public a lesson using extreme methods. Williams was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series. In an interview about casting, Neal Baer stated that the most famous guest stars used by the show play roles that were written with them in mind. He mentioned Cynthia Nixon and Robin Williams as examples and said that the details of their stories were only written after it was known that they would be available. Kevin Tighe guest starred as a kidnapper and rapist in the episode", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16787986", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)\"\nLaw & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17) The seventeenth season of \"\"\"\" debuted on Wednesday, September 23, 2015 on NBC, and concluded on Wednesday, May 25, 2016. \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" was renewed for a seventeenth season on February 5, 2015, by NBC. Mariska Hargitay (Olivia Benson) had her contract renewed for season 17, as well as Ice-T (Det. Fin Tutuola). It was announced in March 2015 that season seventeen would be show runner/executive producer Warren Leight's last season on the show; he signed a three-year deal with Sony Pictures Television, his contract allowing him to work", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9531934", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 3)\"\nThe episode \"\"Ridicule\"\" portrayed a man as a victim of gang rape by women for the first time on network television. The victim Peter Smith was played by Pete Starrett while his rapists were played by Paige Turco and Diane Neal, who would join the cast playing ADA Casey Novak in the after Stephanie March left the series. Mike Doyle portrayed Assistant Medical Examiner Karlan in the episode \"\"Prodigy\"\" before portraying CSU Forensics Technician Ryan O'Halloran in the . Nick Chinlund guest starred as condemned serial killer Matthew Brodus in the episode \"\"Execution\"\". Chinlund had originally auditioned to portray the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16788000", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)\"\nholds a reputation of being a family man, along with a history of corruption and violence against women. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17) The seventeenth season of \"\"\"\" debuted on Wednesday, September 23, 2015 on NBC, and concluded on Wednesday, May 25, 2016. \"\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit\"\" was renewed for a seventeenth season on February 5, 2015, by NBC. Mariska Hargitay (Olivia Benson) had her contract renewed for season 17, as well as Ice-T (Det. Fin Tutuola). It was announced in March 2015 that season seventeen would be show runner/executive producer Warren Leight's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1685462", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 15)\"\nDean Winters (Brian Cassidy), Pablo Schreiber (William Lewis), and Lauren Ambrose (Vanessa Mayer) continued their respective portrayals in the season premiere episode, \"\"Surrender Benson\"\". Winters also starred in the subsequent episodes, \"\"Imprisoned Lives\"\", \"\"Internal Affairs\"\", and \"\"Wonderland Story\"\". Cybill Shepherd guest starred in the 'ripped from the headlines' third episode of the season, which combines the Shooting of Trayvon Martin case and the Paula Deen racial epithet controversy. Shepherd's character, Jolene Castille, thought she was being pursued by a rapist and turned around to discover it was a teenager. She shot him. Jeffrey Tambor reprised his role as Defense Attorney", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15722185", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 4)\"\nviolated. This role became recurring for Cullum in later seasons. Rob Estes guest stars in \"\"Desperate\"\" as the prime suspect in his second wife's murder. Max Jansen Weinstein guest stars as a silent child in \"\"Desperate\"\", where he witnesses his stepmother's murder. Jason Ritter made a guest appearance this season after his father appeared in . His character in \"\"Dominance\"\" was a disturbed young adult, assisting in murders to gain the respect of his brother played by Ian Somerhalder. In the episode \"\"Fallacy\"\", Kate Moennig played Cheryl Avery — a transgender woman who was born Charlie Avery. Moennig considered the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16787997", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)\"\nChris Elliott as a crew member on the show. Elliott previously appeared in the episode \"\"Lunacy\"\", while Carr had appeared in two previous episodes, making this her third character portrayal on the series (not to mention her appearances on other iterations of the \"\"Law & Order\"\" universe). Carolee Carmello, Nick Cordero, and Ali Wentworth all guested in the eighth episode \"\"Melancholy Pursuit\"\". Former series regular BD Wong reprised his role as Dr. in the episode \"\"Depravity Standard\"\". The storyline revisited the case from the episode \"\"Manhattan Vigil\"\", and saw Huang testify in court for the defense. This episode marked Wong's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "138376", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)\"\nas ADA Barba), also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy. Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode \"\"\"\" as her \"\"\"\" character, Detective Alexandra Eames, who is now working for a joint City/Federal Homeland Security Task Force (and promoted to Lieutenant), Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists. Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season. Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season. Tom Sizemore, Hamish Linklater, and Alex Karpovsky guest starred", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7052942", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 12)\"\nand I'm a fan of the show, I was really excited to be on this show. This is like a New York staple. It's part of our culture here\"\". Olympia Dukakis also guest-starred in that episode as an attorney named Debby Marsh, who is hired to represent the son (Al Calderon) of Sondra. Taryn Manning guest starred in the twelfth episode, \"\"Possessed\"\", portraying a woman who years earlier had been coerced into porn. Peyton List also guest starred as the young version of Taryn Manning's onscreen character, Larissa Welsh. They filmed scenes in December 2010. Jeremy Irons guest starred in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17968546", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)\"\nwas partnered with Brian Cassidy, who was portrayed by Dean Winters. However, Winters' contractual obligation to the HBO series \"\"Oz\"\" forced him to leave halfway through the season. Michelle Hurd, who portrayed Detective Monique Jeffries, filled Winters' void for the remainder of the season, and was at that point added to the main credits. The first season featured the highest number of crossover appearances in \"\"SVU\"\". Angie Harmon portrayed her \"\"Law & Order\"\" character ADA Abbie Carmichael for six episodes. Jerry Orbach (Det. Lennie Briscoe) and his new partner Jesse L. Martin (Det. Ed Green) were shown working together in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16787998", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 17)\"\nfourth guest appearance on the series following his departure from the main cast in the . Roberts reprised his role of Yates in \"\"Nationwide Manhunt\"\", which starts a crossover with \"\"Chicago P.D.\"\" that concludes on \"\"The Song of Gregory William Yates\"\". Jason Beghe, Sophia Bush, Jon Seda also guest starred in the crossover. Seda previously appeared in a crossover episode of the original \"\"Law & Order\"\" as Detective Paul Falsone from \"\"\"\". Kevin Tighe, who played Gregory Seale in the season 9 episode \"\"\"\", reprises his role in \"\"Sheltered Outcasts\"\" as a patient in a level three sex offender rehabilitation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17968550", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)\"\nstill working for the unit months later. Despite the continuity error, the producers decided to revisit this episode in the owing to the cliffhanger ending and Tracy Pollan's well-received performance as Harper Anderson, a rape victim who becomes obsessed with taking revenge on her attacker. She was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series. Reiko Aylesworth was one of the actresses who originally auditioned for the role of Olivia Benson. Instead, she was cast as Assistant District Attorney Erica Alden, whom she played in the last three episodes of the season. In the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_14	who designed the garden city of new earswick?	n/a	[ "planner Raymond Unwin", "architect Barry Parker", "Raymond Unwin" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2037554", "chunk_text": "\"Ebenezer Howard\"\nEbenezer Howard Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 – 1 May 1928), the English founder of the garden city movement, is known for his publication \"\"\"\" (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the First Garden City, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. The second true Garden City was Welwyn Garden City (1920) and the movement influenced the development of several model suburbs in other countries, such as Forest Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14082752", "chunk_text": "\"New Earswick\"\nfounded by the York philanthropist, Joseph Rowntree, who was quoted as saying, \"\"I do not want to establish communities bearing the stamp of charity but rather of rightly ordered and self governing communities\"\". The first 28 houses were built between 1902 and 1904 by the architect Raymond Unwin, after which the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust (now the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust) was established to continue building and manage the new village. The Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust is part of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. The village had contemporaries such as Bournville, Saltaire, Port Sunlight and others. This was in sharp contrast", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19292439", "chunk_text": "\"Ideal city\"\nOther notable example of the concept is Zamość in eastern Poland founded in the late 16th century, modelled by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando. James Oglethorpe synthesized Classical and Renaissance concepts of the ideal city with new Enlightenment ideals of scientific planning, harmony in design, and social equality in his plan for the Province of Carolina. The physical design component of the famous Oglethorpe Plan remains preserved in the Savannah Historic District. Late nineteenth-century examples of the ideal city include the Garden city movement of Sir Ebenezer Howard, realised at Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in England. Poundbury,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5043287", "chunk_text": "\"Planned community\"\nUK was undoubtedly the Edinburgh New Town, built in accordance with a 1766 master plan by James Craig, and (along with Bath and Dublin) the archetype of the elegant Georgian style of British architecture. The term \"\"new town\"\" often refers in the UK to towns built after World War II under the New Towns Act 1946. These were influenced by the garden city movement, launched around 1900 by Ebenezer Howard and Sir Patrick Geddes and the work of Raymond Unwin, and manifested at Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. Following World War II, some 28 projected towns", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13642425", "chunk_text": "\"Urban design\"\nto house 32,000 people on a site . He planned on a concentric pattern with open spaces, public parks, and six radial boulevards, wide, extending from the center. When it reached full population, Howard wanted another garden city to be developed nearby. He envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail. His model for a garden city was first created at Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. Howard's movement was extended by Sir Frederic Osborn to regional planning. In the early 1900s, urban planning became professionalized.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4741384", "chunk_text": "\"Welwyn Garden City\"\nWelwyn Garden City Welwyn Garden City ( ) is a town in Hertfordshire, England. It is located approximately from Kings Cross, London. Welwyn Garden City was the second garden city in England (founded 1920) and one of the first new towns (designated 1948). It is unique in being both a garden city and a new town and exemplifies the physical, social and cultural planning ideals of the periods in which it was built. Welwyn Garden City was founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard in 1920 following his previous experiment in Letchworth Garden City. Howard had called for the creation of planned", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3212796", "chunk_text": "\"Raymond Unwin\"\nand when he married his star designer Clarice Cliff in 1940, she moved into the house and lived there until 1972. It is her association that has made the house particularly famous since. In 1902 Parker and Unwin were asked to design a model village at New Earswick near York for Joseph and Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree, and the following year they were given the opportunity to take part in the creation of Letchworth (loosely based on the Utopian plan of Ebenezer Howard), when the First Garden City Company asked them to submit a plan. In 1903 they were involved with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20415961", "chunk_text": "\"James Gunter\"\nJames Gunter James Gunter (25 July 1731 – 19 September 1819) was an English confectioner, market gardener and property developer who laid the foundations for what became one of the great residential estates in West London, developed by his descendants, the \"\"Redcliffe Estate\"\" and The Boltons in Little Chelsea and West Brompton. Gunter was taken into partnership in 1777 by Domenico Negri who had opened a confectioner's shop in Berkeley Square, Mayfair, in 1757 under the sign of the Pot and Pine Apple. In 1797 Gunter was living in New Bond Street, Mayfair, when an incident occurred which showed his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17496228", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Holloway James\"\nand R.A. in 1946, and won the London Architecture bronze medal in 1949. He married the designer Margaret Calkin James in 1922. Charles Holloway James Charles Holloway James, , (1893–1953), architect, specialised in designs for homes and housing projects, but also completed large public works, particularly in collaboration with Stephen Rowland Pierce. James was born in 1893 at Gloucester. Articled to Walter Bryan Wood, he later assisted Sir Edwin Lutyens and then Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin, consulting architects to the First Garden City, Letchworth, arousing his interest in housing questions. Returning from the war of 1914-18, where he lost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14082754", "chunk_text": "\"New Earswick\"\narchitect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new 'garden' village and the detailed designs for its first houses. They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City. The building of New Earswick created a balanced village community where rents were kept low, but still represented a modest commercial return on the capital invested. Houses were open to any working people, not just Rowntree employees. The village was to be a demonstration of good practice. The Trust Deed of the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust, which was set up in 1904 to build and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13933131", "chunk_text": "\"Garden city movement\"\nneed for urban planning policies that eventually led to the New Town movement. Howard organised the Garden City Association in 1899. Two garden cities were built using Howard's ideas: Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City, both in the county of Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom. Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn, who extended the movement to regional planning. The concept was adopted again in the UK after World War II, when the New Towns Act spurred the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian ideas. The idea of the garden city", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5816316", "chunk_text": "\"Ebenezer Howard\"\nLetchworth Garden City, a suburban garden city 37 miles north of London. A second garden city, Welwyn Garden City, was started after World War I. His acquaintance with German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut resulted in the application of humane design principles in many large housing projects built in the Weimar Republic. Hermann Muthesius also played an important role in the creation of Germany's first garden city of Hellerau in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted. The creation of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were influential for the development of \"\"New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20415965", "chunk_text": "\"James Gunter\"\nBoltons and Fulham Road. He started building villas on his property between 1808 and 1810 around Earls Court Road and Old Brompton Road, although these were subsequently demolished in later developments. Gunter had a son: Gunter died at Worthing, Sussex in 1819, following a fit of apoplexy, and was buried in the churchyard of St Mary Abbots, Kensington. James Gunter James Gunter (25 July 1731 – 19 September 1819) was an English confectioner, market gardener and property developer who laid the foundations for what became one of the great residential estates in West London, developed by his descendants, the \"\"Redcliffe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9483786", "chunk_text": "\"History of urban planning\"\nreached full population, another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of 50,000 people, linked by road and rail. He founded First Garden City, Ltd. in 1899 to create the first garden city at Letchworth, Hertfordshire. Donors to the project collected interest on their investment if the garden city generated profits through rents or, as Fishman calls the process, ‘philanthropic land speculation’. Howard tried to include working class cooperative organisations, which included over two million members, but could not win their financial support. In 1904, Raymond Unwin,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15123975", "chunk_text": "\"Alnwick Castle\"\nLumley, and Raby. Adjacent to the castle, Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, has initiated the establishment of The Alnwick Garden, a formal garden set around a cascading fountain. It cost £42 million (press release of 7 August 2003). The garden belongs to a charitable trust which is separate from the Northumberland Estates, but the Duke of Northumberland donated the site and £9 million. The garden is designed by Jacques Wirtz and Peter Wirtz of Wirtz International based in Schoten, Belgium. The first phase of development, opened in October 2001, involved the creation of the fountain and initial planting of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13933128", "chunk_text": "\"Garden city movement\"\nagree with his rigid design plans. In 1904, Raymond Unwin, a noted architect and town planner, and his partner Barry Parker, won the competition run by First Garden City Ltd. to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London. Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard’s large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard’s notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’ design. Letchworth slowly attracted more residents because it brought in manufacturers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17496216", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Holloway James\"\nCharles Holloway James Charles Holloway James, , (1893–1953), architect, specialised in designs for homes and housing projects, but also completed large public works, particularly in collaboration with Stephen Rowland Pierce. James was born in 1893 at Gloucester. Articled to Walter Bryan Wood, he later assisted Sir Edwin Lutyens and then Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin, consulting architects to the First Garden City, Letchworth, arousing his interest in housing questions. Returning from the war of 1914-18, where he lost a leg, James went into partnership with Charles Murray Hennell in 1919, full of enthusiasm for the ideals of a new social", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20899005", "chunk_text": "\"Conservation areas in Sutton, London\"\nof the Sutton conservation areas to be designated as such, in 1989. Thomas Wall, famous for his sausages and ice cream, developed the Sutton Garden Suburb between 1912 and 1914. This suburb contributed to the garden city movement that was originally conceived by Ebenezer Howard and was similar to the development of the Hampstead Garden Suburb in north London. Designed by Frederick Cavendish Pearson for Rose Hill Park Limited, which sold out its rights in 1913 to Sutton Garden Suburb Limited, it has an integrated house and landscape design, some secreted around small greens and others along well-planted avenues. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205262", "chunk_text": "\"The Alnwick Garden\"\nof the century, the gardens were at their grandest, with yew topiary, avenues of limes and acres of flowers. During the Second World War’s \"\"\"\"Dig for Victory\"\"\"\" campaign, the garden was turned over and provided food, and soon afterwards the austerity of the 20th century saw the garden fall into disrepair. It was closed as a working garden in 1950. Redevelopment of the garden was instigated by Jane Percy, Duchess of Northumberland in 1997, and has been led by Belgian landscape designers Jacques and Peter Wirtz. It is the most ambitious new garden created in the United Kingdom since the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205261", "chunk_text": "\"The Alnwick Garden\"\nEstates, although the 12th Duke of Northumberland donated the 42-acre (17 ha) site and contributed £9 million towards redevelopment costs. The first garden was laid down in 1750 by the 1st Duke of Northumberland, who employed Capability Brown, the celebrated Northumberland gardener, to landscape the parkland adjoining Alnwick Museum. The 3rd Duke was a plant collector, and led a century of development at Alnwick - he brought seeds from over the world, and pineapples were raised in hothouses. In the middle of the 19th century, the 4th Duke created an Italianate garden featuring a large conservatory, and at the end", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3973353", "chunk_text": "\"Hampstead Garden Suburb\"\nand experience of Parker and Unwin in the planning and development of Letchworth Garden City, the first development of its kind, inspired by the work of Ebenezer Howard. Other consultant architects involved with the Hampstead development include George Lister Sutcliffe and John Soutar. However, with no industry, no public houses and few shops or services, the suburb, unlike the garden cities, made no attempt to be self-contained. In the 1930s the \"\"Suburb\"\" (as it is known by locals) expanded to the north of the A1. While more characterful than most other suburban housing, some of the housing to the north", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205263", "chunk_text": "\"The Alnwick Garden\"\nSecond World War, with a reported total development cost of £42 million. The first phase of redevelopment, opened in October 2001, involved the creation of the cascade and initial planting of the gardens. In 2004 a large 6,000 sq ft (560 m2) tree house complex, including a cafe, was opened. It is one of the largest treehouses in the world. A pavilion and visitor centre designed by Sir Michael Hopkins and Buro Happold opened in May 2006, with capacity for 1,000 people. The pavilion and visitor centre feature a barrel-vaulted gridshell roof. The gardens include several water features as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "35784", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Atkinson (architect)\"\nRobert Atkinson (architect) Robert Atkinson (1 August 1883 – 26 December 1952) was an English architect primarily working in the Art Deco style. Atkinson was born in Wigton in Cumberland and studied at University College Nottingham, and afterwards in Paris, Italy and America. He was a talented draughtsman and worked for C. E. Mallows from 1905. In turn he illustrated many of the town planning and garden designs of Thomas Hayton Mawson, included in the latter's books \"\"The Art and Craft of Garden Making\"\", and \"\"Civic Art\"\" (1911), to which he contributed a number of skilled perspective views. Atkinson experimented", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14082753", "chunk_text": "\"New Earswick\"\nto the slums that had developed in York and other cities during the previous century, the deprivation of which had been revealed in Seebohm Rowntree's report of 1901, entitled \"\"Poverty: a study of town life\"\". It revealed appalling statistics of dark, overcrowded and insanitary housing. As a result of the report, Joseph Rowntree's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick, two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York. The planner Raymond Unwin and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4432276", "chunk_text": "\"Patrick Abercrombie\"\nPatrick Abercrombie Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie (; 6 June 1879 – 23 March 1957) was an English town planner. Educated at Uppingham School, Rutland; brother of Lascelles Abercrombie, poet and literary critic. Sir Patrick trained as an architect before becoming the Professor of Civic Design at the University of Liverpool School of Architecture in 1915, and later Professor of Town Planning at University College London. Afterwards, he made award-winning designs for Dublin city centre and gradually asserted his dominance as an architect of international renown, which came about through the replanning of Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and Bournemouth, among others.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16887365", "chunk_text": "\"Jacob Wrey Mould\"\nJacob Wrey Mould Jacob Wrey Mould (August 7, 1825 – June 14, 1886) was a British architect, illustrator, linguist and musician, noted for his contributions to the design and construction of New York City's Central Park. He was \"\"instrumental\"\" in bringing the British High Victorian architecture to the United States, and was a founding member of the American Institute of Architects. Born in Chislehurst, Kent in 1825, Mould attended King's College School in 1842. For two years, he studied the Alhambra in Spain under Owen Jones, the \"\"master of polychromy,\"\" with whom he later co-designed the \"\"Turkish Chamber\"\" of Buckingham", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9434399", "chunk_text": "\"William Henry Playfair\"\nWilliam Henry Playfair William Henry Playfair (15 July 1790 – 19 March 1857) was one of the greatest Scottish architects of the 19th century, designer of the Eastern, or Third, New Town and many of Edinburgh's neoclassical landmarks. Playfair was born on 15 July 1790 in Russell Square, London to Jessie Graham and James Playfair. His father was also an architect, and his uncles were the mathematician John Playfair and William Playfair, an economist and pioneer of statistical graphics. After his father's death he was sent to Edinburgh be educated by his uncle John Playfair. He went on to study", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11587451", "chunk_text": "Yallourn\nthe State Electricity Commission's Architect. The design of Yallourn incorporated lessons learnt from the early UK garden cities of Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth Garden City inspired by Ebenezer Howard. The design of Yallourn established a formal central square adjacent to the shopping area and a formal \"\"Broadway\"\" bounded by parks between the shopping area and railway station. The whole town area was surrounded by a green belt varying between native vegetation, open parkland and sporting and recreational complexes. The majority of the land and buildings, with the exception of the churches and several minor properties, were owned by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "972464", "chunk_text": "\"Garden city movement\"\nis the Humberstone Garden Suburb in the United Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association in Leicestershire and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the present. In 1887 the workers of the Anchor Shoe Company in Humberstone formed a workers' cooperative and built 97 houses. American architects and partners, Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin were proponents of the movement and after their arrival in Australia to design the national capital Canberra, they produced a number of Garden Suburb estates, most notably at Eaglemont", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "972431", "chunk_text": "\"Garden city movement\"\nGarden city movement The garden city movement is a method of urban planning in which self-contained communities are surrounded by \"\"greenbelts\"\", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. The idea was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Inspired by the utopian novel \"\"Looking Backward\"\" and Henry George's work \"\"Progress and Poverty\"\", Howard published the book \"\": a Peaceful Path to Real Reform\"\" in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as \"\"Garden Cities of To-morrow\"\"). His idealised garden city would house 32,000 people on a site of 6,000 acres (2,400 ha), planned on a concentric", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13642424", "chunk_text": "\"Urban design\"\ntheorist was Sir Ebenezer Howard. His ideas, although utopian, were adopted around the world because they were highly practical. He initiated the garden city movement in 1898 garden city movement. His garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by parks. Howard wanted the cities to be proportional with separate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture. Inspired by the Utopian novel \"\"Looking Backward\"\" and Henry George's work \"\"Progress and Poverty\"\", Howard published his book \"\"Garden Cities of To-morrow\"\" in 1898. His work is an important reference in the history of urban planning. He envisioned the self-sufficient garden city", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934574", "chunk_text": "\"Edward William Godwin\"\nEdward William Godwin Edward William Godwin (26 May 1833, Bristol – 6 October 1886 London) was a progressive English architect-designer, who began his career working in the strongly polychromatic \"\"Ruskinian Gothic\"\" style of mid-Victorian Britain, inspired by \"\"The Stones of Venice\"\", then moved on to provide designs in the \"\"Anglo-Japanese taste\"\" of the Aesthetic Movement and Whistler's circle in the 1870s. Godwin's influence can be detected in the Arts and Crafts Movement. His best known early works include The Guild Hall, Northampton (\"\"illustration, right\"\"), which was his first notable public commission, and Town Hall, Congleton, as well as restorations and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20699065", "chunk_text": "Letchworth\nLetchworth Letchworth Garden City, commonly known as Letchworth, is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 33,600. It is a former civil parish. The town's name is taken from one of the three villages it surrounded (the other two being Willian and Norton) – all of which featured in the Domesday Book. The land used was purchased by Quakers who had intended to farm the area and build a Quaker community. The town was laid out by Raymond Unwin as a demonstration of the principles established by Ebenezer Howard who sought to create an alternative to the industrial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9483788", "chunk_text": "\"History of urban planning\"\nthe Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn, who extended the movement to regional planning. The principles of the garden city were soon applied to the planning of city suburbs. The first such project was the Hampstead Garden Suburb founded by Henrietta Barnett and planned by Parker and Unwin. The scheme's utopian ideals were that it should be open to all classes of people with free access to woods and gardens and that the housing should be of low density with wide, tree-lined roads. In North America, the Garden City movement was also popular, and evolved into the \"\"Neighbourhood Unit\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14321061", "chunk_text": "\"Harry Redfern\"\nRedfern was designed by his assistant architect, Joseph Seddon, FRIBA (with Redfern's collaboration). It was a tribute to a man who had dedicated his talents to the quest for an improved public house style. Redfern practiced from Porchester Gardens, London, and later resided at St Dunstan's Gdns, Ealing. His early business partner was J. J. Stevenson, FSA, (1831-1908). He was author of the article: \"\"Some Recollections of William Butterfield and Henry Woodyer\"\" (1950). His obituary is found in the Journal of the RIBA following his death on 6 March 1950. Harry Redfern Henry 'Harry' Redfern (1861-1950) was a British architect.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3283897", "chunk_text": "\"Reinhard von Werneck\"\nReinhard von Werneck Reinhard Freiherr von Werneck (28 June 1757 – 27 July 1842) was the successor of Benjamin Thompson in the management of the English Garden in Munich, Germany. During the six years that he held this office he was responsible for the creation of the Kleinhesseloher See and the addition of the Hirschau to the garden. He was born in Ludwigsburg, the son of Franz Friedrich Freiherr von Werneck and his wife Marianne Dorothea, born von Mentzingen. He served briefly in the Austrian army, then turned to farming, before joining the Bavarian army as a colonel (\"\"Oberst\"\") in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19353284", "chunk_text": "\"Nowell Parr\"\nBeehive (which has a beehive-shaped turret on top) in Brentford in 1907. In 1891, Parr married Betsey Fennell in Birmingham. They had two children: Marguerite Parr (1894–), and John Nowell Parr (1897–1975); John was also an architect. Parr lived at 42 Cranley Gardens, South Kensington, London and 52 Kew Bridge Road, Brentford. He died on 23 September 1933. There is a block of flats named \"\"Nowell Parr Court\"\" at Boston Manor Road, Brentford, Middlesex. Nowell Parr Thomas Henry Nowell Parr FRIBA (1864 – 23 September 1933) was a British architect, best known for designing pubs in west London. Many of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5475766", "chunk_text": "\"Highgrove House\"\nand art historian who helped design the Highgrove gardens Sir Roy Strong, and Léon Krier, who created Poundbury, a village built to Charles's architectural principals in Dorset. Busts of the former owner of Highgrove, Maurice Macmillan (sculpted by Angela Conner), the explorer and confidant of Charles, Sir Laurens van der Post (sculptured by Frances Baruch), and pilot and psychiatrist Alan McGlashan are situated in Highgrove's Cottage Garden, in recesses in a yew hedge. A path of stone cobbles leaves the Cottage Garden, before surrounding a stone obelisk inscribed with 'York, Weymouth and Bath', given to Charles for his 60th birthday", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16317109", "chunk_text": "\"Garden design\"\nannuals. They are more casual by design, depending on grace and charm rather than grandeur and formal structure. The influential British garden authors and designers, William Robinson at Gravetye Manor in Sussex, and Gertrude Jekyll at Munstead Wood in Surrey, both wrote and gardened in England. Jekyll's series of thematic gardening books emphasized the importance and value of natural plantings were an influence in Europe and the United States. Also influential half a century later was Margery Fish, whose surviving garden at East Lambrook Manor emphasizes, among other things, native plant life and the natural patterns produced by self-spreading and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18723167", "chunk_text": "\"Stephen Switzer\"\nJoseph Addison. Switzer received sufficient early training in Hampshire to be taken on as a garden boy working for George London and Henry Wise in their Brompton nursery, in Kensington, now part of London. Switzer helped execute London's designs at Castle Howard, Yorkshire (from 1706), notably the \"\"wilderness\"\", at Cirencester Park, Gloucestershire (from about 1713), and at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire. Switzer also designed the garden at Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire (about 1716). In 1715 Stephen Switzer published a work on \"\"Forest, or Rural Gardening\"\", \"\"The Nobleman, Gentleman, and Gardener's Recreation\"\", which he expanded to form his \"\"Ichnographia\"\" (1718; lightly revised and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3440300", "chunk_text": "\"Old Steine Gardens\"\nwho died in World War I are recorded on the two bronze pillars. The surname and initials of each person are listed. The Brighton War Memorial was designed by architect Sir John William Simpson (1858–1933). Simpson, the son of Brighton architect Thomas Simpson, served as president of the Royal Institute of British Architects from 1919 to 1921. The design of the war memorial is based on that of a Roman water garden. A description of the planned memorial appeared in the \"\"Brighton Herald\"\" of 15 October 1921. (Decades later, the August/September 2004 edition of the City News of Brighton indicated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17826096", "chunk_text": "\"Frederic Osborn\"\nFrederic Osborn Sir Frederic James Osborn (1885–1978) was a leading member of the UK Garden city movement and was chairman of the Town and Country Planning Association. He lived in Welwyn Garden City, the garden city he helped create, and a local school (Sir Frederic Osborn School) was named after him in 1968. Born in 1885 in London, he left school at 15 for a job as an office boy. He attended night-school, and joined the Fabian Society. In 1912, he took a job as secretary-manager of the Howard Cottage Society in Letchworth Garden City, founded by Ebenezer Howard. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12686946", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Purdom\"\nCharles Purdom Charles Benjamin Purdom, usually credited as C. B. Purdom (15 Oct 1883 – 8 July 1965), was a British author, drama critic, town planner, and economist. He was one of the pioneers and founders of the first garden cities, Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City, the latter of which he was appointed Finance Director between 1919–1928. He was then made Honorary Secretary, then Treasurer of the International Federation for Housing and Planning (1931–1935). He was also founder of the Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City Theatre Society, now the Welwyn Drama Club. He won the Howard Walden cup at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17416264", "chunk_text": "\"William Alexander Harvey\"\nWilliam Alexander Harvey William Alexander Harvey (11 April 1874 – 6 February 1951) was an English architect. He is most notable for his design of Bournville, the model 'garden suburb' built by Cadburys to house their chocolate-making workforce to the south of Birmingham. Born into an artistic family, Harvey studied architecture at the Municipal School of Art in Birmingham, and was appointed by George Cadbury to work on houses in Bournville in 1895 aged just 20. Cadbury's objectives in Bournville were the construction of decent quality homes at prices affordable to industrial workers. The particulars stated that it was: \"\"intended", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1988396", "chunk_text": "\"Gabrielle van Zuylen\"\nthe gardener Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, they changed the closed hunting forest Bois de Boulogne into a recreation park for the Parisian public. At the same time, Frederick Law Olmsted designed the Central Park in New York City. Then in the modern times, the beloved gardens of Gertrude Jekyll (Munstead Wood), Vita Sackville-West (Sissinghurst Castle Garden) and Major Lawrence Johnston (Hidcote Manor Garden). The current canon of the good garden: a formal structure in combination with an informal planting, especially the perennials. Van Zuylen closes her book with a reflection: Gabrielle van Zuylen Gabrielle van Zuylen (9 July 1933 – 3 July", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9483787", "chunk_text": "\"History of urban planning\"\na noted architect and town planner, along with his partner Richard Barry Parker, won the competition run by the First Garden City, Limited to plan Letchworth, an area 34 miles outside London. Unwin and Parker planned the town in the centre of the Letchworth estate with Howard’s large agricultural greenbelt surrounding the town, and they shared Howard’s notion that the working class deserved better and more affordable housing. However, the architects ignored Howard’s symmetric design, instead replacing it with a more ‘organic’ design. Welwyn Garden City, also in Hertfordshire was also built on Howard's principles. His successor as chairman of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19119770", "chunk_text": "\"Thomas Geoffry Lucas\"\nsetting up his own independent practice in Hitchin in 1895. Between then and 1919 he carried out much work, mainly domestic or ecclesiastical \"\"in a manner marked by good taste and well-studied detail\"\", to use the words of his obituarist and former partner. Many of his commissions were within Hertfordshire and included a number of private houses for high-status patrons. In 1903, in partnership with Sydney Cranfield, Lucas entered the competition for designs for a garden city at Letchworth which would make a reality of the ideas of Ebenezer Howard. The competition was won by Richard Barry Parker and Raymond", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14082758", "chunk_text": "\"New Earswick\"\nlikes of Procol Harum and Pink Floyd. The River Foss runs along the eastern boundary of New Earswick with the York to Scarborough Line running to the west. The Nestle factory and grounds mark the southern border with the northern border being the A1237 York Outer Ring Road. The village was built using bricks from the brickworks on the outskirts of the village. From 1950 the brickyard was developed into a nature reserve. The reserve is the home of New Earswick Angling Club, which was formed in 1948. Unlike the villages of Port Sunlight, Saltaire and Bournville the village was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16617022", "chunk_text": "\"Thomas Hayton Mawson\"\nThomas Hayton Mawson Thomas Hayton Mawson (5 May 1861 – 14 November 1933), known as T. H. Mawson, was a British garden designer, landscape architect, and town planner. Mawson was born in Nether Wyresdale, Lancashire, and left school at age 12. His father, who died in 1877, was a warper in a cotton mill and later started a building business. He married Anna Prentice in 1884 and the Mawsons made their family home in Windermere, Westmorland, in 1885. They had four sons and five daughters. His eldest son, Edward Prentice Mawson, was a successful landscape architect and took over the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "972460", "chunk_text": "\"Garden city movement\"\nhe tried to prevent. The suburbanisation of London was an increasing problem which Howard attempted to solve with his garden city model, which attempted to end urban sprawl by the sheer inhibition of land speculation due to the land being held in trust, and the inclusion of agricultural areas on the city outskirts. Raymond Unwin, one of Howard's early collaborators on the Letchworth Garden City project in 1907, became very influential in formalizing the garden city principles in the design of suburbs through his work \"\"Town Planning in Practice: An Introduction to the Art of Designing Cities and Suburbs\"\" (1909).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_15	what is the first step in the evolution of the eye?	n/a	[ "photoreceptor proteins that sense light", "eyespots" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5362420", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nEvolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian, and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale. Eyes are adapted to the various requirements", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1851375", "chunk_text": "Eye\n540 million years ago, and the PAX6 gene is considered a key factor in this. The majority of the advancements in early eyes are believed to have taken only a few million years to develop, since the first predator to gain true imaging would have touched off an \"\"arms race\"\" among all species that did not flee the photopic environment. Prey animals and competing predators alike would be at a distinct disadvantage without such capabilities and would be less likely to survive and reproduce. Hence multiple eye types and subtypes developed in parallel (except those of groups, such as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13230483", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nsame side of the head. A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium. Evolution of the eye Many researchers have found the evolution of the eye attractive to study, because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms. Simple light detection is found in bacteria, single-celled organisms, plants and animals. Complex, image-forming eyes have evolved independently several times. Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion. From before the Cambrian, no evidence of eyes has survived, but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556359", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nEye development Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately three weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week. Cells from both the mesodermal and the ectodermal tissues contribute to the formation of the eye. Specifically, the eye is derived from the neuroepithelium, surface ectoderm, and the extracellular mesenchyme which consists of both the neural crest and mesoderm. Neuroepithelium forms the retina, ciliary body, iris, and optic nerves. Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the corneal endothelium and stroma, blood vessels, muscles, and vitreous. The eye begins to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1851343", "chunk_text": "Eye\nthe pretectal area to control the pupillary light reflex. Complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colours. The visual fields of many organisms, especially predators, involve large areas of binocular vision to improve depth perception. In other organisms, eyes are located so as to maximise the field of view, such as in rabbits and horses, which have monocular vision. The first proto-eyes evolved among animals about the time of the Cambrian explosion. The last common ancestor of animals possessed the biochemical toolkit necessary for vision, and more advanced eyes have evolved in 96% of animal species in six of the ~35", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147701", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nwhereas deuterostomes allow less through. This suggests that when the two lineages diverged in the Precambrian, they had only very primitive light receptors, which developed into more complex eyes independently. The basic light-processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell, a specialized cell containing two types of molecules in a membrane: the opsin, a light-sensitive protein, surrounding the chromophore, a pigment that distinguishes colors. Groups of such cells are termed \"\"eyespots\"\", and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times. These eyespots permit animals to gain only a very basic sense of the direction and intensity of light, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13230461", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nskulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through. All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin's theory. The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period (about ). The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the \"\"Cambrian explosion\"\". One of the many hypotheses for \"\"causes\"\" of the Cambrian explosion is the \"\"Light Switch\"\" theory of Andrew Parker: It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution. Before the Cambrian explosion, animals may have sensed light, but did not use it for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147707", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nnarrow range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum—the visible spectrum—is because the earliest species to develop photosensitivity were aquatic, and only two specific wavelength ranges of electromagnetic radiation, blue and green visible light, can travel through water. This same light-filtering property of water also influenced the photosensitivity of plants. In a lensless eye, the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye's aperture. With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area, without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14636273", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\neye resemble the previous layout. Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin. These crystallins belong to two major families, the α-crystallins and the βγ-crystallins. Both were categories of proteins originally used for other functions in organisms, but eventually were adapted for the sole purpose of vision in animal eyes. In the embryo, the lens is living tissue, but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see. Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells, packed with crystallins. These crystallins are special", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11751900", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nless than 364,000 years. Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye. All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development. This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light-sensitive machinery – even if it was not a dedicated optical organ. However, even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells. Probably, photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion. Higher-level similarities – such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses – reflect", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147697", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\noriginally have served a different purpose, before they were co-opted for eye development. Eyes and other sensory organs probably evolved before the brain: There is no need for an information-processing organ (brain) before there is information to process. The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light, found even in unicellular organisms, called \"\"eyespots\"\". Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness: they can distinguish light from dark, sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They are insufficient for vision, as they cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from. Eyespots are found in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5362422", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nto one complex and perfect can be shown to exist, each grade being useful to its possessor, as is certainly the case; if further, the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited, as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, should not be considered as subversive of the theory. He suggested a stepwise evolution from \"\"an optic nerve merely coated with pigment, and without", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14636268", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\ncycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation. Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. However, how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely: eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules. At a cellular level, there appear to be two main \"\"designs\"\" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9140578", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nfast locomotion or navigation by vision. The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate, because the fossil record, particularly of the lower Cambrian, is poor. How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation, relative advantage to the organism, and natural selection. However, the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year, which is common in small animals. Even with these pessimistic values, the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384557", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nany other mechanism\"\" to \"\"a moderately high stage of perfection\"\", and gave examples of existing intermediate steps. Current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution. Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors. Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classic paper that only a few hundred thousand generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates. Another researcher, G.C. Young, has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions, based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122867", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nThere is some evidence that LMX1B plays a role in periocular mesenchymal survival. Eye development Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately three weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week. Cells from both the mesodermal and the ectodermal tissues contribute to the formation of the eye. Specifically, the eye is derived from the neuroepithelium, surface ectoderm, and the extracellular mesenchyme which consists of both the neural crest and mesoderm. Neuroepithelium forms the retina, ciliary body, iris, and optic nerves. Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384565", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nthe deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms). The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell, which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse. The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer, to maximise the surface area. The nature of these \"\"hairs\"\" differs, with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure: microvilli and cilia. In the eyes of protostomes, they are microvilli: extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane. But in the eyes of deuterostomes, they are derived from cilia, which are separate structures. However, outside the eyes an organism may use the other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147714", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nand the resolution and aperture needs of the organism, driven by hunting or survival requirements. This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates, including humans. Indeed, \"\"the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar.\"\" Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates. All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish. The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered. As light travels through water, longer wavelengths, such as reds and yellows, are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12468806", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nsensing and even some shape-sensing. Eyes of this nature are currently found in the nautilus. Lacking a cornea or lens, they provide poor resolution and dim imaging, but are still, for the purpose of vision, a major improvement over the early eyepatches. Overgrowths of transparent cells prevented contamination and parasitic infestation. The chamber contents, now segregated, could slowly specialize into a transparent humour, for optimizations such as colour filtering, higher refractive index, blocking of ultraviolet radiation, or the ability to operate in and out of water. The layer may, in certain classes, be related to the moulting of the organism's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122855", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\ngene with known homologues in humans (aniridia), mice (small eye), and \"\"Drosophila\"\" (eyeless). The Pax-6 gene locus is a transcription factor for the various genes and growth factors involved in eye formation. Eye morphogenesis begins with the evagination, or outgrowth, of the optic grooves or sulci. These two grooves in the neural folds transform into optic vesicles with the closure of the neural tube. The optic vesicles then develop into the optic cup with the inner layer forming the retina and the outer portion forming the retinal pigment epithelium. The middle portion of the optic cup develops into the ciliary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11751907", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nthe light. However, this proto-eye is still much more useful for detecting the absence or presence of light than its direction; this gradually changes as the eye's pit deepens and the number of photoreceptive cells grows, allowing for increasingly precise visual information. When a photon is absorbed by the chromophore, a chemical reaction causes the photon's energy to be transduced into electrical energy and relayed, in higher animals, to the nervous system. These photoreceptor cells form part of the retina, a thin layer of cells that relays visual information, including the light and day-length information needed by the circadian rhythm", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384563", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nnearly all major animal groups, and are common among unicellular organisms, including euglena. The euglena's eyespot, called a \"\"stigma\"\", is located at its anterior end. It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light, often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms. Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms, and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14137422", "chunk_text": "Eye\nthe reversed roles of their respective ciliary and rhabdomeric opsin classes and different lens crystallins show. The very earliest \"\"eyes\"\", called eye-spots, were simple patches of photoreceptor protein in unicellular animals. In multicellular beings, multicellular eyespots evolved, physically similar to the receptor patches for taste and smell. These eyespots could only sense ambient brightness: they could distinguish light and dark, but not the direction of the light source. Through gradual change, the eye-spots of species living in well-lit environments depressed into a shallow \"\"cup\"\" shape, the ability to slightly discriminate directional brightness was achieved by using the angle at which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12468805", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nsystem, to the brain. However, some jellyfish, such as Cladonema, have elaborate eyes but no brain. Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain. During the Cambrian explosion, the development of the eye accelerated rapidly, with radical improvements in image-processing and detection of light direction. After the photosensitive cell region invaginated, there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup. By reducing the size of the opening, organisms achieved true imaging, allowing for fine directional", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11751918", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nbehaviors have been identified, in two primary groups: Below 450 nm, associated with direct light, and above 450 nm, associated with reflected light. As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light, at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins. This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye's evolution, and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey. Similarly, night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones, respectively. As discussed earlier, the properties of light under water differ from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12714836", "chunk_text": "Eye\n75% in the cornea) with salts, sugars, vitrosin (a type of collagen), a network of collagen type II fibres with the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, and also a wide array of proteins in micro amounts. Amazingly, with so little solid matter, it tautly holds the eye. Photoreception is phylogenetically very old, with various theories of phylogenesis. The common origin (monophyly) of all animal eyes is now widely accepted as fact. This is based upon the shared genetic features of all eyes; that is, all modern eyes, varied as they are, have their origins in a proto-eye believed to have evolved some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122856", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nbody and iris. During the invagination of the optic cup, the ectoderm begins to thicken and form the lens placode, which eventually separates from the ectoderm to form the lens vesicle at the open end of the optic cup. Further differentiation and mechanical rearrangement of cells in and around the optic cup gives rise to the fully developed eye. This development is an example of sequential inductions where the organ is formed from three different tissues: First, there is an outpocketing of the neural tube called optic vesicles. Development of the optic vesicles starts in the 3-week embryo, from a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147708", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nfocal length of an early lobopod with lens-containing simple eyes focused the image \"\"behind\"\" the retina, so while no part of the image could be brought into focus, the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper (and therefore darker) waters. A subsequent increase of the lens's refractive index probably resulted in an in-focus image being formed. The development of the lens in camera-type eyes probably followed a different trajectory. The transparent cells over a pinhole eye's aperture split into two layers, with liquid in between. The liquid originally served as a circulatory fluid for oxygen, nutrients, wastes,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384555", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nof their owners. They vary in their visual acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light, their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours. In 1802, philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of \"\"design\"\". Charles Darwin himself wrote in his \"\"Origin of Species\"\", that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance \"\"absurd in the highest possible degree\"\". However, he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it, its evolution was perfectly feasible: ...if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556366", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nprogressively deepening groove in the neural plate called the optic sulcus. Some studies suggest this mechanism is regulated by RX/RAX transcription factor. The proteins Wnt and FGF (fibroblast growth factor) play a part in this early stage and are regulated by another protein called Shisa. As this expands, the rostral neuropore (the exit of the brain cavity out of the embryo) closes and the optic sulcus and the neural plate becomes the optic vesicle. Optic nerves arise from connections of the vesicles to the forebrain. Neuroectoderm gives rise to the following compartments of the eye: Lens development is closely related", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122854", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\ndevelop as a pair of optic vesicles on each side of the forebrain at the end of the 4th week of pregnancy. Optic vesicles are outgrowings of the brain which make contact with the surface ectoderm and this contact induces changes necessary for further development of the eye. Through a groove at the bottom of the optic vesicle known as choroid fissure the blood vessels enter the eye. Several layers such as the neural tube, neural crest, surface ectoderm, and mesoderm contribute to the development of the eye. Eye development is initiated by the master control gene Pax-6, a homeobox", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18888458", "chunk_text": "\"Adaptation (eye)\"\nuncertain, the theory of the evolution of rod and cone photopigments is agreed upon by most scientists. It is believed that the earliest visual pigments were those of cone photoreceptors, with rod opsin proteins evolving later. Following the evolution of mammals from their reptilian ancestors approximately 275 million years ago there was a nocturnal phase in which complex colour vision was lost. Being that these pro-mammals were nocturnal they increased their sensitivity in low luminescence settings and reduced their photopic system from tetrachromatic to dichromatic. The shift to a nocturnal lifestyle would demand more rod photoreceptors to absorb the blue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5362426", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nthe co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye. A shared trait common to all light-sensitive organs are opsins. Opsins belong to a family of photo-sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups, which already existed in the urbilaterian, the last common ancestor of all bilateral symmetrical animals. Additionally, the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals: The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses to mice and fruit flies. Such high-level genes are, by implication, much older than many of the structures that they control today; they must", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122864", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nMesoderm contributes to the following structures: According to Liem et al., the organogenesis of the eye is pointed out as an example of a developmental cascade of inductions. The eye is essentially a derivative of the ectoderm from the somatic ectoderm and neural tube, with a succession of inductions by the chordamesoderm. Chordamesoderm induces the anterior portion of the neural tube to form the precursors of the synapomorphic tripartite brain of vertebrates, and it will form a bulge called the diencephalon. Further induction by the chordamesoderm will form a protrusion: the optic vesicle. This vesicle will be subsequently invaginated by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3272102", "chunk_text": "\"Cooperative eye hypothesis\"\nCooperative eye hypothesis The cooperative eye hypothesis is a proposed explanation for the appearance of the human eye. It suggests that the eye's distinctive visible characteristics evolved to make it easier for humans to follow another's gaze while communicating or while working together on tasks. Unlike other primates, human beings have eyes with a distinct colour contrast between the white sclera, the coloured iris, and the black pupil. This is due to a lack of pigment in the sclera. Other primates have pigmented sclerae that are brown or dark in colour. There is also a higher contrast between human skin,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147702", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nnot enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings. Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult, and only six of the thirty-some phyla possess such a system. However, these phyla account for 96% of living species. These complex optical systems started out as the multicellular eyepatch gradually depressed into a cup, which first granted the ability to discriminate brightness in directions, then in finer and finer directions as the pit deepened. While flat eyepatches were ineffective at determining the direction of light, as a beam of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14652421", "chunk_text": "\"Lens (anatomy)\"\nof the lens fibers of a particular layer. Moving outwards from the central, oldest layer, the lens is split into an embryonic nucleus, the fetal nucleus, the adult nucleus, and the outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens fibers have no organelles or nuclei. Development of the human lens begins at the 4 mm embryonic stage. Unlike the rest of the eye, which is derived mostly from the neural ectoderm, the lens is derived from the surface ectoderm. The first stage of lens differentiation takes place when the optic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1031060", "chunk_text": "Archaeo-optics\nbehind the pupil’s aperture, is perfectly clear but appears black because the interior space behind it is dark. Rays of light pass through the lens, producing an upside-down image on the retina. The brain reorients the image. This optical process of projecting an inverted image is known as a camera obscura (from the Latin, meaning dark room). The first pinhole/camera obscura eyes evolved about 540 million years ago on a sea mollusk, known as a nautilus, during the Cambrian period. The camera obscura principle is primordial, and life on earth has evolved to take advantage of it. The camera obscura", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12014137", "chunk_text": "\"Irreducible complexity\"\nand the interior of the eye was filled with humours to assist in focusing images. In this way, eyes are recognized by modern biologists as actually a relatively unambiguous and simple structure to evolve, and many of the major developments of the eye's evolution are believed to have taken place over only a few million years, during the Cambrian explosion. Behe asserts that this is only an explanation of the gross anatomical steps, however, and not an explanation of the changes in discrete biochemical systems that would have needed to take place. Behe maintains that the complexity of light sensitivity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384571", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nshell or skin. An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea. The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted. Along with the lens and two humors, the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina. The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2/3 of the eye’s total refractive power. It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14636272", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nand immune functions, allowing greater total thickness and higher mechanical protection. In addition, multiple interfaces between solids and liquids increase optical power, allowing wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution. Again, the division of layers may have originated with the shedding of skin; intracellular fluid may infill naturally depending on layer depth. Note that this optical layout has not been found, nor is it expected to be found. Fossilization rarely preserves soft tissues, and even if it did, the new humour would almost certainly close as the remains desiccated, or as sediment overburden forced the layers together, making the fossilized", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6147712", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nmaterial eased the need for nutrient supply and waste removal. Trilobites used calcite, a mineral which today is known to be used for vision only in a single species of brittle star. In other compound eyes and camera eyes, the material is crystallin. A gap between tissue layers naturally forms a biconvex shape, which is optically and mechanically ideal for substances of normal refractive index. A biconvex lens confers not only optical resolution, but aperture and low-light ability, as resolution is now decoupled from hole size – which slowly increases again, free from the circulatory constraints. Independently, a transparent layer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556368", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nlens pit. Eventually, the pit becomes completely enclosed. This enclosed structure is the lens vesicle. Studies have shown that lens development requires the presence of the Pax6 gene, which is the master regulatory gene for eye morphogenesis. This master regulatory gene is not necessary for the closely associated optic vesicle development. Additionally, Ras activation has been shown to be sufficient for starting lens differentiation, but not enough for its completion. The optic vesicles then begin to form the optic cup . Optic cup morphogenesis is the invagination process occurring after neuroectoderm movement forms the spherical optic vesicle (Phase 1). Invagination", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11522714", "chunk_text": "Eye\neye type functions by refracting light, then using a parabolic mirror to focus the image; it combines features of superposition and apposition eyes. Another kind of compound eye, found in males of Order Strepsiptera, employs a series of simple eyes—eyes having one opening that provides light for an entire image-forming retina. Several of these \"\"eyelets\"\" together form the strepsipteran compound eye, which is similar to the 'schizochroal' compound eyes of some trilobites. Because each eyelet is a simple eye, it produces an inverted image; those images are combined in the brain to form one unified image. Because the aperture of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556372", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nmeans of further inductions from the chordamesoderm. The optic vesicle will then induce the ectoderm that thickens (lens placode) and further invaginates to a point that detaches from the ectoderm and forms a neurogenic placode by itself. The lens placode is affected by the chordamesoderm making it to invaginate and forms the optic cup composed by an inner layer of neural retina and outer layer the pigmented retina that will unite and form the optic stalk. The pigmented retina is formed by rods and cones and composed of small cilia typical of the ependymal epithelium of the neural tube. Some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1852821", "chunk_text": "Eye\nformed a bioconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens: the cornea and iris. Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour, the aqueous humour. This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes. Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15384575", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nbecause they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing, resistance to crystallization, and extreme longevity, as they must survive for the entirety of the organism’s life. The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens, rather than by the specific type of protein: it is not the presence of crystallin, but the relative distribution of it, that renders the lens useful. It is biologically difficult to maintain a transparent layer of cells. Deposition of transparent, nonliving,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7294091", "chunk_text": "\"Visual perception\"\nlinguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and molecular biology, collectively referred to as vision science. The visual system in animals allows individuals to assimilate information from their surroundings. The act of seeing starts when the cornea and then the lens of the eye focuses light from its surroundings onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called the retina. The retina is actually part of the brain that is isolated to serve as a transducer for the conversion of light into neuronal signals. Based on feedback from the visual system, the lens of the eye adjusts its thickness to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12714798", "chunk_text": "Eye\nthe muscles around the iris change the size of the pupil, thereby regulating the amount of light that enters the eye, and reducing aberrations when there is enough light. The eyes of most cephalopods, fish, amphibians and snakes have fixed lens shapes, and focusing vision is achieved by telescoping the lens—similar to how a camera focuses. Compound eyes are found among the arthropods and are composed of many simple facets which, depending on the details of anatomy, may give either a single pixelated image or multiple images, per eye. Each sensor has its own lens and photosensitive cell(s). Some eyes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14636284", "chunk_text": "\"Evolution of the eye\"\nforth, some stretch the lens flatter. Another mechanism regulates focusing chemically and independently of these two, by controlling growth of the eye and maintaining focal length. In addition, the pupil shape can be used to predict the focal system being utilized. A slit pupil can indicate the common multifocal system, while a circular pupil usually specifies a monofocal system. When using a circular form, the pupil will constrict under bright light, increasing the focal length, and will dilate when dark in order to decrease the depth of focus. Note that a focusing method is not a requirement. As photographers know,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_16	where is the tv show the curse of oak island filmed?	n/a	[ "Oak Island" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17033836", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\nThe Curse of Oak Island The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery, showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure. \"\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\" follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina, originally from Kingsford, Michigan, through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island. The series discusses the history of the island, recent discoveries, theories, and prior attempts to investigate the site. Areas", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2209195", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\nInc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season. In October 2017, a fifth season was announced, which began airing on November 7, 2017. Season 6 began airing November 13, 2018. The Curse of Oak Island The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5, 2014. The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery, showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure. \"\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\" follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina, originally from Kingsford, Michigan, through", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17033837", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\nof interest include the \"\"Money Pit\"\", Borehole 10-x, Smith's Cove, \"\"Nolan's Cross\"\", the \"\"Hatch\"\", the \"\"Watchtower\"\" and the \"\"Swamp\"\". The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of \"\"Reader's Digest\"\" magazine that features an article on the Restall family's work to investigate the so-called \"\"Money Pit\"\". Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours, which reportedly owns most of the island. The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show. Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father-and-son Dan and Dave Blankenship, permanent residents", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19691594", "chunk_text": "\"Oak Island\"\nknown as the Money Pit, a formation of boulders called Nolan's Cross, the beach at Smith's Cove, and a triangle-shaped swamp. The Money Pit area has been repeatedly excavated; critics argue that there is no treasure and that the Money Pit is a natural phenomenon. More than fifty books have been published recounting the island's history and exploring competing theories. Several works of fiction have been based upon the Money Pit, including \"\"The Money Pit Mystery\"\", \"\"Riptide\"\", \"\"The Hand of Robin Squires\"\", and \"\"Betrayed: The Legend of Oak Island\"\". In January 2014, the History Channel aired \"\"The Curse of Oak", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2209194", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\ndual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire. It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern, without evidence, that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit. Having started in 2014, \"\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\" is currently in its sixth season. On August 2, 2016, it was announced that Nova Scotia Business", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "138190", "chunk_text": "\"Lori Verderame\"\ncelebrity autographs, and Victorian chastity belts. In the season 4 finale episode of History channel's The Curse of Oak Island, Dr. Lori Verderame reviewed and provided historical perspective on treasure spoils discovered on Oak Island including a gold cross, gold plated button, and Spanish galleon spike among other items. A native of New Haven, CT, Verderame graduated from Hamden High School in Hamden, CT. She graduated from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor with a Bachelor of Arts degree in World History. She has a Master of Arts degree in Liberal Studies with an emphasis in History and Art", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3816123", "chunk_text": "\"Frederick G. Nolan\"\nFrederick G. Nolan Frederick G. Nolan (July 5, 1927 – June 4, 2016) was a land surveyor as well as a known Oak Island treasure hunter. He has appeared on the History Channel's TV series about the Island, The Curse of Oak Island, in episodes 7 and 8 of season 3. Nolan was one of the first land surveyors in the province of Nova Scotia to receive designation as a Provincial Land Surveyor. With his brother he opened a surveying company called Nolan Brothers Surveys. Some of their notable works include the layout of the entire Westmount Subdivision at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3816125", "chunk_text": "\"Frederick G. Nolan\"\non June 4, 2016, at the age of 88. Frederick G. Nolan Frederick G. Nolan (July 5, 1927 – June 4, 2016) was a land surveyor as well as a known Oak Island treasure hunter. He has appeared on the History Channel's TV series about the Island, The Curse of Oak Island, in episodes 7 and 8 of season 3. Nolan was one of the first land surveyors in the province of Nova Scotia to receive designation as a Provincial Land Surveyor. With his brother he opened a surveying company called Nolan Brothers Surveys. Some of their notable works include", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3832188", "chunk_text": "\"The Island (2005 film)\"\nthe first time. Lincoln and Jordan sail away in a boat together. Principal photography for the island began October 24th 2004. The ruined buildings where Jordan and Lincoln sleep after leaving the subterranean compound are in Rhyolite, Nevada. The city parts were shot in Detroit, Michigan, with Michigan Central Station one of the notable locations. Other portions of the film were shot in the Coachella Valley, California. The computer in Merrick's office at the Institute, which features a large, tabletop touchscreen display capable of detecting several forms of input, was rumored to be a large version of Microsoft PixelSense. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20049900", "chunk_text": "\"Oak Island\"\nIsland\"\", a documentary series about a group of modern treasure hunters led and funded by two brothers, Rick and Marty Lagina, who purchased the majority of Oak Island in 2006. Oak Island Oak Island is a privately owned island in Lunenburg County on the south shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. The tree-covered island is one of about 360 small islands in Mahone Bay and rises to a maximum of above sea level. The island is located from shore and connected to the mainland by a causeway and gate. The island is best known for various theories about possible buried treasure", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15917303", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Fenric\"\ninto five rather than four episodes. However, Ian Briggs strongly opposed this, feeling that the narrative flow would be badly disrupted. The exact setting of the story is disputed as either Northumberland or near Whitby, North Yorkshire, although Reverend Wainwright's mention of Dracula coming ashore there indicates the latter. The scenes set in the fictional location of Maiden's Point were shot on location at Lulworth Cove in Dorset. The production also visited Kent and filmed at Lillesden Manor which doubled as the laboratory under the church, Roses Farm in Hawkhurst, which doubled as Mrs Hardaker’s Cottage and St Lawrence Church", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19994485", "chunk_text": "\"Harper's Island\"\nChris Gauthier and Sean Rogerson. The series was shot on Bowen Island, an island municipality about two kilometers west of Vancouver, British Columbia, and at the University of British Columbia. The actors and actresses were not told about their characters' deaths until the day that each script was given. The only two actors to know the length of their contracts were Richard Burgi, as his death was seen as a major turning point in the series, and Harry Hamlin, as his contract was for a single episode. Despite falling ratings, CBS aired all \"\"Harper's Island\"\" episodes, although the show was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10834702", "chunk_text": "\"Vacherie, Louisiana\"\nVacherie, Louisiana Vacherie is an unincorporated community in St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States. The name of the place derives from the French word for \"\"cowshed\"\". Near the community is the WCKW/KSTE-Tower, a guyed mast noted as one of the tallest such structures on Earth. The best known location in the community is the Oak Alley Plantation. There are several other historic plantations in the area: Laura, Desire, St. Joseph, and Felicity. The last two were combined in 1890. Vacherie was used as a filming location for the TV series \"\"True Detective\"\". Vacherie is split into two census-designated places, North", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8385402", "chunk_text": "\"Lori Verderame\"\nLori Verderame Lori Verderame (best known as Dr. Lori) is a TV personality, author, art, collectibles, and antiques appraiser with a Ph.D. in art, antiques and architectural history from Penn State University. She resides in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Dr. Lori Verderame is the award winning antiquities expert on the History channel’s #1 rated TV show, The Curse of Oak Island which airs internationally on the History Channel. She is also the star appraiser on the American TV show \"\"Auction Kings\"\" which airs internationally on Discovery channel. On Discovery's Auction Kings, she appraised Thomas Jefferson's writing desk, Elizabeth Taylor's photographs from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14480288", "chunk_text": "\"Arcadia, California\"\nArcadia. The city is mentioned in the twenty-first episode of ABC's \"\"FlashForward\"\", which is set in Los Angeles. \"\"The X-Files\"\" episode \"\"Arcadia\"\" demonstrates the downfalls of fascist conformity in the upper-middle class planned communities in the town. The 2016 animated series \"\"Trollhunters\"\" is set in a fictionalized version of Arcadia, California. Many films on location (including Tarzan and the Bing Crosby On the Road movies), television series, most notably \"\"Fantasy Island\"\" were filmed in Arcadia. A popular visiting site is the house with the bell tower, where Tattoo rang the bell, is the Queen Anne Cottage, located in the Los", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14335298", "chunk_text": "\"The Haunting of Hill House (TV series)\"\nco-production companies. It would be the first scripted series to be made for Netflix by Amblin. Production on the series began in October 2017 in Atlanta, Georgia, with location filming in the city and its environs. Bisham Manor, former name of the property located in LaGrange, served as the exterior of \"\"Hill House\"\". Interior settings were filmed at EUE/Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta. In an interview with \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\", Flanagan said, \"\"I don't want to speculate too much about season two until Netflix and Paramount and Amblin let us know if they want one. What I will say, though, is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13829902", "chunk_text": "\"Tower of Evil\"\nMovies showed the film as part of their late night TCM Underground series. Tower of Evil Tower of Evil, also known by the titles Horror on Snape Island and Beyond the Fog in the United States and Horror of Snape Island in Canada, is a 1972 British horror film. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios in Shepperton, Surrey in 1971. On Snape Island, a small isolated point off the English coast, a series of bizarre brutal murders have taken place. A team of archeologists decide to head to the island to uncover a possible Phoenician treasure, but instead they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2670167", "chunk_text": "\"The Ghost of Harrenhal\"\nof Höfðabrekkuheiði (near Vík). The other main location introduced in the episode was the gardens of Qarth, which were filmed at the Benedictine monastery of the Croatian island of Lokrum. The abandoned monastery was built in Gothic-Renaissance style in the 15th century. The island of Lokrum is only 680 metres offshore from Dubrovnik, the location used for King Landing's exteriors, and can be reached by boat in 15 minutes. Coincidentally, Lokrum shares with its fictional counterpart of Qarth having peacocks among its distinctive features: Lokrum is inhabited by families of peacocks that were introduced to the island in the 19th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12352060", "chunk_text": "\"Fantasy Island\"\nKauai, Hawaii (both the Na Pali coast as well as Wailua Falls). The house with the bell tower, where Tattoo rings the bell, is the Queen Anne Cottage, located in the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden in Arcadia. The plane, \"\"arriving\"\" with the guests, was filmed in the lagoon behind the Queen Anne Cottage. Sometimes, outdoor scenes were filmed at the Arboretum. Interior sets were filmed on Stages 26 and 17 at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank, California. At some point, the production of exterior scenes moved to the Warner Ranch a short distance away from Warner's main", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18815443", "chunk_text": "\"Raven: The Island\"\nwhere they can find Raven, and together plant a new tree that will help in their fight to rid the scourge of Nevar from Alaunus. The initial sequences, before the warriors arrive on the Island of Alaunus, were shot at Loch Lomond in Scotland. Most of the subsequent challenges were then filmed at Auchengillan International Outdoor Centre. The series was directed by Maria Stewart, who also directed the second spin-off, The Secret Temple. It was produced by Paul Hineman, director of the third and fourth series of the main Raven series. Raven: The Island Raven: The Island is a BBC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8013143", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of the Black Spot\"\na Siren-like creature. After receiving an injury, however minor, a black spot appears on their palms and then the creature apparently disintegrates them. The producers wished to develop a pirate-themed episode for the sixth series and allow the protagonists to \"\"kick back and have some fun\"\" on the adventure. The episode was primarily filmed at a dock in Cornwall and Upper Boat Studios in Wales. \"\"The Curse of the Black Spot\"\" was seen by 7.85 million viewers and received generally mixed reviews from critics. It gained an audience Appreciation Index of 86 – considered excellent. On 30 April 2011, immediately", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4384546", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of the Black Spot\"\nplace primarily in Cornwall and the Upper Boat Studios in Wales. The exterior of the pirate ship was filmed at a dock in Cornwall, while the lower decks were built from a set at the studio. The principal challenge to film at the dock was to ensure the audience would not see it. The crew set up smoke machines to simulate fog. To create the storm the crew used wind and rain machines, the latter of which went through 15,000 litres of water. The loud noise from the wind machines caused communication difficulties during takes. Anticipating they would get soaked,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19651467", "chunk_text": "\"The Walking Dead (TV series)\"\ndrive producers to the state and bolster its economy. The first season was filmed primary in Atlanta, though required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for film. Production for subsequent seasons moved mainly to Riverwood Studios (doing business as Raleigh Studios Atlanta), a plot of land approximately outside of Senoia, Georgia. Some existing buildings were used here, such as a subdivision that is used by several families that serves as the Alexandria Safe-Zone, while other buildings are constructed as sets, such as the exterior shots of the main Hilltop mansion, the trash", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8990912", "chunk_text": "\"Oak Island mystery\"\nit with an Oak Island Treasure Act. The act, which became effective on January 1, 2011, allows treasure hunting to continue on the island under the terms of a license issued by the Minister of Natural Resources. Exploration by the Lagina brothers has been documented in a reality television show airing on the History channel starting in 2014. According to an account written in 1862, after the Onslow Company had excavated to the pit flooded with seawater up to the level; attempts to remove the water were unsuccessful. Explorers have made claims about an elaborate drainage system extending from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12536250", "chunk_text": "\"The Crossing (TV series)\"\na threat. Set in the fictional town of Port Canaan, Oregon and in Seattle, the series was filmed in coastal areas of British Columbia and in the city of Vancouver in 2017. The beach where the refugees arrive is near Ucluelet on Vancouver Island while the sheriff's office and some other locations were filmed in and around the village of Britannia Beach, north of Vancouver. The Oceanic Plaza in Vancouver was the setting for the Seattle offices of the show's Homeland Security and other scenes were filmed in and around the city. Additional shooting locations in BC were in Steveston,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15997301", "chunk_text": "\"The Bastard Executioner\"\nCastle and Fforest Fawr. Filming began on 23, 2015. The show's producers spent 10 months considering locations in Wales with the help of the Welsh Government’s Wales Screen service, which encourages film and television productions to use locations, crews, and facilities throughout Wales. The project was one of the first major productions to move into Pinewood Studios' new facility in Cardiff. The set for the series, in the form of a medieval village with a small castle, was constructed to the west of Cardiff at Dragon International Film Studios in Llanilid. On May 22, 2015,\"\"The Bastard Executioner\"\" was picked up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17130998", "chunk_text": "\"Jaws: The Revenge\"\npremise was born \"\"out of a little bit of desperation to find something fresh to do with the shark. We thought that maybe if we take a mystical point of view, and go for a little bit of ... magic, we might be able to find something interesting enough to sit through.\"\" Principal photography for \"\"Jaws: The Revenge\"\" took place on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films of the series, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the film's opening scenes. Production commenced", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13829900", "chunk_text": "\"Tower of Evil\"\nTower of Evil Tower of Evil, also known by the titles Horror on Snape Island and Beyond the Fog in the United States and Horror of Snape Island in Canada, is a 1972 British horror film. The film was shot at Shepperton Studios in Shepperton, Surrey in 1971. On Snape Island, a small isolated point off the English coast, a series of bizarre brutal murders have taken place. A team of archeologists decide to head to the island to uncover a possible Phoenician treasure, but instead they find a horrific mystery when someone, or something, begins to kill off the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2209193", "chunk_text": "\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\nof the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s. The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers. Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearean literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9877269", "chunk_text": "\"Fear the Walking Dead\"\nCalifornia, Mexico. Locations included Rosarito (sea scenes and hotel) and Valle de Guadalupe (Abigail's vineyard). The sea scenes were filmed using a horizon tank at Baja Film Studios. An additional scene from the season one finale was filmed in The Sunken City, San Pedro, Los Angeles. Filming for the third season began on January 6, 2017, in Baja California, Mexico, with some of the same location sites used for the second half of season two. Additional locations in Tijuana Municipality included Avenida Revolución, Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam and the hills that hosted the Otto's ranch. Filming for the fourth season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13223905", "chunk_text": "\"Oak Island mystery\"\nto Fell's theory, Coptic migrants sailed from North Africa to Oak Island and constructed the pit. Oak Island mystery The Oak Island mystery refers to stories of buried treasure and unexplained objects on Oak Island in Nova Scotia. Since the 19th century, a number of attempts have been made to locate treasure and artifacts. In addition to treasure, theories about artifacts present on the island include Marie Antoinette's jewels, Shakespearean manuscripts and religious artifacts. To date, no significant treasure has been found. Very little verified information is known about early treasure-related activity on Oak Island. It wasn't until decades later", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16901189", "chunk_text": "\"Jekyll Island\"\nfor \"\"The Walking Dead\"\" Season 7 was filmed on the island. Jekyll Island Jekyll Island is located off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia, in Glynn County. It is one of the Sea Islands and one of the Golden Isles of Georgia barrier islands. The island is owned by the State of Georgia and run by a self-sustaining, self-governing body. Long used seasonally by indigenous peoples of the region, beginning in the colonial era, some of its lands became privately owned. A few structures still stand made of tabby, a coastal building material of crushed oyster shells. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11281050", "chunk_text": "\"Reign (TV series)\"\nof the filming for the first season took place in Toronto and the Republic of Ireland. The third and fourth seasons were also largely filmed in Toronto. Rockwood Conservation Area near Guelph, Ontario and Parkwood Estate in Oshawa, Ontario have also been used to mimic 16th-century Scotland for the show's production. Most of the other interior scenes, including bedchambers, the Great Hall, and the Throne Room, were filmed in vast sets primarily at Cinespace Film Studios' Kipling Avenue facility. The show's pilot was distributed on May 20, 2013, to advertisers and critics for promotion and to generate hype. The pilot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1072109", "chunk_text": "\"Jaws (franchise)\"\ndesigner Joe Alves and special effects artist Robert A. Mattey. After the sharks were completed, they were shipped to the shooting location, but had not been tested in water and when placed in the ocean the full model sank to the ocean floor, forcing a team of divers to retrieve it. Location shooting occurred on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, chosen because the ocean had a sandy bottom while out at sea. This helped the mechanical sharks to operate smoothly and still provide a realistic location. The film nonetheless had a famously troubled shoot and went considerably over budget.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1709776", "chunk_text": "\"Randall Sullivan\"\nthe documentary \"\"Reckless Indifference\"\", and he was an executive producer on the Oprah Winfrey Network mini-series, \"\"Miracle Detectives\"\". Sullivan is also an actor on the History Channel reality-TV show, \"\"The Curse of Oak Island\"\", where he plays himself. He is currently executive producing the upcoming film, \"\"City of Lies\"\" starring Johnny Depp and Forest Whitaker. Sullivan lives in Portland, Oregon. For most of his life Sullivan identified as an atheist, but in 1995 he underwent a spiritual conversion to Catholicism while he was in Medjugorje reporting on the Bosnian War. This experience was influential to his research and writing of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3367593", "chunk_text": "\"Movie ranch\"\nlater at Universal Studios). \"\"The Waltons\"\" originally filmed on the Warner Bros. main lot where the recognizable house facade was located until it burned down in late 1991. A recreation of the Walton house was built on the Warner Bros. Ranch lot, utilizing the woodland mountain set originally utilized by \"\"Apple's Way\"\", and later occasionally used by \"\"Fantasy Island\"\" TV shows. The facade remains and has been used in numerous productions such as \"\"NCIS\"\", \"\"The Middle\"\", and \"\"Pushing Daisies\"\". Pioneertown, California, in the Morongo Basin region of Southern California's Mojave Desert in San Bernardino County, California. The town started as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7361733", "chunk_text": "\"Alone (TV series)\"\nthe woods\"\". He set a goal for himself to last 50 days. After he reached his goal, a large storm hit the island, which Larson described as being larger than any he had seen and prompting his decision to leave the island. Larson said that the loneliness and solitude took the most time to adjust to, and that his preparation for the show mostly consisted of mental preparation. The season was shot in Quatsino Territory, located near Port Hardy, British Columbia. Quatsino is a small hamlet of 91 people located on Quatsino Sound in Northern Vancouver Island, Canada, only accessible", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16663198", "chunk_text": "\"Oak Island\"\nOak Island Oak Island is a privately owned island in Lunenburg County on the south shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. The tree-covered island is one of about 360 small islands in Mahone Bay and rises to a maximum of above sea level. The island is located from shore and connected to the mainland by a causeway and gate. The island is best known for various theories about possible buried treasure or historical artifacts, and the associated exploration. The first major indigenous people to Nova Scotia were the Mi'kmaq, who formed an Indian nation in present day Canada several thousand years", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4649525", "chunk_text": "\"The End of the F***ing World\"\nhas an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by \"\"Twin Peaks\"\" and \"\"Fargo\"\". Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios. Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey. Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions. The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set \"\"any time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4413649", "chunk_text": "\"Moonrise Kingdom\"\nif they were made for U.S. schools, consulting photographs from Anderson's former school. Principal photography took place in Rhode Island from April to June 2011. The film was shot at various locations around Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, including: Conanicut Island, Prudence Island, Fort Wetherill, Yawgoog Scout Reservation, Trinity Church, and Newport's Ballard Park. A house in the Thousand Islands region in New York was used as the model for the interior of Suzy’s house on the film's set. The set for the Bishop home was constructed and filmed inside a former Linens 'n Things store in Middletown, Rhode Island. Conanicut", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14407068", "chunk_text": "\"Round the Twist\"\nnot match the popular acclaim of the originals, and because of this, the series was cancelled. Incidentally, just two years before the third season was aired, Jennings' stories were being adapted into a different show called \"\"Driven Crazy\"\", which also failed to match the popularity of the early \"\"Round the Twist\"\" and of which only one season was produced. Several locations were used for the filming of the series. The most notable location is the Twist family's lighthouse home, with exterior scenes shot at the Split Point Lighthouse in Aireys Inlet, Victoria. School and some town scenes were shot in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16637177", "chunk_text": "\"Jaws: The Revenge\"\nwas shot on location in New England and in the Bahamas, and completed on the Universal lot. Like the first two films, Martha's Vineyard was the location of the fictional Amity Island for the opening scenes. Although preceded by \"\"Jaws 3-D\"\", \"\"The Revenge\"\" ignores plot elements introduced in that film. \"\"Jaws: The Revenge\"\" received negative reviews from film critics. While production of the other three films in the series took around two years for each film, \"\"Jaws: The Revenge\"\" was made in less than nine months. According to associate producer and production manager Frank Baur during the sequel's filming, \"\"This", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14765852", "chunk_text": "\"The Red Hand Gang\"\nThe end theme is a more hard hitting theme appropriate as each episode ended on a cliffhanger. Scenes for the series were shot in and around Los Angeles, California. The opening credits contain scenes that were shot on South Seaside Avenue in San Pedro, showing the gang running along a pier that is part of Terminal Island in the Port of Los Angeles. The same location was used in the first adventure for the scene where the kidnappers are holding the kidnapped boy on board a boat. The pier is located opposite Marine Sheet Metal Works. The pier itself is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8747975", "chunk_text": "\"Red Oaks\"\ncollege student, begins working at a New Jersey country club during his summer break in 1985. The show follows David's life, with numerous subplots including his family, friends and coworkers and primarily involves the Red Oaks country club. The show explores themes such as adolescence, relationships, socioeconomic mobility and the pursuit of happiness in a mostly comedic fashion against the backdrop of the New York – New Jersey area in the 1980s. The main filming location is Edgewood Country Club in River Vale, New Jersey. Additional locations include Florence Park in Mamaroneck, New York, Willow Ridge Country Club in Westchester", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5464700", "chunk_text": "\"Casa Loma\"\nand related \"\"Shadowhunters\"\" Exterior shots of the building were used in the Gothic TV Show, Strange Paradise. It is also the filming location of the TV movie \"\"re-imagining,\"\" \"\"\"\", where scenes that take place at Dr. Frank N. Furter's castle and the movie theatre where the audience participation and Ivy Levan's performance of \"\"Science Fiction Double Feature\"\" take place were filmed (a movie theatre marquee was placed at the front entrance of the castle for filming). Casa Loma Casa Loma (Spanish for \"\"Hill House\"\") is a Gothic Revival style mansion and garden in midtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that is now", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9417590", "chunk_text": "\"Gilligan's Island (season 1)\"\nand series creator Sherwood Schwartz. Filming of the season took place at the CBS Radford Studios complex in Studio City, Los Angeles California. This complex contained 17 sound stages, as well as special effects and prop departments. On one stage, a lagoon had been constructed by the production company \"\"at great expense\"\". According to Bob Denver, the crew would spend half of their days filming scenes in the lagoon. Shots and sequences involving the characters' were filmed in a different soundstage. After the series' cancellation, the show's lagoon was not dismantled, and it remained in place until 1995, when it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5117256", "chunk_text": "\"Father Brown (2013 TV series)\"\nnow a secondary school, was used to film \"\"St Agnes Convent\"\" in Series One Episode 6. Filming for the second series included the Warwickshire village of Ilmington. Chastleton House and Berkeley Castle were used to portray Pryde Castle in the episode broadcast on 8 January 2014. Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire provided the location for the final resting place of the famed rosary in the episode \"\"Mysteries of the Rosary\"\" airing 10 January 2014. The gardens at Snowshill Manor featured in the same episode. \"\"The Time Machine\"\" episode, in series 3, was based around the Warwickshire estate of Alscot Park. Filming", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14193030", "chunk_text": "\"Nightmare Cafe\"\nthe green light, but when he prepared to write the pilot, he realized that he wanted the regular characters to also be the \"\"main\"\" characters. Despite the show being retooled before the pilot was even written, contemporary critics still often referred to \"\"Nightmare Cafe\"\" as a \"\"supernatural/horror anthology\"\" series. The series itself was filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, with the city waterfront doubling for the waterfront that served as the café's \"\"home base\"\". Although the production team originally toyed with the idea of filming in a real diner, that idea was eventually scrapped, and a set was built in Vancouver's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2041584", "chunk_text": "\"Emerald Coast\"\nat Eglin. The 1972 eco-horror film \"\"Frogs\"\" was filmed in Walton County, Florida, in and around the Wesley House, an old southern mansion located in Eden Gardens State Park in the town of Point Washington, situated on Tucker Bayou off Choctawhatchee Bay. Exterior shots and several interior scenes for 1998's \"\"The Truman Show\"\" were filmed in Seaside. The majority of scenes for \"\"Jaws 2\"\" (1978) were filmed in the region, in the Navarre area. Interiors for the youth's pinball hang-out were filmed in Fort Walton Beach at the now-razed original location of Hog's Breath Saloon on Okaloosa Island, and Bruce", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2416352", "chunk_text": "\"Pilot (Arrow)\"\ntwo distinct timelines, which requires more specific planning in the filming schedule. Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver's Whytecliff Park area, near beachfront homes. The production team is tasked with keeping the buildings out of camera frame. Additionally, producer Marc Guggenheim finds the process arduous: \"\"Stephen [Amell] has to wear a wig, and his look has to be changed... there's a lot. It's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week, every single episode. Because like Andrew [Kreisberg] said, it's almost like it's its own show.\"\" Hatley Castle, located in Royal Roads University was used for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_17	where is gall bladder situated in human body?	n/a	[ "beneath the liver" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920879", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nsurgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively. Gallbladder In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats. The gallbladder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1989304", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nGallbladder In vertebrates, the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum, where the bile helps in the digestion of fats. The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones, formed by material that cannot be dissolved – usually cholesterol or bilirubin,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6450066", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nis shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the cystic duct. The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the \"\"fundus\"\", \"\"body\"\", and \"\"neck\"\". The \"\"fundus\"\" is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the abdominal wall. The \"\"body\"\" lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The \"\"neck\"\" tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct, part of the biliary tree. The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920858", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nto become the common bile duct. At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as \"\"Hartmann's pouch\"\". The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The gallbladder wall's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli, very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria, a muscular layer, an outer perimuscular layer and serosa. Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6450065", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\na product of haemoglobin breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the upper-right corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a cholecystectomy. Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease. The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver, that is grey-blue in life. In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately in length and in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has a capacity of about . The gallbladder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082440", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nthe bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum. It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called \"\"Hartmann's pouch\"\", where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082439", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nBile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct. This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours. The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression. It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920859", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nmuscularis mucosae, and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers. The mucosa, the inner portion of the gallbladder wall, consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells, with cells possessing small hair-like attachments called microvilli. This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the lamina propria. The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called \"\"rugae\"\". A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by smooth muscle, with fibres that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13110534", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nside, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the \"\"cystic diverticulum\"\", that will eventually develop into the gallbladder. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile, also called gall, needed for the digestion of fats in food. Produced by the liver, bile flows through small vessels into the larger hepatic ducts and ultimately through the cystic duct (parts of the biliary tree) into the gallbladder, where it is stored. At any one time, of bile is stored within the gallbladder. When food containing fat", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10674354", "chunk_text": "\"Gallbladder cancer\"\nGallbladder cancer Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer, with an incidence of fewer than 2 cases per 100,000 people per year in the United States. It is particularly common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India; it is also common in certain ethnic groups e.g. Native American Indians and Hispanics. If it is diagnosed early enough, it can be cured by removing the gallbladder, part of the liver and associated lymph nodes. Most often it is found after symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice and vomiting occur, and it has spread to other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6450072", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nare very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature. An anatomical variation can occur, known as a Phrygian cap, which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap. The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube. Early in development, the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac. During the second week of embryogenesis, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14175015", "chunk_text": "\"Biliary tract\"\nBiliary tract The biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gall bladder and bile ducts, and how they work together to make, store and secrete bile. Bile consists of water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and conjugated bilirubin. Some components are synthesised by hepatocytes (liver cells), the rest are extracted from the blood by the liver. Bile is secreted by the liver into small ducts that join to form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder. During a meal, the bile is secreted into the duodenum to rid the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3022181", "chunk_text": "Bile\nBile Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder. After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of hepatic bile is 97% water, 0.7% bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids, and lecithin), and 200 meq/l inorganic salts. Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine, the standard of medical practice in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19956711", "chunk_text": "Liver\nLiver The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones. The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17245369", "chunk_text": "Gallstone\nGallstone A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result. This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications of gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), jaundice, and infection of a bile duct (cholangitis). Symptoms", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13110536", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nsecreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated 3-10 fold by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the active transport of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes to be reabsorbed. Gallstones form when the bile is saturated, usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin. Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system. When symptoms occur, severe \"\"colicky\"\" pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793479", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nbile from the gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of \"\"Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses\"\", deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate adenomyomatosis. The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue. The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by a thick serosa, which is exposed to the peritoneum. The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue. The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16144329", "chunk_text": "\"Gallbladder cancer\"\nre-operation to remove part of liver and lymph nodes is required in most cases. When it is done as early as possible, patients have the best chance of long-term survival and even cure. Most tumors are adenocarcinomas, with a small percent being squamous cell carcinomas. The cancer commonly spreads to the liver, bile duct, stomach, and duodenum. Gallbladder cancer Gallbladder cancer is a relatively uncommon cancer, with an incidence of fewer than 2 cases per 100,000 people per year in the United States. It is particularly common in central and South America, central and eastern Europe, Japan and northern India;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082437", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nis located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver produces bile, an important alkaline compound which aids digestion. Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts. Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "266500", "chunk_text": "\"Urinary bladder\"\nUrinary bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ in humans and some other animals that collects and stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination. In the human the bladder is a hollow muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, that sits on the pelvic floor. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and (10.14 and ) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more. In humans, the bladder is a hollow muscular organ situated at the base of the pelvis. Urine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7584399", "chunk_text": "Torso\nanus, from which fecal wastes are egested; the rectum, which stores feces; the gallbladder, which stores and concentrates bile; the kidneys, which produce urine, the ureters, which pass it to the bladder for storage; and the urethra, which excretes urine and in a male passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs. The torso also harbours many of the main groups of muscles in the body, including the: The organs, muscles, and other contents of the torso are supplied by nerves, which mainly originate as nerve roots from the thoracic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556501", "chunk_text": "\"Biliary colic\"\nBiliary colic Biliary colic, also known as a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack, is when a colic (sudden pain) occurs due to a gallstone temporarily blocking the cystic duct. Typically, the pain is in the right upper part of the abdomen. Pain usually lasts from one to a few hours. Often, it occurs after eating a heavy meal, or during the night. Repeated attacks are common. Gallstone formation occurs from the precipitation of crystals that aggregate to form stones. The most common form is cholesterol gallstones. Other forms include calcium, bilirubin, pigment, and mixed gallstones. Other conditions that produce similar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5574443", "chunk_text": "\"Common bile duct\"\nCommon bile duct The common bile duct, sometimes abbreviated CBD, is a duct in the gastrointestinal tract of organisms that have a gall bladder. It is formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (from the gall bladder). It is later joined by the pancreatic duct to form the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular sphincter of Oddi. When the sphincter of Oddi is closed, newly synthesized bile from the liver is forced into storage in the gall bladder. When open, the stored and concentrated bile exits into the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13402486", "chunk_text": "\"Biliary tract\"\nto form the common hepatic duct. Between meals, secreted bile is stored in the gall bladder, where 80%-90% of the water and electrolytes can be absorbed, leaving the bile acids and cholesterol. During a meal, the smooth muscles in the gallbladder wall contract, leading to the bile being secreted into the duodenum to rid the body of waste stored in the bile as well as aid in the absorption of dietary fats and oils by solubilizing them using bile acids. Pressure inside in the biliary tree can give rise to gallstones and lead to cirrhosis of the liver. The biliary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16793496", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\n() to describe a brave person, and \"\"single gallbladder hero\"\" () to describe a lone hero. In the Zangfu theory of Chinese medicine, the gallbladder not only has a digestive role, but is seen as the seat of decision-making. Most vertebrates have gallbladders, but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of mammals (including horses, deer, rats, and laminoids), several species of birds, lampreys and all invertebrates lack a gallbladder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17245387", "chunk_text": "Gallstone\ncalculus bovis or \"\"niu-huang\"\" (yellow thing of cattle) in Chinese. Much as in the manner of diamond mines, some slaughterhouses carefully scrutinize workers for gallstone theft. Gallstone A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result. This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1989310", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nposition between different people. Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic. The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within, above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from the liver. Such variants", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2375594", "chunk_text": "\"Cystic plexus\"\nCystic plexus The cystic plexus is the derivation of the hepatic plexus, which is the largest offshoot from the celiac plexus. Formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the right and left vagi and the right phrenic nerve, parasympathetic nerves are motor to the musculature of the gall bladder and bile ducts, but inhibitory to the sphincters. Sympathetic nerves derived from thoracic seven to nine segments are vasomotor and motor to sphincters. It supplies the gall bladder, common hepatic duct, cystic duct and upper part of the bile duct. The lower part of the bile duct is supplied by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19956765", "chunk_text": "Liver\ninsulin/Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Liver The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion. In humans, it is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. Its other roles in metabolism include the regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells and the production of hormones. The liver is an accessory digestive gland that produces bile, an alkaline compound which helps the breakdown of fat. Bile aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a small pouch that sits just under the liver,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920866", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nenters the digestive tract, it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin, the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct, eventually draining into the duodenum. The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts, and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin, a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body. The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920880", "chunk_text": "\"Bile duct\"\nBile duct A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates. Bile, required for the digestion of food, is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine. The biliary tree (see below) is the whole network of various sized ducts branching through the liver. The path is as follows: Bile canaliculi → Canals of Hering → interlobular bile ducts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4795297", "chunk_text": "\"Ascending colon\"\nAscending colon The ascending colon is the part of the colon located between the cecum and the transverse colon. The ascending colon is smaller in calibre than the cecum from where it starts. It passes upward, opposite the colic valve, to the under surface of the right lobe of the liver, on the right of the gall-bladder, where it is lodged in a shallow depression, the colic impression; here it bends abruptly forward and to the left, forming the right colic flexure (hepatic) where it becomes the transverse colon. It is retained in contact with the posterior wall of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14346187", "chunk_text": "Abdomen\nform, and cause inguinal hernias. The pyramidalis muscle is small and triangular. It is located in the lower abdomen in front of the rectus abdominis. It originates at the pubic bone and is inserted into the linea alba halfway up to the navel. Functionally, the human abdomen is where most of the alimentary tract is placed and so most of the absorption and digestion of food occurs here. The alimentary tract in the abdomen consists of the lower esophagus, the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, ileum, the cecum and the appendix, the ascending, transverse and descending colons, the sigmoid colon", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6920872", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\noccurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder (adenocarcinoma). Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer, and other risk factors include large (>1 cm) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified \"\"porcelain\"\" gallbladder. Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin (jaundice), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen. Liver function tests may be elevated, particularly involving GGT and ALP, with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice. Cancer of the gallbladder is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5481780", "chunk_text": "\"Excretory system\"\nand is typically 5-10 microns in diameter. The duct is the part of the sweat gland that connects dermis cells to the epidermis. It is composed by two layers of cells and is between 10 and 20 microns in diameter. The gland does the actual secretion and it lies deep within the dermis. The cells that make up the gland are larger in size than the duct cells and its lumen is around 20 microns in diameter. After bile is produced in the liver, it is stored in the gall bladder. It is then secreted within the small intestine where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7295066", "chunk_text": "Liver\nthe caudate lobe, and immediately above the renal impression. The greater part of the suprarenal impression is devoid of peritoneum and it lodges the right suprarenal gland. Medial to the renal impression is a third and slightly marked impression, lying between it and the neck of the gall bladder. This is caused by the descending portion of the duodenum, and is known as the duodenal impression. The inferior surface of the left lobe of the liver presents behind and to the left the gastric impression. This is moulded over the upper front surface of the stomach, and to the right", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082404", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nblood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion (feces) are defecated from the anus via the rectum. There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food. The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Other components include the mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and epiglottis. The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, covering a distance of about nine (9) metres. The largest part of the GI tract is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082442", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\ndoesn't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or \"\"gall\"\". Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse. The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2280789", "chunk_text": "\"Canine gallbladder mucocele\"\nthat is pear-shaped and identified between two liver lobes. It is divided into three sections a body, neck and fundus. The main function of this excretory organ is storing, acidifying and concentrating bile. This is achieved due to the nature of the muscular sac being a thin wall that can easily distend to accommodate the bile. It is collected from the liver cells via small channels that pass through the hepatic ducts and into the gallbladder. After a fatty meal the bile is then released into the small intestine promoted by a hormone called cholecystokinin that is present in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1989312", "chunk_text": "Gallbladder\nportions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. During the fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11809107", "chunk_text": "\"Umbilical region\"\nregions. The bottom three regions, from left to right, are the left inguinal, hypogastric, and right inguinal regions. Umbilical region The umbilical region, in the anatomists' abdominal pelvic nine-region scheme, is the area surrounding the umbilicus and it is placed approximately on middle of distance between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis (navel). This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a section of the transverse colon and the lower aspects of the left and right kidney. The upper three regions, from left to right, are the left hypochondriac, epigastric, and right", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11993895", "chunk_text": "\"Cystohepatic triangle\"\nCystohepatic triangle The hepatobiliary triangle (or cystohepatic triangle) is an anatomic space bordered by the cystic duct inferiorly, common hepatic duct medially and the inferior (visceral) surface of the liver superiorly. The cystic artery lies within the cystohepatic triangle, which is used to locate it during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Another name used to refer to this region is Calot's triangle, after Jean-François Calot. Calot's original description of the triangle in 1891 included the cystic duct, the common hepatic duct, and the cystic artery (not the inferior border of the liver as is commonly believed). The hepatocystic triangle is the area", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20194303", "chunk_text": "Cholecystectomy\nor pain caused by gallstones, occurs when a gallstone temporarily blocks the bile duct that drains the gallbladder. Typically, pain from biliary colic is felt in the right upper part of the abdomen, is moderate to severe, and goes away on its own after a few hours when the stone dislodges. Biliary colic usually occurs after meals when the gallbladder contracts to push bile out into the digestive tract. After a first attack of biliary colic, more than 90% of people will have a repeat attack in the next 10 years. Repeated attacks of biliary colic are the most common", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18002055", "chunk_text": "\"Abdominal cavity\"\nAbdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm, a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs, and its floor is the pelvic inlet, opening into the pelvis. Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, kidneys, large intestine, and adrenal glands. The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum. The inside", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7295065", "chunk_text": "Liver\nimpressions on the surface of the liver accommodate the various adjacent structures and organs. Underneath the right lobe and to the right of the gallbladder fossa are two impressions, one behind the other and separated by a ridge. The one in front is a shallow colic impression, formed by the hepatic flexure and the one behind is a deeper renal impression accommodating part of the right kidney and part of the suprarenal gland. The suprarenal impression is a small, triangular, depressed area on the liver. It is located close to the right of the fossa, between the bare area and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15517884", "chunk_text": "\"Rovsing's sign\"\nstomach ulcer or gallstone can be interpreted by the brain as pain from the stomach, liver, gall bladder, duodenum, or first part of the small intestine. It will \"\"refer\"\" pain often to the mid upper abdomen, the epigastrum. Because the appendix is a piece of intestine, it follows a similar referral pattern. An appendix with some early inflammation may give a non-specific irritation somewhere near the umbilicus (belly button). Should the inflammation become severe, it may actually irritate the inner lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum. This thin layer of tissue lies deep to the abdominal wall muscles.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5574535", "chunk_text": "\"Cystic duct\"\nCystic duct The cystic duct is the short duct that joins the gallbladder to the common bile duct. It usually lies next to the cystic artery. It is of variable length. It contains 'spiral valves of Heister', which do not provide much resistance to the flow of bile. Bile can flow in both directions between the gallbladder and the common bile duct and the hepatic duct. In this way, bile is stored in the gallbladder in between meal times. The hormone cholecystokinin, when stimulated by a fatty meal, promotes bile secretion by increased production of hepatic bile, contraction of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12859126", "chunk_text": "Foregut\nForegut The foregut is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the duodenum at the entrance of the bile duct, and is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery. The foregut arises from the endoderm, developing from the folding primitive gut, and is developmentally distinct from the midgut and hindgut. Although the term “foregut” is typically used in reference to the anterior section of the primitive gut, components of the adult gut can also be described with this designation. Pain in the epigastric region, just below the intersection of the ribs, typically refers to structures in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082460", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\ndevelopment, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the \"\"cystic diverticulum\"\", that will eventually develop into the gallbladder. Each part of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2375595", "chunk_text": "\"Cystic plexus\"\nnerve plexus around the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Cystic plexus The cystic plexus is the derivation of the hepatic plexus, which is the largest offshoot from the celiac plexus. Formed by branches from the celiac plexus, the right and left vagi and the right phrenic nerve, parasympathetic nerves are motor to the musculature of the gall bladder and bile ducts, but inhibitory to the sphincters. Sympathetic nerves derived from thoracic seven to nine segments are vasomotor and motor to sphincters. It supplies the gall bladder, common hepatic duct, cystic duct and upper part of the bile duct. The lower part of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_18	who is the current director of the us mint?	n/a	[ "David J. Ryder", "David Motl" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7864876", "chunk_text": "\"Director of the United States Mint\"\nDirector of the United States Mint The Director of the United States Mint is a presidential appointment needing Senate confirmation. David J. Ryder became director in April 2018. He previously served as director from 1992 to 1993. When the position of director is vacant, the senior career (non-political) official of the mint serves as the acting director/deputy director. Until the appointment of Mr. Ryder as director, the mint had been without an official director since the resignation of Edmund C. Moy in 2011. Richard A. Peterson succeeded Mr. Moy and was the longest-serving acting director/deputy director in the mint's history.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10129438", "chunk_text": "\"David J. Ryder\"\nNovember 1993 via a recess appointment. In 2017, Ryder was again nominated as Director of the United States Mint by President Donald Trump and confirmed by a voice vote on March 21, 2018. David J. Ryder David J. Ryder (born October 14, 1955) is the current Director of the United States Mint. He formerly was in the same position from 1992 to 1993. David J. Ryder was born in Billings, Montana on October 14, 1955. He attended Boise State University. Ryder worked for the United States Department of Commerce as deputy commissioner general of the U.S. Pavilion at the 1984", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7864877", "chunk_text": "\"Director of the United States Mint\"\nMr. Peterson served between January 2011 and March 2017. In July 2015 Matthew Rhett Jeppson was nominated by President Barack Obama to become the mint's 39th director and was given the temporary title of principal deputy director. However, the nomination was never confirmed by the Senate. Mr. Jeppson stepped down as principal deputy director in January 2017, being replaced by Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl. The office of director has existed since the creation of the Mint by the Coinage Act of 1792. Initially appointed serving at the pleasure of the President of the United States, the Coinage Act", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "475653", "chunk_text": "\"Director of the United States Mint\"\nof 1873 specified a five-year term for directors. The director operates with general directions provided by the United States Secretary of the Treasury. Director of the United States Mint The Director of the United States Mint is a presidential appointment needing Senate confirmation. David J. Ryder became director in April 2018. He previously served as director from 1992 to 1993. When the position of director is vacant, the senior career (non-political) official of the mint serves as the acting director/deputy director. Until the appointment of Mr. Ryder as director, the mint had been without an official director since the resignation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12302128", "chunk_text": "\"David J. Ryder\"\nDavid J. Ryder David J. Ryder (born October 14, 1955) is the current Director of the United States Mint. He formerly was in the same position from 1992 to 1993. David J. Ryder was born in Billings, Montana on October 14, 1955. He attended Boise State University. Ryder worked for the United States Department of Commerce as deputy commissioner general of the U.S. Pavilion at the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition 1983–84, and then commissioner general 1984–85. From 1985 to 1986, he worked in the Office of the Vice President of the United States as Director of Advance. He was director", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15187897", "chunk_text": "\"Edmund C. Moy\"\nEdmund C. Moy Edmund C. Moy (born September 12, 1957) is an American businessman and former government official. From 2006 to 2011 he served as the 38th Director of the United States Mint. Born in Detroit, Michigan, on September 12, 1957, Moy was raised in Waukesha, Wisconsin, where he worked in his parents' downtown restaurant while growing up. He is a 1975 graduate of Waukesha North High School and a 1979 graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he graduated with a triple major in economics, international relations and political science. At UW–Madison, Moy joined Tau Kappa Epsilon International Fraternity.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1001349", "chunk_text": "\"Edmund C. Moy\"\nMint, Moy became Vice President Corporate Infrastructure for L&L Energy, Inc. As of 2014, he is chief strategist for Fortress Gold Group. Moy also writes occasional articles for Moneynews.com. <br> Edmund C. Moy Edmund C. Moy (born September 12, 1957) is an American businessman and former government official. From 2006 to 2011 he served as the 38th Director of the United States Mint. Born in Detroit, Michigan, on September 12, 1957, Moy was raised in Waukesha, Wisconsin, where he worked in his parents' downtown restaurant while growing up. He is a 1975 graduate of Waukesha North High School and a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3395533", "chunk_text": "\"United States Mint\"\nJanuary 9, 2011. The position was left vacant until April 2018, until the position was filled by David J. Ryder. Henry Voigt was the first Superintendent and Chief Coiner, and is credited with some of the first U.S. coin designs. Another important position at the Mint is that of Chief Engraver, which has been held by such men as Frank Gasparro, William Barber, Charles E. Barber, James B. Longacre, and Christian Gobrecht. The Mint has operated several branch facilities throughout the United States since the Philadelphia Mint opened in 1792, in a building known as \"\"Ye Olde Mint\"\". With the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15364604", "chunk_text": "\"Bibiana Boerio\"\nHill University from 2013 to 2014. On September 19, 2012, Boerio was nominated by President Barack Obama to become director of the United States Mint, however Congress never acted to confirm her appointment. She announced a congressional run in March 2018 for Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district. On May 15, 2018, she won the Democratic primary and became the party's nominee. In the November 2018 general election, Boerio was defeated by Republican Guy Reschenthaler. Boerio won 42.1% of the vote to Reschenthaler's 57.9% Bibiana Boerio Bibiana Boerio (born 17 March 1954) is an American businesswoman. She has served as the managing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12125275", "chunk_text": "\"Philip N. Diehl\"\nPhilip N. Diehl Philip Noel Diehl (born June 11, 1951) is the 35th Director of the United States Mint. He is currently president of U.S. Money Reserve, a published analyst of gold markets, chairman of the board of the Standish Foundation for Children, and a member of the boards of the Industry Council for Tangible Assets, the Coalition for Equitable Regulation and Taxation, and the Gold and Silver Political Action Committee. Diehl was born in Dallas, Texas to Will A Diehl, a decorated World War II pilot who flew The Hump, and the former Wandah Marguerite Findley. He is married", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15200537", "chunk_text": "\"United States Mint\"\nMint was made an independent agency in 1799. It converted precious metals into standard coin for anyone's account with no seigniorage charge beyond the refining costs. Under the Coinage Act of 1873, the Mint became part of the Department of the Treasury. It was placed under the auspices of the Treasurer of the United States in 1981. Legal tender coins of today are minted solely for the Treasury's account. The first Director of the United States Mint was renowned scientist David Rittenhouse from 1792 to 1795. The position was held most recently by Edmund C. Moy until his resignation effective", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5817417", "chunk_text": "\"Eva Adams\"\nEva Adams Eva Bertrand Adams (September 10, 1908 – August 23, 1991) was the Director of the United States Mint from 1961 to 1969. Eva Adams was born in Wonder, Nevada on September 10, 1908, the daughter of Verner Laur Adams and his wife Cora (Varble) Adams. Her father worked for mining magnate George Wingfield, and was responsible for setting up hotels, commissaries, and bars in Wingfield's mining camps. As such, the family moved around from camp to camp for several years before Adams' mother insisted the family settle down and they settled in Reno, Nevada. Adams graduated from Reno", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12692848", "chunk_text": "\"Royal Canadian Mint\"\n\"\"in anticipation of profit\"\" (i.e., to function in a commercial manner without relying on taxpayer support to fund its operations). Like private-sector companies, the Mint has a board of directors consisting of a chair, the president and CEO of the Mint, and eight other directors. Traditionally, the President of the Royal Canadian Mint is known as the Master of the Mint. The president is Jennifer Camelon, who was appointed to the position in 2018. The Board of Directors, through the Chair, is accountable to the Minister of Finance. The Minister serves as the link between the Mint, Cabinet and Parliament.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19169390", "chunk_text": "\"Eva Adams\"\n1969. Upon retiring from government service in 1969, Adams worked for Mutual of Omaha for a while, before returning home to Reno. Adams died in Reno on August 23, 1991. Eva Adams Eva Bertrand Adams (September 10, 1908 – August 23, 1991) was the Director of the United States Mint from 1961 to 1969. Eva Adams was born in Wonder, Nevada on September 10, 1908, the daughter of Verner Laur Adams and his wife Cora (Varble) Adams. Her father worked for mining magnate George Wingfield, and was responsible for setting up hotels, commissaries, and bars in Wingfield's mining camps. As", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18533975", "chunk_text": "\"Jennifer Camelon\"\nJennifer Camelon Jennifer Camelon is the current Master of the Royal Canadian Mint (President and CEO), taking on the position on July 2, 2018, following the resignation of Sandra Hanington. She is the fifth woman to serve in this capacity, following Ruth Hubbard, Danielle Wetherup, Marguerite Nadeau and Hanington. Camelon obtained a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. In addition, she is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) (CA). Prior to her appointment as Master of the Mint, she served as the firm’s Chief Financial Officer and Vice-President of Finance and Administration, appointed to the role in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18533976", "chunk_text": "\"Jennifer Camelon\"\nJanuary 2015. Before joining the firm, Camelon was the Chief Financial Officer for QNX Software Systems, a subsidiary of the BlackBerry enterprise. Jennifer Camelon Jennifer Camelon is the current Master of the Royal Canadian Mint (President and CEO), taking on the position on July 2, 2018, following the resignation of Sandra Hanington. She is the fifth woman to serve in this capacity, following Ruth Hubbard, Danielle Wetherup, Marguerite Nadeau and Hanington. Camelon obtained a Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) from Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. In addition, she is a Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA) (CA). Prior to her appointment as Master", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3306893", "chunk_text": "\"Chief Engraver of the United States Mint\"\nChief Engraver of the United States Mint The Chief Engraver of the United States Mint is the highest staff member at the United States Mint. The Chief Engraver is the person in charge of coin design and engraving of dies at all four United States Mints: Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco and West Point. The position was created by Congress with the Coinage Act of 1792, and placed within the Department of Treasury that produces circulating coinage for the United States. In 1990 after the resignation of Elizabeth Jones, the post of Chief Engraver was left vacant, and in 1996, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19585881", "chunk_text": "\"Adam Szubin\"\nAdam Szubin Adam Jacob Szubin () served as the Acting Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence and the Acting Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. He served as the acting secretary from January to February 2017 after the resignation of Treasury Secretary Jack Lew and Deputy Treasury Secretary Sarah Bloom Raskin during the 2017 presidential transition. He previously served as the Director of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). He is currently a Distinguished Practitioner-in-Residence at the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) of the Johns Hopkins University. Szubin is from an Orthodox", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10787593", "chunk_text": "\"United States Department of the Treasury\"\nten-dollar bill, while the Treasury Department building is depicted on the reverse. The current Secretary of the Treasury is Steven Mnuchin, who was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 13, 2017. Jovita Carranza, appointed on April 28, 2017, is the incumbent treasurer. The history of the Department of the Treasury began in the turmoil of the American Revolution, when the Continental Congress at Philadelphia deliberated the crucial issue of financing a war of independence against Great Britain. The Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes, nor was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5100848", "chunk_text": "\"James P. Kimball\"\nRussell, named after a Revolutionary era ancestor, Edith, and Farley. Kimball died in Cody, Wyoming October 23, 1913. James P. Kimball James Putnam Kimball (April 26, 1836 – October 23, 1913) was a United States metallurgist and geologist who was Director of the United States Mint from 1885 to 1889. James P. Kimball was born in Salem, Massachusetts on April 26, 1836. In 1854, he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University; after a year he traveled to Berlin to study at the \"\"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität\"\"; he then transferred to the \"\"Georg-August-Universität\"\" in Göttingen, receiving a Ph.D. in 1857. He then", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18373869", "chunk_text": "\"Justin Muzinich\"\nJustin Muzinich Justin George Muzinich (born November 5, 1977) is an American businessman and government official currently serving as the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, in office since December 2018. Muzinich previously served as the Counselor to the Secretary at the United States Department of the Treasury. Muzinich was born to parents Camille Muzinich, a docent for the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and George M. Muzinich, who served as president of Muzinich & Company, a New York investment firm. After attending Groton School, Muzinich entered Harvard College where he graduated with a Bachelor of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5008103", "chunk_text": "\"Jerome Powell\"\nJerome Powell Jerome Hayden \"\"Jay\"\" Powell (born February 4, 1953) is the 16th and current Chair of the Federal Reserve, serving in that office since February 2018. He was nominated to the Fed Chair position by President Donald Trump, and confirmed by the United States Senate. Powell earned a degree in politics from Princeton University in 1975 and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1979. He moved to investment banking in 1984, and has since worked for several financial institutions. He briefly served as Under Secretary of the Treasury for Domestic Finance under President George H. W.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15187900", "chunk_text": "\"Edmund C. Moy\"\nfor presidential appointments in the general areas of human, natural and cultural resources. In 2003, he served on the transition team for the newly created Department of Homeland Security. On June 29, 2006, President Bush nominated Moy to serve as the 38th Director of the United States Mint. He was sworn in on September 5 of the same year. Moy earned the Alexander Hamilton Medal for public service, awarded by then-Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson, Jr. Moy announced his resignation as Director of the United States Mint on December 20, 2010, effective January 9, 2011. After leaving the United States", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18373871", "chunk_text": "\"Justin Muzinich\"\nTrump announced his intention to nominate Muzinich as the new United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, succeeding Sigal Mandelker. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on a 55-44 vote. Muzinich married Eloise Davis Austin in 2008. He is a member of the board of trustees of NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. Justin Muzinich Justin George Muzinich (born November 5, 1977) is an American businessman and government official currently serving as the United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, in office since December 2018. Muzinich previously served as the Counselor to the Secretary at the United States Department of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16121244", "chunk_text": "\"Steven Mnuchin\"\nSteven Mnuchin Steven Terner Mnuchin ( ; born December 21, 1962) is an American former investment banker who is serving as the 77th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury as part of the Cabinet of Donald Trump. Previously, Mnuchin had been a hedge fund manager. After he graduated from Yale University in 1985, Mnuchin worked for investment bank Goldman Sachs for 17 years, eventually becoming its Chief Information Officer. After he left Goldman Sachs in 2002, he worked for and founded several hedge funds. Mnuchin was a member of Sears’s board of directors from 2005 until December 2016,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19169456", "chunk_text": "\"William H. Brett\"\nWilliam H. Brett William Howard Brett (December 31, 1893 – April 10, 1989) was Director of the United States Mint from 1954 to 1961. William H. Brett, the son of William Howard Brett, was a native of Cleveland. He served in the United States Army during World War I and was educated at Dartmouth College. After college, he returned to Ohio and went into business. In 1954, President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower nominated Brett to be Director of the United States Mint, and Brett held this post from July 1954 to January 1961. He was a contestant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17847665", "chunk_text": "\"Mary Margaret O'Reilly\"\nMary Margaret O'Reilly Mary Margaret O'Reilly (October 14, 1865 – December 6, 1949) was an American civil servant who served as the Assistant Director of the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1924 until 1938. One of the United States government's highest-ranking female employees of her time, she worked at the Mint for 34 years, during which she often served as acting director during the Mint Director's absence. O'Reilly was born in Springfield, Massachusetts to an Irish immigrant family. Growing up in that state, she left school around the age of 14 to help support both her widowed mother", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10784248", "chunk_text": "\"Raymond T. Baker\"\na heart attack. He was cremated, and his ashes interred with his family at Mountain View Cemetery, in Oakland, California. Raymond T. Baker Raymond Thomas Baker (1877–1935) was a rich United States businessman who was Director of the United States Mint from 1917 to 1922. Raymond T. Baker was born in Eureka, Nevada in 1877, the son of George Washington Baker, the lead counsel of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and Mary Agnes (Hall) Baker. He was educated at the University of Nevada, Reno, then at Stanford University. After college, Baker became involved in gold mining, being one of the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16855090", "chunk_text": "\"James P. Kimball\"\nJames P. Kimball James Putnam Kimball (April 26, 1836 – October 23, 1913) was a United States metallurgist and geologist who was Director of the United States Mint from 1885 to 1889. James P. Kimball was born in Salem, Massachusetts on April 26, 1836. In 1854, he entered the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University; after a year he traveled to Berlin to study at the \"\"Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität\"\"; he then transferred to the \"\"Georg-August-Universität\"\" in Göttingen, receiving a Ph.D. in 1857. He then enrolled in mining studies at the \"\"Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg\"\" in Freiberg, Saxony. After making a tour of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19585883", "chunk_text": "\"Adam Szubin\"\nnomination but he was never confirmed by the full Senate. Still unconfirmed, President Trump asked him to stay on in his post as Under Secretary. He became the Acting Secretary of the Treasury of the United States on January 20, 2017 after the resignation of Treasury Secretary Jack Lew and Deputy Treasury Secretary Sarah Bloom Raskin. After the confirmation of Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury, Szubin left government service. Adam Szubin Adam Jacob Szubin () served as the Acting Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence and the Acting Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9925326", "chunk_text": "\"Steven Mnuchin\"\norganization Junior Achievement, to which he had donated money, and as a board member of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Steven Mnuchin Steven Terner Mnuchin ( ; born December 21, 1962) is an American former investment banker who is serving as the 77th and current United States Secretary of the Treasury as part of the Cabinet of Donald Trump. Previously, Mnuchin had been a hedge fund manager. After he graduated from Yale University in 1985, Mnuchin worked for investment bank Goldman Sachs for 17 years, eventually becoming its Chief Information Officer. After he left Goldman Sachs in 2002, he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13330333", "chunk_text": "\"Philip N. Diehl\"\nDepartment and was named Chief of Staff to Treasury Secretary Bentsen. After serving as staff director of the Senate Finance Committee and chief of staff of the U.S. Treasury, Diehl was nominated by President Bill Clinton to be Director of the United States Mint. He was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate and served in the position until March 2000. Diehl led a dramatic turnaround of the Mint. By the time he left the agency in March 2000, he had persuaded Congress to exempt the Mint from all procurement regulations and annual appropriations, eliminated nine of ten political patronage", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10321029", "chunk_text": "\"Henrietta H. Fore\"\nfor International Development (USAID), and Director of United States Foreign Assistance, holding the equivalent rank as Deputy Secretary of State. She served on the Boards of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation. Fore received the Distinguished Service Award in 2009, the highest award the United States Secretary of State can bestow. From 2005 to 2007, Fore served as Under Secretary of State for Management, the Chief Operating Officer for the United States Department of State. Fore served as the 37th Director of the United States Mint in the U.S. Department of Treasury from 2001 to 2005", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5356228", "chunk_text": "\"J. Christopher Giancarlo\"\nJ. Christopher Giancarlo J. Christopher Giancarlo (born May 12, 1959) is an American attorney and former business executive who currently serves as chairman of the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC). Giancarlo was sworn in as a CFTC commissioner on June 16, 2014 for a term expiring on April 13, 2019. Starting on January 20, 2017, with President Donald Trump's inauguration, Giancarlo began serving as acting chair of the CFTC. In March 2017, the president nominated Giancarlo to be full-time chair of the commission. Giancarlo was confirmed as chairman of the commission by the United States Senate on August", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2455858", "chunk_text": "\"Vincent Viola\"\nin New York City. In 2013, their Upper East Side townhouse was listed for sale at $114 million. Viola and Teresa are both involved in horseracing as the owners of St. Elias Stable and Teresa Viola Racing respectively. They are co-owners of Kentucky Derby winner Always Dreaming. Vincent Viola Vincent \"\"Vinnie\"\" Viola (born 1956) is an American billionaire businessman, philanthropist , and U.S. Army veteran. He was for several weeks President Donald Trump's nominee for United States Secretary of the Army, before withdrawing from consideration. He is the former chairman of the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), and the founder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19945440", "chunk_text": "\"Timothy Geithner\"\nTimothy Geithner Timothy Franz \"\"Tim\"\" Geithner (; born August 18, 1961) is a former American central banker who served as the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Barack Obama, from 2009 to 2013. He was the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2003 to 2009, following service in the Clinton administration. Since March 2014, he has served as president and managing director of Warburg Pincus, a private equity firm headquartered in New York City. As President of the New York Fed and Secretary of the Treasury, Geithner had a key role in government", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2888133", "chunk_text": "\"Larry R. Felix\"\nLarry R. Felix Larry R. Felix (born 1958) was the Director of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) within the United States Department of the Treasury from 2006 to 2015. Felix was born in Port of Spain and grew up in New York City. He holds degrees from the New York City College of Technology and the City College at the City University of New York. He did doctoral work in Political Economy at Columbia University. Felix began his career at the BEP in 1993. He progressed through several positions at the BEP including Chief of the Office of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16376199", "chunk_text": "\"Robert E. Preston\"\nUnited States Mint, encouraged Preston to join the Mint Bureau. Preston served as Computer of Bullion, Assay Clerk, Adjuster of Accounts, and Mint Examiner. At several times, he served as Acting Director of the United States Mint in the absence of Linderman and his successors, Horatio C. Burchard and James P. Kimball. In 1893, President of the United States Grover Cleveland named Preston Director of the United States Mint. Preston's appointment was strictly on the basis of merit; with the free silver question raging, Cleveland wanted to appoint a nonpartisan as Mint Director. Preston held office from November 1893 until", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10132230", "chunk_text": "\"Stella Hackel Sims\"\nAnthony dollar in 1979. During her time at the Mint, after her first husband died she married Dr. Arthur I. Sims and became known as Stella Hackel Sims. Dr. Sims died in 2006. Hackel Sims retired in 1988, settling in Arlington, Virginia and Naples, Florida. Stella Hackel Sims Stella Bloomberg Hackel Sims (born December 27, 1926) was Director of the United States Mint from 1977 to 1981. Stella Bloomberg was born in 1926 in Burlington, Vermont. She was educated at the University of Vermont, graduating in 1945, and at the Boston University School of Law, receiving her J.D. in 1948.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10784037", "chunk_text": "\"Frank Edgar Scobey\"\nto found the Scobey Fireproof Storage Co. When Harding became President of the United States in the 1920 U.S. presidential election, he appointed Scobey Director of the United States Mint. He held that office from March 1922 until September 1923. Scobey died in San Antonio in 1931. Frank Edgar Scobey Frank Edgar \"\"Ed\"\" Scobey (1866–1931) was Director of the United States Mint from 1922 to 1923. Frank Edgar Scobey was born in Miami County, Ohio on February 27, 1866, the son of William Scobey and Martha J. (Vandeveer) Scobey. He attended public schools in Troy, Ohio. After school, Scobey secured", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10357219", "chunk_text": "\"United States Mint Police\"\nUnited States Mint Police The United States Mint Police (USMP) is a U.S. federal law enforcement agency responsible for the protection of the U.S. Treasury and the U.S. Mint. The United States Mint Police was founded in 1792; it is one of the oldest federal law enforcement agencies in the United States. The Mint Police is responsible for protecting over $300 billion in Treasury and other government assets stored in U.S. Mint facilities in Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Denver, San Francisco, Fort Knox, and West Point. The Mint Police also safeguards over 2,800 U.S. Mint employees. In addition, the United States", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10224507", "chunk_text": "\"Thomas M. Pettit\"\nUnited States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. President of the United States Martin Van Buren later appointed him to the Board of Visitors of the United States Military Academy. In 1853, President Franklin Pierce appointed Pettit Director of the United States Mint. Pettit, however, died after only a few weeks in office. Thomas M. Pettit Thomas McKean Pettit (December 26, 1797 – May 30, 1853) was a United States lawyer, politician, and judge who was briefly Director of the United States Mint in 1853 before his death in office. Thomas M. Pettit was born in Philadelphia on December", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3306894", "chunk_text": "\"Chief Engraver of the United States Mint\"\nPublic Law 104-208, was abolished by Congress. On February 3, 2009, Mint Director Edmund C. Moy, appointed John Mercanti to the position of Chief Engraver, with duties and prerogatives determined by the Mints Office of Public Affairs. The appointment was not a restoration of the original congressionally approved office, but a temporary promotion, renewable annually for one officeholder for no more than five years. Since Mercanti's retirement in 2010 and as of 2017, no other person has been so promoted. Chief Engraver of the United States Mint The Chief Engraver of the United States Mint is the highest staff member", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13809757", "chunk_text": "\"United States Patent and Trademark Office\"\nin Alexandria, Virginia, after a 2005 move from the Crystal City area of neighboring Arlington, Virginia. The offices under Patents and the Chief Information Officer that remained just outside the southern end of Crystal City completed moving to Randolph Square, a brand-new building in Shirlington Village, on April 27, 2009. The current Under Secretary of Commerce for Intellectual Property and Director of the USPTO is Andrei Iancu. He began his role as Director on February 8, 2018. Iancu was nominated by President Trump last August, and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Prior to joining the USPTO, he was the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19212490", "chunk_text": "\"George E. Roberts\"\nGeorge E. Roberts George Evan Roberts (August 19, 1857 – June 6, 1948) was Director of the United States Mint from 1898 to 1907, and again from 1910 to 1914. George E. Roberts was born in Colesburg, Iowa on August 19, 1857, the son of David and Mary (Harvey) Roberts. He was raised in Dubuque County, Iowa, Manchester, Iowa, and Fort Dodge, Iowa. At age, Roberts began a career in the newspaper industry by working as a printer's apprentice at the Fort Dodge \"\"Times\"\", and later the Fort Dodge \"\"Messenger\"\". He was briefly city editor of the \"\"Sioux City Journal\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20207923", "chunk_text": "\"Mick Mulvaney\"\nCatholic. Mick Mulvaney's brother Ted Mulvaney (Theodore) is portfolio manager for Braeburn Capital, the investment arm of tech giant Apple Inc. Mick Mulvaney John Michael Mulvaney (; born July 21, 1967) is an American politician of the Republican Party who is serving in President Donald Trump's cabinet as Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). He will serve as Trump's acting White House Chief of Staff, beginning in 2019. Mulvaney also served as the acting Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) from November 2017 to December 2018. Mulvaney served in the South Carolina General Assembly from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12394755", "chunk_text": "\"Raymond T. Baker\"\nRaymond T. Baker Raymond Thomas Baker (1877–1935) was a rich United States businessman who was Director of the United States Mint from 1917 to 1922. Raymond T. Baker was born in Eureka, Nevada in 1877, the son of George Washington Baker, the lead counsel of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and Mary Agnes (Hall) Baker. He was educated at the University of Nevada, Reno, then at Stanford University. After college, Baker became involved in gold mining, being one of the first investors active in Rawhide, Nevada. He became a rich man when he sold his claims. He then moved east and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7294191", "chunk_text": "\"William C. Dudley\"\ncan't eat an iPad\"\". When asked about the drop in the stock market on February 8, 2018, Dudley said, \"\"So far, I'd say this is small potatoes.\"\" William C. Dudley William C. Dudley (born 1953) is an American economist who served as the president of Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 2009-2018 and as vice-chairman of the Federal Open Market Committee. He was appointed to the position on January 27, 2009, following the confirmation of his predecessor, Timothy F. Geithner, as United States Secretary of the Treasury. Dudley went to the Williston Northampton School in Easthampton, Massachusetts. Subsequently, Dudley", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4424128", "chunk_text": "\"Barry Goldwater Jr.\"\nof governmental powers. Goldwater maintains his contact with Republican and Democratic leaders, as well as celebrity activists, while he continues to champion the conservative political movement started by his father. He is a member of the American Numismatic Association and is currently director of the National Collector's Mint. Goldwater has won several awards including the Achievement Award from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, an award from the President’s Commission on Employment of the Handicapped, the Distinguished Service Award of the A.C.A., and the Conscience of the Congress Award of the American Conservative Union. Barry Goldwater Jr. Barry", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "930626", "chunk_text": "\"Barber coinage\"\nanother British-born engraver hired by the Mint. In early December 1879, Treasury Secretary John Sherman, Mint Director Horatio Burchard, and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent A. Loudon Snowden met to determine the issue. They decided to recommend the appointment of Barber, who was subsequently nominated by President Rutherford B. Hayes and in February 1880, was confirmed by the Senate. Barber would serve nine presidents in the position, remaining until his death in 1917, when Morgan would succeed him. Coinage redesign was being considered during Barber's early years as chief engraver. Superintendent Snowden believed that the base-metal coins then being struck (the one-,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_19	who was named african footballer of the year 2014?	n/a	[ "Yaya Touré" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20261145", "chunk_text": "\"Ghana Player of the Year\"\nleading global digital media player corporate group in the world, acquired for $30,000,000 (GH₵70.3 million and CN¥183.4 million) and is published by the Ghana Football Association (GFA). Eligible are all Ghanaian professional association footballers. The award has been presented on 21 occasions as of 2013. Three-time African Footballer of the Year, Abedi Pele was the fourth Player of the Year; and the most successful player is Samuel Kuffour, who was chosen as Ghana Player of the Year three times and he was the sixth, seventh and ninth to receive this award; followed by the joint second most successful player Stephen", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4864667", "chunk_text": "\"African Footballer of the Year\"\nAfrican Footballer of the Year The African Footballer of the Year award, presented to the best African footballer each year, has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) since 1992. An earlier \"\"African Footballer of the Year\"\" Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by \"\"France Football\"\" magazine. The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball awards given out to Abedi Pele and George Weah in 1993 and 1994 by the magazine although the CAF sponsored awards for those years were won respectively by Rashidi Yekini and Emmanuel Amuneke, as well as two awards given to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10722433", "chunk_text": "\"BBC African Footballer of the Year\"\nBBC African Footballer of the Year The BBC African Footballer of the Year (previously known as the BBC African Sports Star of the Year and the BBC African Sports Personality of the Year) is an annual award given to the best African footballer of the year as voted by the BBC radio listeners. Voting is done via SMS and online. Initially a sports award, the inaugural winner was Ghana's Abedi Pele in 1992. The only non-footballers to win the award was track and field athlete Frankie Fredericks in 1993, and long-distance track and road running athlete Haile Gebrselassie in 1998.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10722434", "chunk_text": "\"BBC African Footballer of the Year\"\nThe Zambia national football team were posthumous winners of the award in 1994, following the plane crash in the Atlantic Ocean a year previous. The award became centred around football from 2001 onwards, Cameroon's Patrick M'Boma was the last person to win it as a sports award. Nigeria's Nwankwo Kanu and Jay-Jay Okocha, as well as the Ivory Coast's Yaya Touré and Egypt's Mohamed Salah are the only players to win the award more than once, with two wins. BBC African Footballer of the Year The BBC African Footballer of the Year (previously known as the BBC African Sports Star", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5509838", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nhe became the all-time top scorer of Egypt in the World Cup Qualifiers with 14 goals. On 5 December 2013, the Confederation of African Football's (CAF) announced its reduced shortlist of ten nominees for the 2013 Player of the Year award. Aboutrika was one of the final ten nominees. The head coaches of the national football associations affiliated to CAF voted to decide the eventual winner of the award. The winner, Yaya Touré, was announced at the Glo-CAF Awards Gala on 9 January in Lagos, Nigeria. He announced his retirement via Twitter on 20 December 2013, after the knock-out from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11913699", "chunk_text": "\"Mbwana Samatta\"\nMbwana Samatta Mbwana Ally Samatta (born 23 December 1992), known as Mbwana Samatta, is a Tanzanian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Belgian side Genk and captain for the Tanzania national football team. Samatta was a key figure as TP Mazembe won the 2015 CAF Champions League, scoring seven goals in the process and finishing as the competition's top scorer. In January 2016, he became the first player from East Africa to be crowned the CAF African Player of the Year based on the continent. During the Glo-CAF Award gala which took place on 7 January 2016 at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15289587", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\n2006 CAF African Footballer of the Year award along with Chelsea striker Didier Drogba and FC Barcelona forward Samuel Eto'o. The other nominees for the honour were Ghana international midfielder Michael Essien, who plays for Italian Giants AC Milan, and Nigeria's Nwankwo Kanu, who has twice grabbed the award. Aboutrika said in November 2006: \"\"I would love to be nominated for the CAF Best Player award. That would make 2006 a very special year!\"\". Aboutrika was the only African based player between nominees, but he is also the only one who made an achievement for his national team this year", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18553322", "chunk_text": "\"Yaya Touré\"\nwas fined £54,000 – at the time the largest fine for drink driving in British legal history. Touré was nominated in the Personality of the Year category at the 2014 MTV Africa Music Awards. In July 2014, Touré was nominated for Prize in Entertainment at the 2014 The Future Africa Awards. In December 2015, Touré won the BBC African Footballer of the Year on a public vote for the second time, after leading the Ivory Coast to victory in the 2015 African Cup of Nations. Olympiacos Barcelona Manchester City Ivory Coast Individual Yaya Touré Gnégnéri Yaya Touré (born 13 May", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4864668", "chunk_text": "\"African Footballer of the Year\"\nAbedi Pelé in 1992. \"\"France Football\"\" discontinued the election from 1995 after the European Ballon d'Or – also awarded by the magazine – had been opened to all players in the European leagues. On 2 February 2008, Sevilla's Frédéric Kanouté was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year. Kanouté, who was born in France, is the first European-born player to win the award (he plays for his father's native country of Mali). The award by \"\"France Football\"\" magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994. The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15289575", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nMohamed Aboutrika Mohamed Aboutrika (; born 7 November 1978) (Known as El Magico, Amir El Qolob \"\"Prince of hearts\"\", also Arab's Zidane) is a retired Egyptian professional footballer who played as a second striker and an attacking midfielder for the Egyptian club El Ahly and Egypt national team; he also played for Tersana, as well as Baniyas. He is often considered the best midfielder in the Egyptian history & is widely regarded as one of the greatest African footballers of all time. Aboutrika has the record of most Africa Best Player of the Year (4 times, in 2006, 2008, 2012,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7759844", "chunk_text": "\"Hosny Abd Rabo\"\nthe golden ball of the tournament as he scored 4 Goals, made two assists, winning Man of the Match twice, excelled in defending and attacking and controlling the rhythm of the play, as a leader for his team qualified him to pick up The Player of the Tournament award ahead of Ivorian Didier Drogba of Chelsea FC and Ghanaian Michael Essien of Chelsea FC and Cameronian Samuel Eto of Barcelona FC and Ivorian Kieta and Malian Diara of Real Madrid. Hosny Abd Rabo Hosny Abd Rabo Abdel Mottaleb Ibrahim (; born 1 November 1984) is an Egyptian professional footballer, who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1716977", "chunk_text": "\"CAF Team of the Year\"\nCAF Team of the Year The CAF Team of the Year is an annual football award given by the Confederation of African Football during the CAF Awards. In 2007, the CAF did not choose the team of the year, but rather chose the best ten players of the last 50 years. The ten players were Mahmoud El Khatib and Hossam Hassan from Egypt, Roger Milla and Samuel Eto'o from Cameroon, Abedi Pele from Ghana, Kalusha Bwalya from Zambia, George Weah from Liberia, Rabah Madjer from Algeria, Didier Drogba from Ivory Coast, and Nwankwo Kanu from Nigeria. Source: Source: Source: Source:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "934431", "chunk_text": "\"Asisat Oshoala\"\nmidfielder. She was nicknamed \"\"Seedorf\"\" after male footballer Clarence Seedorf and has also been referred to as \"\"Superzee\"\" by her teammates. She was named best player and with seven goals was also the top goal scorer at the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. She was also named best player and second top goalscorer with the Super Falcons team who won the 2014 African Women's Championship. She also won the BBC Women's Footballer of the Year 2015. In September 2014 Oshoala was made a Member of the Order of the Niger by President of Nigeria Goodluck Jonathan. On 8 June", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15289576", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nand 2013). The award is given by CAF for the players based in Africa. He also came second in the African Footballer of the Year award in 2008 after Emmanuel Adebayor, and was one of five nominees for the 2006 award, and one of the ten nominated for the 2013 award. Aboutrika won the African Cup of Nations in 2006 with the Egyptian national team. He also scored the winning goal to help Egypt win the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. He helped his club Al-Ahly to win the bronze medal in the FIFA Club World Cup in 2006. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494227", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel Eto'o\"\nSamuel Eto'o Samuel Eto'o Fils (; born 10 March 1981) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Qatar SC. In his prime, Eto'o was regarded by pundits as one of the best strikers in the world, and he is regarded as one of the greatest African players of all time, winning the African Player of the Year a record four times: in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2010. A precocious talent, Eto'o moved to Real Madrid as a 16 year old. Due to competition in his position with more experienced players, he had several loan spells, before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4864669", "chunk_text": "\"African Footballer of the Year\"\nof the Year (\"\"Ballon d'Or\"\") was opened to players of non-European nationality, the award being given to George Weah that year. It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992. African Footballer of the Year The African Footballer of the Year award, presented to the best African footballer each year, has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) since 1992. An earlier \"\"African Footballer of the Year\"\" Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by \"\"France Football\"\" magazine. The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10483374", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nA draw sealed first place in Group A for Al-Ahly with 12 points from six matches while Dynamos of Zimbabwe joined them in the semi-finals of the 3.5-million-dollar competition. Aboutrika was crowned the 2008 BBC African Footballer of the Year. He won after taking more than half of the total ballot. Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Emmanuel Adebayor (Arsenal, Togo), Amr Zaki (Wigan Athletic, Egypt), Didier Drogba (Chelsea F.C., Côte d'Ivoire) and Michael Essien (Chelsea F.C., Ghana) make up the shortlist for the Glo-CAF African Footballer of the Year across the world. The Confederation of African Football (CAF) on Wednesday in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10483375", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nLagos, Nigeria, announced the final shortlist of categories for the Glo-CAF Awards 2008. The final three for the title was decided following votes from the head coaches of the 53 national associations affiliated to CAF. For the topmost honour, Glo-CAF Player of the Year across the world, the contenders are Emmanuel Adebayor (Arsenal and Togo), Michael Essien (Chelsea and Ghana) and Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly and Egypt). The shortlist for the Glo-CAF Best Player on the Continent are Mohamed Aboutrika (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Ahmed Hassan (Al-Ahly, Egypt), Flavio Amado (Al-Ahly, Angola). The winner of the two categories will be announced at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2463805", "chunk_text": "\"Abedi Pele\"\nSola Ayew (ex-Hearts of Oak and Black Meteors). He is also the father of André, Jordan, Rahim, Imani, and is married to Maha. Two of his children - Andre and Rahim - represented Ghana in the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa. Jordan and Andre represented Ghana in the FIFA 2014 World Cup in Brazil. Abedi Pele Abedi Ayew ( ; born 5 November 1964), known professionally as Abedi Pele, is a Ghanaian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and who served as captain of the Ghana national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6124266", "chunk_text": "\"Abedi Pele\"\nis arguably Africa's most decorated and honoured football player ever, winning the \"\"France Football\"\" African Player of the Year Award three times, was the inaugural winner of the BBC African Sports Star of the Year in 1992, and the corresponding Confederation of African Football award twice. He was also awarded the golden ball award for being the best player at the 1992 African Cup of Nations, and was the \"\"man of the match\"\" in Marseille's historic UEFA Champions League final win over Milan in 1993. Abedi Pele played for Ghana 73 times and is considered the greatest football player in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12556128", "chunk_text": "\"John Obi Mikel\"\nstruggling to recover from a knee problem after undergoing surgery in May, though there were also reports that an ankle injury was to blame for Mikel's withdrawal. At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Mikel was a key player for Nigeria as they went on to win their third continental title. He was named by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in the team of the tournament alongside teammates Vincent Enyeama, Efe Ambrose, Victor Moses and Emmanuel Emenike. Mikel made his FIFA World Cup debut during the 2014 tournament in Brazil, earning a man of the match award in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1295946", "chunk_text": "\"Mouhcine Iajour\"\nMouhcine Iajour Mouhcine Iajour (born 14 June 1986) is a Moroccan football striker who currently plays for Raja de Casablanca and the Moroccan national team. In 2013, Iajour became the first African footballer to be FIFA Club World Cup's top scorer and Bronze Ball, advancing with Raja Casablanca into the final played against European champions Bayern Munich. Previously, only Congolese Dioko Kaluyituka won the Silver Ball in 2010. Iajour began his career at his hometown club Raja Casablanca, in 2003. After staying there for four years, he moved to FC Chiasso. He returned to Raja Casablanca in 2012. After a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1716978", "chunk_text": "\"CAF Team of the Year\"\nSource: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: Source: CAF Team of the Year The CAF Team of the Year is an annual football award given by the Confederation of African Football during the CAF Awards. In 2007, the CAF did not choose the team of the year, but rather chose the best ten players of the last 50 years. The ten players were Mahmoud El Khatib and Hossam Hassan from Egypt, Roger Milla and Samuel Eto'o from Cameroon, Abedi Pele from Ghana, Kalusha Bwalya from Zambia, George Weah from Liberia, Rabah Madjer from Algeria, Didier Drogba from Ivory Coast, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11414646", "chunk_text": "\"2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or\"\n2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2014 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fifth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Zürich on 12 January 2015. Real Madrid and Portugal forward Cristiano Ronaldo won the FIFA Ballon d'Or as the World Player of the Year for a second consecutive time, having won it previously last year.This was his third Ballon d'Or win overall, placing him second to only Lionel Messi for the most wins in the history of the award. Nadine Keßler was named as the Women's World", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9115835", "chunk_text": "\"Abedi Pele\"\nAbedi Pele Abedi Ayew ( ; born 5 November 1964), known professionally as Abedi Pele, is a Ghanaian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder and who served as captain of the Ghana national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest African footballers of all-time. He played for several European clubs and found his fame in the French Ligue 1 with Lille and Marseille, the latter where he won the UEFA Champions League in 1993, among other titles. Three of his sons, Ibrahim, André and Jordan, have also become internationals for Ghana; Ibrahim and André were selected", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7600517", "chunk_text": "\"Essam El-Hadary\"\nto Al-Ittihad Alexandria, but after a stadium riot in Port Said led to the suspension of the 2011–12 Egyptian Premier League season he returned to Sudan again. After his contract there expired, he returned to Egypt, playing for Wadi Degla in 2014, moving back to Ismaily in 2014, and returning again to Wadi Degla in 2015. Throughout this period, he continued to be acclaimed one of the best footballers ever to play for Egypt or anywhere in Africa; in 2013 he was included in Bleacher Report's \"\"\"\"50 Greatest African Players of All Time\"\"\"\" list, ranked number 6. In 2017, an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20261343", "chunk_text": "\"Ghana Player of the Year\"\nthe 2012 and 2013 Ghana Player of the Year and became the joint second most successful professional footballer of Ghana along with Stephen Appiah and followed by Samuel Kuffour, with Kwadwo Asamoah being chosen as Ghana Player of the Year twice consecutively and Kwadwo Asamoah is the twentieth and twenty-first professional footballer of Ghana to receive the award. Ghana Player of the Year Ghana Player of the Year (or Ghanaian Footballer of the Year) is an annual award from Football Association of Ghana in recognition of excellence to the best Ghanaian professional association footballer of the year. The title Ghana", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18886262", "chunk_text": "\"Emmanuel Adebayor\"\nAdebayor was also eligible to play for Nigeria but chose to represent the country of his birth, Togo. Adebayor helped Togo qualify for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations after scoring 11 goals in the qualifiers, more than any other player in the African qualifiers. On 10 February 2009, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) picked Adebayor as the African Footballer of the Year for 2008 at an awards ceremony held in Lagos, Nigeria. Adebayor beat final nominees Mohamed Aboutrika of Egypt and Ghana's Michael Essien in a vote that involved the national team coaches of CAF's 54 member-nations. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19915671", "chunk_text": "\"Stephan El Shaarawy\"\nIn 2012, El Shaarawy signed a sponsorship deal with American sportswear and equipment supplier, Nike. He appeared in an advert for the new Nike Green Speed II alongside Mario Götze, Eden Hazard, Raheem Sterling, Christian Eriksen and Theo Walcott in November 2012. El Shaarawy appears on the Italian cover of \"\"FIFA 14\"\", alongside global cover star Lionel Messi. Stephan El Shaarawy Stephan Kareem El Shaarawy (; born 27 October 1992) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie A club Roma and the Italy national team. He is nicknamed \"\"Il Faraone\"\" (The Pharaoh), as his father", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18846013", "chunk_text": "\"Arsène Wenger\"\nLiberian George Weah, who later became the first African to be named FIFA World Player of the Year. Weah, while receiving his award from FIFA president João Havelange and vice-president Lennart Johansson invited Wenger up to the stage, spontaneously giving his medal to the manager, as a token of his appreciation. During his final years at Monaco, Wenger worked with Roger Mendy, a Senegalese defender regarded in 1991 as one of the ten best African footballers by \"\"France Football\"\", and Nigerian Victor Ikpeba, a forward who earnt the accolade of African Player of the Year. Wenger also fast-tracked young players", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3465974", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel Eto'o\"\nwin 1–0 with an Eto'o goal in the 39th minute. Eto'o was crowned paramount chief in Kaffu Bullom, a chiefdom in Sierra Leone in November 2015. He was visiting Sierra Leone as part of the FIFA “11 for Health and 11 against Ebola” programme in the country. Samuel Eto'o Samuel Eto'o Fils (; born 10 March 1981) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Qatar SC. In his prime, Eto'o was regarded by pundits as one of the best strikers in the world, and he is regarded as one of the greatest African players of all", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17225789", "chunk_text": "\"Didier Zokora\"\nwin the title. Zokora did in fact retire from international football on 28 February 2012, following the end of the tournament, but \"\"Les Elephants\"\" went down in an 8–7 penalty shoot-out loss to Zambia in the Africa Cup of Nations final. Despite earlier announcing his retirement, on 1 June 2014 Zokora was included by manager Sabri Lamouchi in the Ivory Coast's 23-man squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil. On 8 September 2014, Zokora announced his second retirement from the national team. Didier Zokora Déguy Alain Didier Zokora (born 14 December 1980), commonly known as Didier Zokora, is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8240772", "chunk_text": "\"2014–15 Al Ain FC season\"\ncompetitions behind Ahmed Abdullah with 180. On 25 July, Al Ain won Al Ain International Championship in their sixth pre-season match after a draw with Al Nassr 1–1, with Al Ain only goal coming from Kembo Ekoko in the 72nd minute. Ahmed Barman named man of the match. Kembo Ekoko was top scorer of the Championship for scoring three goals. After the match Al Ain honored Asamoah Gyan as the top African goalscorer in the World Cup. He also ranked 35 on Goal 50 best footballers of the 2013–14 season, ahead of Paul Pogba and Robin van Persie. On 30", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14551518", "chunk_text": "\"Portia Boakye\"\nscored the winning goal. She also scored the winning goal in the 2015 All-Africa Games final, with three minutes until the end of the 90 minutes regulation time, to win Ghana's first ever gold in the competition. In December 2015 she was nominated for African Women's Footballer of the Year, with Paris Saint-Germain defender Ngozi Ebere, Gabrielle Onguene, Gaelle Enganamouit. She lost this award to Gaelle Enganamouit of FC Rosengard. In June 2016, she was Voted by the Sport Writers Association of Ghana as the best female footballer of the year Portia Boakye Portia Boakye (born 17 April 1989) is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3796790", "chunk_text": "\"Didier Drogba\"\nDidier Drogba Didier Yves Drogba Tébily (; born 11 March 1978) is an Ivorian retired professional footballer who played as a striker. He is the all-time top scorer and former captain of the Ivory Coast national team. He is best known for his career at Chelsea, for whom he has scored more goals than any other foreign player and is currently the club's fourth highest goal scorer of all time. He was named African Footballer of the Year twice, winning the accolade in 2006 and 2009. After playing in youth teams, Drogba made his professional debut aged 18 for Ligue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17746081", "chunk_text": "\"Choc des Olympiques\"\nis held by Sonny Anderson who also attained six goals. He is followed by Sidney Govou and Juninho Pernambucano, who both scored five. \"\"As of 18 March 2017\"\" Due to the club's ongoing rivalry, few players have played for both Lyon and Marseille. Notable players include the Ghanaian Abedi Pele, who won the African Footballer of the Year award, defender Manuel Amoros, and goalkeeper Pascal Olmeta. All three players had been part of the Marseille dynasty that won five straight French league titles and the European Cup in 1993. Amoros is the only player in the rivalry's history to transfer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7893917", "chunk_text": "\"Abdelmoumene Djabou\"\nAbdelmoumene Djabou Abdelmoumene Djabou (born 31 January 1987) is an Algerian footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for ES Sétif. An Algerian international since 2010, Djabou was a member of the Algerian teams at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea. As of March 2015, he has won 12 international caps and scored 3 goals. Djabou is Algeria's all-time top scorer at the FIFA World Cup with two goals, a record he shares with Salah Assad and Islam Slimani. Djabou came through the junior ranks of his hometown club", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3725565", "chunk_text": "\"Christopher Katongo\"\nChristopher Katongo Christopher Katongo (born 31 August 1982) is a Zambian international footballer and plays professionally for Zambia Premier Soccer League club Green Buffaloes F.C. as a striker. He is an Africa Cup of Nations winner and won the BBC's African Footballer of the Year award in 2012, winning just over 40% of the public vote. His win is stated to have inspired a number of young players in Zambia. Born in Mufulira, Katongo played with Butondo West Tigers and Kalulushi Modern Stars before moving to Green Buffaloes in 2001. Whilst at Buffaloes, Katongo twice scored four times in CAF", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5277404", "chunk_text": "\"Africa Cup of Nations\"\nthe number of final tournament participants to 12; the teams were divided into four groups of three, with the top two teams of each group advancing to quarter-finals. Ghanaian midfielder Abedi \"\"Pelé\"\" Ayew, who scored three goals, was named the best player of the tournament after his contributions helped Ghana reach the final; he was, however, suspended for that match and Ghana lost to Côte d'Ivoire in a penalty shootout that saw each side make 11 attempts to determine the winner. Côte d'Ivoire set a record for the competition by holding each of their opponents scoreless in the six matches", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6862905", "chunk_text": "\"Papiss Cissé\"\nPapiss Cissé Papiss Demba Cissé (; born 3 June 1985) is a Senegalese footballer who plays as a striker for Alanyaspor and the Senegal national team. Formerly of SC Freiburg, he once held the record of most goals scored by an African player in a single Bundesliga campaign – 22 in the 2010–11 season. That same season, Cissé won the EFFIFU award for being the most efficient striker in the league. A full international since 2009, Cissé has earned over 30 caps for Senegal and played for the country at the 2012 and 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. Cissé began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7157812", "chunk_text": "\"Jay-Jay Okocha\"\nJay-Jay Okocha Augustine Azuka \"\"Jay-Jay\"\" Okocha ( ; born 14 August 1973) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. A quick and skillful playmaker, who is considered as the best Nigerian and one of the best African players of all time, Okocha was known for his confidence with the ball, technique, creativity, and dribbling skills, as well as his use of feints, in particular the stepover. Due to his skill, he was described as being 'so good that they named him twice' (a line immortalised in a terrace chant while Okocha played for Bolton Wanderers).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6124291", "chunk_text": "\"George Weah\"\nawards: he won the Ballon d'Or, the Onze d'Or, and was named FIFA World Player of the Year, becoming the first and, currently, only native African player, to win these awards; Weah dedicated his FIFA World Player of the Year victory to his former manager, Arsène Wenger, stating that it was thanks to him that he was able to develop into a world class player. That year, Weah also won the African Player of the Year Award for the third time in his career, and was named to the \"\"Onze de Onze\"\" by the French football magazine \"\"Onze Mondial\"\". In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15077977", "chunk_text": "\"2014 FIFA World Cup Group G\"\ntook his World Cup total to 15, equalling the record mark held by Brazil's Ronaldo. He also joined Pelé and Uwe Seeler as the only players to have scored in four World Cups. Gyan became the joint top African scorer in the World Cup (tied with Cameroon's Roger Milla) with five goals, and also the first African player to score in three World Cups. Just as in the 2010 meeting, Jérôme Boateng (Germany) and Kevin-Prince Boateng (Ghana) faced each other, the second time two brothers faced each other in a World Cup game. In the 52nd minute, a man with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3145466", "chunk_text": "\"Vincent Enyeama\"\nVincent Enyeama Vincent Enyeama (born 29 August 1982) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. He was also a member of the Nigerian national team from 2002 until October 2015, serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football. With 101 caps, he is Nigeria's most capped player of all time. During his spell with Enyimba International F.C., he won the CAF Champions League twice, with one noteworthy distinction: He was always substituted before penalty shootouts. \"\"I don't know why I was substituted before penalties, but it worked,\"\" he said in an interview in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2463827", "chunk_text": "\"George Weah\"\nwas named African Player of the Century in 1996, and is usually ranked among the three greatest African strikers ever, alongside Didier Drogba and Samuel Eto'o. In 2013, Italy and Milan legend Franco Baresi named Weah in the greatest XI he has ever played with. The status of Weah in the sport saw him feature in EA Sports' \"\"FIFA\"\" video game series where he was named in the Ultimate Team Legends in \"\"FIFA 14\"\". During his playing career Weah was sponsored by sportswear company Diadora, and he became famous for his red Diadora boots while playing for A.C. Milan. Weah", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13746594", "chunk_text": "\"Ahmed Musa\"\nof Goal.com put him on the list of Top Ten Nigerian International Players of 2010 and was also included in IFFHS list of the best 140 players in the world. On 8 March 2011, Ahmed Musa won the AIT footballer of the year award (national). The ceremony was held at the Presidential Hotel, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The event had in attendance, BBC African Footballer of the Year winner, Ghanaian Asamoah Gyan and the top officials from the Nigerian football federation including the president Aminu Maigari. In April, Venlo's football director Mario Captien said that representatives of Tottenham Hotspur had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13218687", "chunk_text": "\"Francisco Ondo\"\nFrancisco Ondo Franklin Bama Yangoua or Francisco Obama Ondo (born 9 September 1996, 15 May 1996 or 10 November 1996) is a naturalized Equatoguinean professional footballer originally from Cameroon. At this moment, he is playing for AS Vita Club in DR Congo. After winning the Equatoguinean Primera División in 2013, he competed for Akonangui FC at the 2014 CAF Champions League in February 2014. On 4 May 2014, he was called up to the Equatorial Guinea national team for two 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying matches against Mauritania. So far, he was known as Franklin Bama Yangoua, his date", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17914891", "chunk_text": "\"Mike Origi\"\nhis debut for the Ligue 1 side against Troyes on 4 February 2013. He was selected to be part of the Belgium national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil by former player and then manager Marc Wilmots, and became the youngest Belgian player ever to score at a World Cup finals when he scored in the 88th minute of a 1–0 win over Russia to secure a spot in the knock-out stage for the Red Devils. Mike Origi Michael \"\"Mike\"\" Okoth Origi (born 16 November 1967), commonly referred to as Mike Okoth, is a retired Kenyan footballer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12681371", "chunk_text": "\"Mohamed Aboutrika\"\nMuslim Brotherhood, his lawyer told Reuters. Egypt U-23 Mohamed Aboutrika Mohamed Aboutrika (; born 7 November 1978) (Known as El Magico, Amir El Qolob \"\"Prince of hearts\"\", also Arab's Zidane) is a retired Egyptian professional footballer who played as a second striker and an attacking midfielder for the Egyptian club El Ahly and Egypt national team; he also played for Tersana, as well as Baniyas. He is often considered the best midfielder in the Egyptian history & is widely regarded as one of the greatest African footballers of all time. Aboutrika has the record of most Africa Best Player of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693485", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel Eto'o\"\nIn his prime, Eto'o was regarded by pundits as one of the best strikers in the world; he is currently regarded as one of the greatest African players of all time. He is often ranked among the three greatest African strikers, alongside George Weah and Didier Drogba. Despite losing some of his speed with age, he continued to maintain a consistent goalscoring rate as a striker, due to his ability to get into good positions and time his attacking runs, as shown by his goal in a 6–3 loss against Chelsea on 30 August 2014, during his time with Everton.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_20	what is the main mineral in lithium batteries?	n/a	[ "Lithium", "lithium" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13034667", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium battery\"\nLithium battery Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have lithium as an anode. These types of batteries are also referred to as lithium-metal batteries. They stand apart from other batteries in their high charge density (long life) and high cost per unit. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce voltages from (comparable to a zinc–carbon or alkaline battery) to about . Disposable primary lithium batteries must be distinguished from secondary lithium-ion, lithium iron phosphate and lithium-polymer, which are rechargeable batteries. Lithium is especially useful, because its ions can be arranged to move between the anode", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9227962", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nLithium Lithium (from ) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, and is stored in mineral oil. When cut, it exhibits a metallic luster, but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray, then black tarnish. It never occurs freely in nature, but only in (usually ionic) compounds, such as pegmatitic minerals which were once the main source of lithium. Due to its solubility", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17318899", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium as an investment\"\nincreased tendency for costlier components to be targeted for replacement by new technologies. Current projections of the global market for lithium-ion batteries range from $26 billion in 2023 (\"\"Navigant Research\"\") to a very optimistic $33 billion in 2019 (\"\"Transparency Market Research\"\"). Lithium metal is an extremely soft, highly reactive, and flammable element. It is most frequently found in deposits such as spodumene and pegmatite minerals, with larger resources in the U.S., Canada, Australia, China, Zimbabwe, and Russia. Lithium possesses a unique chemical profile making it the lightest metal in the periodic table and the least dense solid element. Its atomic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13034683", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium battery\"\ncontrolled by US Federal regulations. Another manufacturer states that \"\"button\"\" size lithium batteries contain perchlorate, which is regulated as a hazardous waste in California; regulated quantities would not be found in typical consumer use of these cells. Lithium battery Lithium batteries are primary batteries that have lithium as an anode. These types of batteries are also referred to as lithium-metal batteries. They stand apart from other batteries in their high charge density (long life) and high cost per unit. Depending on the design and chemical compounds used, lithium cells can produce voltages from (comparable to a zinc–carbon or alkaline battery)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16256113", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nbatteries which may contain lead or cadmium, they are generally categorized as non-hazardous waste. Li-ion battery elements including iron, copper, nickel and cobalt are considered safe for incinerators and landfills. These metals can be recycled, but mining generally remains cheaper than recycling. At present, not much is invested into recycling Li-ion batteries due to cost, complexity and low yield. The most expensive metal involved in the construction of the cell is cobalt, much of which is mined in Congo. Lithium iron phosphate is cheaper but has other drawbacks. Lithium is less expensive than other metals used, but recycling could prevent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17313331", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iron phosphate\"\nmanganese oxide (), and lithium nickel oxide (). The anodes are generally made of carbon. Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but such material have insufficient purity for use in batteries. With general chemical formula of , adopts the olivine structure. M includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti. The first commercial was C/ and therefore, refer to the whole group of as lithium iron phosphate, . However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used as a battery's cathode material. Olivine compounds such as , , and have the same", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16256082", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nelectrode materials are traditionally constructed from graphite and other carbon materials, although newer silicon based materials are being increasingly used (see Nanowire battery). These materials are used because they are abundant and are electrically conducting and can intercalate lithium ions to store electrical charge with modest volume expansion (ca. 10%). The reason that graphite is the dominant material is because of its low voltage and excellent performance. Various materials have been introduced but their voltage is high leading to a low energy density. Low voltage of material is the key requirement; otherwise, the excess capacity is useless in terms of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095834", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nsolar wind, cosmic rays hitting heavier atoms, and from early solar system Be and Be radioactive decay. While lithium is created in stars during stellar nucleosynthesis, it is further burned. Li can also be generated in carbon stars. Lithium isotopes fractionate substantially during a wide variety of natural processes, including mineral formation (chemical precipitation), metabolism, and ion exchange. Lithium ions substitute for magnesium and iron in octahedral sites in clay minerals, where Li is preferred to Li, resulting in enrichment of the light isotope in processes of hyperfiltration and rock alteration. The exotic Li is known to exhibit a nuclear", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9273769", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium titanate\"\nLithium titanate Lithium titanate (full name lithium metatitanate) is a compound containing lithium and titanium. It is an off-white powder at room temperature and has the chemical formula LiTiO. It is the anode component of the fast recharging lithium-titanate battery. It is also used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based on titanates. It is frequently utilized as a flux due to its good stability. In recent years, along with other lithium ceramics, metatitanate pebbles have been the subject of research efforts towards tritium breeding materials in nuclear fusion applications . The most common crystallization of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7825266", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nanode and cathode, depending on the direction of current flow through the cell. The most commercially popular negative electrode is graphite. The positive electrode is generally one of three materials: a layered oxide (such as lithium cobalt oxide), a polyanion (such as lithium iron phosphate) or a spinel (such as lithium manganese oxide). Recently, graphene based electrodes (based on 2D and 3D structures of graphene) have also been used as electrodes for lithium batteries. The electrolyte is typically a mixture of organic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate or diethyl carbonate containing complexes of lithium ions. These non-aqueous electrolytes generally use", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095863", "chunk_text": "Lithium\ngenerally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating. Late in the 20th century, lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes, because of its high electrode potential. Because of its low atomic mass, it has a high charge- and power-to-weight ratio. A typical lithium-ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell, compared with 2.1 volts for lead-acid and 1.5 volts for zinc-carbon. Lithium-ion batteries, which are rechargeable and have a high energy density, differ from lithium batteries, which are disposable (primary) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode. Other rechargeable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1260112", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium battery\"\nas PDAs, watches, camcorders, digital cameras, thermometers, calculators, personal computer BIOS (firmware), communication equipment and remote car locks. They are available in many shapes and sizes, with a common variety being the 3 volt \"\"coin\"\" type manganese variety, typically 20 mm in diameter and 1.6–4 mm thick. Lithium primary batteries account for 28% of all primary battery sales in Japan but only 1% of all battery sales in Switzerland. In the EU only 0.5% of all battery sales including secondary types are lithium primaries. The computer industry's drive to increase battery capacity can test the limits of sensitive components such", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19398916", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium oxide\"\nLithium oxide Lithium oxide (O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a white solid. Although not specifically important, many materials are assessed on the basis of their LiO content. For example, the LiO content of the principal lithium mineral spodumene (LiAlSiO) is 8.03%. Lithium oxide is produced by thermal dehydration of lithium hydroxide. Lithium oxide forms along with small amounts of lithium peroxide when lithium metal is burned in the air and combines with oxygen: Pure can be produced by the thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide, , at 450 °C In the solid state lithium oxide adopts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13221769", "chunk_text": "\"Research in lithium-ion batteries\"\nIn 2015 researchers announced an electrolyte using superionic lithium-ion conductors, which are compounds of lithium, germanium, phosphorus and sulfur. In March 2017, researchers announced a solid-state battery with a glassy ferroelectric electrolyte of lithium, oxygen, and chlorine ions doped with barium, a lithium metal anode, and a composite cathode in contact with a copper substrate. A spring behind the copper cathode substrate holds the layers together as the electrodes change thickness. The cathode comprises particles of sulfur \"\"redox center\"\", carbon, and electrolyte. During discharge, the lithium ions plate the cathode with lithium metal and the sulfur is not reduced unless", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095840", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nvents. Estimates for the Earth's crustal content range from 20 to 70 ppm by weight. In keeping with its name, lithium forms a minor part of igneous rocks, with the largest concentrations in granites. Granitic pegmatites also provide the greatest abundance of lithium-containing minerals, with spodumene and petalite being the most commercially viable sources. Another significant mineral of lithium is lepidolite which is now an obsolete name for a series formed by polylithionite and trilithionite. A newer source for lithium is hectorite clay, the only active development of which is through the Western Lithium Corporation in the United States. At", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095846", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nalkaline material the name \"\"\"\"lithion\"\"/\"\"lithina\"\"\"\", from the Greek word \"\"λιθoς\"\" (transliterated as \"\"lithos\"\", meaning \"\"stone\"\"), to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral, as opposed to potassium, which had been discovered in plant ashes, and sodium, which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood. He named the metal inside the material \"\"lithium\"\". Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite. In 1818, Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame. However, both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095829", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nLithium will ignite and burn in oxygen when exposed to water or water vapors. Lithium is flammable, and it is potentially explosive when exposed to air and especially to water, though less so than the other alkali metals. The lithium-water reaction at normal temperatures is brisk but nonviolent because the hydrogen produced does not ignite on its own. As with all alkali metals, lithium fires are difficult to extinguish, requiring dry powder fire extinguishers (Class D type). Lithium is one of the few metals that react with nitrogen under normal conditions. Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium, an element", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16211101", "chunk_text": "\"Period 2 element\"\nis the 33rd most abundant element on earth, occurring in concentrations of between 20 and 70 ppm by weight, but due to its high reactivity it is only found naturally in compounds. Lithium salts are used in the pharmacology industry as mood stabilising drugs. They are used in the treatment of bipolar disorder, where they have a role in treating depression and mania and may reduce the chances of suicide. The most common compounds used are lithium carbonate, LiCO, lithium citrate, LiCHO, lithium sulphate, LiSO, and lithium orotate, LiCHNO·HO. Lithium is also used in batteries as an anode and its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095864", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nbatteries that use lithium include the lithium-ion polymer battery, lithium iron phosphate battery, and the nanowire battery. The third most common use of lithium is in greases. Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and, when heated with a fat, produces a soap made of lithium stearate. Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils, and it is used to manufacture all-purpose, high-temperature lubricating greases. Lithium (e.g. as lithium carbonate) is used as an additive to continuous casting mould flux slags where it increases fluidity, a use which accounts for 5% of global lithium use (2011). Lithium compounds are also used", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13034668", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium battery\"\nand the cathode, using an intercalated lithium compound as the cathode material but without using lithium metal as the anode material. Pure lithium will instantly react with water, or even moisture in the air; the lithium in lithium ion batteries is in a less reactive compound. Lithium batteries are widely used in portable consumer electronic devices, and in electric vehicles ranging from full sized vehicles to radio controlled toys. The term \"\"lithium battery\"\" refers to a family of different lithium-metal chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes but all with metallic lithium as the anode. The battery requires from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13167689", "chunk_text": "\"Alkali metal\"\nmillion (ppm) or 25 micromolar. Its diagonal relationship with magnesium often allows it to replace magnesium in ferromagnesium minerals, where its crustal concentration is about 18 ppm, comparable to that of gallium and niobium. Commercially, the most important lithium mineral is spodumene, which occurs in large deposits worldwide. Rubidium is approximately as abundant as zinc and more abundant than copper. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite, pollucite, carnallite, zinnwaldite, and lepidolite, although none of these contain only rubidium and no other alkali metals. Caesium is more abundant than some commonly known elements, such as antimony, cadmium, tin, and tungsten,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17313330", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iron phosphate\"\nLithium iron phosphate Lithium iron phosphate, also known as LFP, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a candidate component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, which are related to Li-ion batteries. It is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, and solar energy installations. It is also used in OLPC XO education laptops. Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in 3C (computer, communication, consumer electronics) products use cathodes of other lithium materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide () lithium", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3313235", "chunk_text": "Lithium\naircraft) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short-circuited, leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway. Most consumer lithium batteries have built-in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident, or are otherwise designed to limit short-circuit currents. Internal shorts from manufacturing defect or physical damage can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway. Lithium Lithium (from ) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6879310", "chunk_text": "Lithiophilite\na variety of secondary manganese phosphates and oxides. It is a late-stage mineral in some complex granite pegmatites. Members of the triphylite-lithiophilite series readily alter to secondary minerals. The type locality is the Branchville Quarry, Branchville, Fairfield County, Connecticut where it was first reported in 1878. The largest documented single crystal of lithiophilite was found in New Hampshire, US, measured 2.44×1.83×1.22 m and weighed ~20 tonnes. The synthetic form of triphylite, lithium iron phosphate, is a promising material for the production of lithium-ion batteries. Lithiophilite Lithiophilite is a mineral containing the element lithium. It is lithium manganese(II) phosphate with formula:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6879309", "chunk_text": "Lithiophilite\nLithiophilite Lithiophilite is a mineral containing the element lithium. It is lithium manganese(II) phosphate with formula: LiMnPO. It occurs in pegmatites often associated with triphylite, the iron end member in a solid solution series. The mineral with intermediate composition is known as sicklerite (Li(Mn,Fe)PO). The name lithiophilite is derived from the Greek philos (φιλός) \"\"friend,\"\" as lithiophilite is usually found with lithium. Lithiophylite is a resinous reddish to yellowish brown mineral crystallizing in the orthorhombic system often as slender prisms. It is usually associated with lepidolite, beryl, quartz, albite, amblygonite, and spodumene of pegmatitic origin. It rather readily weathers to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13631142", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nLithium-ion battery A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) is a type of rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. Lithium-ion batteries are common rechargeable batteries for portable electronics, with a high energy density, tiny memory effect and low self-discharge. LIBs are also growing in popularity for military, battery electric vehicle and aerospace applications. Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7825267", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nnon-coordinating anion salts such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (), lithium hexafluoroarsenate monohydrate (), lithium perchlorate (), lithium tetrafluoroborate (), and lithium triflate (). Depending on materials choices, the voltage, energy density, life, and safety of a lithium-ion battery can change dramatically. Recently, novel architectures using nanotechnology have been employed to improve performance. Pure lithium is highly reactive. It reacts vigorously with water to form lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and hydrogen gas. Thus, a non-aqueous electrolyte is typically used, and a sealed container rigidly excludes moisture from the battery pack. Lithium-ion batteries are more expensive than NiCd batteries but operate over a wider", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7825255", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nLIB types. Handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide (), which offers high energy density but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate (), lithium ion manganese oxide battery (, , or LMO), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide ( or NMC) offer lower energy density but longer lives and less likelihood of fire or explosion. Such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment, and other roles. NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide ( or NCA) and lithium titanate ( or LTO) are specialty", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095841", "chunk_text": "Lithium\n20 mg lithium per kg of Earth's crust, lithium is the 25th most abundant element. According to the \"\"Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium\"\", \"\"Lithium is a comparatively rare element, although it is found in many rocks and some brines, but always in very low concentrations. There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value. Many are very small, others are too low in grade.\"\" The US Geological Survey estimates that in 2010, Chile had the largest reserves by far (7.5 million tonnes)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9131951", "chunk_text": "Amblygonite\nAmblygonite Amblygonite () is a fluorophosphate mineral, (Li,Na)AlPO(F,OH), composed of lithium, sodium, aluminium, phosphate, fluoride and hydroxide. The mineral occurs in pegmatite deposits and is easily mistaken for albite and other feldspars. Its density, cleavage and flame test for lithium are diagnostic. Amblygonite forms a series with \"\"montebrasite\"\", the low fluorine endmember. Geologic occurrence is in granite pegmatites, high-temperature tin veins, and greisens. Amblygonite occurs with spodumene, apatite, lepidolite, tourmaline, and other lithium-bearing minerals in pegmatite veins. It contains about 10% lithium, and has been utilized as a source of lithium. The chief commercial sources have historically been the deposits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9227982", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nthe lithium space: \"\"SQM, controlled by billionaire Julio Ponce, is the second-largest, followed by Rockwood, which is backed by Henry Kravis’s KKR & Co., and Philadelphia-based FMC\"\", with Talison mentioned as the biggest producer. Global consumption may jump to 300,000 metric tons a year by 2020 from about 150,000 tons in 2012, to match the demand for lithium batteries that has been growing at about 25% a year, outpacing the 4% to 5% overall gain in lithium production. Lithium salts are extracted from water in mineral springs, brine pools, and brine deposits. Brine excavation is probably the only lithium extraction", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9227989", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nwith carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate, but also releases oxygen. The reaction is as follows: Some of the aforementioned compounds, as well as lithium perchlorate, are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen. These can also include small amounts of boron, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, titanium, manganese, and iron. Lithium fluoride, artificially grown as crystal, is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for IR, UV and VUV (vacuum UV) applications. It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials. Finely divided lithium fluoride", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7378436", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iridate\"\nfollowed by annealing in molten lithium hydroxide at 700–800 °C. Lithium iridate is black in color and has a relatively high, temperature-independent electrical conductivity characteristic of metals. Its both α and β phases exhibit the Kitaev exchange coupling between magnetic spins originating from Ir ions. These spins form an antiferromagnetic lattice at temperatures below 15 K (Néel temperature, \"\"T\"\"), while the material is paramagnetic above \"\"T\"\". Lithium iridate is a potential electrode material for the lithium-ion battery. This application is hindered by the high costs of Ir, as compared to the cheaper LiMnO alternative. Lithium iridate Lithium iridate, LiIrO, is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9273775", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium titanate\"\nlithium in the blanket.LiTiO along with LiSiO are attractive as tritium breeding materials because they exhibit high tritium release, low activation, and chemical stability. In order to advance the lithium-ion battery, lithium-titanate aerogel (of composition LiTiO) is currently being investigated as an effective anode material. Lithium titanate Lithium titanate (full name lithium metatitanate) is a compound containing lithium and titanium. It is an off-white powder at room temperature and has the chemical formula LiTiO. It is the anode component of the fast recharging lithium-titanate battery. It is also used as an additive in porcelain enamels and ceramic insulating bodies based", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17313332", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iron phosphate\"\ncrystal structures as and may replace in a cathode. All may be referred to as “LFP”. Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium also form an olivine structure. This structure is a very useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries. This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely stored as energy. was proposed as a candidate for use in batteries in 1996 by Goodenough et al. These workers demonstrated the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7825265", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\nsettle for $20 million, and also cooperate by, among other things, making employees chosen by plaintiffs available for interviews, depositions and testimony, as well as provide clarifying information regarding the scheme and the documents provided to date, including responding to authentication and clarification questions. The three primary functional components of a lithium-ion battery are the positive and negative electrodes and electrolyte. Generally, the negative electrode of a conventional lithium-ion cell is made from carbon. The positive electrode is a metal oxide, and the electrolyte is a lithium salt in an organic solvent. The electrochemical roles of the electrodes reverse between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095852", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nincreased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007. With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s, new companies have expanded brine extraction efforts to meet the rising demand. Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II. The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals. The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55% lithium chloride and 45% potassium chloride at about 450 °C. As of 2015, most of the world's lithium production is in South America, where lithium-containing brine is extracted from underground pools", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3313182", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nreactivity with water, lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant, often petroleum jelly. Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in more dense substances, such as mineral oil, lithium is not dense enough to be fully submerged in these liquids. In moist air, lithium rapidly tarnishes to form a black coating of lithium hydroxide (LiOH and LiOH·HO), lithium nitride (LiN) and lithium carbonate (LiCO, the result of a secondary reaction between LiOH and CO). When placed over a flame, lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color, but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7378434", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iridate\"\nLithium iridate Lithium iridate, LiIrO, is a chemical compound of lithium, iridium and oxygen. It forms black crystals with three slightly different layered atomic structures, α, β, and sometimes γ. Lithium iridate exhibits metal-like, temperature-independent electrical conductivity, and changes its magnetic ordering from paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic upon cooling to 15 K. LiIrO typically crystallizes in the α or β phase, and a rare γ phase has been reported. The crystal structure of α-LiIrO consists of an alternate stacking of hexagonal Li layers and honeycombs of edge-sharing IrO octahedra with Li in the center. The offset in adjacent layers results in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095821", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nas an ion, it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines. Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride. The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides. Because of its relative nuclear instability, lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light: it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16256110", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\ncause the cell to overheat and possibly to catch fire. Adjacent cells may then overheat and fail, possibly causing the entire battery to ignite or rupture. In the event of a fire, the device may emit dense irritating smoke. The fire energy content (electrical + chemical) of cobalt-oxide cells is about 100 to 150 kJ/(A·h), most of it chemical. Replacing the lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode material in lithium-ion batteries with a lithium metal phosphate such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP) improves cycle counts, shelf life and safety, but lowers capacity. As of 2006 these 'safer' lithium-ion batteries were mainly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9243878", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium carbonate\"\nextracted from primarily two sources: pegmatite crystals and lithium salt from brine pools. About 30,000 tons were produced in 1989. It also exists as the rare mineral zabuyelite. Lithium carbonate is generated by combining lithium peroxide with carbon dioxide. This reaction is the basis of certain air purifiers, e.g., in spacecraft, used to absorb carbon dioxide: In recent years many junior mining companies have begun exploration of lithium projects throughout North America, South America and Australia to identify economic deposits that can potentially bring new supplies of lithium carbonate online to meet growing demand for the product. In April 2017", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095847", "chunk_text": "Lithium\npure element from its salts. It was not isolated until 1821, when William Thomas Brande obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide, a process that had previously been employed by the chemist Sir Humphry Davy to isolate the alkali metals potassium and sodium. Brande also described some pure salts of lithium, such as the chloride, and, estimating that lithia (lithium oxide) contained about 55% metal, estimated the atomic weight of lithium to be around 9.8 g/mol (modern value ~6.94 g/mol). In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15095822", "chunk_text": "Lithium\ncommon. For related reasons, lithium has important uses in nuclear physics. The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man-made nuclear reaction, and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons. Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications, including heat-resistant glass and ceramics, lithium grease lubricants, flux additives for iron, steel and aluminium production, lithium batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production. Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts; its functions are uncertain. Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10668108", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium niobate\"\nindex for MgO-doped : formula_3, with: for congruent (CLN) and stochiometric (SLN). Lithium niobate Lithium niobate () is a compound of niobium, lithium, and oxygen. Its single crystals are an important material for optical waveguides, mobile phones, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators and various other linear and non-linear optical applications. It is a human-made dielectric material that does not exist in nature. Lithium niobate is sometimes referred to by the brand name linobate. Lithium niobate is a colorless solid insoluble in water. It has a trigonal crystal system, which lacks inversion symmetry and displays ferroelectricity, the Pockels effect, the piezoelectric effect,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16256114", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium-ion battery\"\na future shortage. The manufacturing processes of nickel and cobalt, and the solvent, present potential environmental and health hazards. Manufacturing a kg of Li-ion battery takes energy equivalent to 1.6 kg of oil. The extraction of lithium impacts the environment, due to water pollution. It takes place in selected mines in North and South America, Asia, South Africa, Central Andes and China . Also, chemicals that are used to process lithium are toxic, and can harm ecosystems, food production and communities, due to spills. That is why the mass production of lithium carbonate, a requirement for “green cars,” will instead", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16211100", "chunk_text": "\"Period 2 element\"\ntwo make up all natural occurrence of lithium on Earth, although further isotopes have been synthesized. In ionic compounds, lithium loses an electron to become positively charged, forming the cation Li. Lithium is the first alkali metal in the periodic table, and the first metal of any kind in the periodic table. At standard temperature and pressure, lithium is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. With a density of 0.564 g·cm, lithium is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Lithium is one of the few elements synthesized in the Big Bang, making it a primordial element. Lithium", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1829378", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium iron phosphate battery\"\nLithium iron phosphate battery The lithium iron phosphate () battery, also called LFP battery (with \"\"LFP\"\" standing for \"\"lithium ferrophosphate\"\"), is a type of rechargeable battery, specifically a lithium-ion battery, which uses as a cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic current collector grid as the anode. The specific capacity of is higher than that of the related lithium cobalt oxide () chemistry, but its energy density is slightly lower due to its low operating voltage. The main problem of is its low electrical conductivity. Therefore, all the cathodes under consideration are actually /C. Because of low", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3313234", "chunk_text": "Lithium\nbuildup of fluid in the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. The metal itself is a handling hazard because contact with moisture produces the caustic lithium hydroxide. Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha. Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries, which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers. Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method, which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia. Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation (particularly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9243874", "chunk_text": "\"Lithium carbonate\"\nchanging the state of metal oxide colorants in glaze particularly red iron oxide (). Cement sets more rapidly when prepared with lithium carbonate, and is useful for tile adhesives. When added to aluminium trifluoride, it forms LiF which gives a superior electrolyte for the processing of aluminium. It is also used in the manufacture of most lithium-ion battery cathodes, which are made of lithium cobalt oxide. In 1843, lithium carbonate was used as a new solvent for stones in the bladder. In 1859, some doctors recommended a therapy with lithium salts for a number of ailments, including gout, urinary calculi,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_21	right to property according to the constitution of india is a?	n/a	[ "constitutional right" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10376785", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India\"\nTwenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, curtailed the right to property, and permitted the acquisition of private property by the government for public use, on the payment of compensation which would be determined by the Parliament and not the courts. The amendment also exempted any law giving effect to the article 39(b) and (c) of Directive Principles of State Policy from judicial review, even if it violated the Fundamental Rights. In 1970, the Supreme Court, in its judgement on \"\"Rustom Cavasjee Cooper", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030334", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\nprivate land for a public use, provided the public nature of the usage can be demonstrated beyond doubt. The doctrine is based on the following two Latin maxims, (1) Salus populi suprema lex (Welfare of the People Is the Paramount Law) and (2) Necessitas publica major est quam (Public Necessity Is Greater Than Private Necessity). In the history of modern India, this doctrine was challenged twice (broadly speaking) once when land reform was initiated and another time when Banks were nationalized. The Constitution of India originally provided the right to property (which includes land) under Articles 19 and 31. Article", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030335", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\n19 guaranteed that all citizens have the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 stated that \"\"no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.\"\" It also indicated that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes (often subject to wide range of meaning). The Forty-Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights with an introduction of a new provision, Article 300-A, which provided that \"\"no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law\"\" (Constitution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030336", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\n44th Amendment, w.e.f. 10.6.1979). The amendment ensured that the right to property‟ is no longer a fundamental right but rather a constitutional/legal right/as a statutory right and in the event of breach, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution. State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4237332", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India\"\nof a public interest litigation. This right cannot be suspended, except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared. Please Note- Right to Property was removed from the Indian Constitution in 1978. Now it is not counted as a Fundamental Right. The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble. They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11637642", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nRight to property The right to property or right to own property (cf. ownership) is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions. A general recognition of a right to private property is found more rarely and is typically heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for production rather than consumption. A right to property is recognised in Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it is not recognised in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the International Covenant on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4237308", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India\"\nFundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians, and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens' rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978. The purpose of the Fundamental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1081392", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\na property qualification for civil and political rights was maintained. Right to property The right to property or right to own property (cf. ownership) is often classified as a human right for natural persons regarding their possessions. A general recognition of a right to private property is found more rarely and is typically heavily constrained insofar as property is owned by legal persons (i.e. corporations) and where it is used for production rather than consumption. A right to property is recognised in Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but it is not recognised in the International Covenant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11637644", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\ndeemed to have property rights protected (e.g. human beings or also corporations), the type of property which is protected (property used for the purpose of consumption or production) and the reasons for which property can be restricted (for instance, for regulations, taxation or nationalisation in the public interest). In all human rights instruments, either implicit or express restrictions exist on the extent to which property is protected. Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enshrines the right to property as follows: The object of the right to property as it is usually understood nowadays consists of property", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20546443", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\n1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine. Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment, had changed of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles (earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39) over the fundamental rights of individuals. In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case, supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires. The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31. Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire, hold and dispose of property. Article 31 provided", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8967076", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India\"\n\"\"the blackest day in the history of democracy\"\". Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah (previous Chief Justice of India) remarked that \"\"this was an attempt of not creating 'forward looking judges' but 'judges looking forward' to the office of Chief Justice\"\". The government enacted the 42nd Amendment in 1976, to abrogate the Kesavananda Bharati ruling. Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1971, curtailed the right to property, and permitted the acquisition of private property by the government for public use, on the payment of compensation which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15980058", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nalready owned or possessed, or of property acquired or to be acquired by a person through lawful means. Not in opposition but in contrast to this, some proposals also defend a universal right to private property, in the sense of a right of every person to effectively receive a certain amount of property, grounded in a claim to Earth's natural resources or other theories of justice. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) protects the right to property most explicitly in Article 14, stating: Property rights are furthermore recognised in Article 13 of the ACHPR, which states that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030337", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\n(such as 1954 AIR 170, 1954 SCR 558, which propounded that the word \"\"Compensation\"\" deployed in Article 31(2) implied full compensation, that is the market value of the property at the time of the acquisition. The Legislature must \"\"ensure that what is determined as payable must be compensation, that is, a just equivalent of what the owner has been deprived of\"\"). Elsewhere, Justice, Reddy, O Chinnappa ruled (State Of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale on 7 July 1983) that the fundamental right to property has been abolished because of its incompatibility with the goals of \"\"justice\"\" social, economic and political and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2990015", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nthat \"\"no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.\"\" It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes. The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times. The Forty-Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision, Article 300-A, was added to the constitution, which provided that \"\"no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law\"\". Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7310997", "chunk_text": "\"Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013\"\ncompensation, that is the market value of the property at the time of the acquisition. The Legislature must \"\"ensure that what is determined as payable must be compensation, that is, a just equivalent of what the owner has been deprived of\"\"). Elsewhere, Justice, Reddy, O Chinnappa ruled (State Of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan Tale on 7 July 1983) that the fundamental right to property has been abolished because of its incompatibility with the goals of \"\"justice\"\" social, economic and political and \"\"equality of status and of opportunity\"\" and with the establishment of \"\"a socialist democratic republic, as contemplated by the Constitution.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7183126", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nhis property, there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation. The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32. Thus, the right to property is no longer a fundamental right, though it is still a constitutional right. If the government appears to have acted unfairly, the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens. The liberalisation of the economy and the government's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1081389", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nto white men who owned a specified amount of real estate and personal property. French revolutionaries recognised property rights in Article 17 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1791), which stated that no one \"\"may be deprived of property rights unless a legally established public necessity required it and upon condition of a just and previous indemnity\"\". Articles 3 and 6 declared that \"\"all citizens have the right to contribute personally or through their representatives\"\" in the political system and that \"\"all citizens being equal before [the law], are equally admissible to all public", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15980059", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nevery citizen has the right to participate freely in the government of his country, the right to equal access to public services and \"\"the right of access to public property and services in strict equality of all persons before the law\"\". Article 21 of the ACHPR recognises the right of all peoples to freely dispose of their wealth and natural resources and that this right shall be exercised in the exclusive interest of the people, who may not be deprived of this right. Article 21 also provides that \"\"in case of spoliation the dispossessed people shall have the right to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18286821", "chunk_text": "\"Part XII of the Constitution of India\"\non Property, Contracts, Right, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits Articles 294 - 300 on Succession to property assets, liabilities, and obligations. Article 300A on the Right to Property Article 300A - on Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law. Part XII of the Constitution of India Part XII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits. Articles 264 - 291 on Finance Articles 264 - 267", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030338", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\n\"\"equality of status and of opportunity\"\" and with the establishment of \"\"a socialist democratic republic, as contemplated by the Constitution. There is no reason why a new concept of property should be introduced in the place of the old so as to bring in its wake the vestiges of the doctrine of Laissez Faire and create, in the name of efficiency, a new oligarchy. Efficiency has many facets and one is yet to discover an infallible test of efficiency to suit the widely differing needs of a developing society such as ours\"\" (1983 AIR 803, 1983 SCR (3) 327). The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080991", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nseparate right to property, but prohibit discrimination in relation to property rights where such rights are guaranteed. The right to private property was a crucial demand in early quests for political freedom and equality and against feudal control of property. Property can serve as the basis for the entitlements that ensure the realisation of the right to an adequate standard of living and it was only property owners which were initially granted civil and political rights, such as the right to vote. Because not everybody is a property owner, the right to work was enshrined to allow everybody to attain", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5449587", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\nfrom the nature of the objects themselves.\"\" A document \"\"intended to endure for ages to come\"\", it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context. The \"\"right to life\"\" guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,; the right to water; the right to earn a livelihood, the right to health, and the right to education. At the conclusion of his book, \"\"Making of India's Constitution\"\", retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1556619", "chunk_text": "\"Article 35A of the Constitution of India\"\nthe Constitution of India, which has been made applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and till date continues to be in force in the State, recognizes the right to own, hold and dispose of property, which right otherwise is inherent in the State subjects/citizens of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, who stand defined in terms of Elans/Orders of His Highness and the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir. Laws have their own universe. They operate in matter and not in vacuum. The laws are located in time and space. In the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the immovable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15980060", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nthe lawful recovery of its property as well as to adequate compensation\"\". When the text of the UDHR was negotiated, other states in the Americas argued that the right to property should be limited to the protection of private property necessary for subsistence. Their suggestion was opposed, but was enshrined in the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, which was negotiated at the same time and adopted one year before the UDHR in 1948. Article 23 of the declaration states: The definition of the right to property is heavily influenced by Western concepts of property rights, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20030339", "chunk_text": "\"Land acquisition in India\"\nconcept of efficiency has been introduced by Justice Reddy, O Chinnappa, coupled with the condition of infallibility (Dey Biswas 2014, 14-15 footnote). In India, with this introduction of ‘social’ elements to the property rights, a new phase had begun. K. K. Mathew, justice of KesavanandaBharati vs State of Kerala (cited in ) stated this precisely: \"\"Property in consumable goods or means of production worked by their owners (use aspects of property) were justified as necessary condition of a free and purposeful life; but when property gave power not only over things but through things over persons (power aspect of property)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3935423", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India\"\nin any court on the ground that the compensation provided by that law is inadequate. The 24th Amendment had re-established Parliament's authority to amend the Fundamental Rights in the Constitution. This cleared the way for the government to amend article 31, relating to property rights. The 25th Amendment was intended to strip the Supreme Court of the power to go into the quantum of compensation for takeover of property for public use. It would do this by amending and replacing the word \"\"compensation\"\" for the word \"\"amount\"\" for property acquired or requisitioned. The Amendment would also to insert a new", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3935422", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India\"\nto compensation, that is, the equivalent money of the property compulsorily acquired. The Court also held that a law which seeks to acquire or requisition property for public purposes must satisfy the requirement of Article19(1)(f). The 25th Amendment sought to overcome the restrictions imposed on the government by the Supreme Court ruling. Article 31, as it stood prior to the Amendment, specially provided that no law providing for the compulsory acquisition or requisitioning of property which either fixes or specifies on which and the manner in which the compensation is to be determined and given, shall be called in question", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10501706", "chunk_text": "Property\nProperty Property, in the abstract, is what belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing. In the context of this article, it is one or more components (rather than attributes), whether physical or incorporeal, of a person's estate; or so belonging to, as in being owned by, a person or jointly a group of people or a legal entity like a corporation or even a society. Depending on the nature of the property, an owner of property has the right to consume, alter, share, redefine, rent, mortgage, pawn, sell, exchange, transfer, give", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080987", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nRights (ECHR), European states enshrined the right to protection of property in Article 1 of Protocol I to the ECHR as the \"\"right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions\"\", where the right to protection of property is defined as such: Therefore European human rights law recognises the right to peaceful enjoyment of property, makes deprivation of possessions subject to certain conditions and recognises that states can balance the right to peaceful possession of property against the public interest. The European Court of Human Rights has interpreted \"\"possessions\"\" to include not only tangible property, but also economic interests, contractual agreements with economic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "126811", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\nConstitution of India The Constitution of India (IAST: ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth. B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with a declaration in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15980056", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights. The European Convention on Human Rights, in Protocol 1, article 1 acknowledges a right for natural and legal persons to \"\"peaceful enjoyment of his possessions\"\", subject to the \"\"general interest or to secure the payment of taxes\"\". The right to property is one of the most controversial human rights, both in terms of its existence and interpretation. The controversy about the definition of the right meant that it was not included in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Controversy centres upon who is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5449583", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\nNath v. State of Punjab\"\" decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the state of Punjab could not restrict any fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine. The extent of land ownership and practice of a profession, in this case, were considered fundamental rights. The ruling was overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971. The judiciary is the final arbiter of the constitution. Its duty (mandated by the constitution) is to act as a watchdog, preventing any legislative or executive act from overstepping constitutional bounds. The judiciary protects the fundamental rights of the people (enshrined in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10376786", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India\"\nv. Union Of India\"\", popularly known as the Bank Nationalization case, held that the Constitution guarantees the right to compensation, that is, the equivalent money of the property compulsorily acquired. The Court also held that a law which seeks to acquire or requisition property for public purposes must satisfy the requirement of Article19(1)(f). The 25th Amendment sought to overcome the restrictions imposed on the government by this ruling. Legal expert V.G. Ramachandran described the 24th and 25th Amendments as \"\"not 'tinkering' with the Constitution. It is a veritable slaughter of the Constitution.\"\" He stated that the 25th Amendment \"\"smacks of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080992", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nan adequate standard of living. Today, discrimination on the basis of property ownership is commonly seen as a serious threat to the equal enjoyment of human rights by all and non-discrimination clauses in international human rights instruments frequently include property as a ground on the basis of which discrimination is prohibited (see the right to equality before the law). The protection of private property may come into conflict with economic, social and cultural rights and civil and political rights, such as the right to freedom of expression. To mitigate this the right to property is commonly limited to protect the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16626161", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nFundamental rights in India Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080990", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nas in association with others\"\" and \"\"the right to inherit\"\". The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women recognises the property rights in Article 16, which establishes the same right for both spouses to ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property and Article 15, which establishes women’s' right to conclude contracts. Property rights are also enshrined in the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. These international human rights instruments for minorities do not establish a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20292815", "chunk_text": "\"Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013\"\nGovernment of India believed that a combined law was necessary, one that legally requires rehabilitation and resettlement necessarily and simultaneously follow government acquisition of land for public purposes. Forty-Fourth Amendment Act of 1978 omitted Art 19(1) (f) with the net result being:- State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment Act, 1964), the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right (such as 1954 AIR 170, 1954 SCR 558, which propounded that the word \"\"Compensation\"\" deployed in Article 31(2) implied full", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12130129", "chunk_text": "\"Property law\"\nProperty law Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership and tenancy in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system. In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. Movable property roughly corresponds to personal property, while immovable property corresponds to real estate or real property, and the associated rights, and obligations thereon. The concept, idea or philosophy of property underlies all property law. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5529470", "chunk_text": "Property\nby the Constitution. The \"\"Takings\"\" clause requires that the government (whether state or federal—for the 14th Amendment's due process clause imposes the 5th Amendment's takings clause on state governments) may take private property only for a public purpose, after exercising due process of law, and upon making \"\"just compensation.\"\" If an interest is not deemed a \"\"property\"\" right or the conduct is merely an intentional tort, these limitations do not apply and the doctrine of sovereign immunity precludes relief. Moreover, if the interference does not almost completely make the property valueless, the interference will not be deemed a taking but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4928846", "chunk_text": "Property\nor on the land), personal property (physical possessions belonging to a person), private property (property owned by legal persons, business entities or individual natural persons), public property (state owned or publicly owned and available possessions) and intellectual property (exclusive rights over artistic creations, inventions, etc.), although the last is not always as widely recognized or enforced. An article of property may have physical and incorporeal parts. A title, or a right of ownership, establishes the relation between the property and other persons, assuring the owner the right to dispose of the property as the owner sees fit. Often property is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20546449", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nafter giving special training. Fundamental rights in India Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the common people and inalienable rights of the people who enjoy it under the charter of rights contained in Part III(Article 12 to 35) of Constitution of India. It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India. These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies, such as equality before law, freedom of speech and expression, religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly, freedom to practice religion, and the right to constitutional remedies for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10501716", "chunk_text": "Property\nproperty is interest in movable property. Real property rights are rights relating to the land. These rights include ownership and usage. Owners can grant rights to persons and entities in the form of leases, licenses and easements. Throughout the last centuries of the second millennium, with the development of more complex theories of property, the concept of personal property had become divided into tangible property (such as cars and clothing) and intangible property (such as financial instruments, including stocks and bonds; intellectual property, including patents, copyrights and trademarks; digital files; communication channels; and certain forms of identifier, including Internet domain", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13125790", "chunk_text": "\"Real estate\"\nReal estate Real estate is \"\"property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as crops, minerals or water; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general. Also: the business of real estate; the profession of buying, selling, or renting land, buildings, or housing.\"\" It is a legal term used in jurisdictions whose legal system is derived from English common law, such as India, the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Pakistan, Australia, and New Zealand. Residential real estate may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5449585", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\nthe nation, and governs all laws. According to Article 13, Due to the adoption of the Thirty-eighth Amendment, the Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency which infringe fundamental rights under article 32 (the right to constitutional remedies). The Forty-second Amendment widened Article 31C and added Articles 368(4) and 368(5), stating that any law passed by Parliament could not be challenged in court. The Supreme Court ruled in \"\"Minerva Mills v. Union of India\"\" that judicial review is a basic characteristic of the constitution, overturning Articles 368(4), 368(5) and 31C. According", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12818062", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\npolitical system. The English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) developed the ideas of property, civil and political rights further. In his \"\"Second Treatise on Civil Government\"\" (1689), Locke proclaimed that \"\"everyman has a property in his person; this nobody has a right to but himself. The labor of his body and the work of his hand, we may say, are properly his\"\". He argued that property ownership derives from one's labor, though those who do not own property and only have their labor to sell should not be given the same political power as those who owned property. Labourers, small-scale property", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20723222", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nqualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India. Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution, defines India (Bharat) as union of states. In nutshell, India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution. Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens, the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim 'justice delayed is justice denied'. Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5280143", "chunk_text": "\"Fundamental rights in India\"\nrights by means of writs such as habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto. Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws, subject to discretion of the judiciary. The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality. These rights universally apply to all citizens, irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste or gender. Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080993", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\npublic interest. Many states also maintain systems of communal and collective ownership. Property rights have frequently been regarded as preventing the realisation of human rights for all, through for example slavery and the exploitation of others. Unequal distribution of wealth often follows line of sex, race and minorities, therefore property rights may appear to be part of the problem, rather than as an interest that merits protection. Property rights have been at the centre of recent human rights debates on land reform, the return of cultural artifacts by collectors and museums to indigenous peoples and the popular sovereignty of peoples", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12818063", "chunk_text": "\"Right to property\"\nowners and large-scale property owners should have civil and political rights in proportion to the property they owned. According to Locke, the right to property and the right to life were inalienable rights and that it was the duty of the state to secure these rights for individuals. Locke argued that the safeguarding of natural rights, such as the right to property, along with the separation of powers and other checks and balances, would help to curtail political abuses by the state. Locke's labor theory of property and the separation of powers greatly influenced the American Revolution and the French", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5449588", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution of India\"\nRaj Khanna wrote: Constitution of India The Constitution of India (IAST: ) is the supreme law of India. The document lays down the framework demarcating fundamental political code, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written constitution of any country on earth. B. R. Ambedkar, chairman of the drafting committee, is widely considered to be its chief architect. It imparts constitutional supremacy (not parliamentary supremacy, since it was created by a constituent assembly rather than Parliament) and was adopted by its people with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_22	who is the president of usa right now?	n/a	[ "Donald Trump" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5539859", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nStates which is not decided by popular vote. Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation. Donald Trump of New York is the 45th and current president. He assumed office on January 20, 2017. During the American Revolution in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain. The new states were independent of each other as nation states and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British. Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5539856", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nPresident of the United States The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. In contemporary times, the president is looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures and as the leader of the only remaining global superpower. The role includes responsibility for the world's most expensive military, which has the second largest nuclear arsenal. The president also leads the nation with the largest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13082195", "chunk_text": "\"Donald Trump\"\nDonald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens, and received an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He was appointed president of his family's real estate business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded it from Queens and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The company built or renovated skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, including", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3717491", "chunk_text": "\"United States\"\nof the P5+1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran's nuclear program, though the U.S. withdrew from the deal in May 2018. In the United States presidential election of 2016, Republican Donald Trump was elected as the 45th president of the United States. Trump is both the oldest and wealthiest person elected president in United States history. The land area of the entire United States is approximately , with the contiguous United States making up of that. Alaska, separated from the contiguous United States by Canada, is the largest state", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10515987", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nliving former U.S. presidents. The most recent former president to die was George H. W. Bush (1989–1993), on November 30, 2018. The living former presidents, in order of service, are: Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers, records, and other documents and materials. Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA); the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private, non-federal sources. There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system. There are also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1131436", "chunk_text": "\"Living presidents of the United States\"\nLiving presidents of the United States This article shows the variation in the number of living presidents of the United States from the inauguration of the first president of the United States in 1789 until the present. The following table includes all persons who have taken the presidential oath of office. (Persons who served as Acting President of the United States or as President of the Continental Congress are not included.) Currently, in addition to the incumbent, Donald Trump, there are four living former presidents: Jimmy Carter (1977–1981), Bill Clinton (1993–2001), George W. Bush (2001–2009), and Barack Obama (2009–2017). Number", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2063070", "chunk_text": "\"United States\"\nTrump, the winner of the 2016 presidential election, is serving as the 45th President of the United States. Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence, Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch, Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer. Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan, Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy, and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi. In the 115th United States Congress, both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party. The Senate consists of 51 Republicans, and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13082338", "chunk_text": "\"Donald Trump\"\nTrump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office. By January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had $22 million in hand and it had raised a total amount exceeding $50 million towards the 2020 campaign . Footnotes Citations Bibliography Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current President of the United States. Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality. Trump was born and raised in the New York City borough of Queens, and received an economics", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5347402", "chunk_text": "\"2020 United States presidential election\"\npresidential nominee. President Donald Trump of the Republican Party, who was elected in 2016, is seeking reelection to a second term. The winner of the 2020 presidential election is scheduled to be inaugurated on January 20, 2021. Article Two of the United States Constitution states that for a person to serve as President of the United States the individual must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old and a United States resident for at least 14 years. Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18650291", "chunk_text": "\"President of Mexico\"\nPresident of Mexico The President of Mexico (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018. Currently, the office of the President is considered to be revolutionary, in that the powers of office are derived from the Revolutionary Constitution of 1917. Another legacy of the Revolution is its ban on re-election. Mexican presidents are limited to a single", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4633682", "chunk_text": "\"2020 United States presidential election\"\nthe 1952 Democratic National Convention. The Twenty-second Amendment to the Constitution states that an individual can not be elected to the presidency more than twice. This prohibits former Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama from being elected president again. Former president Jimmy Carter (a nonagenarian), having served a single term as president, is not constitutionally prohibited from being elected to another term in the 2020 election. The age group of what will then be people in the 18 to 45-year-old bracket is expected to represent just under 40 percent of the United States' eligible voters in 2020.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7162187", "chunk_text": "\"Presidency of Donald Trump\"\nPresidency of Donald Trump The presidency of Donald Trump began at noon EST on January 20, 2017, when Donald Trump was inaugurated as the 45th President of the United States, succeeding Barack Obama. A Republican, Trump was a businessman and reality television personality from New York City at the time of his 2016 presidential election victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton. While Trump lost the popular vote by nearly 3 million votes, he won the Electoral College vote, 304 to 227, in a presidential contest targeted by a Russian sabotage campaign. As of the end of his first year in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16926795", "chunk_text": "\"Acting President of the United States\"\nunderwent colon cancer surgery while under anesthesia. Vice President George H. W. Bush discharged the powers and duties of the presidency during his incapacity, serving as acting president until later that day, when Reagan reclaimed his authority. The next to do so was George W. Bush, who underwent a colonoscopy procedure on June 29, 2002, and again on July 21, 2007. Vice President Dick Cheney temporarily became acting president on both occassions. Acting President of the United States An Acting President of the United States is an individual who legitimately exercises the powers and duties of the office of President", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18753570", "chunk_text": "\"President-elect of the United States\"\noffice as \"\"a bogus concoction that has no basis in the U.S. Constitution.\"\" President-elect Donald Trump did likewise on January 11, 2017. The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 further authorizes the Administrator of the General Services Administration to certify, even before the December vote of the Electoral College, the apparent winner of the November general election as the president-elect for the purposes of receiving federal transition funding, office space and communications services prior to the beginning of the new administration on January 20. The president-elect assumes office as the next president of the United States upon the expiration of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8084630", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential transition\"\nas election day marks the beginning of the end of their presidency. On the day after the most recent election, November 9, 2016, outgoing president Barack Obama made a statement from the Rose Garden of the White House in which he announced that he had spoken the previous evening with (apparent election winner) Donald Trump and formally invited him to the White House for discussions to ensure \"\"that there is a successful transition between our presidencies\"\". Obama said he had instructed his staff to \"\"follow the example\"\" of the George W. Bush administration in 2008, whom he said could \"\"not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20549023", "chunk_text": "\"John F. Kelly\"\nJohn F. Kelly John Francis Kelly (born May 11, 1950) is a retired U.S. Marine Corps general who is currently serving as the White House Chief of Staff for U.S. President Donald Trump, having served since July 31, 2017. He had previously served as Secretary of Homeland Security in the Trump administration. Kelly enlisted in the Marine Corps during the Vietnam War and then commissioned as an officer near the end of college. He rose through the ranks, eventually serving in his last military post from 2012 to 2016 as the four-star General leading United States Southern Command, the unified", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6130582", "chunk_text": "\"2020 United States elections\"\n2020 United States elections The 2020 United States elections will be held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020. All 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives, 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate, and the office of President of the United States will be contested. Thirteen state and territorial governorships, as well as numerous other state and local elections, will also be contested. Both parties will attempt to win unified control of Congress and the presidency in the 2020 elections. Incumbent Republican President Donald Trump will seek re-election in the 2020 presidential election. Each major party", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7734876", "chunk_text": "\"Vice President of the United States\"\nclause, provides that the vice president, in his capacity as President of the Senate, also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College. This process occurs during a joint session of Congress held, as prescribed by federal statute, on January 6 of the year following the presidential election. It will next take place following the 2020 presidential election, on January 6, 2021 (unless Congress sets a different date by law). In this capacity, four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16491406", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential transition\"\nteam was led by Vice President-elect Mike Pence. It has six vice-chairs, including former transition head Chris Christie, Ben Carson, Newt Gingrich, Michael Flynn, Rudy Giuliani and Jeff Sessions. The first transfer of federal executive branch power from an incumbent president to a president-elect was the Washington–Adams transition following the 1796 election. The most recent was the Obama–Trump transition following the 2016 election. United States presidential transition United States presidential transition is the transfer of federal executive branch power from the incumbent President of the United States to the president-elect, during the period of time between election day in November", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10515970", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nduties to the vice president, who then becomes acting president, by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President \"\"pro tempore\"\" of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer. The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting, to those two officials, a written declaration stating that resumption. Such a transfer of power has occurred on three occasions: Ronald Reagan to George H. W. Bush once, on July 13, 1985, and George W. Bush to Dick Cheney twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007. Under , the vice", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10257611", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Andrew Williams\"\nto \"\"assess and clear\"\" the scene of the shooting. In Washington, the President of the United States, George W. Bush, offered his condolences \"\"to the teachers and the children whose lives have been turned upside-down right now.\"\" Bush called the shooting \"\"a disgraceful act of cowardice,\"\" adding, \"\"When America teaches our children right from wrong and teaches values that respect life in our country, we'll be better off.\"\" But, he said, \"\"First things are first. And our prayers go out to the families that lost a child today.\"\" California Governor Gray Davis also said he was \"\"shocked and deeply saddened\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5539901", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nthan two years of Roosevelt's fourth term—before he withdrew from the 1952 election. Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Both Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy's unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but withdrew from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16491391", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential transition\"\nfederal officials have been pushing for candidates to start planning a potential administration earlier and earlier in the election calendar. The most recent transition was the Trump transition—the transition from the Obama administration to the Trump administration—which concluded on January 20, 2017, with the swearing in of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States. For much of American history, presidential transitions were carried out without very much advance planning or even cooperation from the sitting chief executive. A president-elect was not expected to come to the nation’s capital until the inauguration and had few if any substantial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5539870", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nKorean War, the Vietnam War, and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1989. The constitution also empowers the President to propose and chiefly negotiate agreements between the United States and other countries. Such agreements become, upon receiving the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate (by a two-thirds majority vote), become binding with the force of federal law. The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to \"\"take care that the laws be faithfully executed\"\". The executive branch has over four million employees, including members of the military.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12157905", "chunk_text": "\"Republican Party (United States)\"\nbeen a total of 19 Republican Presidents, the most from any one party. The first was 16th President Abraham Lincoln, who served from 1861 until his assassination in 1865; the most recent being the 45th and current president Donald Trump, who took the oath of office on January 20, 2017. However, the Republicans have lost the popular vote in six out of the last seven Presidential elections, as its traditional demographic is reducing as a proportion of the US population. , the Republican Party is the primary party in power in the United States, holding the presidency (Donald Trump), majorities", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19140077", "chunk_text": "\"2016 United States presidential election\"\n2016 United States presidential election The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016. The Republican ticket of businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated the Democratic ticket of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. Senator from Virginia Tim Kaine, despite losing the popular vote. Trump took office as the 45th President, and Pence as the 48th Vice President, on January 20, 2017. Incumbent Democratic President Barack Obama was ineligible to serve a third term due to the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment. Trump", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13922129", "chunk_text": "\"2016 United States presidential election in the District of Columbia\"\nThe incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was first elected president in the 2008 election, running with former Senator Joe Biden of Delaware. Defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 52.9% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, Obama succeeded two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas. Obama and Biden were reelected in the 2012 presidential election, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney with 51.1% of the popular vote and 61.7% of electoral votes. Although Barack Obama's approval rating in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7030878", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential inauguration\"\nit live on Twitter. Among the inauguration mass communication milestones are: Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution, the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office (which may be taken anywhere, with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath, and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president's term). Traditionally, the president-elect arrives at the White House and proceeds to the inaugural grounds at the United States Capitol with the incumbent president. Only three incumbent presidents have refused to accompany the president-elect: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18686590", "chunk_text": "\"History of the United States (2008–present)\"\nexecutive orders aimed at dismantling the Affordable Care Act and Trans-Pacific Partnership, and also moved to pass a temporary ban on refugees from several Middle Eastern states. This last action met with widespread criticism, and the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals dismissed it as unconstitutional. On June 26, the Supreme Court overturned the 9th Circuit's decision, ruling that part of President Trump's executive order is constitutional. One of Trump's major accomplishments was nominating Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. On April 10, Gorsuch was sworn in. In December 2017, Congress passed and President Trump signed into law the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5674727", "chunk_text": "\"Vice President of the United States\"\nis the 48th and current vice president. He assumed office on January 20, 2017. No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on \"\"Leftover Business\"\" proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president). Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that, \"\"The Senate shall choose its own President,\"\" and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9538877", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential inauguration\"\nJustice of the United States administers the oath of office to the president. However, when January 20 falls on a Sunday, the chief justice administers the oath to the president on that day privately and then again in a public ceremony the next day, on Monday, January 21. The most recent presidential inauguration ceremony was the swearing in of Donald Trump to a four-year term of office on Friday, January 20, 2017. Recitation of the presidential oath of office is the only component in this ceremony mandated by the United States Constitution (in ). However, over the years, various traditions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1530717", "chunk_text": "\"History of the United States (2008–present)\"\nLives Matter movement sparked discussions, protests, and riots against racial profiling, police brutality, and overall racism between white and black Americans. The 2016 Orlando shooting at a gay nightclub renewed discussions of violence and discrimination against the LGBT community as well as domestic terrorism by radicalized individuals. After unprecedented media coverage and a confrontational, aggressive presidential campaign, businessman Donald Trump defeated former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in the 2016 election leading to Republicans gaining control of all branches of government. His first months in office have largely been characterized by legislation and a series of executive orders restricting abortion", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10515968", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nvote to convict. Two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives: Andrew Johnson in 1868, and Bill Clinton in 1998. Both were acquitted by the senate: Johnson by one vote, and Clinton by 17 votes. Additionally, the House Judiciary Committee commenced impeachment proceedings against Richard Nixon in 1974; however, he resigned from office before the full House voted on the articles of impeachment. Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances: death, resignation, and removal from office. Deaths have occurred a number of times, resignation has occurred only once, and removal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19039619", "chunk_text": "\"Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush\"\nthe superintendent. At mid-morning on December 1, President Donald Trump proclaimed December 5 to be a National Day of Mourning. The proclamation further decreed that American flags \"\"on all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions\"\" be lowered to half staff until December 30, 2018. In addition, all agencies of the United States Government throughout the United States were ordered closed on the National Day of Mourning and the Supreme Court of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10515960", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nan absolute majority of states (currently 26 of 50). There have been two contingent presidential elections in the nation's history. A 73–73 electoral vote tie between Thomas Jefferson and fellow Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr in the election of 1800 necessitated the first. Conducted under the original procedure established by of the Constitution, which stipulates that if two or three persons received a majority vote and an equal vote, the House of Representatives would choose one of them for president; the runner up would become Vice President. On February 17, 1801, Jefferson was elected president on the 36th ballot, and Burr became", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15449208", "chunk_text": "\"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States\"\nin the categories of communication ability, integrity and crisis management; and most poorly for his relationship with Congress, transparency and accountability. A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association (APSA) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot, with George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Bill Clinton, Andrew Jackson and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10. APSA conducted a repeat of this poll in 2018, with Donald Trump appearing for the first time, in last position. Within each column: Note: click the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18753550", "chunk_text": "\"President-elect of the United States\"\nPresident-elect of the United States The President-elect of the United States is the person who has won the quadrennial presidential election in the United States, but who has not yet been inaugurated as President of the United States. President-elect is also the honorific title accorded to this individual. The only constitutional provisions pertaining directly to the president-elect, address matters related to the election winner's availability to take the oath of office. Nowhere is there an unequivocal statement made of \"\"when\"\" the winner of the election actually becomes president-elect. Since the 1960s, U.S. federal law has empowered the General Services Administration", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3884477", "chunk_text": "\"United States presidential election\"\nhad never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office. The only previous experience that Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower had was in the military. Herbert Hoover previously served as the Secretary of Commerce. Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president, such as being Vice President, a member of the United States Congress, or a state or territorial governor. Fourteen Presidents also served as vice president. However, only John Adams (1796), Thomas Jefferson (1800), Martin Van Buren (1836), Richard Nixon (1968) and George H. W. Bush (1988) began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16770296", "chunk_text": "\"Donald Trump\"\nchief, Scott Pruitt, does not believe that carbon emissions are the main cause of global warming. While admitting that the climate is warming, Pruitt believes that warming is not necessarily harmful and could be beneficial. Based on numerous studies, climate experts disagree with his position. On June 1, 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement. Trump's early policies have favored rollback and dismantling of government regulations. He signed a Congressional Review Act disapproval resolution, the first in 16 years and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14024480", "chunk_text": "\"2016 United States presidential election in Oregon\"\nnotable feat in carrying Columbia County, becoming the first Republican to do so since Herbert Hoover in 1928. The incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, a Democrat and former U.S. Senator from Illinois, was first elected president in the 2008 election, running with former Senator Joe Biden of Delaware. Defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain of Arizona, with 52.9% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral vote, Obama succeeded two-term Republican President George W. Bush, the former Governor of Texas. Obama and Biden were reelected in the 2012 presidential election, defeating former Massachusetts Governor Mitt", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11849847", "chunk_text": "\"First Lady of the United States\"\nTrump is the current First Lady of the United States, and wife of 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump. While the title was not in general use until much later, Martha Washington, the wife of George Washington, the first U.S. President (1789–1797), is considered to be the inaugural First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as \"\"Lady Washington\"\". Since the 1790s, the role of First Lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2696344", "chunk_text": "\"United States Department of State\"\nUnited States Department of State The United States Department of State (DOS), commonly just referred to as the State Department, is the federal executive department that advises the President and represents the country in international affairs and foreign policy issues. Equivalent to the foreign ministry of other countries, it was established in 1789 as the nation's first executive department. The current Secretary of State is Mike Pompeo, who ascended to the office in April 2018 after Rex Tillerson resigned. The State Department's duties include implementing the foreign policy of the United States, operating the nation's diplomatic missions abroad, negotiating treaties", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "730550", "chunk_text": "\"Executive Order 13769\"\nexecutive order was based on outstanding policies saying that the seven targeted countries were \"\"put (...) first and foremost\"\" by the Obama administration. Fact-checkers at PolitiFact.com, \"\"The New York Times\"\", and \"\"The Washington Post\"\" said the Obama restrictions cannot be compared to this executive order because they were in response to a credible threat and were not a blanket ban on all individuals from those countries, and concluded that the Trump administration's statements about the Obama administration were misleading and false. Donald Trump became the U.S. president on 20 January 2017. He has long claimed that terrorists are using the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13082197", "chunk_text": "\"Donald Trump\"\ncontroversial or false. Trump was elected president in a surprise victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton. He became the oldest and wealthiest person ever to assume the presidency, the first without prior military or government service, and the fifth to have won the election while losing the popular vote. His election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Many of his comments and actions have been perceived as racially charged or racist. During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority countries, citing security concerns; after legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's third revision. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10933509", "chunk_text": "\"Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution\"\nprecedent. Fielding and White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan recommended that Reagan transfer power, and two letters were drafted: one specifically invoking Section 3, the other mentioning only that Reagan was mindful of its provisions. On July 13, Reagan signed the second letter, and Vice President George H.W. Bush was Acting President from 11:28 a.m. until 7:22 p.m., when Reagan transmitted a followup letter declaring himself able to resume his duties. On June 29, 2002, President George W. Bush explicitly invoked Section 3 in temporarily transferring his powers to Vice President Dick Cheney before undergoing a colonoscopy, which began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7734882", "chunk_text": "\"Vice President of the United States\"\nor is otherwise unable to discharge the powers or duties of the presidency. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity, and Section 4 addresses incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet. While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked on three occasions by two presidents. President Ronald Reagan did so once, on July 13, 1985, before undergoing surgeryVice President George H. W. Bush was acting president for approximately eight hours. President George W. Bush did so twice, on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007, prior to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10515959", "chunk_text": "\"President of the United States\"\nelectoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. If a candidate has received an absolute majority of electoral votes for president (currently 270 of 538), that person is declared the winner. Otherwise, the House of Representatives must meet to elect a president using a contingent election procedure in which representatives, voting by state delegation, with each state casting a single vote, choose between the top electoral vote-getters for president. For a candidate to win, he or she must receive the votes of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19603104", "chunk_text": "\"February 2017 Donald Trump speech to joint session of Congress\"\nFebruary 2017 Donald Trump speech to joint session of Congress The 45th President of the United States, Donald Trump, gave his first public address before a joint session of the United States Congress on Tuesday, February 28, 2017. Similar to a State of the Union address, it was delivered before the 115th United States Congress in the Chamber of the United States House of Representatives in the United States Capitol. Presiding over this joint session was the House Speaker, Paul Ryan. Accompanying the Speaker of the House was the President of the United States Senate, Mike Pence, the Vice President", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6514375", "chunk_text": "\"Alex Azar\"\nAlex Azar Alex Michael Azar II ( born June 17, 1967) is an American politician, lawyer, pharmaceutical lobbyist and former drug company executive who is the current United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. Azar was nominated by President Donald Trump on November 13, 2017 and confirmed by the United States Senate on January 24, 2018. He was formerly the United States Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services under George W. Bush from 2005 to 2007. From 2012 to 2017, Azar was President of the U.S. division of Eli Lilly and Company, a major pharmaceutical drug company, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18013062", "chunk_text": "\"History of the United States Constitution\"\nvote: 1824 (John Quincy Adams), 1876 (Rutherford B. Hayes), 1888 (Benjamin Harrison), 2000 (George W. Bush) and 2016 (Donald Trump). The current impeachment powers do not give the people a quick way to remove incompetent or ill presidents, in his view. Others have criticized gerrymandering. Yale professor Robert A. Dahl saw a problem with an American tendency towards worship of the Constitution itself. \"\"(See American civil religion)\"\" He sees aspects of American governance which are \"\"unusual and potentially undemocratic: the federal system, the bicameral legislature, judicial review, presidentialism, and the electoral college system.\"\" Levinson and Labunski and others have called", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_23	what part of the brain is in the middle cranial fossa?	n/a	[ "pituitary gland", "the temporal lobes", "the pituitary gland", "temporal lobes" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609389", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nlike the italic letter \"\"f\"\". It begins behind at the foramen lacerum, and ends on the medial side of the anterior clinoid process, where it is sometimes converted into a foramen (carotico-clinoid) by the union of the anterior with the middle clinoid process; posteriorly, it is bounded laterally by the lingula. This groove lodges the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery, the latter being surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The lateral parts of the middle fossa are of considerable depth, and support the temporal lobes of the brain. They are marked by depressions for the brain convolutions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4104516", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nwings of the sphenoid. It is traversed by the squamosal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and sphenopetrosal sutures. It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland. A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas (vestibular schwannoma) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone. The middle part of the fossa presents, in front, the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity. Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4104515", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nMiddle cranial fossa The middle cranial fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the anterior clinoid processes, and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove; behind, by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sellæ; laterally by the temporal squamæ, sphenoidal angles of the parietals, and greater", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4104524", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\ncanal, for the transmission of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery; beneath it, the smaller groove, for the passage of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve; and, near the apex of the bone, the depression for the semilunar ganglion and the orifice of the carotid canal. Middle cranial fossa The middle cranial fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest. It is bounded in front by the posterior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609388", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nand medialward and gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli. Behind the tuberculum sellæ is a deep depression, the sella turcica, containing the fossa hypophyseos, which lodges the hypophysis, and presents on its anterior wall the middle clinoid processes. The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone, the dorsum sellae, the upper angles of which are surmounted by the posterior clinoid processes: these afford attachment to the tentorium cerebelli, and below each is a notch for the abducent nerve. On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove, which is broad, shallow, and curved somewhat", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4104521", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nthe sphenoid; it is usually completed laterally by the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It transmits to the orbital cavity the oculomotor, the trochlear, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal, and the abducent nerves, some filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic, and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery; and from the orbital cavity a recurrent branch from the lacrimal artery to the dura mater, and the ophthalmic veins. Behind the medial end of the superior orbital fissure is the foramen rotundum, for the passage of the maxillary nerve. Behind and lateral to the foramen rotundum", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18714968", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nMidbrain The midbrain or mesencephalon (, ; from Greek \"\"mesos\"\" 'middle', and \"\"enkephalos\"\" 'brain') is a portion of the central nervous system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation. The principle regions of the midbrain are the tectum, the cerebral aqueduct, tegmentum, and the basis pedunculi. Rostrally the midbrain adjoins the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, etc.), while Caudally it adjoins the metencephalon (hindbrain) (pons and cerebellum). In the rostral direction, the midbrain noticably splays laterally. Sectioning of the midbrain is usually performed axially, at one of two levels - that of the superior colliculi, or that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609390", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nand traversed by furrows for the anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels. These furrows begin near the foramen spinosum, and the anterior runs forward and upward to the sphenoidal angle of the parietal, where it is sometimes converted into a bony canal; the posterior runs lateralward and backward across the temporal squama and passes on to the parietal near the middle of its lower border. The following apertures are also to be seen. In front is the superior orbital fissure, bounded above by the small wing, below, by the great wing, and medially, by the body of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7591842", "chunk_text": "\"Posterior cranial fossa\"\nenters the junction of the transverse and sigmoid sinuses. Also an inferior petrosal sinus enters the sigmoid sinus near the jugular foramen. The posterior cranial fossa is formed in the endocranium, and holds the most basal parts of the brain. An underdeveloped posterior cranial fossa can cause Arnold-Chiari Malformation. These can be either acquired or congenital disorders. Posterior cranial fossa The posterior cranial fossa is part of the cranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum. This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons. Anteriorly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609413", "chunk_text": "\"Anterior cranial fossa\"\nAnterior cranial fossa The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove. The lesser wings of the sphenoid separate the anterior and middle fossae. It is traversed by the frontoethmoidal, sphenoethmoidal, and sphenofrontal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16522537", "chunk_text": "Brainstem\nBrainstem The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain, and the pons and medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. Sometimes the diencephalon, the caudal part of the forebrain, is included. The brainstem provides the main motor and sensory nerve supply to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, ten pairs come from the brainstem. The brainstem is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609417", "chunk_text": "\"Anterior cranial fossa\"\nupper margin of the optic foramen. The anterior cranial fossa contains the following parts of the brain: There are several openings connecting the anterior cranial fossa with other parts of the skull, and these are the following: The paired anterior ethmoidal foramen connects the anterior cranial fossa with each orbit and transmits the anterior ethmoidal artery, nerve and vein. The cribriform foramina are the openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which connect the anterior cranial fossa with the nasal cavity and transmit the olfactory nerves. Anterior cranial fossa The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14880656", "chunk_text": "\"Posterior cranial fossa\"\nPosterior cranial fossa The posterior cranial fossa is part of the cranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum. This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons. Anteriorly it extends to the apex of the petrous temporal. Posteriorly it is enclosed by the occipital bone. Laterally portions of the squamous temporal and mastoid part of the temporal bone form its walls. The most conspicuous, large opening in the floor of the fossa. It transmits the medulla, the ascending portions of the spinal accessory nerve (XI),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4104523", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\naperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage, while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves. The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage. On the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone are seen the eminence caused by the projection of the superior semicircular canal; in front of and a little lateral to this a depression corresponding to the roof of the tympanic cavity; the groove leading to the hiatus of the facial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10609414", "chunk_text": "\"Anterior cranial fossa\"\nsutures. Its lateral portions roof in the orbital cavities and support the frontal lobes of the cerebrum; they are convex and marked by depressions for the brain convolutions, and grooves for branches of the meningeal vessels. The central portion corresponds with the roof of the nasal cavity, and is markedly depressed on either side of the crista galli. It presents, in and near the median line, from before backward, the commencement of the frontal crest for the attachment of the falx cerebri; the foramen cecum, between the frontal bone and the crista galli of the ethmoid, which usually transmits a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3736435", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nred nuclei's decisions. The area between the red nuclei, on the ventral side - known as the ventral tegmental area - is the largest dopamine producing area in the brain, and is heavily involved in the neural reward system. The ventral tegmental area is in contact with parts of the forebrain - the mammillary bodies (from the telencephalon) and hypothalamus (of the diencephalon). The basis pedunculi each form a lobe ventrally of the tegmentum, on either side of the midline. Beyond the midbrain, between the lobes, is the interpeduncular fossa, which is a cistern filled with cerebrospinal fluid . The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13643759", "chunk_text": "Cerebellum\n\"\"microzones\"\" or \"\"microcompartments\"\". The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. The fourth ventricle, pons and medulla are in front of the cerebellum. It is separated from the overlying cerebrum by a layer of leathery dura mater, the tentorium cerebelli; all of its connections with other parts of the brain travel through the pons. Anatomists classify the cerebellum as part of the metencephalon, which also includes the pons; the metencephalon is the upper part of the rhombencephalon or \"\"hindbrain\"\". Like the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres; it also contains a narrow midline zone (the vermis).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10932738", "chunk_text": "\"Middle meningeal artery\"\nMiddle meningeal artery The middle meningeal artery (\"\"\"\") is typically the third branch of the first part (retromandibular part) of the maxillary artery, one of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery. After branching off the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa, it runs through the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater (the outermost meninges) and the calvaria. The middle meningeal artery is the largest of the three (paired) arteries that supply the meninges, the others being the anterior meningeal artery and the posterior meningeal artery. The anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery runs beneath the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13847523", "chunk_text": "\"Foramen rotundum\"\nForamen rotundum The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. The foramen rotundum is one of the several circular apertures (the foramina) located in the base of the skull, in the anterior and medial part of the sphenoid bone. The mean area of the foramina rotunda is not considerable, which may suggest that they play a minor role in the dynamics of blood circulation in the venous system of the head. The foramen rotundum evolves in shape throughout the fetal period, and from birth to adolescence. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18714978", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nmajority of each lobe constitutes the Crus cerebri, which are the main tracts descending from the thalamus to caudal parts of the central nervous system; the central and medial ventral portions contain the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts, while the remainder of the crus primarily contains tracts connecting the cortex to the pons. Older texts refer to the crus cerebri as the \"\"cerebral peduncle\"\"; however, the latter term actually covers all fibres communicating with the cerebrum (usually via the diencephalon), and therefore would include much of the tegmentum as well. The remainder of the crus pedunculi - small regions around the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3344246", "chunk_text": "\"Midbrain tegmentum\"\nMidbrain tegmentum The midbrain is broken up into the tectum and the tegmentum. The midbrain tegmentum is the part of the midbrain extending from the substantia nigra to the cerebral aqueduct in a horizontal section of the midbrain. It forms the floor of the midbrain that surrounds below the cerebral aqueduct as well as the floor of the third ventricle while the midbrain tectum forms the roof of the third ventricle. The tegmentum contains a collection of tracts and nuclei with movement-related, species-specific, and pain-perception functions. The general structures of midbrain tegmentum include red nucleus and the periaqueductal grey matter.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6289197", "chunk_text": "\"Middle cranial fossa\"\nis the foramen ovale, which transmits the mandibular nerve, the accessory meningeal artery, and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve. Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen Vesalii, which varies in size in different individuals, and is often absent; when present, it opens below at the lateral side of the scaphoid fossa, and transmits a small vein. Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum, for the passage of the middle meningeal vessels, and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve. Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen lacerum; in the fresh state the lower part of this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18714981", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nremainder of neural development. It does not split into other brain areas. while the forebrain, for example, divides into the telencephalon and the diencephalon. Throughout embryonic development, the cells within the midbrain continually multiply; this happens to a much greater extend ventrally than it does dorsally. The outward expansion compresses the still-forming cerebral aqueduct, which can result in partial or total obstruction, leading to congenital hydrocephalus. The mesencephalon is considered part of the brainstem. Its substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia. The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, meaning that its general architecture", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10895769", "chunk_text": "\"Human brain\"\nthe cranial cavity, lying beneath the occipital lobes, and is separated from these by the cerebellar tentorium, a sheet of fibre. It is connected to the midbrain of the brainstem by the superior cerebellar peduncles, to the pons by the middle cerebellar peduncles, and to the medulla by the inferior cerebellar peduncles. The cerebellum consists of an inner medulla of white matter and an outer cortex of richly folded grey matter. The cerebellum's anterior and posterior lobes appear to play a role in the coordination and smoothing of complex motor movements, and the flocculonodular lobe in the maintenance of balance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8057550", "chunk_text": "Cerebrum\nCerebrum The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The prosencephalon is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally. In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres. With the assistance of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17481882", "chunk_text": "\"Skull fracture\"\nthe inner portions of the sphenoid wings at the base of the skull. The middle cranial fossa, a depression at the base of the cranial cavity forms the thinnest part of the skull and is thus the weakest part. This area of the cranial floor is weakened further by the presence of multiple foramina as a result this section is at higher risk for basilar skull fractures to occur. Other areas more susceptible to fractures are the cribriform plate, the roof of orbits in the anterior cranial fossa, and the areas between the mastoid and dural sinuses in the posterior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1811277", "chunk_text": "Endocranium\nwithout damaging valuable specimens. This gives a 3D representation of the brain. Brain size and complexity can then be determined. Endocasts were used for looking at the brains of \"\"Homo sapiens\"\" to find hemispheric specialization. Endocranium The endocranium in comparative anatomy is a part of the skull base in vertebrates and it represents the basal, inner part of the cranium. The term is also applied to the outer layer of the dura mater in human anatomy. Structurally, the endocranium consists of a boxlike shape, open at the top. The posterior margin exhibit the \"\"foramen magnum\"\", an opening for the spinal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15468736", "chunk_text": "\"Dura mater\"\nreflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections: Two other dural infoldings are the cerebellar falx and the sellar diaphragm: This depends upon the area of the cranial cavity: in the anterior cranial fossa the anterior meningeal artery (branch from the ethmoidal artery) is responsible for blood supply, in the middle cranial fossa the middle meningeal artery and some accessory arteries are responsible for blood supply, the middle meningeal artery is a direct branch from the maxillary artery and enter the cranial cavity through the foramen spinosum and then divides into anterior (which runs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10932742", "chunk_text": "\"Middle meningeal artery\"\nthan arterial. The middle meningeal artery runs in a groove on the inside of the cranium. This can clearly be seen on a lateral skull X-ray, where it may be mistaken for a fracture of the skull. On a dry specimen, the groove is easy to see. This means that the artery is easy to study, even in specimens centuries old, and several classifications of the branches have been proposed, e.g. Adachi's classification of 1928. Middle meningeal artery The middle meningeal artery (\"\"\"\") is typically the third branch of the first part (retromandibular part) of the maxillary artery, one of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11824", "chunk_text": "\"Foramen rotundum\"\nor perforate. Here, the opening is round as indicated by the Latin rotundum meaning round. Foramen rotundum The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa. The foramen rotundum is one of the several circular apertures (the foramina) located in the base of the skull, in the anterior and medial part of the sphenoid bone. The mean area of the foramina rotunda is not considerable, which may suggest that they play a minor role in the dynamics of blood circulation in the venous system of the head. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18714969", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nof the inferior colliculi. One common technique for remembering the structures of the midbrain involves visualizing these cross-sections (especially at the level of the superior colliculi) as the upside-down face of a bear, with the basis pedunculi forming the ears, the cerebral aqueduct the mouth, and the tectum the chin; prominent features of the tegmentum form the eyes and certain sculptural shadows of the face. The \"\"Tectum\"\" (Latin for \"\"roof\"\") is the dorsal side of the midbrain. It is involved in certain reflex actions in connection with visual or auditory stimuli. The reticulospinal tract, which excerts some control over alertness,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19272051", "chunk_text": "Cerebrum\nand their therapsid ancestors. Cerebrum The cerebrum is a large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex (of the two cerebral hemispheres), as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb. In the human brain, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the central nervous system. The prosencephalon is the embryonic structure from which the cerebrum develops prenatally. In mammals, the dorsal telencephalon, or pallium, develops into the cerebral cortex, and the ventral telencephalon, or subpallium, becomes the basal ganglia. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric left and right cerebral hemispheres. With", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10434427", "chunk_text": "\"Cerebral aqueduct\"\nCerebral aqueduct The cerebral aqueduct, also known as the aqueductus mesencephali, mesencephalic duct, sylvian aqueduct, or aqueduct of Sylvius, is within the mesencephalon (or midbrain), contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and connects the third ventricle in the diencephalon to the fourth ventricle within the region of the mesencephalon and metencephalon, located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum. The cerebral aqueduct, as other parts of the ventricular system of the brain, develops from the central canal of the neural tube, and it originates from the portion of the neural tube that is present in the developing mesencephalon, hence the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12397200", "chunk_text": "Neurocranium\nportions of the cranial vault, and the skull roof. These are not fused in fishes, and a proper neurocranium is only found in land vertebrates. Evolutionarily, the human neurocranium has expanded from comprising the back part of the mammalian skull to being also the upper part: during the evolutionary expansion of the brain, the neurocranium has overgrown the splanchnocranium. The upper-frontmost part of the cranium also houses the evolutionarily newest part of the human brain, the frontal lobes. Neurocranium In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10895770", "chunk_text": "\"Human brain\"\nalthough debate exists as to its cognitive, behavioural and motor functions. The brainstem lies beneath the cerebrum and consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla. It lies in the back part of the skull, resting on the part of the base known as the clivus, and ends at the foramen magnum, a large opening in the occipital bone. The brainstem continues below this as the spinal cord, protected by the vertebral column. Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves emerge directly from the brainstem. The brainstem also contains many cranial nerve nuclei and nuclei of peripheral nerves, as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10895752", "chunk_text": "\"Human brain\"\nHuman brain The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head. The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10895760", "chunk_text": "\"Human brain\"\nand leaves the cerebrum at the start of the midbrain area. The brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Behind the brainstem is the cerebellum (). The cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord are covered by three membranes called meninges. The membranes are the tough dura mater; the middle arachnoid mater and the more delicate inner pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains the cerebrospinal fluid. In the cerebral cortex, close to the basement membrane of the pia mater, is a limiting membrane called the glia limitans; this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1216823", "chunk_text": "\"Cranial cavity\"\nCranial cavity The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull. The skull, also known as the cranium, contains the brain. Meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain to minimize damage of the brain when there is head trauma. Meningitis is the inflammation of meninges caused by bacterial or viral infections. The spaces between meninges and the brain are filled with a clear cerebrospinal fluid, increasing the protection of the brain. Facial bones of the skull are not included in the cranial cavity. There are only eight cranial bones: The occipital, two parietal, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2607942", "chunk_text": "Meninges\narranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the calvaria (skullcap), and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain. It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18390042", "chunk_text": "Forebrain\nForebrain In the anatomy of the brain of vertebrates, the forebrain or prosencephalon is the rostral-most (forward-most) portion of the brain. The forebrain (prosencephalon), the midbrain (mesencephalon), and hindbrain (rhombencephalon) are the three primary portions of the brain during early development of the central nervous system. It controls body temperature, reproductive functions, eating, sleeping, and any display of emotions. At the five-vesicle stage, the forebrain separates into the diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, and pretectum) and the telencephalon which develops into the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of the cerebral cortex, underlying white matter, and the basal ganglia. By 5 weeks", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2681542", "chunk_text": "Skull\nThe geometry of the skull base and its fossae, the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae changes rapidly. The anterior cranial fossa changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and skull defects can often develop during this time. At birth, the human skull is made up of 44 separate bony elements. During development, many of these bony elements gradually fuse together into solid bone (for example, the frontal bone). The bones of the roof of the skull are initially separated by regions of dense connective tissue called fontanelles. There are six fontanelles: one anterior (or frontal), one posterior (or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6589951", "chunk_text": "Metencephalon\nMetencephalon The metencephalon is the embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and the cerebellum. It contains a portion of the fourth ventricle and the trigeminal nerve (CN V), abducens nerve (CN VI), facial nerve (CN VII), and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). The metencephalon develops from the higher/rostral half of the embryonic rhombencephalon, and is differentiated from the myelencephalon in the embryo by approximately 5 weeks of age. By the third month, the metencephalon differentiates into its two main structures, the pons and the cerebellum. The pons regulates breathing through particular nuclei that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2681537", "chunk_text": "Skull\nbones, and contains many foramina, fossae, processes, and several cavities or sinuses. In zoology there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. The human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton (also called the \"\"membraneous viscerocranium\"\"). The neurocranium (or \"\"braincase\"\") forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4976696", "chunk_text": "\"Subarcuate fossa\"\nnearly all mammals. In these animals, the subarcuate fossa houses a part of the cerebellum, the petrosal lobe. Subarcuate fossa In the temporal bone at the sides of the skull, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the meatal segment of anterior inferior cerebellar artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the infant this depression is represented by a large fossa, the subarcuate fossa, which extends backward as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5679168", "chunk_text": "\"Foramen spinosum\"\nsphenoid bone situated in the middle cranial fossa. It is one of two foramina in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The foramen ovale is one of these two cranial foramina, situated directly anterior and medial to the foramen spinosum. The spine of sphenoid falls medial and posterior to the foramen. Lateral to the foramen is the mandibular fossa, and posterior is the Eustachian tube. The foramen spinosum varies in size and location. The foramen is rarely absent, usually unilaterally, in which case the middle meningeal artery enters the cranial cavity through the foramen ovale. It may be incomplete,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10932739", "chunk_text": "\"Middle meningeal artery\"\npterion. It is vulnerable to injury at this point, where the skull is thin. Rupture of the artery may give rise to an epidural hematoma. In the dry cranium, the middle meningeal, which runs within the dura mater surrounding the brain, makes a deep indention in the calvarium. The middle meningeal artery is intimately associated with the auriculotemporal nerve, which wraps around the artery making the two easily identifiable in the dissection of human cadavers and also easily damaged in surgery. It ascends between the sphenomandibular ligament and the pterygoideus externus (lateral pterygoid muscle), and between the two roots of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18714974", "chunk_text": "Midbrain\nand the cerebral aqueduct. The tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and is much larger in size than the tectum. It communicates with the cerebellum by the superior cerebellar peduncles, which enter at the caudal end, medially, on the ventral side; the cerebellar peduncles are distinctive at the level of the inferior colliculus, where they decussate, but they dissipate more rostrally. Between these peduncles, on the ventral side, is the median raphe nucleus, which is involved in memory consolidation. The main bulk of the tegmentum contains a complex synaptic network of neurons, primarily involved", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12397198", "chunk_text": "Neurocranium\nNeurocranium In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton. In comparative anatomy, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with endocranium or chondrocranium. The neurocranium is divided into two portions: In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the following eight bones: The ossicles (three on each side) are usually not included as bones of the neurocranium. There may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8057551", "chunk_text": "Cerebrum\ncerebellum, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body. The Latin word cerebrum comes . The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Depending upon the position of the animal it lies either in front or on top of the brainstem. In humans, the cerebrum is the largest and best-developed of the five major divisions of the brain. The cerebrum is made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and their cortices, (the outer layers of grey matter), and the underlying regions of white matter. Its subcortical structures include the hippocampus, basal ganglia and olfactory bulb. The cerebrum consists", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10900781", "chunk_text": "Brainstem\nlateral geniculate body of the diencephalon. The tegmentum which forms the floor of the midbrain, is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct. Several nuclei, tracts, and the reticular formation are contained here. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is composed of paired cerebral peduncles. These transmit axons of upper motor neurons. The midbrain consists of: The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It contains tracts that carry signals from the cerebrum to the medulla and to the cerebellum and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the thalamus. The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the cerebellar peduncles.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_24	where do the greasers live in the outsiders?	n/a	[ "Tulsa, Oklahoma" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10565259", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nfilm helped spark the Brat Pack genre of the 1980s. Both Lane and Dillon went on to appear in Coppola's related film \"\"Rumble Fish\"\". Emilio Estevez went on to be in \"\"That Was Then... This Is Now\"\", the only S. E. Hinton film adaptation not to star Matt Dillon. The movie received mostly positive reviews from critics, and performed well at the box office, grossing $33 million on a $10 million budget. In Tulsa, Oklahoma, greasers are a gang of tough, low-income working-class teens. They include Ponyboy Curtis and his two older brothers, Sodapop and Darrel, as well as Johnny", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21010327", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nThe Outsiders (novel) The Outsiders is a coming-of-age novel by S. E. Hinton, first published in 1967 by Viking Press. Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school. Hinton was 18 when the book was published. The book details the conflict between two rival gangs divided by their socioeconomic status: the working-class \"\"greasers\"\" and the upper-class \"\"Socs\"\" (pronounced —short for \"\"Socials\"\"). The story is told in first-person perspective by teenaged protagonist Ponyboy Curtis. The story in the book takes place in Tulsa, Oklahoma,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21010328", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nin 1965, but this is never explicitly stated in the book. A film adaptation was produced in 1983, and a little-known short-lived television series appeared in 1990, picking up where the movie left off. A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990. Ponyboy Curtis, a teenaged member of a loose gang of \"\"greasers\"\", is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by \"\"Socs\"\", the greasers' rival gang. Several greasers, including Ponyboy's two older brothers—the paternal Darry and the popular Sodapop—come to his rescue. The next night, Ponyboy and two greaser friends, the hardened Dally and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7713465", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\ntold the police that Johnny and Pony were in Texas, and gives Pony a note from Sodapop. They go out to get something to eat, then return to find the church on fire with children trapped inside. The Greasers turn into heroes as they rescue the kids from the burning church. It doesn't take long for Ponyboy and Dally to heal up. Johnny, on the other hand, ends up with a broken back and severe burns. The boys are praised for their heroism, but Johnny is charged with manslaughter for killing Bob, while Ponyboy may be sent to a boys'", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12168318", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nbehalf of her seventh and eighth grade students about adapting \"\"The Outsiders\"\". When Coppola read the book, he was moved not only to adapt and direct it, but to follow it the next year by adapting Hinton's novel \"\"Rumble Fish\"\". The latter film's cast also included Matt Dillon, Diane Lane, and Glenn Withrow. The film was shot on location in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Coppola filmed \"\"The Outsiders\"\" and \"\"Rumble Fish\"\" back-to-back in 1982—a newspaper, used to show a story about the three greasers saving the kids in \"\"The Outsiders\"\", includes a real story from 1982 regarding the death of a man", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7713466", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nhome. Bob's death has sparked calls from the Socs for \"\"a rumble,\"\" which the Greasers win. Dallas drives Ponyboy to the hospital to visit Johnny. Johnny is unimpressed by the victory, and dies after telling Ponyboy to \"\"stay gold,\"\" referring to the Frost poem. Unable to bear Johnny's death, Dallas wanders through the hospital, pretending to shoot a doctor with his unloaded gun, which clicks harmlessly. He then robs a grocery store with the same gun, but he is shot and wounded by the owner as he flees. Pursued by the police, Dallas is surrounded in a park and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14601130", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders Inn\"\nout, with Brown serving as entertainment director and Wilson as the head chef. Each episode chronicles the trio dealing with the rigors of running a bed and breakfast. Maureen leases a bed and breakfast in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and enlists Bobby and Carnie to help out. But when their first guests check in, the amateur innkeepers try to kill them with kindness and stay civil (between the three) at the same time. Meanwhile, Bobby discovers something surprising while hunting for some moonshine. Ross Mathews asks the trio to serve as judges at a talent contest he is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7751603", "chunk_text": "\"Greaser (subculture)\"\ntime. The first cinematic representation of the greaser subculture was the 1953 film \"\"The Wild One\"\". Greasers are central characters in the 1957 musical \"\"West Side Story\"\" and its 1961 film adaptation, the 1967 novel \"\"The Outsiders\"\" and its 1983 film adaptation, the 1974 film \"\"The Lords of Flatbush\"\", and the 1979 film \"\"The Wanderers\"\". The phenomenon was given a more farcical treatment in the 1971 stage musical \"\"Grease\"\" (along with its 1978 film adaptation), which drew its name from the subculture and was based on real-life Chicago Polish greasers in the late 1950s. The band Sha-Na-Na models their on-stage", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2906428", "chunk_text": "\"S. E. Hinton bibliography\"\nawards from 21 nominations. S. E. Hinton bibliography Susan Eloise Hinton (better known as S. E. Hinton) is an American author who is best known for writing young adult fiction. \"\"The Outsiders\"\" was Hinton's first published book in 1967; Hinton wrote the book at the age of seventeen. Hinton based the characters, the Greasers and the Socs, off of teenage gangs and alienated youth in her hometown of Tulsa, Oklahoma during the 1960s. \"\"The Outsiders\"\" has sold over fourteen million copies since it was published. In 1983, \"\"The Outsiders\"\" became a movie, and was later released onto DVD. After experiencing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17510340", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nthe quiet Johnny, meet Cherry and Marcia, a pair of Soc girls, at a drive-in movie theater. Cherry spurns Dally's rude advances, but Ponyboy ends up speaking civilly with Cherry, emotionally connecting with a Soc for the first time in his life. Afterward, Ponyboy, Johnny, and their wisecracking friend Two-Bit begin to walk Cherry and Marcia home, when they are stopped by Cherry's boyfriend Bob, who badly beat up Johnny a few months back. Bob and the greasers exchange taunts, but Cherry prevents a fight by willingly leaving with Bob. Ponyboy gets home at two in the morning, enraging Darry", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9759750", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (film)\"\nwere shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers \"\"Greased Lightning\"\" and \"\"Beauty School Dropout\"\". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8210210", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (U.S. TV series)\"\nsecond season, airing as a series finale on the channel. Set in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky, the series revolves around the interaction of a group of mountain folk known as the Farrell clan and the locals in the nearby town of Blackburg, Kentucky. The Farrells are an isolationist group, who shun normal society and live a spartan existence in the woods. Extremely paranoid of outsiders, the family controls a mountain coveted by a national mining outfit for its coal deposits. At the start of the series, Asa Farrell, a cousin of the ruling family, returns to the mountains after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2906424", "chunk_text": "\"S. E. Hinton bibliography\"\nS. E. Hinton bibliography Susan Eloise Hinton (better known as S. E. Hinton) is an American author who is best known for writing young adult fiction. \"\"The Outsiders\"\" was Hinton's first published book in 1967; Hinton wrote the book at the age of seventeen. Hinton based the characters, the Greasers and the Socs, off of teenage gangs and alienated youth in her hometown of Tulsa, Oklahoma during the 1960s. \"\"The Outsiders\"\" has sold over fourteen million copies since it was published. In 1983, \"\"The Outsiders\"\" became a movie, and was later released onto DVD. After experiencing a writer's block and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7713463", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nCade, Dallas Winston, Two-Bit Matthews, and Steve Randle. Their rivalry is with the Socs, a gang of wealthier kids from the other side of town. Two Socs, Bob Sheldon and Randy Anderson, confront Johnny, Ponyboy, and Two-Bit, who are talking to the Socs' girlfriends, Cherry and Marcia, at a drive-in theater. The girls defuse the situation by going home with the Socs. Later that night, Ponyboy and Johnny are attacked in a park by Bob, Randy, and three other Socs. They begin dunking Ponyboy in a fountain attempting to drown him, but Johnny pulls out his switchblade and stabs Bob", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8210214", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (U.S. TV series)\"\nPaul Giamatti for Sony Pictures Television and Tribune Studios. WGN America announced a 13-episode straight-to-series order in August 2014. Production began in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area on May 5, 2015 and ran through September. Mountaintop exteriors were filmed in Henry Kaufmann Family Park in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, while interiors were constructed at 31st Street Studios in the Strip District. Scenes in Blackburg, Kentucky, the fictional town at the base of the mountain, were filmed in Millvale. WGN America renewed the series for a second season. Production resumed in mid-2016 using the same locations around Pittsburgh. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On review aggregator Metacritic, \"\"Outsiders\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7713464", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nto death. On the advice of Dallas, and the fact that murderers in Oklahoma will be executed in the electric chair, Ponyboy and Johnny flee on a cargo train, and hide out in an abandoned church in Windrixville. Both boys cut their hair and Ponyboy bleaches his with peroxide in order to change their appearances. To pass the time, the boys play poker and Ponyboy reads \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" and quotes the Robert Frost poem \"\"Nothing Gold Can Stay\"\". After a few days, Dallas arrives with news that Cherry has offered to support the boys in court, that he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17510342", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nand a loaded gun, directing them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville. During their stay there, Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise, reads \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" to Johnny, and, upon viewing a beautiful sunrise, recites the poem \"\"Nothing Gold Can Stay\"\" by Robert Frost. Days later, Dally comes to check on them, revealing that violence between the greasers and Socs has escalated since Bob's death into all-out city-wide warfare, with Cherry acting out of guilt as a spy for the greasers. Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15139945", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (musical)\"\nGrease (musical) Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Named after the 1950s United States working-class youth subculture known as greasers, the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School (based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago, Illinois) and follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure, politics, personal core values, and love. The score borrows heavily from the sounds of early rock and roll. In its original production in Chicago, \"\"Grease\"\" was a raunchy, raw, aggressive, vulgar show. Subsequent productions sanitized it and toned it down. The show", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18682045", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nback home. As they attempt to leave, they notice the church has caught fire and several local schoolchildren have become trapped inside. The greasers run inside the burning church to save the children, but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes. At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured, but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back. Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital; Darry breaks down and cries. Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him, and is only hard on him because he loves him and cares", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18382602", "chunk_text": "\"Summer Nights (Grease song)\"\nis a Catholic of Polish descent, originally attends parochial school. Danny, on the other hand, lied to her and claimed to attend Lake Forest Academy, a prestigious real-life private school in Chicago. Sandy's parents' decision to pull her out of Catholic school and put her in public Rydell High exposes Danny's ruse.) However, it quickly becomes clear that there are unresolved feelings of love between Danny and Sandy. Separately and unknown to each other, both Danny and Sandy meet with their respective group of friends and share their perspectives of their summertime fling. Danny, the leader of a greaser gang", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8210215", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (U.S. TV series)\"\nholds a score of 63/100, based on 17 critics, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews.\"\" On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 78%, stating \"\"\"\"Outsiders\"\" gritty performances keeps the backwoods drama intriguing, even when the story gets stuck in the mud.\"\" Outsiders (U.S. TV series) Outsiders is an American television drama series created by Peter Mattei. Set in the fictional town of Blackburg, Crockett County, Kentucky, the series tells the story of the Farrell clan and their struggle for power and control in the hills of Appalachia. It is WGN America's third original series, which debuted on January", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18682047", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nshe is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend. Pony calls her a traitor, but after she explains herself they end on good terms. After escaping the hospital, Dally shows up just in time for the rumble. The greasers win the brutal fight. Afterward, Pony and Dally hurry back to the hospital to see Johnny, but he dies moments later and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room. Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented. Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13947211", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (musical)\"\nNot on the Soundtrack The original score calls for a piano, two tenor saxophones, bass guitar, percussion, and two guitars. The 2007 revival includes two pianos, two reeds, trombone, trumpet, guitar, bass guitar, and percussion. Grease (musical) Grease is a 1971 musical by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. Named after the 1950s United States working-class youth subculture known as greasers, the musical is set in 1959 at fictional Rydell High School (based on William Howard Taft School in Chicago, Illinois) and follows ten working-class teenagers as they navigate the complexities of peer pressure, politics, personal core values, and love. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18682046", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\nabout his future. The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes, but Johnny will be charged with manslaughter for Bob's death. Two-Bit tells them that the greaser–Soc rivalry is to be settled in a final rumble. Ponyboy and Two-Bit are approached by a Soc named Randy, Bob's best friend, who expresses remorse for his involvement in the gang war, lacks confidence about the rumble ending the feud, and says he will not participate. Later, Ponyboy visits Johnny at the hospital, where he is in critical condition. On their way home, Pony spots Cherry and they talk. Cherry says", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9759730", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (film)\"\nand sweet Australian girl Sandy Olsson meet at the beach and fall in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, whose family is returning to Australia, worries that they might never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is \"\"only the beginning.\"\" At the beginning of the new school year at Rydell High School (\"\"Grease\"\"), Danny reunites with his fellow gang members, the T-Birds, of whom his best friend Kenickie, along with Doody, Sonny, and Putzie are members. Meanwhile, unbeknownst to Danny, Sandy arrives at school, with her family's plans having changed, with her new friend", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7713467", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\npolice kill him after he repeatedly refuses to drop his unloaded gun. Ponyboy is eventually cleared of wrongdoing in Bob's death and allowed to stay with his brothers. Turning the pages of Johnny's copy of \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\", Ponyboy finds a letter from Johnny saying that saving the children was worth sacrificing his own life. The story ends with Ponyboy writing a school report about his experiences. Francis Ford Coppola had not intended to make a film about teen angst until Jo Ellen Misakian, a school librarian from Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, wrote to him on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8210212", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (U.S. TV series)\"\nprocess so mining operations can begin as soon as possible. Deputy Sheriff Wade Houghton is assigned the task to carry out the eviction process. Deputy Sheriff Houghton however, suffers from alcoholism, opiate addiction, and PTSD due to previous encounters with the violent and cold-blooded Farrell family, and the death of his wife. Houghton attempts to warn his superiors that any sort of eviction process will be bloody, result in loss of life on both sides, and will eventually devolve into a lengthy siege with the Farrells holding the advantage through their extensive knowledge of the mountains. The eviction leads to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8210209", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (U.S. TV series)\"\nOutsiders (U.S. TV series) Outsiders is an American television drama series created by Peter Mattei. Set in the fictional town of Blackburg, Crockett County, Kentucky, the series tells the story of the Farrell clan and their struggle for power and control in the hills of Appalachia. It is WGN America's third original series, which debuted on January 26, 2016. On March 11, 2016, WGN America renewed \"\"Outsiders\"\" for a second season which premiered on January 24, 2017. On April 14, 2017, WGN America announced, the series had been canceled after two seasons, with the then forthcoming last episode of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14272551", "chunk_text": "\"Superior Saturday\"\ndocuments on which the Denizens write. The majority of Denizens within the Upper House work at desks situated within large iron cubes having mesh floors and no ceiling. These iron cubes make up the structure of Superior Saturday's tower. A population of Piper's Children (human children brought to the House by the Piper and later appointed to subordinate positions) titled \"\"Grease Monkeys\"\" work the chains which move the Denizens' \"\"offices\"\" according to the changes in an occupant's rank. The ceiling of the Upper House is actually the floor of the Incomparable Gardens and is shrouded in clouds. Sunday constantly taunts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10293621", "chunk_text": "\"Greased Lightning\"\ngroup of white boys with his bike-riding prowess. Fifteen years later, Wendell returns to Danville after serving in the Army during World War II. His family welcomes him home with a party and he takes an immediate liking to a guest, Mary Jones. Later, Wendell tells his mother he does not want to work in the cotton mill and plans to use his muster pay to buy a taxicab, eventually open a garage, and be his own boss. As Wendell and Mary begin dating, Wendell tells Mary's family that his real dream is be a champion racecar driver, but they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2697187", "chunk_text": "\"The Riches\"\nreunion with their Traveller clan, the family flees to avoid an arranged marriage for Di Di. Wayne steals a large amount from the clan's hoard of cash, and the family runs off. After getting into an altercation and RV chase with another Traveller family, the Malloys are involved in a car accident that kills a very wealthy couple, the eponymous Riches. In the hopes of pursuing a \"\"better life\"\", they adopt the Riches' identities in an affluent gated community in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. They struggle to adjust to their new lives as \"\"buffers\"\", as they call people who are not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9759732", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (film)\"\nteases that perhaps she'll meet him again. At a pep rally before a football game, Sandy and Patty perform as cheerleaders; there, Sandy and Tom flirt. Kenickie arrives with a used car he plans on rebuilding so he can race it at Thunder Road, a popular street race spot; as he says this, Leo Balmudo, a rival greaser from the Scorpions, drives by in a menacing manner. Rizzo puts Sandy and Danny together, surprising both of them. Sandy is thrilled to see Danny, but he is obnoxious and indifferent, upsetting Sandy. Frenchy invites Sandy to a sleepover with the Pink", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4613029", "chunk_text": "\"Grease: Live\"\nto Stay\"\" which was previously only part of the film version. In an interview with \"\"Rolling Stone\"\", Jonas explained that the band was approached by the producers for the role following a concert they had performed in New York City. \"\"Grease: Live\"\" was broadcast from Warner Bros. in Burbank, California, using two soundstages, half of its backlot, and 44 cameras. Set designer David Korins explained that the medium of a live, television musical would \"\"really show off what theater does best, and also what film and television does best\"\", having constructed a self-contained \"\"cafegymatorium\"\" set that is designed to provide", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10565258", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (film)\"\nThe Outsiders (film) The Outsiders is a 1983 American coming-of-age drama film directed by Francis Ford Coppola, an adaptation of the 1967 novel of the same name by S. E. Hinton. The film was released on March 25, 1983. Jo Ellen Misakian, a librarian at Lone Star Elementary School in Fresno, California, and her students were responsible for inspiring Coppola to make the film. The film is noted for its cast of up-and-coming stars, including C. Thomas Howell (who garnered a Young Artist Award), Rob Lowe, Emilio Estevez, Matt Dillon, Tom Cruise, Patrick Swayze, Ralph Macchio, and Diane Lane. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14939251", "chunk_text": "\"That Was Then, This Is Now\"\nhates him, effectively ending their bond. Later, Mark acts up frequently and is sent to prison. The book, like \"\"Rumble Fish\"\", takes place in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Hinton's hometown and the setting of her first book, \"\"The Outsiders\"\". However, unlike \"\"Rumble Fish\"\", Ponyboy Curtis, the main character of \"\"The Outsiders\"\", appears in \"\"That Was Then, This Is Now\"\" and even takes part in the events surrounding the dance and killing spree. The characters of Tim and Curly Shepard from \"\"The Outsiders \"\" also appear, as does their sister Angela, who is original to \"\"That Was Then, This Is Now\"\". Randy, who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14180893", "chunk_text": "\"UHF (film)\"\nfinished shooting of \"\"The Outsiders\"\" in Oklahoma, and found the ease and the cost to film in the state to be favorable for the needs of \"\"UHF\"\". They found several favorable factors that made the city suitable for filming. At the time of filming, the Kensington Galleria (71st and Lewis) was being closed down to convert the mall into office space, allowing the production team to use it for both sound stage and interior scenes including those for both Channels 8 and 62; the mall was also situated near a hotel making it ideal for housing the cast and crew", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6594463", "chunk_text": "\"Simon City Royals\"\nSimon City Royals The Almighty Simon City Royal Nation is a Chicago street gang which began in the late 1950s as Simon City, a greaser gang. They named themselves for Simons Park, which is located on the corner of Drake and Wabansia, in the Humboldt Park neighborhood where they originally formed. The Royals have become very organized and structured and are heavily involved in the dealing of illegal drugs and other contraband, particularly in prisons where members are incarcerated. They have also successfully bribed a prison guard in Milwaukee, to smuggle drugs into an institution. They are also involved in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13947197", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (musical)\"\nattends Rydell, and is a member of the greaser gang. In describing the fling, Sandy focuses on the romance, while Danny exaggerates to the other Burger Palace Boys (Kenickie, Roger, Doody and Sonny) regarding the physical aspects of their relationship (\"\"Summer Nights\"\"). The Pink Ladies soon after realize that Sandy's summer fling was the same Danny Zuko that attends Rydell High and arrange for the two to bump into each other at school; the resulting meeting is tense and awkward, as Danny had previously told Sandy that he attended a private academy and does not want to admit to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1892373", "chunk_text": "\"Greaser (subculture)\"\nGreaser (subculture) Greasers are a youth subculture that was popularized in the late 1940s and 1950s to 1960s by predominantly working class and lower class teenagers and young adults in the United States. The subculture remained prominent into the mid-1960s and was particularly embraced by certain ethnic groups in urban areas, particularly Italian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Rock and roll music, rockabilly and doo-wop were major parts of the culture. The word \"\"greaser\"\" originated in the 19th century in the United States as a derogatory label for poor laborers, specifically those of Mexican or Italian descent. The term was later used to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14601133", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders Inn\"\nCocke County Welcoming Committee and the mayor, hoping to land a liquor license. In an attempt to win-over the locals, Carnie bakes an apple pie disaster, while Maureen wants to service apple pies from a local apple orchard. A network of \"\"coon dog\"\" owners checks into Pigeon Manor for a local hunting contest. Maureen and Carnie are overwhelmed by the special requests and unsavory needs of this bizarre group. Bobby is not happy --- he only likes little dogs. The three discuss what to do about \"\"doggie guests\"\" at the inn because Maureen thinks the previous animals at the inn", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21010339", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders (novel)\"\npolice. The greasers find Dally deliberately pointing an unloaded gun at the police, causing them to shoot and kill him. Overwhelmed, Ponyboy faints and is sick in bed for many days due to the resulting concussion from the rumble. When the hearing finally comes, the judge frees Ponyboy from responsibility for Bob's death and allows Pony to remain at home with Darry and Soda. Ponyboy returns to school, but his grades drop. Although he is failing English, his teacher, Mr. Syme, says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme. In the copy of \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15139986", "chunk_text": "\"Grease (musical)\"\ntypically inserted at or near the beginning of the show. The musical begins with all of the cast coming to school and getting ready in Rydell High School Class of 1959 reunion headed by old maid English teacher, Miss Lynch, who sings with Patty and Eugene the school anthem (\"\"Alma Mater\"\"). She welcomes former cheerleader/yearbook-editor Patty Simcox Honeywell and class valedictorian Eugene Florczyk. Eugene gives a rousing speech, mentioning that the alumni who are missing from the reunion are surely present in-spirit. Suddenly, the greaser gang known as the Burger Palace Boys (known in later versions as the \"\"T-Birds\"\") and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7751604", "chunk_text": "\"Greaser (subculture)\"\npresence on New York City greasers (the band members themselves were mostly Ivy Leaguers). Greaser (subculture) Greasers are a youth subculture that was popularized in the late 1940s and 1950s to 1960s by predominantly working class and lower class teenagers and young adults in the United States. The subculture remained prominent into the mid-1960s and was particularly embraced by certain ethnic groups in urban areas, particularly Italian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans. Rock and roll music, rockabilly and doo-wop were major parts of the culture. The word \"\"greaser\"\" originated in the 19th century in the United States as a derogatory label for poor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6740761", "chunk_text": "\"Greaser (subculture)\"\ntowards the group. Their choice in clothing was largely drawn from a common understanding of the empowering aesthetic of working-class attire, rather than cohesive association with similarly-dressed individuals. Some greasers were in motorcycle clubs or in gangs (and some gang members and bikers dressed like greasers) though such membership was not an inherent principle of the subculture. Ethnically, original greasers were mostly composed of Italian Americans in the Northeastern United States and Chicanos in the Southwest. Since both of these peoples were mostly olive-skinned, the \"\"greaser\"\" label assumed a quasi-racial status that implied an urban lower class masculinity and delinquency.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12591450", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders (comics)\"\nyear after that series. In the end, the first few issues of this series were reprinted in \"\"Adventures of the Outsiders\"\" before that title was canceled. The team has moved into a new headquarters in Los Angeles, and once again becomes involved in an adventure with the Force of July (ending in Moscow). Villains such as the Duke of Oil and the Soviet super-team the People's Heroes are introduced during this time. The team's adventures take them all over the globe, most notably when the Outsiders' plane is shot down and the team is marooned on a deserted island for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2668623", "chunk_text": "\"Sometimes They Come Back (film)\"\ncar keys. The gang tries to escape in their car, only to have it struck by a ghost train that resembles the one that killed them years ago, which sends them back to Hell. Wayne offers to have Jim come with him to the afterlife, which Jim refuses. Wayne says he can move on to heaven and see his parents because the greasers are no longer a threat. Wayne goes back to the afterlife as Jim's family heads home. The original short story, \"\"Sometimes They Come Back\"\", is set in Stratford High School in Stratford, Connecticut. The film adaptation was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10293626", "chunk_text": "\"Greased Lightning\"\nteam so he can better provide for his family. As years pass, Wendell joins the Grand National circuit, the highest level of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR), competing at tracks in Atlanta, Georgia; Darlington, South Carolina; Riverside, California; Phoenix, Arizona; Talladega, Alabama; and Daytona, Florida. By 1965, Wendell is a local celebrity, and Sheriff Cotton visits the Scott home. Cotton is running for Mayor of Danville and he wants a picture with Wendell and the family as a de facto endorsement. Sometime later, Wendell has a serious crash during a Talladega race and is hospitalized. Mary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3421529", "chunk_text": "\"Grease trucks\"\nspot. Grease trucks were named the number one post game activity in the country by \"\"Sports Illustrated On Campus\"\" in 2005, despite being located on the opposite side of the Raritan River from the Rutgers football stadium. Grease trucks were removed from their long time location in August 2013, with plans to be relocated throughout the New Brunswick and Piscataway campuses. Starting in the early 1980s, food trucks licensed by the city of New Brunswick parked along College Avenue, most clustered near Voorhees Mall, where there is a high concentration of classroom buildings on the campus. A few were as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4710785", "chunk_text": "\"The Outsiders House Museum\"\nthe fans and for the fans. It spans the entire house and features the front porch, living room, dining room, bathroom and kitchen as they appeared in the movie. The back rooms are used to exhibit paraphernalia including posters, magazines, a switchblade collection, Francis Ford Coppola's director chair and Matt Dillon's jacket, as well as items that match those on the original film set that were sourced from local antique shops. The Museum was scheduled to open in late 2017. However, the house was still undergoing renovations in March, 2018. A new date for the public opening has not been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14601132", "chunk_text": "\"Outsiders Inn\"\ncouple's honeymoon fantasies, which includes breakfast in bed, bathing nude in the river, playing in a tub of lime jell-o and witnessing a miracle, Maureen and Carnie must play host to members of the Animal Courtship Association, who just arrived for their annual conference in which the festivities includes an awards ceremony featuring \"\"Best Females in the Animal World\"\" and \"\"Most Romantic Courting Ritual in the Animal World.\"\" Maureen asks Bobby to escort guest of the manor to a bear hunt, so he enlists the aid of a local hunter. Meanwhile, the three proprietors prepare for a visit from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_25	who died in the plane crash greys anatomy?	n/a	[ "Dr. Lexie Grey", "Lexie" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "270409", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\n(Dr. Meredith Grey)'s and Eric Dane (Dr. Mark Sloan)'s. \"\"Flight\"\" earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\" finale awards. Upon its initial airing, the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people, garnered a 4.1/11 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership, and registering as Thursday's highest-rated drama. After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10577227", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nFlight (Grey's Anatomy) \"\"Flight\"\" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20431555", "chunk_text": "\"One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nthis season.\"\" One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy) \"\"One Flight Down\"\" is the twentieth episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", and is the 240th episode overall. It aired on April 16, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written Austin Guzman and directed by David Greenspan. The episode features a plane crash in Seattle bringing patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories of the season 8's tragic plane crash that claimed the lives of Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) back to Meredith Grey, Arizona Robbins and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "270410", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\n(Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20431548", "chunk_text": "\"One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nOne Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy) \"\"One Flight Down\"\" is the twentieth episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", and is the 240th episode overall. It aired on April 16, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written Austin Guzman and directed by David Greenspan. The episode features a plane crash in Seattle bringing patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories of the season 8's tragic plane crash that claimed the lives of Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) back to Meredith Grey, Arizona Robbins and Owen Hunt.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "270408", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nPickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged. The episode marked Leigh's final appearance in the series and Raver's last until late in the fourteenth season. Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake, California. Jason George reprised his role as a guest star, whereas James LeGros made his first appearance. The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics, with some criticizing the death of Lexie, but praising Leigh's performance, in addition to Ellen Pompeo", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12182099", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nher to write the finale, adding: \"\"I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad.\"\" Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined. The episode received mixed reviews among television critics, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. \"\"Flight\"\" was originally broadcast on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20521741", "chunk_text": "\"Going, Going, Gone (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nthe fates of select characters unknown. However, multiple cast members leaked pictures from the set. Jason George returned in guest capacity, along with newcomers William Daniels, Steven Culp, Philip Casnoff, Gaius Charles, Camilla Luddington, Tina Majorino, and Jerrika Hinton. Critics generally regarded \"\"Going, Going, Gone\"\" as disconsolate. In the season eight finale, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) are caught in an aviation accident, leaving Lexie Grey dead, and the rest of the doctors stranded.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17997455", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\"\ncareers. However, all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash, which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith, Shepherd, Yang, Robbins, and Sloan. At the conclusion of the eighth season, Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM). In the season nine premiere, Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health (the surge) and the remaining characters work through their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3872902", "chunk_text": "\"Derek Shepherd\"\nAs Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13071082", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy (season 9)\"\non August 27, 2013 by Buena Vista Home Entertainment. The season follows the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and upon rescue Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who dies after sustaining injuries from the crash. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) ultimately manages to save his hand. The show's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) deals with the loss of her half-sister Lexie and later discovers that she is pregnant. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8946440", "chunk_text": "\"Cristina Yang\"\non, unsure of her future with him. As the end of the fifth year of residency is near, the surgical residents, including Yang, prepare for their medical boards and for the different fellowships they plan on joining. After she passes her exams, Yang reconciles with Hunt and tells him she is leaving Seattle for the Mayo Clinic, Minnesota. Afterward, Yang, Meredith, Shepherd, Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise, Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins. Lexie dies, and Mark later succumbs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12816495", "chunk_text": "\"Amelia Reid\"\n75 in a Cessna Aerobat. She won the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Lawrence P. Sharples Award and was inducted into the National Association of Flight Instructors Hall of Fame. Reid's students include noted airshow performer Sean D. Tucker, aviation author and speaker Rod Machado, aerospace engineer and author H. Paul Shuch (whose recurring fictional character Avalon Eden is based in part on Reid), and Jason Dahl, the captain on United flight 93 on September 11, 2001. Amelia Reid Amelia Reid (November 13, 1924 – March 3, 2001) was a pilot, flight instructor, businesswoman, airshow performer, and airport advocate. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5675532", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nAngeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "270412", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nMeanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20521740", "chunk_text": "\"Going, Going, Gone (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nlives with their personal lives. In this episode, the doctors of Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital cope with the physical and emotional reverberations of the aviation accident that took place in the season eight finale, while several surgical residents are promoted. Further storylines include Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) relocating to a different hospital, and a group of new interns being intimidated by Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). The episode saw the death of Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane); the actor was let go due to budget cuts by the producers. Excessive spoilers were not released, in order to keep", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13071086", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy (season 9)\"\noperating on their own surgeries. The early episodes of the season depict the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and upon rescue Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who dies in the first episode. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but ultimately his sister Liz (Neve Campbell) donates a nerve from her leg and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) is able to save his hand. Later, Shepherd receives more good news when his wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) discovers that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11263308", "chunk_text": "\"Lexie Grey\"\ngo about things. Days later, Lexie is named as part of a team of surgeons that will be sent to Boise to separate conjoined twins, along with Mark, Meredith, Derek, Cristina and Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw). However, while flying to their destination, the doctors' plane crashes in the wilderness and Lexie is crushed under debris from the aircraft but manages to alert Mark and Cristina to help her. The pair try in vain to free Lexie, who realizes that she is suffering from a hemothorax and is unlikely to survive. While Cristina tries to find an oxygen tank and water", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6022950", "chunk_text": "\"Beautiful Doom\"\nlives. In the episode Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) relives the memories of her half-sister Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) who died in the season eight finale plane crash when a patient with similar crush injuries comes into the hospital. The episode also focuses on Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) who deals with the death of her Minnesota mentor Dr. Craig Thomas (William Daniels) in the middle of surgery. Meredith in spite of opposition from Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) tries to treat the crash victim while dealing with her personal feelings relating Lexie. She also juggles her daughter Zola at the hospital", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13135512", "chunk_text": "\"American Airlines Flight 11\"\nJeffrey Collman, Sara Low, Karen Martin, Kathleen Nicosia, Betty Ong, Jean Roger, Dianne Snyder, and Amy Sweeney. All 92 people on board were killed, including David Angell (the creator and executive producer of the television sitcom \"\"Frasier\"\"), his wife Lynn Angell, and actress Berry Berenson, the widow of Anthony Perkins. \"\"Family Guy\"\" creator Seth MacFarlane had been scheduled to be on the flight but arrived at the airport late. Actor Mark Wahlberg was also scheduled to be on the flight but canceled his ticket at the last minute. Actress Leighanne Littrell, wife of Backstreet Boys singer Brian Littrell, had also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14653271", "chunk_text": "\"Meredith Thompson\"\nMeredith Thompson Meredith Thompson (12 August 1961 – 27 August 1994) was a special agent in the Drug Enforcement Administration. She was killed in 1994, along with four other agents, during Operation Snowcap when her plane crashed in Peru. Meredith Thompson was born in Long Beach, California to Jack and Adelaide Thompson. She was the third of five children. Her father was an officer in the U.S. Navy and so they traveled around the country. She was raised in Fairfax, Virginia. In Fairfax she went to Kings Park Elementary School. While in high school at Robinson Secondary School she played", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19876364", "chunk_text": "\"Teddi Siddall\"\nTeddi Siddall Teddi Siddall Cole (August 12, 1953 – February 4, 2018) was an American actress. She appeared in several roles in the television series \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", \"\"Wings\"\", \"\"LA Law\"\", \"\"Hill Street Blues\"\", and \"\"Happy Days\"\", and the films \"\"Fade to Black\"\", \"\"Prizzi's Honor\"\", and \"\"Forever Strong\"\". She also appeared in several television movies such as \"\"The Accident\"\". Teddi Siddall was born in Evanston, Illinois. She married fellow actor Gary Cole on March 8, 1992. They were married for 25 years. They have a child, Mary Leila Cole, who was born March 16, 1993. Teddi passed on February 4, 2018", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7468722", "chunk_text": "\"Meredith Thompson\"\nin The Line of Duty Throughout The United States\"\", p. 182-184 (Turner Publishing Company: Paducah, Kentucky, 2000) Meredith Thompson Meredith Thompson (12 August 1961 – 27 August 1994) was a special agent in the Drug Enforcement Administration. She was killed in 1994, along with four other agents, during Operation Snowcap when her plane crashed in Peru. Meredith Thompson was born in Long Beach, California to Jack and Adelaide Thompson. She was the third of five children. Her father was an officer in the U.S. Navy and so they traveled around the country. She was raised in Fairfax, Virginia. In Fairfax", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14507417", "chunk_text": "\"Meredith Grey\"\ncareer. During a medical flight to undertake a prestigious surgery involving conjoined twins, Meredith, Derek, Cristina, and Lexie, among others, are involved in an aviation accident. The plane crash kills Lexie, and the survivors are trapped in the wooded wilderness for days waiting for help. Following their rescue, Meredith becomes an attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace, now Seattle Grace-Mercy West. While Cristina flees Seattle for her fellowship, Meredith, afraid of flying and change, declines her job offer, and clings to what remains in Seattle. Cristina and Meredith begin calling the hospital Seattle Grace Mercy Death in light of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3917810", "chunk_text": "\"Callie Torres\"\nthat killed Sloan and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Torres is forced to make the decision to have Alex Karev amputate Robbins's left leg to keep her alive, which puts strains on their relationship. The hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence. Each victim, including Robbins, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), and Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) must receive $15 million of compensation, which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay. These doctors and Torres buy the hospital with the help of the Harper-Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19046385", "chunk_text": "\"Teddi Siddall\"\nin Studio City, California. Teddi Siddall Teddi Siddall Cole (August 12, 1953 – February 4, 2018) was an American actress. She appeared in several roles in the television series \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", \"\"Wings\"\", \"\"LA Law\"\", \"\"Hill Street Blues\"\", and \"\"Happy Days\"\", and the films \"\"Fade to Black\"\", \"\"Prizzi's Honor\"\", and \"\"Forever Strong\"\". She also appeared in several television movies such as \"\"The Accident\"\". Teddi Siddall was born in Evanston, Illinois. She married fellow actor Gary Cole on March 8, 1992. They were married for 25 years. They have a child, Mary Leila Cole, who was born March 16, 1993. Teddi passed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19614882", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\"\na bid to purchase the hospital themselves. Kepner starts dating a paramedic named Matthew (Justin Bruening) and they form a deep relationship over the course of the ninth ad tenth seasons and she eventually agreed to marry before reconciling with Avery in the middle of her wedding to Mathew. Lauren Boswell (Hilarie Burton) is introduced as a craniofacial surgeon consulting on a case at Grey Sloan Memorial who showed romantic interested in Arizona and eventually ended up having a one-night stand with her. Dr. Heather Brooks dies in the premier of season ten. She goes to search for Dr. Webber", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13896232", "chunk_text": "\"Dick Ebersol\"\nof his sons, Charlie and Teddy, crashed during an attempted takeoff from Montrose Regional Airport in Colorado. The jet's captain, Luis Polanco, flight attendant Warren T. Richardson III, and Teddy Ebersol were killed. Dick and his older son, Charlie, along with the first officer, survived, though seriously injured. Charlie was thrown clear of the plane and rushed back inside and managed to pull his father to safety. On June 10, 2006, Teddy Ebersol Field was dedicated along the Charles River in Boston. Dick Ebersol Duncan \"\"Dick\"\" Ebersol (; born July 28, 1947) is an American television executive and a senior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13171469", "chunk_text": "\"Arizona Robbins\"\nof Torres, she accepts her marriage proposal, and the two are married by Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). As the fifth year residents are coming close to the end of their residency, Robbins urges Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) to work under her. At the end of the Grey's Anatomy (season 8), Robbins is hurt badly in a plane crash, resulting in her left leg being amputated. In the aftermath of the plane accident, in which Sloan and Lexie Grey were killed, the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence. Each victim including Shepherd, Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20431554", "chunk_text": "\"One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy)\"\njust infuriating.\"\" \"\"Zap2it\"\" noted Patrick Dempsey's absence, \"\"Just as fans were used to having him back after his sojourn to D.C. and declaring that he loves Meredith (Ellen Pompeo) and his family more than changing the world, Derek Shepherd has gone missing.\"\" The episode also focused on Kelly McCreary's character learning about Lexie Grey (Meredith's sister)) and the story-arc was praised, \"\"Tv Equals\"\" wrote, \"\"I had completely forgotten that during the midst of all of this sisterly bonding, Maggie knew nothing about Lexie. Watching Meredith and Maggie learn more about each other is absolutely one of my favorite things about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11263275", "chunk_text": "\"Lexie Grey\"\nspin-off show \"\"Private Practice\"\". Characterized by Rhimes as a dork with issues expressing her feelings, Lexie's focal storyline in the series involved her romantic relationship with plastics attending Mark Sloan (Eric Dane). Both she and Mark sustained life-threatening injuries during an aviation accident in the eighth-season finale, which resulted in their deaths. Seattle Grace Mercy West is later renamed Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory. The reason given for Lexie's departure after more than five years on the show was Leigh's desire to spend more time with her family. Both the character and Leigh's performance received positive feedback and acclaim.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4838173", "chunk_text": "\"Madeline Amy Sweeney\"\nMadeline Amy Sweeney Madeline Amy Sweeney (December 14, 1965 – September 11, 2001), known as Amy Sweeney, was an American flight attendant killed on board American Airlines Flight 11 during the September 11 attacks. On September 11, 2001, Sweeney was asked by American Airlines to take an extra shift because the other crew member, who was assigned to the position, was ill. Normally, she would only work part-time on weekends. On September 11, at approximately 7:15 am, before the plane had taken off, Sweeney made a cellular telephone call to her husband Michael, from the plane (which he deemed to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17349014", "chunk_text": "\"Lost (TV series)\"\ncast; however, several characters exited the show: Charlotte was written out early in the season in episode five, with Daniel being written out later in the antepenultimate episode. Season six saw several cast changes: Juliet was written out in the season premiere while three previous recurring characters were upgraded to starring status. These included Nestor Carbonell as mysterious, age-less Other Richard Alpert; Jeff Fahey as pilot Frank Lapidus; and Zuleikha Robinson as Ajira Airways Flight 316 survivor Ilana Verdansky. Additionally, former cast members Ian Somerhalder, Dominic Monaghan, Rebecca Mader, Jeremy Davies, Elizabeth Mitchell, Maggie Grace, Michelle Rodriguez, Harold Perrineau, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18471366", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy (season 8)\"\nplane crashes. In \"\"Flight\"\" the six doctors and the pilot fight to survive. Derek's hand is severely injured, as is Arizona's leg. Lexie is trapped and crushed beneath part of the plane. She and Mark finally confess their love to each other, and within moments, she dies. Mere seconds later, Meredith arrives too late, and is devastated by her sister's death. They soon realize that Mark has severe internal injuries. The season ends with the 5 remaining surgeons in peril, lost in the woods and not knowing when or if help will come. The season received mostly positive reviews. Tanner", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "270423", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\npoll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie's death was voted the \"\"Top Tissue Moment\"\", while Robbins' injured leg and Shepherd's mangled hand were voted the \"\"Most Disturbing Image\"\". The ending of the episode was also considered as the \"\"Best Ending to an Otherwise So-So Season\"\". Lexie's death was also nominated under the \"\"Best (Presumed) Death\"\" category, while the plane crash's aftermath was nominated as the \"\"Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger\"\", and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for \"\"Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It\"\". \"\"Entertainment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12182094", "chunk_text": "\"Flight (Grey's Anatomy)\"\na piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching. Lexie's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8499859", "chunk_text": "\"Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311\"\nTower Commission for the Iran-Contra affair) John Tower, his daughter Marian, astronaut Manley \"\"Sonny\"\" Carter, American College of Physicians president-elect Dr. Nicholas Davies, and NATO liaison Dr. June T. Amlie, were among the 23 passengers and crew killed. Two children, Brian and Laura Birdsong, ages 9 and 6, also died in the accident. A statue was erected in their memory at Zoo Atlanta. The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series \"\"Mayday\"\" (also called \"\"Air Crash Investigation\"\" or \"\"Air Emergency\"\") dramatized the accident in a 2016 episode titled \"\"Steep Impact\"\". Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311 Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6884787", "chunk_text": "\"Hannah Luce\"\nand a half after takeoff on Friday, May 11, 2012 west of Chanute, Kansas. The plane was flying from Richard Lloyd Jones Jr. Airport in Jenks, Oklahoma, to Council Bluffs Municipal Airport in Iowa. The plane burst into flames when it crashed, killing the pilot, Luke Sheets, of Ephraim, Wisconsin, Stephen Luth, of Muscatine, Iowa, and Garrett Coble, of Tulsa, Oklahoma. U.S. Marine Corps veteran Austin Anderson, of Ringwood, Oklahoma died on May 12, 2012 from burns over 90 percent of his body. Though she didn't suffer any broken bones or internal bleeding, Hannah did suffer burns over 30 percent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19614871", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\"\nonce being called the \"\"Grey-Sloan 7\"\". One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon. \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\" then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players, Cristina Yang, played by Sandra Oh. Towards the end of the eleventh season, Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured, but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene. He later dies at another hospital", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19204617", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Burlingame\"\nwaiver and his case triggered reform of Arlington's burial criteria. At the National September 11 Memorial & Museum, Burlingame is memorialized at the South Pool, on Panel S-69. His death is mentioned in the musical \"\"Come from Away\"\". Charles Burlingame Charles Frank \"\"Chic\"\" Burlingame III (September 12, 1949 – September 11, 2001) was the pilot of American Airlines Flight 77, the aircraft that was crashed by terrorists into the Pentagon during the September 11 attacks. Burlingame was born September 12, 1949, in St. Paul, Minnesota, to parents Charles F. \"\"Chuck\"\" Burlingame Jr. (1923–1999) and Patricia Ann Burlingame (née Meyer; 1930–2000).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1409771", "chunk_text": "\"Sonny Carter\"\nFlight 2311 in Brunswick, Georgia. He was aboard the commercial airplane traveling for NASA. He was survived by his wife, Dana, and two daughters, Olivia Elizabeth (born May 27, 1974) and Meredith Corvette (born December 3, 1976). Among the others who also died in the plane crash was John Tower, a former Senator from Texas. Carter was a member of the Society of U.S. Naval Flight Surgeons, Sigma Delta Psi, Alpha Omega Alpha, Alpha Tau Omega, the Marine Corps Aviation Association, the Tailhook Association, and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots. Carter was the Guest of Honor at the 215th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7158177", "chunk_text": "\"Jackson Avery\"\nthe conclusion of their residencies, the former chief of surgery Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) organizes his annual dinner for them. The eighth season ends with Avery, Karev, Kepner, and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang. They are victims of an aviation accident in which Lexie Grey and eventually Mark Sloan die of their injuries. After the accident, Dr. Avery stays at Seattle Grace and continues his work in plastic surgery. He and Dr. Kepner continue a sexual relationship, although April is uneasy and believes she is pregnant. When she tells Avery, he proposes to her and she accepts, anticipating", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10261804", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\"\npost traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins's loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane. The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital, Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit. The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit, but the pay out bankrupts the hospital. They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West, with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation, and they become the Board of Directors,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3103876", "chunk_text": "\"AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services\"\nAirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services (\"\"ACCESS\"\") is an American nonprofit support group based in New York City that helps surviving family members of aircraft crash victims. The organization was created by Heidi Snow, then fiancee of French hockey player Michel Breistroff, who died in the TWA Flight 800 disaster. The American Red Cross provided services for two weeks, after which survivors were left to arrange support on their own. Snow contacted Rudolph Giuliani, then Mayor of New York City, who in turn suggested that she contact families of victims of an earlier crash, Pan Am", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19346645", "chunk_text": "\"How to Save a Life (Grey's Anatomy)\"\nHow to Save a Life (Grey's Anatomy) \"\"How to Save a Life\"\" is the twenty-first episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", and is the 241st episode overall. It aired on April 23, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Hardy, making it the first episode Rhimes has written since the season eight finale \"\"Flight\"\". The installment marked the death and final appearance of the series’ male lead character, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), who had starred on the series since its inception.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8923239", "chunk_text": "\"Colgan Air Flight 3407\"\nit is considered much more important to not stall in the first place at low altitude. Karen Wielinski, whose husband Doug Wielinski died when Flight 3407 crashed into their home, published a book about the day of the accident, and her struggle with survivor guilt. The book \"\"One on the Ground\"\" was published on March 6, 2017. The Cineflix/National Geographic series \"\"Mayday\"\" featured the incident in the fourth episode of Season 10, titled \"\"Dead Tired\"\". Colgan Air Flight 3407 Colgan Air Flight 3407, marketed as Continental Connection under a codeshare agreement with Continental Airlines, was a scheduled passenger flight from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14507483", "chunk_text": "\"Cristina Yang\"\nAfter Thomas dies from a heart attack, Yang returns to Seattle. Cristina is re-hired and Owen asks for a divorce once Cristina wants to reconcile. Shocked, Cristina agrees, but later finds out that the potential conflict of interest regarding the plane crash lawsuit was a key motive behind Owen's request and confronts him. Owen tells her that he 'feels responsible' and was worried as he thought she was dead. They have a sexual relationship after divorcing. The hospital is sued and found guilty of negligence. The surviving doctors, including Yang, must receive $15 million of compensation each, which leads the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11615270", "chunk_text": "\"Hayley Vaughan\"\nEnchantment and saw how poorly it was being run by the management team Hayley had installed, she made an offer to buy back the cosmetics company. Hayley was more than willing to sell Enchantment back to Erica. Life was blissful for Hayley and Mateo until tragedy entered their lives once more in the form of Jim Thompson. Jim, a surviving passenger on the airplane flight that took Maria Santos Grey's, created a phony relationship with Brooke English in hopes of hiding the fact that he was responsible for the plane's destruction. Brooke, suspicion of Jim's actions, asked Hayley and Mateo", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19614878", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy\"\nfather Carlos Torres (Hector Elizondo) initially contests his daughter's concurrence in homosexuality, but eventually accepts it, and he reappears several times throughout the series. The hospital's merging with Mercy West introduces new residents: Dr. Reed Adamson (Nora Zehetner) and Dr. Charles Percy (Robert Baker), but the two are both murdered in the season six finale. Also introduced in the sixth season is Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George), an anesthesiologist and eventual husband to Dr. Miranda Bailey, as well as Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin), Dr. Mark Sloan's estranged daughter who seeks kinship with him. Dr. Lucy Fields (Rachael Taylor), an obstetrician-gynecologist,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8895434", "chunk_text": "\"Derek Shepherd\"\n11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_26	where do they grow hops in the us?	n/a	[ "Yakima (Washington)", "Idaho", "Washington", "western Canyon County, Idaho", "Willamette (Oregon)", "Oregon" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966498", "chunk_text": "Hops\nwere imported through Dublin alone. Important production centres today are the Hallertau in Germany, the Žatec (Saaz) in the Czech Republic, the Yakima (Washington) and Willamette (Oregon) valleys, and western Canyon County, Idaho (including the communities of Parma, Wilder, Greenleaf, and Notus). The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent (which produces Kent Goldings hops), Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making. Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada, cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment. As hops are a climbing plant,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966497", "chunk_text": "Hops\nmodern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles. Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates, with much of the world's production occurring near the 48th parallel north. Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato-growing states in the United States are also major hops-producing areas; however, not all potato-growing areas can produce good hops naturally: soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, for example, lack the boron that hops prefer. Historically, hops were not grown in Ireland, but were imported from England. In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966496", "chunk_text": "Hops\nAs a result, in 1603, King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which \"\"the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of £20,000 yearly, besides the Danger of their Healths\"\". Hop cultivation was begun in the present-day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers. Before prohibition, cultivation was mainly centred around New York, California, Oregon, and Washington state. Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York's production by the 1920s, and California only produces hops on a small scale. Hop bars were used before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773691", "chunk_text": "Hops\nHops Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant \"\"Humulus lupulus.\"\" They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring and stability agent in beer, to which they, beyond bitterness, impart floral, fruity, or citric flavours and aromas; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the West Country and U.S.) when grown commercially. Many different", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7652199", "chunk_text": "\"Cascade hop\"\nas other more minor differences. A variety of Cascade is also bred in New Zealand. Similarities exist between the US and New Zealand varieties with the NZ version described as citrus moving more toward grapefruit characteristics. Agronomic and terroir impact has been described as positive for the New Zealand type Cascade hop Cascade is one of the many varieties of hops. Cascade hops are the most widely used hops by craft breweries in the United States. Cascade is a variety of hop developed in the USDA breeding program at Oregon State University by Dr. Stanley Nelson Brooks and Jack Horner.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7652197", "chunk_text": "\"Cascade hop\"\nto hop yards. Cascade was named after the Cascade mountain range that runs through the states of Washington, Oregon, California and the Canadian province of British Columbia. The hop variety was first used commercially in 1975 by the Anchor Brewing Company, which established it as a signature hop for American pale ale. A visual characteristic of the plant is its dark green elongated cones which contain moderate to somewhat high amounts of alpha acids compared to many other hop types. The plant is grown in various places around the United States of America, British Columbia Alberta, Canada, Argentina and in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966520", "chunk_text": "Hops\nface, hands, and legs. Hops are toxic to dogs. Hops Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant \"\"Humulus lupulus.\"\" They are used primarily as a bittering, flavouring and stability agent in beer, to which they, beyond bitterness, impart floral, fruity, or citric flavours and aromas; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine. The hop plant is a vigorous, climbing, herbaceous perennial, usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield, hop garden (nomenclature in the South of England), or hop yard (in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2404647", "chunk_text": "\"Humulus japonicus\"\n\"\"Humulus japonicus\"\" has a lateral range from North Dakota all the way to Maine and a vertical range from Minnesota to Georgia. Japanese hops grow well given plentiful sunlight and moisture, nutrient rich soil, and are most commonly found along stream banks and floodplains. Japanese hops do not grow as well in shaded areas and drier soils. In milder climates, it can survive the winter. The Japanese hop can adapt well to new environments. Its range and distribution in North America prove that it can thrive in a wide range of environments, from the southern regions of the U.S. to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7652196", "chunk_text": "\"Cascade hop\"\nCascade hop Cascade is one of the many varieties of hops. Cascade hops are the most widely used hops by craft breweries in the United States. Cascade is a variety of hop developed in the USDA breeding program at Oregon State University by Dr. Stanley Nelson Brooks and Jack Horner. Developed during the 1960's, it was released as an American aroma variety in 1971. It originated from an open seed collection in 1956, including English Fuggle, Russian Serebrianker, and an unspecified male hop variety. In addition to appealing flavor qualities, researchers were looking for resistance to downy mildew, a threat", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773708", "chunk_text": "Hops\nas Hallertau, Spalt, and Tettnang from Germany), by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them (such as Goldings or Fuggles from England), or by their growing habit (e. g., Oregon Cluster). Around 1900, a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties. The breeding program at Wye College in Wye, Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E. S. Salmon. Salmon released Brewer's Gold and Brewer's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934, and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966499", "chunk_text": "Hops\nthey are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile. In this way, energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth. The hop plant's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants, although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers. Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer, only female plants are grown in hop fields, thus preventing pollination. Female plants are propagated vegetatively, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11074232", "chunk_text": "\"Humulus lupulus\"\nHumulus lupulus Humulus lupulus (common hop or hops) is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family (Cannabaceae), native to Europe, western Asia and North America. It is a dioecious, perennial, herbaceous climbing plant which sends up new shoots in early spring and dies back to a cold-hardy rhizome in autumn. Hops are described as bine plants rather than vine because, unlike vines, they have stiff downward facing hairs that provide stability and allow them to climb. These shoots allow \"\"H. lupulus\"\" to grow anywhere from . Hops have fragrant, wind-pollinated flowers that attract butterflies. The female cone shaped", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966494", "chunk_text": "Hops\nliquors bittered with hops; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms). In Germany, using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century. There was no tax on hops to be paid to the Catholic church, unlike on gruit. For this reason the Protestants preferred hopped beer. Hops used in England were imported from France, Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England (Kent) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers. Therefore,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773696", "chunk_text": "Hops\nin the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words (see oast house). Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen, near breweries for convenience of infrastructure. According to Thomas Tusser's 1557 \"\"Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry\"\": \"\"The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt;And being well-brewed long kept it will last,And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast.\"\" In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops, the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks, sand or straw to increase their weight.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15710891", "chunk_text": "\"Waterville, New York\"\nafter Waterville, Maine. Hops \"\"(humulus lupulus)\"\" were introduced to the area in about 1820; by 1875, Waterville was considered the \"\"Hops Capital of the World.\"\" Several inventions related to the cultivation and curing of hops were developed locally, the most important of which was liquid hop extract. The International Hop Stock Exchange was established in the 1860s. With the introduction of railway service in 1867, chiefly the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, Waterville became a major shipping point for hops-related cargo; \"\"Waterville Hops\"\" and hop extract were shipped to brewers all over the world. The economic prosperity fueled by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14426899", "chunk_text": "\"Functionally classified barn\"\nNew York state's \"\"hop belt\"\" numerous hop barns were constructed between the early 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Ostego, Chenango, Madison, Oneida, Montgomery and Schoharie Counties were the primary areas contained within the hop belt. As hops production basically dwindled down to only Washington state, in the U.S., the remaining hop houses elsewhere have begun to disappear. Defunct hop kilns are found in areas where hops production is still ongoing, in Kent, England, for instance. The design of hop houses changed significantly over time, as did the area hops were grown in. In New York, for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12694873", "chunk_text": "\"Amarillo hops\"\nAmarillo hops Amarillo is a popular brand name of the VGXP01 hops owned by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc. The VGXP01 c.v., was discovered by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc. in one of their hop yards in Washington State and propagated and introduced by them as Amarillo brand. Unlike most varieties of hops, which may be acquired and propagated by the purchase of rhizomes, Amarillo brand hops are privately grown or sourced by Virgil Gamache Farms; also the organization holds a trademark on the name \"\"Amarillo\"\" for hops. There is a biological patent on the plant. 30. Bell's Brewing, Comstock, MI. IPA", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4953268", "chunk_text": "\"Amarillo hops\"\nAmarillo hops Amarillo is a popular brand name of the VGXP01 hops owned by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc. The VGXP01 c.v., was discovered by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc. in one of their hop yards in Washington State and propagated and introduced by them as Amarillo brand. Unlike most varieties of hops, which may be acquired and propagated by the purchase of rhizomes, Amarillo brand hops are privately grown or sourced by Virgil Gamache Farms; also the organization holds a trademark on the name \"\"Amarillo\"\" for hops. There is a biological patent on the plant. 30. Bell's Brewing, Comstock, MI. IPA", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2404644", "chunk_text": "\"Humulus japonicus\"\nHumulus japonicus Humulus japonicus, known as wild hop or Japanese hop, synonym \"\"H. scandens\"\", is an ornamental plant in the Cannabaceae family. Originally found in temperate parts of Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia) and the tropical environment of Vietnam, it was imported to North America in the 1800s for use in an Asian tonic and as an ornamental plant. Since its arrival in North America, it has spread widely. It can be found throughout the Northeastern U.S. and eastern Canada. It is considered an invasive species in North America. The composition and chemistry of its oils differ from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17818123", "chunk_text": "Humulus\nHumulus Humulus, hop, is a small genus of flowering plants in the family Cannabaceae. The hop is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Hops are the female flowers (seed cones, strobiles) of the hop species \"\"H. lupulus\"\"; as a main flavor ingredient in beer, \"\"H. lupulus\"\" is widely cultivated for use by the brewing industry. Although frequently referred to in American literature as the hops \"\"vine\"\", it is technically a bine; unlike vines, which use tendrils, suckers, and other appendages for attaching themselves, bines have stout stems with stiff hairs to aid in climbing. In British literature the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10679450", "chunk_text": "\"Emil Clemens Horst\"\nEmil Clemens Horst Emil Clemens Horst (18 March 1867 – 24 May 1940) was a major figure in the cultivation, harvest and sale of hops in the United States. Horst emigrated to the U.S. as a child in 1874 from Tuttlingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In the mid 1880s he purchased a small plot of land along the Bear River, near Wheatland, California, and began cultivating hops. He soon bought out two other hop growers, Hugh Roddan and Joseph M.C. Jasper. By 1898, Horst's operation had grown to the point that ten hop drying kilns ran daily during the harvest and a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18160563", "chunk_text": "\"Hop Research Center Hüll\"\nHop Research Center Hüll The Hop Research Center Hüll (\"\"Hopfenforschungszentrum Hüll\"\") is a research institution focussing on advances in hop breeding, hop harvesting, and hop chemistry. It is located in the Hallertau, the largest continuous hop-planting area in the world, in the German state of Bavaria. The institute is run by the German Hop Research Society (\"\"Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hopfenforschung\"\") and the Bavarian state. The Hop Research Society was founded in 1926 in response to an endemic of downy mildew in Germany. It was endowed with a land grant of 71 Ha in Hüll for the conduction of hop breeding", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20726436", "chunk_text": "\"Bambusa oldhamii\"\nIt has been introduced into cultivation around the world; it is grown under glass in Germany, and in Puerto Rico, Florida, Texas, Tennessee, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Arizona, Nevada, Hawaii, Louisiana, and California, where it is the most common clumping bamboo grown, as well as Australia. The maximum height in cultivation varies with the temperature. It tolerates temperatures down to -7 °C (20 °F). In Taiwan and China, the young shoots of \"\"B. oldhamii\"\" are highly sought after due to their crisp texture and sweet taste. The culms are used for furniture", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966515", "chunk_text": "Hops\nWillamette, Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties, including dwarf hop varieties. Hops from New Zealand, such as Pacific Gem, Motueka and Nelson Sauvin, are used in a \"\"Pacific Pale Ale\"\" style of beer with increasing production in 2014. The term \"\"noble hops\"\" traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma. They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau, Tettnanger, Spalt, and Saaz. Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European-style lagers, such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10679451", "chunk_text": "\"Emil Clemens Horst\"\ncompany town, large enough to have its own post office, was started on the ranch to support the thousands of migrant workers who picked the mature hops each year. Given the significance of Horst's ranch, certain loamy floodplain soils found in the area were later named after him. Horst married in 1898, and moved to San Francisco in 1902. By 1904 he was supplying Oregon hops to the Guinness Brewery in Ireland. By 1912, Horst owned the largest number of acres of hops under cultivation in the world with offices in Chicago, New York and London. Horst Company was headquartered", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2404648", "chunk_text": "\"Humulus japonicus\"\nthe far reaches of northern of Canada. It can grow and cover any area quickly. Thousands of hop plants can grow in one acre, and they can blanket a majority of the local vegetation. The vines grow rapidly during the summer, climbing up and over everything in their path, and can form dense mats several feet deep, blocking light to plants underneath. Humulus japonicus Humulus japonicus, known as wild hop or Japanese hop, synonym \"\"H. scandens\"\", is an ornamental plant in the Cannabaceae family. Originally found in temperate parts of Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Russia) and the tropical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966500", "chunk_text": "Hops\nmale plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds. Hop plants are planted in rows about apart. Each spring, the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis. The cones grow high on the bine, and in the past, these cones were picked by hand. Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator, patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909. Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773692", "chunk_text": "Hops\nvarieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world, with different types used for particular styles of beer. The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century, though Hildegard of Bingen, 300 years later, is often cited as the earliest documented source. Before this period, brewers used a \"\"gruit\"\", composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers, including dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the old German name for horehound, \"\"Berghopfen\"\", means \"\"mountain hops\"\"), ground ivy, and heather. Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne's father, Pepin III.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14907202", "chunk_text": "HopCat\nas addiction to said drug. HopCat HopCat is a restaurant and craft beer bar based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States, with several locations in Michigan and expanding rapidly to other states. Founded in 2008 in Grand Rapids by Mark Sellers, HopCat opened its second location in East Lansing, Michigan in 2013. HopCat is best known for having a wide array of beers on tap, with several of their locations offering well over 100 different options. In 2015, BarFly Ventures secured $25 million in capital financing to support its effort to expand HopCat, which will open as many as 30", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19912523", "chunk_text": "\"Willamette Valley\"\nValley is about deep in some areas. The major agricultural products of the valley include many varieties of berries and vegetables. The valley also produces most of the grass seed, Christmas trees, and hazelnuts sold in North America. It is also noted for its hops, which are widely used in craft beer and microbreweries throughout the U.S. But it is greenhouse and nursery stock that have become the biggest agricultural commodity in the valley. In recent decades, the valley has also become a major wine producer, with multiple American Viticultural Areas of its own. With a cooler climate than California,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7652198", "chunk_text": "\"Cascade hop\"\nTasmania Australia and Cooma NSW Australia. The resultant aroma is of medium strength and very distinct. It has a pleasant, flowery and spicy, citrus-like quality with a slight grapefruit characteristic. The hop is good for both flavor and aroma uses. It can also be used for bittering effectively, and can be used to make any ales, and indeed is characteristic of American pale ales; used in some lagers. A variety of Cascade has been propagated in Tasmania, Australia. It has similar resultant characteristics to the US variety. The Tasmanian variety contains less myrcene oil and more humulene oil as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966501", "chunk_text": "Hops\noast house for drying. Hop houses are two-story buildings, of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap. Here the flowers are poured out and raked even. A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops. When dry, the hops are moved to a press, a sturdy box with a plunger. Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles, the hops are poured in and compressed into bales. Hop cones contain different oils, such as lupulin, a yellowish, waxy substance, an oleoresin, that imparts flavour and aroma", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5993633", "chunk_text": "\"Beer in the United States\"\nof their own. Despite growth of the craft and microbrewing industry, however, craft beer still only accounts for 11% of total beer sales by volume in the United States, although that number is expected to rise in coming decades. While the rise of craft beer in the United States has not been defined by any single geographic area, regions of the country associated with a strong craft brewing culture include the Midwest, Mountain West, and the Pacific Northwest, where the majority of American hop varietals are grown. Overall, the West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "534137", "chunk_text": "\"Hop Exchange\"\nHop Exchange The Hop Exchange is a Grade II listed building at No. 24 Southwark Street, London, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark. Opened in 1867 and designed by R.H. Moore it served as the centre for hop trading for the brewing industry. Hops, introduced to England from the Netherlands, are still used in the brewing industry. They are harvested from farms (known as \"\"hop gardens\"\") in Kent, and in the 19th century they were brought by railway to London Bridge Station, or by boat up the River Thames. They were then stored in the many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966503", "chunk_text": "Hops\npart of George Orwell's \"\"A Clergyman's Daughter\"\" contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest. In England, many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London. This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside. People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire. Some photographs have been preserved. Particularly in Kent, because of a shortage of small-denomination coin of the realm, many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor. In some cases, the coins", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14907200", "chunk_text": "HopCat\nHopCat HopCat is a restaurant and craft beer bar based in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States, with several locations in Michigan and expanding rapidly to other states. Founded in 2008 in Grand Rapids by Mark Sellers, HopCat opened its second location in East Lansing, Michigan in 2013. HopCat is best known for having a wide array of beers on tap, with several of their locations offering well over 100 different options. In 2015, BarFly Ventures secured $25 million in capital financing to support its effort to expand HopCat, which will open as many as 30 locations over the next several", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773693", "chunk_text": "Hops\nHops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas. Historically, traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage. The first documented hop cultivation was in 736, in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany, although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079. However, in a will of Pepin the Short, the father", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7021579", "chunk_text": "\"Tomyski hops\"\nTomyski hops Tomyski or Nowotomyski () is a variety of hops that is grown in Poland. It was named for the town of Nowy Tomyśl in western Poland, where it was originally cultivated. It is used as an aroma hop, and contains approximately 2.5% to 4% alpha acids and an average amount of hop resins. Although hop cultivation in the area of Nowy Tomyśl had started at the end of the 17th century and continued through the 18th century, hop production in the area did not enjoy a high level of success. In the late 1830s, German economist Joseph Jacob", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "906036", "chunk_text": "HopStop\nChicago (service suspended as of October 2013), Cincinnati, Columbus, Cleveland, Dallas / Ft. Worth, Delaware, Denver / Boulder, Detroit, Eugene, Flagstaff, Fresno, Green Bay / Appleton, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston, Huntsville, Indiana, Jacksonville, Kansas City, Lansing, Las Vegas, Lexington, Little Rock, Long Island, LA, Louisville, Madison, Memphis, Metro North Area, Miami / S. Florida, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Missoula, Nashua, Nashville, New Jersey, New Orleans, New York City, Norfolk / VA Beach, Oklahoma City, Orange County, Orlando, Palm Springs, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Phoenix, Portland / Salem, Providence, Raleigh-Durham, Reno / Tahoe, Richmond, Rochester, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, Santa", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10403133", "chunk_text": "\"Hop Fastpass\"\nand Lynx, that were proposed in 2014. Its name references both rabbits and the hops used in craft beers brewed in Portland. Hop cards can be purchased at any participating transit agencies' ticket offices, as well as local grocery and convenience stores. The card must be tapped each time the system is entered or a transfer is made. It can be tapped on boarding a bus or streetcar, or tapped before boarding the light rail, commuter rail, or BRT. On tapping the card a display shows the time remaining on the current ticket or pass. It also displays any relevant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5292957", "chunk_text": "\"Experimental beer\"\nBrewing Company has produced experimental beers such as OMGWTFBBQ, a \"\"barbecue themed experimental beer brewed with tomatoes, brown sugar, molasses, spices, and smoked hops.\"\" In 2011, Vanberg & DeWulf's Lambrucha experimental beer won the gold medal in the experimental beer category at the U.S. Open Beer Championships. Some experimental beers may use unique ingredients that are not traditionally used in beer production, such as hemp seeds. The Lexington Brewing Company in the U.S. state of Kentucky has produced a hemp beer. Hilliard's Beer, a brewery in Seattle, Washington and Redhook Ale Brewery, a brewery in Woodinville, Washington jointly produced a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7537169", "chunk_text": "\"Podosphaera macularis\"\n50% of an aroma hop grown in Oregon because of cone browning after drying, resulting in an additional US $5 million in losses that year. These losses have contributed to economic depression in the hop market and have forced several growers to declare bankruptcy. Currently, hop powdery mildew exists annually in all production regions in the United States. While more research is necessary to understand \"\"Podosphaera macualaris\"\" and control, the current management system has returned economics to hop industry. Disease levels have decreased and control costs have been reduced to $740/ha on average. Unlike New York and California, hop production", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8079226", "chunk_text": "\"Hemp in Washington (state)\"\nHemp in Washington (state) Hemp in Washington State has emerged as an experimental crop in the 21st century. The U.S. Government reported no hemp production in Washington in 1890, nor did the state government in 1914 or 1922. Cannabis and \"\"Humulus lupulus\"\" are both members of the Cannabaceae family, and a number of similarities in the botany and human use of the two species have been noted. \"\"Humulus lupulus\"\" produces hops, a crop grown in quantity west of the Cascades historically (especially the Snoqualmie and Puyallup River valleys) and is a major 21st century crop in the Yakima Valley. All", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14966504", "chunk_text": "Hops\nissued were adorned with fanciful hops images, making them quite beautiful. In the US, Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions, but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County, among others. Florian Dauenhauer, of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County, became a manufacturer of hop-harvesting machines in 1940, in part because of the hop industry's importance to the county. This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large-scale mechanized production, which moved to larger farms in other areas. Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773706", "chunk_text": "Hops\nToday, a substantial amount of \"\"dual-use\"\" hops are used, as well. These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties. These can be added to the boil at any time, depending on the desired effect. Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer. Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include \"\"grassy\"\", \"\"floral\"\", \"\"citrus\"\", \"\"spicy\"\", \"\"piney\"\", \"\"lemony\"\", \"\"grapefruit\"\", and \"\"earthy\"\". Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence, while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma. Certain ales (particularly the highly hopped style", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7853950", "chunk_text": "\"Abbey Brewing Company\"\nlocation is 2,900 barrels per year. In the spring 2010, several varieties of native New Mexican hops (subspecies neomexicanus) were planted on a one quarter acre plot at the Monastery of Christ in the Desert and the first harvest occurred in September. In the following year, the hop yard was expanded to a half acre. Each fall, usually in September, hops are harvested and processed by hand by the monks and guests. Monks' Ales with the designation of Reserve are made with hops from the monastery hop yard. When available, the monastery hops are made available on-line to homebrewers via", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5379344", "chunk_text": "Yuengling\npopular northward through New York, westward until Illinois and Kentucky, and southward through Georgia, where it has a large following. The Tampa brewery supplies the Florida Gulf Coast, the Florida Keys, Central Florida, North Florida, the Florida Panhandle as well as Alabama and Tennessee. The brewery uses corn from Minnesota and hops from Washington as ingredients in its products. Yuengling beer returned to Massachusetts on March 3, 2014, after having circulated among some bars and restaurants beginning in February. Yuengling began distribution in the state of Georgia on October 27, 2008. Yuengling also expanded distribution into West Virginia in May", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4670865", "chunk_text": "\"HOP Ranch\"\ncattle and ventured to Denver, Colorado in 1871. From there they took a wagon to Fountain, Colorado where they located, established, and purchased rights to the land which would eventually become the HOP Ranch. William Holmes remained in Colorado to become the on-site ranch manager while Hurd and Plumer returned to their home base in Detroit. William Holmes homesteaded much of the land that would eventually become the HOP ranch. Other properties were also added by private acquisition of William T. Hurd. In 1884, the business partnership of the three men was formally incorporated in Detroit, Michigan as the HOP", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17521082", "chunk_text": "\"Dodonaea triquetra\"\nDodonaea triquetra Dodonaea triquetra, known as common hop bush or large leaf hop bush, is a species of shrub occurring in eastern Australia. It grows as an erect shrub to 3 metres high. Leaves 5 to 12 cm long, 1 to 5 cm wide. Elliptic in shape, occasionally lanceolate or ovate. Flowers form on panicles. Seeds form on a winged capsule, 9 to 16 mm long. Growing in the forest understorey, in either wet or dry sclerophyll forest, often on sedimentary soils. Commonly seen in forest remnants in Sydney. Occurring in the states of Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "534139", "chunk_text": "\"Hop Exchange\"\nCouncil nominated the building for inclusion in the blue plaque scheme, but it was turned down. Hop Exchange The Hop Exchange is a Grade II listed building at No. 24 Southwark Street, London, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark. Opened in 1867 and designed by R.H. Moore it served as the centre for hop trading for the brewing industry. Hops, introduced to England from the Netherlands, are still used in the brewing industry. They are harvested from farms (known as \"\"hop gardens\"\") in Kent, and in the 19th century they were brought by railway to London", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_27	what's the dog's name on tom and jerry?	n/a	[ "Spike" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2772039", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nwas also filmed in the standard Academy ratio and format. Tom (named \"\"Jasper\"\" in his debut appearance) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat. (\"\"Tom\"\" is a generic name for a male cat.) He is usually but not always, portrayed as living a comfortable, or even pampered life, while Jerry (named \"\"Jinx\"\" in his debut appearance) is a small, brown, house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom. Despite being very energetic, determined and much larger, Tom is no match for Jerry's wits. Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size, approximately the equivalent of Tom's, lifting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12187750", "chunk_text": "\"Jerry Mouse\"\nJerry Mouse Jerry Mouse is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Tom Cat) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" theatrical cartoon short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Jerry is a brown anthropomorphic house mouse, who first appeared as a mouse named Jinx in the 1940 MGM animated short \"\"Puss Gets the Boot\"\". Hanna gave the mouse's original name as \"\"Jinx\"\", while Barbera claimed the mouse went unnamed in his first appearance. The name \"\"Jerry\"\" was chosen by MGM animator John Carr, who submitted \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" as potential names for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12187731", "chunk_text": "\"Jerry Mouse\"\nJerry Mouse Jerry Mouse is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Tom Cat) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" theatrical cartoon short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Jerry is a brown anthropomorphic house mouse, who first appeared as a mouse named Jinx in the 1940 MGM animated short \"\"Puss Gets the Boot\"\". Hanna gave the mouse's original name as \"\"Jinx\"\", while Barbera claimed the mouse went unnamed in his first appearance. The name \"\"Jerry\"\" was chosen by MGM animator John Carr, who submitted \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" as potential names for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15697315", "chunk_text": "\"Tom Cat\"\nTom Cat Thomas \"\"Tom\"\" Cat is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Jerry Mouse) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" theatrical animated short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Tom is a grey and white anthropomorphic domestic short haired Tuxedo cat who first appeared in the 1940 MGM animated short \"\"Puss Gets the Boot\"\" Tom was originally known as \"\"Jasper\"\" during his debut in that short; however, beginning with his next appearance in \"\"The Midnight Snack\"\" he is known as \"\"Tom\"\" or \"\"Thomas\"\". His name, \"\"Tom Cat\"\", is based on \"\"tomcat\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3131413", "chunk_text": "\"Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)\"\nNibbles (Tom and Jerry) Nibbles (also known as Tuffy) is a fictional character from the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon series. He is the little, blue/gray, diaper-wearing orphan mouse whose cartoon debut came in the 1946 short \"\"The Milky Waif\"\". Tuffy was later featured in the 1949 Academy Award-winning short \"\"The Little Orphan\"\". The character's first actual appearance came in the 1942 comic book \"\"Our Gang Comics\"\" #1, where despite his diaper, he was presented as a peer of Jerry rather than a younger individual. In the comics, the gray mouse's name was given as Tuffy Mouse from the start. When", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4980829", "chunk_text": "\"Dog Trouble\"\nDog Trouble Dog Trouble is a 1942 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the fifth \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon released. It was produced in Technicolor, released to theaters on April 18, 1942 by Metro-Goldwyn Mayer and reissued for re-release on June 21, 1952. It was animated by George Gordon, Irven Spence, Jack Zander, Cecil Surry and Bill Littlejohn. The cartoon introduces the character of Spike, who would later become a recurring supporting character in the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" and later Metro-Goldwyn-Meyer shorts. In this cartoon, Spike serves as the main antagonist, forcing Tom and Jerry to team up for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570261", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nbenefits Spike, who promises not to interfere ever again; causing Jerry to frantically leave the house and run into the distance (in Hic-cup Pup). Spike is well known for his famous \"\"\"\"Listen pussycat!\"\"\"\" catchphrase when he threatens Tom, his other famous catchphrase is \"\"\"\"That's my boy!\"\"\"\" normally said when he supports or congratulates his son. Tyke is described as a cute, sweet looking, happy and a lovable puppy. He is Spike's son, but unlike Spike, Tyke does not speak and only communicates (mostly towards his father) by barking, yapping, wagging his tail, whimpering and growling. Tyke's father Spike would always", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15697322", "chunk_text": "\"Tom Cat\"\nFramed Roger Rabbit\"\". Tom Cat Thomas \"\"Tom\"\" Cat is a fictional character and one of the title characters (the other being Jerry Mouse) in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" theatrical animated short films. Created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, Tom is a grey and white anthropomorphic domestic short haired Tuxedo cat who first appeared in the 1940 MGM animated short \"\"Puss Gets the Boot\"\" Tom was originally known as \"\"Jasper\"\" during his debut in that short; however, beginning with his next appearance in \"\"The Midnight Snack\"\" he is known as \"\"Tom\"\" or \"\"Thomas\"\". His name, \"\"Tom Cat\"\", is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12294552", "chunk_text": "\"Spike and Tyke (characters)\"\nSpike Tyke Spike and Tyke (characters) Spike and Tyke are fictional characters from the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" animated film series, created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Spike Bulldog (who goes by different names in a few episodes - Killer for four episodes, Butch for two episodes, and Bulldog for one) is portrayed as an American bulldog, who is generally friendly and amiable, and a loving father to his son Tyke in several episodes. However, Spike's character also has a very stern, and fierce side, for occasions such as when he is defending his son Tyke. Spike made his first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4311992", "chunk_text": "\"Spike and Tyke (characters)\"\nSpike and Tyke (characters) Spike and Tyke are fictional characters from the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" animated film series, created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. Spike Bulldog (who goes by different names in a few episodes - Killer for four episodes, Butch for two episodes, and Bulldog for one) is portrayed as an American bulldog, who is generally friendly and amiable, and a loving father to his son Tyke in several episodes. However, Spike's character also has a very stern, and fierce side, for occasions such as when he is defending his son Tyke. Spike made his first appearance in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2195741", "chunk_text": "\"Butch Dog (Tex Avery)\"\nDroopy. Butch Dog (Tex Avery) Butch Dog (formerly known as Spike) is an animated cartoon character: an anthropomorphic Irish dog. He was created in 1949 by Tex Avery for theatrical cartoon shorts produced by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio. Spike or Butch was a short-lived animation cartoon series featuring Butch Dog. The title character was also a recurring antagonist in the Droopy shorts. His name was changed to Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons. All of the original, 1940s and 1950s shorts were directed by Tex Avery. Butch reappeared in direct-to-DVD movies such as \"\"\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8534390", "chunk_text": "\"Slicked-up Pup\"\nSlicked-up Pup \"\"Slicked-up Pup\"\" is a 1951 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the 60th \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby. The cartoon was scored by Scott Bradley and animated by Ed Barge, Kenneth Muse, Irven Spence and Ray Patterson. It features the second appearance of both Spike and Tyke together since \"\"Love That Pup\"\" in 1949 (although Tyke is referred to as 'Chip'). Spike has bathed Tyke to make sure he is nice and clean, but is horrified when through the constant chases of Tom vs. Jerry, Tyke ends", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9385810", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nto remove his ring. In \"\"The Mouse Comes to Dinner\"\" Tom speaks to his girlfriend Toots while inadvertently sitting on a stove: \"\"Say, what's cookin'?\"\", to which Toots replies \"\"You are, stupid.\"\" Another instance of speech comes in \"\"Solid Serenade\"\" and \"\"The Framed Cat\"\", where Tom directs Spike through a few dog tricks in a dog-trainer manner. Co-director William Hanna provided most of the squeaks, gasps, and other vocal effects for the pair, including the most famous sound effects from the series, Tom's leather-lunged scream (created by recording Hanna's scream and eliminating the beginning and ending of the recording, leaving", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10948033", "chunk_text": "\"Butch Dog (Tex Avery)\"\nButch Dog (Tex Avery) Butch Dog (formerly known as Spike) is an animated cartoon character: an anthropomorphic Irish dog. He was created in 1949 by Tex Avery for theatrical cartoon shorts produced by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio. Spike or Butch was a short-lived animation cartoon series featuring Butch Dog. The title character was also a recurring antagonist in the Droopy shorts. His name was changed to Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons. All of the original, 1940s and 1950s shorts were directed by Tex Avery. Butch reappeared in direct-to-DVD movies such as \"\"\"\", alongside", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570257", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nhis appearance in the 1945 MGM musical \"\"Anchors Aweigh\"\". \"\"\"\" is the first (and so far only) installment of the series where the famous cat-and-mouse duo regularly speak. In that movie, Tom was voiced by Richard Kind, and Jerry was voiced by Dana Hill. In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to deal with Spike (known as \"\"Killer\"\" and \"\"Butch\"\" in some shorts), an angry, vicious but easily duped bulldog who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry. Originally, Spike was unnamed and mute (aside from howls and biting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12751680", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry\"\nCalifornia to enter themselves in the race. Among the other racers include Grammy and her pet dog Squirty, Gorthan the Destroyer of Light, Steed Dirkly, Malory \"\"Soccer Mom\"\" McDoogle and Dr. Professor (who is eliminated before the race due to him and his vehicle being accidentally vaporized by matter). The race begins in Hollywood where Grammy takes an early lead but is overtaken by Steed late in the leg. Upon arriving at the finish line in Mexico, the head of Globwobbler Studios named J.W. decides to extend the race to the Amazonian jungle due to high public ratings. While racing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5098472", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars\"\nprocess resulting in the food going all over the place in an explosion. Soon the staff tries to catch Jerry but figure only Tom can catch him so they bring him back to the base and give him a mission to eliminate Jerry. During the chase, they land onto a rocket ending up at Mars where Tom and Jerry are left behind. A green female Martian alien named Peep arrives with an alien dog Ubu and two more Martians arrive in which Jerry is then taken to the martians' lair where he is mistaken for the “Great Gloop”. After much", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2893411", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)\"\ncareer as an animator and storyman on this series. In 1940, Barbera co-created with William Hanna another duo of cartoon characters using the same names: a cat and mouse named Tom and Jerry. The characters were a Mutt and Jeff-like pair, one short (Jerry) and one tall (Tom). Each cartoon featured a different adventure and the plot varied from film to film. Sometimes they were lawyers, hunters, plumbers, hobos, etc. The duo were likely named after the stage play and/or the mixed drink of the same name, both of which predated the duo by a century. Stylistically, the cartoons were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7542757", "chunk_text": "\"Slicked-up Pup\"\nends. Slicked-up Pup \"\"Slicked-up Pup\"\" is a 1951 American one-reel animated cartoon and is the 60th \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby. The cartoon was scored by Scott Bradley and animated by Ed Barge, Kenneth Muse, Irven Spence and Ray Patterson. It features the second appearance of both Spike and Tyke together since \"\"Love That Pup\"\" in 1949 (although Tyke is referred to as 'Chip'). Spike has bathed Tyke to make sure he is nice and clean, but is horrified when through the constant chases of Tom vs. Jerry, Tyke", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14449464", "chunk_text": "\"Spike and Tyke (characters)\"\nhe is named \"\"Killer\"\", and in \"\"The Truce Hurts\"\" he signs his name \"\"Butch\"\" on the treaty peace paper. He is also a Devil Dog in \"\"Heavenly Puss\"\". In Tom's later attempts to catch Jerry, he has to deal with Spike for bothering his son. In 1949's \"\"Love That Pup\"\", Spike was given a puppy son, Tyke, who became another popular supporting character in the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoons. His voice was taken over by Daws Butler, who styled Spike's voice after Jimmy Durante taking after his 1940s radio series with Garry Moore. He is named \"\"Spike\"\" from then on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570262", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\ngo out of his way to care and comfort his son and make sure that he is safe from Tom. Tyke loves his father and Spike loves his son and they get along like friends, although most of time they would be taking a nap or Spike would teach Tyke the main facts of life of being a dog. Like Spike, Tyke's appearance has altered throughout the years, from grey (with white paws) to creamy tan. When Tom and Jerry Kids first aired, this was the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak. Butch is a black,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2773626", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nfor the show, which ran until November 18, 1994. \"\"Tom and Jerry Kids\"\" was the last Tom and Jerry cartoon series produced in 4:3 (full screen) aspect ratio. In 2001, a new television special titled \"\"\"\" premiered on Boomerang. It featured Joe Barbera (who was also a creative consultant) as the voice of Tom's owner, whose face is never seen. In this cartoon, Jerry, housed in a habitrail, is as much of a house pet as Tom is, and their owner has to remind Tom to not \"\"blame everything on the mouse\"\". In 2005, a new Tom and Jerry theatrical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4803244", "chunk_text": "\"Tom's Photo Finish\"\nButler) coming his way. Tom hurriedly shoves the chicken back into the refrigerator and closes it's door and hides. George, upon discovering the half-eaten chicken, concludes that either Tom or Spike is guilty and is determined to figure out which, even if it means X-raying them. Panicked, Tom frames Spike (also voiced by Daws Butler); he creates phony paw prints leading from the sleeping dog to the refrigerator. In the mousehole, Jerry is reading a book, but as he sees Tom, he surprisingly watches him. As Tom moves to plant the chicken on Spike, a bright light flashes, and Jerry,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3131416", "chunk_text": "\"Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)\"\nname at all. On the other hand, the recent movies \"\"\"\", \"\"Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes\"\" and \"\"Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz\"\" all use the name Tuffy. The 1952 cartoon \"\"Two Little Indians\"\" further adds to matters by actually using \"\"two\"\" little gray mice, which hints at the existence of both Nibbles \"\"and\"\" Tuffy, but this is the only such instance. Nibbles is more often a speaking character than Jerry. In the \"\"Mouseketeer\"\" sub-series, he spoke mostly in French, resorting to English whenever a gag depended on it. The only exception to this was \"\"Robin Hoodwinked\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14547761", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz\"\nTom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz Tom and Jerry & The Wizard of Oz is a 2011 animated musical fantasy comedy direct-to-video film starring Tom and Jerry, produced by Warner Bros. Animation. The film is an animated semi-adaptation of the 1939 musical film, \"\"The Wizard of Oz\"\" with the addition of Tom and Jerry. Droopy and Butch from Tex Avery's \"\"Droopy\"\" series also cameo as minor antagonists. Dorothy is a girl, who lives in Kansas with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry, as well as farmhands Hunk, Hickory, and Zeke. She has a pet dog named Toto, a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2893410", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)\"\nTom and Jerry (Van Beuren) Tom and Jerry are fictional characters that starred in a series of early sound cartoons produced by the Van Beuren Studios, and distributed by RKO Pictures. The series lasted from 1931 to 1933. When Official Films purchased the Van Beuren library in the 1950s, the characters were renamed Dick and Larry to avoid confusion with \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\", the famous MGM cartoon series of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, animation historians refer to the characters as Van Beuren's Tom and Jerry. Today, all of these cartoons are in the public domain. Joseph Barbera began his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14547762", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz\"\ncat named Tom and a mouse named Jerry. Aunt Em asks Tom and Jerry to put their differences aside, and watch over Dorothy; the two reluctantly agree. Later, Miss Almira Gulch, who was bitten by Toto earlier, arrives at the Gale farm and takes him away to be put down. Witnessing this, Tom and Jerry give chase and free Toto, but a scuffle between Tom, Jerry, and Miss Gulch culminate in them crashing into a pit. Dorothy runs away from home with Toto shortly afterwards. As Tom and Jerry return home, a tornado hits the area and the two seek", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3131419", "chunk_text": "\"Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)\"\nbite in. When making his cartoon debut in \"\"The Milky Waif\"\", Nibbles' first motion is to point at his mouth, indicating hunger—as a letter announces \"\"P.S. He's always hungry.\"\" Although Jerry cares for Nibbles, he is usually annoyed by Nibbles's antics which often get him in trouble with Tom. Coincidentally in every short except \"\"Mice Follies\"\", Jerry gets mad at Nibbles whenever he does something dangerous or reckless. Nibbles (Tom and Jerry) Nibbles (also known as Tuffy) is a fictional character from the \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon series. He is the little, blue/gray, diaper-wearing orphan mouse whose cartoon debut came", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2773617", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\ncarried Jones' distinctive style (and a slight psychedelic influence). Jones had trouble adapting his style to \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\"'s brand of humor, and a number of the cartoons favored full animation, personality and style over storyline. The characters underwent a slight change of appearance: Tom was given thicker eyebrows (resembling Jones' Grinch, Count Blood Count or Wile E. Coyote), a less complex look (including the color of his fur becoming gray), sharper ears, longer tail and furrier cheeks (resembling Jones' Claude Cat or Sylvester), while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears, a lighter brown color, and a sweeter, Porky", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570251", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nbut Tom then reneges. Other times however, Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved. Tom changes his love interest many times. The first love interest is Toots who appears in \"\"Puss n' Toots\"\", and calls him \"\"Tommy\"\" in \"\"The Mouse Comes to Dinner\"\". He is also interested in a cat called Toots in \"\"The Zoot Cat\"\" although she has a different appearance to the original Toots. The most frequent love interest of Tom's is Toodles Galore, who never has any dialogue in the cartoons. Despite five shorts ending", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570270", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nfor Best Short Subject: Cartoons\"\" of 1941. It lost to another MGM cartoon, Rudolph Ising's \"\"The Milky Way\"\". Producer Fred Quimby, who ran the MGM animation studio, quickly pulled Hanna and Barbera off the other one-shot cartoons they were working on, and commissioned a series featuring the cat and mouse. Hanna and Barbera held an intra-studio contest to give the pair a new name by drawing suggested names out of a hat; animator John Carr won $50 with his suggestion of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\", at the time best known as the name of a Christmastime mixed drink. The \"\"Tom and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3131414", "chunk_text": "\"Nibbles (Tom and Jerry)\"\nthe smaller Nibbles design was introduced to animation in 1946, the comics' Tuffy was retconned to match, almost immediately shrinking in size and age, although the name Tuffy was retained. In the comics, Tuffy remained a peer of Jerry with no familial relationship to him. But in 1953, the animation writers decided to change his on-screen relationship to Jerry. He became Jerry's nephew in \"\"Life with Tom\"\". Now it was the cartoons' turn to retcon, changing the screen name Nibbles to Tuffy in the 1957 cartoon \"\"Feedin' the Kiddie\"\". The character was thus named Tuffy in all English-language media from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570268", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nmouse seemed like a good, basic thought,\"\" as he recalled in an interview. Hanna and other employees complained that the idea wasn't very original; nevertheless, the short was completed in late 1939, and released to theaters on February 10, 1940. \"\"Puss Gets The Boot\"\" centers on Jasper, a gray tabby cat trying to catch a mouse named Jinx (whose name is not mentioned within the cartoon itself), but after accidentally breaking a houseplant and its stand, the African American housemaid Mammy has threatened to throw Jasper out if he breaks one more thing in the house. Naturally, Jinx uses this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7937735", "chunk_text": "\"The Dog (Seinfeld)\"\ncould not call earlier, and comes for the dog, much to the relief of Jerry and Elaine. In a deleted scene, Kramer reveals that he fed Farfel turkish taffy, which would have explained the dog's erratic behavior and frequent barking. A writer for \"\"Mental Floss\"\" explains, \"\"Farfel\"\" wasn't just some random wacky name Gavin Palone made up for his pooch; he was, in fact, named after the famous floppy-eared puppet who used to advertise Nestle's Quik in the 1960s. Ventriloquist dummy Danny O'Day ended each commercial by singing the company’s jingle: \"\"N-E-S-T-L-E-S, Nestle's makes the very best\"\" and then Farfel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15697316", "chunk_text": "\"Tom Cat\"\na phrase which refers to male cats. He is very rarely heard speaking with the exception of a few cartoons (such as 1943's \"\"The Lonesome Mouse\"\", 1944's \"\"The Zoot Cat\"\" and 1992's \"\"\"\"). His only notable vocal sounds outside of this are his various screams whenever he is subject to pain or panic. He is continuously after Jerry Mouse, for whom he sets traps, many of which backfire and cause damage to him rather than Jerry. His trademark scream was provided by creator William Hanna. Tom has changed over the years upon his evolution, especially after the first episodes. For", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11816939", "chunk_text": "\"Professor Tom\"\nProfessor Tom Professor Tom is a 1948 one-reel animated cartoon and is the 37th \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoon released on October 30, 1948, directed by the duo's creators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, produced by Fred Quimby, animated by Ray Patterson, Irven Spence, Kenneth Muse and Ed Barge with music by Scott Bradley. It was reissued on February 3, 1956 for re-release. The roles are reversed for a later \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" short in 1954, \"\"Little School Mouse\"\". Tom is a professor (or teacher), teaching a small gray kitten named Topsy about catching mice. After a bored Topsy falls asleep,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570256", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nIn the 1946 short \"\"Trap Happy\"\", Tom hires a cat disguised as a mouse exterminator who, after several failed attempts to dispatch Jerry, changes profession to \"\"Cat\"\" exterminator by crossing out the \"\"Mouse\"\" on his title and writing \"\"Cat\"\", resulting in Tom spelling out the word out loud before reluctantly pointing at himself. One short, 1956's \"\"Blue Cat Blues\"\", is narrated by Jerry in voiceover (voiced by Paul Frees) as they try to win back their ladyfriends. Both Tom and Jerry speak more than once in the 1943 short \"\"The Lonesome Mouse\"\", while Jerry was voiced by Sara Berner during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13570265", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nas a Mouseketeer, often with a high-pitched French tone. However, during a short in which he rescued Robin Hood, his voice was instead more masculine, gruff, and cockney accented. Mammy Two Shoes is a heavy-set middle-aged mammy who often has to deal with the mayhem generated by the lead characters. Voiced by character actress Lillian Randolph, she is often seen as the owner of Tom. Her face was only shown once, very briefly, in \"\"Saturday Evening Puss\"\". Mammy's appearances have often been edited out, dubbed, or re-animated as a slim white woman in later television showings, since her character is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9385814", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nnoises) as well as attacking indiscriminately, not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom. In later cartoons, Spike spoke often, using a voice and expressions (performed by Billy Bletcher and later Daws Butler) modeled after comedian Jimmy Durante. Spike's coat has altered throughout the years between grey and creamy tan. The addition of Spike's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike's character and a short-lived spin-off theatrical series (\"\"Spike and Tyke\"\"). Most cartoons with Spike in it have a system; usually Spike is trying to accomplish something (such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4047934", "chunk_text": "\"Pup on a Picnic\"\nPup on a Picnic Pup on a Picnic is a 1955 one reel animated \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" short directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby with music by Scott Bradley. The cartoon was animated by Ray Patterson, Kenneth Muse, Ed Barge and Irven Spence, with backgrounds by Robert Gentle. It was released on April 30, 1955 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Spike and Tyke are enjoying a picnic, but a chase between Tom and Jerry forces them to set out on another picnic, where they resolve to keep Tom away once and for all. Jerry, hiding in their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19263745", "chunk_text": "\"Tom-ic Energy\"\nTom and Jerry then continues although Tom shakes Jerry's hand to thank him for taking care of the bulldog. Tom-ic Energy Tom-ic Energy is a 1965 Tom and Jerry cartoon directed and produced by Chuck Jones and the eighth short in Jones' series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoons. The name is a pun on atomic energy. The music of this cartoon is primarily based on Paganini's Moto Perpetuo (Op. 11) with other music and sound effects mixed in with the theme which crops up throughout the cartoon. Tom is chasing Jerry on top of a building and then through the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4911021", "chunk_text": "\"That's My Pup!\"\nbest friend (by doing the sad, soulful, puppy-dog eyes), burying bones and how to chase cats (run cats off), which Spike says is his specialty. Observing Tom chasing Jerry and waiting by Jerry's mouse hole, Spike has the perfect cat to chase in, Tom. He sneaks up behind Tom and barks ferociously. Tom is quite literally frightened out of his skin and climbs a tree to get away from Spike, shredding off most of its bark in the process. Spike accosts Tom and warns him in more friendly than usual way that if Tyke starts barking, Tom starts climbing in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17512440", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring\"\nthe store, and soon, the diamond cutter returns. Tom and Jerry exit the store. Tom destroys the store and ends up getting chased away by the owner. Jerry runs off into a fortune-teller home, where an Irish dog Butch and Droopy are residing in. After seeing how lovely Jerry's ring looks, and including the fact that Jerry wants it removed, Butch attempts to pull it off, but fails. Tom comes in, and Jerry runs out, with Butch chasing after him as well. Soon, they end up in an alley, where an alley cat happens to be taking a nap. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14360016", "chunk_text": "\"Jerry Mouse\"\nby Jerry). Hanna and Barbera considered Tom and Jerry \"\"the best of enemies\"\", whose rivalry hid an unspoken amount of mutual respect. In later \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoons, Jerry acquired a young ward: a small grey mouse called \"\"Tuffy\"\" or \"\"Nibbles\"\" depending upon the cartoon, who was left on Jerry's doorstep as a foundling baby in the 1946 short \"\"The Milky Waif\"\". Jerry and Tuffy were also featured together in a sub-series of \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" cartoons set in 17th century France which featured the characters as musketeers. The first of these shorts, \"\"The Two Mouseketeers\"\", won the 1951 Academy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "239100", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry: The Movie\"\nwas killed in a recent avalanche while on a mountain-climbing expedition; she has been living with her evil guardian \"\"Aunt\"\" Pristine Figg, her scheming lawyer and boyfriend Lickboot and her overweight skateboarding dog Ferdinand. Despite Robyn's misgivings, Tom and Jerry persuade her to return home. After Tom and Jerry end up in a massive food fight with Ferdinand and stumble across a telegram confirming that Robyn's father is still alive which Figg hides from Robyn, Figg sends them to an animal shelter run by Dr. Applecheek who turns out to be a cruel animal kidnapper and the true employer of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2893413", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren)\"\ntype Mickey Mouse, Betty Boop, and Bosko had, and the series was cancelled in 1933. Tom and Jerry (Van Beuren) Tom and Jerry are fictional characters that starred in a series of early sound cartoons produced by the Van Beuren Studios, and distributed by RKO Pictures. The series lasted from 1931 to 1933. When Official Films purchased the Van Beuren library in the 1950s, the characters were renamed Dick and Larry to avoid confusion with \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\", the famous MGM cartoon series of the 1940s and 1950s. Today, animation historians refer to the characters as Van Beuren's Tom and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11069060", "chunk_text": "\"Love That Pup\"\nthe sleeping Spike, Tyke and Jerry, who hangs a \"\"DO NOT DISTURB\"\" sign on Spike's ear before falling asleep. DVD Love That Pup Love That Pup is a 1949 one-reel animated cartoon and is the 44th \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" short released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, produced by Fred Quimby, music scored by Scott Bradley, and animated by Ed Barge, Ray Patterson, Irven Spence, and Kenneth Muse. (This is the first time that Daws Butler voiced Spike the Bulldog in the late 1940s, because he took Billy Bletcher's place as an actor.) This is also the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4911020", "chunk_text": "\"That's My Pup!\"\nThat's My Pup! That's My Pup! is a 1953 one reel animated \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" short, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera and produced by Fred Quimby with music by Scott Bradley. The short was animated by animators Kenneth Muse, Ray Patterson, Ed Barge and Irven Spence, with backgrounds by Robert Gentle. This cartoon features the third pairing of Spike with his son Tyke. It was released on April 25, 1953 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The episode title is a pun on the phrase \"\"That's my boy!\"\" Spike is teaching Tyke the three important rules of being a dog: being man's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9385793", "chunk_text": "\"Tom and Jerry\"\nTom and Jerry Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short films created in 1940 by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. It centers on a rivalry between its two title characters, Tom, a cat, and Jerry, a mouse, and many recurring characters, based around slapstick comedy. In its original run, Hanna and Barbera produced 114 \"\"Tom and Jerry\"\" shorts for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from 1940 to 1958. During this time, they won seven Academy Awards for Animated Short Film, tying for first place with Walt Disney's \"\"Silly Symphonies\"\" with the most awards in the category. After the MGM cartoon studio", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3099178", "chunk_text": "\"The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show\"\nThe version by Filmation (Hanna-Barbera's leading competitor for TV animation at the time) was able to restore the familiar slapstick chase format, and reintroduced not only Tyke and Nibbles, but also some of the other MGM stars. Half hour shows would consist of two seven-minute Tom and Jerry episodes, plus one Droopy cartoon in the middle, featuring some other characters such as Barney Bear. Spike from Tom and Jerry was used in many of these Droopy episodes as well, filling in for the other \"\"Spike\"\" bulldog created by Tex Avery for the old Droopy films, who was not used as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_28	in which regions are most of africa petroleum and natural gas found?	n/a	[ "Nigeria" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2492828", "chunk_text": "\"Mineral industry of Africa\"\nearnings in Ghana, South Africa, and Tanzania. Diamond was a significant source of export earnings in the Central African Republic and South Africa, as was uranium in Niger. Africa's natural gas exporters included Algeria, which had 72% of the continent's natural gas exports, Nigeria, 13%, Egypt, 9%, and Libya, 6%. Europe received 91% of African total natural gas exports and was the destination of 95% of Africa's natural gas exports by pipeline and 88% of Africa's liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. The United States received 11% of Africa's LNG exports, and countries of the Asia and the Pacific region, 1%.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16061697", "chunk_text": "\"Natural resources of Africa\"\ncontinent.\"\" African oil takes growing importance, mainly after the 2015 oil crisis and recent oil reserves discoveries. Sudan and Nigeria are two of the main oil producers. China owns 40% of Congo's oil production. Oil is provided by both continental and offshore productions. Sudan's oil exports in 2010 are estimated by the United States Department of State at $9 billion with United States dollars. Five countries dominate Africa's upstream oil production. Together they account for 85% of the continent's oil production and are, in order of decreasing output, Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt and Angola. Other oil producing countries are Gabon,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3815045", "chunk_text": "\"Economy of Africa\"\nAfrica are South Africa, Libya, Namibia, Egypt, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, which each consume between 1000 and 5000 KWh/m per person, in contrast with African states such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Tanzania, where electricity consumption per person is negligible. Petroleum and petroleum products are the main export of 14 African countries. Petroleum and petroleum products accounted for a 46.6% share of Africa's total exports in 2010; the second largest export of Africa as a whole is natural gas, in its gaseous state and as liquified natural gas, accounting for a 6.3% share of Africa's exports. Lack of infrastructure creates barriers for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9103457", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Africa\"\nlack of food security and limited water resources, for these factors are necessary for life and therefore take priority over energy initiation. North Africa is dominant in oil and in gas, for Libya obtains approximately 50% of the oil reserves available in Africa. Libya designated USD $5 billion to assert programs and regulations that will reduce carbon emissions. Resources, such as oil and gas, are also prevalent in Algeria, in addition to natural gas. According to the Renewable Energy Sector in N. Africa, solar capacity is also extremely relevant in North Africa. The total power installed in North Africa region", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2444336", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Africa\"\nprocess optimization. According to Stephen Karekezi, Director of African Energy Policy Research Network and co-worker Waeni Kithyoma, Africa is third largest in crude oil reserves (behind the Middle East and Latin America), third largest in natural gas resources (behind the Middle East and Europe), second greatest for uranium (behind Australia), and is plentiful in hydro energy potentials and other renewable energy, such as bio-energy and solar energy. Professor Iwayemi states that there are conventional energy sources in Africa: hydroelectric and wood fuels, coal lignite, crude oil, natural gas and nuclear fuels, and there are unconventional energy sources, such as solar,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13995743", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Nigeria\"\nsavannah zone's three categories are divided into mm' Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees, the most common across the country; Sudan savannah, similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. Nigeria's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum (see petroleum in Nigeria), tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc, natural gas, hydropower, and arable land. This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16061698", "chunk_text": "\"Natural resources of Africa\"\nCongo, Cameroon, Tunisia, Equatorial Guinea, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire and more recently, Ghana. Exploration is taking place in a number of other countries that aim to increase their output or become first time producers. Included in this list are Chad, Sudan, Namibia, South Africa and Madagascar while Mozambique and Tanzania are potential oil producers. Ore resources in Africa are abundant, and extremely more so nowadays as other continents are beginning to face depletion of resources. The copper belt in Katanga, the diamond mines in Sierra Leone, Angola, and Botswana are well known for their abundance and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9103463", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Africa\"\nexhibits some nuclear resources. In addition to coal reserves, Nigeria contains natural gas and oil resources. “In Guinea, West Africa, the US is making significant input in the area of environmental protection.” These progressive steps will improve agricultural production technologies and exchange trade opportunities. “In Guinea 115,000 hectares of forests and tree plantations have been placed under sustainable management…USAID has assisted more than 37,000 farmers to improve agricultural production through sustainable management practices, and has helped establish over 2,800 new businesses.” Central Africa has abundant hydro-electric resources due to the multiple rivers that run through this region. The publication Energy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10132844", "chunk_text": "\"Africa–China economic relations\"\nLeone (diamond), and Sudan (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminum), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and Zambia (copper and cobalt). Ongoing mining projects of more than $1 billion are taking place in South Africa (platinum, gold), Guinea (bauxite, aluminum), Madagascar (nickel), Mozambique (coal), Congo and Zambia (cobalt, copper), Nigeria and Sudan (crude petroleum), and Senegal (iron). Africa produced about 10.7 Mbpd of oil in 2005, 12% of the 84 Mbpd produced worldwide. Around one half of that is produced in north", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10431998", "chunk_text": "\"Mineral industry of Africa\"\nfor bauxite and alumina in Guinea were likely to total more than $2.35 billion; nickel in Madagascar, $2.25 billion; and coal in Mozambique, $1 billion. Substantial capital expenditures were also likely for aluminum in Mozambique and South Africa, cobalt and copper in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa) and Zambia, crude petroleum in Nigeria and Sudan, iron ore in Senegal, and natural gas in Nigeria. Exploration activity, as defined by African exploration budgets reported by the MEG, increased to $807 million in 2005 from $572 million in 2004. Africa's share of the world exploration budget increased slightly to 16.5%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14003824", "chunk_text": "\"North Africa\"\nthe economy. Egypt has the most varied industrial base, importing technology to develop electronics and engineering industries, and maintaining the reputation of its high-quality cotton textiles. Oil rigs are scattered throughout the deserts of Libya and Algeria. Libyan oil is especially prized because of its low sulfur content, which means it produces much less pollution than other fuel oils. North Africa The term \"\"North Africa\"\" has no single accepted definition. It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west, to Egypt's Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east. Others have limited it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18465624", "chunk_text": "Africa\nthe Anatolian Plateau of Turkey mark where the African Plate collided with Eurasia. The Afrotropic ecozone and the Saharo-Arabian desert to its north unite the region biogeographically, and the Afro-Asiatic language family unites the north linguistically. The climate of Africa ranges from tropical to subarctic on its highest peaks. Its northern half is primarily desert, or arid, while its central and southern areas contain both savanna plains and dense jungle (rainforest) regions. In between, there is a convergence, where vegetation patterns such as sahel and steppe dominate. Africa is the hottest continent on earth and 60% of the entire land", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3195527", "chunk_text": "\"West African Craton\"\nAtlantic or Gulf of Guinea. However, below the surface there are ancient sedimentary basins such as the Taoudeni basin that may contain large reserves of oil and gas. The northern Reguibat shield covers the countries of Algeria, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (state), Morocco, and Mauritania. It contains exposed Paleoproterozoic units to the east, and Archean to the west, including kimberlites making it a primary diamond source with gold and copper deposits occurring in a sub-domain of the shield (Paleoproterozoic Yetti). It experienced at least one major cooling event during the Mesozoic and three minor cooling events from the late Cretaceous", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6994938", "chunk_text": "\"Niger Delta Basin (geology)\"\nbarrels of oil per day. The entire system is predicted to contain 34.5 billion barrels of oil and 94 trillion feet of natural gas.This area is still very heavily explored by oil companies today. It is one of the largest oil producers in the world. Niger Delta Basin (geology) The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15344376", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Africa\"\nof Morocco, Namibia, and the interior of Angola. One of the most wideaspread plain is the African Surface, a composite etchplain occurring across much of the continent. The area between the east and west coast highlands, which north of 17° N is mainly desert, is divided into separate basins by other bands of high ground, one of which runs nearly centrally through North Africa in a line corresponding roughly with the curved axis of the continent as a whole. The best marked of the basins so formed (the Congo basin) occupies a circular area bisected by the equator, once probably", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10132845", "chunk_text": "\"Africa–China economic relations\"\nAfrica, which has preferential trade agreements with Europe. The sub-Saharan oil producers include by global rank and Mbpd: Nigeria (13th; 2.35Mbpd), Angola (16th; 1.91Mbpd), Sudan (31st; .47Mbpd). Guinea (33rd), Congo (38th), and Chad (45th) also have notable oil output. In 2005, 35% of exported African oil went to the EU, 32% to the US, 10% to China, while 1% of African gas goes to other parts of Asia. North African preferentially exporting its oil to western countries : EU 64%; US 18%; all others 18%. 60% of African wood goes to China, where it is manufactured, and then sell across", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9103458", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Africa\"\nwas roughly 61.6 GW in 2012. This is mostly made up of hydro accounting for nearly 10%. Southern Africa has 91 percent of all of Africa’s coal reserves and 70% of the nuclear/uranium resources in Africa, according to Professor Iwayemi. Southern Africa follows Central Africa closely in hydro resources; hydroelectric potential can particularly be found in the Congo DRC, Mozambique, Zambia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Sudan, and Nigeria. Mozambique in particular has joined an international initiative to develop an energy action plan, to contribute to \"\"Sustainable Energy for All\"\". In accordance with The Africa Society, USAID’s Living in the Finite Environment program", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14137402", "chunk_text": "\"Sub-Saharan Africa\"\nproduction. Major suppliers are South Africa, Ghana, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Guinea, and Mali. South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905, but in 2007 it moved to second place, according to GFMS, the precious metals consultancy. Uranium is major commodity from the region. Significant suppliers are Niger, Namibia, and South Africa. Namibia was the number one supplier from Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008. The region produces 49% of the world's diamonds. By 2015, it is estimated that 25% of North American oil will be from Sub-Saharan Africa, ahead of the Middle East. Sub-Saharan Africa has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1851361", "chunk_text": "\"Sub-Saharan Africa\"\nThis quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs. New sources of oil are being located in Sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else. Of all new sources of oil, ⅓ are in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world. Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile, south of Egypt. The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria, parts of Turkey, and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE. By the tenth and ninth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9415016", "chunk_text": "\"Oil shale reserves\"\nto 14.31 billion metric tons of shale oil) and Morocco (12.3 billion metric tons or 8.16 billion metric tons of shale oil). Deposits in Congo are not properly explored yet. In Morocco, oil shale deposits have been identified at ten localities with the largest deposits in Tarfaya and Timahdite. Although reserves in Tarfaya and Timahdit are well explored, the commercial exploitation has not started yet and only a limited program of laboratory and pilot-plant research has been undertaken. There are also oil shale reserves in Egypt, South Africa, Madagascar, and Nigeria. The main deposits of Egypt are located in Safaga-Al-Qusayr", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10431995", "chunk_text": "\"Mineral industry of Africa\"\nhighly and dangerously dependent on mineral exports. Mineral fuels (coal, petroleum) account for more than 90% of the export earnings for Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals account for 80% for Botswana (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold), Congo (Brazzaville) (petroleum), Congo (Kinshasa) (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper), Gabon (petroleum and manganese), Guinea (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond), Sierra Leone (diamond), and Sudan (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminium), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2492835", "chunk_text": "\"Mineral industry of Africa\"\nPipeline, which was expected to start regular operations in the end of 2008, could help mitigate the effects of deforestation in Benin, Ghana, and Togo and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. In 2005 natural gas was being flared by Nigeria; in the future, Nigeria expected to export natural gas to Benin, Ghana, and Togo. The government of Nigeria had committed to ending the flaring of natural gas, which would lead to decreased pollution. The use of mercury by artisanal gold miners has led to serious air and water pollution in Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16061695", "chunk_text": "\"Natural resources of Africa\"\nNatural resources of Africa Africa has a large quantity of natural resources, including diamonds, sugar, salt, gold, iron, cobalt, uranium, copper, bauxite, silver, petroleum and cocoa beans, but also woods and tropical fruits. Having a low human density, for a long period of time Africa has been colonized by more dynamic groups, exploiting African resources. Some economists have talked about the 'scourge of raw materials', large quantities of rare raw materials putting Africa under heavy pressures and leading to wars and slow development. Despite these abundance of natural resources, claims suggest that many Western nations like the United States, Canada,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2492827", "chunk_text": "\"Mineral industry of Africa\"\nEquatorial Guinea, Libya, and Nigeria. Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 80% of the export earnings of Botswana (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold), Congo (Brazzaville) (petroleum), Congo (Kinshasa) (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper), Gabon (petroleum and manganese), Guinea (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond), Sierra Leone (diamond), and Sudan (petroleum and gold). Minerals and mineral fuels accounted for more than 50% of the export earnings of Mali (gold), Mauritania (iron ore), Mozambique (aluminum), Namibia (diamond, uranium, gold, and zinc), and Zambia (copper and cobalt). Gold was a significant source of export", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6994927", "chunk_text": "\"Niger Delta Basin (geology)\"\nNiger Delta Basin (geology) The Niger Delta Basin, also referred to as the Niger Delta province, is an extensional rift basin located in the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the passive continental margin near the western coast of Nigeria with suspected or proven access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe. This basin is very complex, and it carries high economic value as it contains a very productive petroleum system. The Niger delta basin is one of the largest subaerial basins in Africa. It has a subaerial area of about 75,000 km, a total area", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6995978", "chunk_text": "\"Angola Basin\"\none of the world's largest pockmarks located in the Congo-Angola Basin. The depression was 800 meters in diameter and located 3160 meters below sea level and developed as a result of several smaller pockmarks collapsing into each other. The majority of the hydrocarbons found were gas hydrates composed of 100% methane. Angola Basin The Angola Basin is located along the West African South Atlantic Margin which extends from Cameroon to Angola. It is characterized as a passive margin that began spreading in the south and then continued upwards throughout the basin. This basin formed during the initial breakup of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1014652", "chunk_text": "Nigeria\nSudan savannah is similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees. Sahel savannah consists of patches of grass and sand, found in the northeast. In the Sahel region, rain is less than per year and the Sahara Desert is encroaching. In the dry northeast corner of the country lies Lake Chad, which Nigeria shares with Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Nigeria's Delta region, home of the large oil industry, experiences serious oil spills and other environmental problems, which has caused conflict. Waste management including sewage treatment, the linked processes of deforestation and soil degradation, and climate change or global warming are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6491434", "chunk_text": "\"Royal Dutch Shell\"\nwhere is the giant Rabi-Kounga oil field, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa and Tunisia; and in the downstream sector in 16 other countries. In Nigeria, Shell told US diplomats that it had placed staff in all the main ministries of the government. In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and \"\"Helios\"\". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7814290", "chunk_text": "\"Afrotropical realm\"\nthe Palearctic realm, which includes northern Africa and temperate Eurasia. South of the Sahara, two belts of tropical grassland and savanna run east and west across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopian Highlands. Immediately south of the Sahara lies the Sahel belt, a transitional zone of semi-arid short grassland and acacia savanna. Rainfall increases further south in the Sudanian Savanna, also known simply as the Sudan, a belt of taller grasslands and savannas. The Sudanian Savanna is home to two great flooded grasslands, the Sudd wetland in South Sudan, and the Niger Inland Delta in Mali. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18587550", "chunk_text": "\"Oil India\"\ngas in 1988, heavy oil / bitumen in 1991 and started production of gas in 1996. The company has accumulated over a hundred years of experience in the field of oil and gas production, since the discovery of Digboi oilfield in 1889. The company has over of licensed areas for oil and gas exploration. It has emerged as a consistently profitable International company and present in Libya, Gabon, Nigeria, Sudan, Venezuela, Mozambique, Yemen, Iran, Bangladesh and United States. OIL has recently emerged in the offshore giant gas-field project of Mozambique and also made discovery of oil & gas in Gabon", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18266173", "chunk_text": "\"Petroleum industry in Nigeria\"\nPetroleum industry in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa. Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types: light, and comparatively heavy – the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier, 20–25 gravity. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur. The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country, at the onset of World War I the firm's operation were stopped. Thereafter, licenses were given to D'Arcy Exploration Company and Whitehall Petroleum but neither company found oil of commercial value and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18266235", "chunk_text": "\"Petroleum industry in Nigeria\"\narea in Africa. The Delta's environment can be broken down into four ecological zones: coastal barrier islands, mangrove swamp forests, freshwater swamps, and lowland rainforests. This incredibly well-endowed ecosystem, which contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet, in addition to supporting an abundant flora and fauna, arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops, economic trees, and more species of freshwater fish than any ecosystem in West Africa. The region could experience a loss of 40% of its inhabitable terrain in the next thirty years because of extensive dam construction in the region. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3178391", "chunk_text": "\"Abiogenic petroleum origin\"\ndepth in the crust. However, diamonds, which are definitively of mantle origin, are not as depleted as methane, which implies that methane carbon isotope fractionation is not controlled by mantle values. Commercially extractable concentrations of helium (greater than 0.3%) are present in natural gas from the Panhandle-Hugoton fields in the USA, as well as from some Algerian and Russian gas fields. Helium trapped within most petroleum occurrences, such as the occurrence in Texas, is of a distinctly crustal character with an \"\"Ra\"\" ratio of less than 0.0001 that of the atmosphere. The Chimaera gas seep, near Antalya (SW Turkey), new", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10453328", "chunk_text": "\"Fossil water\"\nto heavy extraction. Depletion rates are not stabilizing, in fact, they have been increasing in recent decades. The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is located in northeastern Africa, under the nations of Sudan, Libya, Egypt, and Chad, covering about 2,000,000 km. It is largely composed of many hydraulically interconnected sandstone aquifers. Some parts of the system are considered to be confined, if not somewhat leaky, due to impermeable layers such as marine shales. The water was deposited between 4,000 and 20,000 years ago, varying by specific locality. The water in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is of high importance to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9415015", "chunk_text": "\"Oil shale reserves\"\ndeposits found along the eastern American seaboard, which were the product of a shallow sea, in that they may be quite thin but laterally expansive, covering thousands of square kilometers. The table below reports reserves by estimated amount of shale oil. Shale oil refers to synthetic oil obtained by heating organic material (kerogen) contained in oil shale to a temperature which will separate it into oil, combustible gas, and the residual carbon that remains in the spent shale. All figures are presented in barrels and metric tons. Major oil shale deposits are located in the Democratic Republic of Congo (equal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8022377", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Egypt\"\nestimated that the country has approximately 1,888.9 mmbbl recoverable oil remaining, as of January 2011. These figures indicate that 83% of Egypt’s recoverable oil reserves have been depleted. Major discoveries in the 1990s have given natural gas increasing importance as an energy source. , the country's reserves of natural gas are estimated at , which are the third largest in Africa. Probable reserves have been placed at or more than . Since the early 1990s, significant deposits of natural gas have been found in the Western Desert, in the Nile Delta and offshore from the Nile Delta. Domestic consumption of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12979933", "chunk_text": "\"Oil exploration in Puntland\"\ncrude oil. A 1992 survey of Northeast Africa by the World Bank and U.N. ranked Somalia second only to Sudan as the top prospective producer. The Puntland region in northeastern Somalia, in particular, came to be regarded as the geological analogue of Yemen since both areas once formed a single landmass around 18 million years ago, before the Gulf of Aden rifted and separated the Horn of Africa from the Arabian Peninsula. The oil reserves discovered in Yemen's Cretaceous and Jurassic formations were therefore also thought to potentially exist in Puntland, with petroleum geologists associating the Nugaal and Dharoor blocks", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9103440", "chunk_text": "\"Energy in Africa\"\nin an urban setting, and Gross Domestic Product (GNP) per capita. Overall, the African continent is a net energy exporter. In 2009 the net energy export was 40% of the energy production 13,177 TWh. The world share of energy production in Africa was 12% of oil and 7% of gas in 2009. Energy in Africa is a scarcer commodity than in the developed world – annual consumption is 518 KWh in Sub-Saharan Africa, the same amount of electricity used by an individual in an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD – example is the U.S.) country in 25 days.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5237579", "chunk_text": "\"Delta Field (Niger Delta)\"\nat 2.23 million km. The delta is 75,000 km in size and reaches a maximum thickness of 12 km in the center of the basin. The Niger Delta is one of the world’s major hydrocarbon provinces; specifically, it ranks 12th in terms of known accumulation of hydrocarbons with reserves exceeding 34 billion barrels of oil and 93 trillion cubic feet of gas. Oil and gas is predominantly extracted from the Agbada Formation and is targeted from structural traps there. The Delta Field produces from the only identified petroleum system in the Niger Delta region, the Tertiary Niger Delta (Akata–Agbada) Petroleum", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13708191", "chunk_text": "\"African Petroleum Producers Association\"\nAfrican Petroleum Producers Association African Petroleum Producers Association, APPA (\"\"Association des pays africains producteurs de pétrole\"\" in French, \"\"Associação de Produtores de Petróleo Africanos\"\" in Portuguese and \"\"رابطة منتجي النفط الأفريقية\"\" in Arabic) is an organisation of African countries producing petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo. The Organization has since changed its name to African Petroleum Producers Organization. The founding of APPA was spearheaded by Nigeria as an effort to mitigate the nation's dependency on Western technology and Western markets for oil export revenues. The objective of APPA was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8006725", "chunk_text": "\"Petroleum industry in Nigeria\"\nefforts by the federal government for infrastructure development. Indicted corrupt leaders are also cheered by the Niger Delta people. Petroleum industry in Nigeria Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa. Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types: light, and comparatively heavy – the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier, 20–25 gravity. Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur. The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country, at the onset of World War I the firm's operation were stopped. Thereafter,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8006679", "chunk_text": "\"Petroleum industry in Nigeria\"\nexpanded. Through the introduction of deep water drilling 50% more oil is extracted than before the new forms of retrieving the oil. Angola and Nigeria are the largest oil producers in Africa. In Nigeria, the deepwater sector still has a large avenue to expand and develop. The Agbami oilfields hit full production in 2005, at a day. Operated by Chevron's Star Deep and a company called Famfa, Agbami is only one off-shore concession; there are others named Akpo, Bonga and Erha. The amount of oil extracted from Nigeria was expected to expand from in 2003 to in 2010. Deepwater drilling", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "175726", "chunk_text": "Somalia\nm of proven natural gas reserves. Due to its proximity and geological similarity to the oil-rich Gulf Arab states such as Yemen, energy industry representatives believe that the nation contains substantial unexploited reserves of oil. However, the presence or extent of proven oil reserves in Somalia is uncertain. The CIA asserts that there are no proven reserves of oil in the country, while UNCTAD suggests that most proven oil reserves in Somalia lie off its northwestern coast, in the Somaliland region. A survey of the horn of Africa Africa by the World Bank and UN ranked Somalia second only to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20673707", "chunk_text": "\"Oron people\"\nthe Sahara Desert, which brings in the dry season Oron is rich in oil and natural gas. Most of its oil reserves are off-shore. There are 25 corked oil wells. Oron is presently rated as having one of the highest supplies of natural gas deposits in sub-Saharan Africa with large amounts of untapped natural gas and oil at Ukpata, Udung Okung, and Edik Ekpu. The region is extremely fertile and is known for its topographical Oil Palm Belt, tropical rainforest, swamps, and beaches. The mangrove forests also provide timber and raw materials for medicinal purposes. There are also deposits of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10132843", "chunk_text": "\"Africa–China economic relations\"\nAfrica ranks first or second in abundance \"\"globally\"\" for the following minerals: bauxite, cobalt, diamonds, phosphate rocks, platinum group metals, vermiculite, and zirconium. Many other minerals are also present in high quantities. Many African countries are highly dependent on such exports. Mineral fuels (coal, petroleum) account for more than 90% of the export earnings for: Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Libya, and Nigeria. Various Minerals account for 80% for Botswana (led by, in order of value, diamond, copper, nickel, soda ash, and gold), Congo (petroleum), Congo (diamond, petroleum, cobalt, and copper), Gabon (petroleum and manganese), Guinea (bauxite, alumina, gold, and diamond), Sierra", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17132272", "chunk_text": "Sahel\nGambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, and inland Sierra Leone. Another struck in southern Algeria, inland Mauritania, Mali, and northern Ivory Coast at the same time. Terrorist organizations including Boko Haram, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) operating in the Sahel have contributed to the violence, extremism and instability of the region. Sahel The Sahel () is the ecoclimatic and biogeographic zone of transition in Africa between the Sahara to the north and the Sudanian Savanna to the south. Having a semi-arid climate, it stretches across the south-central latitudes of Northern Africa between the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea. The name is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11381699", "chunk_text": "\"Renewable energy in Africa\"\nthe East African Rift which is roughly 5,900 kilometers in length and spans several countries in East Africa including Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Kenya, Uganda, and Zambia. The use of biomass fuels endangers biodiversity and risks further damaged or destruction to the landscape. 86% of Africa’s biomass energy is used in the sub-Saharan region, excluding South Africa. Even where other forms of energy are available, it is not harnessed and utilized efficiently, underscoring the need to promote energy efficiency where energy access is available. There is, however, an urgent need to address the current levels of respiratory illness from burning biomass", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11381698", "chunk_text": "\"Renewable energy in Africa\"\nnations. Wind is far less uniformly distributed than solar resources, with optimal locations positioned near special topographical funneling features close to coastal locations, mountain ranges, and other natural channels in the north and south. The availability of wind on the western coast of Africa is substantial, exceeding 3,750 kW·h, and will accommodate the future prospect for energy demands Central Africa has lower than average wind resources to work with. Geothermal power is mostly concentrated in eastern Africa, but there are many fragmented spots of high intensity geothermal potential spread across the continent. There is enormous potential for geothermal energy in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13708192", "chunk_text": "\"African Petroleum Producers Association\"\nto promote cooperation in petrochemical research and technology. The following African states are members of the African Petroleum Producers Association: African Petroleum Producers Association African Petroleum Producers Association, APPA (\"\"Association des pays africains producteurs de pétrole\"\" in French, \"\"Associação de Produtores de Petróleo Africanos\"\" in Portuguese and \"\"رابطة منتجي النفط الأفريقية\"\" in Arabic) is an organisation of African countries producing petroleum. It was founded in 1986. The headquarters of the organisation are in Brazzaville in the Congo. The Organization has since changed its name to African Petroleum Producers Organization. The founding of APPA was spearheaded by Nigeria as an effort", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8992834", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Africa\"\ncontinent, while the Kunene, Kwanza, Ogowe and Sanaga drain the west coastal highlands of the southern limb; the Volta, Komoe, Bandama, Gambia and Senegal the highlands of the western limb. North of the Senegal, for over of coast, the arid region reaches to the Atlantic. Farther north are the streams, with comparatively short courses, reaching the Atlantic and Mediterranean from the Atlas mountains. Of the rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean, the only one draining any large part of the interior plateaus is the Zambezi, whose western branches rise in the western coastal highlands. The main stream has its rise", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_29	in which sea pearl is found in india?	n/a	[ "the Indian Ocean" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1822510", "chunk_text": "Pearl\npearl: saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors. While white, and more recently black, saltwater pearls are by far the most popular, other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans. Pink, blue, champagne, green, and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered, but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years. The Hindu tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the Garuda Purana, one of the books of the Hindu mythology. Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1822485", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nis a particularly large one weighing 14 lb (6.4 kg). The largest known pearl (also from a giant clam) is the Pearl of Puerto, also found in the Philippines by a fisherman from Puerto Princesa, Palawan Island. The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide (1 ft), 67 cm long (2.2 ft) and weighs 75 lb (34 kg). The ancient chronicle Mahavamsa mentions the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka. It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied Prince Vijaya's embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king Devanampiya", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13582872", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl Fishery Coast\"\nPearl Fishery Coast The Pearl Fishery Coast refers to a coastal area of southern India, extending along the Coromandel Coast from Tuticorin to Comorin ruled by Paravars. The coast took its name from the presence of pearls on the coast, and the numerous fisheries that operated to exploit them. In a conflict between the Paravas and the Arabs in 1532, the Paravas sought protection from the Portuguese. In 1535, the Portuguese led an army under Pedro Vaz and expelled the Arabs. As a compensation, the Paravas accepted to convert to Christianity. The Portuguese conquered the Pearl Fishery Coast from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581066", "chunk_text": "Pearl\npearls\"\". The correct definition of a South Sea pearl – as described by CIBJO and GIA – is a pearl produced by the \"\"Pinctada maxima\"\" pearl oyster. South Sea pearls are the color of their host \"\"Pinctada maxima\"\" oyster – and can be white, silver, pink, gold, cream, and any combination of these basic colors, including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself. South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls – making them the most valuable. Prized for their exquisitely beautiful 'orient' or lustre,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581085", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nsouth Pacific and Indian Ocean. The largest pearl oyster is the \"\"Pinctada maxima\"\", which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster. Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon. In 2013, Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market. The other significant producers are Australia, Philippines, Myanmar and Malaysia. In 1914, pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa. This lake, the largest and most ancient in Japan, lies near the city of Kyoto. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2131602", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl of Lao Tzu\"\nPearl of Lao Tzu The Pearl of Lao Tzu (also referred to as Pearl of Lao Tze and previously as Pearl of Allah) used to be the largest known pearl. The pearl was found in the Palawan sea, which surrounds the island of Palawan in the Philippines, and was found by a Filipino diver. It is not considered a gemstone pearl, but is instead known as a \"\"clam pearl\"\" or \"\"\"\"Tridacna\"\" pearl\"\" from a giant clam. It measures 24 centimeters in diameter (9.45 inches) and weighs 6.4 kilograms (14.2 lb). The pearl came from Brooke's Point, Palawan in the Philippines.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "458286", "chunk_text": "\"Bay of Bengal\"\nthe gems of Sri Lanka. Garnet and other precious gems are also found in abundance in the Indian states of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. From January to October, the current is northward flowing, and the clockwise circulation pattern is called the \"\"East Indian Current\"\". The Bay of Bengal monsoon moves in a northwest direction striking the Nicobar Islands, and the Andaman Islands first end of May, then the north eastern coast of India by end of June. The remainder of the year, the counterclockwise current is southwestward flowing, and the circulation pattern is called the East Indian Winter Jet. September", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581073", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nTissa's embassy to Emperor Ashoka. Pliny the Elder (23–79AD) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world. For thousands of years, seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Gulf of Mannar. Evidence also suggest a prehistoric origin to pearl diving in these regions. Starting in the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea. Tanka pearl divers of twelfth century China attached ropes to their waists in order to be safely", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14974203", "chunk_text": "\"Laccadive Sea\"\nLaccadive Sea The Laccadive Sea or Lakshadweep Sea is a body of water bordering India (including its Lakshadweep islands), the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. It is located to the southwest of Karnataka, to the west of Kerala and to the south of Tamil Nadu. This warm sea has a stable water temperature through the year and is rich in marine life. The Gulf of Mannar alone hosting about 3,600 species. Trivandrum, Kochi, Colombo, Quilon, Alappuzha and Malé are the major cities on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kanyakumari, the southernmost tip of peninsular India, also borders this sea. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1748730", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of India\"\nGreat Nicobar Island); Rama's Bridge, and Point Calimere. The Arabian Sea lies to the west of India, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean lie to the east and south, respectively. Smaller seas include the Laccadive Sea and the Andaman Sea. There are four coral reefs in India, located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Gulf of Mannar, Lakshadweep, and the Gulf of Kutch. Important lakes include Sambhar Lake, the country's largest saltwater lake in Rajasthan, Vembanad Lake in Kerala, Kolleru Lake in Andhra Pradesh, Loktak Lake in Manipur, Dal Lake in Kashmir, Chilka Lake(lagoon lake) in Odisha,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13948141", "chunk_text": "\"Star of India (gem)\"\nStar of India (gem) The Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world. It is almost flawless and is unusual in that it has stars on both sides of the stone. The greyish blue gem was mined in Sri Lanka and is housed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The milky quality of the stone is caused by the traces of the mineral rutile, which is also responsible for the star effect, known as asterism. The tiny fibers of the mineral, aligned in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4128694", "chunk_text": "\"Industry in ancient Tamil country\"\nimported from India by the Roman Empire was the pearl from the Gulf of Mannar. The pearls from the Pandyan kingdom were also in demand in the kingdoms of north India. Several Vedic mantras refer to the wide use of the pearls. The royal chariots were decked with pearls, as were the horses that dragged them. The use of pearls was so high that the supply of pearls from the Ganges could not meet the demand. Literary references of the pearl fishing mention how the fishermen, who dive into the sea, avoid attacks from sharks, bring up the right-whorled chank", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20890271", "chunk_text": "\"Sikka, India\"\nseafaring. Reliance Industries Limited is operating one of the largest grass root refineries in the world here. This plant covers an area of approximately 25 square kilometers. Another attraction of sikka from the point of research and education is its Fisheries Research Station,Junagadh Agricultural University, Sikka which was established in 1962. Its deals with the breeding and conservation of marine mollusc an including pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata), edible oyster crossostrea graphoides, opisthobranch fauna, chank and other rare and endangered species. A historical coastal port, mainly inhabited by seafarers and fishermen, became a town when it housed a cement factory in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7643343", "chunk_text": "\"Indian Ocean\"\nhydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Port Blair, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, and Tuticorin are the major Indian ports. South Asian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7660355", "chunk_text": "\"Laccadive Sea\"\nof National Park related restrictions, the production of seaweeds declined from 5,800 tonnes (dry weight) in 1978 to 3,250 tonnes in 2003. Laccadive Sea The Laccadive Sea or Lakshadweep Sea is a body of water bordering India (including its Lakshadweep islands), the Maldives, and Sri Lanka. It is located to the southwest of Karnataka, to the west of Kerala and to the south of Tamil Nadu. This warm sea has a stable water temperature through the year and is rich in marine life. The Gulf of Mannar alone hosting about 3,600 species. Trivandrum, Kochi, Colombo, Quilon, Alappuzha and Malé are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15171295", "chunk_text": "\"Dakshinavarti Shankh\"\nthe true Valampuries. In South India, people specifically worship 'Gauri Valampuri'. This Valampuri shows presence of small dark spots on its body whrol, near the conch cavity. However, this type of Valampuri is very rare in its occurrence and is much expensive as compared to other types. Genuine Dakshinavarti Lakshmi Conches are only found in the Indian Ocean, between Myanmar (Burma) all the way to Sri Lanka. There are three main localities of this shankh in India. Shells from all the localities show definite morphological variations. The three localities are the Indian Ocean near Ram Setu, Sri Lanka, Ramishwaram to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1376151", "chunk_text": "\"Indian whiting\"\nIndian whiting The Indian whiting (\"\"Sillago indica\"\") is a poorly known species of coastal marine fish of the smelt-whiting family Sillaginidae. The species was named in 1985, having previously being misidentified as another species of Sillago, \"\"S. parvisquamis\"\". The Indian whiting inhabits the east and west coasts of the Indian subcontinent, apparently not extending to the southern tip of India. Like all sillaginids, it is benthic in nature, living in depths to 30 m where it is caught by fishermen alongside other species of \"\"Sillago\"\". The Indian whiting is one of 29 species in the genus \"\"Sillago\"\", which is one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16490798", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl of Lao Tzu\"\npearl was estimated to achieve $300,000 to $400,000, but it was not sold. Pearl of Lao Tzu The Pearl of Lao Tzu (also referred to as Pearl of Lao Tze and previously as Pearl of Allah) used to be the largest known pearl. The pearl was found in the Palawan sea, which surrounds the island of Palawan in the Philippines, and was found by a Filipino diver. It is not considered a gemstone pearl, but is instead known as a \"\"clam pearl\"\" or \"\"\"\"Tridacna\"\" pearl\"\" from a giant clam. It measures 24 centimeters in diameter (9.45 inches) and weighs 6.4", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13948144", "chunk_text": "\"Star of India (gem)\"\nas \"\"Murph the Surf\"\"), Allen Kuhn and Roger Clark; however, the gems had already been handed off. In January 1965, in a bid for leniency, Kuhn led authorities to a bus locker in Miami where the uninsured Star of India and some of the other stolen stones were recovered. Star of India (gem) The Star of India is a 563.35-carat (112.67 g) star sapphire, one of the largest such gems in the world. It is almost flawless and is unusual in that it has stars on both sides of the stone. The greyish blue gem was mined in Sri Lanka", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9634830", "chunk_text": "\"Indian mackerel\"\noceans. Its range extends from the Red Sea and East Africa in the west to Indonesia in the east, and from China and the Ryukyu Islands in the north to Australia, Melanesia and Samoa in the south. It has also entered the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal as a Lessepsian migrant. It is widely found in the Karnataka coastal belt and very popular fish food in Kudla. The body of the Indian mackerel is moderately deep, and the head is longer than the body depth. The maxilla are partly concealed, covered by the lacrimal bone, but extend till around", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581067", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nSouth Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the \"\"Pinctada maxima\"\" oysters can be found, with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by Paspaley along the remote coastline of North-Western Australia. White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the Broome area of Australia, while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia. A farm in the Gulf of California, Mexico, is culturing pearls from the black lipped \"\"Pinctada mazatlanica\"\" oysters and the rainbow lipped \"\"Pteria sterna\"\" oysters. Also called Concha Nácar, the pearls from these rainbow lipped", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12870992", "chunk_text": "Tridacna\nthe natural stocks in many places and extirpation in some of the species. They are being sustainably farmed in some areas, both for the seafood market in some Asian countries and for the aquarium trade. \"\"Tridacna\"\" clams can produce large white pearls with an undulating, porcelain-like surface, which may be described as \"\"non-nacreous pearls\"\". The \"\"Pearl of Lao Tzu\"\", also known as the \"\"Pearl of Allah\"\", is the world's largest pearl weighing 6.4 kilogrammes; it was said to have been found inside a \"\"Tridacna gigas\"\" by a Filipino diver in 1934. Over a hundred examples of carved \"\"Tridacna\"\" shells have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13577123", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl hunting\"\nOcean, in areas such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and in the Gulf of Mannar (between Sri Lanka and India). A fragment of Isidore of Charax's Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeus's 3rd-century \"\"Sophists at Dinner\"\", recording freediving for pearls around an island in the Persian Gulf. Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. In fact, pearls from the Sulu Archipelago were considered the \"\"finest of the world\"\" which were found in \"\"high bred\"\" shells in deep, clear, and rapid tidal waters. At times, the largest pearls belonged", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2886828", "chunk_text": "Kaustubha\nKaustubha Kaustubh (Sanskrit: कौस्तुभ:) is a divine jewel or \"\"Mani\"\" or \"\"ratnam\"\", which is in the possession of Lord Vishnu who lives in the Ksheer Sagar - \"\"the ocean of milk\"\". It is the most valuable ratnam in the whole world. In Hindu Mythology, the Devas and Asuras performed the \"\"Churning of the Ocean of Milk\"\" (Samudra manthan), in order to get Amrita (Devanagari - अमृत). In this process, the fourteen treasure jewels (Ratnas) emerged from the ocean. The fourth \"\"Ratna\"\" that emerged is known as Kaustubha. It represents pure consciousness shining in all its luminous manifestations. It was said", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1747418", "chunk_text": "\"Indian Ocean\"\nregional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea. Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. The Sumerians traded grain, pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls. Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the Indus Valley Civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Pakistan and Northwest India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt. \"\"Periplus of the Erythraean Sea\"\", an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea —", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11208593", "chunk_text": "\"Laccadive Sea\"\nconstant through the year, averaging 26–28 °С in summer and 25 °С in winter. Salinity is 34‰ (parts per thousand) in the center and northern part and up to 35.5‰ in the south. The coasts are sandy but the deeper parts are covered in silt. There are numerous coral reefs in the sea, such as the Lakshadweep islands which are made up of atolls and contain 105 coral species. The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of \"\"Pinctada radiata\"\" and \"\"Pinctada fucata\"\" for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4626866", "chunk_text": "\"Natural resources of India\"\nGarnet group minerals occur in different rock types. It is a hard substance. It is resistant to chemical exposure. It is used as a semi-precious stone and also in abrasives, sand blasting, water filtration materials and water jet cutting. Garnets are available in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. It is also found in beach sands of Kerala, Orissa and Tamil Nadu states. In 2007-08, India produced 8,73,000 tonnes. It is a meta-silicate of calcium. It is mostly white in color and occurs as bladed or needle like crystals. In 2010, India had 16 million tonnes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11208594", "chunk_text": "\"Laccadive Sea\"\nthe gulf as most productive in the world. Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still conducted in the gulf. Also collected in large numbers are Shankha mollusks (\"\"Xancus pyrum\"\") whose shells are used as a ritual and religious object. Other mollusks of the sea are either too scarce or not popular in the Indian society and therefore have no commercial value. Another traditional occupation in the Laccadive Sea is fishing. The annual fish catch is 2,000 to 5,000 tonnes from the Lakshadweep islands, which is mostly constituted by tuna", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19129585", "chunk_text": "\"String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)\"\nthe Indian Ocean. Chinese possessions in the Indian Ocean consist primarily of commercial ports owned and operated by Chinese firms, as well as resupply stations operating in agreement with the Chinese central government. The two largest projects consist of a Chinese-financed commercial shipping center in Hambantota, Sri Lanka, and a Chinese-controlled deep-water port near the mouth of the Persian Gulf in Gwadar, Pakistan, which is also the crux of China's massive $46 billion China Pakistan Economic Corridor project. Both sites have raised the concern of neighboring powers, most significantly India, which fears the possibility of a string of Chinese bases", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17690276", "chunk_text": "\"Pinctada maxima\"\nsilver, champagne, gold. \"\"Pinctada margaritifera\"\" produces South Sea pearls commonly referred to as Tahitian pearls or black pearls which in fact come in color hues including gray, platinum, charcoal, aubergine, peacock. Currently south sea pearls are cultured primarily in Australia, Indonesia, Tahiti and now, the Philippines. Because these pearl oysters are so large, a much larger nucleus than usual can be used in culturing. Commercial pearl farming in Australia is mostly centred around the coastal waters of Broome, 17.9614 degrees South and 122.2359 degrees East, located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Best known and valued for their white/silver", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8047831", "chunk_text": "\"Pandyan dynasty\"\noff the Pandyan coast. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions that \"\"Pearls inferior to the Indian sort are exported in great quantity from the marts of Apologas and Omana\"\". The inferior variety of pearls that the Tamils did not require for their use was in very great demand in the foreign markets. Pearls were woven along with nice muslin cloth, before being exported. The most expensive animal product that was imported from India by the Roman Empire was the pearl from the Gulf of Mannar. The pearls from the Pandyan Kingdom were also in demand in the kingdoms of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581071", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nof them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as 'flame structure'. Somewhat similar gastropod pearls, this time more orange in hue, are (again very rarely) found in the horse conch \"\"Triplofusus papillosus\"\". The second largest pearl known was found in the Philippines in 1934 and is known as the \"\"Pearl of Lao Tzu\"\". It is a naturally occurring, non-nacreous, calcareous concretion (pearl) from a giant clam. Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain. Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist, but this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8197577", "chunk_text": "\"Chandrani Pearls\"\nyear 2007–08 Chandrani Pearls imported their pearls from Japan, China or Korea. Chandrani Pearls Chandrani Pearls is a prominent pearl jewelery brand of India. It pioneered the concept of pearls in India. Chandrani Pearls's headquarters is at Kolkata in West Bengal. Chandrani Pearls was started on 24 January 1985 by Mr. Kuldip Nayar, his wife Mrs. Lakshmi Nayar and his father late Mr. N.C. Nayar in Kolkata’s up market Minto Park area. Chandrani Pearls management is now assisted by Nisheeth Nayar, sons of Mr. Kuldip Nayar. Chandrani Pearls have 63 showrooms across 9 states. From a modest turnover of Rs.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17690274", "chunk_text": "\"Pinctada maxima\"\nPinctada maxima Pinctada maxima is a species of pearl oyster, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. There are two different color varieties: the White-lipped oyster and the Gold-lipped oyster. These bivalves are the largest pearl oysters in the world. They have a very strong inner shell layer composed of nacre, also known as \"\"mother of pearl\"\". They are important in the cultured pearl industry as they are used to produce South Sea pearls. Known also as the South Sea pearl or Philippine pearl, it was declared by Philippine President Fidel Ramos as the national gem", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4943348", "chunk_text": "Pearl\nworld's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships. Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry. The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days. Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters. X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today. Keshi pearls, although they often occur by chance, are not considered natural. They are a byproduct of the culturing process, and hence do not happen without", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16786115", "chunk_text": "\"Bay of Bengal\"\nIrrawaddy dolphins (\"\"Orcaella brevirostris\"\") can be found. The Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve provides sanctuary to many animals some of which include the saltwater crocodile (\"\"Crocodylus porosus\"\"), giant leatherback sea turtle (\"\"Dermochelys coriacea\"\"), and Malayan box turtle (\"\"Cuora amboinensis kamaroma\"\") to name a few. Another endangered species royal Bengal tiger is supported by Sundarbans a large estuarine delta that holds a mangrove area in the Ganges River Delta. Coastal regions bordering the Bay of Bengal are rich in minerals. Sri Lanka, Serendib, or \"\"Ratna – Dweepa\"\" which means Gem Island. Amethyst, beryl, ruby, sapphire, topaz, and garnet are just some of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17734847", "chunk_text": "\"String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)\"\nString of Pearls (Indian Ocean) The String of pearls is a geopolitical theory on potential Chinese intentions in the Indian Ocean region. It refers to the network of Chinese military and commercial facilities and relationships along its sea lines of communication, which extend from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan. The sea lines run through several major maritime choke points such as the Strait of Mandeb, the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Lombok Strait as well as other strategic maritime centers in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Somalia. The term as a geopolitical concept", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4424441", "chunk_text": "\"Pandyan dynasty\"\nthe Chola empire until they found an opportunity for reviving their fortunes during the late 13th century. The Later Pandyas (1216–1345) entered their golden age under Maravarman Sundara Pandyan and Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (), who expanded the empire into Telugu country, conquered Kalinga (Orissa) and invaded and conquered Sri Lanka. They also had extensive trade links with the Southeast Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors. The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the South Indian coast between Sri Lanka and India which produced some of the finest pearls in the known", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9634829", "chunk_text": "\"Indian mackerel\"\nIndian mackerel The Indian mackerel (\"\"Rastrelliger kanagurta\"\") is a species of mackerel in the scombrid family (family Scombridae) of order Perciformes. It is commonly found in the Indian and West Pacific oceans, and their surrounding seas. It is an important food fish and is commonly used in South and South-East Asian cuisine. It is known by various names, such as 'Kembung' in Indonesia, \"\"Bangdi\"\" (બાંગડી) in Gujarati, \"\"Bangda\"\"(बांगडा) in Marathi, \"\"Aiyla\"\"(അയല, ഐല) in Malayalam and 'Bangude' (ಬಂಗುಡೆ) in Tulu, Konkani and Kannada. The Indian mackerel is found in warm shallow waters along the coasts of the Indian and Western Pacific", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13582874", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl Fishery Coast\"\n40,000 to 50,000 souls. In 1553, a fleet of the Ottoman Empire made a raid on the Pearl Fishery Coast around Tuticorin. They were assisted by the Marakkar Muslims of Malabar, and had the tacit agreement of Vittula Nayak of Madurai. 52 Portuguese were captured at Punnaikayal, and churches burnt down. The Ottomans failed however in 1553 against a Portuguese fleet at sea near al-Fahl. There were numerous conflicts between the Christian Paravas and the Muslims for control of the fisheries. Pearl Fishery Coast The Pearl Fishery Coast refers to a coastal area of southern India, extending along the Coromandel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5164113", "chunk_text": "Devipattinam\nDevipattinam Devipattinam is a coastal village of Ramanathapuram district., Tamil Nadu, India. Devipattinam is an ancient coastal town and a port, located in the southern state of Tamil Nadu. It was a flourishing sea port and a gateway to places as far as Madurai until the early 20th century. The famous pearl belt known as the Gulf of Mannar in the Bay of Bengal is dotted with small islands; Appa Tivu, Nallathanni Theevu, Shuli Tivu, Uppu Tanni Tivu, Talari Tivu and Musal Tivu. The coastal line of Devipattinam is formed by series of small bays and finest coral reefs in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2581070", "chunk_text": "Pearl\npearls, or blister pearls, unique to New Zealand waters and are commonly referred to as 'blue pearls'. They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to opal. Another example is the conch pearl (sometimes referred to simply as the 'pink pearl'), which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen conch or pink conch, \"\"Strombus gigas\"\", a large sea snail or marine gastropod from the Caribbean Sea. These pearls, which are often pink in color, are a by-product of the conch fishing industry, and the best", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15171292", "chunk_text": "\"Dakshinavarti Shankh\"\nDakshinavarti Shankh Dakshinavarti Shankh (\"\"Valampuri Sanggu\"\"; \"\"Sri Lakshmi Shankh\"\"), is a sacred Hindu object otherwise known in English as a conch shell. This is the shell of a large sea snail from the Indian Ocean (a shell of the species \"\"Turbinella pyrum\"\"), but one that has the very rare reverse-turning spiral. In other words, when it is held with the spout (siphonal canal) pointed up, this conch's spiral twists rightwards (dakshinavarti) rather than very much more common form, which twists leftwards (vamavarti). The genuine Lakshmi Shank is a sinistral conch shell from the Indian Ocean, and certainly not a (superficially", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5334240", "chunk_text": "\"Indian maritime history\"\ntravel: Evidence exists that Harrappans were bulk-shipping timber and special woods to Sumer on ships and luxury items such as lapis lazuli. The trade in lapis lazuli was carried out from northern Afghanistan over eastern Iran to Sumer but during the Mature Harrappan period an Indus colony was established at Shortugai in Central Asia near the Badakshan mines and the lapis stones were brought overland to Lothal in Gujarat and shipped to Oman, Bahrain and Mesopotamia. The world's first dock at Lothal (2400 BCE) was located away from the main current to avoid deposition of silt. Modern oceanographers have observed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14635422", "chunk_text": "\"Arabian Sea\"\nlargest container port in India. Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are Mundra Port, Kandla Port, Nava Sheva, Kochi Port, Mumbai Port, and Mormugão. There are several islands in the Arabian Sea, with the most important ones being Lakshadweep Islands (India), Socotra (Yemen), Masirah (Oman) and, Astola Island (Pakistan). The Lakshadweep Islands (formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Aminidivi Islands) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea, 200 to 440 km (120 to 270 mi) off the south western coast of India. The archipelago is a Union Territory and is governed by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13577124", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl hunting\"\nby law to the sultan, and selling them could result in the death penalty for the seller. Nonetheless many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe. Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, India and some areas in Persian Gulf countries. The Gulf of Mexico was particularly famous for pearling, which was originally found by the Spanish explorers. In a similar manner as in Asia, Native Americans harvested freshwater pearls from lakes and rivers like the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi, while others successfully retrieved marine pearls from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18229403", "chunk_text": "\"Indo–Roman relations\"\na lot of detail about India, albeit not all accurate, but his observations do more than just outline the bare bones of history, and help give us some picture of how intimately Indian culture and trade was becoming known: \"\"Coral is as highly valued among the Indians as Indian pearls. It is also found in the Red Sea, but there it is darker in colour. The most prized is found in the Gallic Gulf around the Stoechades Islands, in the Sicilian Gulf around the Aeolian Islands, and around Drepanum. . . . Coral-berries are no less valued by Indian men", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14282673", "chunk_text": "\"Jewel of Muscat\"\nin part, to steer the ship. A crew of at least eight is needed to manage the sails. An ancient navigational tool called a kamal is used to make sightings of known stars compared to the horizon, measuring the ship's latitude. The ship became becalmed and the captain procured a tow from the Indian Coast Guard. They were towed to the city of Cochin in Kerala State, India. After a month at sea, the boat was befouled with algae and barnacles. It was taken to dry dock, scraped, and coated with \"\"chunam\"\", a mixture of goat fat and lime. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18859858", "chunk_text": "\"Tahitian pearl\"\nTahitian pearl The Tahitian pearl (or black pearl) is an organic gem formed from the black lip oyster (\"\"Pinctada margaritifera\"\"). These pearls derive their name from the fact that they are primarily cultivated around the islands of French Polynesia, around Tahiti. Tahitian pearls come in a range of colors from white to black. They can contain various undertones and overtones of green, pink, blue, silver and yellow. The most valuable of these are of the darker variety, as the naturally dark tones of the Tahitian pearls is a unique quality among pearls. A true black Tahitian pearl is extremely rare,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8641334", "chunk_text": "\"Pearl gourami\"\nbrighter and is used to court the female. Males also exhibit somewhat of an orange tinge in their fins, with the exception of the caudal (tail) fin. The male also has longer fins, with a more pointed dorsal fin and extended anal fin rays. The pearl gourami is native to Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia (where it is found on the islands of Sumatra, and Borneo). It occurs in lowland swamps with acidic water. This fish prefers the top and middle levels of the water. A tank with a volume of 120 litres (30 gallons) or over is adequate for a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_30	panda is a national animal of which country?	n/a	[ "China" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15749874", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nWhile the dragon has often served as China's national symbol, internationally the giant panda appears at least as commonly. As such, it is becoming widely used within China in international contexts, for example since 1982 issuing gold panda bullion coins or as one of the five Fuwa mascots of the Beijing Olympics. For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons. However, molecular studies indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family Ursidae. These studies show it differentiated early (about 19 million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12066230", "chunk_text": "\"Giant pandas around the world\"\nGiant pandas around the world As of 2018, there are 26 zoos in 18 countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom (Scotland), and United States) that have giant pandas. Finland received its first two pandas in January 2018. These zoos have contracts with China to house these pandas for a few years. Giant pandas are on the IUCN Red List so part of the reason these contracts exist between China and international zoos is to try to help the species reproduce before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4753525", "chunk_text": "\"Giant pandas around the world\"\nGiant pandas around the world As of 2018, there are 26 zoos in 18 countries (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China (Hong Kong), Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom (Scotland), and United States) that have giant pandas. Finland received its first two pandas in January 2018. These zoos have contracts with China to house these pandas for a few years. Giant pandas are on the IUCN Red List so part of the reason these contracts exist between China and international zoos is to try to help the species reproduce before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13164067", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nof pandas named Fu Wa and Feng Yi to Malaysia to mark their 40 years diplomatic ties but were postponed following the MH370 tragedy. The two pandas later arrived in Kuala Lumpur International Airport on 21 May 2014 and placed at the National Zoo of Malaysia (Zoo Negara). Recently, Finland agreed to care for pandas in exchange for the guarantee that Finnish Government would never recognize Taiwan as an independent sovereign nation and people. The most recent Panda loan was to Indonesia, as the two Pandas “Cai Tao” and “Hu Chun” arrived in the capital in 2017 to be placed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15940970", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\n\"\"lesser panda\"\" occur in French (small panda), German (small panda), Spanish (lesser panda), Dutch (small panda), Russian (, \"\"small panda\"\"), Korean (, \"\"baby panda\"\"), and Japanese (, a transliteration of English \"\"lesser panda\"\"). The red panda was recognized as the state animal of Sikkim in the early 1990s, and was the mascot of the Darjeeling Tea Festival. In 2005, Babu, a male red panda at Birmingham Nature Centre in Birmingham, England, escaped and briefly became a media celebrity, before being recaptured. He was subsequently voted \"\"Brummie of the Year\"\", the first animal to receive this honor. Rusty, a male red", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15749871", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nGiant panda The giant panda (\"\"Ailuropoda melanoleuca\"\", literally \"\"black and white cat-foot\"\"; , literally \"\"big bear cat\"\"), also known as panda bear or simply panda, is a bear native to south central China. It is easily recognized by the large, distinctive black patches around its eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. The name \"\"giant panda\"\" is sometimes used to distinguish it from the unrelated red panda. Though it belongs to the order Carnivora, the giant panda's diet is over 99% bamboo. Giant pandas in the wild will occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15940928", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\nRed panda The red panda (\"\"Ailurus fulgens\"\") is a mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body and somewhat heavier. It is arboreal, feeds mainly on bamboo, but also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13164065", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nof a World Wildlife Fund lawsuit, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service allows a U.S. zoo to import a panda only if the zoo can ensure that China will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for wild pandas and their habitat. Pandas have become important diplomatic symbols, not only to China. In a visit by Hu Jintao to Japan in May 2008, China announced the loan of two pandas to Japan. The President was quoted as saying \"\"Giant pandas are very popular among the Japanese, and they are a symbol of the friendly ties between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13164078", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nrun-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, five Chinese sturgeons, symbolising the five Olympic rings, were given by China's Central Government to Hong Kong. In 2009, the government of the Seychelles Islands announced its gift of a pair of Aldabra giant tortoises to the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and in appreciation of China's assisting the small insular nation with the expenses of participating in the Expo. The two tortoises will be actually kept in Shanghai Zoo. The government of Mongolia has been gifting horses", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8924628", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nthe U.S. It was so successful that British Prime Minister Edward Heath asked for pandas for the United Kingdom during a visit to China in 1974. Chia-Chia and Ching-Ching therefore arrived at the London Zoo a few weeks later. By 1984, however, pandas were no longer used purely as agents of diplomacy. Instead, China began to offer pandas to other nations only on ten-year loans. The standard loan terms include a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan be the property of the People's Republic of China. Since 1998, because", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8924632", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\n(DPP). The DPP supports Taiwanese independence and opposes unification with the People's Republic of China, and saw the gift of pandas as an attempt by the CPC to draw the ROC government into its \"\"united front\"\". While several zoos in Taiwan made bids to host the pandas, the ROC government raised objections, ostensibly on the grounds that pandas were not suited to the Taiwanese climate and that Taiwan did not have the expertise to rear pandas successfully. It was widely understood, however, that these were underlain by political considerations by the DPP-led government to maintain its distance from the PRC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14870131", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\npolitically charged names Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan (from \"\"tuanyuan\"\", meaning \"\"reunion\"\", i.e. \"\"reunification\"\"). PRC's offer was initially rejected by Chen Shui-bian, then President of Taiwan. However, when Ma Ying-jeou assumed the presidency in 2008, the offer was accepted, and the pandas arrived in December of that year. Microbes in panda waste are being investigated for their use in creating biofuels from bamboo and other plant materials. The giant panda is a vulnerable species, threatened by continued habitat loss and habitat fragmentation, and by a very low birthrate, both in the wild and in captivity. Its range is currently confined", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15749872", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nthe form of birds, rodents, or carrion. In captivity, they may receive honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food. The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan, but also in neighbouring Shaanxi and Gansu. As a result of farming, deforestation, and other development, the giant panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived. The giant panda is a conservation-reliant vulnerable species. A 2007 report showed 239 pandas living in captivity inside China and another 27 outside the country. As of December", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14870132", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nto a small portion on the western edge of its historical range, which stretched through southern and eastern China, northern Myanmar, and northern Vietnam. The giant panda has been a target of poaching by locals since ancient times and by foreigners since it was introduced to the West. Starting in the 1930s, foreigners were unable to poach giant pandas in China because of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, but pandas remained a source of soft furs for the locals. The population boom in China after 1949 created stress on the pandas' habitat and the subsequent famines", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15749915", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\ndiplomacy of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the 1970s, as it marked some of the first cultural exchanges between the PRC and the West. This practice has been termed \"\"panda diplomacy\"\". By 1984, however, pandas were no longer given as gifts. Instead, the PRC began to offer pandas to other nations only on 10-year loans, under terms including a fee of up to US$1,000,000 per year and a provision that any cubs born during the loan are the property of the PRC. Since 1998, because of a WWF lawsuit, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service only allows", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8924626", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nPanda diplomacy Panda diplomacy is China's use of giant pandas as diplomatic gifts to other countries. The practice existed as far back as the Tang Dynasty, when Empress Wu Zetian (625–705) sent a pair of pandas to the Japanese emperor. The People's Republic of China used panda diplomacy in the 1950s and has become known in recent decades for this practice. From 1958 to 1982, China gave 23 pandas to nine different countries. One highlight of panda diplomacy was the Chinese government's gift of two pandas, Ling-Ling and Hsing-Hsing, to the United States in 1972 after President Richard Nixon's historic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1882900", "chunk_text": "Chengdu\nis only outside Chengdu. After the Wenchuan earthquake, most of it was moved to Ya'an. The western world came to know giant pandas only after a French missionary named David first encountered this species in Sichuan in 1869. Now, the somewhat clumsy giant panda is a symbol representing the World Wildlife Fund. They are also a messenger of friendly communication between Chengdu and international cities. Currently, giant pandas are also reared in U.S.A, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Thailand as well as Mexico. Chengdu has established the world-renowned breeding and research base for giant pandas, which attracts almost 100,000 visitors", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14870140", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nlive longer and healthier lives. Pandas have been kept in zoos as early as the Western Han Dynasty in China, where the writer Sima Xiangru noted that the panda was the most treasured animal in the emperor's garden of exotic animals in the capital Chang'an (present Xi'an). Not until the 1950s were pandas again recorded to have been exhibited in China's zoos. Chi Chi at the London Zoo became very popular. This influenced the World Wildlife Fund to use a panda as its symbol. A 2006 \"\"New York Times\"\" article outlined the economics of keeping pandas, which costs five times", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15940972", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\nseries \"\"The Legend of Korra\"\". Red panda The red panda (\"\"Ailurus fulgens\"\") is a mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, because the wild population is estimated at fewer than 10,000 mature individuals and continues to decline due to habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression. The red panda has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail, and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs; it is roughly the size of a domestic cat, though with a longer body and somewhat heavier. It is arboreal, feeds", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581377", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nother than humans, young cubs are vulnerable to attacks by snow leopards, yellow-throated martens, eagles, feral dogs, and the Asian black bear. Sub-adults weighing up to may be vulnerable to predation by leopards. The giant panda is a terrestrial animal and primarily spends its life roaming and feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains and in the hilly province of Sichuan. Giant pandas are generally solitary. Each adult has a defined territory and a female is not tolerant of other females in her range. Social encounters occur primarily during the brief breeding season in which pandas in proximity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4753515", "chunk_text": "\"Giant pandas around the world\"\npanda attitude. Air-conditioning and a fog machine were installed in their habitat to keep the pandas safe and happy on hot summer days. Belgian zoo Pairi Daiza hosts giant pandas Hao Hao and Xing Hui since April 2014. Finnish Ähtäri Zoo also hosts two giant pandas named Lumi and Pyry. They arrived in Finland 18 January 2018 and opened for public 17 February, after one month of quarantine. They were named after the snowstorm that prevailed at the time they arrived in Finland. Lumi means snow in Finnish, while Pyry is the equivalent of a blizzard. TheZoo Aquarium, in Madrid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13164068", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nin Taman Safari Bogor as a part of Indonesia-China Diplomacy Anniversary for 40 years. In 2005, Lien Chan, chairman of the Kuomintang, the then-opposition party in Taiwan, visited mainland China. As part of the talks between Lien Chan and the Communist Party of China (CPC), two pandas (later named Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan; \"\"tuányuán\"\" (simplified Chinese: 团圆) meaning \"\"reunion\"\" in Mandarin) were offered as a gift to the people of Taiwan. While the idea was popular with the Taiwanese public, it proved difficult with the Republic of China (ROC) government of Taiwan, then led by the Democratic Progressive Party", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18239223", "chunk_text": "\"Udo the Red Panda\"\nlesser panda or red cat-bear, is a small arboreal mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China that has been classified as Vulnerable by IUCN as its wild population is estimated at less than 10,000 mature individuals. The population continues to decline and is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, poaching, and inbreeding depression, although red pandas are protected by national laws in their range countries. The Mannheim sports teams have elected the red panda for their favorite athletics mascot to make the problem of the declining population of this mammal more visible; in addition, the red panda is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581386", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\ntriplets was announced in China; it was the fourth of such births ever reported. Attempts have also been made to reproduce giant pandas by interspecific pregnancy by implanting cloned panda embryos into the uterus of an animal of another species. This has resulted in panda fetuses, but no live births. In the past, pandas were thought to be rare and noble creatures – the Empress Dowager Bo was buried with a panda skull in her vault. The grandson of Emperor Taizong of Tang is said to have given Japan two pandas and a sheet of panda skin as a sign", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1567545", "chunk_text": "\"Mo (Chinese zoology)\"\nAbel-Rémusat's error were extensive. His presumption that \"\"mo\"\" meant \"\"Chinese tapir\"\" was immediately adopted in Western zoology, and by the end of the 19th century it was accepted as modern scientific fact in China and Japan. In the 20th century, since \"\"mo\"\" had lost its original meaning, the giant panda was given a new Chinese name \"\"da xiongmao\"\" (大熊貓 lit. \"\"large bear cat\"\"). The giant panda or panda bear (\"\"Ailuropoda melanoleuca\"\") is a large, black and white bear native to mountainous forests in South Central China. Its habitat is mainly in Sichuan, but also in neighboring Shaanxi and Gansu. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1430568", "chunk_text": "Sichuan\nsoutheast, Yunnan to the south, and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the west. Giant Pandas live in bamboo forests, and low mountainous areas such as the Minshan Mountains in Sichuan. The majority of the panda population lives in Sichuan, with their range spreading into Shaanxi and Gansu. As it is abundant where they live, pandas diet consists of 99% Bamboo, with small other plants, or small animals consisting of the other 1%. Since the panda is native to China, it is the national symbol of China. The politics of Sichuan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3907462", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nto visiting dignitaries. Those who have received Mongolia's horses as a gift from its government include the President of South Korea Park Geun-hye, Vice President of India Mohammad Hamid Ansari, Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, and the United States Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel. Presenting animals as gifts to dignitaries is an ongoing ritual that dates back centuries. \"\"The Song of Roland\"\" demonstrates how common this practice was in that even this poem, so focused on scenes of battle, bravery, and chivalry made space to describe the allure and temptation of owning exotic animals. Panda diplomacy Panda diplomacy is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11915635", "chunk_text": "Yanni\na giant panda (bear) cub at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, a \"\"privilege ... usually reserved for countries rather than personalities.\"\" \"\"Officials from the research base invited the musician to adopt the animal, saying their decision was made from the inspiration and harmony that derives from his music.\"\" Yanni named the panda \"\"Santorini,\"\" also the name of a Greek island, explaining that the Greek word \"\"irini\"\" means 'peace'.\"\" In February 2013, Yanni and Celine Dion were the first non-Chinese artists invited to perform (separately) in China at the CCTV Spring Festival Gala, a CCTV televised event with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8792471", "chunk_text": "\"Xin Xin (giant panda)\"\nZoo hours. Xin Xin is artificially inseminated annually with sperm from Chinese panda Ling-Ling as part of a continuing effort to breed pandas in Mexico. Mexico's Chapultepec Zoo has had one of the most successful panda-breeding programs outside of China, with a total of eight giant pandas conceived in the zoo since the first pandas arrived in Mexico in 1975. This has been attributed by some to the Zoo's 7300 ft. altitude, similar to the pandas' native habitat in Sichuan, China. Xin Xin is also the name of a panda which was born in China on 6 August 2005. Xin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12066234", "chunk_text": "\"Giant pandas around the world\"\n(Spain) is the home of Bing Xing (M) and Hua Zuiba (F) since 2007. They gave birth to twin cubs on 7 September 2010. Another cub, Xing Bao (F), was born in 2013 and in September 2016 Chulina (F). The zoo was also the site of the first giant panda birth in Europe, Chulin (M) in 1982 whose parents, Shao Shao (F) and Chang Chang (M), arrived in 1978. Chulin (M, 1982) was the first panda to be born in captivity in the western hemisphere and by artificial insemination outside China In 2018 Copenhagen Zoo will receive two pandas. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "196468", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\nKnoxville Zoo in Knoxville, Tennessee, was appointed as coordinator for the North American Red Panda Species Survival Plan. The Knoxville Zoo has the largest number of captive red panda births in the Western Hemisphere (101 as of August 2011). Only the Rotterdam Zoo has had more captive births worldwide. The Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park in Darjeeling, India, successfully released four captive-bred red pandas to the wild in August and November 2003. The most often cited example of keeping red pandas as pets is the case of former Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi. Pandas were presented to her family as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15749877", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\n\"\"giant panda\"\" or \"\"panda bear\"\" for the bear, and simply \"\"panda\"\" for the Ailuridae, despite the popular usage of the word \"\"panda\"\". Since the earliest collection of Chinese writings, the Chinese language has given the bear 20 different names, such as \"\"huāxióng\"\" ( \"\"spotted bear\"\") and \"\"zhúxióng\"\" ( \"\"bamboo bear\"\"). The most popular names in China today is \"\"dàxióngmāo\"\" ( literally \"\"giant bear cat\"\"), or simply \"\"xióngmāo\"\" ( \"\"bear cat\"\"). The name \"\"xióngmāo\"\" ( \"\"bear cat\"\") was originally used to describe the red panda (\"\"Ailurus fulgens\"\"), but since giant panda was thought to be closely related to red panda, \"\"dàxióngmāo\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581360", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\ncandidate is the Nepali word \"\"ponya,\"\" possibly referring to the adapted wrist bone of the red panda, which is native to Nepal. The Western world originally applied this name to the red panda. Until 1901, when it was erroneously stated to be related to the red panda, the giant panda was known as \"\"black and white cat-footed animal\"\" (\"\"Ailuropus melanoleucus\"\"). In many older encyclopedic sources, the name \"\"panda\"\" or \"\"common panda\"\" originally referred to the lesser-known red panda, thus necessitating the inclusion of \"\"giant\"\" and \"\"lesser/red\"\" prefixes in front of the names. Even in 2013, the \"\"Encyclopædia Britannica\"\" still used", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17311608", "chunk_text": "\"Qinling panda\"\nQinling panda The Qinling panda (\"\"Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis\"\") is a subspecies of the giant panda, discovered in the 1960s but not recognized as a subspecies until 2005. Disregarding the nominate subspecies, it is the first giant panda subspecies to be recognized. It differs from the more familiar nominate subspecies by its smaller skull and dark brown and light brown (rather than black and white) fur, and its smaller overall size. There are an estimated 200–300 Qinling pandas living in the wild. On August 30, 1989, a female of this species was captured and brought to the Xi'an Zoo to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581401", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nthat they would not accordingly lower the conservation level for panda, and would instead reinforce the conservation efforts. The giant panda is among the world's most adored and protected rare animals, and is one of the few in the world whose natural inhabitant status was able to gain a UNESCO World Heritage Site designation. The Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, located in the southwest province of Sichuan and covering seven natural reserves, were inscribed onto the World Heritage List in 2006. Not all conservationists agree that the money spent on conserving pandas is well spent. Chris Packham has argued that the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15940955", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\nmore than 800 individuals in zoos and parks around the world. Of these, 511 individuals of subspecies \"\"A. f. fulgens\"\" were kept in 173 institutions and 306 individuals of subspecies \"\"A. f. styani\"\" were kept in 81 institutions. The international studbook is currently managed at the Rotterdam Zoo in the Netherlands. In cooperation with the International Red Panda Management Group, they coordinate the Species Survival Plan in North America, the European Endangered Species Programme in Europe, and other captive-breeding programs in Australia, India, Japan, and China.<ref name=\"\"india/studbook\"\"></ref> In 2009, Sarah Glass, curator of red pandas and special exhibits at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8924633", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\ngovernment. Another technical issue is a dispute over the applicability of Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES). In 1998, China offered the Republic of China two giant pandas in exchange for wartime peace. The PRC insisted that a transfer from mainland China to Taiwan was a domestic transfer, not subject to CITES, while the ROC government disputed this and would not accept the pandas without CITES procedures. On March 11, 2006, the ROC formally rejected the offer, with President Chen explaining in his weekly newsletter, \"\"A-bian (Chen's nickname) sincerely urges the Chinese leaders to leave the giant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15940932", "chunk_text": "\"Red panda\"\ntree head-first, the red panda rotates its ankle to control its descent, one of the few climbing species to do so. The red panda is endemic to the temperate forests of the Himalayas, and ranges from the foothills of western Nepal to China in the east. Its easternmost limit is the Qinling Mountains of the Shaanxi Province in China. Its range includes southern Tibet, Sikkim and Assam in India, Bhutan, the northern mountains of Burma, and in south-western China, in the Hengduan Mountains of Sichuan and the Gongshan Mountains in Yunnan. It may also live in south-west Tibet and northern", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8924627", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\nvisit to China (President Nixon reciprocated by sending back a pair of musk oxen). Upon the pandas' arrival in April 1972, First Lady Pat Nixon donated the pandas to the National Zoo in Washington D.C., where she welcomed them in an official ceremony. Over twenty thousand people visited the pandas the first day they were on display, and an estimated 1.1 million visitors came to see them the first year they were in the United States. The pandas were wildly popular and China's gift was seen as an enormous diplomatic success, evidence of China's eagerness to establish official relations with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14870139", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nthat the giant panda can serve as an umbrella species as the preservation of their habitat also helps other endemic species in China, including 70% of the country's forest birds, 70% of mammals and 31% of amphibians. In 2012, Earthwatch Institute, a global nonprofit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important environmental research, launched a program called \"\"On the Trail of Giant Panda\"\". This program, based in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, allows volunteers to work up close with pandas cared for in captivity, and help them adapt to life in the wild, so that they may breed, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19789788", "chunk_text": "\"Lin Bing\"\nLin Bing Lin Bing, (, ) (also called Lin Ping) is a female giant panda in Thailand. Born on 27 May 2009 at Chiang Mai Zoo in Chiang Mai, Thailand by Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) to Lin Hui and Chuang Chuang, it is the first giant panda born in Thailand. Its name, meaning the \"\"Forest of Ice,\"\" was chosen after a nationwide name selection contest that attracted 22 million votes. \"\"Bing\"\" also sounds similar to the name of the Ping River, which flows through Northern Thailand, where the zoo is located. Like her parents, Lin Bing is considered the property", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581397", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\nled to the increased hunting of wildlife, including pandas. During the Cultural Revolution, all studies and conservation activities on the pandas were stopped. After the Chinese economic reform, demand for panda skins from Hong Kong and Japan led to illegal poaching for the black market, acts generally ignored by the local officials at the time. Though the Wolong National Nature Reserve was set up by the PRC government in 1958 to save the declining panda population, few advances in the conservation of pandas were made, owing to inexperience and insufficient knowledge of ecology. Many believed the best way to save", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17727103", "chunk_text": "\"Ling Ling (giant panda)\"\nLing Ling (giant panda) Ling Ling was born at the Beijing Zoo in Beijing, China, on September 5, 1985. He was given to Japan and the Ueno Zoo in November 1992 by China in exchange for a panda which had been born in Japan. The 1992 panda exchange, between China and Japan, which is often called Panda diplomacy, took place to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the normalization of bilateral Sino-Japanese relations in 1972. He remained one of the Ueno Zoo's most popular attractions for over 15 years. The Ueno Zoo paired Ling Ling with a female panda named Tong", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15256201", "chunk_text": "\"Tai Shan (giant panda)\"\nTai Shan (giant panda) Tai Shan (, , also known as Butterstick after birth and before naming) is a giant panda born at the National Zoo in Washington D.C. on July 9, 2005 at 3:41 AM. He is the first panda cub born at the National Zoo to survive for more than a few days. Tai Shan is the first cub born to Mei Xiang () and Tian Tian (), the National Zoo's second pair of giant pandas. (The first pair, Ling-Ling (female) and Hsing-Hsing (male), were donated to the United States by China in 1972, shortly after Richard Nixon's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10342175", "chunk_text": "\"Panda diplomacy\"\npandas in their natural habitat, because pandas brought up in cages or given as gifts will not be happy\"\". Following a change of government in Taiwan, in July 2008, the ROC government led by the Kuomintang stated that it would accept the gift of two four-year-old giant pandas. In December 2008, the government approved the import of pandas under the terms of \"\"species of traditional herbal medicine\"\". Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan arrived at Taipei Zoo later in the same month, making international news. In response to the transfer, the CITES secretariat stated that the transfer of the two pandas", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17276023", "chunk_text": "\"Yuan Zai (giant panda)\"\nYuan Zai (giant panda) Yuan Zai () is a female giant panda born at the Taipei Zoo on July 6, 2013. She is the first panda cub born in Taiwan, to parents Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan by artificial insemination. As Tuan Tuan and Yuan Yuan were sent to Taiwan from People's Republic of China in exchange for two Formosan sika deer and two Taiwan serows, the baby cub does not need to be returned. The female baby was first nicknamed \"\"Yuan Zai\"\" by the zookeepers soon after birth. On October 26, at the zoo's 99th anniversary ceremony, the baby", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17727108", "chunk_text": "\"Ling Ling (giant panda)\"\nJapanese Foreign Ministry about obtaining a new panda from China. Ling Ling was the only giant panda in Japan which was directly owned by the government or a Japanese institution. There are still eight other pandas located throughout Japan. However, each of these remaining eight pandas are currently on loan from China and are not Japanese owned. Six of the Chinese pandas are currently housed at Adventure World, which is located in Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, while two other pandas resident at the Kobe Municipal Oji Zoo in Kobe, Japan. Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda asked Chinese President Hu Jintao for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14293537", "chunk_text": "\"Da Mao\"\nDa Mao Da Mao (born September 1, 2008) is a Giant Panda that was born at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. It was born to Fu Wa (mother) and Xiongbing (father). The name Da Mao means \"\"first of Mao\"\", as he was his mother's first born. Da Mao's character traits include being lively, tender and quite a gentleman. Da Mao was brought to Canada in 2013 as part of a 10-year contract between the federal governments of Canada and China. He and his female counterpart Er Shun would spend five years at both the Toronto Zoo and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4753523", "chunk_text": "\"Giant pandas around the world\"\nstay at a cool temperature when it is hot outside while providing areas for privacy. Short trees, shrubs, pools, and streams, allow them to stay comfortable at all times. The Chapultepec Zoo (Zoológico de Chapultepec) is one of the four zoos of Mexico city, and it is especially famous for its success in giant panda breeding; in 1980 Chapultepec Zoo became the first institution outside of China to successfully breed the previously endangered species in captivity. In total there have been eight live births at the zoo. The most famous panda to have lived at the zoo is Tohui. Currently", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8581394", "chunk_text": "\"Giant panda\"\na US zoo to import a panda if the zoo can ensure the PRC will channel more than half of its loan fee into conservation efforts for the giant panda and its habitat. In May 2005, the PRC offered a breeding pair to Taiwan. The issue became embroiled in cross-Strait relations – both over the underlying symbolism, and over technical issues such as whether the transfer would be considered \"\"domestic\"\" or \"\"international\"\", or whether any true conservation purpose would be served by the exchange. A contest in 2006 to name the pandas was held in the mainland, resulting in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_31	how many countries are a part of opec?	n/a	[ "14" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457710", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nof \"\"the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry\"\". However, the influence of OPEC on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources, and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production targets and pursue conflicting self-interests. As of June 2018, OPEC has 15 member countries: six in the Middle East (Western Asia), seven in Africa, and two in South America. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), OPEC's combined rate of oil production (including gas condensate) represented 44 percent of the world's total in 2016, and OPEC accounted for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457706", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nOPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental organisation of nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna, Austria. the 15 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's \"\"proven\"\" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so called \"\"Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil companies. The stated mission of the organisation is to \"\"coordinate and unify the petroleum policies", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457708", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nfrom 1 January 2019.. By continent, two are South American, seven African, and six are Asian (Middle East). Two-thirds of OPEC's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle-Eastern countries that surround the oil-rich Persian Gulf. The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457729", "chunk_text": "OPEC\na neutral location, and so the organization chose Geneva, Switzerland. On 1 September 1965, OPEC moved to Vienna, Austria, after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges. During 1961–1975, the five founding nations were joined by Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962–2008, rejoined 2014-2016), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirates (originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, 1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973–1992, rejoined 2007), and Gabon (1975–1994, rejoined 2016). By the early 1970s, OPEC's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production. Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion, Mohammed Barkindo, OPEC's Acting Secretary General in 2006, urged", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7785059", "chunk_text": "\"Peak oil\"\noil that it did in 1981. OPEC is an alliance among 14 diverse oil-producing countries (as of May 2017: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela) to manage the supply of oil. OPEC's power was consolidated in the 1960s and 1970s as various countries nationalized their oil holdings, and wrested decision-making away from the \"\"Seven Sisters\"\" (Anglo-Iranian, Socony, Royal Dutch Shell, Gulf, Esso, Texaco, Socal), and created their own oil companies to control the oil. OPEC often tries to influence prices by restricting production. It does this by allocating", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457707", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nof its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.\"\" The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market. Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia (the de facto leader), United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Indonesia is a former member, and Qatar will no longer be a member of OPEC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457730", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nhis African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join, and Angola did in 2007, followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers, as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC, consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "352615", "chunk_text": "Megacorpstate\nmember nations and to decrease the oil market volatility. As of May 2017, the organization consists of 14 countries which earn the majority of their income through oil revenues: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia (the dominant exporter), United Arab Emirates, Venezuela. According to OPEC, membership is open to any nation that has substantial oil resource and observes the same principles as the organization, subject to approval by the member governments. OPEC holds meetings with its members at least twice per year. During these meetings, the members usually examine market conditions and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457758", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nLongtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin \"\"described the relationship between OPEC and shale as 'mutual coexistence', with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like.\"\" In December 2017, Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8million barrels/day until the end of 2018. Qatar announced it will withdraw from OPEC effective 1st of January 2019. According to the New York Times, this constitutes a strategic response to the ongoing Qatar boycott by Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt. OPEC The Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, ) is an intergovernmental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457711", "chunk_text": "OPEC\n81.5 percent of the world's \"\"proven\"\" oil reserves, including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members:. Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three-quarters of OPEC's existing members, including all five of the founders. In October 2015, Sudan formally submitted an application to join, but it is not yet a member. Qatar intends to leave OPEC on 1 January 2019. For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume, their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs. Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457720", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nfor a natural-resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning. In April 2001, OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations (APEC, Eurostat, IEA, , UNSD) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data. They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise, which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative (JODI), covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market. GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014, enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas. Since 2007, OPEC has published the \"\"World", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10998390", "chunk_text": "\"1973 oil crisis\"\noil had nearly doubled, reaching 6.2 million barrels per day in 1973. Until 1973, an abundance of oil supply had kept the market price of oil lower than the posted price. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), was founded by five oil producing countries at a Baghdad conference on September 14, 1960. The five founding members of OPEC were Venezuela, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Kuwait. OPEC was organized after the oil companies slashed the posted price of oil, but the posted price of oil remained consistently higher than the market price of oil between 1961 and 1972.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457713", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nsuspension\"\" of its membership at year-end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut. Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq, due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003–2004. But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings, as no US representative attended in an official capacity. Since the 1980s, representatives from Egypt, Mexico, Norway, Oman, Russia, and other oil-exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers. This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies. The OPEC Conference", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18311054", "chunk_text": "\"Price of oil\"\nlacking in tidewater access—such as Western Canadian Select—are less expensive than lighter, sweeter oil—such as WTI. In 1960 the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in Baghdad, Iraq by its first five members —Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela—, with Qatar and Libya joining immediately, followed by United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Gabon after a decade. The goal of these countries was to increase its influence in the world oil market, then dominated by a cartel known as the \"\"Seven Sisters\"\", five of which were headquartered in the United States. These companies had been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7724637", "chunk_text": "MENA\nfollowing is a list of commonly included countries and territories. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Other countries sometimes counted as part of MENA: The MENA region has vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas that make it a vital source of global economic stability. According to the Oil and Gas Journal (January 1, 2009), the MENA region has 60% of the world's oil reserves () and 45% of the world's natural gas reserves ( ). As of 2011, 8 of the 15 OPEC nations are within the MENA region. Islam is by far the dominant religion in nearly all of the MENA territories; 91.2%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457744", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nOPEC lost its two newest members, who had joined in the mid-1970s. Ecuador withdrew in December 1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization's founding, but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016, due to the country's daunting political difficulties.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457714", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nis the supreme authority of the organization, and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries. The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General. The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters, at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary. It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and \"\"one member, one vote\"\", with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget. However, since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most-profitable oil exporter in the world, with enough capacity to function as the traditional", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229837", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\ndeveloped countries are given higher priority and have received more than one-half of the institution’s cumulative commitments to date. Also eligible are international institutions whose activities benefit the developing countries. OFID Member Countries are excluded from benefiting from assistance, except in the case of disaster relief or within the context of a regional program. Over the years, OFID has spread its presence to 134 countries, of which 53 are in Africa, 43 in Asia, 31 in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7 in Europe. OFID's operations are organized into 10 focus areas: OFID’s Energy for the Poor initiative (EPI)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229835", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\ndevelopment institutions, including the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Trust Fund and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). As a result of its successful performance, member countries decided in 1980 to convert the temporary facility into a permanent legal entity called the OPEC Fund for International Development; it became a permanent international development agency in May 1980. OFID has 13 member countries: Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Ecuador reactivated its membership in June 2014 after a 22-year absence. OFID provides financial assistance in a number of ways, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457724", "chunk_text": "OPEC\ndisruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria, was and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of . By November 2015, the IEA changed its assessment \"\"with OPEC's spare production buffer stretched thin, as Saudi Arabia – which holds the lion's share of excess capacity – and its [Persian] Gulf neighbours pump at near-record rates.\"\" In 1949, Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC, by inviting Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum-exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II. At the time, some of the world's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457722", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nlocation, and other legal requirements. The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000. It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries: Saharan Blend (Algeria), Girassol (Angola), Oriente (Ecuador), Rabi Light (Gabon), Iran Heavy (Islamic Republic of Iran), Basra Light (Iraq), Kuwait Export (Kuwait), Es Sider (Libya), Bonny Light (Nigeria), Qatar Marine (Qatar), Arab Light (Saudi Arabia), Murban (UAE), and Merey (Venezuela). North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils, and is used to price approximately two-thirds of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457745", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nLower demand triggered by the 1997–1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels. After oil slumped to around US$10/bbl, joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC, Mexico and Norway. After prices slumped again in Nov. 2001, OPEC, Norway, Mexico, Russia, Oman and Angola agreed to cut production on 1 Jan. 2002 for 6 months. OPEC contributed 1.5 million barrels a day (mbpd) to the approximately 2 mbpd of cuts announced. In June 2003, the International Energy Agency (IEA) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues. They have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457755", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nOPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016. By 20 January 2016, the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US$22.48/bbl – less than one-fourth of its high from June 2014 ($110.48), less than one-sixth of its record from July 2008 ($140.73), and back below the April 2003 starting point ($23.27) of its historic run-up. As 2016 continued, the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US, Canada, Libya, Nigeria and China, and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40s. OPEC regained a modest percentage of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457725", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nlargest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East. The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction. The US was simultaneously the world's largest producer and consumer of oil; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the \"\"Seven Sisters\"\", five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil monopoly. Oil-exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power. In February 1959,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229844", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\nthe institution. The First Account of US$37.2 million enabled 38 least developed member countries to complete their subscriptions to the CFC First Account Capital. By the end of 2014, OFID had signed agreements with 37 of these countries. Under the Framework of Financial Support and within the context of the Second Account totalling US$46.4 million, the amount of US$37.9 million has been committed in support of 57 commodity projects in 52 countries; 32 in Africa, 14 in Asia and six in Latin America. Projects eligible for financial support are commodity-focused covering the value chain from production to consumption and benefiting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457757", "chunk_text": "OPEC\ndisruption-ridden members Libya and Nigeria) covered the first half of 2017 – alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members, offset by expected increases in the US shale sector, Libya, Nigeria, spare capacity, and surging late-2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect. Indonesia announced another \"\"temporary suspension\"\" of its OPEC membership, rather than accepting the organization's requested 5 percent production cut. Prices fluctuated around US$50/bbl, and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018, with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned-off by then.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457716", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nnational governments. OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization, rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel. In its defense, the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous \"\"Seven Sisters\"\" cartel of multinational oil companies, and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition. Moreover, because of an economic \"\"prisoner's dilemma\"\" that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota, widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action. OPEC has not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1784344", "chunk_text": "\"The World Factbook list of developed countries\"\nthe countries in its list are The CIA notes that these countries These descriptions are based on 2010 GDP per capita figures. As of 2017, four members of the OECD have a GDP per capita of less than $15,000 in nominal terms (Poland, Hungary, Turkey and Mexico) and, as of 2017, five OPEC countries have a GDP per capita that is higher than $20,000 (Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, UAE and Saudi Arabia). The CIA notes that the 31 DCs are as follows: The CIA concludes its definition with the note that this list is This description is based on an old", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457723", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nthe world's traded crude oil. Other well-known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Dubai Crude, Oman Crude, and Urals oil. The US Energy Information Administration, the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy, defines spare capacity for crude oil market management \"\"as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies.\"\" In November 2014, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that OPEC's \"\"effective\"\" spare capacity, adjusted for ongoing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457709", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nprices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply. Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition, but one whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law. In December 2014, \"\"OPEC and the oil men\"\" ranked as #3 on Lloyd's list", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457734", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nprice surge. For example, the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961. In the years after 1973, as an example of so-called \"\"checkbook diplomacy\"\", certain Arab nations have been among the world's largest providers of foreign aid, and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio-economic growth of poorer nations. The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers, Algeria, in March 1975, and was formally established the following January. \"\"A Solemn Declaration 'reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment,' and called for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13677573", "chunk_text": "\"Organization of Petroleum Importing Countries\"\nOrganization of Petroleum Importing Countries The Organization of Petroleum Importing Countries was a cartel (or a proposal for a cartel) of countries that primarily consume petroleum, to counter the influence of OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It was reported in the early 1980s that Costa Rica had led the establishment of a group of countries under this name. There were also calls in the early 21st century for an organization fulfilling such a role. It was argued that it was in the interests of developing countries and that it would also act to the benefit of developed countries.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "523734", "chunk_text": "\"Organization of Petroleum Importing Countries\"\nOrganization of Petroleum Importing Countries The Organization of Petroleum Importing Countries was a cartel (or a proposal for a cartel) of countries that primarily consume petroleum, to counter the influence of OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. It was reported in the early 1980s that Costa Rica had led the establishment of a group of countries under this name. There were also calls in the early 21st century for an organization fulfilling such a role. It was argued that it was in the interests of developing countries and that it would also act to the benefit of developed countries.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457712", "chunk_text": "OPEC\n1992, because it was unwilling to pay the annual US$2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time, although it rejoined in October 2007. Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995; it rejoined in July 2016. In May 2008, Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. It rejoined the organization in January 2016, but announced another \"\"temporary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4506911", "chunk_text": "\"1973 oil crisis\"\nIn 1963, the Seven Sisters controlled 86% of the oil produced by OPEC countries, but by 1970 the rise of \"\"independent oil companies\"\" had decreased their share to 77%. The entry of three new oil producers—Algeria, Libya and Nigeria—meant that by 1970 eighty-one oil companies were doing business in the Middle East. In the early 1960s Libya, Indonesia and Qatar joined OPEC. OPEC was generally regarded as ineffective until political turbulence in Libya and Iraq strengthened their position in 1970. Additionally, increasing Soviet influence provided oil producing countries with alternative means of transporting oil to markets. Under the Tehran Price", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229834", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\nthe building became the property of OFID. Following the First OPEC Summit in Algiers, Algeria, in 1975, Member Countries expressed their commitment to assist the developing countries through a collective financial facility. As a result, in 1976, the Finance Ministers of Member Countries met and established the OPEC Special Fund, through which Member Countries would channel aid to developing countries. The OPEC Special Fund started its operations in 1976, with initial resources of about $800 million. By the end of 1977 it had extended 71 loans to 58 developing countries, and had channeled donations from its Member Countries to other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "352614", "chunk_text": "Megacorpstate\nof Megacorpstate. OPEC is the most dominant and influential entity in the Megacorpstate. Every economic fluctuation that is experienced by this organization affects the entire market structure. As a result, a crucial relationship between the two entities is to be observed. In order to fully understand the mechanism and functionality of Megacorpstate, OPEC has to be understood first. OPEC is a mnemonic for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. It was established in September 1960 in Baghdad by five founder nations, Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The initiative was taken to promote economic enrichment and stability among its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6163464", "chunk_text": "Petroleum\nto a high of 53 percent for the Middle East, South and Central America (44%), Africa (41%), and North America (40%). The world at large consumes 30 billion barrels (4.8 km³) of oil per year, and the top oil consumers largely consist of developed nations. In fact, 24 percent of the oil consumed in 2004 went to the United States alone, though by 2007 this had dropped to 21 percent of world oil consumed. In the US, in the states of Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon and Washington, the Western States Petroleum Association (WSPA) represents companies responsible for producing, distributing,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457751", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nand did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011. During 2014–2015, OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling, and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth. At the same time, US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world-leading \"\"swing producer\"\" volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia, due to the substantial long-term improvement and spread of shale \"\"fracking\"\" technology in response to the years of record oil prices. These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements (moving closer to energy independence), a record volume of worldwide oil inventories,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457719", "chunk_text": "OPEC\n(1980–1988), Iraqi occupation of Kuwait (1990–1991), September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers (2001), American occupation of Iraq (2003–2011), Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present), Arab Spring (2010–2012), Libyan Crisis (2011–present), and international Embargo against Iran (2012–2016). Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices, the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC's long-term cohesion and effectiveness. As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades, the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market. This is especially helpful", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229846", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\nseven of these countries from the sale of gold held on their behalf by the IMF, these resources were allocated to provide concessional balance of payments assistance to eligible low-income IMF member countries. OPEC Fund for International Development The OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) is the intergovernmental development finance institution established in 1976 by the Member States of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OFID was conceived at the Conference of the Sovereigns and Heads of State of OPEC Member Countries, which was held in Algiers, Algeria, in March 1975. A Solemn Declaration of the Conference \"\"reaffirmed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457756", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nmarket share, saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects, maintained the status quo at its June conference, and endorsed \"\"prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers\"\", although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties. As OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves, the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008. Despite many political obstacles, a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference. The agreement (which exempted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457753", "chunk_text": "OPEC\ncrooked logic. If I reduce, what happens to my market share? The price will go up and the Russians, the Brazilians, US shale oil producers will take my share... We want to tell the world that high-efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share. That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries... One thing is for sure: Current prices [roughly US$60/bbl] do not support all producers. A year later, when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015, the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months, US oil production had declined only slightly from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457728", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nIraqi prime minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, whose country had skipped the 1959 congress. Government representatives from Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries, and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs. Despite strong US opposition: \"\"Together with Arab and non-Arab producers, Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations.\"\" The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut, but Venezuela argued for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12229831", "chunk_text": "\"OPEC Fund for International Development\"\nOPEC Fund for International Development The OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID) is the intergovernmental development finance institution established in 1976 by the Member States of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OFID was conceived at the Conference of the Sovereigns and Heads of State of OPEC Member Countries, which was held in Algiers, Algeria, in March 1975. A Solemn Declaration of the Conference \"\"reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment\"\", and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries. OFID's objective is to reinforce financial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10267792", "chunk_text": "\"History of the petroleum industry\"\nin the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities. The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia (12.5%), UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. However, with high oil prices (above $100/barrel), Venezuela has larger reserves than Saudi", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457748", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nthe end of that year, having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota. A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia's withdrawal, noting that OPEC \"\"regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization, and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not-too-distant future.\"\" The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas. Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members, to increase the price", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13457740", "chunk_text": "OPEC\nmajor non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia, Alaska, the North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. By 1986, daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels, non-OPEC production rose by an even-larger amount, and OPEC's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985. Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources, the result was a six-year decline in the price of oil, which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone. As one oil analyst summarized succinctly: \"\"When the price of something as essential as oil spikes,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9354205", "chunk_text": "\"Oil reserves\"\nexpert of the National Iranian Oil Company, has estimated that Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates have overstated reserves by a combined 320–390bn barrels and has said, \"\"As for Iran, the usually accepted official is almost one hundred billion over any realistic assay.\"\" \"\"Petroleum Intelligence Weekly\"\" reported that official confidential Kuwaiti documents estimate reserves of Kuwait were only , of which half were proven and half were possible. The combined value of proven and possible is half of the official public estimate of proven reserves. In July 2011, OPEC's Annual Statistical Review showed Venezuela's reserves to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11452613", "chunk_text": "\"Big Oil\"\ngas reserves. Conversely, 88% of global oil and gas reserves are controlled by the OPEC cartel and state-owned oil companies, primarily located in the Middle East. A trend of increasing influence of the OPEC cartel, state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies is shown and the \"\"Financial Times\"\" has used the label \"\"The New Seven Sisters\"\" to refer to a group of what it argues are the most influential national oil and gas companies based in countries outside of the OECD, namely CNPC \"\"(China)\"\", Gazprom \"\"(Russia)\"\", National Iranian Oil Company \"\"(Iran)\"\", Petrobras \"\"(Brazil)\"\", PDVSA \"\"(Venezuela)\"\", Petronas \"\"(Malaysia)\"\", Saudi Aramco \"\"(Saudi Arabia)\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_32	what type of car is a jeep considered?	n/a	[ "off-road vehicles", "light utility vehicles", "sport utility vehicles" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159634", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nJeep Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Italian-American corporation Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Jeep has been a part of Chrysler since 1987, when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand, along with remaining assets, from its previous owner: American Motors Corporation (AMC). Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks and roadsters in the past; Jeep will return to the pickup truck market in early 2019. Some of Jeep's vehicles—such as the Grand", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12274769", "chunk_text": "\"Crossover (automobile)\"\nCrossover (automobile) Crossover, or crossover SUV, are terms predominantly used in the United States for vehicles with sport utility vehicle (SUV) styling features that are based on passenger car platforms and are only intended for light off-road use. Models which are classified as crossovers in the United States are classified as SUVs in other countries. The 1948 Willys-Overland Jeepster convertible coupe is considered the earliest ancestor to the crossover, however the first model considered to be a crossover was the AMC Eagle, which was released in 1979. In the United States, more than 50% of the overall SUV market was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707679", "chunk_text": "\"Crossover (automobile)\"\nto aging baby boomers. Crossovers have been produced in size categories ranging from subcompact and compact to mid-size. Crossover (automobile) Crossover, or crossover SUV, are terms predominantly used in the United States for vehicles with sport utility vehicle (SUV) styling features that are based on passenger car platforms and are only intended for light off-road use. Models which are classified as crossovers in the United States are classified as SUVs in other countries. The 1948 Willys-Overland Jeepster convertible coupe is considered the earliest ancestor to the crossover, however the first model considered to be a crossover was the AMC Eagle,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707675", "chunk_text": "\"Crossover (automobile)\"\ncrossover models in 2006. A crossover is a vehicle with SUV styling features that is based on a passenger car platform. The early crossovers resembled small SUVs or large wagons. Crossovers have ride, handling, performance and fuel economy characteristics similar to cars and are only intended for light off-road use. Crossovers are sometimes referred to as \"\"crossover SUVs\"\". Models which are classified as crossovers in the United States (such as the Toyota Highlander and Honda CR-V) are classified as SUVs in other countries. Among the earliest ancestors of what evolved into the modern crossover was the 1948 Willys-Overland Jeepster convertible", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6413955", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler\"\na direct descendant of the original military model — both the CJ Jeeps and the conceptually consistent Wrangler, with their solid axles and open top, have been called the Jeep model as central to Jeep's brand identity as the rear-engined 911 is to Porsche. Similar to the Willys MB and the CJ Jeeps before it, all Wrangler models continue to use a separate body and frame, rigid live axles both front and rear, a tapering nose design with flared fenders, a fold-flat windshield, and can be driven without doors. Also, with few exceptions, they have part-time four-wheel drive systems, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159648", "chunk_text": "Jeep\neven as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners. Most Jeepneys today are scratch-built by local manufacturers, using different powertrains. Aside from Jeepneys, backyard assemblers in the Philippines construct replica Jeeps with stainless steel bodies and surplus parts, and are called \"\"owner-type jeeps\"\" (as jeepneys are also called \"\"passenger-type jeeps\"\"). In the United States military, the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles (e.g. Ford's M151) of which the latest is the Humvee. After World War II, Jeep began to experiment with new designs, including a model that could drive under water.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13098701", "chunk_text": "\"Sport utility vehicle\"\nbecause the classification of these vehicles varies from state to state. For industry production statistics, SUVs are counted in the light truck product segment. The term is not used in all countries, and outside North America the terms \"\"off-road vehicle\"\", \"\"four-wheel drive\"\" or \"\"four-by-four\"\" (abbreviated to \"\"4WD\"\" or \"\"4×4\"\") or simply use of the brand name to describe the vehicle like \"\"Jeep\"\" or \"\"Land Rover\"\" are more common. In Europe, the term SUV has a similar meaning, but being newer than in the U.S. it only applies to the newer street oriented one, whereas \"\"Jeep\"\", \"\"Land Rover\"\" or 4x4 are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19401027", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Cherokee\"\nJeep Cherokee The Jeep Cherokee is a line of American vehicles sold by Jeep under various vehicle classes. Originally sold as a variant of the popular Jeep Wagoneer, the Cherokee has evolved from a full-size SUV to one of the first compact SUVs and eventually into its current incarnation as a crossover SUV. The nameplate has been in continuous use in some form since 1974 and also spawned Jeep's most successful vehicle, the Jeep Grand Cherokee, which was originally slated to be part of the Cherokee's lineup. The vehicle is named after the Cherokee tribe of Native Americans. The Cherokee", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6413954", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler\"\nJeep Wrangler The Jeep Wrangler is a series of compact and mid-size (Wrangler Unlimited and Wrangler 4-door JL) four-wheel drive off-road vehicle models, manufactured by Jeep since 1986, and currently in its fourth generation. The Wrangler JL was unveiled in late 2017 and will be produced at Jeep's Toledo Complex. The Wrangler is arguably an indirect progression from the World War II Jeep, through the CJ (Civilian Jeeps) produced by Willys, Kaiser-Jeep and American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the mid-1940s through 1980s. Although neither AMC nor Chrysler (after its purchase of AMC in 1987) have claimed that the Wrangler was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159667", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nAMC. This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation. The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the \"\"Jeep 2500\"\" toward the end of its production that ended after 2005. While Jeeps have been built in India under licence by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s, Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016, starting with release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country. The CJ (for \"\"Civilian Jeep\"\") series were literally the first \"\"Jeep\"\" branded vehicles produced for the civilian public, beginning in 1945 with the CJ-2A, followed by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15740719", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler (JK)\"\nJeep Wrangler (JK) The Jeep Wrangler (JK) is the third generation of the Jeep Wrangler off-road vehicle. The Wrangler was unveiled at the 2006 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, the JK series 2007 Wrangler Unlimited at the 2006 New York Auto Show. The car's body and chassis were completely redesigned during the era when Jeep was part of DaimlerChrysler. Just like the Willys MB, the CJ Jeeps and the Wranglers before it, the JK continues to have a separate body and frame, rigid live axles both front and rear, a fold-flat windshield, and can be driven without doors.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19624215", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Cherokee\"\nsuch a sales success that FCA discontinued the slow-selling Dodge Dart and Chrysler 200 (both mechanically similar to the Cherokee) in order to increase production capacity for the Cherokee to meet demand. For 2019 the front end is to be updated to a more conservative style. Jeep Cherokee The Jeep Cherokee is a line of American vehicles sold by Jeep under various vehicle classes. Originally sold as a variant of the popular Jeep Wagoneer, the Cherokee has evolved from a full-size SUV to one of the first compact SUVs and eventually into its current incarnation as a crossover SUV. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13098693", "chunk_text": "\"Sport utility vehicle\"\nSport utility vehicle Sport-utility (vehicle), SUV or sport-ute is an automotive classification, typically a kind of station wagon / estate car with off-road vehicle features like raised ground clearance and ruggedness, and available four-wheel drive. Many SUVs are built on a light-truck chassis but operated as a family vehicle, and though designed to be used on rougher surfaces, most often used on city streets or highways. In recent years, in some countries the term SUV has replaced terms like \"\"Jeep\"\" or \"\"Land-Rover\"\" in the popular lexicon as a generic description for light 4WD vehicles. Many SUVs have an upright built", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159663", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nin North America, as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time. The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979. During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee, its first unibody SUV; and global sales top 200,000 for the first time in 1985. However, the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era. By 1987, the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles. At the same time, Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand, as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159635", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nCherokee—reach into the luxury SUV segment, a market segment the Wagoneer is considered to have created. Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016, up from 500,000 in 2008, two-thirds of which in North America, and was Fiat-Chrysler's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017. In the U.S. alone, over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep-branded vehicles, and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company, it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion—slightly \"\"more\"\" than all of FCA (US). Prior to 1940 the term \"\"jeep\"\" had been used", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10007647", "chunk_text": "\"Compact sport utility vehicle\"\nit had no true pickup truck heritage, but came in both four and two-door versions that were extremely capable off-road. While the competing SUVs were adaptations of trucks, Jeep did not sell many pickup trucks so they designed a SUV first; starting with a four-door version and featuring a very strong, lightweight unibody construction like most passenger cars, as well as with a lightweight \"\"link/coil\"\" suspension design that was praised by the automotive press for its superior ride, performance, and handling. The original Jeep XJ combined a passenger car comfort with a rugged chassis for ease of driving in difficult", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17223870", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Grand Cherokee\"\nJeep Grand Cherokee The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a range of mid-size SUVs produced by the American manufacturer Jeep. While some other SUVs were manufactured with body-on-frame construction, the Jeep Grand Cherokee has always used a unibody chassis. The Grand Cherokee's origins date back to 1983 when American Motors Corporation (AMC) was designing a successor to the smaller Jeep Cherokee (XJ). Three outside (non-AMC) designers—Larry Shinoda, Alain Clenet, and Giorgetto Giugiaro—were also under contract with AMC to create and build a clay model of the Cherokee XJ replacement, then known as the \"\"XJC\"\" project. However, the basic design for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4212770", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler\"\nproduct plans. Jeep Wrangler The Jeep Wrangler is a series of compact and mid-size (Wrangler Unlimited and Wrangler 4-door JL) four-wheel drive off-road vehicle models, manufactured by Jeep since 1986, and currently in its fourth generation. The Wrangler JL was unveiled in late 2017 and will be produced at Jeep's Toledo Complex. The Wrangler is arguably an indirect progression from the World War II Jeep, through the CJ (Civilian Jeeps) produced by Willys, Kaiser-Jeep and American Motors Corporation (AMC) from the mid-1940s through 1980s. Although neither AMC nor Chrysler (after its purchase of AMC in 1987) have claimed that the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6413976", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler\"\nthe four-wheel-drive convertible Jeep Wrangler at number four among the top ten vehicles with the highest resale value. In May 2009, \"\"Business Week\"\" magazine named the Wrangler One of the Most Iconic Cars of the Last 20 Years. In September 2008, Chrysler Vice Chairman Tom LaSorda unveiled a range-extended electric 4-door Wrangler along with similarly engineered Town and Country minivan and a purely electric sports car. The Wrangler would have a range before a gas engine starts and begins supplying additional electricity. However, in November 2009 Fiat SpA disbanded Chrysler's ENVI electric car division and dropped these models from future", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159637", "chunk_text": "Jeep\ningenuity and cocky, can-do determination.\"\" The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo, Ohio, ever since Willys-Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945. Its replacement, the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series, remains in production since 1986. With its solid axles and open top, the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand’s identity as the rear-engined 911 is to Porsche. At least two Jeep models (the CJ-5 and the SJ Wagoneer) enjoyed extraordinary three-decade production runs of a single body generation. Jeeps have since the war", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12787212", "chunk_text": "\"Jp (magazine)\"\nare also covered in the magazine, from trail rides in the USA to international competitions and off-road events. Also featured are stories on Jeep history, news, and concept vehicles. The magazine covers Jeep trends and trends in the aftermarket industry. \"\"Jp\"\" covers every Jeep vehicle model in history. These include the Jeep Wrangler, Jeep CJ, Jeep Grand Cherokee, Jeep Cherokee, Jeep Wagoneer, Jeepster Commando, Jeep Forward Control, Jeep Liberty, Jeep Commander, Jeep Compass, and Jeep Patriot. Jp Magazine has done multiple Jeep buildups over the years, from \"\"low-buck\"\" to putting in crazy engines. Some of the project Jeeps have been:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9376330", "chunk_text": "\"Vehicle frame\"\nused in its passenger cars, such as the Hornets and all-wheel-drive Eagles for a new type of frame called the \"\"Uniframe ... a robust stamped steel frame welded to a strong unit-body structure, giving the strength of a conventional heavy frame with the weight advantages of Unibody construction.\"\" This design was also used with the XJC concept developed by American Motors prior to its absorption by Chrysler, which later became the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ). —including modern day sport utility vehicles (Jeep Grand Cherokee et al.). The \"\"unibody\"\" is now the preferred construction for mass market automobiles and crossovers. This", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15449658", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)\"\nJeep Wagoneer (SJ) The Jeep Wagoneer is the first luxury 4x4, sold and produced for Jeep by several automakers from 1962 to 1991. Marketed as a station wagon, the design became known as \"\"sport utility vehicle\"\" (SUV) when Jeep first used the term for the 1974 Cherokee version, the 4WD Wagoneer stayed in production for 29 model-years (1963–1991) with almost unchanged body-structure, making it the third longest-produced single generation car in U.S. automotive history. Introduced in November 1962 for the 1963 model year as a successor to the Willys Jeep Station Wagon that had been built since the end of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20738482", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Cherokee (XJ)\"\nVenezuela, the XJ provided the mechanical basis for the MJ-series Jeep Comanche pickup truck. Many of the XJ models had an eight-slot or a ten-slot grille design. Automotive journalist Robert Cumberford, writing for \"\"Automobile\"\", called the Jeep XJ one of the 20 greatest cars of all time — for its design, and \"\"possibly the best SUV shape of all time, it is the paradigmatic model to which other designers have since aspired\"\". The XJ was also selected in 2011 as one of \"\"10 cars that refuse to die\"\" by \"\"Kiplinger\"\". Designs of the compact-size XJ Cherokee date back to 1978", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3149774", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Liberty\"\nJeep Liberty The Jeep Liberty, or Jeep Cherokee (KJ/KK) outside North America, is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep for the model years 2002–2012. Introduced as a replacement for the Cherokee (XJ), the Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee. It was the smallest of the 4-door Jeep SUVs until the car based 4-door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007. Like the XJ Cherokee, the Liberty featured unibody-construction. It was assembled at the Toledo North Assembly Plant in the United States, as well as in other countries including Egypt and Venezuela. The Liberty ceased production on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5177460", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Liberty (KJ)\"\nchrome-clad aluminum-alloy wheels, Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), a 2.8L Common-Rail Diesel (CRD) engine, a five-speed automatic transmission, and a power tilt-and-sliding sunroof. In 2005, DaimlerChrysler began offering a diesel engine to the North American market to gauge the marketability of diesel engines in North America. The last North American market Jeep product that was offered with a diesel engine was the 1987 Jeep Cherokee and Comanche. Only available for 2005 and 2006 in \"\"Sport\"\" and \"\"Limited\"\" trims, the 2.8L VM Motori R 428 I4 common rail turbodiesel or \"\"CRD\"\" exceeded expectations by selling 10,000 examples in its first calendar year", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159661", "chunk_text": "Jeep\napproach, breakover, and departure angles, allowing them to fit into places where full-size four-wheel drives have difficulty. After the war, Willys did not resume production of its passenger-car models, choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep-branded vehicles, launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946, the Jeep Truck in 1947, and the Jeepster in 1948. An attempt to re-enter the passenger-car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful, and ended with the company’s acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953, for $60 million. Kaiser initially called the merged company \"\"Willys Motors\"\", but renamed itself Kaiser-Jeep in 1963. By", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12932813", "chunk_text": "\"Jeepster Commando\"\nJeepster Commando The Jeepster Commando is an automobile which was first produced by Kaiser Jeep in 1966 to compete with the International Scout, Toyota Land Cruiser and Ford Bronco. Four different models were available: a pickup truck, convertible, roadster and wagon. The Kaiser line remained in production until about 1969, when American Motors Corporation (AMC) bought Kaiser in 1970. After AMC's acquisition, the Jeepster Commando C101 (101\"\" wheelbase) steadily grew in popularity. In 1972, AMC shortened the vehicle's name to Commando C104, extended the wheelbase to 104\"\", and changed the front-end design to accept the AMC I6's & V8 304ci,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159662", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nthe end of 1955, Kaiser-Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero, as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively. American Motors Corporation (AMC) in turn purchased Kaiser's money-losing Jeep operations in 1970. This time $70 million changed hands. The utility vehicles complemented AMC's passenger car business by sharing components, achieving volume efficiencies, as well as capitalizing on Jeep's international and government markets. In 1971 AMC spun off Jeep's commercial, postal and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary, AM General – the company that later developed the M998 Humvee. In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ-7, replacing the CJ-6", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159654", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nit was called, Hausmann answered, \"\"It's a jeep.\"\" Katharine Hillyer's article was published nationally on February 19, 1941, and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption: Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested, this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade, leaving the 4x4 with the name. The \"\"Jeep\"\" brand has gone through many owners, starting with Willys-Overland, which filed the original trademark application for the \"\"Jeep\"\" brand-name in February 1943. To help establish the term as a Willys brand, the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys' prominent contribution to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15740750", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler (JK)\"\ngreen), Sunset Orange, Copper Brown, Baja Yellow, and Firecracker Red.) and trim packages (Sport, Willys Wheeler, Sahara, Rubicon, and Rubicon Hard Rock levels.) Changes also include a new standard eight-speaker audio system, a new nine-speaker system that includes a subwoofer, a package that bundles steel wheels with 31-inch tires for Sport models, and a Torx tool set that's standard on all models, allowing owners to remove the doors or lower the windshield wherever they are. The Jeep Wrangler was released in India on 30 August 2016. Alongside the Grand Cherokee, the Wrangler was the first model to be sold directly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12932814", "chunk_text": "\"Jeepster Commando\"\nsimilar to the Ford Bronco. The new configuration, formerly an AMC best seller, quickly caused the line to drop in popularity and was taken out of production in 1973; it was replaced with the full size Cherokee. The Jeepster is an ancestor of the modern Jeep family produced by Chrysler. There are several Jeepster enthusiast clubs across the United States. Willys-Overland, the original producers of the \"\"Jeep\"\" (originally manufactured for military use) also produced a \"\"Jeepster\"\" from 1948 until about 1950. This vehicle led to the later Kaiser productions. The Jeepster was revived in 1966 in the form of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2241094", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2)\"\nDodge Challenger SRT Hellcat and the Dodge Charger (LX) SRT Hellcat. The SRT Trackhawk is the most powerful Jeep Grand Cherokee model to ever be produced, following the 1998 Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ) 5.9L Limited, the 2006 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK) SRT-8, and the 2012 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) SRT 392. In 2012, Swedish automotive magazine \"\"Teknikens Värld\"\" revealed that the Jeep Grand Cherokee failed one of their avoidance maneuver tests known as the \"\"Moose test\"\". Other SUV models in its class had no issues passing the test. German magazine \"\"Auto, Motor und Sport\"\" (AMS) later tested the same press", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4172175", "chunk_text": "Jeepney\nas it evolved through the years. These were classified as \"\"passenger-type\"\" jeeps. The non-extended, original-seat configuration jeeps were labeled \"\"owners\"\", short for \"\"owner-type\"\" jeeps, and are used non-commercially. The original Jeepneys were refurbished military Jeeps by Willys and Ford. Modern jeepneys are now produced with surplus engines and other parts coming from Japan. The jeepney rapidly emerged as a popular and creative way to re-establish inexpensive public transportation, much of which had been destroyed during World War II. Recognizing the widespread use of these vehicles, the Philippine government began to regulate their use. Drivers now must have specialized driver's licenses.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159669", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nJeepster was directly based on the rear-wheel-drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis, and shared many of the same parts. (Jeepster) Commando From 1955 onwards Willys offered two-wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use, called DJ models (for 'Dispatcher Jeep'), in both open and closed body-styles. A well-known version was the right-hand drive model with sliding side-doors, used by the US Postal service.<br> In 1961 the range was expanded with the 'Fleetvan' delivery-van, based on DJ Jeeps. Fleetvan Jeep SUV models (1962-1991) Pickup models (1962-1988) The Jeep brand currently produces five models, but 8 vehicles are under the brand", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3986642", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Cherokee (KL)\"\nto sell the vehicle outside of its home market. As of February 2014, the 2014 Cherokee was the top-ranked Affordable Compact SUV in U.S. News & World Report's rankings. Jeep Cherokee (KL) The Jeep Cherokee (KL) is a compact crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by the Jeep subdivision of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Introduced for model year 2014 at the 2013 New York International Auto Show, sales began in November 2013. The Cherokee is the first Jeep vehicle to use the Fiat Compact/Compact Wide platform, co-developed by Chrysler and Fiat. The Jeep Cherokee is built at Belvidere Assembly Plant in Belvidere,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15740742", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Wrangler (JK)\"\non black-painted versions of the same wheels found on the 2013 Rubicon, Wrangler’s standard 2.72:1 transfer case (no option for a Rubicon 4:1), a soft canvas top cut from the same cloth as the Chrysler 200 Convertible’s and optional color matching hard top. For Australia, the year revived the Jeep 'Overland' name, with the introduction of a premium / luxury version, featuring for instance leather-trimmed seats, automatic headlights and a reversing camera. The 2013 Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Wrangler Unlimited are built in the Toledo Supplier Park in Toledo, Ohio. As of May 17, 2013, Chrysler Group's Toledo (Ohio) Assembly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "840276", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Liberty\"\nincluded standard side airbags. Optional features are rain-sensing wipers, Sirius Satellite Radio, Bluetooth, a navigation system, and the MyGig entertainment system, complete with a 30GB hard drive. Jeep Liberty The Jeep Liberty, or Jeep Cherokee (KJ/KK) outside North America, is a compact SUV that was produced by Jeep for the model years 2002–2012. Introduced as a replacement for the Cherokee (XJ), the Liberty was priced between the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee. It was the smallest of the 4-door Jeep SUVs until the car based 4-door Compass and Patriot arrived for 2007. Like the XJ Cherokee, the Liberty featured unibody-construction. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159636", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nas U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles, but the World War II \"\"jeep\"\" that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4x4, arguably making them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II, as well as the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart noted: \"\"The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159658", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nCorporation, which also owned Jeep. In 1979, while still owned by American Motors, AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee. AM General also continued manufacturing the two-wheel-drive DJ, which Jeep created in 1953. The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles. Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford's nine-slot design", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17223899", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Grand Cherokee\"\ntank, the SUV can now travel up to on a single tank, while other sources estimate range to be . The Jeep Grand Cherokee was released in India on 30 August 2016. Alongside the Wrangler, the Grand Cherokee was the first model to be sold directly by Jeep in the country. Jeeps have been built under licence by Mahindra in India since the 1960s. In 2010, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) launched an investigation into 1993–2004 model year Jeep Grand Cherokees which involves the fuel tanks of these SUVs. Because the gas tanks are mounted between the bumper", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16778139", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep CJ\"\nsprings both front and rear, a tapering nose design with flared fenders, and a fold-flat windshield, and could be driven without doors. Also, with few exceptions, they had part-time four-wheel drive systems, with the choice of high and low gearing, and open bodies with removable hard or soft tops. After remaining in production through a range of model numbers, and several corporate parents, the Jeep CJ line was officially ended in 1986. More than 1.5 million CJ Jeeps were built, having continued the same basic body style for 45 years since the Jeep first appeared. Widely regarded as \"\"America's workhorse\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20738480", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Cherokee (XJ)\"\nJeep Cherokee (XJ) The Jeep Cherokee (XJ) is a compact sport utility vehicle that was manufactured and marketed by Jeep in the USA from 1983 to 2001, as well as in other countries, and sometimes under other names, until 2014, with \"\"Jeep\"\" selling almost 3 million units between 1984 and 2001. Sharing the name of the original full-size Cherokee SJ model, the 1984 XJ Cherokee was Jeep's first all-new vehicle design since the 1963 SJ \"\"Wagoneer\"\", from which the '74 SJ Cherokee had been derived. Instead of the traditional separate body and chassis, the XJ featured a light-weight, compact and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "454028", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep CJ\"\nLater models include 2-L, short-wheelbase, soft-top J58 (J54 with a diesel engine), and the J38 gasoline wagon on the longest wheelbase. The last iteration of the Japanese Jeeps was the J53 with diesel turbo engine. The Willys CJ-5 (after 1964 Jeep CJ-5) was influenced by new corporate owner, Kaiser, and the Korean War M38A1 Jeep. It was intended to replace the CJ-3B, but that model continued in production. The CJ-5 repeated this pattern, continuing in production for three decades while three newer models appeared. \"\"The CJ-5 has the distinct honor of being a vehicle that was hard to kill off...", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159645", "chunk_text": "Jeep\njeep, the model GPA, or \"\"seep\"\" (Sea Jeep) was built for Ford in modest numbers but it could not be considered a huge success—it was neither a good off-road vehicle nor a good boat. As part of the war effort, nearly 30% of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army. The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world, including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie (after 1954, Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys), and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota. The Land Rover was inspired by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19537934", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep Renegade (BU)\"\nJeep Renegade (BU) The Jeep Renegade (BU/520) is a subcompact crossover SUV (mini SUV in Europe) produced by Jeep. The off-road vehicle was first shown to the public in March 2014 at the Geneva Motor Show and production started in late August of that year. Standard Renegade models come with front-wheel drive. The vehicle offers the four-wheel drive systems Active Drive I and Active Drive Low, both of which are paired with Jeep's Selec-Terrain System. At one time it was believed that the Renegade would replace the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot in the Jeep lineup. The Patriot was discontinued", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16778138", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep CJ\"\nJeep CJ The Jeep CJ models are both a series and a range of small, open-bodied off-road vehicles and compact pickup trucks, built and sold by several successive incarnations of the Jeep automobile marque from 1945 to 1986. The 1945 Willys Jeep was the world's first mass-produced civilian four-wheel drive car. In 1944, Willys-Overland, one of the two main manufacturers of the World War II military Jeep, built the first prototypes for a commercial version – the CJ, short for \"\"civilian Jeep\"\". From then on, all CJ Jeeps consistently had a separate body and frame, rigid live axles with leaf", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3148512", "chunk_text": "\"Jeep trail\"\nJeep trail Jeep trail is a term originating in the United States to designate unpaved roads designed and maintained for use solely by high-clearance four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles, regardless of the vehicle manufacturer. Only the more difficult unpaved roads are considered jeep trails while gravel or dirt roads passable in conventional vehicles are simply unpaved roads. The word \"\"jeep\"\" in this usage is normally spelled with all lowercase letters, the brand name of Jeep being just one of many that is drivable on difficult road surfaces. One of the most well-known jeep trails is the Rubicon Trail located west of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6435727", "chunk_text": "\"Sport utility vehicle\"\ngearing, and lockable center differential. A longer wheelbase five-door model was added in the early 1990s and the car remains in production for four decades now. The compact 1983 Cherokee was Jeep's first unibody SUV. Nevertheless, it was a seriously off-road capable design, using front and rear solid axles, transfer-cases with high and low range, and either part-time or full-time 4-wheel drive. Following this, Jeep replaced the venerable SJ Wagoneer with its Grand Cherokee line in 1992, featuring a unibody structure from the start. Derived from the XJ Cherokee, it too came with front and rear live axles, high and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9159646", "chunk_text": "Jeep\nJeep. The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike. The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design, and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection. Pulitzer Prize-winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep, along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove, \"\"the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed.\"\" Jeeps became even more famous following the war, as they became available on the surplus market. Some ads claimed to offer \"\"Jeeps still in the factory crate.\"\" This legend persisted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_33	who did deion sanders go in the hall of fame as?	n/a	[ "Cornerback" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16795998", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\n49ers and XXX with the Cowboys, winning both. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011. Following the conclusion of his athletic career, Sanders currently works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network. He is also the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian-Cedar Hill high school, which his sons attend. Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 where he coached until the school closed in 2015 due to financial insolvency. Additionally, he stars in the show \"\"Deion Family Playbook\"\" which debuted in 2014. Sanders was born in Fort Myers, Florida. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16795997", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\ntitles and made one World Series appearance in 1992, making him the only individual to appear in both a Super Bowl and a World Series. Sanders attended Florida State University, where he was recognized as a two-time All-American in football, and also played baseball and ran track. He was drafted by the Falcons in the first round of the 1989 NFL Draft and played football primarily at cornerback, but also as a kick returner, punt returner, and occasionally wide receiver. During his career, he was named to nine Pro Bowls and made consecutive Super Bowl appearances in XXIX with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16795996", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nDeion Sanders Deion Lin Sanders Sr. (; born August 9, 1967), nicknamed \"\"Primetime\"\", is an American athlete and sports analyst who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons. During his football career, he was a member of the Atlanta Falcons, the San Francisco 49ers, the Dallas Cowboys, the Washington Redskins, and the Baltimore Ravens. He also had a part-time career as a baseball outfielder for nine seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), where he played professionally for the New York Yankees, the Atlanta Braves, the Cincinnati Reds, and the San Francisco Giants. Sanders won two Super Bowl", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5058078", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nbase salary and a nearly $13 million signing bonus in an attempt to circumvent the NFL's salary cap. This caused the NFL to institute its own 'Deion Sanders rule' whereby a prorated portion of a player's signing bonus counted against the salary cap. Sanders became known for sporting a \"\"do-rag\"\" or bandana and for his high-stepping into the end zone followed by his touchdown dance celebrations. At the end of his Hall of Fame speech, he put a bandana on his bust. His \"\"Prime Time\"\" nickname was given to him by a friend and high-school teammate, Florida Gators defensive back", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5058055", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nand track. Beginning his freshman year, he started in the Seminoles' secondary, played outfield for the baseball team that finished fifth in the nation, and helped lead the track and field team to a conference championship. Under head coach Bobby Bowden, Sanders was a two-time consensus All-American cornerback in 1987 and 1988, and a third team All-American in 1986, intercepting 14 passes in his career, including three in bowl games, and managed to return one interception 100 yards for a touchdown breaking Fred Biletnikoff's interception return record by one yard. He won the Jim Thorpe Award in 1988. He was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5058077", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nreturn, receiving, rushing, and a fumble recovery). On February 6, 2011, at Super Bowl XLV in Arlington, Texas, Sanders performed the pre-game coin toss. Sanders did not attend classes or take final exams during the fall semester of his senior year at Florida State, yet played in the Sugar Bowl against Auburn. This caused the Florida State Legislature to create the 'Deion Sanders rule', whereby a football athlete at any state university could not play in a bowl game if he failed to successfully complete the previous semester. In 1995, he signed with the Dallas Cowboys for a minimum yearly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796049", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nrecruits.. On August 17, 2017 it was announced by CBS Sports that Deion Sanders would be switching coaching positions at a new high school to become the offensive coordinator at Trinity Christian-Cedar Hill high school in Cedar Hill, Texas. The move was significant for Sanders as both his sons play at the high school. Sanders will serve on the staff as offensive coordinator under former Dallas Cowboy Aveion Cason. Deion Sanders Deion Lin Sanders Sr. (; born August 9, 1967), nicknamed \"\"Primetime\"\", is an American athlete and sports analyst who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796021", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nand behind Rod Woodson (with 12) for all-time in the statistical category. In January 2006, after playing two seasons as a corner and safety for Baltimore in which the Ravens did not qualify for the postseason, Sanders once again retired from the NFL and became an analyst for the NFL Network. During his 14-year NFL career, Sanders was a perennial All-Pro and one of the strongest pass defenders ever to play the game. However, he was also known for being a relatively poor tackler and not much of a factor in run support. Sanders also occasionally lined up with his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12981528", "chunk_text": "\"Barry Sanders\"\ngreatest players never to play in a Super Bowl. Sanders played college football for the Oklahoma State Cowboys football team, where, as a junior in 1988 he compiled what is considered one of the greatest individual seasons in college football history, rushing for 2,850 yards and 42 touchdowns in 12 games. He was awarded the Heisman Trophy as the most outstanding college player in the nation and was unanimously recognized as an All-American. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Sanders joined the Lions in 1989 and had an immediate impact, winning the NFL's Rookie", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796022", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nteam's offense. During the 1996 season, Sanders skipped the baseball season, concentrating on football, and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position. He became only the second two-way starter (after the Cardinals' Roy Green) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due. Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series, to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week, and to have both a reception and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12981529", "chunk_text": "\"Barry Sanders\"\nof the Year award. Through ten seasons in Detroit, he averaged over 1,500 rushing yards per season and just under 100 rushing yards per game. In 1997, he became the third player to rush for over 2,000 yards in a season and was named the NFL Most Valuable Player. Still seemingly in his prime, Sanders unexpectedly retired from football after the 1998 season, 1,457 yards short of breaking the NFL's all-time rushing record. His number 20 jersey was retired by the Lions, and he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2004. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Sanders", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796020", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nRay Lewis. He signed a 1-year deal with the Baltimore Ravens to be a nickelback. Sanders chose to wear the number 37, which matched his age at the time, to preemptively let people know that he was well aware of his relative senior status as an NFL player (additionally, the number 21, used by Sanders throughout his career, was already being worn by Ravens Pro Bowl cornerback Chris McAlister). Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 7 of 2004, Sanders scored his ninth career interception return touchdown, moving him into a tie for second place with Ken Houston and Aeneas Williams,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6125693", "chunk_text": "\"Leon Sandcastle\"\nfootball trading cards produced and inserted into products by Topps and Panini America. Leon Sandcastle Leon Sandcastle is a fictional character, depicted as a disguise for Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders. The Sandcastle character was created for an NFL Network commercial. Sandcastle first appeared in a Super Bowl commercial in 2013. The commercial depicted Sanders suggesting he could still play at a level higher than the rookies in the 2013 NFL Draft and deciding to make a comeback. He dons an afro, assumes the impromptu alias \"\"Leon Sandcastle\"\" and enters the draft, going through the full NFL Scouting Combine.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796019", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nof them. On June 2, 2000, he was released in a salary cap move. Soon after being released by the Cowboys, the Washington Redskins and Daniel Snyder signed Sanders to a hefty $56 million, 7-year contract. At the end of the 2000 season and an above-average statistical year, Sanders abruptly retired after only playing one year with the Redskins. In 2004, Sanders announced that he was going to end his retirement, after being lured back to football by Ravens cornerback Corey Fuller, linebacker Ray Lewis and best friend Joe Zorovich. A major reason for doing so was to play with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796017", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\n(which fell in Week 2 of that NFL season), Sanders signed a lucrative contract with the Dallas Cowboys (seven years, $35 million with a $12.999 million signing bonus, because owner Jerry Jones was superstitious of the number 13), essentially making him, at the time, the highest-paid defensive player in the NFL. Sanders later stated in his book \"\"Power, Money & Sex: How Success Almost Ruined My Life\"\" that the Oakland Raiders offered him more money than any other team, but he chose to play in Dallas for more time on the offensive side of the ball, a chance to win", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796015", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nand a then-NFL record 303 yards and three touchdowns. Two of his interceptions were returned for a gain of at least 90 yards, making him the first player to do this in NFL history. On October 16, 1994, Sanders made his dramatic return to the Georgia Dome in a 49er uniform. After getting into a scuffle with his former Falcon teammate Andre Rison, Sanders intercepted a pass from quarterback Jeff George and returned it 93 yards while mockingly staring down the entire Falcons sideline before high-stepping into the end zone. Sanders was later voted the 1994 NFL Defensive Player of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796024", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nHester with 20 return touchdowns). In the postseason, Sanders added 5 more interceptions, as well as 3 receptions for 95 yards, 4 carries for 39 yards, and two touchdowns (one rushing and one receiving). He was selected to eight Pro Bowls and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1994. Sanders also had a rushing TD in the playoffs (against the Philadelphia Eagles in January 1996). This makes him (including post season) one of only two players in NFL history (Bill Dudley being the other) to score a touchdown six different ways (interception return, punt return, kickoff", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928521", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nan episode of \"\"Tiny House Nation\"\" that first aired on January 21, 2017. In addition to his sports career, Sanders also had a career in music as a rapper. He released his debut album, \"\"Prime Time\"\", through Hammer's Bust It Records label via Capitol Records, in 1994. Sanders moved on to other ventures after his retirement. In 2003, Sanders took interest in Devin Hester, a return specialist from Miami. Sanders mentored Hester, counseling and advising him during various points of his collegiate career. The Chicago Bears drafted Hester in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft. Since then, Hester", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796023", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nan interception in the Super Bowl. He is one of two players to score an NFL touchdown six different ways. During his career, Sanders intercepted 53 passes for 1,331 yards (a 25.1 yards per return average), recovered four fumbles for 15 yards, returned 155 kickoffs for 3,523 yards, gained 2,199 yards on 212 punt returns, and caught 60 passes for 784 yards. Sanders amassed 7,838 all-purpose yards and scored 22 touchdowns: nine interception returns, six punt returns, three kickoff returns, three receiving, and one fumble recovery. His 19 defensive and return touchdowns was an NFL record (now held by Devin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796016", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nthe Year and recorded an interception in the 49ers 49–26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, earning him his first championship ring. Following his successful season with the 49ers, Sanders, along with his agent Eugene Parker, courted numerous teams in need of a cornerback. The several teams in the \"\"Deion Sweepstakes\"\", as it was called by the media, were the Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders, Miami Dolphins, New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys, who had lost their starting cornerback Kevin Smith to injury for the rest of the season. On September 9, 1995", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928499", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nback-to-back Super Bowls, and because of his friendship with Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin. Arthroscopic surgery kept him sidelined until his debut in Week 9, which was once again in Atlanta against the Falcons; the Cowboys won, 28-13. He went on to help the Cowboys win their third title in four years in Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers, where he returned a punt for 11 yards and caught a 47-yard reception on offense, setting up Dallas' first touchdown of the game and a 27–17 victory. Sanders played four more seasons with Dallas, earning Pro Bowl selection in all", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12913037", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Branch\"\nshortly after. \"\"Sources\"\": In January 2016, ESPN ranked Branch #30 among the 50 greatest Super Bowl players of all-time. On February 7, 2016, Branch appeared on the field at Levi's Stadium before Super Bowl 50 as the NFL honored 43 years of Super Bowl MVPs just as he did on February 5, 2006 on Ford Field during the same ceremony before Super Bowl XL. Deion Branch Anthony Deion Branch, Jr. (born July 18, 1979) is a former American football wide receiver of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14380982", "chunk_text": "\"Charlie Sanders\"\nCharlie Sanders Charles Alvin Sanders (August 25, 1946 July 2, 2015) was an American football player who played tight end for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League from 1968 to 1977. Sanders was chosen for the NFL's 1970s All-Decade Team and voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007. Sanders was born in 1946 in Richlands, North Carolina. He attended James B. Dudley High School in Greensboro, North Carolina, where he played for the football, baseball, and basketball teams. Sanders attended the University of Minnesota, where he played college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7800279", "chunk_text": "\"Charlie Sanders\"\nknee replacement surgery. Sanders underwent chemotherapy, but died on July 2, 2015 in Royal Oak, Michigan from cancer. Charlie Sanders Charles Alvin Sanders (August 25, 1946 July 2, 2015) was an American football player who played tight end for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League from 1968 to 1977. Sanders was chosen for the NFL's 1970s All-Decade Team and voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007. Sanders was born in 1946 in Richlands, North Carolina. He attended James B. Dudley High School in Greensboro, North Carolina, where he played for the football, baseball, and basketball", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6125690", "chunk_text": "\"Leon Sandcastle\"\nLeon Sandcastle Leon Sandcastle is a fictional character, depicted as a disguise for Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders. The Sandcastle character was created for an NFL Network commercial. Sandcastle first appeared in a Super Bowl commercial in 2013. The commercial depicted Sanders suggesting he could still play at a level higher than the rookies in the 2013 NFL Draft and deciding to make a comeback. He dons an afro, assumes the impromptu alias \"\"Leon Sandcastle\"\" and enters the draft, going through the full NFL Scouting Combine. For action shots, Ball State cornerback Andre Dawson served as the stunt double.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6426065", "chunk_text": "\"Eugene Parker (sports agent)\"\nheld out for a third of his rookie season. Parker contended that Crabtree deserved more money than where he ended up being drafted. On August 6, 2011 Parker became one of only four sports agents to ever present a player into the National Football Hall of Fame when he presenting his long-time client and friend Deion Sanders into the 2011 NFL Hall of Fame. Some of Parker's clients include: Eugene Parker (sports agent) Eugene E. Parker (February 24, 1956 – March 31, 2016) was an American sports agent, known for representing Deion Sanders, Emmitt Smith, and many other NFL athletes.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16795999", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nattended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers, and was a letterman and All-State honoree in football, basketball and baseball. In 1985, Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All-Century Team which selected the top 33 players in the 100-year history of high school football in the state. The Kansas City Royals selected Sanders out of North Fort Myers High School in the sixth round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He did not sign with the Royals. Sanders enrolled at Florida State University and played three sports for the Florida State Seminoles: football, baseball,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14801031", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Jones\"\n2018. Jones' father named him after hall of fame Atlanta Falcons' cornerback Deion Sanders. He began being known as \"\"War Daddy\"\" during his stint at LSU. Deion Jones Deion Jones (born November 4, 1994) is an American football linebacker for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Louisiana State University (LSU). Jones attended Jesuit High School in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was a three-year starter at middle linebacker. As a senior, he had 179 tackles, eight sacks, and three interceptions, helping Jesuit to the LHSAA Class 5A quarterfinals, where the Blue Jays", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9938587", "chunk_text": "\"Barry Sanders\"\ngame that is not included in the official NCAA season statistics. Sanders learned of his Heisman Trophy win while he was with the team in Tokyo, Japan preparing to face Texas Tech in the Coca-Cola Classic. He chose to leave Oklahoma State before his senior season to enter the NFL draft. Sanders set 34 NCAA Division I FBS records in his college career, and still holds the following records: The Detroit Lions selected Sanders with the 3rd overall pick in the 1989 Draft, thanks to the endorsement of then-coach Wayne Fontes. The Lions' management considered drafting another Sanders, cornerback Deion", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11550451", "chunk_text": "\"Les Richter\"\nduring the Korean War, Richter was buried at Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California. At the time of his death, Richter was working at the Auto Club Speedway, owned by a sister company to ISC. Richter was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1982. In 2011, he was posthumously elected as a senior candidate to the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2011 along with former Washington Redskins linebacker Chris Hanburger. The induction class also included Deion Sanders, Richard Dent, Marshall Faulk, Ed Sabol, Shannon Sharpe. Les Richter Leslie Alan Richter (October 26, 1930 – June", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406677", "chunk_text": "\"Spec Sanders\"\nthe ball 24 times and gained 250 yards to set a pro record that was not touched for more than 25 years. He was removed from the game after only three quarters. Sanders suffered from knee woes and retired after the 1948 season. Despite this, he finished as the AAFC's second leading all-time rusher and all-time leader in rushing touchdowns. He was lured out of retirement to play in the NFL in 1950. Because of the knee problems, he opted to play only defense that year. He responded by being named to the Pro Bowl and tying the NFL's all-time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10736000", "chunk_text": "\"Shannon Sharpe\"\nhis first year in a class that included Bruce Smith, Ralph Wilson, Derrick Thomas and Rod Woodson. On October 23, 2009, the NCAA Division II Football Hall of Fame announced that Sharpe would be inducted in December of that year. In addition, Savannah State University also retired Sharpe's No. 2 jersey. On November 28, 2010, Sharpe was nominated as semi-finalist for induction into the 2011 Pro Football Hall of Fame, along with Art Modell and 24 others, among them Jerome Bettis, Roger Craig, Marshall Faulk, and Deion Sanders. Subsequently, on February 6, 2011, Shannon Sharpe was inducted into the Pro", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928483", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nalso a standout punt returner for Florida State, leading the nation in 1988 with his punt return average, and breaking the school's record for career punt return yards. Sanders made an interception with 5 seconds left to seal Florida State's 13-7 win over Auburn in the 1989 Sugar Bowl, during the 1988 postseason. Based on those accolades, his jersey at Florida State, #2, was retired in 1995. He finished his career with 126 punt returns for 1,429 yards. Bowden would later state that Sanders was his \"\"measuring stick for athletic ability\"\". While playing baseball under head coach Mike Martin at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16082083", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Branch\"\nDeion Branch Anthony Deion Branch, Jr. (born July 18, 1979) is a former American football wide receiver of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round of the 2002 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville under coach John L. Smith. Branch was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005, after tying former San Francisco 49ers wide receiver Jerry Rice and former Cincinnati Bengals tight end Dan Ross for the Super Bowl reception record with 11 catches for 133 yards. He was the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796027", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nRichard Fain. The two played pickup basketball games together during the prime time television hour, and Sanders' athletic display during those games earned him the nickname. His other nickname is \"\"Neon Deion\"\". Following his first Super Bowl victory with the San Francisco 49ers, Sanders hosted \"\"Saturday Night Live\"\", broadcast on February 18, 1995. In January 1995, Sanders became the official spokesman of the Sega Sports line of video games. Sanders has also appeared in television commercials for such companies as Nike, Pepsi, Burger King, Pizza Hut, and American Express. These included a Road Runner Pepsi ad, with Sanders as Wile", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5058057", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nFlorida State, Sanders hit .331 in 1986; he was known more for base stealing, compiling 27 stolen bases in 1987. Sanders once played the first game of a baseball doubleheader, ran a leg of a 4 × 100 relay, then returned to play another baseball game. Sanders played a nine-year, part-time baseball career, playing left and center field in 641 games with four teams. He was originally drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the sixth round of the 1985 draft, but did not sign with them. The New York Yankees selected Sanders in the 30th round of the 1988", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9537721", "chunk_text": "\"1989 NFL Draft\"\n1989 NFL Draft The 1989 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 23–24, 1989, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The draft is noted for having four of the first five players selected - quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Barry Sanders, linebacker Derrick Thomas, and cornerback Deion Sanders - being inducted into the Pro Football", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13924926", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League 1990s All-Decade Team\"\nNational Football League 1990s All-Decade Team The NFL 1990s All-Decade Team was chosen by voters of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The team was composed of outstanding performers in the National Football League in the 1990s. The squad consists of first- and second-team offensive, defensive and special teams units, as well as a first- and second-team head coaches. Only a person's performance in the 1990s was used as criteria for voting. Bruce Matthews, Jerry Rice, Barry Sanders, Bruce Smith and Reggie White were unanimous choices. Deion Sanders and Mel Gray were the only players to make the team at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928490", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nplay in both a Super Bowl and a World Series. Sanders and Bo Jackson were the pre-eminent multi-sport athletes of their time, but prior to the 1990 season, they had never squared off against each other in a professional game. That changed in 1990, when Jackson and Sanders met five times on the diamond — the most memorable of which came on July 17, in what was billed as \"\"The Bo and Prime Time Show.\"\" After Bo Jackson's three-homer night, Sanders said, \"\"He's (Bo's) one of the best athletes who ever put on a uniform.\"\" In four games of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12981546", "chunk_text": "\"Barry Sanders\"\nRound Three, Joe Montana in the quarter-finals, and Jerry Rice in the semi-finals. He then went on to beat Adrian Peterson to become the next cover athlete, the 1st player to appear on the cover of \"\"Madden NFL Football\"\" more than once (he appeared in the background of the \"\"Madden NFL 2000\"\" cover). Barry Sanders Barry Sanders (born July 16, 1968) is a former American football running back. He played professionally for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). A Pro Bowl invitee in each of his ten NFL seasons and two-time NFL Offensive Player of the Year,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20855183", "chunk_text": "\"Joe Tofflemire\"\nteam Playboy All-American and first team College Football News (CFN) All-American in 1988, and was second team All-American selection for CFN in 1986 and 1987. The 1988 Playboy team along with Tofflemire featured Barry Sanders, Troy Aikman, Deion Sanders, and Derrick Thomas the latter four are all in the Pro Football Hall of fame. Tofflemire is one of the most decorated lineman in Arizona football history, and one of the most decorated in Pac-10 history. Tofflemire was inducted into the University of Arizona Hall of Fame in 1994, named to the Wildcat Stadium Ring of Honor in 1997, and is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16796029", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nin the Top 40. Sanders also appeared in Hammer's \"\"Too Legit to Quit\"\" music video, and his alter-ego \"\"Prime Time\"\" showed up in Hammer's \"\"Pumps and a Bump\"\" video. Hammer, a big sports fan, had launched a new enterprise during his career called Roll Wit It Entertainment & Sports Management and boasted such clients as Evander Holyfield, Deion Sanders and Reggie Brooks. In 1995, Hammer released \"\"Straight to My Feet\"\" (with Deion Sanders) from the \"\"Street Fighter\"\" soundtrack (released in December 1994). The song charted #57 in the UK. After retiring from the NFL in 2004, Sanders worked as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11711953", "chunk_text": "\"Charlie Sanders\"\nthe 1969 Pro Bowl, following a season where he had 40 receptions for 533 yards. Sanders was also selected as a first-team All-Pro for the 1970 and 1971 seasons, receiving the most votes of any player in both years. During an exhibition game in 1976, Sanders injured his right knee, ending his career. Sanders was named to the NFL 1970s All-Decade Team as selected by voters of the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Sanders was inducted into the North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame in 1997, and the Minnesota M Club Hall of Fame in 2013. In 2008, Sanders was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16779361", "chunk_text": "\"Eugene Parker (sports agent)\"\nEugene Parker (sports agent) Eugene E. Parker (February 24, 1956 – March 31, 2016) was an American sports agent, known for representing Deion Sanders, Emmitt Smith, and many other NFL athletes. Parker was named by \"\"Black Enterprise Magazine\"\" as one of the top 50 influential blacks in sports, and was ranked 45th in the \"\"Sports Illustrated\"\" list of the top 101 most influential minorities in sports. For many, Parker was known to be the first African-American lawyer to pioneer into sports representation and went on to become one of the great American sports agents. Parker, known for his integrity, is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6454720", "chunk_text": "\"Junior Seau\"\ndocumentary that highlighted Seau's career, as well as the effects of his injuries on his life, his family, and his post-football endeavors. Junior Seau Tiaina Baul Seau Jr. (; ; January 19, 1969 – May 2, 2012), better known as Junior Seau, was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). Known for his passionate play, he was a 10-time All-Pro, 12-time Pro Bowl selection, and named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. He was elected posthumously to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2015. Originally from Oceanside, California, Seau played college football at the University of Southern California", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5058093", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nhas broken the record for the most total returns for touchdowns in NFL history with 15 punt returns and 5 kick off returns. Hester has cited Sanders as one of his major inspirations and idols, and thanked him for his training and advice. Hester, also known as \"\"Anytime\"\", occasionally performs Sanders' signature touchdown dance and high-steps in homage to his mentor.<ref name=\"\"Hester_Q/A\"\"></ref> Sanders also tried to adopt a high school running back, Noel Devine, who was one of the top recruits in 2007. Sanders was advised against this, but responded, \"\"He doesn't have parents; they died. God put this young", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928523", "chunk_text": "\"Deion Sanders\"\nman in my heart. This is not about sports. This is about a kid's life.\"\" He now mentors Devine, and was a factor in Devine's extended wait to sign a letter-of-intent to West Virginia University. Devine eventually signed to play football for the Mountaineers. Sanders has also been a mentor to Baltimore Ravens wide receiver Michael Crabtree, as well as former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver, Dez Bryant. In January 2004, Sanders was hired as an assistant coach to the Dallas Fury, a women's professional basketball team in the National Women's Basketball League, even though Sanders had never played organized basketball", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7372682", "chunk_text": "\"Atlanta Falcons\"\nfor the next four years, setting many records for the franchise. \"\"Neon Deion\"\" (a.k.a. \"\"Prime Time\"\") had a flashy appeal and helped bring media attention to one of the league's most anonymous franchises. Sanders was also famous for playing on major league baseball teams (New York Yankees and the Atlanta Braves) while simultaneously playing in the NFL. After defeating the New Orleans Saints in the NFC Wild Card game, the Falcons' 1991 season ended in a divisional playoff loss to the Washington Redskins. In the 1991 NFL Draft, the Falcons selected quarterback Brett Favre as the thirty-third overall pick. During", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8767162", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl\"\nquarterback Steve Young, Hall of Fame wide receiver Jerry Rice, and Hall of Fame cornerback Deion Sanders; however, the Cowboys' victory in Super Bowl XXX the next year also gave them five titles overall and they did so with Sanders after he won the Super Bowl the previous year with the 49ers. The NFC's winning streak was continued by the Green Bay Packers who, under Hall of Fame quarterback Brett Favre, won Super Bowl XXXI, their first championship since Super Bowl II in the late 1960s. Super Bowl XXXII saw quarterback John Elway and running back Terrell Davis lead the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "665335", "chunk_text": "\"Joe Stydahar\"\nJoe Stydahar Joseph Lee Stydahar (March 17, 1912 – March 23, 1977), sometimes listed as Joseph Leo Stydahar, and sometimes known by the nickname \"\"Jumbo Joe\"\", was an American football player and coach. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1972. A native of Kaylor, Pennsylvania, Stydahar grew up in West Virginia and played college football and basketball for the West Virginia Mountaineers. He was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the first round of the 1936 NFL Draft and played nine seasons as a tackle for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_34	what is the name of manchester united stadium?	n/a	[ "Old Trafford" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491834", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nOld Trafford Old Trafford is a football stadium in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, and the home of Manchester United. With a capacity of 74,994, it is the largest club football stadium (and second largest football stadium overall after Wembley Stadium) in the United Kingdom, and the eleventh-largest in Europe. It is about from Old Trafford Cricket Ground and the adjacent tram stop. Nicknamed \"\"The Theatre of Dreams\"\" by Bobby Charlton, Old Trafford has been United's home ground since 1910, although from 1941 to 1949 the club shared Maine Road with local rivals Manchester City as a result of Second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "991624", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C.\"\nManchester United F.C. Manchester United Football Club, commonly known as Man United, or simply United, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, that competes in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. Nicknamed \"\"the Red Devils\"\", the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878, changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium, Old Trafford, in 1910. Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football, with a record 20 League titles, 12 FA Cups, 5 League Cups and a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18444396", "chunk_text": "\"Trafford Training Centre\"\nTrafford Training Centre Trafford Training Centre (currently known as the Aon Training Complex for sponsorship reasons and usually referred to by the synecdoche of Carrington) is the training ground and academy headquarters of English football club Manchester United F.C. It is near the village of Carrington, Greater Manchester, England, and replaced The Cliff as the club's training ground in 2000. Construction on the complex began in 1999, the main building was opened and the first team moved in in 2000, followed in 2002 by the Academy facility, home to the club's renowned youth system. In 2013, major additions were completed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17492349", "chunk_text": "\"City of Manchester Stadium\"\nFurther reading City of Manchester Stadium The City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester, England, currently known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is the home ground of Manchester City Football Club and with a domestic football capacity of 55,097, the fourth-largest in the Premier League and eighth-largest in the United Kingdom. Built to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the stadium has since staged the 2008 UEFA Cup Final, England football internationals, rugby league matches, a boxing world title fight, the England rugby union team's last match of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and summer music concerts during the football", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11851845", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\none timber-built platform immediately adjacent to the stadium and this opened on 21 August 1935. It was initially named United Football Ground, but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936. It was served on match days only by a shuttle service of steam trains from Manchester Central railway station. It is currently known as Manchester United Football Ground. Construction was carried out by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester and development was completed in late 1909. The stadium hosted its inaugural game on 19 February 1910, with United playing host to Liverpool. However, the home side were unable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6655371", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford (district)\"\nOld Trafford (district) </noinclude> Old Trafford is an area in the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford, Greater Manchester, England, southwest of Manchester city centre, roughly delineated by the crossroads of two old toll gates, Brooks's Bar to the east and Trafford Bar to the west. Old Trafford is the site of Old Trafford football stadium, home of Manchester United F.C., and Old Trafford Cricket Ground, home of Lancashire County Cricket Club, at opposite ends of Warwick Road, renamed Brian Statham Way (formerly Warwick Road) and Sir Matt Busby Way (formerly Warwick Road North). The road between them retains the name Warwick", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "997110", "chunk_text": "Manchester\nIslamic High School for Girls, and The King David High School) while three managed 25% or below (Plant Hill Arts College, North Manchester High School for Boys, Brookway High School and Sports College). Manchester is well known for being a city of sport. Two decorated Premier League football clubs bear the city name – Manchester United and Manchester City. Although Manchester United play its home games at Old Trafford, in the neighbouring Greater Manchester borough of Trafford, the largest club football ground in the United Kingdom. Manchester City's home ground is the City of Manchester Stadium (also known as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6393201", "chunk_text": "\"Stretford End\"\non the upper concourse, which was unveiled on 23 September 2002. Law was known as the \"\"King of the Stretford End\"\" as he was idolised by the End's faithful. Stretford End The Stretford End, officially the West Stand, is a stand at Old Trafford, the stadium of Manchester United Football Club, It takes its name from nearby Stretford. The stand is divided into two tiers and, in common with the rest of the stadium, has a cantilever roof. In the days before all-seater stadia, the Stretford End was the main standing area of the ground, accommodating around 20,000 fans. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491851", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nstadium, notably the main stand (now the South Stand), forcing the club's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage, owned by United chairman James W. Gibson. After pressure from Gibson, the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £4,800 to remove the debris and £17,478 to rebuild the stands. During the reconstruction of the stadium, Manchester United played their \"\"home\"\" games at Maine Road, the home of their cross-town rivals, Manchester City, at a cost of £5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts. The club was now £15,000 in debt, not helped by the rental of Maine Road,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2183203", "chunk_text": "\"Trafford Training Centre\"\nfixtures – due to UEFA regulations – and for just 15 minutes. Since 2005, the campus has been regularly swept for audio and video recording bugs by security personnel. There are no road signs or markings indicating the existence of the complex. There are a number of entrances into the complex, all guarded by security barriers and manned by security staff, and are . There is also a helipad at the training ground, used for player medicals and transfers, and by the club's owners, the Glazer Family. In April 2013, Manchester United announced an eight-year naming rights agreement with Aon", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491871", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nof the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand, which only has one tier due to construction restrictions. The lower tier of each stand is split into Lower and Upper sections, the Lower sections having been converted from terracing in the early 1990s. The Sir Alex Ferguson Stand, formerly known as the United Road stand and the North Stand, runs over the top of United Road. The stand is three tiers tall, and can hold about 26,000 spectators, the most of the four stands. It can also accommodate a few fans in executive boxes and hospitality suites. It opened in its current state", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491836", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\n96 and the 2003 Champions League Final, as well as rugby league's annual Super League Grand Final and the final of two Rugby League World Cups. It also hosted football matches at the 2012 Summer Olympics, including women's international football for the first time in its history. Before 1902, Manchester United were known as Newton Heath, during which time they first played their football matches at North Road and then Bank Street in Clayton. However, both grounds were blighted by wretched conditions, the pitches ranging from gravel to marsh, while Bank Street suffered from clouds of fumes from its neighbouring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7869680", "chunk_text": "\"Michigan Stadium\"\nManchester United 4-1. Michigan Stadium Michigan Stadium, nicknamed \"\"The Big House\"\", is the football stadium for the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is the largest stadium in the United States, the second largest stadium in the world and the 34th largest sports venue. Its official capacity is 107,601, but it has hosted crowds in excess of 115,000. Michigan Stadium was built in 1927 at a cost of $950,000 (equivalent to $ in ) and had an original capacity of 72,000. Prior to the stadium's construction, the Wolverines played football at Ferry Field. Every home game since November", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6905077", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United Football Ground railway station\"\nManchester United Football Ground railway station Manchester United Football Ground railway station, often known as the Old Trafford Halt or Manchester United FC Halt, is on the southern Liverpool Lime Street-Manchester Piccadilly railway line, between Deansgate and Trafford Park. The station was constructed by the Cheshire Lines Committee and opened on 21 August 1935. It was provided with one timber-built platform and was served, on match days only, by a shuttle service of steam-hauled trains from Manchester Central railway station. It was initially named United Football Ground, but was renamed Old Trafford Football Ground in early 1936. The date of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19546258", "chunk_text": "\"City of Manchester Stadium\"\nCity of Manchester Stadium The City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester, England, currently known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship reasons, is the home ground of Manchester City Football Club and with a domestic football capacity of 55,097, the fourth-largest in the Premier League and eighth-largest in the United Kingdom. Built to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the stadium has since staged the 2008 UEFA Cup Final, England football internationals, rugby league matches, a boxing world title fight, the England rugby union team's last match of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and summer music concerts during the football off-season. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12282695", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in Manchester\"\nCentre Two Premier League football clubs, Manchester United and Manchester City , bear the city's name. Manchester City's home ground, the City of Manchester Stadium, is two miles outside Manchester city centre in east Manchester and Manchester United’s, Old Trafford, the largest club football ground in the United Kingdom, on the west side two miles from the city centre. Both City and United, as of 2001, had a highly localised fanbase with the majority of season ticket holding fans in the outer postal areas (BL, OL, SK, and WA) of Greater Manchester and within other counties of the North-west Only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491877", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nLeague home match against Everton, in honour of Manchester United legend Sir Bobby Charlton who made his Manchester United debut 60 years ago. Perhaps the best-known stand at Old Trafford is the West Stand, also known as the Stretford End. Traditionally, the stand is where the hard-core United fans are located, and also the ones who make the most noise. Originally designed to hold 20,000 fans, the Stretford End was the last stand to be covered and also the last remaining all-terraced stand at the ground before the forced upgrade to seating in the early 1990s. The reconstruction of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7605877", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in the United Kingdom\"\n25,000 or more, three in Scotland and one in Wales. The largest is Manchester United's Old Trafford, which has a capacity of over 76,000 and the most recently built football stadia in the Premier League include the Emirates Stadium and the City of Manchester Stadium. English cricket grounds are smaller than the largest in some other countries, especially India and Australia, but the best of them have been modernised to a high standard, and two new international grounds have been built in recent years. The largest English cricket ground, Lord's in London, is internationally regarded as the \"\"home of cricket\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10094461", "chunk_text": "\"Stretford End\"\nStretford End The Stretford End, officially the West Stand, is a stand at Old Trafford, the stadium of Manchester United Football Club, It takes its name from nearby Stretford. The stand is divided into two tiers and, in common with the rest of the stadium, has a cantilever roof. In the days before all-seater stadia, the Stretford End was the main standing area of the ground, accommodating around 20,000 fans. The last game played in front of the terrace was the final game of the 1991–92 season, a 3–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur on 2 May 1992. The terrace was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19941585", "chunk_text": "\"Broadhurst Park\"\nBroadhurst Park Broadhurst Park is a football ground in Moston, Manchester, England. It is the home of F.C. United of Manchester and Moston Juniors F.C. The ground was known by its project name, Moston Community Stadium, before being changed at a members' meeting in 2014. F.C. United formed in 2005, and aimed to construct a ground in Manchester by 2012. After plans for an initial site collapsed, the development of a new ground in Moston was announced. A protracted planning process followed, and construction began in November 2013. Broadhurst Park was completed with a capacity of 4,400 in May 2015.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15630679", "chunk_text": "\"F.C. United of Manchester\"\nRoad End (west) and the Main Stand (south), the latter of which has seating sections. Within the Main Stand is a clubhouse with a bar and catering facilities, club offices, changing rooms, a medical suite and a classroom. The stadium is shared with a local junior team, Moston Juniors F.C. From their foundation in 2005 until 2014, F.C. United were based at Bury F.C.'s Gigg Lane stadium. F.C. United's first proposed stadium was announced in 2010 for Newton Heath, the original home of Manchester United. The development was planned to be located on the site of the Ten Acres Lane", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "997111", "chunk_text": "Manchester\nEtihad Stadium for sponsorship purposes); its former ground, Maine Road was demolished in 2003. The City of Manchester Stadium was initially built as the main athletics stadium for the 2002 Commonwealth Games and was subsequently reconfigured into a football stadium before Manchester City's arrival. Manchester has hosted domestic, continental and international football competitions at Fallowfield Stadium, Maine Road, Old Trafford and the City of Manchester Stadium. Competitions hosted in city include the FIFA World Cup (1966), UEFA European Football Championship (1996), Olympic Football (2012), UEFA Champions League Final (2003), UEFA Cup Final (2008), four FA Cup Finals (1893, 1911, 1915,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491906", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nwhen an average of 11,685 spectators watched each game. Adjacent to the Sir Bobby Charlton Stand of the stadium is Manchester United Football Ground railway station. The station is between the Deansgate and Trafford Park stations on the Southern Route of Northern Rail's Liverpool to Manchester line, and is only open on matchdays. The ground is also serviced by both the Altrincham, Eccles and East Didsbury lines of the Manchester Metrolink network, with the nearest stops being Exchange Quay at nearby Salford Quays, and Old Trafford, which it shares with the Old Trafford Cricket Ground. Both stops are a five-minute", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19718123", "chunk_text": "\"Development of stadiums in English football\"\nthe end of 2014. The club hope to move into Blackwell Meadows sometime in the 2015–16 Season Since the club's formation in 2005, F.C. United have not had their own home ground. Instead, they share a ground with Bury F.C., using their Gigg Lane ground. In March 2010, the club announced plans to build their own 5,000-capacity football ground in Newton Heath, the original home of Manchester United. Manchester City Council initially approved, but within a year had backed out from funding the stadium. The council pledged to help FC United build a stadium in a new location with reduced", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20261504", "chunk_text": "\"Broadhurst Park\"\n(heavy rail), and several bus routes, including match day special buses from the city's Northern Quarter. 80 bicycle stands have also been installed by the club to encourage cycling to the ground. Broadhurst Park Broadhurst Park is a football ground in Moston, Manchester, England. It is the home of F.C. United of Manchester and Moston Juniors F.C. The ground was known by its project name, Moston Community Stadium, before being changed at a members' meeting in 2014. F.C. United formed in 2005, and aimed to construct a ground in Manchester by 2012. After plans for an initial site collapsed, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491870", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nsemi-final in the men's tournament, and one group game and a semi-final in the women's tournament, the first women's international matches to be played there. Since 2006, Old Trafford has also been used as the venue for Soccer Aid, a biennial charity match initially organised by singer Robbie Williams and actor Jonathan Wilkes; however, in 2008, the match was played at Wembley Stadium. The Old Trafford pitch is surrounded by four covered all-seater stands, officially known as the Sir Alex Ferguson (North), East, Sir Bobby Charlton (South) and West Stands. Each stand has at least two tiers, with the exception", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17933748", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy\"\nstate that at least three home league games must be played at the club's main stadium, Old Trafford. In previous seasons, the team has played at the Victoria Stadium, the home of Northwich Victoria, and Ewen Fields, the home of Hyde United. Manchester United also has an Under-18s team that plays in the Premier League Under-18s Group 2 and the FA Youth Cup. The under-18s play their home games at the club's Trafford Training Centre in Carrington. The Manchester United Academy was established in 1998, following the reorganisation of youth football in England, but has roots stretching all the way", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17157872", "chunk_text": "\"Development of stadiums in English football\"\nNorth Stand third tier has planning approval and work on it is expected to begin by 2017, increasing capacity to around 61,000. Since 1992, Old Trafford has undergone a massive facelift converting the stadium into a 76,000 all-seater, the largest club stadium in the United Kingdom. Old Trafford has been United's home since 1910, and after decades of gradual development (and a complete rebuild following bomb damage in World War II) became largely all-seater in the 1992–1993 season when the Stretford End was rebuilt, and completely all-seater the following season once the Scoreboard Paddock had been converted, giving it the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491872", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nin 1996, having previously been a single-tiered stand. As the ground's main stand, it houses many of the ground's more popular facilities, including the Red Café (a Manchester United theme restaurant/bar) and the Manchester United museum and trophy room. Originally opened in 1986 as the first of its kind in the world, the Manchester United museum was in the south-east corner of the ground until it moved to the redeveloped North Stand in 1998. The museum was opened by Pelé on 11 April 1998, since when numbers of visitors have jumped from 192,000 in 1998 to more than 300,000 visitors", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2062469", "chunk_text": "\"Sir Matt Busby Way\"\nSir Matt Busby Way Sir Matt Busby Way is a road in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. It is the location of Manchester United's Old Trafford football ground. Formerly known as Warwick Road North, it was renamed in honour of the legendary Manchester United manager, Sir Matt Busby, in 1993. Busby died less than a year later on 20 January 1994, aged 84. A bronze statue of Sir Matt Busby, erected in 1996, stands on the exterior of the East Stand of the Old Trafford stadium, overlooking Sir Matt Busby Way. The road is approximately long and runs from Chester", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491888", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford\"\nlogo, which houses four -diameter clock faces, the largest ever made by the company. The east side of the stadium is also the site of Hotel Football, a football-themed hotel and fan clubhouse conceived by former Manchester United captain Gary Neville. The building is located on the east side of Sir Matt Busby Way and on the opposite side of the Bridgewater Canal from the stadium, and can accommodate up to 1,500 supporters. It opened in the summer of 2015. The venture is conducted separately from the club and was funded in part by proceeds from Neville's testimonial match. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15176979", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C.\"\nthe club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of £22,278. While reconstruction took place, the team played its \"\"home\"\" games at Manchester City's Maine Road ground; Manchester United was charged £5,000 per year, plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts. Later improvements included the addition of roofs, first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands. The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans' views, and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure. The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof, completed in time for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2994455", "chunk_text": "\"Greater Manchester\"\nbody in Greater Manchester, and is committed to its promotion and development. Manchester United F.C. are one of the world's best-known football teams, and in 2008 and 2017 \"\"Forbes\"\" estimated that they were the world's richest club. They have won the League Championship a record twenty times (most recently in 2012-2013), the FA Cup twelve times, the Football League Cup five times and have been European Champions three times. Their Old Trafford ground has hosted the FA Cup Final England international matches and the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final between Juventus and A.C. Milan. Manchester City F.C. moved from Maine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2183204", "chunk_text": "\"Trafford Training Centre\"\nplc that would see the Trafford Training Centre renamed as the Aon Training Complex until 2021. The deal has been estimated to be worth £180 million (£22.5 million per-year), three times the club's outlay on the training complex itself (£60 million). Toshiba Medical Systems, as part of their five-year sponsorship agreement with the club, provided £13 million of medical systems to the complex in 2013. Trafford Training Centre Trafford Training Centre (currently known as the Aon Training Complex for sponsorship reasons and usually referred to by the synecdoche of Carrington) is the training ground and academy headquarters of English football", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7917394", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester derby\"\nManchester derby The Manchester derby refers to football matches between Manchester City and Manchester United, first contested in 1881. United play at Old Trafford while City play at the City of Manchester Stadium, the two grounds separated by approximately . The teams have played 177 matches in all competitions, United winning 73, City 52, and the remaining 52 having been drawn. The first meeting between the two teams occurred on 12 November 1881, when St. Mark's (West Gorton) – who would later become Manchester City – hosted Newton Heath LYR – who would later become Manchester United. The game finished", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5785895", "chunk_text": "\"Old Trafford tram stop\"\non 24 December 1991) for conversion to light rail operation, and reopened as a Metrolink station on 15 June 1992, at which point it was renamed Old Trafford. The station is adjacent to Old Trafford Cricket Ground, the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club, and only a short walk of half a mile from Old Trafford football stadium, the home of Manchester United F.C.. As a result, Old Trafford Station regularly faces heavy usage from the crowds attending cricket and football matches and concerts. Crowd control operations often involve the use of turnstiles. An average of 2,000 passenger journeys are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14597007", "chunk_text": "\"Moss Lane\"\nMoss Lane for the 1989–90 season and renamed themselves Trafford Borough RLFC. Trafford Borough played at Moss Lane for three seasons before moving to Blackpool as Blackpool Gladiators RLFC for the 1992–93 season. Moss Lane Moss Lane (known as the J. Davidson Stadium for sponsorship reasons) is a multi-purpose stadium in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Altrincham. The stadium also hosts games for Manchester United F.C.'s under 17s side, and women's development team, as well as serving as a backup home venue for Manchester United W.F.C.. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3801971", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel Football\"\nHotel Football Hotel Football is an upscale football-themed hotel overlooking Old Trafford, the home of Manchester United F.C.. Owned by former players Ryan Giggs, Paul Scholes, Nicky Butt, Phil Neville and Gary Neville as well as the GG Hospitality Management Company; the hotel was built at a cost of £24m and features 133 rooms, a restaurant called Cafe Football and a five-a-side football pitch on the roof. Opened in 2015, the hotel is the first in a planned chain of football-themed hotels to be located near football grounds around the world. Gary Neville initially purchased a plot of land underneath", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17933747", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy\"\nWigan Athletic manager on 2 November 2016. Joyce, who took over from Ole Gunnar Solskjær as manager of the reserves in December 2010, was previously the manager of Royal Antwerp, Manchester United's feeder club in Belgium. From November 2008 to August 2013, the team played its home matches at Moss Lane in Altrincham, the home of Altrincham F.C. For the 2013–14 Under-21 Premier League season, the team has played the majority of its home matches at Salford City Stadium in Barton-upon-Irwell. Since 2014–15, the team play its home matches at Leigh Sports Village. Rules set out by the Premier League", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4916544", "chunk_text": "\"Salford Quays\"\nof 2013, the exhibition is dedicated to Medicine Through Time. The museum also currently has a large artefact from the New York 9/11 Twin Tower disaster. Manchester United are a Premier League football club based in the Old Trafford section of the Quays. Their stadium Old Trafford stands with a capacity of 74,994, it is the largest club football stadium (and second largest football stadium overall after Wembley Stadium) in the United Kingdom. Manchester United are known for their working class vocal supporters and originally drew large amounts of their support from the dockers that worked on the former Manchester", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14010663", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C. in European football\"\nlater go on to become the president of FIFA), Manchester United were allowed to compete in the 1956–57 European Cup. The club's first match in European competition was a European Cup preliminary round tie against Anderlecht at Parc Astrid in Brussels; Manchester United won the match 2–0 in front of 35,000 spectators. The return leg was played at Maine Road, the home of Manchester United's local rivals Manchester City, as United's stadium, Old Trafford, had not yet been fitted with the necessary floodlighting for evening games. The match finished as a 10–0 win for Manchester United, a result that still", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11209276", "chunk_text": "\"History of Manchester United F.C. (1878–1945)\"\nstadium, notably the main stand (now the South Stand), forcing the club's operations to move to Cornbrook Cold Storage, owned by United chairman James W. Gibson. After pressure from Gibson, the War Damage Commission granted Manchester United £4,800 to remove the debris and £17,478 to rebuild the stands, although rebuilding work did not resume until after the war ended in 1945. During the reconstruction of the stadium, Manchester United played their \"\"home\"\" games at Maine Road, the home of Manchester City, at a cost of £5,000 a year plus a percentage of the gate receipts. History of Manchester United F.C.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14597006", "chunk_text": "\"Moss Lane\"\nMoss Lane Moss Lane (known as the J. Davidson Stadium for sponsorship reasons) is a multi-purpose stadium in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, England. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Altrincham. The stadium also hosts games for Manchester United F.C.'s under 17s side, and women's development team, as well as serving as a backup home venue for Manchester United W.F.C.. The stadium comprises two all-seater stands on one side with a combined capacity of 1,323 spectators and terraces on the other three sides, giving a total capacity of 6,085. Chorley Borough RLFC moved to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15832351", "chunk_text": "\"Bank Street (football ground)\"\nVelodrome in the early 1990s. The actual site occupied by the stadium now serves as the Velodrome car park, while a red plaque attached to a house opposite marks the site as part of United's history. Bank Street (football ground) Bank Street, also known as Bank Lane, was a multi-purpose stadium in Clayton, Manchester, England. It was mostly used for football matches and was the second home ground of Manchester United Football Club (then known as Newton Heath Football Club), after North Road, which they left in 1893. The stadium had a capacity of around 50,000, but the club moved", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14439485", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in Manchester\"\nSport in Manchester Manchester City and Manchester United are popular Premier League football clubs in Manchester, United's ground is in Old Trafford, and fixtures between the clubs are referred to as the Manchester Derby. Manchester United are the most successful football club in England with 66 elite honours won (Including three European Cups) and Manchester City are ranked seventh in England by the number of elite honours won with a total of 21. Manchester has hosted every major domestic, continental and international football competition, including the World Cup in 1966, the European Championship in 1996, Olympic Football in 2012, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3371121", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C.\"\nManchester United, following the purchase of land for around £60,000. Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of £30,000 for construction; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000, though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000. The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester. The stadium's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939, when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators. Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter. After the war,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17933749", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy\"\nback to the 1930s with the establishment of the Manchester United Junior Athletic Club (MUJAC). and has been responsible for producing some of Manchester United's greatest ever players, including the club's top five all-time appearance makers, Ryan Giggs, Bobby Charlton, Bill Foulkes, Paul Scholes and Gary Neville, and the new wave of home-grown talents known as \"\"Fergie's Fledglings\"\". The current academy is based at the club's Aon Training Complex, an site in the Manchester suburb of Carrington. The Manchester United youth team is statistically the most successful in English football, with nine players in the English football Hall of Fame", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10935267", "chunk_text": "\"Trafford Training Centre\"\nkit/boot rooms. The first floor includes; the first team manager's office (overlooking outdoor training pitches), manager's personal assistant office, assistant manager's office, coaches offices, match and opposition analysis suite, physiotherapy treatment rooms (with 10 physio beds), massage rooms, first aid station, doctor's office, physio's office (overlooking swimming pools, rehab hall, and weight room), classrooms, conference rooms, charity staff offices (Manchester United Foundation), restaurant seating over 100 people, player's lounge, recreation and games rooms, as well as an elevated, covered viewing gallery overlooking the outdoor pitches. The Main Building was extended and updated in 2013. The Academy Facility, which houses the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18444397", "chunk_text": "\"Trafford Training Centre\"\nat the complex, including a medical centre and sports science department, bringing the total construction cost of the training complex to over £60 million. At the end of the 1990s, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson felt that the club's training ground, The Cliff (which had been in use since 1938), was inadequate as the Premier League entered the 21st century. Ferguson was also unhappy about the lack of privacy at The Cliff, with journalists present on a daily basis, opposition team scouts able to watch training sessions, and supporters asking for autographs and photographs with players. The club's board", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5794533", "chunk_text": "\"Manchester United Football Ground railway station\"\nchange to the current name is not known. The station has a direct connection to the Old Trafford football stadium and the platform is adjacent to the south stand of the stadium. The station is not a regularly served stop on the line and is only open on match days – when Northern run services to the halt; Northern also manage and operate the single platform. Since 2018, matchday services to and from Old Trafford do not operate due to insufficient capacity on the line since the introduction of more services in the May 2018 timetable. Manchester United Football Ground", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_35	who played the mother in the black stallion?	n/a	[ "Teri Garr" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3758204", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\nThe Black Stallion Returns The Black Stallion Returns is a 1983 film adaptation of the book of the same name by Walter Farley, and is a sequel to \"\"The Black Stallion\"\". It is directed by Robert Dalva and produced by Francis Ford Coppola for MGM/UA Entertainment Company. The movie stars Kelly Reno, Vincent Spano and Teri Garr. The portrayal of The Black was shared between Cass Ole, the horse from \"\"The Black Stallion\"\", and El Mokhtar. The story begins with several odd occurrences at the farm where the Black, Alec (Kelly Reno), and his mother (Teri Garr) live. A suspicious", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "241410", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion (film)\"\nGarr, Hoyt Axton, Mickey Rooney, and the Arabian horse Cass Ole. The film features music by Carmine Coppola, the father of Hollywood producer Francis Ford Coppola, who was the executive producer of the film. In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa, where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter. Captivated by the horse, Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes, but he is caught by the horse's supposed owner, who tells him", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "241409", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion (film)\"\nThe Black Stallion (film) The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children's novel \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" by Walter Farley. But the film starts in 1946, five years after the book was published. It tells the story of Alec Ramsey, who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with a wild Arabian stallion whom he befriends. After being rescued, they are set on entering a race challenging two champion horses. The film is adapted by Melissa Mathison, Jeanne Rosenberg and William D. Wittliff. It is directed by Carroll Ballard. The movie stars Kelly Reno, Teri", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10087010", "chunk_text": "\"The Young Black Stallion\"\nThe Young Black Stallion The Young Black Stallion is a 2003 made-for-IMAX family film from Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Simon Wincer, the film is based on the 1989 novel of the same name by \"\"Black Stallion\"\" creator Walter Farley and his son Steven Farley. Noted for its beautiful scenery and wide-angle shots, the 50-minute film was shot on-location in the deserts of Namibia and South Africa. The film stars as Neera, a young girl who befriends a young black stallion, and Patrick Elyas as Aden, although his voice was dubbed by Eric Grucza, who, for his uncredited performance was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4782402", "chunk_text": "\"The Wild Stallion\"\nillegal activities that might jeopardize the mustangs. Along the way she learns about the horses including the legend of the black stallion. The Wild Stallion The Wild Stallion is a 2009 American direct-to-DVD film starring Miranda Cosgrove, Danielle Chuchran, Robert Wagner, Paul Sorvino, Connie Sellecca and Fred Ward. It was distributed by Myriad Pictures. In December 2010 the popular Horse Book Club PONY included \"\"The Wild Stallion\"\" in their package. \"\"The Wild Stallion\"\" is about an 11-year-old girl from Cleveland, Ohio named Hanna Mills (Miranda Cosgrove), who wants to photograph wild horses for a project and to try to help", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10087012", "chunk_text": "\"The Young Black Stallion\"\nfrom her father, she finds herself alone in the desert. Before too long, a mysterious black colt comes to her rescue. The two quickly form a special bond, and the horse returns Neera to her grandfather. Once Neera is back home, the stallion disappears. Neera greets her grandfather Ben Ishak (Richard Romanus) and her cousin Aden (Patrick Elyas) eagerly, but is disappointed and upset when she find out that her grandfather's horse breeding days are over. Ben Ishak informs Neera that because of the shootings in the desert, his fields are ruined, and he can no longer afford to keep", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "310715", "chunk_text": "\"The Red Stallion\"\nThe Red Stallion The Red Stallion is a 1947 American film directed by Lesley Selander shot in Cinecolor. It is about a young boy who trains his beloved pet horse to be a racehorse in order to save his grandmother's farm from foreclosure. Joel Curtis (Ted Donaldson) is a young orphan who is living with his grandmother, Aggie Curtis (Jane Darwell), on her ranch. Joel finds an orphaned colt in the nearby woods, and names the horse Red. Joel learns that Grandma Curtis has extensive debts, and will be forced to sell her ranch to pay them off. Joel is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12584374", "chunk_text": "\"The Wild Stallion\"\nThe Wild Stallion The Wild Stallion is a 2009 American direct-to-DVD film starring Miranda Cosgrove, Danielle Chuchran, Robert Wagner, Paul Sorvino, Connie Sellecca and Fred Ward. It was distributed by Myriad Pictures. In December 2010 the popular Horse Book Club PONY included \"\"The Wild Stallion\"\" in their package. \"\"The Wild Stallion\"\" is about an 11-year-old girl from Cleveland, Ohio named Hanna Mills (Miranda Cosgrove), who wants to photograph wild horses for a project and to try to help save them. After visiting a ranch during summer vacation and befriending another 11-year-old girl named CJ (Danielle Chuchran), the girl learns about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10087011", "chunk_text": "\"The Young Black Stallion\"\nnominated in 2004 for the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role. The film is Disney’s first production made specifically for IMAX theaters, and a prequel to the 1979 film \"\"The Black Stallion\"\", which film won an Academy Award and received nominations. The film was originally scheduled for release in fall 2002, then was postponed until September 2003, before debuting in select IMAX theaters in the United States on December 25, 2003. The film follows the adventures of Shetan, a young black Arabian colt. After a band of robbers separates a young Arabian girl named Neera ()", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4183341", "chunk_text": "\"The Young Black Stallion\"\nof Color.\"\" Megan Lehmann of the New York Post stated, \"\"A visual treat diminished by lifeless dialogue and self-conscious acting.\"\" The Young Black Stallion The Young Black Stallion is a 2003 made-for-IMAX family film from Walt Disney Pictures. Directed by Simon Wincer, the film is based on the 1989 novel of the same name by \"\"Black Stallion\"\" creator Walter Farley and his son Steven Farley. Noted for its beautiful scenery and wide-angle shots, the 50-minute film was shot on-location in the deserts of Namibia and South Africa. The film stars as Neera, a young girl who befriends a young black", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3317818", "chunk_text": "\"Kelly Reno\"\nKelly Reno Kelly Reno (born June 19, 1966 raised in Pueblo Colorado) is a former child actor who was cast at age 11 in the role of Alec Ramsey (after responding to an open casting call), the young boy who is marooned on a deserted island along with an Arabian horse, in \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" (based on the novel by Walter Farley). The film was made in 1977. Reno did nearly all of the action scenes in the movie. Reno also appeared in the 1983 film adaptation of \"\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\", alongside Vincent Spano. Reno's acting career was cut", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9058146", "chunk_text": "\"Melissa Mathison\"\nMelissa Mathison Melissa Marie Mathison (June 3, 1950 – November 4, 2015) was an American film and television screenwriter and an activist for Tibetan freedom. She was best known for writing the screenplays for the films \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" (1979) and \"\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\"\" (1982), the latter of which earned her the Saturn Award for Best Writing and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Mathison went on to write \"\"The Indian in the Cupboard\"\" (1995), based on Lynne Reid Banks' 1980 children's novel of the same name, and \"\"Kundun\"\" (1997), a biographical-drama film about the Dalai", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7151922", "chunk_text": "\"The Adventures of the Black Stallion\"\nshow ran on M6 from Avril 20, 1991. Most of the episodes are set around Canada. During the second and third season, the show moves away from the farm, and has many episodes set in New Zealand, Paris and the United States. \"\"The Adventures of The Black Stallion\"\" was filmed on location in British Columbia, Canada, as well as France and New Zealand. 16 horses portrayed The Black across the three countries. The show follows the life of fifteen-year-old horse racer Alec Ramsay (Richard Ian Cox), his wild stallion The Black, and their trainer Henry Dailey (Mickey Rooney). In the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "310716", "chunk_text": "\"The Red Stallion\"\nfriends with Andy McBride (Robert Paige), a ranch hand at the nearby Moresby Farms. Joel convinces Andy to help him train Red as a racehorse, with the intention of selling his beloved horse to pay off his grandmother's debts. Joel and Andy convinced Moresby Farms horse trainer Ellen Reynolds (Noreen Nash) to race Red against the farm's best racehorse, Black Moor. But the untrained Red loses the race because he does not stay close to the inside rail. Joel next approaches Mr. Moresby (Pierre Watkin) with an offer to sell horses from the Curtis ranch to Moresby Farms. Mr. Moresby", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6080823", "chunk_text": "\"Melissa Mathison\"\nmemory. Melissa Mathison Melissa Marie Mathison (June 3, 1950 – November 4, 2015) was an American film and television screenwriter and an activist for Tibetan freedom. She was best known for writing the screenplays for the films \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" (1979) and \"\"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\"\" (1982), the latter of which earned her the Saturn Award for Best Writing and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay. Mathison went on to write \"\"The Indian in the Cupboard\"\" (1995), based on Lynne Reid Banks' 1980 children's novel of the same name, and \"\"Kundun\"\" (1997), a biographical-drama film about the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "310717", "chunk_text": "\"The Red Stallion\"\nagrees, but says he will buy only those horses which can outrace Black Moor. With the foreclosure auction on Grandma Curtis' farm approaching quickly, Joel and Ho-Na (Robert Bice), a Native American working for Grandma Curtis, train Red on Moresby's racetrack nightly. Joel's dog, Curley, helps by barking at Red and forcing the horse against the rail whenever Red tries to stray. Moresby promises to see Red race one more time first thing in the morning on the day before the auction. But that night, Red escapes the barn and goes into the woods, where a bear attacks him. Red", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3758211", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\nto Alec, he decides to leave him in Morocco, where he feels he is more at home. The filming locations for \"\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\" took place in Djanet, Algeria, Abiquiu, New Mexico, Italy, Morocco, Santa Clarita & Los Angeles, California and New York City. The role of the Black Stallion was played by Cass Ole (who starred in the first film) and El Mokhtar, who was used in the racing scenes of the film, but he passed away from colic during the making of the movie. \"\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\" debuted at #5 at the box office, grossing $2,923,297", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "241419", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion (film)\"\nfirst choice to portray the Black, but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners, who declined any offers. He does appear in \"\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\", alongside Cass Ole, by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar's services. Napoleon was portrayed by Junior, who previously appeared in \"\"National Lampoon's Animal House\"\" as Trooper, Niedermeyer's horse. The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards: In addition, Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing. Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9966246", "chunk_text": "\"The Red Stallion\"\nescapes, but is too exhausted to race. The next day, Joel races Red against Black Moor and beats Moresboy's horse. Moresby purchases Red for a large sum, saving Grandma Curtis' ranch. At Grandma Curtis' suggestion, Moresby makes Joel co-owner of Red. Andy and Ellen reveal they are in love. The Red Stallion The Red Stallion is a 1947 American film directed by Lesley Selander shot in Cinecolor. It is about a young boy who trains his beloved pet horse to be a racehorse in order to save his grandmother's farm from foreclosure. Joel Curtis (Ted Donaldson) is a young orphan", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3758208", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\nin the \"\"Great Race\"\" with his granddaughter Tabari (Jodi Thelen) as jockey. Alec insists the Black can win the race only if he, not Tabari, rides him. Denied the position, he coaches Tabari on riding the horse, but the Black throws her off. Then, the Uruk led by Kurr then captures the Black and Alec and takes them away. Later, Alec escapes with the Black. As they flee, Alec discovers that Meslar is alive and being held prisoner. He gives Meslar his pocket knife to help him get free of his bonds. Alec and the Black escape and go back", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6252821", "chunk_text": "\"The Rogue Stallion\"\nThe Rogue Stallion The Rogue Stallion is a 1990 Australian television film about a wild horse. It was part of the \"\"South Pacific Adventure Series\"\". It was also released in the United States by Feature Films for Families. Anna Peterson (Beth Buchanan) loves horses, and the fact that her father John Peterson (Bruno Lawrence) works at a racetrack in Sydney, Australia only adds to her enthusiasm. One night at dinner, her father announces that after the success of one of the stable's horses in a prominent trophy race, his boss gave the employees a bonus large enough for the Peterson", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "907409", "chunk_text": "\"Danielle Chuchran\"\nDanielle Chuchran Danielle Ryan Chuchran (born June 9, 1993) is an American actress, having appeared in films since 2001. She starred in the Christmas film \"\"Christmas for a Dollar\"\" as Verma and starred in the 2007 film \"\"The Wild Stallion\"\" (formerly \"\"Last of the Mustangs\"\"). Chuchran was born in Upland, California but moved to Utah as an infant. At the age of five, she decided she wanted to be in a Hawaiian Tropic beauty pageant; she placed first in the pageant and won the Most Photogenic, Best Hair, and Best Personality categories as well. After landing several print ads, Chuchran", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7265682", "chunk_text": "\"The Winter Stallion\"\nThe Winter Stallion The Winter Stallion is a 1992 British television Technicolor film directed by Peter Edwards and starring Daniel J. Travanti; it is also known as \"\"The Christmas Stallion\"\". A Welsh language version titled \"\"Eira Cynta'r Gaeaf\"\" was filmed back-to-back and broadcast on S4C, which produced the film. Dai Davies (Eric Wyn) is a Welshman running a cash-strapped farm in modern Wales and raising his orphaned granddaughter Gwen (Sian MacLean) with the help of her godmother Nerys (Lynette Davies). When he dies unexpectedly, he leaves Gwen's guardianship to his estranged son Alan (Daniel J. Travanti), who has returned to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4082254", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion (film)\"\nScore at the Golden Globe Awards. He later won the award in this category for his score of \"\"Apocalypse Now.\"\" Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards. The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography (Caleb Deschanel) and Best Music (Carmine Coppola). The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography. In 2002, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"\"culturally, historically, or aesthetically", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2586945", "chunk_text": "\"Ellory Elkayem\"\nEllory Elkayem Ellory Elkayem (born 12 August 1970) is a New Zealand film director. Born in Christchurch, Elkayem began making films at a young age. He later attended a film school designed to give students practical experience and preparation for a career in the film business. He learned the ropes firsthand while working in the camera department on many commercials, music videos, and television shows such as \"\"The Adventures of the Black Stallion\"\" starring Mickey Rooney. During this time, Elkayem also made several short films with support and financial assistance from the New Zealand government. His big break came with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7151921", "chunk_text": "\"The Adventures of the Black Stallion\"\nThe Adventures of the Black Stallion The Adventures of the Black Stallion is a French New Zealand and Canadian-produced television series that starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox, as a trainer and a teenaged horse racer and was loosely based on the book series by Walter Farley. The series originally ran on The Family Channel and YTV from September 15, 1990 to May 16, 1993, before cancellation. It has since been shown in re-runs throughout the world. Mickey Rooney is the only original cast member from \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" to reprise his role in the show. In France, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3075570", "chunk_text": "\"Vanessa Howard\"\nVanessa Howard Vanessa Howard (born Vanessa Tolhurst, 10 October 1948, Shoreham-by-Sea, United Kingdom – 23 November 2010), later known as Vanessa Chartoff, was a British film actress and professional backup singer. Howard starred primarily in exploitation and horror films. She is perhaps best known for her starring roles in \"\"The Blood Beast Terror\"\" and \"\"Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny and Girly\"\"; the latter has since become a cult movie. The box-office failure of her later projects resulted in her decision to give up acting. Howard married film producer Robert Chartoff in July 1970; the pair divorced some time prior to 1992. Following", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6836720", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion\"\nThe Black. Her foal with the Black is never seen in the books that are written by Walter Farley, but his son Steven Farley invents the foal as a steeplechaser race horse named Black Storm. Black Pepper - daughter of Black Minx, presumably by Wintertime. Black Sand - Son of Satan, a promising young colt and favorite of Pam Athena, who must overcome his fears that were linked to abuse by a previous owner. The eponymous first novel of the series, \"\"The Black Stallion\"\", won the 1944 Young Reader's Choice Award. The Black Stallion The Black Stallion, known as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "241421", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion (film)\"\nsignificant\"\" . Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel, \"\"The Black Stallion Returns\"\", which also starred Reno. There was also a television series called \"\"The Adventures of the Black Stallion\"\" which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox. In 2003, a 50-minute prequel called \"\"The Young Black Stallion\"\", was shot and released for IMAX theaters. The Black Stallion (film) The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children's novel \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" by Walter", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16134120", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion\"\nThe Black Stallion The Black Stallion, known as the Black or Shêtân, is the title character from author Walter Farley's bestselling series about the Arab stallion and his young owner, Alec Ramsay. The series chronicles the story of a sheikh's prized stallion after he comes into Alec's possession, although later books furnish the Black's backstory. Shaytan (under various transliterations) is the Arabic word for \"\"devil\"\". The first book in the series, published in 1941, is titled The Black Stallion. The subsequent novels are about the stallion's three main offspring: his firstborn colt, Satan; his second colt, Bonfire; and his firstborn", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14268966", "chunk_text": "\"Jean Carmen\"\nJean Carmen Jean Carmen (April 7, 1913 – August 26, 1993), was an American film, stage, and radio actress of the 1930s. She also went by the stage name Julia Thayer. Born in Portland, Oregon on April 7, 1913, Carmen was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars in 1934, the last year they were named. She had a supporting role as The Rider in the 1937 Republic Pictures western serial \"\"The Painted Stallion\"\". She also worked in radio and on Broadway, in \"\"Stage Door\"\" and the original 1939 production of \"\"The Man Who Came to Dinner\"\" (as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14708966", "chunk_text": "\"Maria Hart\"\nMaria Hart Maria Hart (May 28, 1923 in Los Angeles, California – August 9, 2012 in Canoga Park, California) was an actress under contract to MGM from 1941 to 1948. She was born as Barbara Ann McGhee on May 28, 1923 to Edna and James William McGhee. She had roles in \"\"The Fighting Stallion\"\" (1950) and \"\"Border Outlaws\"\" (1950). She starred in the movie \"\"Cattle Queen\"\" (1951); and co-starred in \"\"Outlaw Women\"\" (1952) and \"\"The Lusty Men\"\" (1952). Hart was married to movie producer Jack Seaman until their divorce in 1948; they had daughter, Rosalind Jill Seaman. Maria Hart also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6252824", "chunk_text": "\"The Rogue Stallion\"\nconnection between them and Mr. Garrett, informs his friend of their arrival. Garrett's three teenage children Tony (Dean O'Gorman), Ginny (Jodie Rimmer), and Wayne (Brian Rooney) overhear the conversation and discuss the rumour that John Peterson killed one of Mr. Garrett's best mares years before, explaining his cold behavior towards John's wife and children. Ginny warns the caring Wayne that he \"\"best not get friendly with them, if you know what's good for you.\"\" The next day, Jean Bailey (Beaver) arrives at the homestead to offer her various services, including veterinary services, if the family plans on keeping horses. Rose", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4405151", "chunk_text": "\"Janet Banzet\"\nYork. She is buried in Oakdale Memorial Park in Glendora, California in Los Angeles County. Janet Banzet Janet Banzet (May 17, 1934 – July 29, 1971), also credited as Marie Brent and several other names, was an American actress who appeared in several sexploitation films of the late 1960s and early 1970s. She starred in several provocatively titled films directed by Michael Findlay and Joseph W. Sarno. She had a small role in the 1970 adult film \"\"The Party at Kitty and Stud's\"\" better known later under the title \"\"Italian Stallion\"\" which was Sylvester Stallone's film debut. She acted in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10087014", "chunk_text": "\"The Young Black Stallion\"\nNeera joins a grueling cross-country race against the finest horses of Arabia for a purse of the most exceptional Arabian mares. Shetan, the black stallion, is trained, and Neera rides him in the competition to restore her grandfather's money and respect. In the end, Neera wins, and Shetan is reunited with his mother. Critical reception was mixed. Gene Seymour of Newsday commented, \"\"The new giant screen contribution to the stallion's legend is a 45-minute story, which, at best, plays as if it could have barely passed muster as an installment of the old 1960s Disney TV series, The Wonderful World", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2948360", "chunk_text": "\"Kim Bo-yeon\"\nUnited States. She majored in Stage Design at Tusculum College in Tennessee. Kim returned to Korea and resumed acting in 1987. In the following years, she received good reviews and acting recognition from the Chunsa Film Art Awards and Blue Dragon Film Awards for her roles in \"\"Silver Stallion\"\" (1991), \"\"Road to the Racetrack\"\" (1991), and \"\"A Hot Roof\"\" (1995). Though in recent years she's become more active in television, in 2009 Kim won Best Supporting Actress at the Buil Film Awards for playing a religion-obsessed mother in horror film \"\"Possessed\"\". Born as Kim Bok-soon, she officially changed her real", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6252834", "chunk_text": "\"The Rogue Stallion\"\nriding with him. When she protests she has no horse, he indicates Wildfire, still alive, at the edge of the woods, and the two ride together through the hills surrounding the homestead. The Rogue Stallion The Rogue Stallion is a 1990 Australian television film about a wild horse. It was part of the \"\"South Pacific Adventure Series\"\". It was also released in the United States by Feature Films for Families. Anna Peterson (Beth Buchanan) loves horses, and the fact that her father John Peterson (Bruno Lawrence) works at a racetrack in Sydney, Australia only adds to her enthusiasm. One night", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4405150", "chunk_text": "\"Janet Banzet\"\nJanet Banzet Janet Banzet (May 17, 1934 – July 29, 1971), also credited as Marie Brent and several other names, was an American actress who appeared in several sexploitation films of the late 1960s and early 1970s. She starred in several provocatively titled films directed by Michael Findlay and Joseph W. Sarno. She had a small role in the 1970 adult film \"\"The Party at Kitty and Stud's\"\" better known later under the title \"\"Italian Stallion\"\" which was Sylvester Stallone's film debut. She acted in about 40 movies. Banzet committed suicide on July 29, 1971 in New York City, New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9588358", "chunk_text": "\"Renée Taylor\"\nRenée Taylor Renée Taylor (née Renée Wexler; March 19, 1933) is an American actress and writer. She is known for playing Fran Drescher's title character's outspoken mother, Sylvia Fine, on the TV series \"\"The Nanny\"\". Taylor was born in The Bronx, New York to Charles and Frieda (née Silverstein) Wexler. Taylor worked as a comedian in the early 1960s at the New York City nightclub Bon Soir. Her opening act was a then-unknown Barbra Streisand. In 1968, Taylor played Eva Braun in Mel Brooks' feature film \"\"The Producers\"\", a role she got while performing the play \"\"Luv\"\" with Gene Wilder,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3075572", "chunk_text": "\"Vanessa Howard\"\nappeared in the Spring 2014 issue of the horror journal \"\"Screem,\"\" addressing multiple rumours about her life, career, and the time in between her retirement and death. Vanessa Howard Vanessa Howard (born Vanessa Tolhurst, 10 October 1948, Shoreham-by-Sea, United Kingdom – 23 November 2010), later known as Vanessa Chartoff, was a British film actress and professional backup singer. Howard starred primarily in exploitation and horror films. She is perhaps best known for her starring roles in \"\"The Blood Beast Terror\"\" and \"\"Mumsy, Nanny, Sonny and Girly\"\"; the latter has since become a cult movie. The box-office failure of her later", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1035335", "chunk_text": "\"Karen Black\"\nKaren Black Karen Blanche Black (née Ziegler; July 1, 1939 – August 8, 2013) was an American actress, screenwriter, singer, and songwriter. She rose to prominence for her work in various independent films in the 1970s. She received numerous accolades throughout her career, including three Golden Globe Award nominations, two of which she won, as well as an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. A native of Illinois, Black studied acting in New York City and performed on Broadway before making her major film debut in Francis Ford Coppola's \"\"You're a Big Boy Now\"\" (1966). She followed this with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6252822", "chunk_text": "\"The Rogue Stallion\"\nfamily to go back to her father's ancestral home in New Zealand. Tragically the following day, there is an accident at the stables and John is killed. With nothing left to keep them in Australia, Anna's mother Rose (Michele Fawdon) decides to follow through on her husband's dream and moves Anna and her younger brother Mike (Andrew Shepherd) to Charlton, New Zealand. Upon arrival, however, they find things are not quite what they expected. First, they are run off the road by Mr. Garrett (Peter McAllum), a prominent local horse breeder obsessed with hunting a beautiful brown wild stallion, as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3122922", "chunk_text": "\"Lin Tucci\"\nNetflix comedy-drama series, \"\"Orange Is the New Black\"\". She plays the role of Anita DeMarco, an outspoken Jersey-Italian inmate. Lin Tucci Lin Tucci (born Linda Petrucci, February 8, 1960) is an American actress. Tucci is known for her performance as Henrietta \"\"Mama\"\" Bazoom in the film \"\"Showgirls\"\" (1995). She also performed in the number of theatre productions, and co-starred in several films. Tucci became interested in acting while in High School in Rhode Island. She later attended Community College of Rhode Island and Boston Conservatory of Music, where she received a fine arts degree in theater. Afterwards, Tucci moved to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3262714", "chunk_text": "\"Carroll Ballard\"\nCarroll Ballard Carroll Ballard (born October 14, 1937) is an American film director. He has directed six feature films, including \"\"The Black Stallion\"\" (1979), \"\"Never Cry Wolf\"\" (1983), and \"\"Fly Away Home\"\" (1996). After serving in the military, Ballard attended film school at UCLA, where one of his classmates was Francis Ford Coppola. His early credits include the documentaries \"\"Beyond This Winter's Wheat\"\" (1965) and \"\"Harvest\"\" (1967), which he made for the U.S. Information Agency. The latter was nominated for an Academy Award. He directed a short subject called \"\"The Perils of Priscilla\"\" (1969), which was filmed from the point", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7265683", "chunk_text": "\"The Winter Stallion\"\nWales accompanied by his stepson Cliff Dean (Patrick Loomer). Alan's return pits himself against land developer Howard (Dafydd Hywel) and Cliff against Gwen's would-be suitor Gwilyn (Richard Lynch). As Alan and Gwen try to connect in the background of readying the farm's prize stallion Mabon for a race that could save the farm, Howard resorts to dirty tricks to try and force through the farm's sale. The Winter Stallion The Winter Stallion is a 1992 British television Technicolor film directed by Peter Edwards and starring Daniel J. Travanti; it is also known as \"\"The Christmas Stallion\"\". A Welsh language version", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13493535", "chunk_text": "\"Ella Joyce\"\nalso had a role in the Tyler Perry film \"\"\"\". She played The Nurse in Don Coscarelli's 2003 film \"\"Bubba Ho-Tep\"\", and Sister Watkins in Warner Bros.' \"\"Preacher's Kid\"\". She appeared as Clifton's mother in \"\"Nina\"\". She also had a role in the F. Gary Gray action film \"\"Set It Off\"\". Joyce is also a personal acting coach and consultant, and has worked with many high-profile artists, such as Toni Braxton. She has also written her first book \"\"Kink Phobia, Journey Through a Black Woman's Hair\"\". Ella Joyce Ella Joyce (born Cherron Hoye; June 12, 1954) is an American actress.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17921115", "chunk_text": "\"Valerie Perrine\"\nValerie Perrine Valerie Ritchie Perrine (born September 3, 1943) is a retired American actress and model. For her role as Honey Bruce in the 1974 film \"\"Lenny\"\", she won the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles, the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other film appearances include \"\"Superman\"\" (1978), \"\"The Electric Horseman\"\" (1979), and \"\"Superman II\"\" (1980). Perrine began her career as a Las Vegas showgirl. She played soft-core pornography actress Montana Wildhack in Kurt Vonnegut's \"\"Slaughterhouse-Five\"\" (1972). Perrine was photographed nude for a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6836713", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion\"\nto Hopeful Farm, and loosened the hardened jockey Alec. She was romantically involved with Alec up until her death in a car accident. Walter Farley based the character on his own daughter and wrote the book that features Pam's death, \"\"The Black Stallion Legend,\"\" in grief of his daughter's death. Ziyadah - Sire of the Black and known as \"\"Firetail\"\". He is a golden chestnut stallion who is in \"\"The Black Stallion's Mystery\"\". The Black Stallion/Shêtân - the black Arabian crossbred stallion who is the main character of the Black Stallion series. He is strong, fast, temperamental, and shares a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13953328", "chunk_text": "\"Beth Buchanan\"\n\"\"Newsfront\"\", \"\"Flute Man\"\", \"\"A Good Thing Going\"\", \"\"Fortress\"\" (1986) — based on the Faraday School kidnapping — \"\"The Rogue Stallion\"\", and \"\"The King\"\". Buchanan also played the title character in Peter Long's short \"\"A Telephone Call for Genevieve Snow\"\" (2000). Adapted from the story by Carmel Bird, it won the Silver Lion Award at the Venice Film Festival in 2000. Buchanan has three sons (Cinto, born 2004; Cesare, born 2007; and Tancredi, born 2010) with her partner, playwright Raimondo Cortese. Beth Buchanan Beth Christine Buchanan (born 10 March 1972) is an Australian actress. She is best known for the television", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6836709", "chunk_text": "\"The Black Stallion\"\ntrip to Arabia. Tony - an Italian immigrant who owns the carthorse gelding, Napoleon, and works as a vegetable salesman in New York City's smaller streets. Both Tony and Napoleon forge a close bond with the Black and a close friendship remains between Tony, Alec, and Henry throughout the series. Napoleon becomes the Black's constant companion. Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay - Alec Ramsay's supportive parents. Mr. Ramsay has a more prominent role in the books than his wife, later helping to run Hopeful Farm's business affairs. He is described as tall and good-featured. Mrs. Ramsay is described as plump and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_36	who sings the theme song for the proud family?	n/a	[ "Destiny's Child", "Solange Knowles" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6634644", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family Movie\"\ndriving through town advertising his new drink Pork-Nut-o-Rade, but Puff drank it back home earlier, turning him into a large and rampaging monster. He chases them around the world up to China, until Suga Mama, who also drank the concoction, takes him home. The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez, Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel. The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick, Jorge Corante, Robyn Johnson, Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston, along with covers of calypso songs. The songs featured in the film are: \"\"The Proud Family Movie\"\" was shown on Disney Channel on August", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1013013", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\nThe Proud Family The Proud Family is an American animated sitcom that ran on Disney Channel from September 15, 2001 to August 19, 2005. \"\"The Proud Family\"\" was created by Walt Disney Animation Studios animator Bruce W. Smith and was produced by Jambalaya Studios. Originally piloted for Disney's One Saturday Morning, then Nickelodeon, it was eventually picked up by Disney Channel and started airing in September 2001. An original pilot was made and produced by Nickelodeon in 1999 but was never shown to the public resulting in Nickelodeon passing the show on. Many of the later episodes of \"\"The Proud", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17220174", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud One\"\nThe Proud One \"\"The Proud One\"\" is a 1966 single written by Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe and originally performed by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons, and credited to Valli solo; that version peaked at #68 in the U.S. and #64 in Canada. The Osmonds recorded the song and released it in the spring of 1975. It was their final appearance in the US Top 40, peaking at number 22 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100, and their only number one on the Easy Listening chart, where it spent one week at number one in September 1975. The song also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1013018", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\na minigame. Aside from Penny and her parents, other characters from the series also appear in the game, including Penny's friends and Suga Mama. GameDaily and GameZone both rated the game 8 out of 10. The Proud Family The Proud Family is an American animated sitcom that ran on Disney Channel from September 15, 2001 to August 19, 2005. \"\"The Proud Family\"\" was created by Walt Disney Animation Studios animator Bruce W. Smith and was produced by Jambalaya Studios. Originally piloted for Disney's One Saturday Morning, then Nickelodeon, it was eventually picked up by Disney Channel and started airing in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17220175", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud One\"\nreached number one in Ireland. The Proud One \"\"The Proud One\"\" is a 1966 single written by Bob Gaudio and Bob Crewe and originally performed by Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons, and credited to Valli solo; that version peaked at #68 in the U.S. and #64 in Canada. The Osmonds recorded the song and released it in the spring of 1975. It was their final appearance in the US Top 40, peaking at number 22 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100, and their only number one on the Easy Listening chart, where it spent one week at number one in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19221633", "chunk_text": "\"Proud (Heather Small song)\"\nProud (Heather Small song) \"\"Proud\"\" is a song by M People singer Heather Small, which was released in May 2000, peaking at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the title track from her debut album \"\"Proud\"\", and was released as her first single becoming a worldwide hit. The song was co-written with and produced by Peter-John Vettese. In 2005, the song was adopted as the official theme for the London 2012 Olympic bid, and was featured in a widely seen promotional video for the bid. Re-released in honour of this, and due to the fact a new", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4859834", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\nthe United Kingdom, the series aired on ITV in 2002 as part of the network's Saturday morning Diggin' It show. The Proud Family, a video game based on the series, was developed by Gorilla Systems and published by Buena Vista Games for the Game Boy Advance. The game was released in North America in November 2005, a few months after the show ended. In the game, Penny works a variety of jobs to raise money so she can afford to buy her parents a T.H.A.N.G. (Total Home Automated Necessity Gizmo) for their upcoming wedding anniversary. Each job plays out as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20861487", "chunk_text": "\"Stand Proud\"\nStand Proud \"\"Stand Proud\"\" (stylized as \"\"STAND PROUD\"\") is a song by Jin Hashimoto, with lyrics by Shoko Fujibayashi, composition by Takatuku Wakabayashi, and arrangement (and guitars) by ZENTA. It is the opening theme song for \"\"\"\"; a single was released on April 23, 2014. The edit for the television series' broadcasts was made available for purchase exclusively through Dwango's animelo service on April 12, 2014, as a preview, and the full length on the Chaku Uta Full service on April 18. On the Oricon's Weekly Singles Charts, \"\"Stand Proud\"\" peaked at number 13 after being on the charts for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6634634", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family Movie\"\nThe Proud Family Movie The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19, 2005. The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series, \"\"The Proud Family\"\". The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver, the great-great-grandson of George Washington Carver, trying to generate a super 'Gnome Warrior', a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors, but it disintegrates. The scene then turns to Penny Proud, who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville, California, and fails her driver's ed. She and her friends are excited", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1013014", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\nFamily\"\" were produced using Adobe Flash. The series is the first Disney children's cartoon which did not premiere on network/over-the-air television, which had been done since 1984 when the Television Animation unit was started. It marked the first animated Disney Channel Original Series, and, incidentally, the only original animated series from Disney Channel not associated with, and to be produced exclusively by Disney's Television Animation arm. \"\"The Proud Family\"\" featured various notable guest stars who portrayed themselves or other characters. In 2005, \"\"The Proud Family Movie\"\" premiered as a Disney Channel Original Movie on Disney Channel. The film served as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1336815", "chunk_text": "\"Proud (Heather Small song)\"\nM People greatest hits titled \"\"Ultimate Collection\"\", which also included two of Small's solo songs, was released the same year, the song returned to the UK Singles Chart peaking at number 33 and remaining in the Top 75 for two more weeks. The song was also re-released on \"\"The Biggest Loser\"\" soundtrack in 2006. It peaked at number 34. Proud (Heather Small song) \"\"Proud\"\" is a song by M People singer Heather Small, which was released in May 2000, peaking at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. It was the title track from her debut album \"\"Proud\"\", and was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4859833", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\non October 1, 2015 and aired again on December 24, 2015 with the episode \"\"Seven Days of Kwanzaa\"\". In 2018, the episode is part of a holiday live stream on Disney Channel's YouTube channel. In 2002, ABC launched the series as a part of its Saturday morning block, ABC Kids. The series aired in syndication on BET in 2008. It also aired on Toon Disney until February 2009, when the channel shut down. \"\"The Proud Family\"\" was also aired on The Family Channel in Canada. In 2010, the series began airing on Centric. In Jamaica, it aired on TVJ. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1169540", "chunk_text": "\"Proud (Britannia High song)\"\nProud (Britannia High song) \"\"Proud\"\" is a song by Wayne Hector, Steve Mac and Andy Hill originally written and recorded for the British television drama series \"\"Britannia High\"\". The song was later covered by Scottish singer Susan Boyle for her debut album \"\"I Dreamed a Dream\"\". In the ITV drama series the song is performed in episode 1.03 by the character Jez Tyler played by Matthew James Thomas. The song features on the 2008 \"\"Britannia High\"\" soundtrack album. The song was written specifically for the Britannia High television programme. The original inspiration was a teenager talking to a father that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16094508", "chunk_text": "\"Proud Mary\"\nProud Mary \"\"Proud Mary\"\" is a rock n' roll song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band's second studio album, \"\"Bayou Country\"\", which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969, although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a major hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 in March 1969,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14848373", "chunk_text": "\"Proud (JLS song)\"\nProud (JLS song) \"\"Proud\"\" is a song by British boy band JLS, which serves as the official Sport Relief charity single for 2012, and appears on the festive edition of the group's fourth studio album, \"\"Evolution\"\". The single was released on 16 March 2012. The song was written by co-written by JLS, Daniel Davidsen, Jason Gill, Jonathan Gill, Cutfather, and Ali Tennant. The single sold nearly 45,000 copies during its first week of sales, peaking at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video to accompany the release of \"\"Proud\"\" was first released onto YouTube on 10 February", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1013015", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family\"\nthe series finale. The Proud Family visit Hawaii on an episode of \"\"\"\" entitled \"\"Spats\"\" in which they stay at Jumba & Pleakley's Bed & Not Breakfast and Suga Mama inadvertently activates an experiment that causes spats. \"\"The Proud Family Shorties\"\" is an online cartoon spinoff of \"\"The Proud Family\"\" created by Bruce W. Smith. It follows the adventures of BeBe & CeCe Proud, Suga Mama, and Puff the dog. \"\"The Proud Family\"\" reran on ABC as part of Disney's One Saturday Morning from May to July 2002. The series was shown on Disney Channel as part of Disney Replay", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20749705", "chunk_text": "\"Proud of the House We Built\"\nProud of the House We Built \"\"Proud of the House We Built\"\" is a song written by Ronnie Dunn, Terry McBride and Marv Green and recorded by the American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in June 2007 as the first single from their album \"\"Cowboy Town\"\". The song reached a peak of number 4 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Songs charts. The song is a mid-tempo, featuring lead vocals from Dunn, describing a couple who are just starting a family. In the beginning, the narrator states that although it was difficult to start the family, he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6634645", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family Movie\"\n19, 2005 and was released on VHS and DVD December 6, 2005 with an extended ending. The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28, 2016, as part of Disney Channel's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film, \"\"Adventures in Babysitting\"\". The Proud Family Movie The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19, 2005. The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series, \"\"The Proud Family\"\". The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver, the great-great-grandson of George Washington Carver, trying to generate a super 'Gnome", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20064702", "chunk_text": "\"Solange Knowles\"\nManaged by her father Mathew, Knowles first ventured into the music business in 2001 as the lead singer, backed by Destiny's Child, on the title theme song for the animated television series \"\"The Proud Family\"\". She also was a featured performer on \"\"Hey Goldmember\"\" for the soundtrack to the 2002 film \"\"Austin Powers in Goldmember\"\", as well as a backup singer on the track \"\"Little Drummer Boy\"\" on Destiny's Child's 2001 holiday album \"\"8 Days of Christmas\"\". In 2002, she was featured on Lil Romeo's second studio album \"\"Game Time\"\", singing portions of Luther Vandross-penned \"\"So Amazing\"\" on the single", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20861488", "chunk_text": "\"Stand Proud\"\n2 weeks. On \"\"Billboard\"\"s Japan Hot 100, the song debuted and peaked at 11. On \"\"Billboard\"\"s other charts in Japan, the song also performed well: number 3 on the Hot Animation and Top Independent Albums and Singles charts, and 2 on the Hot Singles Sales charts. Stand Proud \"\"Stand Proud\"\" (stylized as \"\"STAND PROUD\"\") is a song by Jin Hashimoto, with lyrics by Shoko Fujibayashi, composition by Takatuku Wakabayashi, and arrangement (and guitars) by ZENTA. It is the opening theme song for \"\"\"\"; a single was released on April 23, 2014. The edit for the television series' broadcasts was made", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12925278", "chunk_text": "\"Proud Mary\"\n(1972). Proud Mary \"\"Proud Mary\"\" is a rock n' roll song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band's second studio album, \"\"Bayou Country\"\", which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969, although at least one source states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a major hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 in March", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6634643", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Family Movie\"\nher for who she is, and they then make up on national TV. 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back-up dancers and the crowd loves them. On Legume Island, the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends' song has been popular for five weeks (35 days) in a row. In an extended ending, the scene fast-forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family, Penny is receiving her driver's license and helps Oscar by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2268482", "chunk_text": "\"Solange Knowles\"\nhusband, Alan Ferguson. During the 2017 Roots Picnic Festival in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Knowles performed a rendition of the sing-along from \"\"The Proud Family\"\", the television series whose theme song she was featured on in 2001. In December 2017, Solange directed the video of The Weekend by SZA (singer). On October 15, 2018, it was announced by Knowles that she would be releasing her fourth studio album this Fall during an interview with New York Times Style Magazine. Knowles cites as her influences Motown girl groups such as The Supremes and The Marvelettes, and Martha Reeves, lead singer of Martha and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6247340", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Ones\"\nto realise the truth about his father and helps the marshal restore law and order to the town. The \"\"Theme from the Proud Ones\"\" written by Lionel Newman, recorded by Nelson Riddle, reached number 39 on the US charts on August 4, 1956. The Proud Ones The Proud Ones is a 1956 DeLuxe Color western CinemaScope film directed by Robert D. Webb and starring Robert Ryan and Virginia Mayo. Cass Silver (Robert Ryan), marshal of a small Kansas town, is expecting trouble with the arrival of the first Texas trail herds on the newly completed railroad. The town’s new saloon", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1169542", "chunk_text": "\"Proud (Britannia High song)\"\nfound greater resonance when Boyle reinterpreted the song to suit her own real life feelings. Proud (Britannia High song) \"\"Proud\"\" is a song by Wayne Hector, Steve Mac and Andy Hill originally written and recorded for the British television drama series \"\"Britannia High\"\". The song was later covered by Scottish singer Susan Boyle for her debut album \"\"I Dreamed a Dream\"\". In the ITV drama series the song is performed in episode 1.03 by the character Jez Tyler played by Matthew James Thomas. The song features on the 2008 \"\"Britannia High\"\" soundtrack album. The song was written specifically for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18780196", "chunk_text": "\"Roger Clyne\"\nRoger Clyne Roger Allyn Clyne (born January 13, 1968) is the lead singer, primary songwriter, and rhythm guitar player for the American rock band Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers. His previous bands include The Refreshments and the Mortals. Clyne and the Peacemakers (also known as RCPM) released their eighth full-length studio album, \"\"Native Heart\"\", on June 30th, 2017. His musical career has spanned over two decades, including several hits with The Refreshments and penning the theme song for the animated television series \"\"King of the Hill\"\". He wrote and recorded the victory song for his hometown Major League Baseball club,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9324291", "chunk_text": "\"Ball in the Family\"\nwas announced that Facebook had renewed the show for a second season. On May 14, 2018, it was reported that the show had been renewed for a third season. The show is referred to internally by Facebook as one of their \"\"hero shows\"\" alongside other programs such as \"\"Strangers\"\" and \"\"Returning the Favor\"\". The series' theme song is \"\"Big Bag\"\" by Wes Period. A friend of Period's was working with the Ball family to find music for the show and told him about it. Period came to them with his song and they told him that they would use in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20749707", "chunk_text": "\"Proud of the House We Built\"\n16, 2007. Proud of the House We Built \"\"Proud of the House We Built\"\" is a song written by Ronnie Dunn, Terry McBride and Marv Green and recorded by the American country music duo Brooks & Dunn. It was released in June 2007 as the first single from their album \"\"Cowboy Town\"\". The song reached a peak of number 4 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Songs charts. The song is a mid-tempo, featuring lead vocals from Dunn, describing a couple who are just starting a family. In the beginning, the narrator states that although it was difficult to start the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19152482", "chunk_text": "\"Fiona Fung\"\nAffairs trilogy, Initial D, Daisy, The Warlords, and several DreamWorks animations. In 2003, Fung was commissioned to sing the theme English song \"\"Proud of You\"\" for a real estate advertisement, the song was later re-written into the Cantonese song \"\"My Pride\"\", performed by Joey Yung, released in her 2003 album, and achieved critical acclaim and commercial success. Fung also sang \"\"Shining Friends\"\", the theme song of TVB television series \"\"Hearts of Fencing\"\" and \"\"Find your love\"\", the theme song of the series sequel \"\"Sunshine Heartbeat\"\". \"\"Proud of You\"\" and \"\"Shining Friends\"\" were included in the album \"\"TV Magic\"\". Another song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8430211", "chunk_text": "\"Mama's Family\"\nMama's Family Mama's Family is an American television sitcom starring Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper (Mama). The series is a spin-off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called \"\"The Family\"\" featured on \"\"The Carol Burnett Show\"\" (1974–78) and \"\"Carol Burnett & Company\"\" (1979). The sketches led to the made-for-TV movie \"\"Eunice\"\", and finally the television series. The show's theme song is \"\"Bless My Happy Home\"\" by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz (music) and Vicki Lawrence (lyrics). The show's producers chose to use an instrumental version. \"\"Mama's Family\"\" originally aired on NBC, debuting on January 22, 1983. After", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5854134", "chunk_text": "\"The Family (songwriters)\"\nThe Family (songwriters) The Family is a Swedish songwriting and music production team consisting of the married couple Joy & Linnéa Deb and Anton Hård Af Segerstad. They have worked with artists such as Fifth Harmony, JoJo, and Måns Zelmerlöw. Together they wrote and composed the Eurovision Song Contest winning song \"\"Heroes\"\" performed by Måns Zelmerlöw in 2015. The song has had huge success and is the third-highest-scoring song in the history of the ESC. \"\"Heroes\"\" also peaked at #1 in 22 countries and was certified 5X Platinum in Sweden. The trio first met in 2013 while competing with different", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2777004", "chunk_text": "\"Something to Be Proud Of\"\nSomething to Be Proud Of \"\"Something to Be Proud Of\"\" is a song written by Jeffrey Steele and Chris Wallin, and recorded by American country music duo Montgomery Gentry. It was released in May 2005 as the fourth and final single from their album \"\"You Do Your Thing\"\". The song reached the top of the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Songs chart on October 8, 2005. The father of the narrator compares the narrator's way of life as a father and a husband to his own achievements during the Desert Storm operation. Kevin John Coyne, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6862775", "chunk_text": "\"Pip Proud\"\nPip Proud Phillip John \"\"Pip\"\" Proud (19472010) was an Australian singer-songwriter, poet, novelist and dramatist whose idiosyncratic song-poems gained a cult following in Australia in the 1960s and around the world in the 1990s-2000s. Pip Proud was born Phillip John Proud in Adelaide in September 1947 and is the younger brother of a portrait artist, Geoffrey Proud (born 1946). He grew up in the inner city suburb of Hindmarsh, where his parents were \"\"middle class and so on, and so on.\"\" The family moved to the Snowy Mountains. He later recalled his childhood, \"\"I was tremendously lonely as a child.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7492099", "chunk_text": "\"Jo Marie Payton\"\nJo Marie Payton Jo Marie Payton (born August 3, 1950) is an American actress and singer who starred as Harriette Baines–Winslow, the matriarch of the Winslow family on the ABC/CBS sitcom \"\"Family Matters\"\" (1989–1998), and also appeared in a recurring role on its parent series \"\"Perfect Strangers\"\". From 2001 to 2005, Payton provided the voice for Suga Mama Proud on Bruce W. Smith's Disney Channel's \"\"The Proud Family\"\". The role earned her an NAACP Image Award nomination in 2005. Payton also had a recurring role as the personal assistant to Gregory Hines' character, Ben Doucette (Will Truman's boss), during season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15975318", "chunk_text": "\"All in the Family\"\nNorman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used (mentioning this on many occasions); the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine. The series' opening theme song \"\"Those Were The Days\"\", was written by Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music). It was presented in a way that was unique for a 1970s series: Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton were seated at a console or spinet piano (played by Stapleton) and sang the tune together on-camera at the start of every episode, concluding with live-audience applause. (The song dates back to the first \"\"Justice For All\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2089234", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud One (album)\"\nThe Proud One (album) The Proud One is a studio album released by The Osmonds in 1975. Two singles, \"\"The Proud One\"\" and \"\"I'm Still Gonna Need You\"\" were released from the album. The album peaked at No. 160 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Top LPs chart, a precipitous drop from their previous albums. The title track gave the quintet its last top 40 hit in the US to date as well as its first and only number-one on the easy listening charts. \"\"I'm Still Gonna Need You\"\" did not make the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 but did make the top 40 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "91329", "chunk_text": "\"Jenny O.\"\n\"\"Private Practice\"\", \"\"Off the Map, \"\"\"\"Shameless\"\",\"\" iZombie,\"\" \"\"Girlfriends' Guide To Divorce\"\", for advertising campaigns by Subaru, Toyota, Coca-Cola, Target, Pantene, and Roxy surf company, and for the films BatKid Begins and Sassy Pants. In 2014, Jenny O. sang the theme song for the ABC TV series \"\"Selfie\"\". Jenny O. has toured with Sixto Rodriguez, Father John Misty, Ben Harper, Leon Russell, and Rodrigo Amarante and The Proclaimers. In 2017 she opened for Radical Face on their US tour. Jenny O. Jennifer Anne Ognibene, known by her stage name Jenny O., is an American singer-songwriter, based in Los Angeles, California. Jenny", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "693504", "chunk_text": "\"The Partridge Family\"\ntheir instruments. None of the actors sang background; they lip-synched to recorded singing by the Ron Hicklin Singers, composed of brothers John and Tom Bahler, Jackie Ward (who as Robin Ward had a #14 hit \"\"Wonderful Summer\"\" on Dot Records in 1963 ), and Ron Hicklin. Actor David Cassidy was originally to lip sync with the rest of the cast, but convinced Farrell that he could sing and was allowed to join the studio ensemble as the lead singer. He and his step-mother, Shirley, are the only two show actors allowed to sing for recording. \"\"The Partridge Family\"\" theme song,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17437408", "chunk_text": "\"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\"\nSay It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud \"\"Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud\"\" is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred \"\"Pee Wee\"\" Ellis in 1968. It was released as a two-part single which held the number-one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks, and peaked at number ten on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown's 1968 album \"\"A Soulful Christmas\"\" and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song. The song became an unofficial anthem", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11593946", "chunk_text": "\"The Lawrence Welk Show\"\nartists such as surf rock group The Chantays, novelty artist Stan Boreson and country singer Charley Pride. The closing theme during the syndicated years, often performed by the \"\"Musical Family\"\", was \"\"Adios, Au Revoir, Auf Wiedersehen\"\" (composed by George Cates). A recording of the song has been edited over the updated credits on PBS reruns. Welk employed many musicians and singers, which were known in the press as his \"\"Musical Family\"\". Most members of the Musical Family had specific, well-defined roles within the context of the show, generally specializing in one type of performance (for instance, the show had two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14375331", "chunk_text": "\"Michael Gurley\"\nDanish and Joie Calio, bass player and vocalist for dada. In his more than 25-year career, Gurley has published over 300 songs and has sold over 1,000,000 records. Gurley has written theme songs for three Disney Channel television series, with the best known being \"\"American Dragon\"\", the theme song for Disney’s animated series \"\"\"\", which was sung by The Jonas Brothers. His song \"\"Stick Hippo\"\" was used for the Disney Channel movie \"\"Prom\"\". He has also written music for the Nickelodeon channel show \"\"SpongeBob SquarePants\"\", and his music has been used in a variety of television shows and movies. Gurley,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14169323", "chunk_text": "\"Kyla Pratt\"\nJanuary 2016, but was cancelled shortly afterwards, in May 2016. As a member of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars, Pratt performed a cover version of \"\"Circle of Life\"\" that appeared on the \"\"DisneyMania 2\"\" album. She also sang \"\"It's All About Me\"\", for the series soundtrack for \"\"The Proud Family\"\". She sang \"\"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\"\" with the Disney Channel Stars. Kyla Pratt Kyla Alissa Pratt (born September 16, 1986) is an American actress and musician. She is best known for starring as the voice of Penny Proud in the Disney Channel animated series \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2732607", "chunk_text": "\"Brand New Life\"\nDisney\"\" from October 1, 1989 to April 15, 1990. The series also marked Barbara Eden's first television series since \"\"Harper Valley PTA\"\" (1981–1982) and is also her third collaboration with Don Murray, having previously starred together in the television films \"\"Return of the Rebels\"\" (1981) and \"\"The Stepford Children\"\" (1987). The theme song \"\"Brand New Life\"\" was written by Steve Tyrell and performed by Jill Colucci. Barbara McCray (Barbara Eden) is a struggling divorced mother of three teenagers working part-time as a waitress while studying to become a court reporter, who meets and marries Roger Gibbons (Don Murray), a wealthy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7965996", "chunk_text": "\"The Family (songwriters)\"\nFamily, Augustine Grant and Phil Collins, as the song contains lyrics and music from Collins' song \"\"In the Air Tonight\"\". Below is a selection of songs written and produced by The Family. The Family (songwriters) The Family is a Swedish songwriting and music production team consisting of the married couple Joy & Linnéa Deb and Anton Hård Af Segerstad. They have worked with artists such as Fifth Harmony, JoJo, and Måns Zelmerlöw. Together they wrote and composed the Eurovision Song Contest winning song \"\"Heroes\"\" performed by Måns Zelmerlöw in 2015. The song has had huge success and is the third-highest-scoring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2934650", "chunk_text": "\"Joy Enriquez\"\nNUVOtv network on July 18, 2013. After each episode, a new digital single would be released on digital services. These eight songs, along with the theme song, were released on an EP, \"\"House of Joy\"\", on September 10, 2013. In 2015, she released two digital singles: \"\"Hallelujah\"\" featuring Lindsey Stirling and \"\"Shine\"\" featuring her daughter Heavenly Joy. Her third studio album \"\"The Call\"\" was released on January 15, 2016. Notes Enriquez has been married to producer Rodney Jerkins since April 4, 2004, and they have four children: Rodney David Jerkins Jr., born on May 28, 2008; Heavenly Joy Jerkins, born", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5808028", "chunk_text": "\"Proud as a Peacock\"\nviewers. In an attempt to present a positive image in the face of this failure, Silverman and NBC developed an ad campaign called \"\"Proud as a Peacock\"\". The campaign featured a revised version of the famous NBC Peacock logo, billed as the \"\"Proud N\"\", along with a catchy high-energy jingle (written for NBC by Joey Levine from Crushing Enterprises) that promotes a network ready to shed its losing reputation and project an image of excitement in its programming. Future R&B singing legend Luther Vandross was among the artists who performed on the jingle. The 1979-1980 season's \"\"Proud\"\" campaign promos were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5963441", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Loud, Sing Proud!\"\nSing Loud, Sing Proud! Sing Loud, Sing Proud! is the third studio album from Boston punk rock band the Dropkick Murphys. Before the album's release in 2001, guitarist Rick Barton left the band. He announced James Lynch of Boston punk band The Ducky Boys as his successor. As well as Lynch, the band also recruited then 17-year-old Marc \"\"The Kid\"\" Orrell on lead guitar (he is also a self-taught accordionist). The band also recruited a full-time piper, Robbie Mederios (better known as Spicy McHaggis), and Ryan Foltz on mandolin and tin whistle. Music videos were released for the songs \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6247339", "chunk_text": "\"The Proud Ones\"\nThe Proud Ones The Proud Ones is a 1956 DeLuxe Color western CinemaScope film directed by Robert D. Webb and starring Robert Ryan and Virginia Mayo. Cass Silver (Robert Ryan), marshal of a small Kansas town, is expecting trouble with the arrival of the first Texas trail herds on the newly completed railroad. The town’s new saloon owner, Honest John Barrett (Robert Middleton) is anticipating an increase in business and wants rid of the marshal. To make matters worse, the marshal's deputy, Thad Anderson (Jeffrey Hunter), is the son of a gunfighter that Cass shot years before. Eventually Thad begins", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4175158", "chunk_text": "\"Glory (Common and John Legend song)\"\nGlory (Common and John Legend song) \"\"Glory\"\" is a song performed by American rapper Common and American singer John Legend. It was written by John Legend, Common, and Rhymefest. The song was released on December 11, 2014 by Columbia Records as the theme song from the 2014 film \"\"Selma\"\", which portrays the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. Common also co-starred as Civil Rights Movement leader James Bevel in \"\"Selma\"\". Commercially, the song peaked at number 49 on the US \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. A music video for the song was directed by Paramount Pictures and was released on January 12, 2015.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10879233", "chunk_text": "\"Homestar Runner\"\nDVDs. The Brothers Chaps also employed the services of the a cappella band DaVinci's Notebook to create a theme song for the Old-Timey version of The Cheat, called \"\"Ballad of The Sneak\"\". Matt Chapman provided guest vocals as Strong Bad on The Aquabats' \"\"Pink Pants!\"\" from their 2011 album, \"\"Hi-Five Soup!\"\". Strong Bad's voice also appears on Shellac's \"\"Genuine Lulabelle\"\" off the album \"\"Excellent Italian Greyhound\"\" from 2007. Discussing how he and his sibling decide which projects to work on, Mike Chapman said, \"\"We learned how to politely say no to things that were going to affect our lives negatively.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_37	who wrote cant get you out of my head lyrics?	n/a	[ "Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis", "Rob Davis", "Cathy Dennis" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265040", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nCan't Get You Out of My Head \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album, titled \"\"Fever,\"\" which she released in 2001. The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001. It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single was released on 18 February 2002. Jointly written, composed, and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis, \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" is a midtempo dance song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13518605", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\nCan't Get It Out of My Head \"\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\" is a song written by Jeff Lynne and originally recorded by Electric Light Orchestra (also known as ELO). First released on the band's fourth album \"\"Eldorado\"\" in September 1974, the song is the second track on the album and follows \"\"Eldorado Overture.\"\" The song was released in November the same year as a single. The song became the band's first top 10 single in the United States, reaching number 9, and helped boost public awareness of the band in the U.S.; however, back in the UK", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265093", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\n2009). (2nd ed.) Can't Get You Out of My Head \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album, titled \"\"Fever,\"\" which she released in 2001. The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001. It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the single was released on 18 February 2002. Jointly written, composed, and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis, \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16672463", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Get You Off of My Mind\"\nI Can't Get You Off of My Mind \"\"I Can't Get You Off of My Mind\"\" is a song written and recorded by Hank Williams. It appeared as the B-side to his 1948 single \"\"A Mansion on the Hill.\"\" It was recorded on November 6, 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville. Williams was supported by a group that producer Fred Rose assembled from two \"\"Grand Ole Opry\"\" bands: Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Ennis (rhythm guitar) were from Red Foley's band while Chubby Wise (fiddle) was a member of Bill Monroe's band. The song is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13955785", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nwas recorded using Cubase music software, which Davis ran on his Mac computer. Davis began playing an acoustic guitar and ran a 125 beats per minute drum loop, on which Dennis, herself a singer who had enjoyed chart success in the United States, began singing the line \"\"I just can't get you out of my head\"\" in the key of D minor. After three and a half hours, the demo was recorded and the vocals were laid afterwards. Dennis called their recording setup for the song, \"\"the most primitive set-up you could imagine! Different producers work in different ways. But", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1147772", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\nthe single and LP failed to chart. In 1978, it was included as the lead song on the four-track \"\"The ELO EP\"\" (UK release), reaching number 34 on the UK charts. The song has appeared on many ELO compilation albums. Jeff Lynne re-recorded the song in his own home studio. It was released in with other re-recorded ELO songs under the ELO name. Can't Get It Out of My Head \"\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\" is a song written by Jeff Lynne and originally recorded by Electric Light Orchestra (also known as ELO). First released on the band's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265046", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nonline messageboards alight.\"\" \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" was chosen as the lead single from Minogue's eighth studio album, \"\"Fever,\"\" and it was released on 8 September 2001 by Parlophone in Australia, while in the United Kingdom and other European countries it was released on 17 September. \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" was jointly written, composed, and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis. Dennis and Davis had been brought together by British artist manager Simon Fuller, who wanted the duo to come up with a song for British pop group S Club 7. The song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265083", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nin the United Kingdom of all time. It is Minogue's highest selling single as of 2013 and also one of the best-selling singles of all time. As of June 2015, it is the 28th best-selling single of the millennium in the United Kingdom. The song is notable for being Minogue's biggest and strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States, a region in which Minogue had previously managed to achieve little success. The commercial success of \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" in the US is often considered to have piloted its parent album \"\"Fever\"\" to achieve similar success in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265042", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nUS \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart, becoming Minogue's biggest hit in the region since \"\"The Loco-Motion\"\". \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" reportedly reached number one in 40 countries across the globe. It was certified triple-platinum in Australia, double-platinum in the United Kingdom, and gold in the United States. It became Minogue's first single to sell in excess of one million copies in the United Kingdom, where it also stands as the 28th best-selling single of the millennium. As of 2013, the song was Minogue's highest selling single and one of the best-selling singles of all time, with worldwide sales", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12611618", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nsinger-songwriter Sophie Ellis-Bextor also turned down the offer to record it. Davis then met with Minogue's A&R executive, Jamie Nelson. After hearing the demo cassette of the song, Nelson booked it for Minogue to record later that year. Nelson was impressed by the \"\"vibe\"\" of the song and felt it would please the \"\"danceheads.\"\" Although Davis was initially under the impression that the recording deal would be called off later, Minogue became enthusiastic to record the song after hearing 20 seconds of the demo. The whole song, including Minogue's vocals, were recorded at Davis's home studio in Surrey. The music,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6043922", "chunk_text": "\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\nGoin' Out of My Head \"\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\" is a song written by Teddy Randazzo and Bobby Weinstein, initially recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials in 1964. Randazzo, a childhood friend of the group, wrote the song especially for them, having also supplied the group with their previous Top 20 Hit \"\"I'm on the Outside (Looking In)\"\". Their original version of the song was a \"\"Billboard\"\" Top 10 Pop hit, reaching #6 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100, and #1 in the Canadian RPM-list in 1965. The song peaked at #8 on Cashbox magazine's R&B chart (Billboard was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3090367", "chunk_text": "\"Going Out of My Head\"\nGoing Out of My Head \"\"Going Out of My Head\"\" is a song by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim. It was released as a double A-side single with \"\"Michael Jackson\"\", released as the third and final single from his debut studio album \"\"Better Living Through Chemistry\"\" on 21 April 1997. The song contains prominent samples from Yvonne Elliman's \"\"I Can't Explain\"\" and Led Zeppelin's \"\"The Crunge\"\". It was featured in the films \"\"The Jackal\"\" and \"\"Like Mike.\"\" Produced by Fatboy Slim for his debut studio album \"\"Better Living Through Chemistry\"\" (1996), \"\"Going Out of My Head\"\" features guitar riff", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265048", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nit's good to be reminded you don’t have to be reliant on equipment. A song is about melody and lyrics and being able to take something away in your memory that is going to haunt you.\"\" She also regarded their production as a \"\"very natural and fluid process,\"\" saying: \"\"We know how hard we work sometimes to write songs and then spend months picking them to pieces, but this was the easiest process, the chemicals were all happy and working together.\"\" But after Fuller heard the demo, he felt it was wrong for S Club 7 and rejected it; English", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20583907", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Get You Off of My Mind\"\ninternalized.\"\" The The also recorded it for their Williams tribute LP \"\"Hanky Panky\"\". I Can't Get You Off of My Mind \"\"I Can't Get You Off of My Mind\"\" is a song written and recorded by Hank Williams. It appeared as the B-side to his 1948 single \"\"A Mansion on the Hill.\"\" It was recorded on November 6, 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville. Williams was supported by a group that producer Fred Rose assembled from two \"\"Grand Ole Opry\"\" bands: Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Ennis (rhythm guitar) were from Red Foley's band while", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265051", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nrange spans from C to D. Minogue chants a \"\"la la la\"\" hook in the song, which is often heralded as its most appealing part. BBC Radio 2 noted that the composition of the song is \"\"deceptively simple, but its veins run with the whole history of electronic music.\"\" They described the song's bassline as \"\"pulsing,\"\" and recognised influences of English rock band New Order and German electronic music band Kraftwerk. The song does not follow the common verse-chorus structure and is instead composed of numerous \"\"misplaced sections.\"\" Dennis reasoned that these sections \"\"somehow work together\"\" as she and Davis", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5496937", "chunk_text": "\"The Beekeeper\"\nof the tour. One of the songs chosen was the Kylie Minogue hit \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\", which Amos dedicated to her the day after Minogue's breast cancer was announced to the public. Other songs performed by Amos include The Doors' \"\"People are Strange\"\", Joni Mitchell's \"\"The Circle Game\"\", Björk's \"\"Hyperballad\"\", Led Zeppelin's \"\"When the Levee Breaks\"\", Kate Bush's \"\"And Dream of Sheep\"\" and Crowded House's \"\"Don't Dream It's Over\"\", dedicating it to drummer Paul Hester who had died a week before. Amos's general disconcern with the commercial side of the music industry was showcased when she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12611642", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\n[...] into a fictional history of music,\"\" referring to the opening sequence of the music video. The critic takes a ride with Minogue through a city and encounters various musicians and artists like the ghost of Elvis Presley, and Madonna, Kraftwerk, and [Ludwig] Wittgenstein. Academics Diane Railton and Paul Weston, in their 2005 essay \"\"Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women (Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video)\"\", contrasted the music video of \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" with that of American singer Beyoncé's 2003 single \"\"Baby Boy.\"\" Railton and Weston concluded that while both videos focus on two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15149104", "chunk_text": "\"Rob Davis (musician)\"\nIn December 2009, he appeared in the Channel 4 programme \"\"The Greatest Songs of the Noughties\"\", which featured \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\", ranked at No. 9 (in a Top 20). Rob Davis (musician) Rob Davis (born Robert Berkeley Davis, 1 October 1947, Carshalton, Surrey, England) is an English guitarist and songwriter. He was the guitarist of the 1970s glam rock band Mud, who achieved the biggest selling Number One record of 1974 in the United Kingdom, with their song \"\"Tiger Feet\"\". After the band's eventual demise in 1977, Davis worked with several other groups, including The Tremeloes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265041", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nwhich combines the genres of synth-pop and nu-disco, which lyrically details its narrator's obsession towards her lover. The song is famous for its \"\"la la la\"\" hook. In addition to acclaim from music critics, \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" found commercial success on a large scale. It peaked at number one on the charts of Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and every other European country excluding Finland. It also topped the charts of Minogue's native Australia as well as New Zealand. In the United States, the song peaked at number seven on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "112585", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Stay Away from You\"\nCan't Stay Away from You \"\"Can't Stay Away from You\"\" is the title of a 1988 single by singer Gloria Estefan, credited to Estefan and her former band, the Miami Sound Machine. The song was the third single released from their multi-platinum album, \"\"Let It Loose\"\". It became Estefan's (and her band's) fifth Top 10 hit in the United States, peaking at #6 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart; it was their second #1 hit on the adult contemporary chart, following 1986's \"\"Words Get in the Way\"\". The song originally peaked at #88 on the UK Singles Chart in May", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "628063", "chunk_text": "\"Hot & Soul\"\nHot & Soul Hot & Soul is the third studio album by French-Belgian singer Viktor Lazlo. A French version of the album was recorded and released in France, entitled \"\"Club Desert\"\". The first single off the album, \"\"City Never Sleeps\"\", was written by Rob Davis who would later go on to write the worldwide hit Can't Get You Out of My Head for Kylie Minogue. The single charted on the Dutch single charts. Other singles to be released off the album were \"\"In The Midnight Sky\"\", \"\"Amour Puissance Six\"\" and the song \"\"Baisers\"\", which was only included on the French", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "628064", "chunk_text": "\"Hot & Soul\"\nversion of the album. Hot & Soul Hot & Soul is the third studio album by French-Belgian singer Viktor Lazlo. A French version of the album was recorded and released in France, entitled \"\"Club Desert\"\". The first single off the album, \"\"City Never Sleeps\"\", was written by Rob Davis who would later go on to write the worldwide hit Can't Get You Out of My Head for Kylie Minogue. The single charted on the Dutch single charts. Other singles to be released off the album were \"\"In The Midnight Sky\"\", \"\"Amour Puissance Six\"\" and the song \"\"Baisers\"\", which was only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13895228", "chunk_text": "\"Illusions in G Major\"\nIllusions in G Major \"\"Illusions in G Major\"\" is a song recorded by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) and is track eight on the band's highly acclaimed 1974 album \"\"Eldorado\"\". It was used as the B-side to the popular hit \"\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\", a 1975 hit in the United States. The song clocks in at 2:37, making it one of the shortest on the album. The theme of the song is about a rock star talking to his psychiatrist about his mysterious visions, he even mentions \"\"I heard the crew a hummin' tunes that sounded like The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265091", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nfor \"\"Single of the Year.\"\" In the same year, Dennis and Davis won three awards at the 47th Ivor Novello Awards for their composition of the song; they won the awards \"\"The Ivors Dance Award,\"\" \"\"Most Performed Work,\"\" and \"\"International Hit of the Year.\"\" At the inaugural Premios Oye! in 2002, the song received a nomination in the category of \"\"Song of the Year.\"\" In the 2007 episode of \"\"The Simpsons,\"\" \"\"Homerazzi\"\", the track is heard playing in a celebrity-packed nightclub into which Homer storms. The track is also heard in the films \"\"\"\", \"\"Hey Good Looking!\"\", \"\"Holy Motors\"\", and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8268491", "chunk_text": "\"Illusions in G Major\"\nRolling Stones and Leonard Cohen\"\", then also \"\"I heard the pilot saying, poems that were written by John Keats and Robert Browning\"\". It was remastered and included in 2000 by Jeff Lynne on the box set compilation \"\"Flashback\"\". Illusions in G Major \"\"Illusions in G Major\"\" is a song recorded by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO) and is track eight on the band's highly acclaimed 1974 album \"\"Eldorado\"\". It was used as the B-side to the popular hit \"\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\", a 1975 hit in the United States. The song clocks in at 2:37, making it one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20590308", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Escape from You (Hank Williams song)\"\nI Can't Escape from You (Hank Williams song) \"\"I Can't Escape from You\"\" is a song written by Hank Williams. The song was originally recorded as a demo by Williams probably in 1951 but he never recorded it in a studio with a band. MGM released an overdubbed version in 1953 with backing from the Drifting Cowboys. The song contains the bitter testimony of a man haunted by the memory of a woman who has \"\"a heart of stone.\"\" Like many of the demos that feature just Williams and his guitar, the original performance is artlessly affecting and displays his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16782881", "chunk_text": "\"Out of Our Minds (song)\"\nOut of Our Minds (song) \"\"Out of Our Minds\"\" (also abbreviated as \"\"OOOM\"\") is a song by Canadian alternative rock musician, Melissa Auf der Maur, written by Auf der Maur, long-time collaborator and producer Jordon Zadorozny and Priestess drummer Vince Nudo. The song was released as Auf der Maur's fourth single, and first from her second studio album of the same name, on November 9, 2009 as a free digital download. \"\"Out of Our Minds\"\" was originally written solely by Auf der Maur prior to the conception of the \"\"OOOM\"\" project. Speaking of the song's origins in January 2010, she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265066", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\npossibly be an alien. Later while discussing the video, Shadforth and music critic Paul Morley took this \"\"bizarre suggestion\"\" into consideration to comment on Minogue as a \"\"creative, experimental artist.\"\" Shadforth blocked some shots of the initial driving scene based upon similar shots of Shirley Manson piloting an airplane in her award-winning dogfight clip for Garbage's \"\"Special.\"\" The video was released on 11 August 2001. It begins with Minogue driving a De Tomaso Mangusta sports car on a futuristic bridge, while singing the \"\"la la la\"\" hook of the song. The next scene consists of a number of dance couples", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19440676", "chunk_text": "\"Cathy Dennis\"\nKinda Girl?\"\", was more in keeping with the Britpop sound of bands such as Blur and performers such as Stephen Duffy, and featured collaborations with Guy Chambers of The Lemon Trees and Andy Partridge of XTC. In 2001, Kylie Minogue had a worldwide hit with the Dennis and Rob Davis penned song \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\". The following year Dennis won the Best Dance Recording Grammy for writing \"\"Come into My World\"\". She followed that up with Britney Spears's hit song \"\"Toxic\"\" which also won the Grammy for Best Dance Recording. Dennis had a string of hits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2586922", "chunk_text": "\"Kylie: La La La\"\nKylie: La La La Kylie: La La La (sometimes referred to by the simpler name \"\"La La La\"\") is a photo/art book released by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. The books namesake comes from a line made famous in her hit single \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\". This is not a traditional biography but rather a pictorial biography that is a photographic look at the stylization of Kylie's career. The book features many photos, mostly outtakes from previous shoots. William Baker wrote the majority of the text in the book, however many sections include hand-written paragraphs by Kylie. Many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17277752", "chunk_text": "\"Brenton Wood\"\nthe Philippines, recorded it for release on an EMI single (CHK) in 1968. It was the B-side to \"\"Goin Out Of My Head\"\"/\"\"Can't Take My Eye Off You\"\" medley. The Trailers, who were a Singaporean band also recorded it for release on an RCA EP dubbed their \"\"Soul EP\"\" also in 1968. Los Angeles ska/rocksteady/reggae band, Hepcat, included \"\"Gimme Little Sign\"\" on their \"\"Push 'N Shove\"\" album. Brenton Wood Brenton Wood (born Alfred Jesse Smith; July 26, 1941) is an American singer and songwriter known for his two 1967 hit singles, \"\"The Oogum Boogum Song\"\" and \"\"Gimme Little Sign\"\". Wood", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10932635", "chunk_text": "\"Teddy Randazzo\"\nTeddy Randazzo Alessandro Carmelo \"\"Teddy\"\" Randazzo (May 13, 1935 – November 21, 2003) was an American pop songwriter, singer, arranger and producer, who composed hit songs such as \"\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\", \"\"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\"\", \"\"Pretty Blue Eyes\"\", and \"\"Hurt So Bad\"\" in the 1960s. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In the early years of rock and roll, Randazzo played accordion with a group called The Three Chuckles and appeared on \"\"The Ed Sullivan Show\"\" numerous times. Their first hit \"\"Runaround\"\", was a top 20 hit in 1954. The following year, he became the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13955790", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nsimplicity, so reassuring during an era when chart acts sound increasingly baroque and producers race to see who can ape electronic music trends first.\"\" Jim Farber from \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\" said that the song \"\"fully lives up to its title\"\" with \"\"every sound a hook,\"\" and compared it to the works of Andrea True. Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH labelled the song \"\"one of 2001's best singles,\"\" saying that it \"\"predictably beat off lesser 'competition.'\"\" In 2012, \"\"The Guardian\"\" critic Everett True defined \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" as \"\"one of those rare moments in pop: sleek and chic and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18441624", "chunk_text": "\"Teddy Randazzo\"\nby numerous artists including the Zombies and Frank Sinatra; \"\"Hurt So Bad\"\" (1965, #10 Pop, #3 R&B), which was recorded four years later by the Lettermen (#12 in 1969), as then by Linda Ronstadt who took it to #8 in 1980; and the Imperials' Top 20 hits, \"\"I'm On The Outside (Looking In)\"\" and \"\"Take Me Back\"\". The Lettermen combined \"\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\" with Frankie Valli's hit, \"\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\"\" in a medley which reached #7 in 1968. Randazzo also wrote Little Anthony and the Imperials' \"\"Yesterday Has Gone\"\", which was recorded by UK band", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7689951", "chunk_text": "\"Telekinesis (band)\"\nTelekinesis (band) Telekinesis is Michael Benjamin Lerner, an indie rocker based out of Seattle who is currently signed to Merge Records. The band was signed to Merge Records in early 2009, and shortly afterward released the debut album \"\"Telekinesis!\"\" on April 7, 2009. Recorded in September 2008, the album was produced, mixed, and engineered with the help of Chris Walla (guitarist for Death Cab For Cutie), who also played on most tracks. Lerner and Walla recorded one song per day on analog tape. Telekinesis covered ELO's \"\"Can't Get It Out of My Head\"\" for the American Laundromat Records charity album", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4475279", "chunk_text": "\"Put Him Out of Your Mind\"\nPut Him Out of Your Mind \"\"Put Him Out of Your Mind\"\" is a song by the band Dr. Feelgood. The track was recorded in 1979, and appeared on \"\"Let It Roll\"\", an album by Dr. Feelgood that was released in September that year. \"\"Put Him Out of Your Mind\"\" was also released as a single in the UK in August 1979, a month prior to the album's issue. Written by band member Gypie Mayo and the record producer Mike Vernon, the song was Dr. Feelgood's sixth and final hit single. It reached number 73 in the UK Singles Chart,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19514740", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Escape from You (Hank Williams song)\"\nspare, haunting lyrics: I Can't Escape from You (Hank Williams song) \"\"I Can't Escape from You\"\" is a song written by Hank Williams. The song was originally recorded as a demo by Williams probably in 1951 but he never recorded it in a studio with a band. MGM released an overdubbed version in 1953 with backing from the Drifting Cowboys. The song contains the bitter testimony of a man haunted by the memory of a woman who has \"\"a heart of stone.\"\" Like many of the demos that feature just Williams and his guitar, the original performance is artlessly affecting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13955807", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nperforming a dance routine dressed in black and white costumes; they are soon joined by Minogue, who is seen wearing a white tracksuit. The setting changes to a room where Minogue is seen striking various poses sporting bright crimson lipstick and a hooded white jumpsuit with a neckline plunging down to her navel. The outfit was designed by London-based fashion designer Fee Doran, under the label of Mrs Jones. Minogue then performs a synchronised dance routine with several backup dancers, who are wearing red and black suits. As the video ends, she performs a similar routine on the top of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13955799", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nbe \"\"impossible to improve on,\"\" the reworked version \"\"turns it into a pizzicato thriller score.\"\" Jude Rogers from \"\"The Quietus\"\", however, felt that the song does not \"\"respond well to this [orchestral] treatment.\"\" Louis Vartel from the LGBT oriented website \"\"NewNownext\"\", called it \"\"a pulsing march through the most hypnotic beat of the past 20 years [...] Kylie's American breakthrough still holds up as a cool, streamlined dance-floor magnet\"\". He ranked the track on the second position of his list of the singer's 48 greatest songs, in honor of her 48th birthday. John Russell, from LGBT magazine \"\"Queerty\"\", concluded that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16672464", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Get You Off of My Mind\"\nan up-tempo number in which the narrator describes his infatuation with an unfaithful woman. Bob Dylan recorded the song for the 2001 album \"\"Timeless: Hank Williams Tribute\"\". In his autobiography \"\"\"\" Dylan wrote, \"\"The sound of his voice went through me like an electric rod and I managed to get a hold of a few of his 78s - \"\"Baby, We're Really in Love\"\" and \"\"Honky Tonkin'\"\" and \"\"Lost Highway\"\" - and I played them endlessly...You can learn a lot about the structure of songwriting by listening to his records, and I listened to them a lot and had them", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11800324", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Morley\"\nor play an instrument. Morley is the author of \"\"Words and Music: the history of pop in the shape of a city\"\". The book is a journey through the history of pop; it seeks to trace the connection between Alvin Lucier's experimental audio recording, \"\"I Am Sitting in a Room\"\" and Kylie Minogue's \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\". A synthetic Kylie features as the central character of the book. The book was later turned into the hour-long epic musical track \"\"Raiding the 20th Century\"\" by DJ Food, which features Morley reading from his book and speculating on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "999865", "chunk_text": "\"Get Off of My Cloud\"\nGet Off of My Cloud \"\"Get Off of My Cloud\"\" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. It was written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards for a single to follow the successful \"\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\"\". Recorded in Hollywood, California, in early September 1965, the song was released September in the United States and October in the United Kingdom. It topped the charts in the US, UK, Canada, and Germany and reached number two in several other countries. The Stones have said that the song is a reaction to their suddenly greatly enhanced popularity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9332480", "chunk_text": "\"I Can't Take It\"\nI Can't Take It \"\"I Can't Take It\"\" is a song by the American rock band Cheap Trick, released in 1983 as the second single from their seventh studio album \"\"Next Position Please\"\". The song was written by Robin Zander (his only solo credit on a Cheap Trick song) and produced by Todd Rundgren. After the band's original bassist Tom Petersson left in 1980, Pete Comita was hired as a replacement, only to leave the band by 1981. Later, Comita had stated that he co-wrote \"\"I Can't Take It\"\" and that Zander had stolen it from him. In a 2009", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3090372", "chunk_text": "\"Going Out of My Head\"\nSongs chart. Initially, Fatboy Slim and his label Skint Records did not get proper clearance for the song's samples of \"\"I Can't Explain\"\". When \"\"Going Out of My Head\"\" was later selected for inclusion on the soundtrack of the 1997 film \"\"The Jackal\"\", The Who lead guitarist Pete Townshend – who had been given an advance listening of the soundtrack – recognized the samples and reportedly \"\"flipped his wig\"\". Townshend was later given songwriting credits on \"\"Going Out of My Head\"\" for use of the samples, while Fatboy Slim subsequently had to give up publishing royalties for the song. Regarding", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12611657", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\ncopyright collection society and performance rights organisation which collects royalties on behalf of songwriters and composers, named \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" the \"\"Most Popular Song of the Decade\"\" as it received the highest airplay and live covers in the 2000s (decade). In 2013, a survey of 700 people was conducted as part of the Manchester Science Festival to find out which song they considered the \"\"catchiest,\"\" and \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" topped the poll. Lee Barron, in his essay \"\"The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue: Postmodernism, Identity, and Performative Mimicry,\"\" noted that the song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20381396", "chunk_text": "\"Bobby Weinstein\"\nBobby Weinstein Robert Lee \"\"Bobby\"\" Weinstein (born July 6, 1939) is an American songwriter, singer, and music industry executive, whose hit songs, mostly co-written with Teddy Randazzo, include \"\"Goin' Out Of My Head\"\", \"\"It's Gonna Take A Miracle\"\", and \"\"I'm On The Outside (Looking In)\"\". He grew up in New York City, and attended the School of Industrial Art in Manhattan. While there, he formed a vocal group, The Legends, with fellow students Marshall Samples, Ron Warwell, Richard \"\"Chico\"\" Brunson, Sampson Reese and Dominick Fleres. The group won a talent contest at the Apollo Theater in 1955, and recorded for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9265052", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\n\"\"didn't try to force any structure after the event. The seeds were watered and they very quickly sprouted into something bigger than any of us.\"\" Likewise, Davis commented: \"\"It breaks a few rules as it starts with a chorus and in comes the 'la's'– that is what confused my publisher [Fuller] when he first heard it.\"\" Through the lyrics of the song, its singer expresses an obsession with an anonymous figure. Dorian Lynskey from \"\"The Guardian\"\" termed the song a \"\"mystery\"\" as Minogue never reveals the identity of her object of infatuation. The critic suggested that the person Minogue is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6043923", "chunk_text": "\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\nin a chart recess for R&B listings at that time). The Little Anthony & the Imperials original recording is the best-known version of the song, and the gold standard- although it's since been covered by many other artists. Goin' Out of My Head \"\"Goin' Out of My Head\"\" is a song written by Teddy Randazzo and Bobby Weinstein, initially recorded by Little Anthony & the Imperials in 1964. Randazzo, a childhood friend of the group, wrote the song especially for them, having also supplied the group with their previous Top 20 Hit \"\"I'm on the Outside (Looking In)\"\". Their original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4054087", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Help Thinking About Me\"\nCan't Help Thinking About Me \"\"Can't Help Thinking About Me\"\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name David Bowie with The Lower Third. This was the first single released after he changed his name from David (also Davie) Jones to David Bowie. It was the first David Bowie record to be released in the US as well as the first time the name \"\"Bowie\"\" appeared under the songwriters credit. The song was recorded within 15 days of the 18-year-old Bowie signing to the Pye Records label as \"\"David Bowie with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13955798", "chunk_text": "\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\nstrings push the song along with a tightly coiled electricity that is impossible to resist.\"\" He also picked the song as a highlight on the album. Sal Cinquemani from \"\"Slant Magazine\"\" chose the song as one of the \"\"standouts\"\" on the album, saying that its arrangement \"\"compensate for the lack of synthetic dance beats and vocal effects.\"\" Tania Zeine from ARIA Charts described the track as a \"\"powerful violin ballad with the accompaniment of a large orchestra throughout the remainder.\"\" Simon Price from \"\"The Independent\"\" said that while the original version of \"\"Can't Get You Out of My Head\"\" would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_38	who is rose in the fall season 2?	n/a	[ "Valene Kane" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3264894", "chunk_text": "\"Isabella Acres\"\nAcres also appeared on an episode of \"\"Monk\"\" in 2007, and single episodes of \"\"The Mentalist\"\" where she plays Patrick Jane's (Simon Baker) daughter and on the hit television show \"\"Hannah Montana\"\". Acres was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series, Guest Starring Young Actress at the Young Artist Awards 2009 for her performance in \"\"The Mentalist\"\". She had a recurring role of Soleil Friedman in the second season of the Fox television series \"\"Touch\"\". Isabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \"\"Better Off Ted\"\". Acres was born in Atlanta", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3264893", "chunk_text": "\"Isabella Acres\"\nIsabella Acres Isabella Acres (born February 21, 2001) is an American actress who played Rose on \"\"Better Off Ted\"\". Acres was born in Atlanta Georgia, where she discovered her love for acting in children's theater. She then relocated to Los Angeles. Acres' little sister, Ava, is also an actress. Acres is best known for her series regular role as Rose Crisp on \"\"Better Off Ted\"\", the seven-year-old daughter of Ted (Jay Harrington) who is often the most mature person at his home and workplace. The show's first season finished in August 2009, with a second picked up for January 2010.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1575302", "chunk_text": "\"Rose (The Vampire Diaries)\"\nRose (The Vampire Diaries) \"\"Rose\"\" is the 8th episode of the second season of The CW television series, \"\"The Vampire Diaries\"\" and the 30th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 4, 2010. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Liz Friedlander. The man who kidnapped Elena (Nina Dobrev) meets Trevor (Trent Ford), the vampire who asked him to kidnap her, and transports her into his car. Right after Elena is in Trevor's car, Trevor kills the man and leaves with the unconscious Elena. Damon (Ian Somerhalder) talks with Caroline (Candice Accola) about Tyler", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13857732", "chunk_text": "\"McKaley Miller\"\nMcKaley Miller McKaley Nicole Miller (born May 14, 1996) is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring roles as Dana Monohan on the ABC series \"\"The Gates\"\" and as Rose Hattenbarger on The CW series \"\"Hart of Dixie\"\". Miller was born in Texas. Her first notable acting role was in the 2006 television film \"\"Inspector Mom\"\" starring Danica McKellar. She also appeared in a few independent films. In 2011, Miller appeared as Talia in a three episode stint on the Disney Channel sitcom \"\"Wizards of Waverly Place\"\", as the love interest to Jake T. Austin's character Max", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13857730", "chunk_text": "\"McKaley Miller\"\nMcKaley Miller McKaley Nicole Miller (born May 14, 1996) is an American actress. She is best known for her recurring roles as Dana Monohan on the ABC series \"\"The Gates\"\" and as Rose Hattenbarger on The CW series \"\"Hart of Dixie\"\". Miller was born in Texas. Her first notable acting role was in the 2006 television film \"\"Inspector Mom\"\" starring Danica McKellar. She also appeared in a few independent films. In 2011, Miller appeared as Talia in a three episode stint on the Disney Channel sitcom \"\"Wizards of Waverly Place\"\", as the love interest to Jake T. Austin's character Max", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11852532", "chunk_text": "\"Miss Rosa\"\na quarry. Critical reception of the character has generally been positive. Various critics praised the character for being the second season's break out role. Jayme Deerwester from \"\"USA Today\"\" called for Rosenblat to be handed an Emmy Award, while Arielle Calderon of BuzzFeed and Elizabeth Freda from E! Online labelled her as one of the show's best characters. But Kate Zernike of \"\"The New York Times\"\" criticized the character's fake accent and \"\"Vogue\"\" magazine's John Powers thought that she had a \"\"clumsy\"\" backstory. The character was created for the pilot episode of the show. At the time the character did", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5740481", "chunk_text": "\"Gossip Girl\"\nThe second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled \"\"the heart of \"\"GG\"\"\"\" by \"\"People\"\" magazine. At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations. The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite, which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6817788", "chunk_text": "\"Rose and Bernard Nadler\"\nand encourages him not to lose hope and prays for him. During season two it is shown that Bernard lands with the tail-section survivors on the other side of the Island. After the Others invade their camp, Bernard finds himself as one of the few remaining survivors. They move inland, and discover an abandoned research station, where they find an assortment of items, including a radio. Bernard uses the radio, and makes contact with Boone (Ian Somerhalder), one of the fuselage survivors, but Ana Lucia (Michelle Rodriguez) switches it off, dismissing it as a trick by the Others. After three", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18960324", "chunk_text": "\"Miss Rose\"\nworks for in order to prove himself again. Si Yi and Cheng Kuan have further misunderstanding of each other when she goes to work on the weekend to catch up and he shows up in casual clothes to scope out the company. She mistakes him for a burglar,stalker and pervert, but later finds out that he is her new boss. Seeing how everyone at the lighting company is lacking and lazy, Cheng Kuan soon learns to trust only Si Yi, the hardest working person in the company. She becomes his assistant at the company and romance between the two starts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9785213", "chunk_text": "\"You (TV series)\"\nseason. In November 2018, Gamble confirmed that like \"\"Hidden Bodies\"\", the sequel novel to \"\"You\"\", the setting of the series would move to Los Angeles for season two. Penn Badgley was cast as lead character Joe Goldberg in June 2017. Elizabeth Lail's casting as Guinevere Beck was announced in July 2017, as well as Luca Padovan as Joe's neighbor Paco, and Zach Cherry as Ethan, a bookstore clerk who works with Joe. Shay Mitchell was cast as Peach Salinger, Beck's wealthy best friend, in August 2017. In September 2017, Hari Nef was cast in the recurring role as Blythe, a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1277093", "chunk_text": "\"Shannon Rutherford\"\norganize the luggage. She does not care Rose (L. Scott Caldwell) has lost her husband, and spends much of her time sunbathing. She manipulates Charlie (Dominic Monaghan) into catching a fish for her, after which Boone apologizes on behalf of Shannon for \"\"using this poor guy like [she] use[s] everyone else.\"\" In \"\"Whatever the Case May Be,\"\" Boone says to Shannon, \"\"Don't you see the way they look at us around here? They don't take us seriously. We're a joke. I'm trying to contribute something. You're just – you're useless.\"\" This motivates her to help Sayid translate maps he obtained", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19404223", "chunk_text": "\"Rain Dove\"\nafraid to align themselves with the LGBTQ community.\"\" A new clothing line by the name Phluid Project caught Dove's attention and got support for being the first major non-binary clothing store in New York, and they participated in a panel as moderator. Dove resides in New York City, sharing an apartment with fellow model Cory Wade. Dove has been in a relationship with actress Rose McGowan since July 2018. Rain Dove Rain Dove Dubilewski (born September 27, 1989) is an American model, actor, and activist. Dove, who prefers non-gendered pronouns, is best known for their work in subversive fashion, posing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19607083", "chunk_text": "\"Rose (The Vampire Diaries)\"\nthe episode is weak for me to give it a positive judgment, but two strong closing scenes—one relationship-related, one plot/threat-related—and the beginning of a new relationship (Caroline/Tyler, which, at this point, is merely friendship) keep the episode on the cusp of being good.\"\" Rose (The Vampire Diaries) \"\"Rose\"\" is the 8th episode of the second season of The CW television series, \"\"The Vampire Diaries\"\" and the 30th episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 4, 2010. The episode was written by Brian Young and directed by Liz Friedlander. The man who kidnapped Elena (Nina Dobrev) meets Trevor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2820862", "chunk_text": "\"Degrassi: The Next Generation (season 2)\"\nand Katie Lai are given recurring roles as grade-nine students Ellie Nash and Marco Del Rossi, science teacher Daphne Hatzilakos, and 7th-grader Kendra Mason, respectively. Alex Steele, who appeared briefly in \"\"Mother and Child Reunion\"\" as Joey's daughter, Angela Jeremiah, returns in a recurring role. Tom Melissis and Jennifer Podemski are introduced playing Mr. Perino and Ms. Sauve, and Linlyn Lue returns to play Ms. Kwan. Siluck Saysanasy who played Yick Yu makes a cameo in \"\"When Doves Cry\"\". Anais Granofsky and Stacie Mistysyn, who had acted as Lucy Fernandez and Caitlin Ryan in the preceding series, return to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17253350", "chunk_text": "\"Valerie Rose\"\nValerie Rose Valerie Rose is an American author, model and filmmaker. She is CEO of Roses Are READ Productions, LLC. Her film and television work includes appearances in \"\"Greenleaf\"\", \"\"The Quad\"\", \"\"Star\"\", \"\"Chicago P.D.\"\", \"\"Mogadishu Minnesota\"\", \"\"In an Instant\"\", \"\"Dear White People\"\", \"\"House of Tomorrow\"\", \"\"The Chi, Tuscaloosa,\"\" and \"\"Wilson, among others\"\". Rose began her career as a software developer programming mainframe computers for a fortune 500 company in Minneapolis. She later transitioned into technical writing and then left to start her own company, Roses Are READ Productions, LLC. Rose served for seven years as Editor-in-Chief for \"\"Inside Region 3\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16410560", "chunk_text": "\"Sex, Love & Secrets\"\ndescribed Rose as the girl next door. David Bianculli of the \"\"New York Daily News\"\" cited her as the show's lead character. In the pilot episode, Rose receives the ashes of her ex-boyfriend Billy (Dylan Bruno), but it is revealed he is alive and he re-enters the characters' lives. Jolene believes that Rose had ruined her relationship with Billy, and responds by plotting to take Hank as \"\"a means to nasty retaliation\"\". As part of the show's comedy, Rose imagines people singing pop music to her. Hair stylist Charlie (Eric Balfour) has sex with Gabrielle (Katie Cassidy), his close friend", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4968746", "chunk_text": "\"Summer Hoyland\"\nSummer develops a crush on Drew Kirk (Dan Paris). She later breaks into his house and saves his baby son, Ben (Noah Sutherland), from a termite extermination. Summer begins suffering from fainting spells and she is diagnosed with Long QT syndrome. She later has an operation to improve her condition. Summer's father, Max (Stephen Lovatt), returns from working on the Oil rigs and the family move into Number 32. As a result of having lost her mother at an early age, when Summer grows close to Stephanie Scully (Carla Bonner), she begins to see her as a substitute mother and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10708056", "chunk_text": "\"Han Chae-young\"\nHan Chae-young Han Chae-young (born Kim Ji-young on September 13, 1980), is a South Korean actress. She first gained recognition as the antagonist in the television series \"\"Autumn in My Heart\"\" (2000) before gaining wider prominence as the titular character in \"\"Delightful Girl Choon-Hyang\"\" (2005)\"\".\"\" Her other roles include \"\"Only You\"\" (2005), \"\"Fireworks\"\" (2006), Boys Over Flowers (2009), \"\"A Man Called God\"\" (2010) and \"\"Pretty Man\"\" (2013). Han Chae-young was born as Kim Ji-young in Daegu, South Korea, but her family soon immigrated to the United States and she spent her childhood years in a Chicago suburb, where she attended", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18263930", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 2)\"\nreinstated as US Attorney. At the end, Olivia's name is leaked to the press as being Fitz's mistress, and it is revealed that Rowan is Olivia's father. The second season had nine roles receiving star billing, with all of them returning from the previous season, seven of which part of the original cast from the first season. Kerry Washington continued her role as protagonist of the series, Olivia Pope, a former White House Director of Communications with her own crisis management firm. Columbus Short played the character Harrison Wright, while Darby Stanchfield played Abby Whelan, who begins a relationship with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19897556", "chunk_text": "\"The Vampire Diaries (season 2)\"\nrole as Tyler's uncle Mason, a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies. Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her. He succeeds, but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine, and Damon kills him. Mason has been described as a \"\"cool\"\" uncle, sexy and athletic. Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose, a 500-year-old vampire and possible love interest for Damon. She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah, but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon. She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20216593", "chunk_text": "\"Georgina Sparks\"\nthe second season finale, Georgina returns and informs Dan that Poppy Lifton has been taken care of and that the money has been returned. In a twist, she also reveals that she will be attending NYU the following year, where she is enrolled at the Gallatin School of Individualized Study. She also requests to be Blair Waldorf's roommate. Georgina appears in the third season of the show as Blair's roommate. She convinces Dan and Vanessa that she has changed, even though she is plotting revenge against Blair. She starts a relationship with Dan, not realizing that he was not interested", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20882786", "chunk_text": "\"Fringe (season 2)\"\nplayed by Sebastian Roché. Kevin Corrigan portrayed Samuel Weiss, a mysterious man who helps Olivia recover from her injuries. Ari Graynor appeared as Olivia's sister Rachel Dunham, while Lily Pilblad played Rachel's daughter and Olivia's niece Ella Blake. Orla Brady played Walter's wife Elizabeth Bishop. A new FBI agent, Amy Jessup, was portrayed by Meghan Markle. Roger Cross appeared as a shapeshifter. Former Cortexiphan subjects James Heath and Nick Lane were played by Omar Metwally and David Call, respectively. Karen Holness appeared as Broyles' ex-wife Diane, and Clark Middleton played rare book seller Edward Markham. Philip Winchester appeared as Fauxlivia's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13939710", "chunk_text": "\"Devious Maids\"\nlatter; Carmen takes a job for singer Alejandro Rubio (Matt Cedeño) in hopes of him making her a star while dodging the feelings of her co-worker, Sam (Wolé Parks); and Zoila tries to prevent her daughter Valentina (Edy Ganem) from being with her boss Genevieve Delatour's (Susan Lucci) son, Remi (Drew Van Acker). The second season premiered on April 20, 2014, and its central mystery is that of Marisol's new fiancé Nicholas Deering (Mark Deklin), his mysterious maid Opal (Joanna P. Adler), and a fifteen-year-old secret. While Marisol works to solve the mystery of her new lover, Rosie takes on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20882764", "chunk_text": "\"Fringe (season 2)\"\nto the prime universe but with short term amnesia, unable to recall her experience there. Massive Dynamic's Nina Sharp directs her to Sam Weiss, a bowling alley manager, who gives her cryptic but helpful advice to overcome her amnesia. Meanwhile, the Fringe division has discovered several shapeshifters - a human/machine hybrid that bleed mercury - have crossed over, but unbeknownst to them, one takes the form of Olivia's partner, Charlie. When Sam's advice allows Olivia to recall what Bell told her, she unwittingly gives this information to the shapeshifter, who calls its agents to use the information to recover the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17882207", "chunk_text": "\"Scandal (season 2)\"\nshow and did not return as his character Stephen Finch for the second season as the actor and showrunner Shonda Rhimes came to the mutual decision for him not to come back for the second year. Both Bellamy Young, as First Lady of the United States, and Joshua Malina, as David Rosen, were bumped up to series regulars. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The second season got overwhelmingly positive reviews, with some calling the season a triumph. Ratings grew significantly over the second season, reaching a series high with the season finale which increased 25% in Total Viewers and 39% in Adult 18-49 compared", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6396450", "chunk_text": "\"Latarsha Rose\"\nwell as recurring roles in the shows \"\"Windfall\"\" and \"\"Swingtown\"\". In 2012, after almost quitting the business, Rose was offered a role in \"\"The Hunger Games\"\", as Portia, Peeta's stylist from the Capitol. Rose also starred in the upcoming BET television series \"\"Being Mary Jane\"\" as Dr. Lisa Hudson, as Mary Jane's best friend. When first cast in \"\"The Hunger Games\"\", \"\"The Hollywood Reporter\"\" in May 2011, referred to her as a \"\"relative unknown\"\". In a 2002 article about actors, \"\"Time Magazine\"\" used her dimples as an example of how some actors might be initially cast for their physical characteristics.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20108427", "chunk_text": "\"The Substitute (Lost)\"\nabruptly fires him. As he leaves the building, Locke comes into contact with Hugo \"\"Hurley\"\" Reyes (Jorge Garcia), the owner of the company, who refers Locke to a temp agency that he also owns. At the temp agency, Rose Nadler (L. Scott Caldwell) sympathizes with Locke's handicap because of her own battle with cancer. Rose denies his request to work at a construction company because his handicap will make this impossible and eventually finds him work as a substitute teacher at a school where Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) also works as a history teacher. In addition, Locke tells Helen why", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4944523", "chunk_text": "\"The Killing (season 2)\"\nresume the murder investigation, and trust and rely only on each other. Their focus turns to the casino after Sarah discovers Rosie had worked and spent time there before her death. Sarah gains access to a locked upper floor of the casino that is under construction. There, she finds an access card belonging to someone at City Hall. Darren Richmond recovers from an attempted assassination. He learns he is now a paraplegic and ponders his political future. Campaign manager Jamie Wright stays by Richmond's side during his recovery, while Richmond's girlfriend and assistant Gwen Eaton has dealt with personal guilt", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3394578", "chunk_text": "\"Grey's Anatomy (season 2)\"\nsurgeon Addison Montgomery Shepherd, who comes in Seattle seeking reconciliation with her estranged husband, Derek Shepherd. Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive story line. Sara Ramirez appeared in a nine episode arc in the season, portraying orthopedic surgical resident Callie Torres, introduced and developed as a love interest for the character of George O'Malley. Steven W. Bailey is introduced in the recurring role of Joe, the Bartender, often being portrayed as a confidant of the surgeons of Seattle Grace Hospital. Chris O'Donnell portrayed Veterinary physician Finn Dandridge, who became a love interest for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11852543", "chunk_text": "\"Miss Rosa\"\nthinks she is an \"\"old git\"\". But when he learns that she is a bank robber he gains respect for her. The dialogue featured in the story was the actress' favourite from the entire show. Rosenblat was given the storyline that ties up the second season. The scenes feature Miss Rosa being told that she is going to die from her cancer. Fellow inmate and prison van driver Lorna Morello (Yael Stone) feels sorry for her and exits the van urging Miss Rosa to escape. The final scene features Miss Rosa driving away when she notices Vee also making an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19688333", "chunk_text": "\"Haven (season 2)\"\ninstead promoted to recurring after his role was expanded to four episodes. Cristián de la Fuente also guest starred as Cornell, a straight-laced, conservative, mild-mannered banker who is hiding a dark and shocking double life. Season 2 also included the stand-alone Christmas episode \"\"Silent Night\"\" which was later included in the DVD/Blu-ray release as a bonus feature. However, that release omitted the Teagues' narration. Haven (season 2) The second season of the American television series \"\"Haven\"\" premiered on July 15, 2011, on Syfy. The season consisted of 13 episodes including a Christmas episode. The show stars Emily Rose, Lucas Bryant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10285410", "chunk_text": "\"Myka Bering\"\nseason 2. Myka is an important mentor to Claudia on her first field assignment in the season 2 episode \"\"For The Team\"\" and tricks her into believing in herself. Recognizing Claudia's potential, Myka has been very encouraging to her. Her belief in Claudia is reinforced when Myka writes in her season 2 resignation letter, \"\"I wish I could be there to see you grow into the amazing woman you're going to become.\"\" Myka, as well as the entire Warehouse, often relies on Claudia's inventive ingenuity to devise gadgets to help get out of various predicaments. Helena G. Wells (Jaime Murray).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3069515", "chunk_text": "\"Dynasty (season 2)\"\nin season two. In June 2018, original cast member Nathalie Kelley, who portrayed Celia Machado Cristal Flores Carrington, told \"\"E! News\"\" that she would not be returning for season two. The CW announced in August 2018 that Ana Brenda Contreras had been cast as \"\"the real Cristal Flores\"\" for the second season. Maddison Brown was also cast as Anders' daughter, Kirby, and Sharon Lawrence portrayed the guest role of Liam's mother, Laura Van Kirk. Grant Show's wife Katherine LaNasa joined the cast in October 2018 in the recurring role of Ada Stone. In November 2018, The CW confirmed that James", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9882613", "chunk_text": "\"Hannah Baxter\"\nsimply platonic affection for one another. Towards the end of the season Hannah is offered a role as a courtesan, which she is initially enthusiastic about, but eventually walks away from – despite the luxury – because of the lack of excitement. Instead of returning to her agent Stephanie (Cherie Lunghi), Hannah chooses to go independent, with the support from Ben. For the second season Hannah deals with the challenge of mentoring young escort wannabe Bambi (Ashley Madekwe), while entering against her better judgment a blossoming romance with a man called Alex (Callum Blue), who is unaware what Hannah does", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10110954", "chunk_text": "\"Mom (season 2)\"\nwith her mother Bonnie Plunkett (Allison Janney), who is also a recovering drug and alcohol addict, as well as her teenage daughter Violet (Sadie Calvano), who was born when Christy was 16. Christy also has a younger son Roscoe (Blake Garrett Rosenthal) by her deadbeat ex-husband Baxter (Matt Jones). Other prominent characters in the series include the manager of Rustic Fig, Gabriel (Nate Corddry) and the head chef, Rudy (French Stewart). Mimi Kennedy who plays Marjorie, Christy and Bonnie's friend and co-Alcoholics Anonymous member, was upgraded to series regular status for this season. The episodes are usually titled with two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9126140", "chunk_text": "\"Faking It (season 2)\"\nbeing intersex exposed. Shane (Michael Willett) finds himself a new boyfriend—Duke (Skyler Maxon)—and Amy tries to figure out her sexuality while she tries to push her feelings for Karma away. After being locked up for drug dealing, Karma's family is having financial problems and have to rent their house to Felix (Parker Mack), the new guy in school. Liam promised his dad to give up art and started an internship at his family's company, along with Zita (Chloe Bridges), whom he befriends. After Shane outing him as gay, Duke and him fight and they break up. Amy tries to spend", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13857633", "chunk_text": "\"Capitol Hill (TV series)\"\ndeconstruction of narrative cliches and traditional gender norms. Other influences sited by Hurley include anime, \"\"Giallo\"\" and \"\"Twin Peaks\"\". In the first season, Roses runs away from Portland, which in the show is portrayed as a Deep South community populated by inbred cannibals and illiterate rednecks. Upon her arrival in Seattle, Roses instantly makes a new best friend - Tanya (Alexandra Tavares) - who takes her in and finds her a job on a local TV news station. When the resident queen bee Dottie Pearl (played by Robbie Turner) falls ill, Roses has an opportunity to host Pearl's news segment.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19764567", "chunk_text": "\"Glee (season 2)\"\nits members and faculty deal with sex, religion, homophobia, financial difficulties, rumors, teenage drinking, death and other social issues. The central characters are glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), and glee club members Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Noah \"\"Puck\"\" Puckerman (Mark Salling), Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) and Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz). Will's ex-wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig) and Kurt's father Burt (Mike O'Malley) round", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17438066", "chunk_text": "\"Buy More\"\nletting fans of the series pitch ideas for what G.R.E.T.A. stands for. Chuck later suspected the codename of being an acronym. National Clandestine Service Director Jane Bentley revealed that the G.R.E.T.A. program was a proving ground for prospective Intersect candidates. Though there were other Gretas, including those portrayed by Olivia Munn and Summer Glau, the two that were ultimately accepted were Captain Richard Noble (Isaiah Mustafa) and Captain Victoria Dunwoody (Stacy Keibler), being assigned to a team under the leadership of Colonel John Casey. After a botched operation in which Noble and Dunwoody kill the target they were supposed to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17720603", "chunk_text": "\"Princess Protection Program\"\ndictator of neighboring country Costa Estrella, invades her palace with his agents during her coronation rehearsal, and attempts to capture the royal family and take over the country. Joe Mason (Tom Verica), an agent of the Princess Protection Program, a secret organization funded by royal families that looks after endangered princesses, whisks her away to safety via helicopter. Kane’s agents, however, succeed in capturing her mother, Queen Sofía. The Princess Protection Program hides Rosalinda in Mason’s home in Louisiana, where she is to masquerade as a typical American teenager named Rosie Gonzalez. She meets Mason's daughter, Carter Mason (Selena Gomez),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9492579", "chunk_text": "\"Chloe Rose\"\nIndie Series Awards, and the Vancouver Web Series Festival. For her work in the third season of \"\"Teenagers\"\", Rose earned a second nomination from the International Academy of Web Television at the 5th annual IAWTV Awards, but ultimately lost to \"\"High Life\"\"'s Odessa Young. In 2018, she received a second nomination for Best Actress at the Vancouver Web Series Festival. Rose resides in Toronto, where, in addition to acting, she manages a jewellery boutique. Chloe Rose Chloe Rose (born October 25, 1994) is a Canadian actress. She is known for playing Katie Matlin in the long-running television series \"\"\"\", from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10336543", "chunk_text": "\"Taissa Farmiga\"\nTaissa Farmiga Taissa Farmiga (; born August 17, 1994) is an American actress. She began her career in film in the drama \"\"Higher Ground\"\" (2011) which was directed by her sister Vera Farmiga, and subsequently made her television debut in the FX series \"\"\"\" (2011), which earned her a reputation as a contemporary scream queen. She then appeared in three other seasons, \"\"\"\" (2013), \"\"\"\" (2016), and \"\"\"\" (2018). Farmiga has since appeared in films such as \"\"The Bling Ring\"\" (2013), \"\"Mindscape\"\" (2013), \"\"At Middleton\"\" (2013), \"\"The Final Girls\"\" (2015), \"\"6 Years\"\" (2015), \"\"In a Valley of Violence\"\" (2016), \"\"Rules", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9874743", "chunk_text": "\"Lucy Hale\"\nand \"\"Mistletoe\"\" on the Christmas album \"\"A Hollywood Christmas\"\", released on December 8, 2017. Lucy Hale Karen Lucille Hale (born June 14, 1989) is an American actress and singer. Early in her career, she was sometimes referred to as Lucy Kate Hale. She is best known for her role as Aria Montgomery on the Freeform series \"\"Pretty Little Liars\"\" (2010–2017). Some other notable roles in television played by Hale include Becca Sommers in \"\"Bionic Woman\"\" (2007), Rose Baker in \"\"Privileged\"\" (2008–2009) and Stella Abbott in \"\"Life Sentence\"\" (2018). Hale has appeared in films, \"\"The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14648709", "chunk_text": "\"Rose Wilson\"\nis then reunited with her father and sailing towards an unknown destination. Rose Wilson appears as Ravager in \"\"Smallville season 11\"\", based on the show by Bryan Q. Miller.She attempts to continue her father's work (Slade in this continuity having been a general with an obsession with stopping superpowered vigilantes, until he was left catatonic after Clark put him into the Phantom Zone), by taking out 'the next generation' of superheroes. Her Ravager gear seems to be heavily modeled after what Deathstroke wore in the second season of \"\"Arrow\"\". Ravager appears in the \"\"DC Bombshells\"\" continuity as a member of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9631572", "chunk_text": "\"The Girlfriend Experience (TV series)\"\nseason, focusing on new characters and storylines, with Seimetz and Kerrigan returning. The second season premiered on November 5, 2017. Second-year Chicago-Burnham Law School student Christine Reade (Riley Keough) lands an internship at the law firm of Kirkland & Allen and struggles to balance her workload, expenses and classes. When her close friend Avery (Kate Lyn Sheil) reveals that she has been working as an escort, she encourages Christine to tag along and introduces her to a friend of one of her clients, who is looking for an escort. Under the pseudonym \"\"Chelsea Rayne\"\", Christine works as a high-end escort", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17205987", "chunk_text": "\"Glee (season 2)\"\nassignment. The twelve main cast members from the first season returned for the second: Matthew Morrison as glee club director Will Schuester, Jane Lynch as cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester, Jayma Mays as guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury, Jessalyn Gilsig as Will's former wife Terri Schuester and Dianna Agron, Chris Colfer, Kevin McHale, Lea Michele, Cory Monteith, Amber Riley, Mark Salling and Jenna Ushkowitz as glee club members Quinn Fabray, Kurt Hummel, Artie Abrams, Rachel Berry, Finn Hudson, Mercedes Jones, Noah \"\"Puck\"\" Puckerman and Tina Cohen-Chang, respectively. Heather Morris and Naya Rivera, who portrayed the formerly recurring roles of Brittany Pierce and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20631644", "chunk_text": "\"Lauren Stamile\"\nLauren Stamile Lauren Stamile (born September 12, 1976) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying Nurse Rose on the ABC series \"\"Grey's Anatomy\"\", Michelle Slater on the NBC series \"\"Community\"\", and CIA Agent Dani Pearce on the USA Network series \"\"Burn Notice\"\". Stamile was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the third of five siblings. During college, she worked in restaurants. She graduated from Cascia Hall Preparatory School. Her father is a physician and her mother is a nurse. She majored in theater at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, and then moved to New York City, New York to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8199103", "chunk_text": "\"Pumpkin Patch (Scream Queens)\"\nshe picks Roger. Dodger ends up getting killed as Roger and #5 manage to get out and escape. Zayday (Keke Palmer) is revealed to be held hostage in a hole under the Red Devil's lair. Grace (Skyler Samuels), Pete (Diego Boneta), Wes (Oliver Hudson), Gigi (Nasim Pedrad), and Denise (Niecy Nash), the latter of whom has been hired by Munsch to find Zayday, start to search for her. They find The Red Devil's secret lair, where the Red Devil turns the power off leaving them in total darkness. Gigi, however, manages to taser The Red Devil, when the power turns", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2628601", "chunk_text": "\"The Rose (TV series)\"\n(talk about fate), finds that her mother did not die. Furthermore, her mother is the famous actress Han Li (Cecilia Yip). She finds herself in the Han family, yet, the truth about her birth has not been revealed. Surrounded by three half-siblings, Han Fu Rong (Joelle Lu), Han Jin (Jerry Huang) and Han Kui (Joe Cheng), all by the same mother but different fathers, and a pretty harsh and cold mother, Bai He (Ella Chen) takes on the role of a maid. The three siblings are isolated from each other and the society. They have a cold appearance, yet each", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14465311", "chunk_text": "\"Glee (TV series)\"\nColfer), Mercedes (Amber Riley), Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz), Puck (Mark Salling), and Quinn (Dianna Agron). Season 2 follows the club through wins at the Sectionals (episode 9) and Regionals (episode 16) competitions before losing at the Nationals competition in New York City (season finale/episode 22), while its members and faculty deal with relationships, religion, homophobia, bullying, rumors, teenage drinking, death and other social issues. The season's stories revolve around the same Glee club members as first season, with Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) and Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris) added to the main cast, along with Kurt's father Burt (Mike O'Malley). Season 3", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_39	where does the story the great gatsby take place?	n/a	[ "Long Island of 1922" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972410", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nThe Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional towns of West Egg and East Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession with the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Considered to be Fitzgerald's magnum opus, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" explores themes of decadence, idealism, resistance to change, social upheaval, and excess, creating a portrait of the Roaring Twenties that has been described as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17350585", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\na contender for the title \"\"Great American Novel.\"\" In 1998, the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century's best American novel and second best English-language novel of the same time period. Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative. That era, known for widespread economic prosperity, the development of jazz music, flapper culture, new technologies in communication (motion pictures, broadcast radio, recorded music) forging a genuine mass culture, and bootlegging, along with other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589757", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nhad ever met. Nick's doctor suggests that he write his thoughts down, since writing is Nick's passion... In the summer of 1922, Nick moves from the Midwest to New York after abandoning writing. He rents a small groundskeeper's cottage in the North Shore village of West Egg, next to the mansion of Gatsby, a mysterious business magnate who often holds extravagant parties. Nick has dinner with his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her husband, Tom; Daisy plays matchmaker between Nick and another guest, Jordan Baker. When Nick returns home, he sees Gatsby standing on the dock, reaching towards the green light", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5761677", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nnovel is set, starting in June 2011. The director instead opted to shoot principal photography in Sydney. Filming began on September 5, 2011, at Fox Studios Australia and finished on December 22, 2011, with additional shots filmed in January 2012. The film was shot with Red Epic digital cameras and Zeiss Ultra Prime lenses. The \"\"Valley of Ashes\"\", the desolate land located between West Egg and New York was shot in Balmain, New South Wales and Manly Business School in Manly–known as Saint Patrick's Seminary–doubled as Gatsby's mansion. Nick's house was located in Centennial Park. In creating the background scenery", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972426", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nof the Gatsby idea.\"\" After the birth of their only child, Frances Scott \"\"Scottie\"\" Fitzgerald, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, New York, on Long Island, in October 1922. The town was used as the scene of \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". Fitzgerald's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner, actor Lew Fields, and comedian Ed Wynn. These figures were all considered to be \"\"new money,\"\" unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula—places that were home to many of New York's wealthiest established families, and which sat across the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18529067", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nSheridan in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild 17-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre. Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success. Like Nick in \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\", Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, and, like Gatsby, he had always idolized the very rich. In many ways, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" represents Fitzgerald's attempt to confront his conflicted feelings about the Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11358556", "chunk_text": "\"Nick Carraway\"\nNick Carraway Nick Carraway is a fictional character and the main protagonist and narrator in F. Scott Fitzgerald's \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" (1925). In his narration, Nick Carraway explains that he was born in the Middle West, and served in World War I. After the war, he moves to West Egg, a wealthy enclave of Long Island, from the Middle West to learn about the bond business. He lives near his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, and her wealthy husband Tom, who was Nick's classmate at Yale University. They introduce him to their friend Jordan Baker, a cynical young heiress and professional golfer,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18529069", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nNew York as a bond salesman. He rents a small house on Long Island, in the fictional village of West Egg, next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby, a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, a college acquaintance of Nick's. They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the \"\"valley of ashes,\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5118530", "chunk_text": "\"Jay Gatsby\"\nJay Gatsby Jay Gatsby (originally named James \"\"Jimmy\"\" Gatz) is the title character of the 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald novel \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". The character, a millionaire and the owner of a luxurious mansion where extravagant parties are often hosted, is described by the novel's narrator, Nick Carraway, as being \"\"the single most hopeful person I've ever met\"\". James Gatz hails from rural North Dakota, and was born into a poor farmer family. He attended St. Olaf College but dropped out a few weeks into his first semester because he hated supporting himself by working as a janitor. After dropping", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972420", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nan industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment that Tom uses like a hotel room for Myrtle, as well as other women whom he also sleeps with. At Tom's New York apartment, a vulgar and bizarre party takes place. It ends with Tom physically abusing Myrtle, breaking her nose in the process, after she says Daisy's name several times, which makes him angry. Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589755", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nThe Great Gatsby (2013 film) The Great Gatsby is a 2013 romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name. The film was co-written and directed by Baz Luhrmann and stars Leonardo DiCaprio as the eponymous Jay Gatsby, with Tobey Maguire, Carey Mulligan, Joel Edgerton, Isla Fisher and Elizabeth Debicki. Production began in 2011 and took place in Australia, with a $105 million net production budget. The film follows the life and times of billionaire Jay Gatsby (DiCaprio) and his neighbor Nick Carraway (Maguire), who recounts his encounter with Gatsby at the height of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589756", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nRoaring Twenties on Long Island. The film polarized critics, receiving both praise and criticism for its acting performances, soundtrack, visual style, and direction. Audiences responded more positively and Fitzgerald's granddaughter praised the film, stating \"\"Scott would have been proud.\"\" As of 2017, it is Luhrmann's highest-grossing film, grossing over $353 million worldwide. At the 86th Academy Awards, the film won in both of its nominated categories: Best Production Design and Best Costume Design. In December 1929, Nick Carraway, a World War I veteran, is receiving treatment at a psychiatric hospital. He talks about Jay Gatsby, the most hopeful man he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972411", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\na cautionary tale regarding the American Dream. Fitzgerald—inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island's North Shore—began planning the novel in 1923, desiring to produce, in his words, \"\"something \"\"new\"\"—something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned.\"\" Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924. His editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter. Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book's title and he considered a variety of alternatives, including titles that referred to the Roman", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12815107", "chunk_text": "\"North Shore (Long Island)\"\nRail Road's Main Line. The North Fork is also geographically tied to a separate township, Shelter Island, an island in the Peconic Bay accessible via ferry that leaves from Greenport, adjacent to the railroad station. The island also has a ferry on its south side that connects with North Haven on the South Fork. In English literature, the North Shore is perhaps best known as the setting of F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel \"\"The Great Gatsby,\"\" which centered on the area's wealth and the aspiration of the title character to be accepted as a part of its society. The novel's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17350586", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nnovel. Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s to build Gatsby's stories, from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby's fortune. Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book's plotline within the historical context of the era. Fitzgerald's visits to Long Island's North Shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\"s setting. Today, there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5118533", "chunk_text": "\"Jay Gatsby\"\nin New York, which was being transformed by the Jazz Age. It is speculated, but never confirmed, that Gatsby took advantage of Prohibition by making a fortune from bootlegging and built connections with various gangsters such as Meyer Wolfsheim (who Gatsby claims is \"\"the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919\"\"). With his vast income, Gatsby purchased a mansion in the fictional West Egg (a reference to Great Neck or perhaps Kings Point) of Long Island. West Egg lies on the opposite bay from old-money East Egg (a reference to Sands Point), where Daisy, Tom, and their three-year-old", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10391415", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1974 film)\"\nin Windsor Great Park, UK. Other scenes were filmed in New York City and Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The film received mixed reviews. The film was praised for its interpretation and staying true to the novel, but was criticized for lacking any true emotion or feelings towards the Jazz Age. Based on 34 total reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 41%, with an average rating of 5/10. Despite this, the film was a financial success, making $26,533,200 against a $6.5 million budget. Tennessee Williams, in his book \"\"Memoirs\"\"' (p. 178), wrote: \"\"It seems to me", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5943802", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nbay from Great Neck. This real-life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for \"\"West Egg\"\" and \"\"East Egg.\"\" In this novel, Great Neck (King's Point) became the \"\"new money\"\" peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington (Sands Point) the old-money East Egg. Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby's home, such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers, since demolished. By mid-1923, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel, but discarded most of his new story as a false start. Some of it, however, resurfaced in the 1924 short story \"\"Absolution.\"\" Work on \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" began in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972446", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\npursued by Gatsby \"\"is, in reality, a nightmare,\"\" bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize that it is unsustainable and ultimately unattainable. In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" explores societal gender expectations as a theme, exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts. As an upper-class white woman living in East Egg during this time period, Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations, including but certainly not limited", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18529066", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\npossibility is Land's End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party. Many of the events in Fitzgerald's early life are reflected throughout \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota, and, like Nick, who went to Yale, he was educated at an Ivy League school, Princeton. Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant and was stationed at Camp", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18529068", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\neverything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised. In her book \"\"Careless People: Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby\"\" (2013), Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" were based on the Hall-Mills Case. Based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Hall-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". In the summer of 1922, Nick Caraway, a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest—who serves as the novel's narrator—takes a job in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10391414", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1974 film)\"\nsilly, and Robert Redford and Mia Farrow, who would have been so perfect as Gatsby and Daisy, were left hung out to dry. Because Gatsby was a tasteless fool and why should we care about their love? It was not as if Coppola's glory had been jettisoned entirely, though it was tampered with plenty; it was more that the reality and passions it depicted were gone. The Rosecliff and Marble House mansions in Newport, Rhode Island, were used for Gatsby's house while scenes at the Buchanans' home were filmed at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire, England. One driving scene was shot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589773", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nfurnishings inside and an Adirondack-style swing out. The opening scene was filmed from Rivendell Child, Adolescent and Family Unit in Concord, Sydney, only a few kilometres from Sydney 2000 Olympic Stadium. Many apparel designers were approached in collaboration of the film's costumes. \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" achieved the iconic 1920s look by altering pieces from the Prada and Miu Miu fashion archives. Martin also collaborated with Brooks Brothers for the costumes worn by the male cast members and extras. Tiffany & Co. provided the jewelry for the film. Catherine Martin and Miuccia Prada were behind the wardrobe and worked closely together", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18529113", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nthe e-book alone sold 185,000 copies. Scribner's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020, according to Maureen Corrigan's book about the making of the novel, \"\"So We Read On\"\". \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations: The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine's debut. The work, called \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\", premiered on December 20, 1999. The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972421", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nparty and they meet Gatsby himself, an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick because they were in the same division in the Great War. Through Jordan, Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer service work with young officers headed to Europe. From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time, Gatsby became (and still is) deeply in love with Daisy. Gatsby had hoped that his wild parties would attract an unsuspecting Daisy, who lived across the bay, to appear at his doorstep", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14585217", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2000 film)\"\nThe Great Gatsby (2000 film) The Great Gatsby is a 2000 British-American romantic drama television film, based on the 1925 novel of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It stars Toby Stephens in the title role of Jay Gatsby, Mira Sorvino as Daisy Buchanan, Paul Rudd as Nick Carraway, Martin Donovan as Tom Buchanan, Francie Swift as Jordan Baker, Heather Goldenhersh as Myrtle Wilson and Matt Malloy as Klipspringer. The film was released on March 29, 2000. It was made in collaboration by the A&E Cable Network in the United States, and Granada Productions in Great Britain. It was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13207811", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1974 film)\"\nThe Great Gatsby (1974 film) The Great Gatsby is a 1974 American romantic drama film based on F. Scott Fitzgerald's 1925 novel of the same name. It was directed by Jack Clayton and produced by David Merrick from a screenplay by Francis Ford Coppola. The film stars Robert Redford in the title role of Jay Gatsby, along with Mia Farrow, Sam Waterston, Bruce Dern, Karen Black, Scott Wilson and Lois Chiles, with Howard Da Silva (who previously appeared in the 1949 version), Roberts Blossom and Edward Herrmann. The music content on the home entertainment and TV versions differ from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589758", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\ncoming from the Buchanan dock. Jordan tells Nick that Tom has a mistress who lives in the \"\"Valley of Ashes\"\", an industrial dumping site between West Egg and the City. Tom takes Nick there, stopping at a garage owned by George and Myrtle Wilson, Tom's mistress. Nick receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Upon arrival, Nick learns he is the only one to receive an invitation and none of the guests have ever met Gatsby. Nick encounters Jordan, and both meet Gatsby. Gatsby later takes Nick to Manhattan for lunch. On the way, Gatsby tells Nick he is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19352759", "chunk_text": "\"Great Gatsby curve\"\nposition of income level—and inequality in the United States and twelve other developed countries, though some versions of the curve include developing countries. Countries with low levels of inequality such as Denmark, Norway and Finland (all located in European Scandinavia) had some of the greatest mobility, while the two countries with the high level of inequality—Chile and Brazil—had some of the lowest mobility. The name of the curve refers to Jay Gatsby, the character in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". Jay shows a high degree of mobility, rising from being a bootlegger, to leading the Long Island north", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589771", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nfor the world depicted in the film, designer Catherine Martin stated that the team styled the interior sets of Jay Gatsby's mansion with gilded opulence, in a style that blended establishment taste with Art Deco. The long-destroyed Beacon Towers, thought by scholars to have partially inspired Fitzgerald's Jay Gatsby estate, was used as a main inspiration for Gatsby's home in the film. The filming for the exterior of Jay Gatsby's mansion was the college building of the International College of Management, Sydney, Some inspiration was also drawn from other Gold Coast, Long Island, mansions, including Oheka Castle and La Selva", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972422", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nand allow him to present himself as a man of wealth and position. Having developed a budding friendship with Nick, Gatsby uses him to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy. Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there. After an initially awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair over the summer. At a luncheon at the Buchanan estate, Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby. Though Tom is himself an adulterer, he is outraged by his wife's infidelity.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5761670", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nreporters to attend Gatsby's funeral, as Daisy and Tom are leaving New York. The media paints Gatsby as Myrtle's lover and killer. Disgusted with both the city and its inhabitants, Nick leaves after taking a final walk through Gatsby's deserted mansion and reflecting on Gatsby's ability to hope. In the sanatorium, Nick finishes typing his memoir, titling it \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". Prior to this version, there had already been an opera and numerous other dramatic adaptations of F. Scott Fitzgerald's acclaimed 1925 novel of the same name. In December 2008, \"\"Variety\"\" reported that this film adaptation was to be made", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14567589", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1949 film)\"\nThe Great Gatsby (1949 film) The Great Gatsby is a 1949 American drama film directed by Elliott Nugent, and produced by Richard Maibaum, from a screenplay by Richard Maibaum and Cyril Hume. It is based on the novel \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The music score was by Robert Emmett Dolan, and the cinematography by John F. Seitz. The production was designed by Roland Anderson and Hans Dreier, and the costumes by Edith Head. The film stars Alan Ladd, Betty Field, Macdonald Carey, Ruth Hussey, and Barry Sullivan, and features Shelley Winters and Howard Da Silva, the latter", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972448", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nTom Buchanan provides. Additionally, the theme of the female familial role within \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream—a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald's prose. The green light that shines at the end of the dock of Daisy's house across the Sound from Gatsby's house is frequently mentioned in the background of the plot. It has variously been interpreted as a symbol of Gatsby's longing for Daisy and, more broadly, of the American dream. \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" was published by Charles Scribner's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972425", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nGeorge that the yellow car was Gatsby's and gave him Gatsby's address. Disillusioned with the East, Nick moves back to the Midwest. Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922, but it was interrupted by production of his play, \"\"The Vegetable\"\", in the summer and fall. The play failed miserably, and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production. The stories were, in his words, \"\"all trash and it nearly broke my heart,\"\" although included among those stories was \"\"Winter Dreams,\"\" which Fitzgerald later described as \"\"a sort of first draft", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589759", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\nan Oxford graduate and war hero from a wealthy Midwestern family. They go to a speakeasy, where Gatsby introduces Nick to his business partner, Meyer Wolfsheim. Jordan tells Nick how US Army Captain Gatsby started a relationship with Daisy in 1917, just before the US entered the war, and is still in love with her; he throws parties in the hope that Daisy might attend. Gatsby asks Nick to invite Daisy to tea. After an awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy begin an affair. Gatsby is dismayed when Daisy wants to run away with him, preferring that she get a proper", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5118535", "chunk_text": "\"Jay Gatsby\"\nJordan Baker, Nick, Jay, and the Buchanans decide to visit New York City. Tom borrows Gatsby's yellow Rolls Royce to drive up to the city. On the way to New York City, Tom makes a detour at a gas station in \"\"the Valley of Ashes\"\", a run-down part of Long Island. The owner, George Wilson, shares his concern that his wife, Myrtle, may be having an affair. This unnerves Tom, who has been having an affair with Myrtle, and he leaves in a hurry. During the party in an expensive hotel suite, the casual conversation evolves into a confrontation between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14567094", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1926 film)\"\nThe Great Gatsby (1926 film) The Great Gatsby is a 1926 American silent drama film directed by Herbert Brenon. It is the first film adaptation of the 1925 novel of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Warner Baxter portrayed Jay Gatsby and Lois Wilson as Daisy Buchanan. The film was produced by Famous Players-Lasky, and distributed by Paramount Pictures. \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" is now considered lost. A vintage movie trailer displaying short clips of the film still exists. An adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Long Island-set novel, where Midwesterner Nick Carraway is lured into the lavish world of his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2972423", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nHe forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel, asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. In addition to that, he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities. Daisy decides to stay with Tom, and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt her. On the way back, Gatsby's car strikes and kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle. Nick later learns from Gatsby that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11143244", "chunk_text": "\"Gone with the Wind (novel)\"\nword for artichoke, represents a lost love. \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" takes place in the southern United States in the state of Georgia during the American Civil War (1861–1865) and the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The novel unfolds against the backdrop of rebellion wherein seven southern states initially, including Georgia, have declared their secession from the United States (the \"\"Union\"\") and formed the Confederate States of America (the \"\"Confederacy\"\"), after Abraham Lincoln was elected president. The Union refuses to accept secession and no compromise is found as war approaches. The novel opens April 15, 1861, at \"\"Tara,\"\" a plantation owned by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7512490", "chunk_text": "\"Le Grand Meaulnes\"\n\"\"Gatsby le magnifique\"\" (literally \"\"Gatsby the Magnificent\"\"). François Seurel, the 15-year-old narrator of the book, is the son of M. Seurel, who is the director of the mixed-ages school in a small village in the Sologne, a region of lakes and sandy forests in the heartland of France. After arriving in class, the 17-year-old Augustin Meaulnes, a bright young man who comes from a modest background, soon disappears. Because of his tallness, he acquires the nickname \"\"grand\"\". He becomes a hero figure to the class and takes off one evening on an escapade where he chances on a magical costume", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13589762", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (2013 film)\"\naccepting Tom's promise to take care of everything, but he does not tell Gatsby. Gatsby admits to Nick that he was born penniless; his real name is James Gatz, and he had asked Daisy to wait for him until he had made something of himself after the war; instead, she married Tom, “America’s Wealthiest Bachelor”, just seven months after the war ended. The next day, Gatsby hears the phone ringing and thinks it is Daisy. Before he can answer it, he is shot and killed by a vengeful George, who then commits suicide. Nick is the only person other than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14551554", "chunk_text": "\"Stephanie Powell Watts\"\nnative son to his home in North Carolina and his attempt to join the only family he ever wanted but never had. As Ms. Watts describes it, “Imagine \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" set in rural North Carolina, nine decades later, with desperate black people.” Watts was born and raised in Lenoir, in the foothills of North Carolina. She received her BA from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and her PhD from the University of Missouri-Columbia. She now lives with her husband and son in Pennsylvania where she is an associate professor of English at Lehigh University. Stephanie Powell Watts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5095647", "chunk_text": "\"Gold Coast International Film Festival\"\nraised in Nassau County, Long Island, was the recipient of GCIFF's 2012 Artist of Distinction Award. He presented his latest film, \"\"The Fitzgerald Family Christmas,\"\" which was filmed largely on Long Island. Actor Bruce Dern received the 2011 Legend Award. Dern played Tom Buchanan in the 1974 Robert Redford film, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" based on the book by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The \"\"Great Gatsby\"\" is set on Long Island's Gold Coast—the exact location of the Gold Coast International Film Festival—during the summer of 1922. \"\"\"\", a 2018 documentary film about the underdog Israel national baseball team competing for the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5118543", "chunk_text": "\"Jay Gatsby\"\nthe 2000 television adaptation. Mr. Burns is heavily based on Gatsby in \"\"The Simpsons\"\" episode \"\"The Great Phatsby\"\". Kirk Douglas starred as Gatsby in an adaptation broadcast on CBS' \"\"Family Hour of Stars\"\" on January 1, 1950. Andrew Scott played Gatsby in the 2012 two-part BBC Radio 4 \"\"Classic Serial\"\" production. Jay Gatsby Jay Gatsby (originally named James \"\"Jimmy\"\" Gatz) is the title character of the 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald novel \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". The character, a millionaire and the owner of a luxurious mansion where extravagant parties are often hosted, is described by the novel's narrator, Nick Carraway, as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1658466", "chunk_text": "\"Kings Point, New York\"\nGreat Neck Estates, which is probably Great Neck's greatest claim to fame. It was a modest house, not dissimilar to that of Nick, the protagonist of his novel, \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". It is said that Fitzgerald modeled West Egg, the fictional town in which Nick lived, next to the mansion of Jay Gatsby, after Great Neck (specifically Kings Point), for its epitome of \"\"nouveau riche\"\" gaudiness, atmosphere, and lifestyle. He modeled East Egg, the town where Daisy and Tom lived, after Great Neck's eastern neighbor Sands Point, which is part of Port Washington. Kings Point, New York Named for John", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14567590", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby (1949 film)\"\nof whom would later appear in the 1974 version. A mysterious figure, Jay Gatsby, who throws lavish parties at his Long Island Sound estate, asks neighbor Nick Carraway to arrange a private tea with Nick's cousin, Daisy Buchanan. It turns out Gatsby loved her before going off to war. Now a wealthy man, Gatsby wants her back, but Daisy is married to Tom Buchanan and has a daughter now. She is unhappy, however, and is aware her husband has been having an affair with Myrtle Wilson, wife of a gas station's owner. Daisy seems to welcome Gatsby's attentions. They socialize", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11148277", "chunk_text": "\"G (2002 film)\"\nG (2002 film) G is a 2002 American drama film directed by Christopher Scott Cherot. It is loosely based on the novel \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The title character, \"\"G\"\", played by Richard T. Jones, is a Hip-hop music mogul who is looking to win back the love of his life, Sky (based on the character Daisy Buchanan from the original novel). \"\"G\"\" made its worldwide premiere on May 10, 2002 at the Tribeca Film Festival in United States. It made its theatrical premiere on October 28, 2005 in the US, more than 3 years from its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17350608", "chunk_text": "\"The Great Gatsby\"\nthe French Riviera, where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed. By August, however, Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October, sending the book to his editor, Maxwell Perkins, and agent, Harold Ober, on October 30. The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter. Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was \"\"somewhat vague\"\" and Gatsby's wealth and business, respectively, needed \"\"the suggestion of an explanation\"\" and should be \"\"adumbrated.\"\" Content after a few rounds of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11358535", "chunk_text": "\"Daisy Buchanan\"\nDaisy Buchanan Daisy Fay Buchanan is a fictional character in F. Scott Fitzgerald's magnum opus \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\" (1925). In the novel, Daisy is depicted as a married woman with a daughter who is reunited with her former lover Jay Gatsby, arousing the jealousy of her husband, Tom. She is widely believed to have been based on Ginevra King. She has appeared in various media related to the novel, including feature films and plays. Daisy Fay was born into a wealthy Louisville family. By 1917, Daisy had several suitors of her same class, but fell in love with Jay Gatsby,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_40	when did the dallas cowboys win their last playoff game?	n/a	[ "2014", "2016" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4540487", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Dallas Cowboys season\"\nthe Cowboys were eliminated from playoff contention. With the win, the Cowboys finished a rough season with a 9–7 record. This was the first time they had recorded back-to-back winning seasons since the 2008 and 2009 seasons. They also recorded their first shutout since Week 17 of the 2009 season. This is Dez Bryant's last game with Dallas, as the Cowboys released him on April 13, 2018. This is Jason Witten's last game in the NFL, as he retired on May 3, 2018. This is Dan Bailey's last game as a Cowboy, as he was released on September 1, 2018", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028073", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nSuper Bowl championships. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (1966–85), in which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984), an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to \"\"Forbes\"\". The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team. In 2018 they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion and making Forbes' list as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594333", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nhome for Thanksgiving, which has since become an annual tradition. In 2017, the team initially announced that they will wear blue jerseys at home on a more regular basis, only to rescind soon after. In 2015, the Cowboys released their Color Rush uniform, featuring a variation of the 1990s \"\"Double Star\"\" alternates with white pants and socks. The uniform was first used in a Thanksgiving game against the Carolina Panthers and in subsequent \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\" games during the 2016 and 2017 seasons. The Cowboys also unveiled a navy uniform-white pants combination which was first used on December 10, 2017", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594330", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nThanksgiving Day. This jersey was used for special occasions and was worn throughout the 1994–1995 playoffs. During the same season, the Cowboys also wore their 1960–63 road jersey with a silver helmet for one game as part of a league-wide \"\"throwback\"\" policy. During the 1995 season, the team wore the navy \"\"Double-Star\"\" jersey for games at Washington and Philadelphia and permanently switched to solid color socks (royal blue for the white uniform, and navy blue for the dark uniform). The navy \"\"Double-Star\"\" jersey was not seen again until the NFL's \"\"Classic Throwback Weekend\"\" on Thanksgiving Day 2001–2003. In 2004, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679296", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nplayed each other, resulting in a 26–14 Washington victory. Since that time, the two teams have met in 116 regular season contests and two NFC Championships. Dallas leads the regular season all-time series 70–42–2, and the Redskins lead the all-time playoff series 2–0. The Cowboys currently have a 14–7 advantage over the Redskins at FedEx Field. Some notable moments in the rivalry include Washington's victory over Dallas in the 1982 NFC Championship and the latter's 1989 win over the Redskins for their only victory that season. The last Cowboys game with Tom Landry as coach was a win over Washington", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679297", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\non December 11, 1988. In the 2010s, the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title, but still play the Cowboys particularly tough, posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014, despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings. The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s, when the long-moribund Eagles returned to contention. In January 1981, the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship, with Philadelphia winning 20–7. A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s, including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679254", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nin franchise history, Dallas posted back-to-back shutouts when they beat division rivals Washington (17–0) and Philadelphia (24–0) to end the season. In the process, the Cowboys clinched their second NFC East title in three years as well as the third seed in the NFC Playoffs. Six days later, in the wild-card round of the playoffs, Dallas played the Eagles in a rematch of week 17. The Cowboys defeated the Eagles for the first Cowboys' post-season win since the 1996 season, ending a streak of six consecutive NFL post-season losses. Dallas ended their playoff run after a hard divisional playoff loss", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3187715", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nback to November. The Cowboys finished the year at 9-7 without making the playoffs. Following the season Dez Bryant was released after eight seasons in Dallas and Jason Witten retired after 15 seasons, ending an era. The Dallas Cowboys' 2017 season was the subject of the third season of Amazon's sports documentary series \"\"All or Nothing\"\". The series is produced by NFL Films. The Dallas Cowboys' blue star logo, representative of Texas as \"\"The Lone Star State\"\", is one of the most well-known team logos in professional sports. The blue star originally was a solid shape until a white line", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "573887", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League rivalries\"\ncrown. The Cowboys have a 66–52 edge in the all-time series as of the end of the 2017 season. In the playoffs they've gone head to head in 1980, 1992, 1995, & 2009 where Dallas has won the last 3 times. The modern rivalry dates back to the 2003 season when Bill Parcells took over as Cowboys head coach. After he left, Wade Phillips coached the Cowboys to a division winning season in 2007 only to see the team fall to the Giants in the 2007 Divisional playoff game, in what proved to be the final playoff game in Texas", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594335", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nThroughout the years, the Cowboys' blue jersey has been popularly viewed to be \"\"jinxed\"\" because the team often seemed to lose when they wore them. This purported curse drew attention after the team lost Super Bowl V with the blue jerseys. However, the roots of the curse likely date back earlier to the 1968 divisional playoffs, when the blue-shirted Cowboys were upset by the Cleveland Browns in what turned out to be Don Meredith's final game with the Cowboys. Dallas's lone victory in a conference championship or Super Bowl wearing the blue jerseys was in the 1978 NFC Championship game", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028077", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nmore than any other NFL franchise during that span. In addition, they appeared in 5 and won two Super Bowls, at the end of the 1971 and 1977 regular seasons. Danny White became the Cowboys' starting quarterback in 1980 after quarterback Roger Staubach retired. Despite going to 12–4 in 1980, the Cowboys came into the playoffs as a Wild Card team. In the opening round of the 1980–81 NFL playoffs they avenged their elimination from the prior year's playoffs by defeating the Rams. In the Divisional Round they squeaked by the Atlanta Falcons 30–27. For the NFC Championship they were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11772745", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nThe 1960–1963 uniform may also be used on other special occasion. Other instances include the 2005 Monday Night game against the Washington Redskins when the team inducted Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, and Michael Irving into the Cowboys Ring of Honor, and the 2006 Christmas Day game against the Philadelphia Eagles. In 2013, the NFL issued a new helmet rule stating that players will no longer be allowed to use alternate helmets due to the league's enhanced concussion awareness. This caused the Cowboys' white 1960s throwback helmets to become non-compliant. The team instead decided to wear their normal blue jerseys at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19403829", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\nto the playoffs between 1975 and 1983, a record that was tied by the Indianapolis Colts when they reached the playoffs every year from 2002 to 2010, inclusive.) It was also the beginning of a still NFL record streak of 20 consecutive winning seasons that extended through 1985. In 1967, the Cowboys finished with a 9–5 record and had their first playoff victory, a 52–14 rout of the Cleveland Browns. They went on to face the Packers in the 1967 NFL Championship game, a rematch of the 1966 NFL championship game, with the winner advancing to Super Bowl II. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679289", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nindependent from the stadium it covered. The Cowboys lost their final game at Texas Stadium to the Baltimore Ravens, 33–24, on December 20, 2008. After Cowboys Stadium was opened in 2009, the Cowboys turned over the facility to the City of Irving. In 2009, it was replaced as home of the Cowboys by Cowboys Stadium, which officially opened on May 27, 2009 in Arlington, Texas. Texas Stadium was demolished by implosion on April 11, 2010. AT&T Stadium, previously named Cowboys Stadium, is a domed stadium with a retractable roof in Arlington, Texas. After failed negotiations to build a new stadium", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028090", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nfirst five games of 1996 following a drug-related arrest; he came back after the Cowboys started the season 2–3. They finished the regular season with a 10–6 record, won the NFC East title, and entered the playoffs as the number 3 seed in the NFC. They defeated Minnesota 40–15 in the Wild Card round but were eliminated in the Divisional round of the playoffs 26–17 by the Carolina Panthers. The Cowboys went 6–10 in 1997 (including losing their last 6 games of the season), with discipline and off-field problems becoming major distractions. As a result, Switzer resigned as head coach", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3187714", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nRookie of the Year in the NFL honors on February 4, 2017, and Ezekiel Elliott led the league in rushing yards. Both Prescott and Elliott made the 2017 Pro Bowl. This is the first time the Cowboys sent two rookies to the Pro Bowl. 2017 was the first season since 2002 without quarterback Tony Romo, who retired on April 4 after 14 seasons with the Cowboys. The season also featured second-year running back Ezekiel Elliott being suspended for 6 games after violating the league's conduct policy. The suspension was to begin at the start of the year but was pushed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594350", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nEagles three times: twice during the regular season to claim the title as NFC East champions and once more in a wild-card playoff game by a combined score of 78–30, including a 24–0 shutout in week 17. That three-game sweep was Dallas' first over any opponent and the longest winning streak against the Eagles since 1992–1995 when Dallas won seven straight matches against Philadelphia. During the 2013 season Dallas won the first meeting 17–3 at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. They would meet again in Week 17 at AT&T Stadium with the winner clinching the 2013 NFC East title. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679271", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nhad been down by 10 or more points at halftime and rallied to win the game. The following week, the Cowboys traveled to Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin to play the Packers in the divisional round. Despite having a 14–7 halftime lead, the Cowboys fell to the Packers 26–21, thus ending their season. The season ended on an overturned call of a completed catch by Dez Bryant. The catch was challenged by the Packers, and the referees overturned the call because of the \"\"Calvin Johnson rule.\"\" During the 2015 offseason the Cowboys allowed running back DeMarco Murray to become", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4540469", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n2017 Dallas Cowboys season The 2017 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise's 58th season in the National Football League, the ninth playing their home games at AT&T Stadium and the seventh full season under head coach Jason Garrett. It was also the 29th season under owner Jerry Jones, meaning that by the end of the season his tenure as owner was equal to the combined tenures of previous owners Clint Murchison Jr. and H.R. \"\"Bum\"\" Bright. For the first time since 2002, quarterback Tony Romo was not on the opening day roster, as he announced his retirement on April 4,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11772750", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nWith the 2002 victory, it seems an exception to the theory of the blue jersey jinx is invoked on Thanksgiving. Thus, the Cowboys continued wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving from 2003–2006, however it was always an older-styled alternate blue jersey. In 2007 and 2008, the Cowboys returned to wearing white at home for their Thanksgiving game. Since 2009, the Cowboys returned to wearing blue at home on Thanksgiving only. (From 2009–2012, the team again decided to go with an older-styled blue uniform as they had in previous years on Thanksgiving, and since 2013 have worn the newer-styled blue jersey.)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679267", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nplayoffs. Dallas ended the regular season with a 12–4 record and an 8–0 away record when they won on the road against Washington 44–17. On January 4, 2015, the Cowboys, as the number 3 seed, hosted the number 6 seed Detroit Lions in the wild card round of the NFL playoffs. In the game, the Lions got off to a hot start, going up 14–0 in the first quarter. Dallas initially struggled on both sides of the ball. However, towards the end of the second quarter Romo threw a 76-yard touchdown pass to Terrance Williams. Matt Prater of the Lions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1592138", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nthe Divisional round their season ended in a 38–6 playoff rout by the Lions. In 1992 Dallas set a team record for regular season wins with a 13–3 mark. They started off the season by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins 23–10. Going into the playoffs as the number 2 seed they had a first round bye before facing division rival the Philadelphia Eagles. The Cowboys won that game 34–10 to advance to the NFC Conference Championship game for the first time in 10 years. They were pitted against the San Francisco 49ers, the number 1 seed. On January", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2827805", "chunk_text": "\"Tony Romo\"\n2017, against the Philadelphia Eagles. In what would prove to be the final play of his career, he threw a touchdown pass to Terrance Williams before Mark Sanchez played the rest of the game. On April 4, 2017, Romo announced his retirement from the NFL. After announcing his retirement, he was released by the Cowboys, per his request. Following his retirement, Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban announced that Romo would be a \"\"Maverick for a day\"\" for the Mavericks' final home game of their 2016–17 season. He warmed up with the team and sat in full uniform on the bench,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594356", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nor if the two teams finish in the same place in their respective divisions, they would play the ensuing season. The rivalry has also resulted in notable playoff games. The all time regular seasons series record is 15–13 in favor of the Packers, and the postseason series is tied 4–4. Unlike many NFL teams, the Cowboys do not retire jersey numbers of past standouts as a matter of policy. Instead, the team has a \"\"Ring of Honor\"\", which is on permanent display encircling the field. Originally at Texas Stadium, the ring is now on display at AT&T Stadium in Arlington.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594331", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nCowboys resurrected their original 1960–1963 uniform on Thanksgiving Day. This uniform became the team's alternate or \"\"third jersey\"\" and was usually worn at least once a year, primarily Thanksgiving Day. Two exceptions were when the Cowboys wore their normal white uniforms on Thanksgiving in 2007 and 2008. While the team didn't wear the throwback uniform exactly on Thanksgiving Day in those two years, Dallas wore them on a date around Thanksgiving for those two years. In 2007 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November 29, 2007 against the Green Bay Packers. In 2008 Dallas wore the throwback uniform on November", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028072", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nThe Cowboys' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games (home and away) began in 2002. The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times, tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history, just behind the New England Patriots record ten Super Bowl appearances. This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships, most in the NFC. The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances, tying them with their NFC rivals, the San Francisco 49ers, and the AFC's Patriots; all three are second to Pittsburgh's record six", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19403922", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\nV vs. Baltimore Colts December 23, 1972, at San Francisco 49ers, 1972 NFC Divisional Playoff Game November 28, 1974, vs. Washington Redskins December 28, 1975, at Minnesota Vikings, 1975 NFC Divisional Playoff Game December 16, 1979, vs. Washington Redskins January 4, 1981, at Atlanta Falcons, 1980 NFC Divisional Playoff Game January 3, 1983, at Minnesota Vikings September 5, 1983, at Washington Redskins January 31, 1993, vs. Buffalo Bills, Super Bowl XXVII November 25, 1993, vs. Miami Dolphins January 2, 1994, at New York Giants November 18, 1996, vs. Green Bay Packers September 12, 1999, at Washington Redskins September 24, 2000,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12815545", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXVIII\"\nSuper Bowl XXVIII Super Bowl XXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Dallas Cowboys and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Buffalo Bills to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1993 season. The Cowboys defeated the Bills by the score of 30–13, winning their fourth Super Bowl in team history, tying the Pittsburgh Steelers and the San Francisco 49ers for most Super Bowl wins. The game was played on January 30, 1994, at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia. Since the 1993 regular season was conducted over 18 weeks (two byes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3187741", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nthe 2007 playoffs en route to their victory in Super Bowl XLII and winning the first regular season game played at Cowboys Stadium in 2009. Dallas currently leads the all-time series 65–46–2. The two teams met in the first regular season game the Cowboys ever played in 1960 (a 35–28 loss to the Steelers), the first-ever regular season victory for the expansion Cowboys in 1961, and would later meet in three Super Bowls, all of them closely contested events. The Steelers-Cowboys is to date the Super Bowl matchup with the most contests. The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028087", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nthe number 1 seed of the NFC. They defeated the Green Bay Packers 27–17 in the divisional round. In the NFC Conference Championship, Dallas beat the 49ers in Dallas, 38–21. Dallas sent a then-NFL record 11 players to the Pro Bowl in 1993: Aikman, safety Thomas Everett, Irvin, Johnston, Maryland, Newton, Norton, Novacek, Smith, Stepnoski and Williams. Only weeks after Super Bowl XXVIII, however, friction between Johnson and Jones culminated in Johnson stunning the football world by announcing his resignation. Jones then hired former University of Oklahoma head coach Barry Switzer to replace Johnson. The Cowboys finished 12–4 in 1994.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4540488", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Dallas Cowboys season\"\nand signed with the Minnesota Vikings on September 17, 2018. 2017 Dallas Cowboys season The 2017 Dallas Cowboys season was the franchise's 58th season in the National Football League, the ninth playing their home games at AT&T Stadium and the seventh full season under head coach Jason Garrett. It was also the 29th season under owner Jerry Jones, meaning that by the end of the season his tenure as owner was equal to the combined tenures of previous owners Clint Murchison Jr. and H.R. \"\"Bum\"\" Bright. For the first time since 2002, quarterback Tony Romo was not on the opening", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3977180", "chunk_text": "\"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\nof 31–34, ending their season and not making to the conference championship for the 22nd straight year. This was also QB Tony Romo's last season in the NFL, as he announced his retirement on April 4, 2017. Coming into the offseason the Cowboys had a few positions that concerned them as a result of injuries, suspensions, and players potentially leaving the team. The positions that were of most concern were quarterback, defensive back, and pass rusher. The Cowboys had a total of eighteen players entering the free agency, which meant the players were free to negotiate with and sign a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3977179", "chunk_text": "\"2016 Dallas Cowboys season\"\nplayoff berth after missing the playoffs the previous year. Following the Giants' loss to the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 16, the Cowboys became NFC East champions for the second time in three years and clinched home field advantage throughout the playoffs for the first time since 2007. The 13–3 record is tied for the best record in team history, which was also set in 1992 and 2007. However, despite having the NFC's top seed as well as home-field advantage, the Cowboys suffered a devastating loss in the divisional round of the playoffs to the Green Bay Packers by a score", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19627570", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\n1974, finishing 8–6 and missing the playoffs for the first time in nine years. Bob Lilly retired following the season, capping his 14-year Hall of Fame career. After missing the playoffs in 1974, the team drafted well the following year, adding defensive lineman Randy White (a future Hall of Fame member) and linebacker Thomas \"\"Hollywood\"\" Henderson. The fresh influx of talent helped the Cowboys back to the playoffs in 1975 as a wild card, where they beat the Minnesota Vikings and Los Angeles Rams to advance to Super Bowl X, where they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21-17. In 1976,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3187703", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nlost a close Week 6 game to eventual Super Bowl XXVII Champion Baltimore Ravens 31–29 at M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore. Going into Week 17 they found themselves once again one win away from winning the division. Standing in their way was the Redskins who had beat them on Thanksgiving at AT&T Stadium and whom were also one win away from their first division title since 1999. Led by Robert Griffin III the Redskins defeated the Cowboys at home 28-18. Dallas once again finished the season 8–8. In the 2013 season Dallas started off by defeating the Giants for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028086", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\n17, 1993 the Cowboys went to Candlestick Park and defeated the 49ers 30–20 to clinch their first Super Bowl berth since 1978. Dallas defeated the Buffalo Bills 52–17 in Super Bowl XXVII, during which they forced a record nine turnovers. Johnson became the first coach to claim a national championship in college football and a Super Bowl victory in professional football. Despite starting the 1993 season 0–2, they again defeated the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVIII, 30–13 (becoming the first team in NFL history to win a Super Bowl after starting 0–2). Dallas finished the regular season 12–4 as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13174148", "chunk_text": "\"2009 NFL season\"\n2009. After the NFL had rebuffed Lamar Hunt's overtures to place an NFL team in Dallas, saying they had no plans to expand, the league granted the Cowboys a franchise in 1960 in reaction to Hunt's AFL Dallas Texans. The NFL's Cowboys franchise started out in with a record of no wins, eleven losses and one tie, but has since gone on to appear in eight Super Bowls (the only other teams to appear in eight was the Pittsburgh Steelers on February 6, 2011, the New England Patriots on February 1, 2015), and the Denver Broncos on February 7, 2016,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18012562", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\nfor the 2016 season, though Romo played in one series in Week 17 at Philadelphia. With Prescott's stellar play, along with Elliott's running game, the Dak and Zeke-led Cowboys finished with a 13-3 record, earning them a first-round bye in the playoffs. But Dallas' promising season ended in heartbreak as they lost 34-31 to Aaron Rodgers and the Packers. After the season, Romo retired after 14 seasons with the Cowboys. Prescott was named Offensive Rookie of the year. 2017 was a tulmultous year for the Cowboys. In August the NFL announced that star running back Ezekiel Elliott would be suspended", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8397036", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nfinish. They were able to clinch the number 5 playoff seed. They traveled to play Seattle where the Seahawks won 21–20. After the season Parcells retired and was replaced as head coach by Wade Phillips. Dallas started off the 2007 season with a bang. They began the season with a 12–1 start, including winning their first five games. Their only loss during that time span came against New England, who went undefeated that season. Despite dropping two of their last three regular season games, the Cowboys clinched their first number 1 NFC seed in 12 years, which also granted them", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594337", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nEagles hosted the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game, as well as their November 4, 2007 meeting. Various other teams followed suit in the 1980s. Although Dallas has made several tweaks to their blue jerseys over the years, Schramm said he did not believe in the curse. Since the league began allowing teams to use an alternate jersey, the Cowboys' alternates have been primarily blue versions of past jerseys and the Cowboys have generally had success when wearing these blue alternates. With the implementation of the 2013 NFL helmet rule for alternate jerseys, the team decided instead to wear", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9933520", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Dallas Cowboys season\"\n2018 Dallas Cowboys season The 2018 season is the Dallas Cowboys' 59th and current in the National Football League (NFL), their 30th under the ownership of Jerry Jones, their 10th playing their home games at AT&T Stadium, and their eighth full season under head coach Jason Garrett. AT&T Stadium is also the first stadium venue to host the annual draft. For the first time since 2009, wide receiver Dez Bryant was not on the opening day roster, as he was released on April 13, 2018 and signed with the New Orleans Saints on November 7, 2018. For the first time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028081", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\n7–9 in 1986, 7–8 in 1987, and 3–13 in 1988. During this time period Bright became disenchanted with the team. During the Savings and Loan crisis, the team and Mr. Bright's Savings and Loan were taken over by the FSLIC. During an embarrassing home loss to Atlanta in 1987, Bright told the media that he was \"\"horrified\"\" at coach Tom Landry's play calling. The FSLIC forced Mr. Bright to sell the Cowboys to Jerry Jones on February 25, 1989. Jones immediately fired Tom Landry, the only head coach in franchise history, replacing him with University of Miami head coach Jimmy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20881180", "chunk_text": "\"2009 Dallas Cowboys season\"\nJanuary 3, 2010, the Cowboys clinched their division with a win over the Philadelphia Eagles, 24–0. In the wild-card round of the playoffs, the Cowboys once again defeated the Eagles, 34–14, to score their first playoff win since 1996 and finish the season sweep of all three games played against Philadelphia. They lost 34-3 to the Minnesota Vikings in the divisional round of the playoffs, ending their season. The 2009 NFL draft was one of the worst in the history of the Dallas Cowboys, with many experts comparing it unfavorably to the 1995 \"\"backup draft\"\", by calling it the \"\"special", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8397037", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\na first round bye and home field advantage throughout the playoffs. The Cowboys lost in the divisional round 21–17 to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants. In the tumultuous 2008 season, the Cowboys started off strong, going 3–0 for the second straight year, en route to a 4–1 start. However, things soon went downhill from there, after quarterback Tony Romo suffered a broken pinkie in an overtime loss to the Arizona Cardinals. With Brad Johnson and Brooks Bollinger playing as backups, Dallas went 1–2 during a three-game stretch. Romo's return showed promise, as Dallas went 3–0. However, injuries", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19403923", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\nvs. San Francisco 49ers September 19, 2005, vs. Washington Redskins January 6, 2007, at Seattle Seahawks, NFC wild card playoff game, \"\"The Bobble\"\" October 8, 2007, vs. Buffalo Bills. December 19, 2009, vs. New Orleans Saints. December 23, 2013, vs. Washington Redskins October 12, 2014, vs. Seattle Seahawks The Dallas Cowboys team/franchise has been \"\"first\"\" in the record books for a whole host of accomplishments, a few of which include: History of the Dallas Cowboys This article contains an in-depth explanation of the history of the Dallas Cowboys, a professional American football team that competes in the National Football League", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679298", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nhead coach Buddy Ryan. Among these were the 1989 \"\"Bounty Bowls\"\", in which Ryan allegedly placed a bounty on Dallas kicker Luis Zendejas and Veterans Stadium fans pelted the Cowboys with snowballs and other debris. A 1999 game at Philadelphia saw Eagles fans cheering as Michael Irvin lay motionless and possibly paralyzed on the field. In 2008 the rivalry became more intense when in the last game of the year in which both teams could clinch a playoff spot with a victory, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Cowboys 44–6. The following season, the Cowboys avenged that defeat by beating the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8397057", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nrematch against 1st place Philadelphia. This time it was the Cowboys who got off to a fast start going up 21–0. Then the Eagles put up 24 points but Dallas came back to win 38–27 to go into first place for the first time in the season and improve to 10–4. Going into their Week 16 matchup at home against Indianapolis, Dallas was in a position to clinch their first division title since 2009 by defeating the Colts 42-7 and the Eagles losing that week to the Redskins. They became the 2014 NFC East Champions, eliminating the Eagles from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11772766", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nBowl XIII; both games were decided in the final seconds, first on a last-second throw by Roger Staubach, then as a fourth-quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX in January 1996. It is said that the rivalry was fueled in the 1970s due to the stark contrast of the teams: the Cowboys, being more of a \"\"flashy\"\" team with Roger Staubach's aerial attack and the \"\"flex\"\" Doomsday Defense; while the Steelers were more of a \"\"blue-collar\"\" team with a strong running game and the 1970s-esque Steel Curtain defense, a contrast that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1594351", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nCowboys came into the game at a disadvantage with starting quarterback Tony Romo out with a season ending back injury which put backup Kyle Orton as the starter. It was a tight game with the Eagles up 24–22 with less than 2 minutes to go in regulation. Orton got the ball and started driving down the field when he was intercepted by the Eagles defense, which ended the game and the Cowboys season. In 2014, the Cowboys and Eagles both won against each other on the road, with Philadelphia posting a dominant 33–10 win on Thanksgiving Day in Dallas, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19627572", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Dallas Cowboys\"\nin New Orleans. As a testament to Doomsday's dominance in the hard-hitting game, defensive linemen Randy White and Harvey Martin were named co-Super Bowl MVPs, the first and only time multiple players have received the award. After a slow start in 1978, Dallas won its final six regular season games to finish the season at 12–4. After an unexpectedly close divisional playoff game against the Atlanta Falcons at Texas Stadium, the Cowboys traveled to Los Angeles and shut out the Rams in the NFC Championship Game 28–0 to return to the Super Bowl. In Super Bowl XIII, Dallas faced the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_41	who may be affected by monetary penalties imposed by the irs?	n/a	[ "Taxpayers in the United States" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475017", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nIRS penalties Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal, state, and local tax matters. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is primarily responsible for charging these penalties at the Federal level. The IRS can assert only those penalties specified imposed under Federal tax law. State and local rules vary widely, are administered by state and local authorities, and are not discussed herein. Penalties may be monetary or may involve forfeiture of property. Criminal penalties may include jail time, but are imposed only by a federal judge after a defendant is convicted. Most monetary penalties", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475032", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nassessed against tax protesters who raise arguments that income tax laws are not valid, or who otherwise file frivolous returns or court petitions. Penalties also apply to people who promote tax shelters or who fail to maintain and disclose lists of reportable transactions their customers or clients for those transactions. These monetary penalties can be severe. Most penalties are subject to judicial review. However, the courts rarely modify assessment of the penalties and interest for underestimate or late payment. IRS penalties Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal, state, and local tax matters.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475019", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nand may be substantial. Some penalties are imposed as excise taxes on particular transactions. Certain other penalties apply for other types of failures. Certain acts may result in forfeiture of property of the taxpayer. There are over 150 kinds of civil penalties in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, ranging in severity which is reflected in the amount of the applicable fines. Taxpayers are required to have withholding of tax or make quarterly estimated tax payments before the end of the tax year. Because accurate estimation requires accurate prediction of the future, taxpayers sometimes underestimate the amount due. The penalty for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142904", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nare imposed in the form of an excise tax. Pension and benefit plans must pay a tax for a variety of failures. Charities and private foundations must pay an excise tax on prohibited transactions and other failures. Intentional filing of materially false tax returns is a criminal offence. A person convicted of committing tax fraud, or aiding and abetting another in committing tax fraud, may be subject to forfeiture of property and/or jail time. Conviction and sentencing is through the court system. Responsibility for prosecution falls to the U.S. Department of Justice, not the Internal Revenue Service. Penalties may be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142886", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nare based on the amount of tax not properly paid. Penalties may increase with the period of nonpayment. Some penalties are fixed dollar amounts or fixed percentages of some measure required to be reported. Excise taxes used as penalties are imposed in the Code sections relating to particular kinds of transactions. Some penalties may be waived or abated where the taxpayer shows reasonable cause for the failure. Penalties apply for failures to file income tax returns or information returns, or for filing incorrect returns. Some penalties may be very minor. Penalties apply for certain types of errors on tax returns,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3228738", "chunk_text": "\"Tax protester\"\nbelief, the legal contentions \"\"are warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law or the establishment of new law\"\". Monetary civil penalties for violation of this rule may in some cases be imposed on the litigant or the attorney under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Congress has enacted section 1912 of title 28 of the United States Code providing that in the United States Supreme Court and in the various courts of appeals where litigation by the losing party has caused damage to the prevailing party, the court may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142891", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nimposed and starts to accrue interest from the due date of the return. The failure to pay penalty is imposed when a taxpayer pays the taxes after payment was due, computed from the date prescribed for paying the tax. The Internal Revenue Service advises that if the taxpayer wants to compute the penalty for failure to timely file and the penalty for failure to timely pay the tax shown on the return, or the interest, and to pay those items at the time the return is filed, the taxpayer can \"\"identify and enter the amount in the bottom margin\"\" on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142901", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nand every person who had custody and control of the funds and did not make the payment to the government. This applies to company employees and officers as individuals, as well as to companies themselves. There have been reported cases of the IRS seizing houses of those failing to pay over employee taxes. Taxpayers who are shareholders of controlled foreign corporations must file Form 5471 with respect to each such controlled foreign corporation. Penalties for failure to timely file are $10,000 to $50,000 per form, plus possible loss of foreign tax credits. U.S. corporations more than 25% owned, directly or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142893", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\npenalty on the amount of tax owed. Special rules apply for each of these types of errors under which the penalty may be waived. Certain types of returns, called \"\"information returns,\"\" do not require payment of tax. These include forms filed by employers to report wages (Form W-2) and businesses to report certain payments (Form 1099 series instructions). The penalty for failures related to these forms is a dollar amount per form not timely filed, and the amount of penalty increases with the degree of lateness. The current maximum penalty for these forms is $50. Many of the forms must", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475020", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\npaying too little estimated tax or having too little tax withheld is computed with interest on the amount that should have been, but was not, paid. Where a taxpayer has filed an income or excise tax return that shows a balance due but does not pay that balance by the due date of the return (without extensions), a different charge applies. This charge has two components: an interest charge, computed as described above, and second a penalty of 0.5% per month applied to the unpaid balance of tax and interest. The 0.5% penalty is capped at 25% of the total", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19907769", "chunk_text": "\"Potentially dangerous taxpayer\"\n‡ 2012 is only up until July 2012 In 2009, Randy Nowak of Mulberry, Florida, was convicted and sentenced to 30 years in prison for attempting to hire a hitman to murder the IRS agent doing his audit. In other cases, disgruntled taxpayers have enclosed foreign objects with their returns. Potentially dangerous taxpayer Potentially Dangerous Taxpayer (PDT) is a government designation assigned by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to taxpayers of the United States of America whom IRS officials claim have demonstrated a capacity for violence against employees of the IRS or other government agencies, contractors or their families. Suspected", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16655711", "chunk_text": "\"Tax information reporting\"\nthese tax information reporting forms touch hundreds of millions of individuals and businesses, and require a large time commitment on the part of businesses, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions to administer, prepare and file. In its continual effort to enforce the tax laws and identify unreported and under-reported income, the IRS uses tax information returns in electronic cross-matching against income tax returns. Because of this reliance on receiving information returns from the payers of income, the IRS administers a system of assessing monetary penalties, which can be severe, on businesses and other entities that do not file all of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475029", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nindirectly, by foreign persons must file Form 5472 to report such ownership and all transactions with related parties. Failure to timely file carries a $10,000 penalty per required form. This penalty may be increased by $10,000 per month per form for continued failure to file. In addition, taxpayers who fail to report changes in foreign taxes used as credits against Federal income tax may be subject to penalties. U.S. citizen or resident taxpayers (including entities) who are beneficiaries of a foreign trust or make transfers of property to a foreign trust must report information about the transfer and the trust", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475025", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nthe second page of Form 1040. The IRS advises that the taxpayer \"\"not include interest or penalties (other than the estimated tax penalty)\"\" in the \"\"Amount Owed\"\" line of the form. If amounts reported on an income tax return are later adjusted by the IRS and a tax increase results, an additional penalty may apply. This penalty of 20% or 40% of the increase in tax is due in the case of substantial understatement of tax, substantial valuation misstatements, transfer pricing adjustments, or negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. For example, a valuation overstatement can result in a 30%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19907767", "chunk_text": "\"Potentially dangerous taxpayer\"\nPotentially dangerous taxpayer Potentially Dangerous Taxpayer (PDT) is a government designation assigned by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to taxpayers of the United States of America whom IRS officials claim have demonstrated a capacity for violence against employees of the IRS or other government agencies, contractors or their families. Suspected PDT cases are handled by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration. The IRS has established the following criteria for assessing a taxpayer as a PDT, any one of which is sufficient for declaring a taxpayer a PDT: The Internal Revenue Service also designates certain taxpayers as \"\"Caution Upon Contact\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475027", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nbe filed electronically, and filing on paper is considered non-filing. Late filing of returns of partnership income (Form 1065) can result in penalties of $195 per month per partner, up to a maximum of 12 months. Similar penalties may apply to an income tax return (Form 1120S) for an S corporation. Employers are required to withhold income and social security taxes from wages paid to employees, and to pay these amounts promptly to the government. A penalty of 100% of the amount not paid over (plus liability for paying the withheld amounts) may be collected without judicial proceedings from each", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475022", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nreturn. Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay Tax: If a taxpayer fails to pay the balance due shown on the tax return by the due date (even if the reason of nonpayment is a bounced check), there is a penalty of 0.5% of the amount of unpaid tax per month (or partial month), up to a maximum of 25%. Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay After Issuance of Notice: If a taxpayer fails to pay any additional tax assessed by the IRS (usually as a result of an audit) the taxpayer may be liable for a penalty equal to 0.5%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7037157", "chunk_text": "\"Administrative Monetary Penalty\"\nfor those with language barriers. However, some people fear that a new system will be cumbersome and will not allow access to justice. Administrative Monetary Penalty An Administrative Monetary Penalty is a civil penalty imposed by a regulator for a contravention of an Act, regulation or by-law. It is issued upon discovery of an unlawful event, and is due and payable subject only to any rights of review that may be available under the AMP's implementing scheme. It is regulatory in nature, rather than criminal, and is intended to secure compliance with a regulatory scheme, and it can be employed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18290268", "chunk_text": "\"Administrative Monetary Penalty\"\nAdministrative Monetary Penalty An Administrative Monetary Penalty is a civil penalty imposed by a regulator for a contravention of an Act, regulation or by-law. It is issued upon discovery of an unlawful event, and is due and payable subject only to any rights of review that may be available under the AMP's implementing scheme. It is regulatory in nature, rather than criminal, and is intended to secure compliance with a regulatory scheme, and it can be employed with the use of other administrative sanctions, such as demerit points and license suspensions. AMPs differ from ordinary fines, such as those for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475021", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nunpaid tax. The underestimate penalty and interest on late payment are automatically assessed. Penalty for Failure to Timely File Return: If a taxpayer is required to file an income or excise tax return and fails to timely do so, a late filing penalty may be assessed. The penalty is 5% of the amount of unpaid tax per month (or partial month) the return is late, up to a maximum of 25%. A minimum penalty of $205 may apply for returns over 60 days late. The minimum penalty is the lesser of $205 or 100% of the tax due on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4081333", "chunk_text": "\"Income tax in the United States\"\nfile returns that are wrong, may be subject to penalties. These penalties vary based on the type of failure. Some penalties are computed like interest, some are fixed amounts, and some are based on other measures. Penalties for filing or paying late are generally based on the amount of tax that should have been paid and the degree of lateness. Penalties for failures related to certain forms are fixed amounts, and vary by form from very small to huge. Intentional failures, including tax fraud, may result in criminal penalties. These penalties may include jail time or forfeiture of property. Criminal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14259287", "chunk_text": "\"Income tax in the United States\"\npay income tax due without waiting for an assessment. Many taxpayers are subject to withholding taxes when they receive income. To the extent withholding taxes do not cover all taxes due, all taxpayers must make estimated tax payments. Tax penalties: Failing to make payments on time, or failing to file returns, can result in substantial penalties. Certain intentional failures may result in jail time. Tax returns may be examined and adjusted by tax authorities. Taxpayers have rights to appeal any change to tax, and these rights vary by jurisdiction. Taxpayers may also go to court to contest tax changes. Tax", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13142903", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nor corporation. Failure to timely report on Form 3520 or Form 3520-A may result in penalties of up to 35%. Similar transferors to foreign corporations failing to file Form 926 may face penalties of 10% of the value of the transfer, up to $100,000. Federal excise taxes are imposed on a variety of goods and services. Some of these taxes require purchase of tax stamps or other evidence of advance payment of tax. Some require collection of the tax by retailers. An assortment of penalties apply to manufacturers and retailers not complying with the particular rules. In addition, certain penalties", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17186752", "chunk_text": "\"Suspending the Individual Mandate Penalty Law Equals Fairness Act\"\nover the filing minimum, whichever is greater; this will rise to a minimum of $695 ($2,085 for families), or 2.5% of income over the filing minimum, by 2016. Individuals who aren't covered will be assessed the penalty on their Federal tax return. In the wording of the law, a taxpayer who fails to pay the penalty \"\"shall not be subject to any criminal prosecution or penalty\"\" and cannot have liens or levies placed on their property, but the IRS will be able to withhold future tax refunds from them. \"\"This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11181041", "chunk_text": "\"Back taxes\"\nnot paying one’s back taxes differ. IRS may send written notices regarding back taxes and usually expect a response in 30-60 days. A penalty fee is issued if the taxes remain unpaid. The minimum penalty fee is $135. Also, one has to pay interest on the unpaid taxes. The interest rate is usually determined by the federal short-term rate. IRS can summon taxpayers, which is a legal requirement for the taxpayer to visit an IRS officer and bring appropriate records and documents. A third party with relevant information about the case, such as a record keeper from a financial institution,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15056788", "chunk_text": "\"IRS targeting controversy\"\nIn October 2017, the Trump Administration agreed to settle a lawsuit filed on behalf of more than 400 conservative nonprofit groups who claimed that they had been discriminated against by the Internal Revenue Service. The settlement includes an apology from the IRS and a monetary portion characterized by an attorney for the plaintiffs as \"\"very substantial.\"\" United States federal tax law, specifically Section 501(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code (), exempts certain types of nonprofit organizations from having to pay federal income tax. The statutory language of IRC 501(c)(4) generally requires civic organizations described in that section to be \"\"operated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5902219", "chunk_text": "\"Intermediate sanctions\"\neach organization but \"\"benefits\"\" provided by a controlled entity will be treated as being provided by the exempt organization. A person may be a disqualified person for more than one organization. The intermediate sanction statute identifies certain persons as having substantial influence as a matter of law — such persons are conclusively presumed to be disqualified persons. The temporary regulations identify additional categories of those who have a substantial influence. The IRS considers these individuals to be presumptively disqualified. Under the statute, the following are disqualified: Other persons defined by the regulations as having substantial interest include: Under the temporary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11467966", "chunk_text": "\"Tax protester statutory arguments\"\nwas liable for monetary sanctions, under Rule 38 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, for making a frivolous argument. The argument that only certain types of taxpayers (such as only Federal government employees, corporations, nonresident aliens, residents of the District of Columbia, or residents of Federal territories) are subject to income tax and employment tax, and variations of this argument, have been officially identified as legally frivolous Federal tax return positions for purposes of the $5,000 frivolous tax return penalty imposed under Internal Revenue Code section 6702(a). Some tax protesters argue that there is no law imposing a Federal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6633798", "chunk_text": "\"Intermediate sanctions\"\nIntermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions is a term used in regulations enacted by the United States Internal Revenue Service that is applied to non-profit organizations who engage in transactions that inure to the benefit of a \"\"disqualified person\"\" within the organization. These regulations allow the IRS to penalize the organization and the disqualified person receiving the benefit. Intermediate sanctions may be imposed either in addition to or instead of revocation of the exempt status of the organization. The \"\"Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2\"\" which came into force on July 30, 1996, added section 4958 to the Internal Revenue Code. Section 4958", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9263475", "chunk_text": "\"Tax levies\"\n6343(a)(1)(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and Treasury Regulation section 301.6343-1(b)(4) afford a debtor the opportunity to keep more of his or her money if the garnishment would create an economic hardship. Firing an employee to avoid handling a levy may be a criminal offense. Federal law provides for a fine of up to $1,000 and imprisonment for up to one year on an employer who willfully fires an employee in connection with a garnishment of the employee's earnings. Under federal tax regulations, \"\"[t]he IRS will not levy against the property or rights to property of a taxpayer who submits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14475023", "chunk_text": "\"IRS penalties\"\nfor each month (or partial month) during which the failure continues, if the amount is not paid within 21 calendar days after the date of an IRS notice demanding the payment. If both the failure to file and the failure to pay penalties apply during the same month, then the failure to file penalty is reduced by 0.5% each month. The 25% cap above applies to the 5% late filing penalty and the 0.5% late payment penalty together. The late filing penalty may be waived or abated on showing of reasonable cause for failure. The failure to file penalty is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6236261", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United States\"\nautomatic penalty of up to $50 per form not timely filed. State and local penalties vary by jurisdiction. A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS. The penalty of up to 100% of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person (such as a corporate officer) having control or custody of the funds from which payment should have been made. There is no federal sales or use tax in the United States. All but five states impose sales and use", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1640976", "chunk_text": "\"Tax protester\"\nfailing to pay taxes that are due, and from repeating arguments that have previously been invalidated by the courts. The United States Congress has, however, enacted Internal Revenue Code section 6702 \"\"in an effort to deter tax protesters from filing frivolous returns.\"\" This statute was enacted as part of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. The penalty under section 6702 is a civil (non-criminal) penalty, and is $500 for positions taken on or before March 15, 2007. For positions taken after that date, the penalty amount has been increased to $5,000. The Internal Revenue Service has issued", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11069187", "chunk_text": "\"Tax protester\"\nunconstitutionally vague—were ruled to be without merit). In 1939, Congress enacted section 1117(g) (entitled \"\"Proceeding Frivolous\"\") of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, giving the Board of Tax Appeals (now called the United States Tax Court) the power to impose a civil monetary penalty of up to $500 against any party who instituted a proceeding \"\"merely for delay\"\" before the Board of Tax Appeals. In 1954, this provision was continued with the enactment of section 6673 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954. The current version of section 6673 (in the 1986 Code) provides that frivolous arguments may result in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9279493", "chunk_text": "\"Predicted effects of the FairTax\"\nPredicted effects of the FairTax The Fair Tax Act (/) is a bill in the United States Congress for changing tax laws to replace the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and all federal income taxes (including Alternative Minimum Tax), payroll taxes (including Social Security and Medicare taxes), corporate taxes, capital gains taxes, gift taxes, and estate taxes with a national retail sales tax, to be levied once at the point of purchase on all new goods and services. The proposal also calls for a monthly payment to households of citizens and legal resident aliens (based on family size) as an advance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1083398", "chunk_text": "\"Tax noncompliance\"\nno penalties are due. The civil penalty for willful failure to timely file a return is generally equal to 5.0% of the amount of tax \"\"required to be shown on the return per month, up to a maximum of 25%. In cases where a taxpayer does not have enough money to pay the entire tax bill, the IRS can work out a payment plan with taxpayers, or enter into a collection alternative such as a partial payment installment agreement, an Offer in Compromise, placement into hardship or \"\"currently non-collectable\"\" status or file bankruptcy. For years for which no return has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15056785", "chunk_text": "\"IRS targeting controversy\"\nIRS targeting controversy In 2013, the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) revealed that it had selected political groups applying for tax-exempt status for intensive scrutiny based on their names or political themes. This led to wide condemnation of the agency and triggered several investigations, including a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal probe ordered by United States Attorney General Eric Holder. Initial reports described the selections as nearly exclusively of conservative groups with terms such as \"\"Tea Party\"\" in their names. According to Republican lawmakers, liberal-leaning groups and the Occupy movement had also triggered additional scrutiny, but at a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6675795", "chunk_text": "\"Tax evasion in the United States\"\nspecific information such as books, records, and papers. The IRS whistleblower award program was created to assist the IRS in obtaining necessary information. While these investigations can lead to criminal prosecution, the IRS itself has no power to prosecute crimes. The IRS can only impose monetary penalties and require payment of proper tax due. The IRS performs audits on suspicion of noncompliance but has also historically performed randomly selected audits to estimate total noncompliance; the former audits have much higher chance of noncompliance. Under the net worth and cash expenditure methods of proof, the IRS performs year-by-year-by-year comparisons of net", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6900626", "chunk_text": "\"Payroll tax\"\nto 10%. Similar state and local penalties apply. Failure to properly file monthly or quarterly returns may result in additional penalties. Failure to file Forms W-2 results in an automatic penalty of up to $50 per form not timely filed. State and local penalties vary by jurisdiction. A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS. The penalty of up to 100% of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person (such as a corporate officer) having control or custody of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11181032", "chunk_text": "\"Back taxes\"\npenalty. In this case it may even be so that the person filled his tax returns and even paid the taxes. But failing to declare all income will arise back taxes. The IRS gets information from third parites such as banks, businesses (e.g. copies of peoples W-2 forms), meaning they have an accurate picture about peoples incomes. If the IRS notices a discrepancy between a persons report and the records they send a Proposed Tax Change Notice. If so, a person may either dispute the taxes owed or simpy make arrangements to pay the proposed sum (plus fines). The notice", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11467976", "chunk_text": "\"Tax protester statutory arguments\"\nmade under any provision of the internal revenue laws or regulations shall be signed \"\"in accordance with forms or regulations prescribed by the Secretary\"\"\"\" (emphasis added). The Treasury Regulations indicate that the individual's Federal income tax return must be filed on \"\"Form 1040,\"\" \"\"Form 1040A,\"\" etc. Criminal penalties for willful failure to timely file tax returns or pay taxes are mentioned at : Under : See also and . The Federal tax evasion statute follows the language of statutory provisions such as Code section 1 (the imposition statute for the individual income tax), with both statutes using the word \"\"imposed\"\":", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12605828", "chunk_text": "\"Tax levies\"\nTax levies A Tax levy, under United States Federal law, is an administrative action by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) under statutory authority, generally without going to court, to seize property to satisfy a tax liability. The levy \"\"includes the power of distraint and seizure by any means\"\". The general rule is that no court permission is required for the IRS to execute a section 6331 levy. For taxpayers in serious debt to the IRS, the most feared weapon in the IRS arsenal is the tax levy. Using the powers granted to the IRS in the Internal Revenue Code, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4081331", "chunk_text": "\"Income tax in the United States\"\npay all taxes owed based on the self-assessed tax returns, as adjusted. The IRS collection process allows taxpayers to in certain circumstances, and provides time payment plans that include interest and a \"\"penalty\"\" that is merely added interest. Where taxpayers do not pay tax owed, the IRS has strong means to enforce collection. These include the ability to levy bank accounts and seize property. Generally, significant advance notice is given before levy or seizure. However, in certain rarely used jeopardy assessments the IRS may immediately seize money and property. The IRS Collection Divisions are responsible for most collection activities. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6633808", "chunk_text": "\"Intermediate sanctions\"\nexplains how to determine compliance. Intermediate Sanctions Text of the Final Regulations effective January 23, 2002 as published in the Federal Register. Intermediate sanctions Intermediate sanctions is a term used in regulations enacted by the United States Internal Revenue Service that is applied to non-profit organizations who engage in transactions that inure to the benefit of a \"\"disqualified person\"\" within the organization. These regulations allow the IRS to penalize the organization and the disqualified person receiving the benefit. Intermediate sanctions may be imposed either in addition to or instead of revocation of the exempt status of the organization. The \"\"Taxpayer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9453291", "chunk_text": "\"IRS Criminal Investigation Division\"\nbanking laws by structuring cash withdrawals to avoid reporting requirements. Specifically, he made cash withdrawals of less than $10,000 to hide his efforts to pay $3.5 million to an unnamed person to compensate for and conceal prior \"\"misconduct.\"\" At the time of the indictment, Hastert had paid the person $1.7 million. \"\"Credit Suisse Guilty Plea:\"\" In May 2014, Swiss financial giant Credit Suisse pleaded guilty to conspiring to help U.S. taxpayers file false and misleading income tax returns with the IRS. Eight Credit Suisse executives were also charged with defrauding the United States. The agreement forced Credit Suisse to pay", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "510060", "chunk_text": "\"Internal Revenue Service\"\nimpose various penalties. OPR can also take action against tax practitioners for conviction of a crime or failure to file their own tax returns. According to former OPR director Karen Hawkins, \"\"The focus has been on roadkill - the easy cases of tax practitioners who are non-filers.\"\" The current director is Stephen Whitlock. Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) and Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) are volunteer programs that the IRS runs to train volunteers and provide tax assistance and counseling to taxpayers. Volunteers can study e-course material, take tests, and practice using tax-preparation software. Link & Learn Taxes (searchable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5902217", "chunk_text": "\"Intermediate sanctions\"\npayment of such penalty. These penalties are cumulative, thus an individual may be liable as a disqualified person and as an organization manager. The \"\"Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2\"\" (effective July 30, 1996) added section 4958 to the Internal Revenue Code. On August 4, 1998, the IRS proposed regulations to implement IRC 4958. On March 16 and 17, 1999, the IRS held public hearings on these proposed regulations. It was not until January 10, 2001 that the IRS issued Temporary Regulations, which were to be effective for up to 3 years. Then, on January 23, 2002 the Final Regulations were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1139283", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United States\"\ntime limit, including substantial understatement of income and fraud. The taxpayer and the IRS may agree to allow the IRS additional time to conclude an audit. If the IRS proposes adjustments, the taxpayer may agree to the adjustment, appeal within the IRS, or seek judicial determination of the tax. In addition to enforcing tax laws, the IRS provides formal and informal guidance to taxpayers. While often referred to as IRS Regulations, the regulations under the Internal Revenue Code are issued by the Department of Treasury. IRS guidance consists of: The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Trade Bureau (TTB), a division of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6066834", "chunk_text": "\"Patriot Act, Title III\"\nthe government who acts corruptly — as well as the person who induces the corrupt act — in the carrying out of their official duties will be fined by an amount that is not more than three times the monetary equivalent of the bribe in question. Alternatively they may be imprisoned for not more than 15 years, or they may be fined and imprisoned. Penalties apply to financial institutions who do not comply with an order to terminate any corresponding accounts within 10 days of being so ordered by the Attorney General or the Secretary of Treasury under Section 319.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18491385", "chunk_text": "\"Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015\"\npay a penalty which equals amount of tax arrears. If the taxpayer does not comply with the rules and officers and is subject to defaults then he/she is liable to pay a sum ranging from 50,000- 2,00,000 INR. If a person fails to file return before the end of that assessment year then he/she is subject to 10,00,000 INR penalty. There will be no penalty if the aggregate balance in one or more foreign bank account is less than 5,00,000 INR. If a person provides inaccurate information or does not provide information in general is subject to penalty of 10,00,000", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_42	who turned out to be the mother on how i met your mother?	n/a	[ "Tracy McConnell" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1935814", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nThe Mother (How I Met Your Mother) Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"\"The Mother\"\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\". The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from \"\"Lucky Penny\"\" to \"\"The Time Travelers\"\", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"\"Something New\"\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti. The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920498", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nbehind the series; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series, including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment. Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky's (Cobie Smulders) wedding; this scene is shown in \"\"Last Forever\"\", the series finale. The Mother's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024, also revealed in the series finale, received a mixed reaction from fans. An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD. In the alternate ending, Tracy Mosby", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920521", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\n9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene. In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030. The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"\"The Mother\"\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\". The show, narrated by Future Ted (Bob Saget), tells the story of how Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in eight episodes, from \"\"Lucky Penny\"\" to \"\"The Time Travelers\"\", as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"\"Something New\"\" and was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920518", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nlabor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton. The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, \"\"Last Forever\"\". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode \"\"Belly Full of Turkey\"\", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says \"\"...that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother\"\". The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking, which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy. In the series finale, it is revealed that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5337659", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nHewitt. They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who, at the time, was fairly unknown. Bays and Thomas later said, \"\"Thank God we did for a million reasons... when Ted's seeing her for the first time, America's seeing her for the first time—the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive\"\". Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot, it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother, which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the \"\"will they or won't", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5337655", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nhumor: in the episode \"\"How I Met Everyone Else\"\", Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten, leading all characters to act as though her given name were \"\"Blah-Blah\"\"; later in the series, Ted remembers her name as Carol. While the traditional love-story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other, \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\" does not introduce Ted's wife (Cristin Milioti) until the eighth-season finale, and only announces her name (Tracy McConnell) during the series finale. The show instead focuses on Ted's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women, thus setting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920500", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nat the unseen character of The Mother. Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted to cast a lesser known actress in the role to avoid audiences associating the Mother with the actresses' previous roles, similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had \"\"kept the show alive\"\" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call. They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on \"\"30 Rock\"\" and \"\"Once\"\"; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. Milioti filmed her first scene for the last episode of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5337794", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nmeddle in their relationship, but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval. Quinn moves in with Barney, while Ted buys Quinn's old apartment. Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall, who are out at a casino. After many attempts to escape, Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby, Marvin Waitforit Eriksen. Ted and Robin's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin's birth. As the season concludes, Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby, Barney proposes to Quinn, and Ted contacts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920501", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nseason 8 having never watched \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\" before. She only learned of the character's importance after binge watching the show during the summer. The Mother was born on September 19, 1984. The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920519", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nsix years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she \"\"became sick\"\" and his children said that she has been \"\"gone\"\" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment with The Mother's death. Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning. Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was \"\"an amazing character\"\" and that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322548", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nBarney and Robin decide to divorce. Barney ends up fathering a child during a one-night stand. Marshall eventually becomes a judge, and he and Lily have three children. Ted's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024, six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met. Upon finishing the story, at the urging of his kids, Ted decides to ask Robin out. Alluding to the first episode (pilot), the finale (and series) ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn. The first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8104792", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nbattle to save the Arcadian. At the end of the season, Lily reveals that she is pregnant. Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father, especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother, James, meets his own father. Loretta offers the identity of Barney's father on a sheet of paper, but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother. At the funeral of Marshall's father, Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last. The man, Jerry Whittaker (John", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9920502", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\n\"\"Wait for It\"\", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In \"\"No Tomorrow\"\", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death. She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12968592", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nshe tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after. They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she doesn't love him. The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends - Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel) - before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in \"\"Platonish\"\". In \"\"The Locket\"\", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3966616", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nLithgow), is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle. Barney, who remembers Jerry as a fun-loving man, is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free-wheeling ways. Although he tries to bring back Jerry's old behaviors, Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday. He is also introduced to Nora (Nazanin Boniadi), a co-worker of Robin, for whom he develops feelings. After an initial falling out, the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee. Robin continues to work at her talk show, \"\"Come On, Get", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322521", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nChalke), a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo. This culminates in a memorable \"\"two-minute date,\"\" which incorporates small talk, dinner, a movie, coffee, two cab rides, and a goodnight kiss, all within two minutes. Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break-up with a past Canadian love; Ted is infuriated, and decides to stop being friends with Barney. Meanwhile, an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney's attempts to hook up. His saboteur is revealed to be Abby (Britney Spears), Stella's receptionist, with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322547", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nMarshall will have a daughter. It was also revealed that Ted's children are named Penny and Luke. In addition, the 200th episode detailed the Mother's eight years before meeting Ted, while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes. Also, Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet: the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner, and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony. In the series finale, it was revealed that after three years of marriage,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13226358", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nmeets Zoey Pierson (Jennifer Morrison), a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel, the Arcadian, to be torn down for the headquarters. Over the season, Ted's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband, the Captain (Kyle MacLachlan), but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love, leading to the Arcadian's demolition. Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey. Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season, Lily and Marshall keep having sex, hoping she will get pregnant. Around", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322546", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nthe first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti), who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella. With the exception of the very last episode, the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin's wedding. Marshall, who is stuck in Minnesota, desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time. Meanwhile, in Farhampton, the time is slowly counting down to the wedding, with a new problem arising in almost every episode. It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2810708", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother (season 1)\"\nwomanizer, is played by Neil Patrick Harris. Season one also introduced several recurring cast members, including Lyndsy Fonseca and David Henrie as Ted's children, and Ashley Williams as Victoria, Ted's love interest for the second half of the season. The season one pilot episode was recognized by the Casting Society of America with a nomination for the Best Comedy Pilot Casting Artios Award. \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\" was inspired by creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas's idea to \"\"write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York,\"\" where they previously worked as writers for \"\"Late", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1935832", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\ngoodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date. In a flashforward in \"\"The Lighthouse\"\", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in \"\"Unpause\"\", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1247289", "chunk_text": "\"Charlene Amoia\"\nCharlene Amoia Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\". Some of her other television credits include \"\"Glee\"\" and Diana Coto on \"\"Switched at Birth\"\", and her film credits include Kevin's (Thomas Ian Nicholas) wife Elllie in \"\"American Reunion\"\" (2012) from the \"\"American Pie\"\" series. Charlene was born in Buffalo New York. She got her start in modeling before making the transition to acting in 2001 with a role on the soap opera, \"\"Port Charles\"\". That part on the daytime drama led to guest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3524417", "chunk_text": "\"April Bowlby\"\nmonths of her first-ever auditions. She is also known for her role as Stacy Barrett in \"\"Drop Dead Diva\"\". She played Barney Stinson's obsessive ex-girlfriend Meg in \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\", and has made appearances in \"\"\"\", \"\"Psych\"\", and \"\"\"\". She has appeared in films such as \"\"All Roads Lead Home\"\" (2008), \"\"The Slammin' Salmon\"\" (2009), and \"\"From Prada to Nada\"\" (2011). She will play Rita Farr / Elasti-Girl in the forthcoming show \"\"Titans\"\". April Bowlby April Michelle Bowlby (born July 30, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Kandi on the CBS comedy series \"\"Two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1935825", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nat which he is the best man. In the episode \"\"False Positive\"\" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode \"\"Challenge Accepted\"\", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, \"\"The Magician's Code\"\" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother \"\"the day of\"\" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the \"\"Farhampton\"\" station while holding a yellow umbrella", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322542", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nBarney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other, and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity. Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together, despite Barney's wishes. Barney then begins dating Robin's hated co-worker Patrice (Ellen D. Williams), a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him. In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin, who says yes. Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents, which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3966595", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nreveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as \"\"Aunt Robin\"\". Ted begins dating a baker, Victoria (Ashley Williams), whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia's wedding, causing Robin to become jealous, and realize she does have feelings for Ted. Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry-making, moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long-distance relationship. Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him, he tells her he broke up with Victoria, even though he has not. They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers, mistaking Ted's phone for her own. Ted and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322545", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nto provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument. During a chance meeting on the subway, Cindy offers the services of her roommate's wedding band. This roommate is Ted's future wife. As the week of the wedding approaches, Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted. Guilty, Ted realizes he cannot be around Barney and Robin after they are married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding. The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin's wedding, including the mother of Ted's children (revealed on screen for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11614571", "chunk_text": "\"Lily Aldrin\"\nLily Aldrin Lily Aldrin is a fictional character in the CBS television series \"\"How I Met Your Mother.\"\" Lily is portrayed by American actress Alyson Hannigan. She is the wife of Marshall Eriksen and the best friend of Ted Mosby, Robin Scherbatsky and Barney Stinson. Lily is a kindergarten teacher and an amateur painter. In the eighth season, she gets a job as an art consultant. Lily is also the only member of the original main cast of the series who has not appeared in every episode, due to Alyson Hannigan taking leave after giving birth to her first child.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11614585", "chunk_text": "\"Lily Aldrin\"\ntheir lives: Robin and Barney's divorce, the birth of Barney's daughter and that of Ted's two children, and Ted's wedding to The Mother (whose real name is Tracy McConnell). She remains happily married to Marshall, who eventually becomes a State Supreme Court judge. Alyson Hannigan won the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress in 2010 and 2012 for this role. Lily Aldrin Lily Aldrin is a fictional character in the CBS television series \"\"How I Met Your Mother.\"\" Lily is portrayed by American actress Alyson Hannigan. She is the wife of Marshall Eriksen and the best friend of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1571478", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother (season 9)\"\nfinal season\"\", though he expressed more optimism after the San Diego Comic-Con panel for the final season. The ninth season features a cast of six actors who receive star billing. Josh Radnor, Jason Segel, Cobie Smulders, Neil Patrick Harris, and Alyson Hannigan all reprise their roles in this season. Cristin Milioti, who was revealed as The Mother in the Season 8 finale, has been promoted to series regular, a first for the series. \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\" was initially scheduled to run for eight seasons after CBS ordered a seventh and eighth season in 2011. The show gained a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3966594", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nto the disgust of his self-appointed best friend Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris), whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier. Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games, usually involving costumes and fake identities, designed to bed women, only to lose interest in them immediately afterward. Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada, Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders), with whom he quickly falls in love. Robin, however, does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends. Future Ted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1935824", "chunk_text": "\"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nTed would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time. Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band. In the season 6 opener \"\"Big Days\"\" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife \"\"the day of\"\" the wedding", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1509105", "chunk_text": "\"No Tomorrow (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nhe's glad because he knows that if they had, she would not have liked him. In the last scene, Barney wakes up next to a dumpster, proclaims, \"\"I'm awesome\"\" and stumbles away. Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club rated the episode B+. Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the episode 8 out of 10. Several critics speculated on whether actress Nicole Muirbrook, who is credited as \"\"Woman\"\" in the episode, could be the titular Mother. Joel Keller of TV Squad described the episode as \"\"above average\"\" and wondered if the show would survive to be renewed for a fourth season. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5378", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nChristmas, they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing. The fertility specialist, Dr. Stangel, turns out to be Barney's doppelgänger, fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child. However, tragedy strikes when Marshall's father passes away, leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him. Marshall tries to get over his father's death and live again. Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future, Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer. Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13226354", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nterms with their relationship. After a rough patch they decide to break up. Robin describes it instead as \"\"two friends getting back together.\"\" Barney immediately goes back to his old ways, using the playbook to score with women. Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break-up. Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife. Robin meets Don Frank (Benjamin Koldyke), her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show. Though she initially dislikes him, the two start dating and eventually she moves in with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13226356", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nbig decision to the universe's \"\"infinite wisdom\"\" and start trying when they have seen Barney's Doppelganger. In the season finale, Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world, and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger. When Marshall finds out, he decides not to tell Lily, fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children. Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait. In the season finale, Lily thinks she sees Barney's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor, which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "216591", "chunk_text": "\"Robin Scherbatsky\"\nRobin Scherbatsky Robin Charles Scherbatsky Jr. is a fictional character created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas for the CBS television series \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\", portrayed by actress Cobie Smulders. Robin is the on-again, off-again love interest of Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor), and a close friend to Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan) and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel). Show creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas always intended for Robin Scherbatsky not to be the mother of Ted Mosby's children, stating that the show is about how \"\"Ted meets the perfect woman, and it’s [still]", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322541", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nhis old girlfriend Victoria. Unhappy with her own impending marriage, she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset. A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney's wedding, where Robin is revealed as the bride. Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney, causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together. The summer is spent with Ted, Barney, and Robin enjoying their current relationships; however, all subsequently break up with their partners. Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "73461", "chunk_text": "\"Something New (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nthe wedding. When she asks how he's returning to the city before going to Chicago, Ted says that he'll take the train. Ranjit picks up Robin and Barney at their apartment. Marshall calls Lily and she reminds him that in a week, they'll be living in Italy. When Marshall's brother Marcus reminds him that he hasn't told her about the job, Marshall says that it is \"\"face to face\"\" news. During a closing montage featuring all of the main characters heading to Farhampton for the wedding, the titular \"\"mother\"\" (Cristin Milioti) is finally revealed to the audience for the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1247290", "chunk_text": "\"Charlene Amoia\"\nappearances in several other series, including \"\"Joey\"\", \"\"Girlfriends\"\", \"\"90210\"\", and as Anna Schick in \"\"The Young and the Restless.\"\" From 2005 to 2011, she played Wendy, a waitress that works at the bar, the main setting of the American TV hit \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\". Although at times on the series she was rumored to be Ted's future wife, Amoia herself didn't believe Wendy would turn out to be \"\"the one\"\". \"\"Wendy had sex with Barney behind the bar on the show and also made out with Ted’s dad, so the likelihood of this character being the mom, I", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10281294", "chunk_text": "\"Cristin Milioti\"\nCristin Milioti Cristin Milioti (born August 16, 1985) is an American actress and vocalist. She has worked in Broadway theatre productions such as \"\"That Face\"\", \"\"Stunning\"\", and the Tony Award-winning musical \"\"Once\"\". She also played the titular Mother on the sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\" from 2013 to 2014, Teresa Petrillo Belfort in the 2013 film \"\"The Wolf of Wall Street\"\", and Betsy Solverson in the second season of \"\"Fargo\"\" (2015). She has won a Grammy Award and has been nominated for a Tony Award. Milioti was born on August 16, 1985 in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. She is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2810709", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother (season 1)\"\nShow with David Letterman\"\". The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters. Ted is based loosely on Bays, and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife. Thomas's wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her, but agreed if they could get Hannigan to play her. Radnor and Segel were relative unknowns, but Smulders, another relatively little-known actress, was cast as Robin after Jennifer Love Hewitt turned down the role in favor of \"\"Ghost Whisperer\"\". Bays and Thomas commented on her casting by saying, \"\"thank God we did for a million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8948005", "chunk_text": "\"Pilot (How I Met Your Mother)\"\nreturns to MacLaren's with the gang, assuming that he will never see her again. Future Ted tells his children, \"\"And that's the story of how I met your... Aunt Robin\"\"; with this, he mentions Robin's name for the first time. The children are confused, as they had assumed he was talking about their mother. Ted reminds them that \"\"it's a long story\"\". Thomas and Bays based the characters on their friends. With Ted being based on Bays and Marshall and Lily based on Thomas and his wife. Thomas' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17274453", "chunk_text": "Unpause\nUnpause \"\"Unpause\"\" is the fifteenth episode of the ninth season of the CBS sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\", and the 199th episode overall. This is also the episode where Ted's future children's names are finally revealed; the daughter's name is Penny and the son is Luke. In 2017, Ted's wife goes into labor during their stay at the Farhampton Inn, where they were enjoying their last weekend away before their new baby comes. Ted tells his wife that he hopes the baby arrives soon due to his mother's rule that \"\"\"\"Nothing good happens after 2am\"\"\"\". However, his wife says", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7322538", "chunk_text": "\"How I Met Your Mother\"\nbreak up with their partners, but Robin reneges on the deal, returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken. Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his, since she and Kevin had not yet slept together. However, Robin's doctor informs her that she cannot have children at all. Kevin, who wants children, proposes to Robin, who decides that they must break up. Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her, but the gesture is unrequited. Eventually, she moves out to give him some space. Marshall and Lily decide they want to move", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20304019", "chunk_text": "\"Big Days\"\nthat the girl is on a date, as she is reading a book. When Barney heckles her appearance, Robin decides to prove him wrong, so she returns to the apartment to clean up and returns to the bar in a sun dress (much to Barney's delight), before waving off a guy who hits on her. Ted notices the girl (Kaylee DeFer) that he has been watching at the bar is standing next to Cindy (Rachel Bilson), the girl he had briefly dated from his school, and whose roommate Future Ted says is the eponymous mother. After their one date, Cindy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12680935", "chunk_text": "\"Marshall Eriksen\"\nMarshall Eriksen Marshall Eriksen is a fictional character on the CBS sitcom \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\", portrayed by Jason Segel. Series co-creator Craig Thomas explained that he based Marshall and Lily on himself and his wife Rebecca. The series revolves around the adventures of the five main characters: Ted Mosby (Josh Radnor) and his best friends Marshall, his wife Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin Scherbatsky (Cobie Smulders). Marshall met Ted and Lily during their freshman year at Wesleyan University in 1996, and they moved into an apartment in New York City together after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15947370", "chunk_text": "\"Holden Snyder\"\nwere shocked to learn in 1987 that Lily's mother Lucinda Walsh was not her biological mother. Lucinda revealed that she adopted her and was the biological daughter of Holden's sister Iva Snyder and his cousin Joshua Snyder-Stricklyn. Holden and Lily were thought to be related but it was revealed that her biological parents were only adopted into the Snyder family. The romance blossomed and suffered two divorces, Holden's brain injury, amnesia and presumed deaths, his battles with her exes Damian and Dusty Donovan and him being drawn to his exes Molly Conlan and eventually Carly Snyder. The pair is considered", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1733858", "chunk_text": "\"Jennifer Morrison\"\nJennifer Morrison Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical-drama series \"\"House\"\" (2004–2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure-fantasy series \"\"Once Upon a Time\"\" (2011–2017, 2018). She has also portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\"; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science-fiction film \"\"Star Trek\"\"; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film \"\"Warrior\"\". She made her feature film directorial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1733847", "chunk_text": "\"Jennifer Morrison\"\nJennifer Morrison Jennifer Marie Morrison (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress, producer, director, and former child model. She is known for her roles as Dr. Allison Cameron in the medical-drama series \"\"House\"\" (2004–2012) and Emma Swan in the ABC adventure-fantasy series \"\"Once Upon a Time\"\" (2011–2017, 2018). She has also portrayed Zoey Pierson, one of Ted Mosby's love interests on the comedy series \"\"How I Met Your Mother\"\"; Winona Kirk, mother of James T. Kirk in the 2009 science-fiction film \"\"Star Trek\"\"; and Tess Conlon in the 2011 sports drama film \"\"Warrior\"\". She made her feature film directorial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_43	what is the corporate tax rate in great britain?	n/a	[ "20%" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037447", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nUnited Kingdom corporation tax In the United Kingdom, corporation tax is a corporate tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by UK-resident companies and on the profits of entities registered overseas with permanent establishments in the UK. Until 1 April 1965, companies were taxed at the same income tax rates as individual taxpayers, with an additional profits tax levied on companies. Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax, which took its basic structure and rules from the income tax system. Since 1997, the UK's Tax Law Rewrite Project has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037451", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\n2016-17. Until 1965, companies were subject to income tax on their profits at the same rates as was levied on individual taxpayers. A dividend imputation system existed, whereby the income tax paid by a company was offset against the income tax liability of a shareholder who received dividends from the company. The standard rate of income tax in 1949 was 50%. If the company paid a £100 dividend, the recipient would be treated as if he had earned £200 and had paid £100 in income tax on it – the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037449", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nwhich an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend. The classical system was reintroduced in 1999, with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits. Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three. Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28% in 2008-2010 to a flat rate of 20% as of April 2015. The UK government faced problems with its corporate tax structure, including European Court of Justice judgements that aspects of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17801829", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nincome tax, while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended; the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged. Business rates is the commonly used name of non-domestic rates, a rate or tax charged to occupiers of non-domestic property. Business rates form part of the funding for local government, and are collected by them, but rather than receipts being retained directly they are pooled centrally and then redistributed. In 2005–06, £19.9 billion was collected in business rates, representing 4.35 percent of the total United Kingdom tax income. Business rates are a property tax, where each non-domestic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037485", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nthe following 31 March. Financial year FY17 started on 1 April 2017 and ends on 31 March 2018. Where a company's accounting period straddles a financial year in which the corporation tax rate has changed, the company's profits for that period are split. For example, a company paying small companies' rate with its accounting period running from 1 January to 31 December, and making £100,000 of profit in 2007, would be deemed to have made 90/365£100,000 = £24,657.53 in FY06 (there are 90 days between 1 January and 31 March), and 275/365£100,000=£75,34.47 in FY07, and would pay 19% on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037478", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nto collect corporation tax must be passed annually by parliament, otherwise there is no authority to collect it. The charge for the financial year (beginning 1 April each year) is imposed by successive finance acts. The tax is charged in respect of the company's accounting period, which is normally the 12-month period for which the company prepares its accounts. Corporation tax is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC). Corporation tax is levied on the net profits of a company. Except for certain life assurance companies, it is borne by the company as a direct tax. Up until 1999", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13025036", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate haven\"\nnot appear on all ). The U.K. changed its tax regime in 2009-2013. It lowered its corporate tax rate to 19%, brought in new IP-based BEPS tools, and moved to a territorial tax system. The U.K. became a \"\"recipient\"\" of U.S. corporate tax inversions, and ranked as one of Europe's leading havens. A major study now ranks the U.K. as the second largest global Conduit OFC (a corporate haven proxy). The U.K. was particularly fortunate as 18 of the 24 jurisdictions that are identified as Sink OFCs, the traditional tax havens, are current or past dependencies of the U.K. (and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037484", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\ncharities are also normally deducted in calculating taxable income if made under Gift Aid. The 2007 Budget announced a main rate cut from 30% to 28%, effective from April 2008. At the same time, the small companies' rate was increased from 19% to 20% from April 2007, 21% in April 2008, to stop \"\"individuals artificially incorporating as small companies to avoid paying their due share of tax, a practice if left unaddressed would cost the rest of the taxpaying population billions of pounds\"\". The rate of corporation tax is determined by the financial year, which runs from 1 April to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14432947", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax\"\none should also take into account the taxes on dividends paid to shareholders. For example, the overall U.S. tax on corporate profits of 35% is less than or similar to that of European countries such as Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, which have lower corporate tax rates but higher taxes on dividends paid to shareholders. Corporate tax rates across the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) are shown in the table. Rates within the OECD vary from a low of 8.5% in Switzerland to a high of 34.43% in France, since the United States had recently decreased", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037469", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nthe starting rate to zero, with marginal relief applying in the same way. This caused a significant increase in the number of companies being incorporated, as businesses that had operated as self-employed, paying income tax on profits from just over £5,000, were attracted to the corporation tax rate of 0% on income up to £10,000. Previously self-employed individuals could now distribute profits as dividend payments rather than salaries. For companies with profits under £50,000 the corporation tax rate varied between 0% and 19%. Because dividend payments come with a basic rate tax credit, provided the recipient did not earn more", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12277648", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax\"\nincluded in income by the shareholder resident in the United Kingdom or certain treaty countries, and treated as a payment of tax by the shareholder. To the extent that deemed tax payment exceeded taxes otherwise due, it was refundable to the shareholder. Many jurisdictions incorporate some sort of alternative tax computation. These computations may be based on assets, capital, wages, or some alternative measure of taxable income. Often the alternative tax functions as a minimum tax. United States federal income tax incorporates an alternative minimum tax. This tax is computed at a lower tax rate (20% for corporations), and imposed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13025016", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate haven\"\nwhile using OECD-whitelisted and , which don't file public accounts, to still enable the corporate to avoid taxes, not just in the corporate haven, but in all operating countries that have tax treaties with the haven. While the \"\"headline\"\" corporate tax rate in corporate havens is always above zero (e.g. Netherlands at 25%, U.K. at 19%, Singapore at 17%, and Ireland at 12.5%), the \"\"effective\"\" tax rate (ETR) of international corporations, net of the BEPS tools, is closer to zero. Estimates of lost annual taxes to corporate havens range from $100 to $250 billion. To increase respectability, and access to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17801832", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nin kind provided to employees (such as company cars) and on tax liabilities met on behalf of employees via a \"\"PAYE Settlement Agreement\"\". There are separate arrangements for self-employed persons, who are normally liable to Class 2 flat rate NIC and Class 4 earnings-related NIC, and for some voluntary sector workers. Capital gains are subject to tax at 18 or 28 percent (for individuals) or at the applicable marginal rate of corporation tax (for companies). The basic principle is the same for individuals and companies - the tax applies only on the disposal of a capital asset, and the amount", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037486", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nFY06 portion, and 20% on the FY07 portion. From 1 April 2010 HM Revenue & Customs updated their terminology and the former Small Companies' Rate is now called Small Profits Rate. Notes: Most companies are required to pay tax nine months and a day after the end of an accounting period. Larger companies are required to pay quarterly instalments, in the seventh, tenth, thirteenth and sixteenth months after a full accounting period starts. These times are modified where an accounting period lasts for less than twelve months. From 2005 onwards, for tax payable on oil and gas extraction profits, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037471", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nthe corporation tax paid up to 19%. For example, a company making £10,000 profit, and making a £6,000 dividend distribution to an individual and £4,000 to another company would pay 19% corporation tax on the £6,000. Although this measure substantially reduced the number of small businesses incorporating, the Chancellor in the 2006 Budget said tax avoidance by small businesses through incorporation was still a major issue, and scrapped the starting rate entirely. The starting point for computing taxable profits is profits before tax (except for a life assurance company). The rules for calculating corporation tax generally ran in parallel with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14432948", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax\"\ncorporation tax to 22%. The OECD average is 22%. The first column in the table below represents corporate income tax rates mandated by the central government. The second column lists total combined tax rates which, in addition to the government tax rate, may also include various provincial, state and local taxes. For example, the 2015 provincial corporate tax rates in Canada range from 11.5% to 16% in addition to the federal tax rate of 15%, unless taxable profits of small corporations are low enough to qualify for a lower tax rate. The corporate tax rates in other jurisdictions include: Most", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7677112", "chunk_text": "\"Business rates in England\"\ntotal of £22.9 billion in business rates, representing 3.53% of the total UK tax income and achieving an average in-year collection rate of 98.1%. For 2016/17 the multiplier is 49.7 pence and the small business rate multiplier is 48.4 pence. The multiplier for 2017/18 is 47.9 pence, which means that this tax has increased in real terms by 37.6% since its inception in 1990. The rateable values are updated to current market values, but the multiplier has increased from 34.8p (or 34.8%) to 47.9p (47.9%). The bill may also be reduced by having one or more reliefs applied to it,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12219172", "chunk_text": "Dividend\ncents per dollar of dividend. The shareholders who are able to use them, apply these credits against their income tax bills at a rate of a dollar per credit, thereby effectively eliminating the double taxation of company profits. Dividends from UK companies are paid out of profits after corporation tax (Corporation tax is at 20% but decreases to 19% from 1 April 2017 - split periods are pro-rated). Dividend income is taxable on UK residents at the rate of 7.5% for basic rate payers, 32.5% for higher rate tax payers and 38.1% for additional rate payers. The income tax on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037468", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nand 2001 brought further falls to a 30% main rate and 19% small companies' rates. From April 1983 to March 1997 the small companies' rate was pegged to the basic rate of income tax. During the 1980s there was briefly a higher rate of tax imposed for capital profits. Chancellor Gordon Brown's 1999 Budget introduced a 10% starting rate for profits from £0 to £10,000, effective from April 2000. Marginal relief applied meaning companies with profits of between £10,000 and £50,000 paid a rate between the starting rate and the small companies' rate (19% in 2000). The 2002 Budget cut", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037464", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\ndescribed above falling to £1.2 m, a fall in income of 20%, because no tax would be reclaimable. From 6 April 1999 ACT was abolished, and the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10%. There was a matching reduction in the basic income tax rate on dividends to 10%, while a new higher-rate of 32.5% was introduced which led to an overall effective 25% tax rate for higher rate taxpayers on dividends (after setting this \"\"notional\"\" tax credit against the tax liability).While non-taxpayers were no longer able to claim this amount from the treasury (as opposed to taxpayers who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037467", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\n40% in 1971. In 1973, alongside the introduction of advance corporation tax (ACT), Conservative chancellor Anthony Barber created a main rate of 52%, together with a smaller companies' rate of 42%. This apparent increase was negated by the fact that under the ACT scheme, dividends were no longer subject to income tax. The 1979 Conservative Budget of Geoffrey Howe cut the small companies' rate to 40%, followed by a further cut in the 1982 Budget to 38%. The Budgets of 1983–1988 saw sharp cuts in both main and small companies' rates, falling to 35% and 25% respectively. Budgets between 1988", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037466", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nof a tax'. ACT that had been incurred prior to 1999 could still be set off against a company's tax liability, provided it would have been able to set it off under the old imputation system. In order to keep the stream of payments associated with advance corporation tax payment, 'large' companies (comprising the majority of corporation tax receipts) were subjected to a quarterly instalments scheme for tax payment. On its introduction in 1965, corporation tax was charged at 40%, rising to 45% in the 1969 Budget. The rate then fell to 42.5% in the second Budget of 1970 and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037458", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nbe recovered if significantly large amounts of profits were distributed). Individuals and companies who received a dividend from a UK company received a tax credit representing the ACT paid. Individuals could set off the tax credit against their income tax liability. On introduction, ACT was set at 30% of the gross dividend (the actual amount paid plus the tax credit). If a company made a £70 dividend payment to an individual, the company would pay £30 of advance corporation tax. The shareholder would receive the £70 cash payment, plus a tax credit of £30; thus, the individual would be deemed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037487", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nthird and fourth quarterly instalments are merged, including the supplementary 10% charge. In the financial year 2004–2005, approximately 39,000 companies paid corporation tax at the main rate. These 4.7% of active companies are responsible for 75% of all corporation tax receipts. Around 224,000 companies paid the small companies rate, with 34,000 benefiting from marginal relief. 264,000 were in the starting rate, with 269,000 benefiting from the lower band of marginal relief. The total revenue was £41.9bn from 831,885 companies. Only 23480 companies had a liability in excess of £100,000. HMRC has one year from the normal filing date, which is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15135099", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax in the United States\"\nCorporate tax in the United States Corporate tax is imposed in the United States at the federal, most state, and some local levels on the income of entities treated for tax purposes as corporations. Since January 1, 2018, the nominal federal corporate tax rate in the United States of America is a flat 21% due to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. State and local taxes and rules vary by jurisdiction, though many are based on federal concepts and definitions. Taxable income may differ from book income both as to timing of income and tax", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037450", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nit are incompatible with EU treaties. Tax avoidance schemes marketed by the financial sector have also proven an irritant, and been countered by complicated anti-avoidance legislation. The complexity of the corporation tax system is a recognised issue. The Labour government, supported by the Opposition parties, carried through wide-scale reform from the Tax Law Rewrite project, resulting in the Corporation Tax Act 2010. The tax has slowly been integrating generally accepted accounting practice, with the corporation tax system in various specific areas based directly on the accounting treatment. Total net corporation tax receipts were a record high of £56 billion in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17799299", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\ntop rate of 50% was introduced on income over £150,000. A predictable result was that taxpayers disguised their income, and revenue to the Exchequer went down. In the 2012 budget this rate was cut to 45% for 2013–14; this was followed by an increase in the tax paid by additional rate taxpayers from £38 billion to £46 billion. Chancellor George Osborne said that the lower, more competitive tax rate had caused the increase. Business rates were introduced in England and Wales in 1990 and are a modernised version of a system of rating that dates back to the Elizabethan Poor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14062337", "chunk_text": "\"Business rates in England\"\nBusiness rates in England Business rates in England or non-domestic rates is a tax on the occupation of non-domestic property (National Non-Domestic Rates (NNDR)). Rates are a property tax with ancient roots that was formerly used to fund local services that was formalised with the Poor Law 1572 and superseded by the Poor Law of 1601. The Local Government Finance Act 1988 introduced business rates in England and Wales from 1990, repealing its immediate predecessor, the General Rate Act 1967. The act also introduced business rates in Scotland, but as an amendment to the existing system which had evolved separately", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17799296", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nOther Income) Act 2005, which also repealed Schedule F. For corporation tax purposes, the Schedular system was repealed and superseded by the Corporation Tax Acts of 2009 and 2010. The highest rate of income tax peaked in the Second World War at 99.25%. This was slightly reduced after the war and was around 97.5 percent (nineteen shillings and sixpence in the pound) through the 1950s and 60s. In 1971, the top rate of income tax on earned income was cut to 75%. A surcharge of 15% on investment income kept the overall top rate on that income at 90%. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14432945", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax\"\ncorporations, i.e. those organized within the country, on their worldwide income, and nonresident, foreign corporations only on their income from sources within the country. Hong Kong taxes resident and nonresident corporations only on income from sources within the country. Corporate tax rates generally are the same for differing types of income, yet the US graduated its tax rate system where corporations with lower levels of income pay a lower rate of tax, with rates varying from 15% on the first $50,000 of income to 35% on incomes over $10,000,000, with phase-outs. The Canadian system imposes tax at different rates for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16185719", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate haven\"\ntax rate rises to over 14%. This is compared to a new U.S. FDII tax regime of 13.125% for U.S.-based IP, which reduces to circa 12% after the higher U.S. tax relief. U.S. multinationals like Pfizer announced in Q1 2018, a post-TCJA global tax rate for 2019 of circa 17%, which is very similar to the circa 16% expected by past U.S. multinational Irish tax inversions, Eaton, Allergan, and Medtronic. This is the effect of Pfizer being able to use the new U.S. 13.125% FDII regime, as well as the new U.S. BEAT regime penalising non-U.S. multinationals (and past tax", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6816754", "chunk_text": "\"Rates (tax)\"\nfor setting rates, such that local authorities can use combinations of general rates, targeted rates and/or uniform annual general charges. Rates in the United Kingdom are a tax on property used to provide some of the funding of local government. Domestic rates, split into regional and district rates, are currently collected in Northern Ireland. They were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Outside Northern Ireland Council Tax is collected instead of domestic rates. Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom, with different systems in England and Wales, in Northern Ireland and in Scotland.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037456", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\ncapital gains tax, at a rate of 30%, charged on the gains arising on the disposal of capital assets by individuals. While companies were exempted from capital gains tax, they were liable to corporation tax on their \"\"chargeable gains\"\", which were calculated in substantially the same way as capital gains for individuals. The tax applied to company shares as well as other assets. Before 1965, capital gains were not taxed, and it was advantageous for taxpayers to argue that a receipt was non-taxable \"\"capital\"\" rather than taxable \"\"revenue\"\". The basic structure of the tax, where company profits were taxed as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10954399", "chunk_text": "\"Rates in the United Kingdom\"\nRates in the United Kingdom Rates are a tax on property in the United Kingdom used to fund local government. Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom. Domestic rates are collected in Northern Ireland and were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Rates had their origin in the Poor Law Act 1601, for parishes to levy a poor rate to fund the Poor Law, although parishes often adopted property rates to fund earlier poor law measures. Indeed, the Court of Appeal in 2001 called the rating an \"\"ancient system\"\", suggesting that it had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037455", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nthe Corporation Tax, which re-introduced aspects of the old system. Corporation Tax was charged at a uniform rate on all profits, but additional tax was then payable if profits were distributed as a dividend to shareholders. In effect, dividends suffered double taxation. This method of corporation tax is known as the classical system and is similar to that used in the United States. The effect of the tax was to revert to the distribution tax in operation from 1949 to 1959: dividend payments were subject to higher tax than profits retained within the company. Finance Act 1965 also introduced a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17799288", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nTaxation in the United Kingdom Taxation in the United Kingdom may involve payments to at least three different levels of government: central government (Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs), devolved governments and local government. Central government revenues come primarily from income tax, National Insurance contributions, value added tax, corporation tax and fuel duty. Local government revenues come primarily from grants from central government funds, business rates in England and Wales, Council Tax and increasingly from fees and charges such as those for on-street parking. In the fiscal year 2014–15, total government revenue was forecast to be £648 billion, or 37.7 per", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037448", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nbeen modernising the UK's tax legislation, starting with income tax, while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended, the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged. Corporation tax was governed by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (as amended) prior to the rewrite project. Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973, under", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6868534", "chunk_text": "\"Capital allowance\"\nwhole of the written down value may be offset against taxable profits. The whole balance of a pool may be written off if it falls below £1,000. BA applies when a business ceases. Capital allowance reliefs can be set against the client’s taxable profits reducing the amount payable. Companies pay Corporation Tax at 19% (2018 figure), whilst individuals pay tax at 20%, 40% or 45%. Please note as it is an allowance against taxable profit, you have to be a tax payer to benefit, therefore this does not normally apply to property owned in SIPPS or by charities and trusts.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037461", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nuse to reduce the amount of ACT it itself paid, or, in certain cases, apply to have the tax credit repaid to them. The level of ACT was linked to the basic rate of income tax between 1973 and 1993. The March 1993 Budget of Norman Lamont cut the ACT rate and tax credit to 22.5% from April 1993, and 20% from April 1994. These changes were accompanied with a cut of income tax on dividends to 20%, while the basic rate of income tax remained at 25%. Persons liable for tax were lightly affected by the change, because income", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037457", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nprofits, and dividend payments were then taxed as income, remained unchanged until 1973, when a partial imputation system was introduced for dividend payments. Unlike the previous imputation system, the tax credit to the shareholder was less than the corporation tax paid (corporation tax was higher than the standard rate of income tax, but the imputation, or set-off, was only of standard rate tax). When companies made distributions, they also paid the advance corporation tax (known as ACT), which could be set off against the main corporation tax charge, subject to certain limits (the full amount of ACT paid could not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5077468", "chunk_text": "\"Tax inversion\"\ncorporations have executed inversions, most notably UK corporations to Ireland. Shire plc's 2008 Irish inversion, led to changes in UK tax law, including a full \"\"territorial tax\"\" system, that turned the UK into an inversion destination. The driver has usually been the high US 35% corporation tax rate on worldwide income (one of the highest rates in the world). At the same time low-tax locations like Ireland, the most popular destination for US inversions, have advanced IP-based BEPS tools and Debt-based BEPS tools, that give Irish effective tax rates of 0-3%. Although inverting companies are colloquially said to \"\"change\"\" their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17801827", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nand stamp duty reserve tax, are charged respectively on the transfer of real property and shares and securities, at rates of up to 4 percent and 0.5 percent respectively. Motoring taxes include: fuel duty (which itself also attracts VAT), and Vehicle Excise Duty. Other fees and charges include the London congestion charge, various statutory fees including that for the compulsory vehicle test and that for vehicle registration, and in some areas on-street parking (as well as associated charges for violations). Corporation tax is a tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by companies and on the profits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037453", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\na priority after the Second World War. The tax did not have the desired effect, so the distributed profits tax was increased by 20% by the post-war Labour government to encourage companies to retain more of their profits. At the time of Hugh Gaitskell's 1951 budget, the profits tax was 50% for distributed profits and 10% for undistributed profits. A series of reductions in the profits tax were brought in from 1951 onwards by the new Conservative government. The tax rates fell to 22.5% on distributed profits and 2.5% on undistributed profits by 1957, but the profits tax was no", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17801828", "chunk_text": "\"Taxation in the United Kingdom\"\nof permanent establishments of non-UK resident companies and associations that trade in the EU. Corporation tax forms the fourth-largest source of government revenue (after income, NIC, and VAT). Prior to the tax's enactment on 1 April 1965, companies and individuals paid the same income tax, with an additional profits tax levied on companies. The Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax, which borrowed its basic structure and rules from the income tax system. Since 1997, the United Kingdom's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the United Kingdom's tax legislation, starting with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7677142", "chunk_text": "\"Business rates in England\"\nproposal is not withdrawn, it will be heard by an independent valuation tribunal. Business rates in England Business rates in England or non-domestic rates is a tax on the occupation of non-domestic property (National Non-Domestic Rates (NNDR)). Rates are a property tax with ancient roots that was formerly used to fund local services that was formalised with the Poor Law 1572 and superseded by the Poor Law of 1601. The Local Government Finance Act 1988 introduced business rates in England and Wales from 1990, repealing its immediate predecessor, the General Rate Act 1967. The act also introduced business rates in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13025077", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate haven\"\nuse of tax havens. In 2010, Hines produced a table of U.S. multinational investment in havens, and produced the following ranking of the ten largest U.S. corporate tax havens: Tax haven academic Gabriel Zucman's (et alia) June 2018 list calculates the actual quantum of actual taxes shielded (versus counting legal Orbis database connections, or company subsidiaries) by profit shifting. Ireland now exceeds the aggregate Caribbean complex (ex. Bermuda), in terms of being the largest overall global corporate tax haven (see ). Ireland is also the largest EU-28 corporate tax haven. Ireland's effective tax rate is really 4%. The U.K. is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "632083", "chunk_text": "\"Rates in the United Kingdom\"\nwas enshrined in the Land Drainage Act 1991. Rates in the United Kingdom Rates are a tax on property in the United Kingdom used to fund local government. Business rates are collected throughout the United Kingdom. Domestic rates are collected in Northern Ireland and were collected in England and Wales before 1990 and in Scotland before 1989. Rates had their origin in the Poor Law Act 1601, for parishes to levy a poor rate to fund the Poor Law, although parishes often adopted property rates to fund earlier poor law measures. Indeed, the Court of Appeal in 2001 called the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19037495", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom corporation tax\"\nprofits chargeable to tax at the standard shareholder rate applicable to that company. Separate rules apply for dual resident companies. Full group relief is permitted between companies subject to UK corporation tax that are in the same 75% group, where companies have a common ultimate parent, and at least 75% of the shares in each company (other than the ultimate parent) are owned by other companies in the group. The companies making up a 75% group do not all need to be UK-resident or subject to UK corporation tax relief. An open-ended investment company cannot form part of a group.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12277620", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax\"\nCorporate tax A corporate tax, also called corporation tax or company tax, is a direct tax* imposed by a jurisdiction on the income or capital of corporations or analogous legal entities. Many countries impose such taxes at the national level, and a similar tax may be imposed at state or local levels. The taxes may also be referred to as income tax or capital tax. Partnerships are generally not taxed at the entity level. A country's corporate tax may apply to: Company income subject to tax is often determined much like taxable income for individual taxpayers. Generally, the tax is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15135136", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate tax in the United States\"\ntax returns. In addition, other substantial penalties may apply with respect to failures related to returns and tax return computations. Intentional failure to file or intentional filing of incorrect returns may result in criminal penalties to those involved. IRS Publication 542, Corporations Standard tax texts Treatises Corporate tax in the United States Corporate tax is imposed in the United States at the federal, most state, and some local levels on the income of entities treated for tax purposes as corporations. Since January 1, 2018, the nominal federal corporate tax rate in the United States of America is a flat 21%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_44	what is the meaning of the name sinead?	n/a	[ "God forgave/God gratified" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12100608", "chunk_text": "Siobhan\nturn a shortened form of the Hebrew \"\"Johanan\"\" (יוֹחָנָן \"\"Yôḥānān\"\", a shortened form of יְהוֹחָנָן \"\"Yəhôḥānān\"\"), meaning 'God is gracious', and origin of the masculine name \"\"John\"\" and its cognates. The popularity of the actress Siobhán McKenna (1923–1986) helped the resurgence of the name in the twentieth century. The Scottish Gaelic form of the name is \"\"Siubhan\"\" (which is usually anglicised \"\"Judith\"\"). The male Irish form of the name is Sean. Siobhán has a corresponding diminutive form, Sinéad (after French \"\"Jeannette\"\"). Examples of this name include singer Sinéad O'Connor. Siobhan Siobhan ( ) is a female given name of Irish", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15193859", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nabuse. In addition to her ten solo albums, her work includes many singles, songs for films, collaborations with many other artists, and appearances at charity fundraising concerts. In 2017, O'Connor said that she had changed her legal name to Magda Davitt. On converting to Islam in 2018, she changed it again to Shuhada' Davitt. O'Connor was born in Glenageary in County Dublin and was named after Sinéad de Valera, wife of Irish President Éamon de Valera and mother of the doctor presiding over the delivery, and Saint Bernadette of Lourdes. She is the third of five children, sister to novelist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4836757", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nShaykh Dr Umar Al-Qadri. She also changed her name to Shuhada' Davitt. In a message on Twitter, she thanked fellow Muslims for their support and uploaded a video of herself singing the adhan, the Islamic call to prayer. She also posted photos of herself wearing a hijab. In January 2017, O'Connor sold her Irish home after accumulating tax arrears. In 2017, she changed her legal name to Magda Davitt, saying in an interview that she wished to be \"\"free of the patriarchal slave names. Free of the parental curses.” On her conversion to Islam in October 2018, she adopted the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15193860", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nJoseph, Eimear, John, and Eoin. Her parents are Sean O'Connor, a structural engineer later turned barrister and chairperson of the Divorce Action Group, and Marie O'Connor. In 1979 O'Connor left her mother and went to live with her father and his new wife. At the age of 15, her shoplifting and truancy led to her being placed for eighteen months in a Magdalene Asylum, the Grianán Training Centre run by the Order of Our Lady of Charity. In some ways, she thrived there, especially in the development of her writing and music, but she also chafed under the imposed conformity.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4041974", "chunk_text": "\"Jessie (given name)\"\nare Jane/Joan (Sìne), Janie (Sìneag), and Janet/Janice (Seònaid); though spelling may change slightly dependent upon the form of Gaelic (Irish or Scottish). An additional nickname for Jessie, heard in Scotland, is Jinty (or Jinny), a connection to Jean (female given name)/Jane/Jennie. Jessie is as an Anglicisation of the Gaelic root-word of \"\"seas\"\", meaning \"\"to stand\"\". In Irish Gaelige this is Seasaidh/Seasaídh (pro. \"\"Sheh-see\"\", emphasis on first syllable), which uses the fut. aff. conjugation of \"\"seas\"\". The Scots Gàidhlig variant is Seasaidh/Teasaidh/Teasag, (pronounced \"\"Cheh-say\"\"). Jessie (given name) Jessie is a given name in its own right, but may also be a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10203113", "chunk_text": "\"Shana (given name)\"\nShana (given name) Shana is a feminine given name of multiple origins. The pronunciation of the name varies depending upon the context and source. According to Bruce Lansky, Shana occurs as a familiar diminutive or form of Shannon, a Gaelic name, meaning \"\"small and wise.\"\" It relates to the longest river in Ireland, the Shannon, which earned its namesake from Celtic goddess Sionna, who sought the enchanted hazelnuts of wisdom. Legends vary about the creation of the river, but they all recount the drowning of the Sionna, granddaughter of the great sea god Lir, usually at an undersea well. Some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19099240", "chunk_text": "\"Enid (given name)\"\nEnid (given name) Enid ( ; ) is a feminine given name. The origin is Middle Welsh \"\"eneit\"\", meaning \"\"spirit, life\"\" (from Proto-Celtic \"\"ana-ti̯o-\"\", compare Gaulish \"\"anatia\"\" \"\"souls\"\" attested on the Larzac tablet, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root \"\"h₂enh₁-\"\" \"\"to breathe, blow\"\"; \"\"cf.\"\" the modern Welsh \"\"anadl\"\", \"\"breath\"\" or \"\"wind\"\"). Alternatively Enid may be derived from \"\"Enaid\"\" or \"\"Enit\"\" meaning \"\"woodlark\"\". Enid was the Celtic goddess and Arthurian name of the 19th century following Alfred Lord Tennyson's Arthurian epic \"\"Idylls of the King\"\" (1859) and its medieval Welsh source, the \"\"Mabinogi\"\" tale of \"\"Geraint and Enid.\"\" Enid drifted into popular", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19099242", "chunk_text": "\"Enid (given name)\"\nyears in print. Enid (given name) Enid ( ; ) is a feminine given name. The origin is Middle Welsh \"\"eneit\"\", meaning \"\"spirit, life\"\" (from Proto-Celtic \"\"ana-ti̯o-\"\", compare Gaulish \"\"anatia\"\" \"\"souls\"\" attested on the Larzac tablet, ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root \"\"h₂enh₁-\"\" \"\"to breathe, blow\"\"; \"\"cf.\"\" the modern Welsh \"\"anadl\"\", \"\"breath\"\" or \"\"wind\"\"). Alternatively Enid may be derived from \"\"Enaid\"\" or \"\"Enit\"\" meaning \"\"woodlark\"\". Enid was the Celtic goddess and Arthurian name of the 19th century following Alfred Lord Tennyson's Arthurian epic \"\"Idylls of the King\"\" (1859) and its medieval Welsh source, the \"\"Mabinogi\"\" tale of \"\"Geraint and Enid.\"\" Enid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10203114", "chunk_text": "\"Shana (given name)\"\nderive the denomination of the name Shannon, known by the Irish as Sionnain, from the phrase \"\"sean-amhan\"\" or \"\"old river.\"\" An alternate spelling for Shana is Shanna. Beyond its Irish roots, Shana is also often used as a nickname for Shoshana, an ancient form of Susannah, and means \"\"lily\"\" or \"\"rose\"\" in Hebrew. The name Shaina, sometimes spelled Shayna or Shana, is of Yiddish origin, and implies \"\"beautiful.\"\" The name is not favoured in Brazil, as it is homophonic with a slang term for the female genitalia. Notable people with the name include: Shana (given name) Shana is a feminine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1812973", "chunk_text": "Niamh\nNiamh Niamh or Niambh (, from Old Irish \"\"Niaṁ\"\") is an Irish feminine given name (meaning \"\"bright\"\" or \"\"radiant\"\"), anglicised as Neve, Nieve, or Neave . In Irish mythology, Niamh is the daughter of the god of the sea, Manannán mac Lir and one of the queens of Tír na nÓg, the land of eternal youth. She was the lover of the poet-hero Oisín. The first recorded use of Niamh (that spelling) as a given name in modern Ireland was in 1911, when two children were registered with the name. \"\"Neave\"\" (variants \"\"Neeve, Neve, Neaf, Niave, Neaves, Neeves, Niaves\"\") is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1610729", "chunk_text": "\"Winnie (name)\"\nfrom many other names ending in -win such as Edwin, Darwin, etc. or simply be a nickname for the Welsh name Wyn meaning \"\"Fair, white; blessed, holy\"\". Winnie (name) Winnie or Winny (\\win-ny\\) is a male and female given name of Welsh origin, a short form (hypocorism) of Edwina, Winifred or Winnifred, Gwendolyn, Guinevere (Welsh), Gwyneth (Welsh), and Wynne (Welsh). The name's meaning is fair one; white and smooth; soft; happiness; or fair and pure. The popularity of the name Winnie steadily declined among American women in the 20th century, but in the 1990 US Census, still ranked 699th of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15193858", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nSinéad O'Connor Shuhada' Davitt (born Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor , 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album \"\"The Lion and the Cobra\"\". As Sinéad O'Connor, she achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a new arrangement of Prince's song \"\"Nothing Compares 2 U\"\". Since then, while maintaining her singing career, she has occasionally encountered controversy, partly due to her statements and gestures—such as her ordination as a priest despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background—and her strongly expressed views on organised religion, women's rights, war, and child", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4871307", "chunk_text": "\"Edna (given name)\"\nclosely related etymologically to the name Eden. Edna (given name) Edna () is a female given name originating from several languages. In Hebrew, it means \"\"pleasure\"\". Various women named Edna are referenced in the Old Testament apocryphal books Jubilees (where the wives of Enoch, Methuselah, and Terah are all so named) and Tobit. The name Edna may also be an Anglicized form of the Irish and Scottish name Eithne, meaning \"\"kernel\"\" in Gaelic. This was a very popular girl's name in the United States in the early 20th century, but has since become unfashionable. It is also a very rare", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9207232", "chunk_text": "Delia\nDelia Delia is a feminine given name, either taken from an epithet of the Greek moon goddess Artemis or else representing a short form of \"\"Adelia\"\", \"\"Bedelia\"\", \"\"Cordelia\"\" or \"\"Odelia\"\". According to records for the 1901 Irish census, there were 6,260 persons named Delia living that year in all 32 counties of Ireland, with 256 more bearing the full forename \"\"Bedelia\"\" (plus 59 other persons with the variant spelling \"\"Bidelia\"\", and 361 \"\"Biddy\"\", 529 \"\"Bride\"\" and 153984 \"\"Bridget\"\"). These related names originated as English renderings of the Irish name \"\"Brighid\"\" (or \"\"Bríd\"\") meaning \"\"exalted one\"\", which originally belonged to a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4836758", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nname Shuhada' Davitt. Sinéad O'Connor Shuhada' Davitt (born Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor , 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album \"\"The Lion and the Cobra\"\". As Sinéad O'Connor, she achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a new arrangement of Prince's song \"\"Nothing Compares 2 U\"\". Since then, while maintaining her singing career, she has occasionally encountered controversy, partly due to her statements and gestures—such as her ordination as a priest despite being a woman with a Roman Catholic background—and her strongly expressed views on organised religion, women's rights,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1610728", "chunk_text": "\"Winnie (name)\"\nWinnie (name) Winnie or Winny (\\win-ny\\) is a male and female given name of Welsh origin, a short form (hypocorism) of Edwina, Winifred or Winnifred, Gwendolyn, Guinevere (Welsh), Gwyneth (Welsh), and Wynne (Welsh). The name's meaning is fair one; white and smooth; soft; happiness; or fair and pure. The popularity of the name Winnie steadily declined among American women in the 20th century, but in the 1990 US Census, still ranked 699th of 4276. It is also a male name from Cambodia (meaning bright), or a short form of Winston, the best known example being Winston Churchill. It can derive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12868359", "chunk_text": "\"In Death characters\"\nrefers to her as \"\"the wife\"\" in front of other cops, but loves her dearly. If is mentioned that she enjoys celebrity gossip, pottery, knitting and also loves getting dressed up for big social events such as Eve and Roarke's annual Christmas Party. The biological mother of Roarke and twin sister of Sinead Lannigan, Siobhan originally was from County Clare, part of a farming family. She came to Dublin at eighteen, hoping for the excitement of a city life. She met and was charmed by Patrick Roarke (see above), and bore his child out of wedlock. He abused her, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18583620", "chunk_text": "\"Shannon (given name)\"\nShannon (given name) Shannon (\"\"wise river\"\") is an Irish name, Anglicised from Sionainn. Alternative spellings include Shannen, Shanon, Shannan, Seanan, and Siannon. The variant Shanna is an Anglicisation of \"\"Sionna\"\" (\"\"possessor of wisdom\"\"). \"\"Sionainn\"\" derives from the Irish name \"\"Abha na tSionainn\"\" for the River Shannon. Because the suffix \"\"ain\"\" indicates a diminutive in Irish, the name is sometimes mistranslated as \"\"little wise one\"\". The name \"\"Sionainn\"\" alludes to Sionna, a goddess in Irish mythology whose name means \"\"possessor of wisdom\"\". She is the namesake and matron of Sionainn, the River Shannon. Sionainn is the longest river in Ireland. Sionainn", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5092578", "chunk_text": "\"Aodh (given name)\"\nmay be reinterpreted as even in that spellinɡ. Aodh (given name) Aodh (; ) is an Irish and Scottish Gaelic male given name, originally meaning \"\"fire\"\". Feminine forms of the name include Aodhnait and Aodhamair. It appears in even more variants as a surname. As a surname, the root or a variant may be prefixed by \"\"O\"\", \"\"Ó\"\", or \"\"Ui\"\" (meaning \"\"from\"\" or \"\"descendant of\"\"), \"\"Mac\"\" or \"\"Mc\"\" (meaning \"\"son of\"\"), or \"\"Nic\"\" (meaning \"\"daughter of\"\"). The name was originally related to an Irish god of the underworld. The masculine given name Hugh is a common anglicization, although the names", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10308777", "chunk_text": "\"Sinead O'Donnell\"\nspontanaeity, intuition and methodology, artist and audience. She uses photography, video, text and collage to record her performances which often reveals an ongoing interest in the co-existence of other women and systems of kinship and identity. Sinéad’s practice is nomadic and travel has broadened her cultural perceptions and influenced her artistic sensibilities regarding time and space. ' Sinéad is a member of Bbeyond and active within the Belfast performance art scene where she works with a range of organisations to develop and disseminate performance art and support emerging artists working in the medium. Sinéad was a 2010/11 ArtsAdmin bursary recipient", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9052329", "chunk_text": "\"Cassidy (given name)\"\n2009. The name Cassidy was a known last name. Cassidy may have become a first name due to baby-boomer parents naming their children after the Grateful Dead song, \"\"Cassidy\"\". Cassidy (given name) Cassidy is a given name derived from an Irish surname and ultimately from the Gaelic given name \"\"Caiside\"\", meaning \"\"clever\"\" or \"\"curly-haired.\"\" The name \"\"Caiside\"\" comes from the Gaelic word element \"\"cas\"\", according to \"\"Behindthename.com\"\" Cassidy was the 244th most popular name for girls born in the United States in 2009. It was most popular in 1999, when it was the 99th most popular name for American girls.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15193863", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nad she placed in \"\"Hot Press\"\" in mid-1984, she met Colm Farrelly. Together they recruited a few other members and formed a band called Ton Ton Macoute. The band moved to Waterford briefly while O'Connor attended Newtown School, but she soon dropped out of school and followed them to Dublin, where their performances received positive reviews. Their sound was inspired by Farrelly's interest in world music, though most observers thought O'Connor's singing and stage presence were the band's strongest features. O'Connor's time as singer for Ton Ton Macoute brought her to the attention of the music industry, and she was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2288355", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Carroll\"\nSinéad O'Carroll Sinéad Maria O'Carroll (born 14 May 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, dancer and actress. She is best known for being a member of the girl group B*Witched. In 1998, Edele Lynch formed the girl group Butterfly Farm with her twin sister Keavy Lynch and O'Carroll. The trio began writing and recording together, but soon realised that there was \"\"someone missing\"\". Upon Keavy's suggestion, they asked Lindsay Armaou to come for an audition and she played a tape recording of a song she had written. The other girls liked it and Lindsay became the fourth member of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15337271", "chunk_text": "\"Sinead O'Donnell\"\nSinéad used the sound of the word as opposite to the actual physical threat of violence. By 2013 she had unravelled her relationship with the subject to the point where sound was no longer necessary to articulate her ideas. The series is a leading example of her 'process led' practice and how she opens up this process to her audiences. For an in depth overview of Sinéad's practice please read Gillian Wylde's 'A response to the work of Sinead O'Donnell by Gillian Wylde' in which she states \"\"O’Donnell’s work is for and about breaking things up, agency and transmission, waiting,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4871306", "chunk_text": "\"Edna (given name)\"\nEdna (given name) Edna () is a female given name originating from several languages. In Hebrew, it means \"\"pleasure\"\". Various women named Edna are referenced in the Old Testament apocryphal books Jubilees (where the wives of Enoch, Methuselah, and Terah are all so named) and Tobit. The name Edna may also be an Anglicized form of the Irish and Scottish name Eithne, meaning \"\"kernel\"\" in Gaelic. This was a very popular girl's name in the United States in the early 20th century, but has since become unfashionable. It is also a very rare surname. Edna, as derived from Hebrew, is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5092576", "chunk_text": "\"Aodh (given name)\"\nAodh (given name) Aodh (; ) is an Irish and Scottish Gaelic male given name, originally meaning \"\"fire\"\". Feminine forms of the name include Aodhnait and Aodhamair. It appears in even more variants as a surname. As a surname, the root or a variant may be prefixed by \"\"O\"\", \"\"Ó\"\", or \"\"Ui\"\" (meaning \"\"from\"\" or \"\"descendant of\"\"), \"\"Mac\"\" or \"\"Mc\"\" (meaning \"\"son of\"\"), or \"\"Nic\"\" (meaning \"\"daughter of\"\"). The name was originally related to an Irish god of the underworld. The masculine given name Hugh is a common anglicization, although the names are not etymologically linked (see Hughes (surname), Hughes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17062047", "chunk_text": "Aoife\nAoife Aoife ( ; ; also spelled \"\"Aífe\"\", \"\"Aeife\"\") is an Irish feminine given name. The name is probably derived from the Gaelic \"\"aoibh\"\", which means \"\"beauty\"\" or \"\"radiance\"\". It has been compared to the Gaulish name \"\"Esvios\"\" (Latinized \"\"Esuvius\"\", feminine \"\"Esuvia\"\"), which may be related to the tribal name \"\"Esuvii\"\" and the theonym \"\"Esus\"\". In Irish mythology, Aífe is the daughter of Airdgeimm, a warrior woman in the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology. Aífe or Aoife is also the second wife of King Lir in the Irish myth \"\"Children of Lir\"\" and the twin sister (and, at times, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1739430", "chunk_text": "Nevaeh\nNevaeh Nevaeh is a modern female name created by spelling the word heaven backwards. The name Nevaeh is the word \"\"Heaven\"\" spelled backwards. An erroneous belief is that the name has an Irish origin, a variation of the name Niamh, which is still common in Ireland today; however, Nevaeh was recently coined and American. Nevaeh was a rare given name before singer Sonny Sandoval of the rock group P.O.D. named his daughter Nevaeh in 2000. He was then featured in the fall of that year on the television program \"\"MTV Cribs\"\", and use of the name became widespread. Nevaeh first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8070561", "chunk_text": "\"Nora (name)\"\nNora (name) Nora or Norah is an Italian, German, English, Irish, Albanian, Scandinavian, Arabic, and Baltic feminine personal name. It mainly originates as a short form of \"\"Honora\"\" (also \"\"Honoria\"\"), a common Anglo-Norman name, ultimately derived from the Latin word \"\"Honor\"\" (with that meaning). In Hungary, the name Nóra originates as a short form of \"\"Eleonóra\"\" or \"\"Eleanor\"\". It is similar to the Arabic name Noor, meaning \"\"fire, light, heat\"\" amongst others. The Irish Nóra is likewise probably an Irish form of \"\"Honora\"\". A diminutive form of \"\"Nóra\"\" is \"\"Nóirin\"\"; this name has numerous Anglicised forms, such as: \"\"Noreen\"\", \"\"Norene\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16442425", "chunk_text": "\"Devin (name)\"\nto see some use as a feminine given name. Feminine usage peaked in 1991, at rank 238, or at a ratio of 28% of masculine usage. Devin (name) Devin is an English-language given name, it is a unisex name. It is of many origins. From the surname \"\"Devin\"\", which is an anglicization of the Irish patronymic \"\"Ó Damháin\"\". The Irish patronymic is in reference to the given name 'damán allaid' meaning \"\"fawn\"\". It is also of Celtic origin with the meaning of poet. And from a nickname based on Old French \"\"devin\"\" \"\"divine\"\" ( Latin \"\"dīvīnus\"\"). As a masculine given", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19319621", "chunk_text": "\"Fiona Russell Powell\"\nas she had earlier that year, and while her personal image had since moved onto what became known as Sinéad O'Connor's look, so she wore wigs, platform shoes and clothes made for her by Leigh Bowery, Bodymap and Mark Spy and Murray Blewitt, who went on to design for Vivienne Westwood. The name 'Eden' was dreamt up by Fiona, Leigh Bowery and Trojan one night over a bottle of vodka in their East London flat. Neither Fiona nor David were allowed to contribute musically (although both were more than capable). The reasons were partly aesthetic and partly financial. Fake instruments", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9275712", "chunk_text": "\"Hannah (name)\"\nHannah (name) Hannah () (), also spelt Hanna, Hana or Chana, is a Hebrew given name. It is derived from the root \"\"ḥ-n-n\"\", meaning \"\"favour\"\" or \"\"grace\"\"; \"\"A Dictionary of First Names\"\" attributes the name to a word meaning 'He (God) has favoured me [with a child]'. The \"\"Hannah\"\" spelling of the name was taken up as a given name by the Puritans in the 16th and 17th centuries, and it has always been a common Jewish name. Ann, Anne, Anna derive from Hannah through Latin. The Phoenician (Punic) name Hannibal derives from the same Canaanite root and means \"\"My", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4836746", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nfirst husband, music producer John Reynolds, who co-produced several of her albums, including \"\"Universal Mother\"\". Reynolds and O'Connor married in 1987. Soon after the birth of her daughter Roisin in 1995, O'Connor and the girl's father, Irish journalist John Waters, began a long custody battle that ended with O'Connor agreeing to let Roisin live in Dublin with Waters. In mid-2001, O'Connor wed British journalist Nick Sommerlad; the marriage ended in 2004. She had her third child, son Shane, in 2004 with musician Donal Lunny. In 2006 she had her fourth child, Yeshua Francis Neil Bonadio, whose father is Frank Bonadio.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4264249", "chunk_text": "\"Anna (given name)\"\nAnna (given name) Anna is a Latin form of the Greek name Ἅννα and the Hebrew name Hannah (, meaning \"\"favor\"\" or \"\"grace\"\" or \"\"beautiful\"\". Anna is in wide use in countries across the world as are its variants Anne, originally a French version of the name, though in use in English speaking countries for hundreds of years, and Ann, which was originally the English spelling. Saint Anne was traditionally the name of the mother of the Virgin Mary, which accounts for its wide use and popularity among Christians. The name has also been used for numerous saints and queens.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17735574", "chunk_text": "\"Iris (given name)\"\nIris (given name) Iris (from Greek , the messenger of the gods among themselves and the personification of , the \"\"rainbow\"\") is a feminine name. It was the 221st most popular name given to baby girls in England and Wales in 2007 and was the 245th most popular name given to baby girls born in the United States in 2014. It has ranked in the top 100 names given to baby girls in Slovenia and in Catalonia during the past decade. Iris may refer to: • Iris Simpkins, a British 20-something looking for a vacation to anywhere, that participates in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4836754", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad O'Connor\"\nhad she not been a singer, she would have wished to have been a Catholic priest. After her ordination, she indicated that she wished to be called \"\"Mother Bernadette Mary.\"\" In August 2018, via an open letter, she asked Pope Francis to excommunicate her, as she had asked of Pope Benedict and John Paul II. In a July 2007 interview with \"\"Christianity Today\"\", O'Connor stated that she considers herself a Christian and that she believes in core Christian concepts about the Trinity and Jesus Christ. She said, \"\"I think God saves everybody whether they want to be saved or not.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5936083", "chunk_text": "\"Ira (name)\"\nIra (name) Ira ( or or ) is a male and female given name. In Sanskrit, Ira (ईरा) is the name of the goddess Saraswati (Goddess of wisdom and knowledge). Ira (इरा) is the daughter of Daksha who was married to the sage Kashyap. Ira is also another name for for Earth in Sanskrit. In Russia and Finland, Ira is a female given name, which is the short form of the Greek name Eirene. Eirene was a Greek goddess that was the personification of peace, and the name itself means peace. Ira can be a nickname for Ireneo, Irenej, Ireneus,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12567089", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad Desmond\"\nnot spoken about this publicly except to say the matter is now a legal one. . Desmond has also worked as a columnist for several publications, including \"\"The Observer\"\", \"\"Marie Claire\"\", \"\"Vogue\"\" and \"\"Sun\"\". Sinéad attended Holy Child Killiney Secondary School. She is a fluent speaker in French, German and Italian, and also holds a BA Hons in English and Drama and studied English, Film and Television at York University. On 10 June 2008, Sinéad was rushed to hospital having suffered a brain haemorrhage on the set of \"\"Ireland AM\"\". She made a full recovery and weeks later was released", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20619731", "chunk_text": "Sinmara\nReggio suggest the interpretation \"\"Perpetual-incubus.\"\" The \"\"sin\"\"- element is here theorized as being the same as in the male name \"\"Sinwara\"\", found in a runic inscription on the \"\"Næsbjerg brooch\"\" from Denmark, Old High German \"\"sin-vlout\"\" \"\"great flood\"\", Old English \"\"sin-niht(e)\"\" and Old Saxon \"\"sin-nahti\"\" \"\"eternal night\"\", and Gothic \"\"sin-teins\"\" \"\"daily\"\". J. Fibiger assumed the meaning \"\"the great mare\"\" based on the \"\"Sin\"\"- element in the Old High German word \"\"Sinfluth\"\" \"\"great flood\"\" (a variant of previously mentioned \"\"sinvlout\"\"). Viktor Rydberg proposed that the name \"\"Sinmara\"\" is composed of \"\"sin\"\", meaning \"\"sinew\"\", and \"\"mara\"\", meaning \"\"the one that maims\"\", noting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1812974", "chunk_text": "Niamh\nan unrelated English surname cognate to the word nephew. The form \"\"Neve\"\" is also used as a Dutch and Flemish surname. The given name of Canadian actress Neve Campbell is derived from the Dutch surname, her mother's maiden name. Niamh Niamh or Niambh (, from Old Irish \"\"Niaṁ\"\") is an Irish feminine given name (meaning \"\"bright\"\" or \"\"radiant\"\"), anglicised as Neve, Nieve, or Neave . In Irish mythology, Niamh is the daughter of the god of the sea, Manannán mac Lir and one of the queens of Tír na nÓg, the land of eternal youth. She was the lover of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17062048", "chunk_text": "Aoife\nenemy) of Scathach. T. F. O'Rahilly supposed that the Irish heroine reflects an otherwise unknown goddess representing a feminine counterpart to Gaulish \"\"Esus\"\". The name is unrelated to the Biblical name \"\"Eva\"\", which was rendered as \"\"Éabha\"\" in Irish, but due to the similarity in sound, \"\"Aoife\"\" has often been anglicised as \"\"Eva\"\" or \"\"Eve\"\". Aoife MacMurrough (also known as Eva of Leinster) was a 12th-century Irish noblewoman. Aoife Aoife ( ; ; also spelled \"\"Aífe\"\", \"\"Aeife\"\") is an Irish feminine given name. The name is probably derived from the Gaelic \"\"aoibh\"\", which means \"\"beauty\"\" or \"\"radiance\"\". It has been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18193397", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad Lohan\"\nHere.\"\" In 2004, Sinéad began work on her third album with Malcolm Burn, the producer of \"\"No Mermaid\"\"; by 2007, the work was complete. However, the album was never released. Throughout most of her career, Sinéad wore her hair in colorful cornrows, which took six hours to braid. With her partner, John, Sinéad gave birth to a son in March 1999, after touring through her eighth month. She gave birth to her second child, a daughter, January 2001. Sinéad Lohan Sinéad Lohan (born 1971) is an Irish singer and songwriter. A native of Cork, her song \"\"Sailing By\"\" appeared on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9197593", "chunk_text": "\"Sinéad Madden\"\nSinéad Madden Sinéad Madden (born in Galway, Ireland) is an Irish singer-songwriter and fiddle player, best known as a member of the Moya Brennan band. She also teaches at Waltons New School of Music in Dublin. Sinéad Madden was born in County Galway, but moved to County Mayo aged 6. At the age of 7 she began playing traditional fiddle. As a young adult, Madden went on to study both classical piano and violin while performing at sessions in local pubs. Sinéad moved to Dublin in 1994 to experience college life and the rock scene in the city at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4041973", "chunk_text": "\"Jessie (given name)\"\nJessie (given name) Jessie is a given name in its own right, but may also be a nickname for the given name Jessica. It is generally considered the feminine form of Jesse. The name Jess is also a given name. It, or Jesse, may be used in Spanish as a nickname for the male name Jesus. In Celtic usage, Jessie is not related to Jessica. It is considered a pet form of the name Jane or Jean (feminisations of John). This is expressed in Gaelic variants as the names Seana/Seóna (Shawna) or Sìne (Sheena). Related feminine names taken from John", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15337272", "chunk_text": "\"Sinead O'Donnell\"\ngiving way. This is purposelessly purposeful work, contradictory, simple, hard. If you do something on purpose (not by accident), you do it purposely. But if you have a specific purpose in mind, you are acting purposefully. Much in life is done or made with no discernible point or purpose. Much in life is done with great purposefulness, endlessly the same and endlessly different.\"\" Sinéad has presented work extensively including: In Between Time, Bristol (2013), RITES, Singapore (2012), Mobius Performance Space, Boston, USA (2012), Southbank Centre, London (2012) Golden Thread Gallery, Belfast (2012), Contemporary Art Factory, Tokyo, Japan (2011), My Land", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "776630", "chunk_text": "Gilead\n\"\"happiness, joy\"\" and עד (ad) \"\"eternity, forever\"\"; i.e. \"\"eternal happiness\"\". Gilead Gilead or Gilad (; , ) is the name of three people and two geographic places in the Bible. Gilead may mean \"\"hill of testimony\"\". It is derived from \"\"gal‛êd\"\", which in turn comes from \"\"gal\"\" (heap, mound, hill) and \"\"‛êd\"\" (witness, testimony). There also exists an alternative theory that it means \"\"rocky region\"\". It is now within the Kingdom of Jordan. Gilead was a mountainous region east of the Jordan River divided among the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and Manasseh, and situated in Jordan. It is also referred", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3950842", "chunk_text": "Ninti\nNinti Ninti is the Sumerian goddess of life. Ninti is also one of the eight goddesses of healing who was created by Ninhursag to heal Enki’s body. Her specific healing area was the rib (sumerian Ti means rib and to live). Enki had eaten forbidden flowers and was then cursed by Ninhursaga, who was later persuaded by the other gods to heal him. Some scholars suggest that this served as the basis for the story of Eve created from Adam's rib in the Book of Genesis. The System of a Down song \"\"Darts\"\" from their debut eponymous album features the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "906338", "chunk_text": "Nicnevin\nwoman in Scotland condemned to death for witchcraft before being burnt at the stake as a witch. In the Borders the name for this archetype was Gyre-Carling whose name had variants such as Gyre-Carlin, Gy-Carling, Gay-Carlin amongst others. \"\"Gyre\"\" is possibly a cognate of the Norse word \"\"geri\"\" and thus having the meaning of \"\"greedy\"\" or it may be from the Norse \"\"gýgr\"\" meaning \"\"ogress\"\"; \"\"carling\"\" or \"\"carline\"\" is a Scots and Northern English word meaning \"\"old woman\"\" which is from, or related to, the Norse word \"\"kerling\"\" (of the same meaning). She was sometimes thought of as the mother", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15401133", "chunk_text": "\"Keziah (name)\"\nKeziah (name) Keziah is a Hebrew name. Keziah was a daughter of Job in the Hebrew Bible. A number of etymologies have been suggested, among them the Hebrew term for the spice tree Cassia. In the United Kingdom, the name Kezia is now unusual, but it was more common in Victorian times. In 1890, the births of 137 children named Kezia were registered in England; in 1990, only 40 were. More recently the name has become unisex despite its origin such as the musician Keziah Jones. Keziah has also found its way into modern literature in the book \"\"Keziah Dane\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5027509", "chunk_text": "Anwen\nis sometimes identified as an intensive prefix, hence \"\"very\"\" or \"\"much\"\" (also found at the beginning of \"\"Angharad\"\"), and the name in full is commonly interpreted to mean \"\"very beautiful\"\" (a sort of prefixed form of \"\"Gwen\"\", in its sense of \"\"pretty, fair\"\"). It could also be inspired by the Welsh term of endearment \"\"annwyl\"\", which is used to mean \"\"dear, beloved\"\" (compare the surname Anwyl and the word \"\"anwylyd\"\" (\"\"darling, loved one\"\"), which is simply \"\"annwyl\"\" with the addition of the suffix -\"\"yd\"\"), or the common name Ann. Anwen Anwen is a Welsh feminine name. Notable bearers of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_45	what network is showing the monday night football game?	n/a	[ "ESPN" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087568", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nMonday Night Football ESPN Monday Night Football (abbreviated as MNF and also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League (NFL) games on ESPN in the United States. From to , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC. \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" was, along with \"\"Hallmark Hall of Fame\"\" and the Walt Disney anthology television series, one of the longest-running prime time programs ever on commercial network television, and one of the highest-rated, particularly among male viewers. \"\"MNF\"\" is preceded on air by \"\"Monday Night Countdown\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087620", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nthe Minneapolis–St. Paul market, when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of \"\"MNF\"\" games, if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP-TV, sister independent station KSTC-TV aired \"\"DWTS\"\" live). In 2016, for the opening week Monday night game (the second in a doubleheader) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers, the ABC-owned stations in both markets (KABC-TV and KGO-TV) would broadcast \"\"World News Tonight\"\" and \"\"DWTS\"\" in their live Eastern Time Zone slots, thus airing at 3:30 and 5 pm PT respectively. Since , a Spanish-language telecast is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814585", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nover the SAP channel on ABC, equivalent to the rest of the NFL's over-the-air broadcast partners. At Super Bowl 50 in 2016, ESPN Deportes served, via sub-licensing agreements, as the Spanish-language cable broadcaster. The game was handled by the \"\"MNF\"\" team, with Martin and Allegre commentating, and use of CBS's video. While Fox and NBC have used their Fox Deportes and Universo channels to air such a broadcast during years they are the rightsholder, CBS does not currently own a Spanish-language cable channel suitable for such a broadcast. CBS reached a deal to continue this arrangement for its next Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814529", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\n\"\"Monday Night Football\"\" is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS, and in most of Europe. On September 7, 2013, the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons. The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia, in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark, and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International. A Spanish-language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814580", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\ntelecasts; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus). Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995, ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates, though the ABC network-owned stations (e.g. Los Angeles) aired the program earlier in the afternoon. Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006, games normally have a kickoff time of 8:30 pm. Eastern. However, when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season, the games respectively start at 7:00 and 10:15 pm. Eastern. There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814586", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nBowl, Super Bowl LIII in 2019. Since 2017, ESPN2 has simulcasted ESPN Deportes' telecast, \"\"NFL Esta Noche\"\", and the ESPN Latin America \"\"SportsCenter\"\" after the game, during the first nine weeks of the season (prior to the start of its Monday-night college basketball broadcasts). ESPN2 had previously scheduled lesser-viewed filler programming during the period. Since the 1990s, ESPN Latin America has a Portuguese language feed targeted to their viewers in Brazil. Ivan Zimmermann (play-by-play), André José Adler (play-by-play), Roberto Figueroa (color), and Marco Alfaro (color), among others, were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN's headquarters. Since , the structure of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087640", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nMike Tirico, Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game, the first of the 2014–15 NFL playoffs. The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27–16. As with all \"\"MNF\"\" games, the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the-air access to the game. However, the cable-only playoff game experiment would only last one season. On May 11, 2015, it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season. This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since \"\"MNF\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814589", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nbroadcast rights. In , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global. Then in , Dial Global, including Westwood One, was acquired by Cumulus Media. The Spanish-language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio. The highest-rated \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2, , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46. ABC's lowest-rated \"\"MNF\"\" game was the St. Louis Rams' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18, , which drew a 7.7 rating. During the 1995–1996 television season, \"\"Monday Night", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814602", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nleft the network at the end of the 2005 season. The game, announced by the broadcast team of Tirico, Gruden and Salters, was the first of the 2015–16 NFL playoffs. The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30–0. The ESPN/ABC simulcast continued for both the 2016 season, and the 2017 season as well. ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987, and again from 1995 to 2003. As part of their 2011 rights agreement, ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022. Starting in 2018, it will be simulcast on ABC. Monday", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814576", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\n(games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6:00 pm, corresponding to 9:00 Eastern) in order to accommodate local newscasts (unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing, in which case the game was shown live). The practice, long opposed by viewers and ABC, ended in . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as \"\"KOMO 4 News Primetime\"\", touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour. Additionally, this practice was done in Hawaii, where Honolulu ABC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6422399", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nwhere stations in each team's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates, which must pre-empt \"\"Dancing with the Stars\"\" to air NFL. This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late-evening local newscasts, \"\"Jimmy Kimmel Live\"\", and \"\"Nightline\"\" and has resulted in the program's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late-night voting window open for the market or markets where \"\"Dancing with the Stars\"\" was pre-empted. In some cases, the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead (for example, until 2011 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6422347", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nLatin America, while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil. Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network, the games are also made available on over-the-air television stations in each participating team's local market. In 2011, ESPN extended its contract for the show for an additional eight seasons, giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021. The new deal, valued around 15 billion, also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights, international, and streaming rights. After 45 seasons, there have been over", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6422353", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nfrom the NFL's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006–07 season; the new rule applies only to CBS, Fox, and NBC's Sunday night games). The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include \"\"Monday Night Football\"\", citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays. The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins. The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28–0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12, 2016. The most common \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087604", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\n1 MNF doubleheader between the Los Angeles Chargers and the Denver Broncos saw Beth Mowins become the first woman to call a nationally televised NFL game. 2018 brought in a shakeup of the booth. Jon Gruden left MNF after 9 seasons and returned to coaching with the Oakland Raiders and was replaced by Jason Witten, formerly a tight end for the Dallas Cowboys. Sean McDonough left the booth as well after 2 seasons to return to calling college football games on the network, and was replaced by Joe Tessitore. In addition, Booger McFarland, who has been a college football analyst", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814587", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nBrazilian feed has been merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is done from São Paulo. The current announcers are Everaldo Marques (play-by-play) and Paulo Antunes (color). Ari Aguiar (play-by-play), Rômulo Mendonça (play-by-play), Paulo Mancha (color), and Antony Curti (color) occasionally fill in. \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" has also been carried on national radio networks over the years. The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially, with Van Patrick (–), Lindsey Nelson (–) and Al Wester announcing. CBS Radio took over the rights in with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating. After a two-year stint (–) with Don Criqui and Bob", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12284755", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on television\"\non Monday Night Football. The Atlanta situation affected CBS affiliate WGCL-TV, which is the lowest-rated of the major network affiliates in the Atlanta market and has struggled to gain traction in the market since becoming the market's CBS affiliate following television realignment of the mid-1990s. In , the Arizona Cardinals had both of their interconference home games aired in prime time instead, with the game against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football and the contest against the Cincinnati Bengals on NBC's Sunday Night Football, though CBS was scheduled to broadcast the Bengals-Cardinals game until it was moved to Sunday", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1436747", "chunk_text": "WABC-TV\nhost again. On May 1, 2017, it was announced that Ryan Seacrest will be the new permanent co-host of the show. WABC-TV serves as the local over-the-air broadcaster of Monday Night Football games involving the New York Giants and the New York Jets, airing simulcasts of the team's ESPN-televised games (WABC-TV's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company, holds 80% majority ownership stake in ESPN, and the ABC Owned Television Stations have right of first refusal for simulcasts of ESPN's NFL telecasts within a team's home market). Because of this, atypical for a network-owned station outside of breaking news and severe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814590", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nFootball\"\" averaged a 17.1 household rating. Its main competitor, \"\"Murphy Brown\"\" on CBS, averaged a 12.3 rating. The highest-rated \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" game on ESPN, and the highest-rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time, was the Minnesota Vikings' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30–23 on October 5, , with a rating of 15.3. The game featured the much-hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team. In a press release, ESPN noted that the telecast \"\"was watched by more than 16.8 million people. The previous record was more than 13.6 million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814574", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nthe game at 8:20 pm. This was done mainly to address ABC's inability to find a suitable 8:00 p.m. lead-in program for \"\"MNF\"\" since \"\"MacGyver\"\" ended its run in 1992 (not even two other series from \"\"MacGyver\"\"s production company Paramount Television – \"\"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles\"\" and \"\"The Marshal\"\" – saw success, despite the former's ties to Paramount's \"\"Indiana Jones\"\" film series), and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times. Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season, with \"\"MNF\"\" once again moving to 9:00 p.m. in , though", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14440508", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on television\"\nmoved to Monday night due to its coverage of the World Series; ESPN was already planning to cover the Detroit Lions' game at Miami later on. In , the Baltimore Ravens also had both of their interconference games aired in prime time instead, with the game against the Green Bay Packers on ABC and the contest against the Minnesota Vikings on ESPN. In , the Atlanta Falcons had both of their interconference home games aired in prime time instead, with the game against the New England Patriots on NBC's Sunday Night Football and the contest against the New York Jets", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814573", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nbar per each team's possession, the latter of which is now placed inside a green border in the shape of an arrow. As for the score bar itself, it is now back to being shown permanently throughout the game. From to , ABC's \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" coverage began at 9:00 pm. Eastern Time, with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour. Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8:00 pm. Eastern Time in , with a pre-game show titled \"\"Monday Night Blast\"\", hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087639", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nthat had aired on ABC, as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl, was also given to NBC. On April 22, 2014, the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN's recent contract extension for \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" rights to air a first-round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season. This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States, in lieu of any of the league's broadcast network partners. The \"\"MNF\"\" broadcast team of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087606", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nis once again seen just before the opening kickoff. Due to the Thousand Oaks shooting, and the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires, the opening intro was not shown during the November 12 broadcast between Pro Bowl WR Odell Beckham Jr. and the New York Giants and Super Bowl-winning CB Richard Sherman and the San Francisco 49ers and also, the historic Chiefs-Rams game the following week (November 19). In the case of the latter, it was originally scheduled to be played at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, but was moved to the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (the Rams' current home stadium, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8489847", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on Canadian television\"\nNational Football League on Canadian television As of the 2017 NFL season, CTV and TSN broadcast Sunday games. \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" airs exclusively on TSN. TSN and CTV Two own rights to \"\"Sunday Night Football\"\" and \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\". RDS carries games in the French language from all timeslots. U.S. network television feeds may also be available, often from multiple markets, on cable and satellite (and via terrestrial broadcast in the border lands); all games are subject to simultaneous substitution. Craig Media (including the now-City stations in Winnipeg and Alberta) owned the rights to \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" in the early", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13064921", "chunk_text": "WMAQ-TV\nSunday Night Football\"\"), WBBM-TV (\"\"NFL on CBS\"\"), WLS-TV and WGN-TV (ESPN's \"\"Monday Night Football\"\"), and especially WFLD (\"\"NFL on Fox\"\" and, beginning in the 2018 season, \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\" through Fox's rights to the package it shares with NFL Network). Following the station's loss of the Bears preseason games, WMAQ-TV acquired the local rights to the Bears regular season game in the 2017 season against the Detroit Lions on December 16, 2017 (as part of a \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\" doubleheader which is aired on NFL Network). From 2001 to 2002 and again since 2008, WMAQ has served as an official", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814584", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nbooth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN's Bristol, Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors. None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks. Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites. Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers; he was replaced by Abramovitz. In 2008, Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys-Eagles game, during the NFL's celebrations of Hispanic Heritage Month. As part of ESPN's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC, Martin and Allegre's Spanish-language commentary is carried", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12284756", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on television\"\nnight (for the first time since ). Both of the Cardinals' interconference home games in 2016 were also in primetime, with the New England Patriots game on Sunday Night Football and the New York Jets game on Monday Night Football, though CBS will air the team's game at San Francisco as part of that network's joint Thursday Night Football coverage with NFL Network. As such, barring a crossflex of a Cardinals Sunday afternoon game, CBS's solo production will have no Cardinals games for the second consecutive season (possibly the first time such a scenario occurred with one team in back-to-back", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12104985", "chunk_text": "WSB-TV\nstations in the Atlanta area to offer Mobile DTV broadcasts. The station has carried games featuring the Atlanta Falcons on \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" since 2006 when it moved from ABC to ESPN under a syndication arrangement, to provide a local broadcast outlet for those games. On July 24, 2018, WSB-TV parent Cox Enterprises announced that it was \"\"exploring strategic options\"\" for Cox Media Group's television stations, which the company said could involve \"\"partnering or merging these stations into a larger TV company.\"\" Cox Media Group's president, Kim Guthrie, subsequently clarified to trade publication \"\"Radio & Television Business Report\"\" that the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4159539", "chunk_text": "WGN-TV\nand station promos not shown on WGN America in recent years. This also was the case for WGN-produced games shown on WPWR-TV, as well as WLS-TV broadcasts. On October 1, 2012, WGN-TV aired a \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" game between the Chicago Bears and the Dallas Cowboys locally (NFL rules require national games aired by cable networks to be syndicated to broadcast stations in the participating teams' home markets). Although WLS-TV has right of first refusal to \"\"MNF\"\" due to its corporate parent The Walt Disney Company's majority ownership of ESPN, WLS passed on carrying the game in order to broadcast", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814577", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\naffiliate KITV delayed the game until 6:00 p.m. Hawaii-Aleutian Time, corresponding to 11:00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland. Thus, the game, which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3:00 or 4:00 pm, was almost over before it aired on television. In the case of Guam, KTGM, the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory, aired \"\"MNF\"\" live on Tuesdays at 11:00 am, as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line. The demand to broadcast \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" games live", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10361261", "chunk_text": "\"History of Monday Night Football\"\nNFL's prime time broadcasts took place with the 2006 season, as ESPN began airing the Monday night games at the same time NBC assumed the rights to the Sunday night package from ESPN. The Sunday night game is now the \"\"showcase\"\" game of the week on the NFL schedule. While the ESPN broadcasts still carry the \"\"MNF\"\" name and heritage, NBC (like ABC) is a broadcast network, whereas ESPN is a cable channel not freely available to all Americans, though per a cause in the NFL's broadcasting rules, many ESPN games air on a participating broadcast television station in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9724288", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Countdown\"\nand the \"\"Monday Night Countdown\"\" crew did the show on November 21 from Estadio Azteca in Mexico City for the game between the Oakland Raiders and Houston Texans, and December 12 from Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts. This was also Berman's final season as a host for ESPN's NFL-themed studio shows. Suzy Kolber was named host of \"\"Monday Night Countdown\"\" on March 23, 2017. She replaced Chris Berman, who departed after 30 seasons of hosting NFL-themed studio shows, though he still appeared in occasional segments. In addition to her pregame duties, Kolber now hosts all halftime and post-game shows, normally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087602", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nrepresented in the open, with Franco Harris (Steelers), Jerry Rice (49ers), Barry Sanders (Lions) and Bruce Smith (Bills) among the past players being represented. For the Spanish-language version of the Hollywood-themed open, it features ESPN's Spanish-language \"\"MNF\"\" broadcast team – Álvaro Martín (play-by-play), Raúl Allegre (color) and John Sutcliffe (sideline reporter) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of \"\"NFL Live\"\" led by Ciro Procuna. \"\"MNF\"\" returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN (2006). The Hollywood-themed open was repeated from the previous season, this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10361266", "chunk_text": "\"History of Monday Night Football\"\nYoung join Greenberg, Golic and Kolber. On September 13, 2010, Nessler and Trent Dilfer teamed to call the second game, with Kolber again on the sidelines. ESPN's first Monday night broadcast was a preseason game held on August 14, 2006, when the Oakland Raiders visited the Minnesota Vikings, publicized as the return of Randy Moss to Minnesota for the first time since the Vikings traded him after the 2004 season. The telecast debuted with brand-new graphics, including a time-score box placed in the lower center of the screen; a variation of the \"\"MNF\"\" graphics began to be used on almost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5162873", "chunk_text": "\"NBC Sunday Night Football\"\nas color commentator; Rômulo Mendonça fills in occasionally as play-by-play and Paulo Mancha or Antony Curti as color commentator. The \"\"Sunday Night Football\"\" telecasts are also aired in Latin America, ESPN Latin America, with Álvaro Martín as play-by-play announcer and Raúl Allegre providing color commentary. In the Philippines, TV5 (which partnered with ESPN) on October 12 announced that it would broadcast \"\"SNF\"\" starting with Week 6 of the 2017 NFL regular season between the New York Giants and the Denver Broncos. Through the first four weeks of the 2010 NFL season, \"\"Sunday Night Football\"\" had an average total viewership of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814591", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\nviewers for 2008's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys. This was subsequently beaten by ESPN's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game. ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network's 30-year history. The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears-Vikings game on Dec. 6, 1987, during ESPN's first season of televising NFL games\"\". ESPN's lowest-rated \"\"MNF\"\" game to date was the New York Giants' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15, 2007, which drew a 5.7 rating. ESPN's third season of \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" was the most-watched program", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2049189", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on television\"\naudio channel to access audio description, which is also used by some networks to provide Spanish language audio of their primetime programming. Therefore, all of the NFL's broadcasting partners have added Spanish language audio commentary of games, either through a separate channel or over the SAP channel. ESPN simulcasts \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" with Spanish language commentary and graphics over ESPN Deportes and has since the move of \"\"MNF\"\" to ESPN in 2006, though its Wild Card game does carry the ESPN Deportes commentary over SAP on ABC. Since 2017, the Spanish-language coverage is also simulcast on ESPN2 during the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10361260", "chunk_text": "\"History of Monday Night Football\"\nduring that last ABC telecast, becoming the first player to catch two touchdown passes and record a quarterback sack in the same game. The final play of the ABC era was a Pats kneeldown by 44-year-old reserve quarterback Doug Flutie. John Madden said at the show's ending: During its final NFL television contract, ABC was awarded the telecasts to Super Bowl XXXIV, Super Bowl XXXVII and Super Bowl XL. With the end of ABC's contract, the Super Bowl XL broadcast was the network's final NFL telecast until 2016, when they simulcasted ESPN's Wild Card game production. The changes to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13087603", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\ntime with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker's product placement. Also, Hank Williams, Jr. returned to \"\"MNF\"\" on September 11, 2017 with an all-new version of the iconic opening theme song, \"\"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night\"\" (used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season) and it appeared just before that night's New Orleans Saints-Minnesota Vikings game. The new version, which is seen just before the kickoff of each game, is a collaboration of Williams, Jr, country duo Florida Georgia Line, and R&B singer Jason Derulo. The second game of the Week", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13416443", "chunk_text": "WTHR\nto AFC games) aired regular season games televised locally with WISH (channel 8) from 1984 until 1993 (for select games televised by CBS in which the Colts play against an NFC opponent), with WRTV—until 2005—carrying non-preseason games via ABC's \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" on occasions when a game involving the Colts was scheduled. Since 2006, regular season games currently televised over-the-air locally are split between WISH (from 1998 to 2014), and since 2015 WTTV (channel 4, through CBS' rights to the team's AFC affiliation), WXIN (channel 59, for select games televised by Fox in which the Colts play host to an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6422348", "chunk_text": "\"Monday Night Football\"\n700 games televised by \"\"Monday Night Football\"\". To avoid any scheduling unfairness where, just before the first playoff game, a team may have five days off and others six, there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season. From 2003 to 2005, one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" banner. Starting in 2006, when the series moved to cable, two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during \"\"NFL Kickoff Weekend\"\". Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2623958", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League television blackout policies\"\nparent company also owns low-powered Fox affiliate WYFX-LD, which is simulcast on WKBN's second digital subchannel). If both the Cleveland Browns and the Pittsburgh Steelers are scheduled to play at the same time on CBS or Fox and the location of the game does not matter, WKBN/WYFX will usually air the Browns game. However, on December 2, 2012, when the Browns played at the Raiders and the Steelers played at the Ravens in the late window of a CBS doubleheader, WKBN aired the Steelers game as the former was between two teams that were out of playoff contention, while the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20787458", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl counterprogramming\"\nin American history. As all four major U.S. television networks currently have ties to the NFL and broadcast its games (CBS, Fox, and NBC alternate airing the Super Bowl yearly and air regular season games, and ABC's parent company owns ESPN, which broadcasts \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" during the regular season, and has simulcast its Wild Card playoff game on ABC since 2016), Phil Rosenthal of the \"\"Chicago Tribune\"\" believed that there was now \"\"zero likelihood some broadcast network is going to launch a broadside against the NFL's showcase.\"\", while a \"\"GQ\"\" writer argued that the practice was now obsolete, due", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8946716", "chunk_text": "\"History of Monday Night Football\"\ntelephoned Buck with the job offer, Buck refused to respond due to anger at his treatment by ABC during an earlier stint with the network. Arledge's original choice for the third member of the trio, Frank Gifford, was unavailable since he was still under contract to CBS Sports. However, Gifford suggested former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith, setting the stage for years of fireworks between the often-pompous Cosell and the laid-back Meredith. \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" first aired on ABC on September 21, 1970, with a game between the New York Jets and the Browns in Cleveland. Advertisers were charged US$65,000", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15898186", "chunk_text": "\"Fútbol Americano\"\nNew York Jets-Buffalo Bills game in Toronto in 2009, which aired on NFL Network; a Detroit Lions–Atlanta Falcons game in 2014 in London that started at 9:30 a.m. ET and was broadcast nationally on FOX; and an International Series game between the Houston Texans and Oakland Raiders in 2016 held at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City and televised by ESPN. The latter game was the first \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" game held outside the U.S. All other games in the Bills Toronto Series and NFL International Series have been regionally televised like any other NFL Sunday afternoon game. Fútbol Americano \"\"Fútbol", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19279572", "chunk_text": "\"NBC Sunday Night Football\"\nNBC Sunday Night Football NBC Sunday Night Football (abbreviated as SNF) is a weekly television broadcast of National Football League (NFL) games on NBC in the United States. It began airing on August 6, 2006 with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, which opened that year's preseason. NBC took over the rights to the Sunday prime time game telecasts from ESPN, which carried the broadcasts from 1987 to 2005 (concurrently with NBC assuming the rights to Sunday evening regular-season games, ESPN took over the broadcast rights to \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" from sister network ABC beginning with the 2006 season).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12832038", "chunk_text": "\"NFL Network\"\nNight Football\"\" game each week during the regular season and playoff games at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time from March to August, in addition to rights to playoff games and the ArenaBowl. The NFL stated that unlike when the NFL last showed interest in arena football, there would be no attempts to buy into the league. Broadcasters for the games included Kurt Warner, Tom Waddle, Paul Burmeister, Fran Charles, Charles Davis and Ari Wolfe. Starting with the 2010 season, the network obtained the broadcast rights to the Arena Football League. Each Friday, the NFL Network aired a \"\"Game of the Week\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10361273", "chunk_text": "\"History of Monday Night Football\"\nfranchise on cable television. Analyst and former NFL quarterback Ron Jaworski replaced Joe Theismann, who was offered a prominent football analyst job with ESPN, in the booth beginning with the 2007 season. On December 3, 2007, 17.5 million people watched the undefeated New England Patriots defeat the Baltimore Ravens, 27–24. The game became the most-watched single cable television program of all-time by total viewership, breaking the previous record set by the August 17 premiere of \"\"High School Musical 2\"\", which was viewed by 17.2 million on ESPN corporate sibling Disney Channel (after the film was surpassed by the Patriots-Ravens game,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19541908", "chunk_text": "\"Primary NFL television stations\"\ngames to minor network affiliates in Milwaukee during Summer Olympics years due to mandatory non-preemption policies by their network, NBC (this was not done in 2012 as the pre-season opener was a national ESPN game). ESPN \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" games, both pre-season and season, are broadcast over the air by WLUK-TV (channel 11) in Green Bay and ABC WISN-TV (Channel 12) in Milwaukee, while the stations airing Packers games in the NFL Network \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\" package have varied. The team's intra-squad Lambeau scrimmage at the beginning of the season, marketed as \"\"Packers Family Night\"\", is broadcast by WITI (Channel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7484593", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League on Canadian television\"\ncable providers: The lack of exclusivity for any provider is due to Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) regulations. National Football League on Canadian television As of the 2017 NFL season, CTV and TSN broadcast Sunday games. \"\"Monday Night Football\"\" airs exclusively on TSN. TSN and CTV Two own rights to \"\"Sunday Night Football\"\" and \"\"Thursday Night Football\"\". RDS carries games in the French language from all timeslots. U.S. network television feeds may also be available, often from multiple markets, on cable and satellite (and via terrestrial broadcast in the border lands); all games are subject to simultaneous substitution. Craig", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_46	what is the form of mozart symphony no 40?	n/a	[ "G minor", "minor key symphonies" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14390619", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nto determine whether the concert series was held, or was cancelled for lack of interest. Zaslaw suggests that only the first of the three concerts was actually held. The symphony is scored (in its revised version) for flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and strings. The work is in four movements, in the usual arrangement for a classical-style symphony (fast movement, slow movement, minuet, fast movement): The first movement begins darkly, not with its first theme but with the accompaniment, played by the lower strings with divided violas. The technique of beginning a work with an accompaniment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6328759", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nfew weeks during which time he also completed the 39th and 41st symphonies (26 June and 10 August, respectively). Nikolaus Harnoncourt conjectured that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony No. 40, as the middle work, has no introduction (unlike No. 39) and does not have a finale of the scale of No. 41's. The 40th symphony exists in two versions, differing primarily in that one includes parts for a pair of clarinets (with suitable adjustments made in the other wind parts). Most likely, the clarinet parts were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3645487", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nknown recording of the 40th Symphony is by the Victor Recording Company and issued in 1915 under the title \"\"Symphony in G Minor\"\". The Victor Concert Orchestra performed under the direction of conductor Walter B. Rogers. The following files contain a digital recording of a performance of the 40th Symphony by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra. The performance took place on March 18, 2001 in the Orangerie in Fulda, Germany. Versions of the score: Symphony No. 40 (Mozart) Symphony No. 40 in G minor, KV. 550 was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788. It is sometimes referred to as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3019742", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 39 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 39 in E major of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 543, was completed on 26 June 1788. The Symphony No. 39 is the first of a set of three (his last symphonies) that Mozart composed in rapid succession during the summer of 1788. No. 40 was completed on 25 July and No. 41 on 10 August. Nikolaus Harnoncourt argues that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony No. 39 has a grand introduction (in the manner of an overture) but no coda.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12257766", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 40 (Mozart) Symphony No. 40 in G minor, KV. 550 was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788. It is sometimes referred to as the \"\"Great G minor symphony\"\", to distinguish it from the \"\"Little G minor symphony\"\", No. 25. The two are the only extant minor key symphonies Mozart wrote. The date of completion of this symphony is known exactly, since Mozart in his mature years kept a full catalog of his completed works; he entered the 40th Symphony into it on 25 July 1788. Work on the symphony occupied an exceptionally productive period of just a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13603316", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nthe traditional symphonic form of the Classical era: The symphony typically has a duration of about 33 minutes. The sonata form first movement's main theme begins with contrasting motifs: a threefold tutti outburst on the fundamental tone (respectively, by an ascending motion leading in a triplet from the dominant tone underneath to the fundamental one), followed by a more lyrical response. \\relative c' { </score> This exchange is heard twice and then followed by an extended series of fanfares. What follows is a transitional passage where the two contrasting motifs are expanded and developed. From there, the second theme group", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11722064", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nin eight-bar phrases, following the general tendency toward rhythmic squareness in the finales of classical-era symphonies. A remarkable modulating passage in which every tone in the chromatic scale but one is played, strongly destabilizing the key, occurs at the beginning of the development section. The single note left out is in fact a G (the tonic). \\relative c\"\" { </score> The symphony typically has a duration of about 25 minutes. This work has elicited varying interpretations from critics. Robert Schumann regarded it as possessing \"\"Grecian lightness and grace\"\". Donald Francis Tovey saw in it the character of \"\"opera buffa\"\". Almost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2265510", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\"\ndevelopment through the end of the recapitulation, are requested to be, and often are, repeated. Symphony No. 39 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 39 in E major of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, K. 543, was completed on 26 June 1788. The Symphony No. 39 is the first of a set of three (his last symphonies) that Mozart composed in rapid succession during the summer of 1788. No. 40 was completed on 25 July and No. 41 on 10 August. Nikolaus Harnoncourt argues that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "368182", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 41 (Mozart) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed his Symphony No. 41 in C major, K. 551, on 10 August 1788. The longest and last symphony that he composed, it is regarded by many critics as among the greatest symphonies in classical music. The work is nicknamed the \"\"Jupiter\"\" Symphony. This name stems not from Mozart but rather was likely coined by the impresario Johann Peter Salomon. The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns in C, two trumpets in C, timpani in C and G, and strings. Symphony No. 41 is the last of a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "368183", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nset of three that Mozart composed in rapid succession during the summer of 1788. No. 39 was completed on 26 June and No. 40 on 25 July. Nikolaus Harnoncourt argues that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work, pointing, among other things, to the fact that the Symphony No. 41, as the final work, has no introduction (unlike No. 39) but has a grand finale. Around the same time as he composed the three symphonies, Mozart was writing his piano trios in E major (K. 542), and C major (K. 548), his piano sonata No. 16 in C", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3645485", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\ncertainly, however, the most common perception today is that the symphony is tragic in tone and intensely emotional; for example, Charles Rosen (in \"\"The Classical Style\"\") has called the symphony \"\"a work of passion, violence, and grief.\"\" Although interpretations differ, the symphony is unquestionably one of Mozart's most greatly admired works, and it is frequently performed and recorded. Ludwig van Beethoven knew the symphony well, copying out 29 bars from the score in one of his sketchbooks. As Gustav Nottebohm observed in 1887, the copied bars appear amid the sketches for Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, whose third movement begins with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814536", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 32 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 32 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 32 in G major, K. 318, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1779, after his return from Paris. \\relative c { \\tempo \"\"Allegro spiritoso\"\" \\key g \\major <g b, d, g,>4.\\f g8 g4 r8. \\times 2/3 { g32( a b } \| c4) c,-. r r8. \\times 2/3 { a'32( b cis } \| d4) d,-. </score> The symphony, scored for strings, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 2 trumpets, and timpani, is in the form of an Italian overture, consisting of three brief movements that follow one another without", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2265507", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\"\nperformed and recorded. The symphony is scored for flute, pairs of clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c' { </score> There are four movements: The first movement opens with a majestic introduction with fanfares heard in the brass section. This is followed by an Allegro in sonata form, though while several features – the loud outburst following the soft opening, for instance – connect it with the galant school that influences the earliest of his symphonies. The independence of the winds and greater interplay of the parts in general, and the fact that the second theme group", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "405754", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nfigure was later used by Mozart in his last piano concerto (KV. 595) and later became a favorite of the Romantics (examples include the openings of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Third Piano Concerto). The first theme is as follows. \\relative c\"\" { </score> The second movement is a lyrical work in time. It is in the subdominant key of the relative major of G minor (B major): E major. The contrapuntal opening bars of this movement appear thus in keyboard reduction: The minuet begins with an angry, cross-accented hemiola rhythm and a pair of three-bar phrases, as shown", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10047300", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nadded in a revised version. The autograph scores of both versions were acquired in the 1860s by Johannes Brahms, who later donated the manuscripts to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna, where they reside today. As Neal Zaslaw has pointed out, writers on Mozart have often suggested – or even asserted – that Mozart never heard his 40th Symphony performed. Some commentators go further, suggesting that Mozart wrote the symphony (and its companions, Nos. 39 and 41) without even intending it to be performed, but rather for posterity; as (to use Alfred Einstein's words), an \"\"appeal to eternity\"\". Modern scholarship", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3019743", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\"\nAround the time that he composed the three symphonies, Mozart was writing his piano trios in E major and C major (K. 542 and K. 548), his \"\"sonata facile\"\" (K. 545), and a violin sonatina (K. 547). Mozart biographer Alfred Einstein has suggested that Mozart took Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 26, in the same key, as a model. It seems to be impossible to determine the date of the premiere of the 39th Symphony on the basis of currently available evidence; in fact, it cannot be established whether the symphony was ever performed in the composer's lifetime. According to Deutsch", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2806194", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nin the following piano reduction: Various commentators have asserted that while the music is labeled \"\"minuet\"\", it would hardly be suitable for dancing. The contrasting gentle trio section, in G major, alternates the playing of the string section with that of the winds. The fourth movement opens with a series of rapidly ascending notes outlining the tonic triad illustrating what is commonly referred to as the Mannheim rocket. <score vorbis>\\relative c' { \\time 2/2 \\tempo \"\"Allegro assai\"\" \\key g \\minor \\partial 4 d\\p ( g ) bes-. d-. g-. bes2 ( a4 ) cis,8\\f }</score> The movement is written largely", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "368188", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\ndance form. Midway through the movement there is a chromatic progression in which sparse imitative textures are presented by the woodwinds (bars 43–51) before the full orchestra returns. In the trio section of the movement, the four-note figure that will form the main theme of the last movement appears prominently (bars 68–71), but on the seventh degree of the scale rather than the first, and in a minor key rather than a major, giving it a very different character. Finally, a remarkable characteristic of this symphony is the five-voice fugato (representing the five major themes) at the end of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2265509", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 39 (Mozart)\"\nThe trio is an Austrian folk dance called a \"\"Ländler\"\" and features a clarinet solo. The forceful Menuetto is set off by the trio's unusual tint of the second clarinet playing arpeggios in its low (chalumeau) register. The melody for this particular folk dance derived from local drinking songs which were popular in Vienna during the late 18th century. The finale is another sonata form whose main theme, like that of the later string quintet in D, is mostly a scale, here ascending and descending. The development section is dramatic; there is no coda, but both the exposition, and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10508212", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 30 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 30 (Mozart) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote Symphony No. 30 in D major, K. 202/186b in Salzburg, completing it on May 5, 1774. The work is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings, but the timpani part has been lost. There has been at least one attempt to reconstruct the timpani part. \\relative c { </score> The work is in 4 movements: The first movement is in sonata form and opens with a falling, dotted fanfare motif. A transitional section follows which contains a dialogue between violins and bass alternating between loud and soft", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2806197", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\npitch sequence similar to that of Mozart's finale (see example below). <score vorbis>\\relative c{ \\clef bass \\key c \\minor \\time 3/4 \\tempo \"\"Allegro\"\" \\partial 4 g(\\pp \| c ees g \| c2 ees4 \| d2 fis,4) \| g2.~ \| g2.}</score> Franz Schubert likewise copied down the music of Mozart's minuet, and the minuet of his Fifth Symphony strongly evokes Mozart's. Zaslaw has suggested that a passage late in Joseph Haydn's oratorio \"\"The Seasons\"\" (1801), a meditation on death, quotes the second movement of the 40th Symphony and was included by Haydn as a memorial to his long-dead friend. The first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12187825", "chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\"\nto the exclusion of other harmonies; symmetrical phrases; and clearly articulated partitions in the overall form of movements. Some of Mozart's early symphonies are Italian overtures, with three movements running into each other; many are homotonal (all three movements having the same key signature, with the slow middle movement being in the relative minor). Others mimic the works of J. C. Bach, and others show the simple rounded binary forms turned out by Viennese composers. As Mozart matured, he progressively incorporated more features adapted from the Baroque. For example, the Symphony No. 29 in A major K. 201 has a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8395148", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 10 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 10 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 10 in G major, K. 74, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart probably during his first journey to Italy in the spring of 1770. The symphony is scored for two oboes, two horns and strings. The duration is approximately 9 minutes. \\relative c { </score> The symphony is in the form of an Italian overture and consists of the following movements: (No tempo assignments are given in the autograph score.) The \"\"andante\"\" section is not written as a separate movement, but as the second part of the opening movement, following immediately after a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6159409", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)\"\nis scored for two flutes, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c' { </score> It has three movements, each of which is in sonata form: The first movement begins with a slow introduction (he does this in only two other symphonies, No. 36 [\"\"Linz\"\"] and No. 39). Daniel E. Freeman has noted that it is probably the longest and most sophisticated slow introduction written for any major symphony up to that time, perhaps to compensate for the length of the missing minuet in order to help bring the entire work into closer alignment with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814449", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 34 (Mozart)\"\nthis character, but the style would be revisited in his subsequent two works in this key, the 36th and 41st symphonies. The first movement is written in sonata form but also contains many styles and formal aspects of an Italian overture. There is no expositional repeat. The expositional coda contains an overture-like crescendo which is not included in the recapitulation. The development is based entirely on new material. The recapitulation on the exposition's first theme is abbreviated and interrupted by a brief development of that theme. Finally, the movement's coda contains nearly all of this first theme creating the appearance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13603318", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nare extensively developed against a chromatically falling bass followed by a restatement of the end of the insertion aria then leading to C major for the recapitulation. With the exception of the usual key transpositions and some expansion of the minor key sections, the recapitulation proceeds in a regular fashion. The second movement, also in sonata form, is a sarabande of the French type in F major (the subdominant key of C major) similar to those found in the keyboard suites of J.S. Bach. The third movement, a \"\"menuetto\"\" marked \"\"allegretto\"\" is similar to a Ländler, a popular Austrian folk", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3019761", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 35 (Mozart) Symphony No. 35 in D major, K. 385, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1782 and is also called the Haffner Symphony. It was commissioned by the Haffners, a prominent Salzburg family, for the occasion of the ennoblement of . The \"\"Haffner Symphony\"\" should not be confused with the eight-movement \"\"Haffner Serenade\"\", another piece Mozart wrote on commission from the same family in 1776. The \"\"Haffner Symphony\"\" did not start its life as a symphony, but rather as a serenade to be used as background music for the ennoblement of Sigmund Haffner. The Mozarts knew", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814450", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 34 (Mozart)\"\nof a reverse-recapitulation common in Italian overtures. The second movement in F major is scored for strings \"\"sotto voce\"\" with divided violas and a single bassoon doubling the cellos and bass. Alfred Einstein advanced a theory in the third edition of the Köchel catalogue that the Minuet K. 409 was written at a later date by the composer for this work. However, there is no proof in the sources to support his thesis. Also, K. 409 calls for two flutes in its orchestration which does not match the rest of the symphony. The finale is in sonata form and features", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3019769", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)\"\n38) symphonies. The symphony is in four movements: \\relative c' { </score> When communicating with his father Leopold, Mozart stated that this movement was to be played with fire. The movement is in sonata form with a short development section. The exposition begins with a fake slow-introduction with all instruments in unison, until the rhythm of the 4th bar reveals the quick tempo of the movement. The second subject is similar in melodic material and rhythm to the first subject, recalling the monothematic sonata movements of Haydn (e.g. Symphony No. 104). Mozart places no repeat signs at the end of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "405751", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)\"\nannouncing a symphony unidentified by date or key. These include: Most important is the fact that Mozart revised his symphony (see above). As Zaslaw says, this \"\"demonstrates that [the symphony] was performed, for Mozart would hardly have gone to the trouble of adding the clarinets and rewriting the flutes and oboes to accommodate them, had he not had a specific performance in view.\"\" The orchestra for the 1791 Vienna concert included the clarinetist brothers Anton and Johann Nepomuk Stadler; which, as Zaslaw points out, limits the possibilities to just the 39th and 40th symphonies. Zaslaw adds: \"\"The version without clarinets", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10508213", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 30 (Mozart)\"\ndynamics and ending with a trill. The second theme group of the sonata-form structure contains two sections. The first is a ländler scored for two violins against bass while the second is a minuet for the tutti featuring trills on almost every beat. The expositional coda returns to the ländler style. The development focuses on the minuet-style with the phrase-lengths elongatated. Following the recapitulation, the movement coda returns to this minuet and regularizes its phrase-lengths before the final cadence. In the trio of the minuet, the first violin is syncopated an eighth-note ahead of the accompaniment. The finale starts off", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814448", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 34 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 34 (Mozart) Symphony No. 34 in C major, K. 338, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1780, and completed on 29 August. The work is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c { </score> Although most symphonies have four movements, this symphony has only three, which was still common in the early classical period: The symphony features the fanfares and flourishes typical of the \"\"festive symphony\"\" or \"\"trumpet symphony\"\", which is characteristic of Austrian symphonic writing in C major. This is the first of Mozart's C-major symphonies to exhibit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "368191", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nLater, he used it in the Credo of an early \"\"Missa Brevis\"\" in F major, the first movement of his Symphony No. 33 and trio of the minuet of this symphony. Scholars are certain Mozart studied Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 28 in C major, which also has a fugato in its finale and whose coda he very closely paraphrases for his own coda. Charles Sherman speculates that Mozart also studied Michael Haydn's Symphony No. 23 in D major because he \"\"often requested his father Leopold to send him the latest fugue that Haydn had written.\"\" The Michael Haydn No. 39,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5043318", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 36 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony\"\" was not preserved. The symphony is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c' { </score> There are 4 movements: Every movement except the minuet is in sonata form. The slow movement has a siciliano character and meter which was rare in Mozart's earlier symphonies (only used in one of the slow movements of the \"\"Paris\"\") but would appear frequently in later works such as No. 38 and No. 40. The next symphony by Mozart is Symphony No. 38. The work known as \"\"Symphony No. 37\"\" is mostly by Michael Haydn. Symphony", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814537", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 32 (Mozart)\"\nbreak: The form is not a true italian overture or a da capo overture. The first movement unfolds as if in sonata form, with no expositional repeat. The two theme groups are stated amidst transitional material. Still in the first movement, a development begins that leads to the first theme of the exposition being worked in a number of keys. At the point where the music is in the dominant and seemingly ready to drop move the tonic for a recapitulation, the music segues to the slow movement. The slow movement is in rondo form (ABACAB). Again, right when the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7422940", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 25 (Mozart)\"\nNo. 40; see also Mozart and G minor.) \\relative c { </score> The symphony is laid out in standard classical form: This symphony is scored for two oboes, two bassoons, four horns and strings. With its wide-leap melodic lines and syncopation, this symphony is characteristic of the \"\"\"\" style. It shares certain features with other \"\"Sturm and Drang\"\" symphonies of this time, and is likely inspired by Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 39, also in G minor. The work was first performed in the United States by the Boston Symphony Orchestra on October 27, 1899, under the direction of Wilhelm Gericke.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6814451", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 34 (Mozart)\"\nenergetic tarantella or saltarello rhythms. Symphony No. 34 (Mozart) Symphony No. 34 in C major, K. 338, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1780, and completed on 29 August. The work is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. \\relative c { </score> Although most symphonies have four movements, this symphony has only three, which was still common in the early classical period: The symphony features the fanfares and flourishes typical of the \"\"festive symphony\"\" or \"\"trumpet symphony\"\", which is characteristic of Austrian symphonic writing in C major. This is the first of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10508214", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 30 (Mozart)\"\nwith a falling dotted fanfare motif similar to the one that starts the opening movement. The answering phrase and the movement's second theme have a contradanse character. Symphony No. 30 (Mozart) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote Symphony No. 30 in D major, K. 202/186b in Salzburg, completing it on May 5, 1774. The work is scored for two oboes, bassoon, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings, but the timpani part has been lost. There has been at least one attempt to reconstruct the timpani part. \\relative c { </score> The work is in 4 movements: The first movement is in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858618", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 29 (Mozart)\"\nform, with a graceful principal theme characterized by an octave drop and ambitious horn passages. The second movement is scored for muted strings with limited use of the winds, and is also in sonata form. The third movement, a minuet, is characterized by nervous dotted rhythms and staccato phrases; the trio provides a more graceful contrast. The energetic last movement, another sonata-form movement in time, connects back to the first movement with its octave drop in the main theme. Symphony No. 29 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 29 in A major, K. 201/186a, was completed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on 6", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3320970", "chunk_text": "\"String Quintet No. 3 (Mozart)\"\nassigned consecutive Köchel numbers. The following year, the 40th (G minor) and 41st (C major) symphonies would be completed within a few weeks of each other. The work is in standard four movement form, though published with the middle movements in reverse order, the Minuet movement preceding the 'slow' movement: Mozart's final intentions on movement order are not entirely known, and both orders are common amongst chamber musicians. The first movement is massive in scope. Indeed, it is the largest \"\"sonata-allegro\"\" movement before Beethoven, usually taking about a quarter of an hour to perform. This quintet inspired Schubert to write", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12677067", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 38 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 38 in D major, K. 504, was composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in late 1786. It was premiered in Prague on January 19, 1787, during Mozart's first visit to the city. Because it was first performed in Prague, it is popularly known as the Prague Symphony. Mozart's autograph thematic catalogue records December 6, 1786, as the date of completion for this composition. Other works written by Mozart roughly contemporary with this symphony include the Piano Trio in B, K. 502 (completed November 18, 1786), the Piano Concerto No. 25, K. 503 (completed December", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4801715", "chunk_text": "\"String Quintet No. 4 (Mozart)\"\nC major/G minor works of the same form would be published in close proximity and assigned consecutive Köchel numbers. The following year, the 40th (G minor) and 41st (C major) symphonies (respectively K. 550 and K. 551) would be completed within a few weeks of each other. The work is in four movements: The first movement is in sonata form with both the first and second themes beginning in G minor. The movement does not resolve to the major key in the recapitulation, and it has a minor-key ending. The minuet, placed second, is a minuet in name only, as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "274117", "chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\"\nof religious music, including large-scale masses, as well as dances, divertimenti, serenades, and other forms of light entertainment. The central traits of the Classical style are all present in Mozart's music. Clarity, balance, and transparency are the hallmarks of his work, but simplistic notions of its delicacy mask the exceptional power of his finest masterpieces, such as the Piano Concerto No. 24 in C minor, K. 491; the Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550; and the opera \"\"Don Giovanni\"\". Charles Rosen makes the point forcefully: It is only through recognizing the violence and sensuality at the center of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "368189", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 41 (Mozart)\"\nfourth movement. But there are fugal sections throughout the movement either by developing one specific theme or by combining two or more themes together, as seen in the interplay between the woodwinds. The main theme consists of four notes: Four additional themes are heard in the \"\"Jupiter's\"\" finale, which is in sonata form, and all five motifs are combined in the fugal coda. In an article about the Jupiter Symphony, Sir George Grove wrote that \"\"it is for the finale that Mozart has reserved all the resources of his science, and all the power, which no one seems to have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8395149", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 10 (Mozart)\"\ndouble barline at measure 118. The autograph score of the work, which does not contain any additional remarks by Mozart, bears the remark \"\"Ouverture zur Oper Mitridate\"\" (\"\"Ouverture to the opera Mitridate\"\") by the hand of Johann Anton André, which is struck out except for the word \"\"Ouverture\"\". Obviously André was under the impression that this piece was originally planned as an overture to \"\"Mitridate, re di Ponto\"\" (which has an ouverture of its own, different from this symphony). Symphony No. 10 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 10 in G major, K. 74, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart probably during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5043317", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 36 (Mozart)\"\nSymphony No. 36 (Mozart) The Symphony No. 36 in C major, K. 425, (known as the \"\"Linz Symphony\"\") was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart during a stopover in the Austrian town of Linz on his and his wife's way back home to Vienna from Salzburg in late 1783. The entire symphony was written in four days to accommodate the local count's announcement, upon hearing of the Mozarts' arrival in Linz, of a concert. The première in Linz took place on 4 November 1783. The composition was also premièred in Vienna on 1 April 1784. The autograph score of the \"\"Linz", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3019764", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 35 (Mozart)\"\n– a completely different work from the serenade presented four years earlier – with an introductory march and two minuets. According to historical evidence, it is quite possible that Mozart did not actually meet his father's deadline to have the music completed by Sigmund Haffner's ennoblement. Mozart later reworked this music into what we now know as the \"\"Haffner Symphony\"\". At the end of December 1782, Mozart decided to present music from the new Haffner serenade at a concert. After asking his father to send the score of the serenade back again, Mozart was amazed at its quality, given the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8915913", "chunk_text": "\"The Unanswered Question (lecture series)\"\nto demonstrate this process, Bernstein extends several different examples from language, poetry, and music. Turning Mozart's Symphony 40 into a poetically balanced piece means adding ambiguity, and in particular, utilizing the process of deletion. He rewrites some of Mozart's music to show the process of deletion when repeating phrases. He expands the first 21 measures into a rambling 36 measures, which he calls “a perfect nightmare of symmetry” (p. 95). This shows the transformative processes to travel from deep structure to surface structure, or music. Then he discusses the hypermeter of this symphony, assigning measures either a strong or weak", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9313752", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)\"\n\"\"Don Giovanni\"\". Furthermore, the orchestral effects during this section are similar: winds and timpani announcing the chord with strings playing an even rhythmed harmony with the chord. The second movement's structure is not far removed from one found in a typical Mozart symphony dating to around this period although the music shifts into the minor-key in a movement of contrasting moods. It is in the subdominant key of G major. The third movement is a lively Presto in which the flute plays a prominent role, especially in counterpointing the main melody in the development section. This movement \"\"shows Mozart in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6159407", "chunk_text": "\"Symphony No. 38 (Mozart)\"\noriginally cast in three movements (fast-slow-fast) following their origins in Italian opera overtures. Then, starting in the 1750s, it was normal in Germany and Austria to include a minuet to create the format fast-slow-minuet-fast. The Prague Symphony has no minuet, however, something that would have been extraordinarily unusual for a symphony written in Vienna in the late 1780s. Mozart himself, who wrote many more symphonies in the old-fashioned fast-slow-fast format than Haydn did (because of his closer connections with Italy), never before wrote a three-movement symphony for Vienna, not even as a child in the 1760s, when three-movement symphonies were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_47	what was the city of beijing previously known as?	n/a	[ "Peking" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249769", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nconstruction of multiple skyscrapers. Beijing's Zhongguancun area is known as China's Silicon Valley and a center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had numerous other names. The name Beijing, which means \"\"Northern Capital\"\" (from the Chinese characters for \"\"north\"\" and for \"\"capital\"\"), was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing (the \"\"Southern Capital\"\"). The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. An older English spelling, Peking, is the postal romanization", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7560156", "chunk_text": "\"Names of Beijing\"\n\"\"Northern Capital\"\". The name was first used during the reign of the Ming dynasty's Yongle Emperor, who made his northern fief a second capital along with Nanjing (, the \"\"Southern Capital\"\") in 1403 after successfully dethroning his nephew during the Jingnan Campaign. The name was restored in 1949 at the founding of the People's Republic of China. \"\"Peking\"\" is a spelling created by French missionaries of the 17th and 18th centuries. In \"\"De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas\"\" (1615), Matteo Ricci calls the city \"\"Pechinum\"\". (The English translation gives \"\"Pequin\"\".) \"\"Peking\"\" appears in \"\"A Description of the Empire of China\"\" (1735)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "514652", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nBeijing was renamed Beiping. In 1937, a clash between Chinese and Japanese troops at the Marco Polo Bridge outside Beiping triggered the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japanese occupiers created a collaborationist government in northern China and reverted the city's name to Beijing to serve as capital for the puppet regime. After Japan's surrender in 1945, the city returned to Chinese rule and was again renamed Beiping. During the subsequent civil war between the Chinese Nationalists and Communists, the city was peacefully transferred to Communist control in 1949 and renamed Beijing to become the capital of the People's Republic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10179484", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nOctober, he moved the child Shunzhi Emperor from the old capital Shenyang into the Forbidden City and made Beijing the new seat of the Qing dynasty. In the following decades, the Manchus would conquer the rest of the country and ruled China for nearly three centuries from the city. During this era, Beijing was also known as Jingshi which corresponds with the Manchu name Gemun Hecen. The city's population, which had fallen to 144,000 in 1644, rebounded to 539,000 in 1647 (the population of the surrounding area rose from 554,000 to 1.3 million). The Qing largely retained the physical configuration", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4660295", "chunk_text": "Beiping\nBeiping Beiping or Peiping (), meaning \"\"Northern Peace\"\" in Chinese, is a former name of Beijing, which means \"\"Northern Capital\"\". The city was called Beiping from 1368 to 1403 and from 1928 to 1949, when the Chinese capital was at Nanjing, or \"\"Southern Capital\"\". In 1403 and again in 1949, the city's name was changed from Beiping to Beijing or \"\"Northern Capital.\"\" From 1937 to 1945, the city under Japanese occupation served as the capital of a puppet regime and was renamed Beijing but most Chinese histories use the name Beiping for the city during that time period. Youbeiping or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15727105", "chunk_text": "\"Names of Beijing\"\nNames of Beijing \"\"Beijing\"\" is the atonal pinyin romanisation of the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese characters , the Chinese name of the capital of the People's Republic of China. The spelling Beijing was adopted for use within China upon the approval of Hanyu Pinyin on February 11, 1958, during the Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress. It became obligatory for all foreign publications issued by the People's Republic on 1 January 1979. It was gradually adopted by various news organizations, governments, and international agencies over the next decade. The Chinese characters (\"\"north\"\") and (\"\"capital\"\") together mean the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249770", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nof the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of as \"\"kjaeng\"\", prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation. Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city, some of the city's older locations and facilities, such as Beijing Capital International Airport, with IATA Code PEK, and Peking University, still use the former romanization. The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is , which appears on automobile license plates", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7886239", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nto be called Jicheng or the City of Ji until the 2nd century AD. Due to its historical association with the State of Yan, the city of Beijing is also known as Yanjing () or the \"\"Yan Capital.\"\" The State of Yan continued to expand until it became one of the seven major powers during the Warring States period (473–221 BC). It stretched from the Yellow River to the Yalu. Like subsequent rulers of Beijing, the Yan also faced the threat of invasions by the Shanrong steppe nomads, and built walled fortifications across its northern frontier. Remnants of the Yan", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10178166", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\n300 Tang Prefectures. With the creation of a separate prefecture called Jizhou () in present-day Tianjin in 730, the name Ji was transplanted from Beijing to Tianjin, where a Ji County () still exists today. In Beijing, the City of Ji gradually became known as Youzhou. During the prosperous early Tang, Youzhou's ten counties tripled in size from 21,098 households and about 102,079 residents to 67,242 households and 371,312 residents in 742. In 742, Youzhou was renamed Fanyang Commandery (), but reverted to Youzhou in 762. To guard against barbarian invasions, the imperial court created six frontier military commands in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "512042", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nstatus of centrally administered city, on par with Nanjing. For the first time, Beijing took on its modern name, though it was also known as Shuntian Fu (顺天府). From 1403 to 1420, Yongle prepared Beijing to be his new capital with a massive reconstruction program. Some of Beijing's most iconic historical buildings, including the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven, were built for Yongle's capital. The Temples of the Sun, Earth and Moon were later added by the Daoist Jiajing Emperor in 1530. In 1421, Yongle moved the \"\"Jingshi\"\" of the Ming to Beijing, which made Beijing the main", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249784", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nof the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state that ruled the ethnic-Chinese portions of Japanese-occupied northern China. This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing. In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War, the People's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign. On 1 October that year, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen. He restored the name of the city, as the new capital, to Beijing, a decision that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249771", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nin the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is \"\"BJ\"\". The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. \"\"Homo erectus\"\" fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic \"\"Homo sapiens\"\" also lived there more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, located in downtown Beijing. The first walled city in Beijing was Jicheng, the capital city of the state of Ji and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15727107", "chunk_text": "\"Names of Beijing\"\nby Jean-Baptiste Du Halde. These early spellings may represent pronunciation in the Nanjing dialect, which was used as a lingua franca at this time, or the various other southern Chinese languages (e.g., Cantonese, Hokkien and Hakka) used by the traders of the port cities visited by early European traders. Peking was the English name of the city until the adoption of pinyin. However, it is still employed adjectivally in terms such as \"\"Pekingese\"\", \"\"Peking duck\"\", \"\"Peking Man\"\" and various others. The name remains in common and official use in many other languages. The city has had many other names. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249773", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nWu Hu, Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom. After China was reunified during the Sui dynasty, Jicheng, also known as Zhuojun, became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal. Under the Tang dynasty, Jicheng as Youzhou, served as a military frontier command center. During the An-Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang, local military commanders founded their own short-lived Yan dynasties and called the city Yanjing, or the \"\"Yan Capital.\"\" Also in the Tang dynasty, the city's name Jicheng was replaced by Youzhou or Yanjing. In 938, after the fall of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "511980", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nHistory of Beijing The city of Beijing has a long and rich history that dates back over 3,000 years. Prior to the unification of China by the First Emperor in 221 BC, Beijing had been for centuries the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan. During the first millennia of imperial rule, Beijing was a provincial city in northern China. Its stature grew in the 10th to the 13th centuries when the nomadic Khitan and forest-dwelling Jurchen peoples from beyond the Great Wall expanded southward and made the city a capital of their dynasties, the Liao and Jin.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16758483", "chunk_text": "\"Beijing city fortifications\"\nnorthern and western sections of the Dadu city walls remain, as well as parts of the moat system in those areas. The southern half of the rammed earth wall of the barbican at Suqingmen is also still visible today. In 1370 Hongwu Emperor granted to his fourth son, Zhu Di (later Yongle Emperor), the title of King of the Yan dependency, with his capital at Beiping (present-day Beijing). In 1379 the new palace was completed, and Zhu Di moved in the following year. In 1403 Zhu Di changed the name of the city from Beiping (\"\"northern peace\"\") to Beijing (\"\"northern", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17292912", "chunk_text": "\"Beijing Legation Quarter\"\nBeijing Legation Quarter The Beijing Legation Quarter was the area in Beijing, China where a number of foreign legations were located between 1861 and 1959. In the Chinese language, the area is known as \"\"Dong Jiaomin Xiang\"\" (), which is the name of the \"\"hutong\"\" (lane or small street) through the area. It is located in the Dongcheng District, immediately to the east of Tiananmen Square. The city of Beijing was commonly called Peking by Europeans and Americans until the 1950s. The Legation Quarter is most famous for the 55 day siege of the International Legations which took place during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "511992", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nwalls in Changping County date to 283 BC. They predate Beijing's better known Ming Great Wall by more than 1,500 years. In 226 BC, the City of Ji fell to the invading State of Qin and the State of Yan was forced to move its capital to Liaodong. The Qin eventually ended Yan in 222 BC. The following year, the ruler of Qin, having conquered all the other states, declared himself to be the First Emperor. During the first one thousand years of Chinese imperial history, Beijing was a provincial city on the northern periphery of China proper. Dynasties with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10178175", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nthe city, which was renamed Yanjing. In the spring of 1123, Wanyan Aguda agreed, as per treaty terms, to hand Yanjing and four other prefectures to the Song in exchange for tribute. The handover occurred after the Jurchens had looted the city's wealth and forced all officials and craftsman to move to the Jin capital at Shangjing (near present-day Harbin). Thus, the Song, having failed to take the city militarily from the Khitans, managed to purchase Yanjing from the Jurchens. Song rule of the city, renamed Yanshan (燕山), was short-lived. As the convoy of relocated Nanjing residents passed Pingzhou (near", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "511981", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nWhen Kublai Khan made Dadu the capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1279–1368), all of China was ruled from Beijing for the first time. From 1279 onward, with the exception of two interludes from 1368 to 1420 and 1928 to 1949, Beijing would remain as China's capital, serving as the seat of power for the Ming dynasty (1421–1644), the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912), the early Republic of China (1912–1928) and now the People's Republic of China (1949–present). The earliest remains of hominid habitation in Beijing Municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15727108", "chunk_text": "\"Names of Beijing\"\nchronological list below sets out both the names of the city itself, and, in earlier times, the names of the administrative entities within the city today. In Chinese, the abbreviation of Beijing is its second character (\"\"Capital\"\"). This is employed, for example, as the prefix on all Beijing-issued licence plates. In the Latin alphabet, the official abbreviation are the two initials of the region's characters: BJ. Beijing Capital International Airport's IATA code is PEK, based on the former spelling Peking. In addition to Nanjing, several other East Asian cities have similar names in Chinese characters despite appearing dissimilar in English", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7886248", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nZhuo County, in present-day Hebei Province, the prefectural capital of Youzhou. In the early 4th century, the Western Jin dynasty was overthrown by steppe peoples who had settled in northern China and established a series of mostly short-lived kingdoms. During the so-called Sixteen Kingdoms period, Beijing, still known as Ji, was controlled successively by the Di-led Former Qin, the Jie-led Later Zhao, and the Xianbei-led Former Yan and Later Yan. In 352, Prince Murong Jun, moved the capital of the Former Yan Kingdom from Manchuria to Ji, making the city a sovereign capital for the first time in over 500", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249775", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nor Zhongdu. The city was besieged by Genghis Khan's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later. Two generations later, Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu (or Daidu to the Mongols, commonly known as Khanbaliq), a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to the northeast of the Zhongdu ruins. The construction took from 1264 to 1293, but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper. The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present-day Chang'an Avenue to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "512039", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nseverely weakened by a succession struggle in 1328 known as the War of the Two Capitals in which the Dadu-based claimant to the throne prevailed over his Shangdu-based rival, but not after heavy fighting around Dadu and across the country among Mongol princes. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming dynasty in the Nanjing on the Yangtze River and his general Xu Da drove north and captured Dadu. The last Yuan emperor fled to the steppes. Dadu's imperial palace was razed and the city was renamed Beiping (北平 or \"\"Northern Peace\"\"). Nanjing, also known as \"\"Yingtian Fu\"\" became the \"\"Jingshi\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1281453", "chunk_text": "\"Imperial City, Beijing\"\nand ascended to the throne to become Yongle Emperor in 1402. In 1403, the name of Beiping was changed to Beijing (literally \"\"the Northern Capital\"\"), and in 1406 a plan was drafted to move the capital to Beijing. In 1406, construction of the Forbidden City began, copying the layout of the existing palaces in Nanjing. The new imperial palace was placed in the site of Yuan palace. For \"\"feng shui\"\" reasons, earth dug up from construction of the moat were used to construct Jingshan Hill to the north of the imperial palace. On the basis of the Yuan Imperial City,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7886282", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nof power. In 1271, he declared the creation of the Yuan dynasty and named his capital Dadu (, Chinese for \"\"Grand Capital\"\", or \"\"Daidu\"\" to the Mongols). It is also known by the Mongol name Khanbaliq (), spelled \"\"Cambuluc\"\" in Marco Polo's account. Construction of Dadu began in 1267 and the first palace was finished the next year. The entire palace complex was completed in 1274 and the rest of the city by 1285. In 1279, when Mongol armies finished off the last of the Song dynasty in southern China, Beijing became for the first time, the capital of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10179552", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nold city. The United Kingdom, which recognized the PRC, was among the last countries to leave the legation quarters in 1954. A new embassy district emerged east of the city walls in Sanlitun where allies in the Eastern Bloc and Third World opened diplomatic missions. As the seat of power for the People's Republic, Beijing was transformed to reflect the ideals of socialist state. At a planning conference in November 1949, chaired by mayor Nie Rongzhen, renowned architect Liang Sicheng proposed to preserve the architectural integrity of the old walled city by building a new urban area and government center", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10179531", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\non the Northern Expedition led by Chiang Kai-shek and allies Yan Xishan and Feng Yuxiang jointly advanced on Beijing. Zhang left the city for Manchuria and was assassinated en route by the Japanese Kwantung Army. Beijing was handed over peacefully to the victorious Nationalists who moved the capital and Sun Yat-sen's tomb to Nanjing. For the first time since 1421, Beijing was renamed Beiping 北平 (Wade-Giles: Peip'ing), or \"\"Northern Peace\"\". The city was made the provincial capital of Hebei Province, but lost that status to Tianjin in 1930. During the Central Plains War in 1930, Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan briefly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18991084", "chunk_text": "\"Jicheng (Beijing)\"\nTang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty reduced the size of a prefecture, as a unit of administration administrative division, from a province to a commandery and renamed Zhuojun back to Youzhou, which was one of over 300 Tang Prefectures. With the creation of a separate prefecture called Jizhou (蓟州) in present-day Tianjin in 730, the name Ji was transplanted from Beijing to Tianjin, where a Ji County (蓟县) still exists today. In Beijing, the city of Ji gradually became known as Youzhou. The seat of the government of Youzhou remained in place but took on slightly different names. In 616, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18201928", "chunk_text": "\"Beijing city fortifications\"\nthe capital of Ming Dynasty China was officially moved from Nanjing (\"\"southern capital\"\") to Beijing (\"\"northern capital\"\"). The Temple of Heaven, the Temple of Earth and Xiannong Temple were built in what was then the southern suburbs. Some sources indicate that the central axis of the city was moved eastwards to subdue the previous dynasty's Qi (new Qi comes from the east, where the sun rises daily). A second expansion of the city occurred between 1436 and 1445, on the orders of Emperor Ying of the Ming dynasty. Major works included the addition of an extra layer of bricks on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14850579", "chunk_text": "\"Names of Beijing\"\ntransliteration. The most prominent is Tokyo, Japan, whose \"\"Han script\"\" name is written (\"\"Dongjing\"\", or \"\"Eastern Capital\"\"). was also a former name of Hanoi (as \"\"Đông Kinh\"\" or \"\"Tonkin\"\") in Vietnam during the Later Lê Dynasty. A former name of Seoul in South Korea was Gyeongseong, written in \"\"Han script\"\" as or \"\"Capital City\"\". Kyoto in Japan still bears the similar-meaning characters : the character \"\"都\"\", \"\"du\"\" in Chinese, can also mean \"\"capital\"\". The history of China since the Tang dynasty has also been full of secondary capitals with directional names. Under the Tang, these were Beidu (\"\"north capital\"\", at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10178170", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nand Xi'an, it was an important entryway into China for tribal peoples to the north. The city's stature grew from the 10th century with successive invasions of China by the Khitan, Jurchen, and Mongols. In 938, the Liao dynasty renamed Youzhou, Nanjing (南京) or the \"\"Southern Capital\"\" and made the city one of four secondary capitals to the primary seat of power at Shangjing (in modern-day Baarin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia). The Liao retained the Tang configuration of the city, which had eight gates in its outer wall, two in each cardinal direction, an inner walled city, which was converted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249774", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nthe Tang, the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao dynasty, which treated the city as Nanjing, or the \"\"Southern Capital\"\", one of four secondary capitals to complement its \"\"Supreme Capital\"\", Shangjing (modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia). Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period, including the Tianning Pagoda. The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122, which gave the city to the Song dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China. In 1153, the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their \"\"Central Capital\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249868", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nan evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree, also called the Chinese scholar tree, a deciduous tree of the \"\"Fabaceae\"\" family. The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang dynasty, 1,300 years ago. Beijing </ref> (1st)—very high Beijing (; Beijing is an important world capital and global power city, and one of the world's leading centers for politics, economy and business, finance, education, culture, innovation and technology, architecture, language, and diplomacy. A megacity, Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "512041", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\na four-year civil war, Zhu Di seized Nanjing and declared himself the Yongle Emperor. As the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, he was not content to stay in Nanjing. He executed hundreds in Nanjing for remaining loyal to his predecessor, who was reportedly killed in a palace fire but was rumored to have escaped. The Yongle Emperor sent his eunuch Zheng He on the famed voyages overseas in part to investigate the rumors of the Jianwen Emperor abroad. In 1403, the Yongle Emperor renamed his home base, Beijing, (北京, or the \"\"Northern Capital\"\") and elevated the city to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10179549", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nthe PLA resumed the offensive across the Yangtze and captured the Nanjing on the following day. As the PLA continued to gain control over the rest of the country, Communist leaders, friendly Nationalists and third party supporters convened the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference at Zhongnanhai in Beiping on September 21. In preparation for establishment of a new regime, they agreed to a new name, flag, emblem, anthem and capital for the nation. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong stood atop the rostrum of Tiananmen Gate, proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China. The city's name was restored", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "512033", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nthe Jinshui River inside the city. They are now known as the six seas (\"\"hai\"\") of central Beijing: Houhai, Qianhai, and Xihai (the Rear, Front, and Western Seas) which are collectively known as Shichahai; Beihai (the North Sea); and Zhonghai and Nanhai which are collectively known as Zhongnanhai. Qionghua Island is now the island in Beihai Park on which the White Dagoba stands. Like today's Chinese leaders, the Yuan imperial family lived west of the lakes in the Xingsheng (兴圣宫) and Longfu (隆福宫) Palaces. A third palace east of the lakes, called the Danei (大内), at the site of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "773368", "chunk_text": "\"Jicheng (Beijing)\"\nJicheng (Beijing) Ji or Jicheng was an ancient city in northern China, which has become the longest continuously inhabited section of modern Beijing. Historical mention of Ji dates to the founding of the Zhou Dynasty in about 1045. Archaeological finds in southwestern Beijing where Ji was believed to be located date to the Spring and Autumn period (771-476). The city of Ji served as the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan until the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221. Thereafter, the city was a prefectural capital for Youzhou through the Han Dynasty, Three Kingdoms,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18991087", "chunk_text": "\"Jicheng (Beijing)\"\nwork. Jicheng (Beijing) Ji or Jicheng was an ancient city in northern China, which has become the longest continuously inhabited section of modern Beijing. Historical mention of Ji dates to the founding of the Zhou Dynasty in about 1045. Archaeological finds in southwestern Beijing where Ji was believed to be located date to the Spring and Autumn period (771-476). The city of Ji served as the capital of the ancient states of Ji and Yan until the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221. Thereafter, the city was a prefectural capital for Youzhou through the Han Dynasty, Three", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10179571", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nand rebels. Many historical sites, including those designated by the city's historical protection bureau, were damaged or destroyed in the mayhem. Landmarks such as the Temple of Heaven, Beihai, Old and New Summer Palaces, Ming Tombs, Yonghe Lamsery and the Great Wall were also targeted. Virtually all houses of worship were shutdown. The Forbidden City was protected on the orders of Premier Zhou Enlai. Many city streets were renamed after revolutionary slogans. The Red Guards sought to rename the city itself, East is Red City. By 1967, with schools closed and authority figures toppled, Red Guard factions began to compete", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7886277", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nfurther to the south. In June 1214, as the Jin imperial procession departed the city, a detachment of Khitan guards rebelled at the Lugou Bridge and defected to the Mongols. Genghis Khan believed the Jin was trying to rebuild military strength further south in breach of the terms of peace and decided to reinvade the Jin. By winter, Mongol troops were again besieging Zhongdu. In 1215, after a bitter siege in which many of the city's inhabitants starved, Zhongdu's 100,000 defenders and 108,000 households surrendered. The city was still looted and burned by the invaders. Zhongdu was renamed Yanjing and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19782211", "chunk_text": "\"Beijing city fortifications\"\nyellow roof tiles. It had five pillars on the front, three archways at the centre, and white marble railings. Its name was changed to Daqingmen (大清門 \"\"Great Qing Gate\"\") in 1644, when the Manchu first entered Beijing, establishing the Qing dynasty. A white marble tablet on the gate had the name \"\"Daqingmen\"\" engraved in gold on an azure background. In 1912, when the Qing dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China was established, the gate's name was changed to Zhonghuamen (中華門 \"\"Gate of China\"\"). The city planners decided to reuse the tablet and simply write the words \"\"Zhonghuamen\"\" on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20682608", "chunk_text": "\"Beijing city fortifications\"\nThe entire enclosure of the Inner and Outer cities formed a \"\"凸\"\" shape with a perimeter of nearly . Beijing was the location of the capital for the majority of the last three Chinese imperial dynasties (the Yuan, Ming, and Qing). It was also a secondary capital to two northern dynasties (the Liao and Jin), and is therefore often referred to as an ancient capital of five dynasties. It had an extensive fortification system, consisting of the Forbidden City, the Imperial city, the Inner city, and the Outer city. Fortifications included gate towers, gates, archways, watchtowers, barbicans, barbican towers, barbican", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9578439", "chunk_text": "\"Gate of China, Beijing\"\nQing Gate\"\" (; Manchu: \"\"Daicing duka\"\") in 1644. After the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912, the gate's name was changed to the \"\"Gate of China\"\". In 1952, with the expansion of Tiananmen Square, consultants from the Soviet Union recommended demolishing the gate. In 1954 the gate was demolished. In 1976, after the death of Mao Zedong, a mausoleum was built for him on the site of the former gate. As the dividing point between the Imperial City and the commoners' city, the Gate of China was constructed to be formal and stately. The Great Qing Code prescribed that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12352877", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nTiananmen and the Forbidden City. Venues accounted for less than 5% of overall Olympic spending, the lion's share of which went to building infrastructure, including of express highways, , Terminal 3 of the Capital Airport and the Beijing South Railway Station, and a high-speed high-speed railway to Tianjin. To improve environmental quality, the city added nine sewage treatment plants, dredged of waterways and built waste incineration and wind power generation facilities. From 2001 to 2007, the city's economy doubled in size and per capita income rose from $3,262 to $7,654. In March 2003, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) spread", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7886283", "chunk_text": "\"History of Beijing\"\nwhole of China. After the construction of Dadu, Xanadu, also known as Shangdu, became Kublai Khan's summer capital. Rather than continuing on the foundation of Zhongdu, the new capital Dadu was shifted to the northeast and built around the old Daning Palace on Qionghua Island in the middle of the Taiye Lake. This move set in place Beijing's current north-south central axis. Dadu was nearly twice the size of Zhongdu. It stretched from present-day Chang'an Avenue in the south to the earthen Dadu city walls that still stand in northern and northeastern Beijing, between the northern 3rd and 4th Ring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10131570", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Beijing\"\nthe west. But 1,800 years ago, the Yongding flowed through Jishuitan and downtown Beijing and then into Longtan Lake and on to Tongzhou. A major flood in 295 A.D. devastated part of Beijing, then known as Ji. Just west of Wangfujing, there is still a stretch of Beijing called \"\"Shatan\"\" or Sandy Beach. Today, an aqueduct draws water from the Yongding through Yuyuantan Park to the western city moat, which empties into Liangshui River south of the city. Another aqueduct draws water from Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace down through the Purple Bamboo Park and into the northern city", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249791", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nBeijing, on the plains in the south-central of the municipality with elevation of , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality's area. The city spreads out in concentric ring roads. The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs. Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing, directly to the south of the Forbidden City, the former residence of the emperors of China. To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai, the residence of China's current leaders. Chang'an Avenue, which cuts between Tiananmen and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15249777", "chunk_text": "Beijing\nZhu Yuanzhang's heir led to a succession struggle on his death, one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era. Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian (modern Nanjing) alienated many there, he established his fief as a new co-capital. The city of Beiping became Beijing (northern capital) or Shuntian in 1403. The construction of the new imperial residence, the Forbidden City, took from 1406 to 1420; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city's major attractions, such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen. On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "43080", "chunk_text": "Beiping\nRight Beiping Commandery, a commandery of the State of Yan of the Warring States period, Qin Dynasty during which it was ruled from Wuzhong County (modern-day Ji County of Tianjin), and the Han Dynasty during which it was ruled from Pinggang County (modern-day Lingyuan in Liaoning Province). In the Western Jin Dynasty, the commandery was renamed Beiping. Beiping Beiping or Peiping (), meaning \"\"Northern Peace\"\" in Chinese, is a former name of Beijing, which means \"\"Northern Capital\"\". The city was called Beiping from 1368 to 1403 and from 1928 to 1949, when the Chinese capital was at Nanjing, or \"\"Southern", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_48	when is the fourth movie of the divergent series coming out?	n/a	[ "never made" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25600", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nhave ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city. Once outside, old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths. Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago. In order to survive, Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage, allegiance, sacrifice and love. A fourth film was initially planned, with a March 2017 release, based on the latter half of the \"\"Allegiant\"\" book. The timing was changed to a June 2017 release, with Lee Toland Krieger then attached", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11475084", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nAscendant\"\", would be released on June 9, 2017. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts would reprise their roles. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct \"\"Part 1\"\". Principal photography for \"\"Allegiant\"\" began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015, and concluded on August 23, 2015. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with \"\"Part 1\"\" being renamed as \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\" and \"\"Part 2\"\" as \"\"The Divergent Series: Ascendant\"\". Lee Toland Krieger will serve as the director for \"\"Ascendant\"\". \"\"Ascendant\"\" is currently on hold due", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135342", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\nsense of growing boredom with a franchise that's gone on too long.\"\" Metacritic gives the film a score of 33 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating \"\"generally unfavorable reviews\"\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"\"B\"\" on an A+ to F scale. A theatrical sequel, based on the latter half of the \"\"Allegiant\"\" book, was originally meant to wrap up the series and was originally planned for a March 24, 2017, release, later a June 9, 2017, release, with Lee Toland Krieger directing after Robert Schwentke backed out. In July 2016, after \"\"Allegiant\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17588713", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent trilogy\"\ninto the cast were Maggie Q as Tori, Zoe Kravitz as Christina, Ansel Elgort as Caleb, Miles Teller as Peter, Ashley Judd as Natalie Prior, Tony Goldwyn as Andrew Prior, and Jai Courtney as Eric. \"\"Divergent\"\" was released on March 21, 2014. \"\"\"\" began filming in Atlanta on May 27, 2014. \"\"Insurgent\"\" was released on March 20, 2015. The adaptation of \"\"Allegiant\"\" was split into two parts; the first part, \"\"Allegiant\"\", was released on March 18, 2016, while the second part, titled \"\"Ascendant\"\", was originally planned to be released in June 2017. The big screen release of \"\"Ascendant\"\" was shelved", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7954470", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nto be released on March 18, 2016, and \"\"Part 2\"\" scheduled to be released on June 9, 2017. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct \"\"Part 1\"\". On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with \"\"Part 1\"\" being renamed as \"\"\"\" and \"\"Part 2\"\" as \"\"\"\". On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Robert Schwentke, who directed both \"\"Insurgent\"\" and \"\"Allegiant\"\", would not return to direct for the final film. Lee Toland Krieger will replace Schwentke as the director of the film. The film is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25599", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nanother as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world. On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of \"\"Allegiant\"\" would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled, \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1\"\". The film was then re-titled as \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\". Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago. For the first time ever, they will leave the only city and family they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5568904", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nGeorgia, before concluding on September 6, 2014. \"\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\" was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States in the IMAX 3D format as well as regular 3D and 2D. Critical reaction to the film was mixed to negative: some considered the film to be an improvement over its predecessor, with the visual style, action sequences, and Woodley's performance being singled out for praise; criticism focused on the film's storyline and derivative nature. The film was a commercial success, grossing $52.2 million in its opening weekend and reaching the number one spot at the box-office. During its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135322", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\nconcluding entry, \"\"Ascendant\"\" (\"\"Allegiant\"\" and \"\"Ascendant\"\" were originally to be titled \"\"Allegiant – Part 1\"\" and \"\"Allegiant – Part 2\"\"). \"\"Allegiant\"\" was released on March 18, 2016, in theaters and IMAX and received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the lack of originality and character development. The film was a box office bomb, grossing just $179 million worldwide against its $142 million budget, becoming the lowest-grossing \"\"Divergent\"\" film. This led initially to budget cuts on the fourth and final film. A theatrical release for \"\"Ascendant\"\" was later cancelled in favor of it being a television film and spinoff series.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8194826", "chunk_text": "\"Allegiant (novel)\"\n2014, Lionsgate recruited Noah Oppenheim to write the screenplay for \"\"Part 1\"\". Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts will reprise their roles. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke, who directed \"\"\"\", would return to direct \"\"Allegiant\"\". Principal photography for \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\" began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015. The film was released to generally negative reviews from critics, and was a box office disappointment, grossing only $179 million worldwide against a $142 million budget. \"\"Ascendant\"\" was to have had a release date of June 9, 2017. After the poor performance of \"\"Allegiant\"\" at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858418", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nbased on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit into any one of the factions. She soon learns that a sinister plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society. Development of \"\"Divergent\"\" began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the film rights to the novel with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment. Principal photography began April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013, with reshoots taking place from January 24–26, 2014. Production mostly took place in Chicago. \"\"Divergent\"\" was released on March 21, 2014, in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406166", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nThe Divergent Series The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the \"\"Divergent\"\" novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick. The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior (Tris) and Tobias Eaton (Four), respectively. The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, and Miles Teller. Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films. The first film in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11475058", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nrelease in theaters, the film earned over US$297 million worldwide. A sequel, \"\"\"\", was released on March 18, 2016. Five days after the assault on the Abnegation faction by Erudite leader Jeanine (Kate Winslet) and her mind-controlled Dauntless soldiers, Jeanine has declared martial law and that the Divergents and those allied with them are the enemy. Among the Abnegation wreckage, Dauntless leader Eric (Jai Courtney) recovers a five-sided box: each side has a faction symbol. Jeanine presumes it contains data from the city's founders and the means to end the Divergence problem. As only a Divergent is capable of opening", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406168", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nfirst installment, \"\"Divergent\"\" (2014), grossed over $288 million worldwide, while the second installment, \"\"\"\" (2015), grossed over $297 million worldwide. \"\"Insurgent\"\" was also the first \"\"Divergent\"\" film to be released in IMAX 3D. The third installment, \"\"\"\" (2016), grossed $179 million. Thus, the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide. In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for \"\"Divergent\"\" with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment, while Lionsgate distributes the franchise. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858437", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nand James as Tris and Four and highlighting their tattoos were released on September 23, 2013. Neil Burger released the full official trailer on November 13, 2013. On February 4, 2014, Shailene Woodley and Theo James released the final trailer for the film during their appearance on \"\"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\"\". The marketing campaign for the film cost at least $50 million. On its first day of advance ticket sales, the film sold half of its tickets. \"\"Divergent\"\" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014. Prior to its DVD release, a deleted scene from the film featuring Miles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11475083", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nwriting that, \"\"many of the other characters here are, by definition, one-dimensional.\"\" Sheri Linden of \"\"The Hollywood Reporter\"\" said, \"\"Even with breathless chases, strong design components and dazzling effects, the story's organizing principle — the faction system that divides society into five groups based on personality — grows less compelling as \"\"Insurgent\"\" proceeds.\"\" On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that a two-part film based on the final book in the \"\"Divergent\"\" trilogy, \"\"Allegiant\"\", would be made. The first part, \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\", would be due for release on March 18, 2016, while the second part, \"\"The Divergent Series:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25589", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nfor all four films in the series. Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films. Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. On April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the final book, \"\"Allegiant\"\", into two parts, much like \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1\"\" and \"\"2\"\", \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\", and \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\". Neil Burger directed the first film, \"\"Divergent\"\", and was originally going to direct the sequel, \"\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\", but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return, due to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20373737", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (novel)\"\ninto the cast were Maggie Q as Tori, Zoe Kravitz as Christina, Ansel Elgort as Caleb, Miles Teller as Peter, Ashley Judd as Natalie Prior, Tony Goldwyn as Andrew Prior, and Jai Courtney as Eric. Filming began in Chicago on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013, with nearly all filming taking place in Chicago. The film was released March 21, 2014, earning $150,947,895 in North America, and $137,228,004 in other areas, for a worldwide total of $288,175,899. The critic aggregating sites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic both noted the films mixed reviews. However, audience surveyor CinemaScore showed that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406176", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nalso mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene: \"\"He is a perfect match for Shailene's incredibly strong presence as Tris. I'm thrilled!\"\" The producers said about his casting: \"\"We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four, and Theo is definitely the perfect fit. Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we cannot wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world.\"\" Filming for the franchise began on April 16, 2013. Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, and Pouya Shabazian have been producers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7954439", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nthe United States. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise going towards its concepts and action, and criticism focused on its execution. Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal, comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations. Despite this, the film was a financial success as it reached the #1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend. After its release, the film earned over US$288 million worldwide against its budget of US$85 million. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014. A sequel, \"\"\"\", was released on March 20, 2015,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25602", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nto returning to it as a theatrical film. In February 2017, with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project, it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series with director Lee Toland Krieger and \"\"The Legend of Tarzan\"\" writer Adam Cozad remaining attached from the original project. Though the first two films were commercially successful, the series as a whole has not been well received by critics. Each successive film release has been rated lower than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25603", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nthe previous release on review aggregator websites. Negative reviews of the third novel \"\"Allegiant\"\" and the studios' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film's lackluster performance at the box office. The Divergent Series The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the \"\"Divergent\"\" novels by the American author Veronica Roth. Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films, the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society. They have been produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick. The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135334", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\nFebruary 19, 2016. A teaser trailer was released on September 15, 2015, followed by a full-length trailer two months later, on November 12, 2015. Another full-length trailer was released on January 22, 2016. \"\"Allegiant\"\" grossed $66.2 million in North America and $113.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $179.2 million. In the United States and Canada, the film was projected to gross around $28–30 million in its opening weekend from 3,740 theaters, which would make it the lowest opening among the franchise. It earned the lowest previews among the series, with $2.35 million from 2,800 theaters. On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406189", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nas the movie's director. In July 2016, after the poor performance of the third film at the box office, the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film, which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series, moving beyond the books. In September 2016, Shailene Woodley stated on \"\"Today\"\" that the film versus television decision was not finalized, and that it was \"\"a limbo waiting game\"\". In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format, although noting she would be open", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858417", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nDivergent (film) Divergent is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in \"\"The Divergent Series\"\" and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q and Kate Winslet. The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago where people are divided into distinct factions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858452", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nscript they're acting out\"\". Scott Mendelson of \"\"Forbes\"\" magazine echoed these sentiments, arguing that despite Woodley's excellent performance, \"\"the generic story reduced a large portion of the mythology to irrelevancy\"\". Mendelson believed that the film would please the novel's fanbase. On May 7, 2013, Summit Entertainment revealed that a sequel based on \"\"Insurgent\"\" was in the works. Brian Duffield, writer of \"\"Jane Got a Gun\"\", was hired to write the script. The sequel was released on March 20, 2015. The third film, based on the novel \"\"Allegiant\"\", was initially announced as a single film scheduled for release on March 18,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2262542", "chunk_text": "\"Dylan O'Brien\"\nof \"\"American Assassin\"\", an action-thriller in which O'Brien played the titular character Mitch Rapp. After sufficient time for his recovery following his on-set accident and rescheduling of filming, 20th Century Fox settled on a March 2017 start date for principal photography for \"\"The Death Cure\"\". The film premiered on January 26, 2018. All three films opened at number-one at the North American box-office during their opening weekend, and, in worldwide terms, constitute the fourth highest-grossing film series based on young-adult books, after the film series of \"\"Harry Potter\"\", \"\"The Twilight Saga\"\", and \"\"The Hunger Games\"\" respectively, earning over $945 million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "71866", "chunk_text": "\"Veronica Roth\"\nnovel was wrapping up. Roth sold the film rights to \"\"The Divergent Series\"\" to Summit Entertainment. Filming of \"\"Divergent\"\", the adaptation of the first book in the series, was started in April 2013, and the film was released in March 2014. On March 21, 2014, Lionsgate officially greenlit the of \"\"Insurgent\"\". The film was released on March 20, 2015. On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that the third book, \"\"Allegiant\"\", would be split into two films, part 1 and part 2. Former Part 1 is called \"\"\"\", and was released on March 18, 2016, and former Part 2 is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406172", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nwrite the script for the film. On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of \"\"Divergent\"\", would not return to direct \"\"Insurgent\"\" as he was still working on the first film. On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield's script. Also in December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of \"\"Allegiant\"\", the third and final novel in the \"\"Divergent\"\" trilogy, would be released in March 2016, serving as the finale of the series, which at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16881747", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nsupervisor. The original soundtrack was released on March 11, 2014, while the Original Score of the film was released on March 18, 2014, by Interscope Records. The first image of Shailene Woodley as Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior was revealed by \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\" on April 24, 2013. A few seconds sneak preview footage of the film was shown at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. On June 7, \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\" released a still of Theo James (Four) showing the Dauntless initiates around their new headquarters. The magazine released several more stills on July 19. On July 16, \"\"USA Today\"\" released the first image", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16881768", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\ncurrently on hold due to Lionsgate's decision to release the final film as a TV movie, mainly because of \"\"Allegiant\"\" underperforming. Divergent (film) Divergent is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in \"\"The Divergent Series\"\" and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor. It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135344", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\na theatrical film. In February 2017, when it was announced that the fourth film will be a television project, it was announced Woodley had backed out of her starring role. In August 2017, Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series with director Lee Toland Krieger and \"\"The Legend of Tarzan\"\" writer Adam Cozad remaining attached from the original project. The Divergent Series: Allegiant The Divergent Series: Allegiant is a 2016 American dystopian romantic thriller film directed by Robert Schwentke with a screenplay by Bill Collage, Adam Cooper, and Noah Oppenheim. It is the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "71868", "chunk_text": "\"Veronica Roth\"\nin July 2014. The novella \"\"Free Four: Tobias Tells the Story\"\" chapter thirteen of \"\"Divergent\"\" in Tobias's point of view, and was released for Kindle in 2012 in the United States and in 2013 in the UK. Publisher HarperCollins announced a two-book deal with Roth, for publication of two young adult novels. The first book, \"\"Carve the Mark,\"\" was published on January 17, 2017 and the second is anticipated in 2018. An epilogue to \"\"Divergent\"\", titled \"\"We Can Be Mended\"\", was announced in December 2016, offered on its own or as an extra for those who order \"\"Carve the Mark\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135321", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\nThe Divergent Series: Allegiant The Divergent Series: Allegiant is a 2016 American dystopian romantic thriller film directed by Robert Schwentke with a screenplay by Bill Collage, Adam Cooper, and Noah Oppenheim. It is the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel \"\"Allegiant\"\", the final book in the \"\"Divergent\"\" trilogy by Veronica Roth, and the third installment in \"\"The Divergent Series\"\". The film stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Jeff Daniels, Miles Teller, Ansel Elgort, Zoë Kravitz, Maggie Q, Ray Stevenson, Bill Skarsgård, Octavia Spencer, and Naomi Watts, and is the sequel to \"\"\"\" and will be followed by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7954469", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\n2016. In December 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger will not return to direct the sequel, due to him still working on the first film. On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would take Burger's place for the next installment. Principal photography for \"\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\" began in Atlanta on May 27, 2014, and concluded on September 6, 2014. On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that the third film would split into two films titled \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1\"\" and \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 2\"\", with \"\"Part 1\"\" scheduled", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5568920", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\n\"\"Four\"\" Eaton, and Shailene Woodley as Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior were released by various media sites. The teaser trailer for \"\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\" officially debuted online through the film's official YouTube account on November 12, 2014. The official full-length trailer premiered on December 12, 2014. On January 22, 2015, another five 3D interactive character posters were released, featuring Woodley, James, Kate Winslet, Octavia Spencer and Naomi Watts. The first clip from the film was released on February 18, 2015, and a second clip was released three days later. The final trailer was released on February 24, 2015. \"\"The Divergent Series:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5568919", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nthe United States in 2D, Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D. It is the first film of the series to be released in 3D formats and the second film in the franchise to be released in IMAX following the first film. On October 22, 2014, after a few clues were given on the official Instagram page, www.thedivergentseries.com was launched. On October 28, 2014, 3D interactive character posters of Ansel Elgort as Caleb Prior, Maggie Q as Tori, Keiynan Lonsdale as Uriah Pedrad, Mekhi Phifer as Max, Miles Teller as Peter Hayes, Zoë Kravitz as Christina, Theo James as Tobias", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10199247", "chunk_text": "\"Lee Toland Krieger\"\nLively and Michiel Huisman. Production started in March 2014, and the film was released in April 2015. In September 19, 2012, Lionsgate acquired the rights to the script \"\"Vanish Man\"\" written by Denison Hatch. Later in February 2015, Krieger was set to rewrite and direct the film, which 21 Laps Entertainment would produce. On February 29, 2016, it was announced that Krieger would direct \"\"\"\", the final film in \"\"The Divergent Series\"\". The project is currently on hold due to Lionsgate's decision to release the final film as a TV movie, mainly because of the third film in the series,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10210253", "chunk_text": "\"Shailene Woodley\"\nDivergent Series.\"\" Her performance once again received critical acclaim, with Daniel M. Kimmel of \"\"New England Movies Weekly\"\" writing, \"\"Woodley does solid work here as she's done elsewhere, and continues to be someone to watch.\"\" Despite a more negative critical reception than the previous film, \"\"Insurgent\"\" was commercially successful, making nearly US$100 million in its worldwide debut and grossed $295.2 million worldwide. She reprised her role again in the penultimate film of the series \"\"\"\", which was released on March 18, 2016. The film, however, was poorly reviewed by critics and a box office bomb. Lionsgate had planned for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17858426", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\nentire Abnegation populace. In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for \"\"Divergent\"\" with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment. Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012. Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, \"\"I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris's character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it's important that all of that stuff doesn't just feel like it's thrown", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5568903", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Insurgent\"\nled by Shailene Woodley and Theo James, the sequel features supporting actors Octavia Spencer, Naomi Watts, Suki Waterhouse, Rosa Salazar, Daniel Dae Kim, Jonny Weston, Emjay Anthony, and Keiynan Lonsdale. The plot of \"\"Insurgent\"\" takes place five days after the previous installment and continues to follow Dauntless soldier Tris Prior; Tris and Four, her Dauntless instructor, are on the run after evading a coup from Erudite faction leader Jeanine and the rest of her faction. The faction system in post-apocalyptic Chicago is crumbling, and everyone is desperate for power — and answers. Filming began on May 27, 2014, in Atlanta,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4072345", "chunk_text": "\"Maze Runner (film series)\"\nnovel \"\"The Death Cure\"\". In September 2015, Ball was hired to direct the film. Ball said that the film would not be split into two films. Principal photography took place in Cape Town, South Africa between March and June 2017 for a January 26, 2018 release. All \"\"Maze Runner\"\" films opened at number-one at the North American box-office during their opening weekend. In North America, the \"\"Maze Runner\"\" film series is the fifth highest grossing film series based on young adult books, after the film series of \"\"Harry Potter\"\", \"\"The Hunger Games\"\", \"\"The Twilight Saga\"\", \"\"and The Divergent Series\"\" respectively,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7954444", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (film)\"\n2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias \"\"Four\"\" Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four. Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting: \"\"I was sure within seconds: this was 'Four', no question. Theo is able to capture 'Four's' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity.\"\" She also mentions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19824799", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent trilogy\"\nargue that \"\"Divergent\"\" is not a fun, edge-of-your-seat read. It is easy to get submerged in, effortless to remain engaged in, and impossible not to enjoy even the slightest bit.\"\" \"\"Allegiant\"\" was praised for being \"\"gripping\"\" and for the love story, but was criticized for its ending and prose. Summit Entertainment bought the rights to film an adaptation of the novel and recruited Neil Burger to direct, with Shailene Woodley starring as Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior and Theo James as Tobias \"\"Four\"\" Eaton. Lionsgate and its subsidiary Summit Entertainment distributed the film. Kate Winslet was signed as Jeanine Matthews. Also recruited", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17588714", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent trilogy\"\ndue to the poor box office results of \"\"Allegiant\"\". As of July 2016, \"\"Ascendant\"\" was scheduled to be released as a TV movie, which has not yet been aired as of December 2018. Divergent trilogy The \"\"Divergent\"\" trilogy is a series of young adult science fiction adventure novels by American novelist Veronica Roth set in a post-apocalyptic dystopian Chicago. The trilogy consists of \"\"Divergent\"\" (2011), \"\"Insurgent\"\" (2012) and \"\"Allegiant\"\" (2013). A related book, \"\"\"\" (2014), presents a series of short stories told from the perspective of one of the trilogy's characters. And a newly added short, \"\"We Can Be Mended\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6135340", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\nthe budget of the fourth and final film in the series, \"\"Ascendant\"\". Due to the box office struggles of \"\"Allegiant\"\", Lionsgate had planned to wrap up the film series with a television movie which it then hopes to continue as a television series spinoff. Made on a total budget of $183.6 million, including net production budget, advertising and promotion costs, and domestic home entertainment costs, \"\"Deadline Hollywood\"\" projected the film to make a mere profit of $3.5 million should it earn a net total of $187.1 million from various platforms (including theatrical revenues, TV rights and DVD sales). By comparison,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "71867", "chunk_text": "\"Veronica Roth\"\nnamed \"\"The Divergent Series: Ascendant\"\", and is scheduled to be released on March 24, 2017. She wrote four short stories from Tobias Eaton's point of view. \"\"The Transfer\"\" is the first of four short stories, which tells some of Tobias's life prior to \"\"Divergent\"\". It was released on September 3, 2013. The second story is titled \"\"The Initiate\"\". The stories are sold separately as e-books and also bound together under the title \"\"Four: A Divergent Story Collection\"\". The last two short stories of Tobias's stories are titled \"\"The Son\"\" and \"\"The Traitor\"\". The story collection was published in several forms", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "25587", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nOctober 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior. Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias \"\"Four\"\" Eaton. On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four. Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast, Roth praised his casting \"\"I was sure within seconds: this was 'Four', no question. Theo is able to capture 'Four's' authority and strength, as well as his depth and sensitivity.\"\" She", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11131009", "chunk_text": "\"The Purge\"\nIn February 2017, DeMonaco announced that a fourth installment was in development. DeMonaco returned to write the script, while Jason Blum, Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form returning to produce the film with Sébastien K. Lemercier. In July 2017 it was announced that Gerard McMurray was signed to direct the film, and shooting began in September 2017 in Buffalo, New York. The film was released on July 4, 2018. In an interview with \"\"Scream\"\", \"\"The Purge\"\" television series show runner Thomas Kelly stated that a heist film set on Purge Night has been considered. A television series about the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5406174", "chunk_text": "\"The Divergent Series\"\nstrategy that has worked very well for us on the two \"\"Twilight Breaking Dawn\"\" films and about which we're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming \"\"Mockingjay\"\" films of \"\"The Hunger Games\"\" franchise\"\". Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the \"\"Allegiant\"\" adaptation on July 9, 2014. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct \"\"Part 1\"\". On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with \"\"Part 1\"\" being renamed as \"\"The Divergent Series: Allegiant\"\" and \"\"Part 2\"\" as \"\"The Divergent Series: Ascendant\"\". On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20373736", "chunk_text": "\"Divergent (novel)\"\nIt was also number one in the Teens' Top Ten Vote, sponsored by YALSA. Summit Entertainment bought the rights to film an adaptation of the novel in 2011. Summit recruited Neil Burger to direct. Initially, Summit gave the film a budget of $40 million, but Lionsgate later increased it to $80 million (which finally changed to $85 million) due to the success of \"\"The Hunger Games\"\". Shailene Woodley was chosen to star as Beatrice \"\"Tris\"\" Prior. The role of Tobias \"\"Four\"\" Eaton eventually went to Theo James after an extensive search. Kate Winslet was signed as Jeanine Matthews. Also recruited", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_49	who will take the throne after the queen dies?	n/a	[ "Charles, Prince of Wales" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13074713", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nCatholics are eligible. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte and younger brother, Prince Louis. Sixth in line is Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Under the Perth Agreement, which came into effect in 2015, only the first six in line of succession require the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2814987", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\"\nMonarchy of the United Kingdom The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is commander-in-chief of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16706919", "chunk_text": "\"Demise of the Crown\"\nthe Crown. This erroneous meaning is undermined by the principle in constitutional law of the continuity of the monarchy, as expressed in the ancient Medieval maxim \"\"the Crown never dies\"\" expressed by Sir William Blackstone. Upon the Crown's demise, in the United Kingdom, a meeting of the Accession Council is held in London in order to give directions for the proclamation of the late monarch's successor. This meeting is to arrange for the formalities; neither the identity nor the accession to the throne of the next monarch depends on it. The proclamation takes place at St James's Palace, Charing Cross,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4140620", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nSuccession to the British throne Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in \"\"communion with the Church of England\"\". Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12245472", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nthe undoubted king. Succession to the British throne Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, sex (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in \"\"communion with the Church of England\"\". Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4140622", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nsovereign's consent before they marry; without such consent, they and their children would be disqualified from succession. The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21, and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed Counsellors of State. Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles. The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms. Each of those countries has the same person as monarch", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15413622", "chunk_text": "\"Regency Acts\"\nthe regent. , under the provisions of the Regency Acts in force, Prince Charles, Prince of Wales, would act as regent in the event of the incapacity of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II. The next person in the line of succession, the Prince of Wales' elder son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, would also be able to succeed without necessitating a regency and would be eligible to be regent for his grandmother or his father. , the first person under the age of 18 in the line of succession to the throne is William's son Prince George of Cambridge, who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13606088", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nname George VI. He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter, Elizabeth II. By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland (which had become a republic in 1949), but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states (Commonwealth realms). By the terms of the Statute of Westminster 1931, each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11713009", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nstipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of sex—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12245471", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nPrivy Council following his or her accession. According to the Regency Act 1937, should the sovereign be under the age of 18, such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age. After a period of mourning, the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373801", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nsuccession to the Crown\"\" under the 2013 act. The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936, which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne. The Act is no longer applicable, because Edward died in 1972 without issue. Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act, the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign's approval before marrying. Marriage without the Sovereign's consent disqualifies the person and the person's descendants from the marriage from succeeding", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18892558", "chunk_text": "\"Demise of the Crown\"\nDemise of the Crown The demise of the Crown is the legal term for the end of a reign by a king, queen regnant, or emperor, whether by death or abdication. The term was coined in English law to signify the immediate transfer (Law French \"\"demise\"\", \"\"sending down [the line of succession]\"\", from Latin \"\"demiss\"\"-[gender ending], the perfect participle of \"\"demittere\"\", having the same meaning), of sovereignty and royal prerogatives to the late king or queen's successor without interregnum. The word \"\"demise\"\" is sometimes mistakenly interpreted as referring to the death of the Sovereign rather than to the transfer of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12852422", "chunk_text": "\"Accession Council\"\nAccession Council In the United Kingdom, the Accession Council is a ceremonial body which assembles in St James's Palace upon the death of a monarch (Demise of the Crown), to formally proclaim the accession of the successor to the throne. Under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701, a new monarch succeeds automatically. The proclamation merely confirms by name the identity of the heir who has succeeded. The Council is made up of Privy Counsellors, Great Officers of State, members of the House of Lords, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the Aldermen of the City of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373805", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nsucceeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm\"\". Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment. In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony. Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10051689", "chunk_text": "\"Princess consort\"\na title has no historical precedent; under English common law, wives of kings automatically become queens. \"\"The Guardian\"\" reported in 2017 that experts expect that \"\"the fiction will end when Elizabeth II dies\"\" and Camilla will be queen regardless of title. Clarence House in 2018 removed this statement from its official website, suggesting that Camilla will be styled as Queen consort upon her husband's accession. This was the case with all other women married to British kings regnant, who became queens consort (with the exception of Mary II, who was a joint sovereign). In addition, the husband of Queen Mary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16820317", "chunk_text": "\"Heir apparent\"\nto the 16 thrones of Elizabeth II to absolute primogeniture, except for male heirs born before the Perth Agreement. The effects are not likely to be felt for many years; the first two heirs at the time of the agreement (Charles, Prince of Wales, and his son Prince William, Duke of Cambridge) were already eldest born children, and in 2013, William's first-born son Prince George of Cambridge became the next apparent successor. But even in legal systems that apply male-preference primogeniture, female heirs apparent are by no means impossible: if a male heir apparent dies leaving no sons but at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11713003", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nAbdication Act 1936, by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign \"\"immediately upon\"\" his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December. The Act provided that he and his descendants, if any, were not to have any \"\"right, title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne\"\". Edward died childless in 1972. Edward's abdication was \"\"a demise of the Crown\"\" (in the words of the Act), and the Duke of York, his brother who was then next in the line, immediately succeeded to the throne and to its \"\"rights, privileges, and dignities\"\", taking the regnal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12596991", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of New Zealand\"\nMonarchy of New Zealand The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand. The current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. All executive authority is vested in the monarch and her assent is required for parliament to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect. However, the authority for these acts stems from the New Zealand populace and, within the conventional stipulations of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10717253", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nin the United Kingdom. Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and \"\"other principal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2869558", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of Canada\"\nsupport royal residences outside of Canada. As in the other Commonwealth realms, the current heir apparent to the throne is Prince Charles, with the next four in the line of succession being the Prince's eldest son, Prince William, followed by William's three children Prince George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis. Upon a demise of the Crown (the death or abdication of a sovereign), the late sovereign's heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony; hence arises the phrase \"\"The King is dead. Long live the King\"\". It is customary for the accession of the new", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13882391", "chunk_text": "\"Regency Acts\"\ndaughter Princess Beatrice of York. Currently, if Elizabeth II were to be declared incapable of discharging the royal functions, the legal guardianship of the incapacitated monarch would be vested in her husband Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. If, however, the Duke of Edinburgh were to predecease his wife or be otherwise unable to carry out the duties of legal guardian, the guardianship of the Sovereign would then be vested in the sitting Regent. Prince George of Cambridge, should he ascend to the throne prior to his 18th birthday, is the first person in the present line of succession that would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3510229", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the Crown Bill 2011\"\nmale primogeniture in succeeding to the throne of the United Kingdom with absolute cognatic primogeniture. It was due to have received its Second Reading on 9 September, however, the second reading did not occur on that date, and was instead rescheduled for 25 November 2011. On 28 October 2011, it was announced by the heads of government of the 16 Commonwealth realms which share Elizabeth II as head of state that such a change in the law will soon be effected in all 16 independent nations, including the United Kingdom. Prime Minister David Cameron said that an Act of Parliament", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2815058", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\"\nautomatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953, which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh (the Queen's husband) could act as regent in these circumstances. During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State, the monarch's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession. The present Counsellors of State are: the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, the Duke", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373777", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nhim, becoming Edward VI. Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England. He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half-sister, Mary, from inheriting the throne. He excluded Mary and Elizabeth, settling on the Duchess of Suffolk's daughter, Lady Jane Grey. Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England. Nonetheless, the will, which originally referred to Jane's heirs-male, was amended to refer to Jane \"\"and\"\" her heirs-male. Upon Edward VI's death in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373784", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nthe Bill of Rights was almost at an end; William and Mary never had any children, and Princess Anne's children had all died. Therefore, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement. The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants, and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages. The Act, however, declared that they would be followed by James I & VI's granddaughter Sophia, Electress Dowager of Hanover (the daughter of James's daughter Elizabeth Stuart), and her heirs. As under the Bill of Rights, non-Protestants and those who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18892562", "chunk_text": "\"Demise of the Crown\"\nterm was derived from the Sanskrit language term \"\"svargagata\"\" (स्वर्गगत), which means \"\"has gone to Heaven\"\". Demise of the Crown The demise of the Crown is the legal term for the end of a reign by a king, queen regnant, or emperor, whether by death or abdication. The term was coined in English law to signify the immediate transfer (Law French \"\"demise\"\", \"\"sending down [the line of succession]\"\", from Latin \"\"demiss\"\"-[gender ending], the perfect participle of \"\"demittere\"\", having the same meaning), of sovereignty and royal prerogatives to the late king or queen's successor without interregnum. The word \"\"demise\"\" is sometimes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4718162", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchies in Europe\"\nhave to pass the law by a two-thirds majority and then put it to a referendum. As parliament has to be dissolved and new elections have to be called after the constitutional amendment is passed for the first time, the previous \"\"\"\" José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero indicated he would wait until the end of his first term in 2008 before passing the law, although this deadline passed without the referendum being called. The amendment enjoys strong public support. To change the order of succession in the United Kingdom, as the Queen of the United Kingdom is also the queen of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13606090", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\non those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England. The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution. Following the changes coming into effect, the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged, including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren, until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015. The first to be affected by the changes, on the day they came into effect", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11712999", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nmarried Roman Catholics were excluded. Upon William's death, Anne became Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne's heir-presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders, the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security. The Act provided that, upon the death of Anne, the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland, who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met. Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent, but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10112930", "chunk_text": "\"Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother\"\nAfter the war, her husband's health deteriorated and she was widowed at the age of 51. Her elder daughter, aged 25, became the new queen. From the death of Queen Mary in 1953, Elizabeth was viewed as the matriarch of the British royal family. In her later years, she was a consistently popular member of the family, even when other members were suffering from low levels of public approval. She continued an active public life until just a few months before her death at the age of 101, seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter, Princess Margaret. Elizabeth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19488448", "chunk_text": "\"Republic (political organisation)\"\nover 5,000 paying members and about 35,000 online supporters. CEO Graham Smith criticised hereditary power as being \"\"absurd\"\" and monarchy as an outdated political institution that \"\"abuses its position, abuses public money and which gives politicians too much power.\"\" Republic has said that after the death of Queen Elizabeth II it intends to mount a campaign for a referendum on the future of the monarchy. The group plans to do this during the period between the Queen's funeral and the coronation of Prince Charles. Republic asserts that there is a lack of transparency and accountability with respect to the funding", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13606092", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nin the UK and in those realms that, by their laws, have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK. Other realms passed their own legislation. Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were dead. That person's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible. The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant \"\"heirs of the body\"\" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of \"\"heir of the body\"\" is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4003577", "chunk_text": "\"Regency Acts\"\nof the 1953 Act that is still relevant is section 2, which removed the perceived anomaly that a person aged 18 could become a counsellor of state and could, upon accession to the throne, personally discharge the royal functions, but could not act as a regent until 21. In 1952 King George VI died and was succeeded by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. With her eldest son and heir apparent, Prince Charles, under the age of 18, the Regency Act 1937 would provide for the next person over the age of 21 in the line of succession, the Queen's sister", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12936156", "chunk_text": "\"Elizabeth II\"\nby Prince Charles as head of the Commonwealth. The Queen stated it was her \"\"sincere wish\"\" that the Prince of Wales would follow her in the role. Plans for her death and funeral have been extensively prepared by most British government and media organisations for decades. Since Elizabeth rarely gives interviews, little is known of her personal feelings. As a constitutional monarch, she has not expressed her own political opinions in a public forum. She does have a deep sense of religious and civic duty, and takes her coronation oath seriously. Aside from her official religious role as Supreme Governor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11713013", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\n(the \"\"male-preference\"\" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling. Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown. The Royal Marriages Act 1772 (repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry. (The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "141387", "chunk_text": "\"Head of the Commonwealth\"\nso. This was accommodated by the creation of the title \"\"Head of the Commonwealth\"\" for the King and India became a republic in 1950. Subsequently, many other nations including Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Singapore ceased to recognise the monarch of the United Kingdom as their respective head of state, but as members of the Commonwealth of Nations recognised the British monarch as Head of the Commonwealth. The title is currently held by Queen Elizabeth II, George VI's eldest daughter. Charles, Prince of Wales, was appointed her designated successor at the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting. The title was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2383496", "chunk_text": "\"Operation London Bridge\"\nHouse of Commons. In the days that follow the announcement, The Royal Mint would begin producing new coins with the new Monarch's image on them, for issue upon his or her accession. (Though, per the Demise of the Crown, the new monarch will have succeeded — become monarch — the moment Elizabeth II died.) The day after the Queen's death, the Accession Council would meet at St James's Palace to proclaim the new Monarch. Parliament would meet that evening when MPs would swear allegiance to the new Monarch. Different arrangements for moving the Queen's coffin are planned depending on where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15139415", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of New Zealand\"\nNew Zealand. Originally, these monarchs reigned in their right as British sovereigns. Monarchy of New Zealand The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand. The current monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. All executive authority is vested in the monarch and her assent is required for parliament to enact laws and for letters patent and Orders in Council to have legal effect. However, the authority for these acts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3133137", "chunk_text": "\"Regency Acts\"\nThe Act required that the regent should be the next person in the line of succession who was: The Counsellors of State were to consist of: Thus, at the time of the passing of the Act, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester would have become Regent in the event that King George VI died while The Princess Elizabeth was still a minor. The current prospective regent under the Act would be Charles, Prince of Wales. Section 4 of the Act prohibits the regent from giving royal assent to a bill to change the line of succession to the British throne or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18412528", "chunk_text": "\"Coronation of Elizabeth II\"\nCoronation of Elizabeth II The coronation of Elizabeth II took place on 2 June 1953 at Westminster Abbey, London. Elizabeth II ascended the throne at the age of 25 upon the death of her father, George VI, on 6 February 1952, being proclaimed queen by her privy and executive councils shortly afterwards. The coronation was held more than one year later because of the tradition of allowing an appropriate length of time to pass after a monarch dies before holding such festivals. It also gave the planning committees adequate time to make preparations for the ceremony. During the service, Elizabeth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10981220", "chunk_text": "\"Alternative successions of the English and British crown\"\nPrince of Wales; end the ban on marriage of dynasts to Catholics; and limit the requirement for those in line to the throne to acquire permission of the sovereign to marry. However, the requirement for the sovereign to be in communion with the Church of England remains. This change has now been enacted as the Succession to the Crown Act 2013; but it does not apply retroactively. If this system of primogeniture had been applied on the death of Victoria (whose actual successor was her second child and first son Edward VII), then Princess Victoria, Princess Royal would have become", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3625845", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nof his military leadership against James. The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones, and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded. After Mary II died in 1694, her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702. The line of succession provided for by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7517555", "chunk_text": "\"Queen Camilla\"\nto the throne after Charles. Graham then attracts the online attention of a mysterious lady named Miranda - who, unknown to him, is a New Con operative in the General Election that is finally called. On learning of the New Con ruse, the enraged Graham goes to the \"\"Daily Telegraph\"\" with his story; he is not believed, causes a disturbance when thrown out, and ends up in Rampton Hospital. The New Cons win the election, restoring the monarchy as promised, but the Queen follows through on her decision to abdicate, and Charles becomes King. The other members of the Royal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12936154", "chunk_text": "\"Elizabeth II\"\nthe longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"\"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\"\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15328208", "chunk_text": "\"O'Donohue v Canada\"\nof the succession by constitutional amendment. Currently Canada's head of state is Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada; a legally distinct position from the Queen of the United Kingdom, though embodied in the same person. As a sovereign nation, Canada is free to alter its own laws, but its Constitution includes the 1931 Statute of Westminster, which set out the convention that all of the Commonwealth realms must have symmetrical lines of succession to the throne, to maintain the unity of the Crown. Thus the constitutional law that predominantly governs the line of succession to the throne, the 1701 Act of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4140633", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nWary of threats from other possible heirs, Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584, which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding. (The Act was repealed in 1863.) The House of Stewart (later Stuart) had ruled in Scotland since 1371. It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567; even then she was succeeded by her son, James VI. Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland, her first cousin twice removed, even though his succession", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12995523", "chunk_text": "\"Prince consort\"\nthe \"\"king\"\" holds a higher position in the British social hierarchy. Thus, more power is attributed to him. In cases where the hereditary monarch is female, such as Queen Victoria, who ascended to the throne in 1837, power is attributed to the queen, for she holds the highest position in the absence of a king. Clarence House has announced that if Charles, Prince of Wales, becomes monarch of the United Kingdom, his second wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, will have the title of \"\"Princess Consort\"\" rather than \"\"Queen\"\". The imperial Chinese title of \"\"fuma\"\" (), and its Manchu equivalent \"\"e'fu\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17396157", "chunk_text": "\"The king is dead, long live the king!\"\nterm—here—of \"\"dignitas\"\") was transferred from the defunct sovereign to the new one. In the United Kingdom and other realms which permit female succession to the throne, the phrase can be altered to accommodate succession between monarchs of different sexes, e.g. \"\"The King is dead, long live The Queen!\"\", as happened in 1952, when King George VI died and was succeeded by his daughter, Queen Elizabeth II, or \"\"The Queen is dead, long live The King!\"\" as happened in 1901, when Queen Victoria was succeeded by her son, King Edward VII. \"\"The King is dead, long live The King!\"\" was last", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2815051", "chunk_text": "\"Monarchy of the United Kingdom\"\nin the United Kingdom grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family (for instance, immediately following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales). However, polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2797257", "chunk_text": "\"Succession to the British throne\"\nlist is given on the official website of the British Monarchy; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations (Notes and sources below) and footnotes. People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession. The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne. The individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election (by Parliament or by another body), nomination (by a reigning sovereign in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_50	who is the girl in green day 21 guns?	n/a	[ "Lisa Stelly" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12925915", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\n21 Guns (song) \"\"21 Guns\"\" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. It was released as the second single from their eighth album, \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25, 2009 as a digital download and July 14, 2009 as a CD single. The song has been a success on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 22, which has become their highest charting single since 2005. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 2010.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095116", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\n\"\"American Idiot\"\". The recording was produced by Billie Joe Armstrong. The recording with Armstrong singing the male solo parts was released on December 3 to Spinner.com and also released for digital download on December 22. The video was released February 1. The second version of the song with the cast of American Idiot features Stark Sands, John Gallagher Jr., and Michael Esper singing their respective solos instead of Armstrong. It was performed with Armstrong singing lead male vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards. Green Day released a live EP for the song including live performances of \"\"Welcome to Paradise\"\", \"\"Brain", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11024336", "chunk_text": "\"Last of the American Girls\"\nis playable in the video game \"\"\"\". The music video for \"\"Last of the American Girls\"\" was directed by Marc Webb and released to MTV on April 1, 2010. The video alternates between the band playing in a desert and the character Gloria (Lisa Stelly) who appears in the video for \"\"21 Guns\"\", and is also a protagonist in the story of the album \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". Gloria is shown taking part in everyday activities, such as brushing her teeth, watching television, and cleaning her nails. It is the Green Day's fourth video to feature touring guitarist Jason White performing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095117", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\nStew/Jaded\"\" and \"\"F.O.D.\"\" recorded live in Albany, New York and Madison Square Garden. This EP was released on the Australian iTunes store, Amazon UK, and Napster. 21 Guns (song) \"\"21 Guns\"\" is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. It was released as the second single from their eighth album, \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25, 2009 as a digital download and July 14, 2009 as a CD single. The song has been a success on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 22, which has become their highest charting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095113", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\nguitarist Jason White performing with the band, following \"\"Wake Me Up When September Ends\"\" and \"\"Working Class Hero\"\". He is also seen briefly in the music videos for \"\"When I Come Around\"\" and \"\"Jesus of Suburbia\"\" but he is not performing with the band. After spending the previous week at number 3, the video peaked at number one on VH1 Top 20 Countdown on August 22, 2009 and again on September 19, 2009. It also won Best Rock Video (Green Day), Best Direction (Marc Webb) and Best Cinematography (Jonathan Sela) for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. The video takes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20637987", "chunk_text": "\"American Idiot (musical)\"\nalbum \"\"American Idiot\"\", some b-sides and a few of the songs from Green Day's \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". The show also features an onstage band. Green Day re-released the single \"\"21 Guns\"\" with the musical cast on Spinner.com on December 3, 2009. This version features Billie Joe Armstrong, together with Christina Sajous, Rebecca Naomi Jones, Mary Faber and Stark Sands, with backup from the rest of \"\"American Idiot\"\" cast. Another version was released with John Gallagher Jr., Michael Esper, and Sands singing the parts that Armstrong had previously sung. Green Day and the cast of the musical also performed the song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095114", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\nplace with the band and the album's two protagonists Christian (Josh Boswell) and Gloria (Lisa Stelly) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank. The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window, to the couple's terror. As bullets rain through the room, the band continues playing. Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank. As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room, Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other, unharmed by the bullets. They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark, recreating the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095112", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\nThe song was featured in episode 6 of \"\"The Vampire Diaries\"\". The song is featured in the video game \"\"\"\" and is downloadable content for the \"\"Rock Band\"\" series. A live version was also released on \"\"21 Guns Live EP\"\" in September 2009. A music video was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Los Angeles on June 6, 2009. It premiered on MySpace on Monday, June 22, 2009 at midnight EDT. A shorter version of the video also exists, which is set to the radio edit of the song. It is the third Green Day video to feature touring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4724890", "chunk_text": "\"Josh Boswell\"\nJosh Boswell Joshua Bryan Boswell (born February 5, 1985) is an American actor and a producing sales manager at Union Bank. Boswell acted as Christian in Green Day's album \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\" in 2009. He starred in the music video for \"\"21 Guns\"\". He also starred opposite Camilla Belle in The Jonas Brothers music video for their song \"\"Lovebug\"\" on the album \"\"A Little Bit Longer\"\". His other works include \"\"Boy Culture\"\" (2006), \"\"Resident Butch\"\" (2009) and \"\"Rising Sun\"\" (2012). Joshua Boswell acts as the impulsive, self-destructive Christian in the music videos for the album \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". Green Day", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16095115", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\n\"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\" cover art. As the song ends, the room lights up again, and they are still uninjured. After the room lights up, there are various shots of destruction in the room, including a shot of some of the writing on the walls. The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to \"\"21 Guns\"\", as well as those of the song \"\"See The Light\"\" which also appears on \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story. Green Day has recorded two versions of \"\"21 Guns\"\" with the cast of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13713394", "chunk_text": "\"A Girl, Three Guys, and a Gun\"\n(a.k.a. \"\"A Girl, 3 Guys and a Gun\"\"). Frank (Brent Florence) is a Northern California 20-year-old who has just been dumped by his girlfriend. He and his slacker buddies Joey (Kenny Luper) and Neil (Christian Leffler) want to escape their small town but lack the funds. To finance their escape, they rob the local bingo tournament, and although their haul was small, the three decide to go to the big city anyway. On the road, their car breaks down. They then take Hope (Tracy Zahoryin) and her boyfriend Dave (Josh Holland) as hostages. The group is being pursued by two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12925919", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\nhymn, reaching heroic heights with a sleek sort of sappiness that fits flawlessly. The range and sentiment may dishearten those looking for a little more \"\"Dookie\"\" from their Green Day, but I’ve never heard Billie Joe sound so good and so earnest as he pulls his frail voice upwards to knock out some stunning high notes.\"\" Mayer Nissim gave the song 3 out of 5 stars, writing: \"\"It combines verses reminiscent of Neil Young's 'Heart of Gold' with big power-pop chord changes and choruses that soar in all the right places. The jerky charm of the band's earlier work may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9848338", "chunk_text": "\"Deborah Kara Unger\"\nUnger appeared in \"\"White Noise\"\", \"\"Things That Hang from Trees\"\", \"\"The Alibi\"\", \"\"Silent Hill\"\", \"\"88 Minutes\"\", \"\"Walled In\"\", \"\"Messages Deleted\"\" and \"\"The Way\"\". She also appeared in the music video for \"\"Jesus of Suburbia\"\" by American rock band Green Day. In 2011 she took a starring role in the television series \"\"Combat Hospital\"\", and in 2012 reprised her role as Dahlia Gillespie in the horror film sequel \"\"\"\". Deborah Kara Unger Deborah Kara Unger (born 12 May 1966) is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles in the films \"\"\"\" (1994), \"\"Crash\"\" (1996), \"\"The Game\"\" (1997), \"\"Payback\"\" (1999),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10478315", "chunk_text": "\"Green Room (film)\"\nPat (Anton Yelchin), Sam (Alia Shawkat), Reece (Joe Cole) and Tiger (Callum Turner) are members of a punk band, the Ain't Rights, traveling through the Pacific Northwest. After their gig is cancelled, local radio host Tad (David W. Thompson) arranges a show through his cousin, Daniel (Mark Webber), at a neo-Nazi skinhead bar in the woods outside Portland. After the show, Pat returns to the green room to retrieve Sam's phone and sees the body of a girl, Emily (Taylor Tunes), who has been stabbed to death by a neo-Nazi. Pat calls the police, but bar employees Gabe (Macon Blair)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11836176", "chunk_text": "\"Jason White (musician)\"\nis seen kissing a girl (his real-life girlfriend at the time). In 1994, White joined punk quartet Pinhead Gunpowder after the departure of singer/guitarist Sarah Kirsch (with whom White had played the previous year in Sixteen Bullets). When Green Day/Pinhead Gunpowder lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong founded Adeline Records in 1997, White helped him run it. He re-appeared with Armstrong for two Green Day shows in 1999, both of which raised money for the Bridge School Benefit. With the release of \"\"American Idiot\"\", White was required again to play with the band during the supporting tour of the album. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7902201", "chunk_text": "\"Bang Bang (Green Day song)\"\nUkrainian actress Ivanna Sakhno. It is Green Day's first video since \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\" not to feature Jason White performing with the band, as he dropped from his role as an official member earlier in the year. \"\"Bang Bang\"\" received a positive reception from critics on its release. \"\"Gigwise\"\" praised it saying: \"\"The song is Green Day at their punky best. It's far more in line with the intensity of stuff on \"\"Dookie\"\" than the ballads on \"\"American Idiot\"\"\"\". Thomas Smith at \"\"NME\"\" observed: \"\"Musically, it's classic Green Day; limited power chords used to furious effect, a maelstrom of abrasive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17121061", "chunk_text": "\"Jordan-Claire Green\"\nand voice lessons, as well as dance classes including tap, ballet, jazz and hip-hop. She appeared in \"\"School of Rock\"\" as Michelle, a student turned groupie. She was 14-years-old when she starred as Annie Lamm in \"\"Come Away Home\"\" for which she received a Young Artist Award nomination for 'Best Performance – Leading Young Actress', \"\"The Double\"\", \"\"The 12 Dogs of Christmas\"\", and \"\"Forgotten Pills\"\". She has also guest-starred in \"\"Power Rangers Time Force\"\", \"\"Alias\"\" and \"\"Arrested Development\"\". Jordan-Claire Green Jordan-Claire Green (born October 31, 1991) is an American actress, a musician and singer. She is most well known for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20739646", "chunk_text": "\"Billie Joe Armstrong\"\nBillie Joe Armstrong Billie Joe Armstrong (born February 17, 1972) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, playwright, and actor. Armstrong serves as the lead vocalist, primary songwriter, and lead guitarist of the punk rock band Green Day, co-founded with Mike Dirnt. He is also a guitarist and vocalist for the punk rock band Pinhead Gunpowder, and provides lead vocals for Green Day's side projects Foxboro Hot Tubs, The Network and The Longshot. Raised in Rodeo, California, Armstrong developed an interest in music at a young age, and recorded his first song at the age of five. He met", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "617395", "chunk_text": "\"Amanda Seyfried\"\nAmanda Seyfried Amanda Michelle Seyfried ( ; born December 3, 1985) is an American actress, model, and singer-songwriter. She began her career as a model when she was 11 and her acting career at 15 with recurring parts on the soap operas \"\"As the World Turns\"\" and \"\"All My Children\"\". In 2004, Seyfried made her film debut in the teen comedy \"\"Mean Girls\"\". Her subsequent supporting roles were in independent films, such as the drama \"\"Nine Lives\"\" (2005) and the crime drama \"\"Alpha Dog\"\" (2006). She also had a recurring role on the UPN television series \"\"Veronica Mars\"\" (2004–06). Between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12755512", "chunk_text": "\"Erin Brown\"\nMundae name from Pop Cinema and announced the feature film \"\"Sculpture\"\", the first feature film to star Brown as Misty Mundae since the 2005 \"\"Shock-O-Rama\"\". In 2009, she began appearing in the Cinemax TV series \"\"Lingerie\"\" as Stephanie. In 2012, Lukas Persson directed a post-apocalyptic western short starring Brown called \"\"This Girl's Gun\"\", which won her the best actress award at the 2012 PollyGrind Film Festival. Erin Brown Erin Brown (born Erin DeWright; October 16, 1979) is an American film actress, filmmaker, model and musician. Brown may have starred in over fifty low-budget films, under the names Sadie Lane and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6094309", "chunk_text": "\"Gatlin Green\"\nGatlin Green Gatlin Green (born 7 July 1997), also known as Gatlin Kate James, is an American actress and singer. James was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She has one older brother and three younger adopted siblings. She was homeschooled. James began acting at age 4. In 2012 she was a co–star in the web–based interactive movie \"\"Finding Cody\"\". In 2015 she had roles in episodes of \"\"Criminal Minds\"\" and \"\"Liv and Maddie\"\" before being cast as a main character in the \"\"Heroes Reborn\"\" miniseries. She appears in a promotional video, \"\"Open Your Heart\"\", for the American Heart Association. She appeared", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4452832", "chunk_text": "\"Freedom at 21\"\n7-inch single on June 11 with the B-side \"\"Inaccessible Mystery\"\". \"\"Freedom at 21\"\" contains elements of hip hop music. Its \"\"clattering drum pattern\"\" was created by placing a tape echo on a drum beat played by Carla Azar. \"\"Freedom at 21\"\" was nominated for Best Rock Song at the 55th Annual Grammy Awards. The music video for \"\"Freedom at 21\"\" was directed by Hype Williams and stars Brittany Colombo as a police officer. It was filmed in June 2012 over a five-day period. Filming sessions for the desert scenes occurred in Lancaster, California and lasted between four and five hours", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6419265", "chunk_text": "\"Telisha Shaw\"\nTelisha Shaw Telisha Shaw (born October 4, 1978) is an American actress, dancer, and singer. She is best known for dancing with such artists as Janet Jackson, Christina Aguilera, and Green Day, as well as her roles on \"\"Weeds\"\" and \"\"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia\"\" and starring in \"\"Dirty\"\" opposite Cuba Gooding Jr. She starred as Felicia in Buena Vista Pictures' \"\"\"\", out February 2008. Shaw, born in Memphis, Tennessee. She began studying ballet at the age of three and later, at age 11, received a scholarship to the Dance Theatre of Harlem under the direction of Arthur Mitchell. She", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9060410", "chunk_text": "\"Lisa Dean Ryan\"\nLisa Dean Ryan Lisa Dean Ryan (born April 30, 1972) is an American actress. She played Wanda Plenn, the girlfriend of the eponymous character in the series \"\"Doogie Howser, M.D.\"\", appearing in the series from 1989 to 1992. Shortly afterwards she co-starred as Jessica Cohen in the series \"\"Class of '96\"\", which ran for one season in 1993. The following year, she co-starred as Maria Cavalos in the MTV series \"\"Dead at 21\"\". The series ended after thirteen episodes. She has also guest starred in \"\"21 Jump Street\"\", \"\"Beverly Hills, 90210\"\", \"\"Boy Meets World\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"NYPD Blue\"\" and \"\"Cold", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5433592", "chunk_text": "\"Megan Nicole\"\nSuper Hero Girls\"\", originally performed by Jordyn Kane. In March 2017, Nicole became engaged to Cooper Green. They were married on July 1, 2017. Megan Nicole Megan Nicole Green (née Flores, born September 1, 1993), simply known as Megan Nicole, is an American singer-songwriter and actress who debuted on YouTube in 2009. Megan Nicole was born in Houston, Texas to parents Tammy and Frankie Flores, she has a sister named Maddie Taylor. Her mother is of German and Native American descent and her father is Mexican American. She was raised in Katy, Texas and became interested in music around age", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13491190", "chunk_text": "Squirtgun\nwith shows in England, the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, Italy, and France. Squirtgun Squirtgun is an American punk rock band from Lafayette, Indiana formed by record producer Mass Giorgini in 1993. Squirtgun originally consisted of Mass Giorgini (Bass, Vocals), Matt Hart (Vocals, Guitar), Flav Giorgini (Guitar), and Dan Lumley (Drums), growing out of previous West Lafayette, IN bands Rattail Grenadier and Teeth and the Man. The band signed to Lookout! Records and their first release was the EP Shenanigans, in the Spring of 1995, followed by their self-titled debut album that fall. Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, recommended", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2949928", "chunk_text": "\"Chelsea Cooley\"\nChelsea Cooley Chelsea Cooley Altman (born October 30, 1983) is an American actress, singer, model and beauty queen who has competed in the Miss Teen USA, Miss USA, and Miss Universe pageants and who has held the Miss USA 2005 title. She is a member of the pop/R&B group BQ Girls. Cooley attended The Art Institute of Charlotte and hopes to become a buyer for the fashion industry. In addition to beauty pageants, she has competed in the Grand National Shag Dancing Competition. Cooley has also worked for a number of non-profit organizations, including Toys for Tots and the Special", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2695810", "chunk_text": "\"Kirby Bliss Blanton\"\n\"\"Hannah Montana\"\", and landed her first feature film role in 2007's horror film \"\"Scar\"\". She later played Kirby in the 2012 comedy film \"\"Project X\"\". In 2014, it was announced that Blanton would be a featured model in Tyler Shields's photography exhibition \"\"Provocateur\"\". In 2015, Blanton was named one of the top ten \"\"Houston Scream Queens\"\". Her name is not a stage name; her first name was given because her parents expected her to be a boy. Her middle name, Bliss, is her mother's maiden name. Kirby Bliss Blanton Kirby Bliss Blanton (born October 24, 1990) is an American actress.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13491178", "chunk_text": "Squirtgun\nSquirtgun Squirtgun is an American punk rock band from Lafayette, Indiana formed by record producer Mass Giorgini in 1993. Squirtgun originally consisted of Mass Giorgini (Bass, Vocals), Matt Hart (Vocals, Guitar), Flav Giorgini (Guitar), and Dan Lumley (Drums), growing out of previous West Lafayette, IN bands Rattail Grenadier and Teeth and the Man. The band signed to Lookout! Records and their first release was the EP Shenanigans, in the Spring of 1995, followed by their self-titled debut album that fall. Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day, recommended Squirtgun to Jeff Saltzman, the music advisior for the then-upcoming Kevin Smith film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3784409", "chunk_text": "\"Evan Rachel Wood\"\nEvan Rachel Wood Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American actress, model, and musician. She began acting in the 1990s, appearing in several television series, including \"\"American Gothic\"\" (1995–96) and \"\"Once and Again\"\" (1999–2002). Wood made her debut as a leading film actress at the age of eleven in \"\"Digging to China\"\" (1998) and garnered acclaim for her Golden Globe-nominated role as the troubled teenager Tracy Freeland in the teen drama film \"\"Thirteen\"\" (2003). Wood continued acting mostly in independent films, including \"\"Pretty Persuasion\"\" (2005), \"\"Down in the Valley\"\" (2005), \"\"Running with Scissors\"\" (2006), and in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12925916", "chunk_text": "\"21 Guns (song)\"\n\"\"21 Guns\"\" addresses the topic of patriotism. Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine, in May 2009: \"\"It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways, and the 21-gun salute for someone that's fallen, but done in an arena rock 'n' roll sort of way.\"\" According to \"\"Q\"\", the song is \"\"a mammoth power ballad with a chorus like Mott the Hoople's All the Young Dudes.\"\" William Goodman from \"\"Spin\"\" agreed, also comparing the song to All The Young Dudes. \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\"s Simon Vozick-Levinson described it as a \"\"sensitive arena rock cut that made us", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16030541", "chunk_text": "\"Susan Ursitti\"\nSusan Ursitti Susan Ursitti (born September 17, 1957) is an American actress best known for her performance as Boof in 1985's \"\"Teen Wolf\"\". Ursitti graduated from Saint Mary's College of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1979, and then spent several years acting in commercials, TV, film, and stage. Her filmography includes \"\"Zapped!\"\", \"\"Teen Wolf\"\" and \"\"Defense Play\"\", as well as television guest roles on \"\"21 Jump Street\"\" and \"\"Charles in Charge\"\". She later received her master's degree in Design and Manufacturing. In September 1992, she married Jonathan Sheinberg, the producer of such films as \"\"McHale's Navy\"\", \"\"A Simple Wish\"\", and \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4387517", "chunk_text": "\"March for Our Lives Portland\"\nlegislation. Protesters urged the introduction of universal background checks on gun sales, the raising of the federal minimum age for gun ownership and possession to 21, the closure of the gun show loophole, the restoration of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, and a ban on the sale of high-capacity magazines in the U.S. Turnout across the country was estimated at between 1.2 to 2 million people, making it one of the largest protests in American history. Local student organizers included: Eliana Andrews; Alyssa Diaz; Zoe Dumm; Alexandria Goddard; Finn Jacobson; Calum Nguyen; Sophie Rupp; Ryan Tran; Kien Truong; Tyler", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17918400", "chunk_text": "\"Bop Gun (Homicide: Life on the Street)\"\n.45-carrying man, and also that he knows he will spend decades in prison anyway because he was involved in the shooting so there is no reason he would lie about being the shooter. A mournful Ellison overhears Felton making jokes about the investigation and bragging about the overtime he expects to receive from it. He angrily demands Felton be thrown off the case, but Gee (Yaphet Kotto) calms him down by explaining the police have to be detached from the victims because they encounter so many. Ellison takes his children back to their hotel room, where his daughter Abby (Julia", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20739667", "chunk_text": "\"Billie Joe Armstrong\"\nplays several other instruments as well as guitar. He recorded harmonica and mandolin parts on (\"\"Nimrod\"\" and \"\"Warning\"\"), piano parts on \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\", \"\"\"\" (2010) and \"\"¡Tré!\"\", and plays drums and bass from time to time. Armstrong met his first serious girlfriend, Erica Paleno (also known as Arica Pelino), inside the Gilman music club on his sixteenth birthday. Erica became known as the \"\"first official Green Day fan\"\" as she listened to the first four-track recordings by Armstrong and Sean Hughes, encouraging the band, touring with them and acting as occasional photographer for the band. Erica inspired many of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17907108", "chunk_text": "\"Columbine High School massacre\"\nknee, and shot under the adjacent computer desk, injuring 17-year-old Kacey Ruegsegger with a shot which passed completely through her right shoulder and hand, also grazing her neck and severing a major artery. When she started gasping in pain, Harris tersely stated, \"\"Quit your bitching.\"\" Harris walked over to the table across from the lower computer row, slapped the surface twice and knelt, saying \"\"Peek-a-boo\"\" to 17-year-old Cassie Bernall before shooting her once in the head, killing her instantly. Harris had been holding the shotgun with one hand at this point and the weapon hit his face in recoil, breaking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9371043", "chunk_text": "\"G.B.F. (film)\"\nXosha Roquemore, Molly Tarlov, Evanna Lynch, Joanna \"\"JoJo\"\" Levesque, and Megan Mullally. G.B.F's soundtrack includes new compositions by \"\"Hi Fashion\"\" and \"\"Veva\"\". Tanner Daniels (Michael J. Willett) and Brent Van Camp (Paul Iacono) are two closeted teenage high school students. Their school, North Gateway High in suburban New Jersey, is dominated by three feuding cliques respectively led by the three most popular girls in school: Fawcett Brooks (Sasha Pieterse), Caprice Winters (Xosha Roquemore), and 'Shley Osgood (Andrea Bowen). Brent hatches a plan to out himself at prom, which will make him the most popular boy at school since the latest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16519504", "chunk_text": "\"Isabella Amara\"\nIsabella Amara Isabella Amara (born October 9, 1998) is an American actress and singer, known for her film work, her supporting role in \"\"\"\" and her lead role in Fox Searchlight's \"\"Wilson\"\". Amara gained an interest in entertainment at an early age doing community theatre. Since then she has made minor appearance in major films such as \"\"Joyful Noise\"\", \"\"Barely Lethal\"\" and \"\"\"\". She appeared in a supporting role in \"\"The Boss\"\" as teenage Michelle Darnell (portrayed by Melissa McCarthy). She appeared in the comedy-drama film \"\"Wilson\"\", portraying the daughter of Woody Harrelson and Laura Dern's characters, and had a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1585185", "chunk_text": "\"Paul F. Ryan\"\nteenagers dealing with a post-Columbine experience. \"\"Home Room\"\" focuses more on the physiological side of events throughout the film. The two teenage girls in the movie, Deanna (Erika Christensen) and Alicia (Busy Philipps), are troubled after the high school massacre. Deanna, described by Holden as “perky and so habitually upbeat,” suffers a head injury from the shooting, and Alicia, “dresses like a punk goth,” is ordered by the principal (James Pickens Jr.) to visit Deanna in the hospital. While that happens, police detectives investigate whether Alicia was involved in the shooting, due to claims of her standing next to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17690166", "chunk_text": "\"Piper Mackenzie Harris\"\nPiper Mackenzie Harris Piper Mackenzie Harris (born January 26, 2000) is an American child actress. She is most famous for her role in the 2009 film, \"\"G-Force\"\", in which she plays Penny Goodman, a little girl who takes home one of the guinea pigs in the film. Harris started modeling at the age of three. Since then, she has been seen in many television series, film projects, commercials and print ads. One of her best known roles to date, would be in the children's show, \"\"iCarly\"\", where she played the daughter of Spencer Shay's loved interest, Emily Millford. Harris is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20303440", "chunk_text": "\"Gabby West\"\nGabby West Gabrielle D. \"\"Gabby\"\" West (born March 5, 1985) is an American actress. She won a role in \"\"Saw 3D\"\" in a competition on the reality show \"\"Scream Queens\"\". West was born in Los Angeles, California; she graduated from Century High School in 2003. She attended one semester at North Dakota State University, majoring in English Literature, and a year at a university in Bozeman, Montana. In 2005 she was a production assistant on the TV mini-series \"\"Into The West\"\". In 2006, she played Suzy in the short film \"\"New Beginnings\"\". In 2007, she moved to Los Angeles, California", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11144363", "chunk_text": "\"Raquel Alessi\"\nis widely recognized for her role as Lia Mathers in the FOX television show \"\"Standoff\"\". She was also named to Maxim's Hot 100 where she was voted #88 in 2007. Raquel Alessi Raquel Nazzerena Alessi (born March 7, 1983) is an American actress and model who starred on the FOX series \"\"Standoff\"\" and the film \"\"Ghost Rider\"\". She portrays the title character in the 2009 film \"\"Miss March\"\", alongside Zach Cregger and Trevor Moore from the comedy troupe Whitest Kids U Know. Raquel Alessi was born in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1992, she was replaced by Ashley Nation (who has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16030542", "chunk_text": "\"Susan Ursitti\"\nConscientious Objector\"\". She is the mother of three, on the advisory board for Los Angeles Parks and Recreation. She describes herself as a vegetarian. She lives in Brentwood, Los Angeles. Susan Ursitti Susan Ursitti (born September 17, 1957) is an American actress best known for her performance as Boof in 1985's \"\"Teen Wolf\"\". Ursitti graduated from Saint Mary's College of Notre Dame, Indiana, in 1979, and then spent several years acting in commercials, TV, film, and stage. Her filmography includes \"\"Zapped!\"\", \"\"Teen Wolf\"\" and \"\"Defense Play\"\", as well as television guest roles on \"\"21 Jump Street\"\" and \"\"Charles in Charge\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14145658", "chunk_text": "\"Green Day (Greatest Hits album)\"\nGreen Day (Greatest Hits album) Green Day is a greatest hits album and a promotional use album by Green Day. The album is rare everywhere, but is noted as an official release by Reprise Records. The album was primarily released for radio stations but has later re-surfaced on sites like eBay and Discogs. The album features most singles since the band's signing to Reprise Records. All lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, all music is written by Green Day. All songs were produced by Green Day and Rob Cavallo except \"\"Know Your Enemy\"\" and \"\"21 Guns\"\". Tracks 1 -", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17121060", "chunk_text": "\"Jordan-Claire Green\"\nJordan-Claire Green Jordan-Claire Green (born October 31, 1991) is an American actress, a musician and singer. She is most well known for her role as Michelle in the film \"\"School of Rock\"\". Ten years after the film's release, the cast, together with Jack Black, gathered in Austin, Texas, where they greeted fans on a red carpet, took part in a public re-screening of the film followed by a Q&A, after which they reunited on stage for a live music performance. Green was born in Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. She has taken violin lessons since age four. She now takes piano", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8226803", "chunk_text": "\"Sarah Gilman\"\nSarah Gilman Sarah Gilman (born January 18, 1996) is an American actress, known for her role as Delia in the Disney Channel series \"\"I Didn't Do It\"\". Sarah Gilman was born on January 18, 1996 and resides in Los Angeles. Her first acting jobs were in theatre. She played main roles in musicals like \"\"Narnia\"\", \"\"You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown\"\" and \"\"Alice\"\". In 2011, she made her film debut in the short movie \"\"Hold for Laughs\"\". She played the lead role as Margaret, a 13-year-old girl who is bullied at a Catholic school. She later guest starred in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17648766", "chunk_text": "\"Rye Rye\"\nRye Rye Ryeisha Berrain (born November 25, 1990), known by her stage name Rye Rye, is an American rapper, singer, dancer and actress. Signed to N.E.E.T. Recordings, she released her first mixtape RYEot PowRR in 2011 and her anticipated debut album \"\"Go! Pop! Bang!\"\" on May 15, 2012. In early 2009, MSNBC listed Rye Rye as one of the \"\"5Top: Top of the pops! Up-and coming young singers.\"\" In 2011, Rye Rye was named one of \"\"Billboard\"\" 's \"\"21 Under 21\"\". Rye Rye made her acting debut in the 2012 film \"\"21 Jump Street\"\". Rye Rye began performing at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11144361", "chunk_text": "\"Raquel Alessi\"\nRaquel Alessi Raquel Nazzerena Alessi (born March 7, 1983) is an American actress and model who starred on the FOX series \"\"Standoff\"\" and the film \"\"Ghost Rider\"\". She portrays the title character in the 2009 film \"\"Miss March\"\", alongside Zach Cregger and Trevor Moore from the comedy troupe Whitest Kids U Know. Raquel Alessi was born in Bayonne, New Jersey. In 1992, she was replaced by Ashley Nation (who has blonde hair) on Kidsongs when she had blonde hair and was departed from that in 1990 because she replaced 1987 departed Alanna Mulhern (who has blonde hair) in 1990. She", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3175102", "chunk_text": "\"Last of the American Girls\"\nwith the band, following \"\"21 Guns\"\", \"\"Wake Me Up When September Ends\"\" and \"\"Working Class Hero\"\". Last of the American Girls \"\"Last of the American Girls\"\" is a song written and recorded by the American punk rock band Green Day and is the fifth and last single from their eighth studio album \"\"21st Century Breakdown\"\". It peaked at number 26 on the US alternative rock chart. The song impacted radio on May 11, 2010. In its album review, \"\"Rolling Stone\"\" wrote: \"\"'Last of the American Girls' comes on as a fabulous left-wing love song to a rebel girl — when", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2821168", "chunk_text": "\"Allison Strong\"\nAllison Strong Allison Trujillo Strong is an American pop singer, songwriter and actress of stage, television and film. She first gained notice for her Broadway work in the musicals \"\"Bye Bye Birdie\"\" and \"\"Mamma Mia!\"\", has done voice-over work on the Nickelodeon's animated children's television program \"\"Dora and Friends\"\", and appeared in television programs such as \"\"The Blacklist\"\". She gained wider exposure with her first feature film, playing Adam Sandler's daughter Sarah in \"\"The Week Of\"\" (2018). Strong, who began acting at age 7, won a national jingle-singing competition for Oscar Mayer at age 11, and appeared in local productions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_51	what are the zords in the power rangers movie?	n/a	[ "animal-themed Ninja Zords" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12063617", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\ntheir lives for each other and resolve to defeat Rita. In doing so, they unlock the Morphing Grid. Zordon revives Billy, sacrificing being able to restore his physical self. With the team restored and confident, the Rangers morph into their armor. Rita creates Goldar, raises an army of Putties, and attacks Angel Grove to find the Zeo Crystal. The Rangers battle the Putties and head to Angel Grove in their Zords. After the Rangers destroy the Putties, Goldar pushes the Rangers and their Zords into a fiery pit. In the pit, the Zords combine and form the Megazord. Rita merges", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205079", "chunk_text": "Zordon\nCalifornia desert outside the town of Angel Grove. He then discovers the Dinozords and the Power Coins, both of which were created by Ninjor. With this discovery, Zordon creates the Power Morphers to harness the raw energy of the Power Coins so that Zordon can recruit a team of Power Rangers when necessary. When Rita Repulsa is released from the Dumpster, Zordon recruits five teenagers from Angel Grove – Jason Lee Scott, Zack Taylor, Kimberly Hart, Trini Kwan, and Billy Cranston – to become the Power Rangers, giving them the Power Morphers, the Power Coins, and the Dinozords to battle", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10618119", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers\"\nacquire the franchise and the rest of the former's entertainment assets in a $522 million deal, with the first products from Hasbro becoming available in early 2019. Since \"\"Power Rangers\"\" derives most of its footage from the \"\"Super Sentai\"\" series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series \"\"Mighty Morphin\"\", the wizard Zordon recruits \"\"teenagers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5082588", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (video game)\"\nin digitized form that are abridged from the movie and some from Season 2 of the show. Lord Zedd, Goldar, the Putty Patrol, and Oozemen appear as sub-enemies. Nimrod the Scarlet Sentinel, AC, and DC are renamed in this title as Sentinel Neck, Sentinel Ear, and Sentinel Ring respectively. Players also can fight the Ecto-Morphicons using Ninja Megazord or Falcon Zord (both by 2-Player mode; Thunder Megazord and Mega Tigerzord against the Sentinels). Bulk and Skull also appear as cameos in the game's ending. The Game Boy version is a single-player side-scrolling action game similar to the SNES version. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15055784", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\nnext week training against simulated Putties and trying unsuccessfully to morph. To inspire the Rangers, Alpha reveals the Zords. Zack takes his Zord out for a joyride and almost kills the other Rangers when he crashes it. This angers Jason, and they fight. While trying to separate the two, Billy spontaneously morphs. However, when he becomes conscious of it, the armor disappears. Angered at their lack of progress, Zordon dismisses the group. Jason returns to the ship to confront Zordon and discovers that once the Rangers morph, it will open the Morphing Grid and allow Zordon to restore himself in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10618120", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers\"\nwith attitude\"\" against Rita Repulsa. When \"\"morphed,\"\" the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color-coded skin-tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors; identical except in individual rangers' color and helmet design. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility. In addition, each individual ranger has a unique weapon, as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting. When enemies grow to incredible size (as nearly all do), Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord. Rangers teams operate in teams", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6295601", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nwho was responsible for capturing Rita (and also being enemies back on Zordon's homeworld, Eltar), later becomes aware of her release and orders his robotic assistant Alpha 5 to select five \"\"teenagers with attitude\"\" to defend the Earth from Rita's attacks. The five teens chosen are Jason Lee Scott, Kimberly Hart, Zack Taylor, Trini Kwan and Billy Cranston. Zordon gives them the ability to transform into a fighting force known as the Power Rangers; providing them with an arsenal of weapons at their disposal, as well as colossal assault machines called Zords which can combine into a giant humanoid machine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18931993", "chunk_text": "Zordon\nthe Command Center and bring Zordon back to life. Bryan Cranston portrays Zordon in the 2017 film, as a mixture of motion capture and CGI. Zordon is the former Red Ranger, who has become part of the Morphing Grid after his body was destroyed by a meteor he called down to destroy renegade Green Ranger Rita Repulsa, who had destroyed the rest of his team. Millennia later, after the new Ranger team is drawn together by the Power Coins to respond to the threat of the revived Rita, Jason realizes that Zordon intends to use the convergence of the Morphing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15048618", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie\"\nbeen unearthed. Lord Zedd, Rita Repulsa, Goldar, and Mordant arrive at the construction site and crack open the egg, releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years, a morphological being who ruled Earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors. Ivan lays siege to the Rangers' Command Center and incapacitates Zordon, robbing the Rangers of their powers. As the Rangers return to the Command Center, they find it destroyed and Zordon dying. Zordon's assistant Alpha 5 sends the Rangers to the distant planet Phaedos to obtain the Great Power and save Zordon. On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4209237", "chunk_text": "\"Zack Taylor\"\nchasm. In the course of the film, it is revealed that he lives in a mobile home park with his ill mother, and Zack is her only carer. Zack is bilingual, speaking English, and using Mandarin Chinese to communicate with his mother. He is the first Ranger to try and pilot his zord, despite being told that it is only controllable once they have morphed, taking the Mastodon on a run through the hills. He rallies in time to assist the team in facing Rita in the final battle. The choice of color for the Black Ranger (Zack Taylor) and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3600603", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nthe World Peace Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, and the Rangers are faced with the task of finding replacements. In order to transfer the powers of the Red, Black and Yellow Rangers, they must find the Sword of Light, which is located on the Deserted Planet. Zedd pursues them across the galaxy in Serpentera, his massive personal Zord, and destroys most of the Deserted Planet. Serpentera runs out of power before being able to finish the Rangers, and they return to Earth safely with the Sword of Light. Zordon then chooses Rocky, Adam and Aisha to replace Jason, Zack and Trini", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16274171", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Ninja Storm\"\nto form the Thunderstorm Megazord. When the Rangers lose their powers, Cam uses the Scroll of Time to travel into the past and retrieve the Samurai Amulet, a family heirloom in the possession of his late mother, where he discovers how Lothor rose to power. Cam returns to the present and uses the amulet to become the Green Samurai Ranger, armed with the Samurai Star Megazord, which later combines with the Rangers' zords to form the Hurricane Megazord. A lost scroll would later reveal to Cam the Lightning Riff Blaster, which could summon the Mighty Mammoth Zord. In a last-ditch", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5082587", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (video game)\"\nof nine rangers: Tommy, Adam, Kimberly, Billy, Aisha, Rocky, Zach, Trini, and Jason. When selecting Jason, Zach, and Trini, the voice clips of Adam, Aisha, and Rocky are heard when calling out their respective Zord name as their morphing command. The reason for this is because the original actors for them were released from contract after the events of the Power Transfer two-parter episode of Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers. Sega and Banpresto asked for permission from Saban Entertainment to use their characters but have the three replacements use their voices instead of Jason, Trini, and Zach. There are cinematic scenes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7747243", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nthe Rangers acquire their most powerful Zords ever: the Shogunzords (which combine into the Shogun Megazord). Eventually, Kat overcomes Rita's evil spell and returns Kimberly's Ninja Coin to her. A short time thereafter, Kimberly gets a chance to pursue her personal athletic dreams. With Zordon's blessing, she leaves to train for the Pan Global Games, choosing Kat to replace her as the Pink Ranger. Though her initial fear and hesitation keeps her from contributing fully to the fight against evil, Kat eventually becomes both comfortable and capable of fulfilling her duty as a Ranger. After several more battles, Zedd and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15055781", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\nthe Zeo Crystal. The Green Ranger, Rita Repulsa, betrays them and plans to dominate the universe. The Red Ranger, Zordon, survives Rita's attack and hides five of the Rangers' power source, the Power Coins. He orders Alpha 5, his robotic assistant, to perform a meteor strike that kills him, the dinosaurs, and sends Rita to the bottom of the sea, foiling her scheme. In 21st-century Angel Grove, high school football star Jason Scott is dismissed from the team and placed under house arrest after a failed prank. In detention, he encounters Billy Cranston and Kimberly Hart. After defending Billy from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1887225", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nwith Rita's Sword of Darkness, the source for the continuance of the evil spell he has fallen victim to, Tommy comes dangerously close to defeating the Power Rangers, especially when Rita causes a solar eclipse that temporarily drains the Megazord's power. However, the Green Ranger is ultimately defeated, and the Sword of Darkness is destroyed by Jason. Now free from Rita's spell, Tommy chooses to use his Green Ranger powers to assist the other Rangers in defeating the evil that gave them to him in the first place. His Zord, the Dragonzord, is reconfigured to enable it to help form", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6698813", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Dino Thunder (video game)\"\nBlack Ranger solves puzzles to free captured Zords. MegaZord battles also occur whenever an enemy enlarges to giant size. MegaZord levels allow the player to customize the ThunderSaurus MegaZord with auxiliary Zords obtained from the puzzle levels. The game features 13 missions, played across 20 levels. The rangers pilot their Zords in various missions to save the world from Zeltrax. Players take control of one of three Zords, Red TyrannoZord, Blue TriceraZord, or Yellow PteraZord in order to free the captive DinoZords (Violet CephalaZord, Green ParasaurZord, and Cyan DimetroZord), escort the Black BrachioZord to various warp points, and destroy alien", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9002581", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nEver since then, Goldar fights the Rangers and their Zords, growing a strong hatred for Jason and Tommy, the Red and Green Rangers, for their continual victories in single combat. Goldar also has a Zord of his own known as Cyclopsis, an ancient war machine, but this Zord is defeated by the Rangers' Ultrazord after a prolonged battle. He is also involved in one of Bulk and Skull's more memorable encounters with a monster, in which Goldar (giant sized) picks up a bus with the two inside. When Lord Zedd arrives on the Moon, Goldar eagerly abandons Rita for Zedd,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7343805", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nand Turbanshell were destroyed, he finally succeeded in ridding the Green Ranger's powers. Eventually, Zedd realizes the warning Rita had given him was true and he was having the same difficulties in defeating the Rangers like she had been. In retaliation, he brought forth his personal zord, a large serpentine named Serpenterra. Despite the large zord's advantage against the Thunder Zords, it had a serious flaw in using too much of its energy, of which infuriated Zedd to no end. He attempts to find an infinite power source for Serpenterra to no avail. Soon it came time for Zedd's Centennial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205078", "chunk_text": "Zordon\nZordon Zordon is a fictional character from the \"\"Power Rangers\"\" franchise who serves as the Rangers' mentor. Zordon first appeared on the first season of \"\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\" and appeared in subsequent seasons until the conclusion of \"\"Power Rangers in Space\"\". Ten thousand years ago, Zordon clashes with his nemesis, Rita Repulsa, on Earth. During their final battle, Rita traps Zordon in a time warp while Zordon seals Rita and her minions away in a \"\"Dumpster\"\" on the Moon. After the battle ends, Zordon, with the aid of his robot assistant, Alpha 5, creates a Command Center in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15048621", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie\"\nand he unleashes them on Angel Grove, ordering the parents to commit suicide at the construction site. Fred, Bulk, Skull and the other kids head to the construction site to save their parents. The Rangers return with their new animal-themed Ninja Zords and destroy one of Ivan's Ecto-Morphicons. Ivan takes control of the other and battles the Rangers himself. The Rangers lead Ivan into space right into the path of Ryan's Comet, which destroys him. His destruction breaks the hypnosis and the parents are reunited with their children. The Rangers then use the Great Power to restore the Command Center", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8141508", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nPutties, their main weakness is the \"\"Z\"\" on their chests which causes them to shatter/explode when hit. Following this discovery, Z-Putties become less effective than Rita's as Zedd sacrifices durability for strength. In season three, the Putties and Z-Putties are replaced by Rito's own army of foot soldiers the Tenga Warriors. They do not have any appearances in \"\"\"\". In the \"\"Power Rangers in Space\"\" episode \"\"Flashes of Darkonda,\"\" a Z-Putty is seen at the Onyx Tavern. An army of Z-Putties assists Rita and Zedd in their invasion on Triforia during \"\"Countdown to Destruction\"\". The Tenga Warriors are Lord Zedd", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1887229", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nPower Rangers to compete with Zedd's monsters, which are superior to the ones Finster made for Rita, Zordon and Alpha upgrade the Dinozords into the more powerful Thunderzords (which combine into the Thunder Megazord). However, Tommy is forced to retain use of the Dragonzord, due to his powers being too weak to support a new Zord. After several defeats, Zedd's attack on the Rangers progressively becomes more violent. He focuses his attention on eliminating Tommy, whom he sees as Rita's biggest mistake in giving him the Dragon Coin. The Green Ranger's powers were rapidly deteriorating, but Zedd's efforts had enhanced", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8141514", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\ntheir doom\"\", but the parents' children, with some help from Bulk and Skull, stop them. After the Rangers gain the Great Power, they return to Angel Grove and battle Ivan's machines with their new Ninja Zords. Using these Zords, they are able to destroy Scorpitron. An enraged Ivan combines with Hornitor, and takes on the Rangers himself. The battle progresses into outer space, and though Ivan consistently has the upper hand, he is destroyed when the Ninja Falcon-Megazord knees him in the groin, which sends him flying into the path of Ryan's Comet, which happened to be passing the Earth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18812927", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\"\nmeet high school students Preston Tien, Sarah Thompson, Calvin Maxwell and Hayley Foster who manage to retrieve the Power Stars from the Prism and morph into the Ninja Steel Power Rangers. Furious at the outcome, Galvanax sends his warrior contestants down to Earth to steal the Prism where each epic battle against the Rangers is broadcast throughout the universe. Together, the Rangers must master their arsenal of Power Stars, Mega Morph Cycles, and Zords, that are all made from the Ninja Steel, in order to stop this evil threat and save the Earth from destruction. During the final battle against", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7943509", "chunk_text": "\"Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie\"\nLerigot is contacted by Divatox, who has captured his family and demands that he surrender himself. Divatox also uses the two hostages, revealed to be Kimberly and Jason, to pressure the Rangers. At the exchange site, Elgar tricks the Rangers and takes Lerigot without releasing their friends. Zordon and Alpha create new powers for the Rangers to defeat Divatox. With the new powers and their new vehicular Turbo Zords, the Rangers drive across the desert to a ship called the Ghost Galleon. They are joined by Justin, who has received Rocky's powers as the new Blue Turbo Ranger, as Rocky", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3818018", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Wild Force\"\nis shaped like a turtle and is the home of the Wild Zords and Princess Shayla, the Rangers' mentor. The Power Rangers use their powers to defeat the forces of the Orgs, led by one Master Org. As Cole was fond of other animals, he was shocked to discover that the Orgs were literally heartless horned monsters. As the series continues, he finds out the truth about his real parents: his parents, Richard and Elizabeth Evans, were professors at Turtle Cove University, along with a family friend, Dr Viktor Adler who was secretly in love with Elizabeth. When they were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2048266", "chunk_text": "\"Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross\"\ninformation, decision and action. As a whole, they present a powerful threat, but if one member is lost to the group, then they lose their stability and become unable to function. Characteristically, the Zor are human in appearance, tall and slender with violet eyes, silvery hair and pale skin. The Zor have a symbiotic relationship with a flower native to Glorie referred to as the Protozor, which, like them, exist in trinities. Like the troops of the Southern Cross, the Zor rely on large humanoid mecha to spearhead military operations. The Zor mecha, called \"\"bioroids,\"\" are considerably more advanced than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15048620", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie\"\ntells them to leave for their own safety, but after hearing of Zordon's plight, she agrees to help them and takes them to an ancient ruined temple where the Rangers will have to overcome obstacles to acquire the power of the Ninjetti. Dulcea awakens each Rangers' animal spirit: Aisha is the bear, Rocky is the ape, Billy is the wolf, Kimberly is the crane, Adam is the frog and Tommy is the falcon. The Rangers make their way to the Monolith housing the Great Power, defeating its guardians, and retrieve the Great Power. On Earth, Ivan's Ecto-Morphicons are completely unearthed,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205080", "chunk_text": "Zordon\nRita. Zordon guides the Rangers over several years, creating the Zeo and Turbo powers to combat the threats of the Machine Empire and Divatox. Over time, Zordon upgrades the Command Center, first into the Power Chamber and then into the Turbo Chamber. Zordon and Alpha leave Earth for Eltar, leaving the Turbo Rangers under the guidance of Dimitria and her assistant, Alpha 6, but return a short while later to attend the transfer of the Turbo powers to T.J., Cassie, Carlos and Ashley. Months after his departure, Zordon is captured by Dark Specter, who slowly drains him of his powers,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15055783", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\nof gold to raise her minion Goldar to find the Zeo Crystal. The five teenagers return to the mine and discover an ancient spaceship where they meet Alpha 5 and Zordon's consciousness. They inform the teenagers about the Rangers history and Rita, warning that they have eleven days until Rita has her full power, finds the Zeo Crystal, and uses it to destroy life on Earth. The five leave the ship with no intention of returning until Zordon pleads with Jason to convince the team. The five return to train the next day, but they cannot morph. They spend the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15048622", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie\"\nand resurrect Zordon. In a mid-credits scene, Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed. In its opening weekend, the film earned $13,104,788, coming in fourth behind \"\"Apollo 13\"\" and holdovers \"\"Pocahontas\"\", \"\"Batman Forever\"\" and \"\"Casper\"\". It ultimately grossed $66,433,194 against a $15 million budget, making it a financial success. The film holds a 40% \"\"Rotten\"\" rating with a 4.5 average score based on 35 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, though there is no summarized consensus given for it. Kevin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8141507", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nof Rita Repulsa's monsters. The Putty Patrollers appear in \"\"Power Rangers\"\" with their vocal effects provided by Fred Tatasciore. They are redesigned as stone golems that can be formed out of anything that is made of rock. The Super Putties are the stronger versions of regular Putty Patrollers. They were mentioned in \"\"Life's a Masquerade\"\" and later appeared in \"\"Gung Ho!\"\" The Super Putties were made from the Super Putty that Rita Repulsa and her minions mined. They do not make another appearance in the series. The Z-Putties are Lord Zedd's own army of Putties. Despite being stronger than Rita's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18205081", "chunk_text": "Zordon\nleaving the former Turbo Rangers to become the Space Rangers as they try to find and rescue him. Soon afterwards, Dark Specter launches his conquest of the universe and moves Zordon to the Dark Fortress, Astronema's base. After Dark Specter is killed by Darkonda who is also killed by him, Andros, the Red Space Ranger, travels to the Dark Fortress and finds Zordon. Zordon convinces Andros to shatter his energy tube, allowing his good energy to destroy the forces of evil. Zordon's death creates an energy wave that travels throughout the universe, turning Lord Zedd, Rita, and Divatox into humans,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1423803", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Dino Thunder\"\nin fact, Trent's adopted father Anton Mercer, who, in a faulty lab experiment, began to mutate into Mesogog. Trent later sides with good and saves his father from the mutation. During the course of the series, the team adds the following to its arsenal of Zords: Cephalozord (based on the \"\"Pachycephalosaurus\"\"), Dimetrozord (based on the \"\"Dimetrodon\"\"), Stegozord (based on the \"\"Stegosaurus\"\"), Parasaurzord (based on the \"\"Parasaurolophus\"\"), and Ankylozord (based on the \"\"Ankylosaurus\"\"). The Stegozord later combines with Trent's zord, the Dragozord (based on the \"\"Tupuxuara\"\"), to form the Dino Stegozord. Tommy pilots the Brachiozord (based on the \"\"Brachiosaurus\"\"), the carrier", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8141513", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nto morph, fight or even call their Zords. After rendering the Rangers powerless, Ivan travels to the moon, and betrays both Lord Zedd and Rita Repulsa, trapping them within a snowglobe, much to their dismay. Their henchmen Goldar and Mordant then swear allegiance to Ivan rather than join Rita and Zedd in captivity. Ivan then begins brainwashing the parents of Angel Grove into digging up and repairing his Ecto-Morphicons (large insect-like machines similar to the Rangers' Zords) Hornitor and Scorpitron which he turns loose to rampage in Angel Grove. After this, he tells the parents to go and \"\"leap to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2048265", "chunk_text": "\"Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross\"\nthe physique of the individual, resulting in high mobility. Some variants of the arming doublet also have the ability to serve as self-sealed spacesuits. The are a race who serve as the antagonists for the Southern Cross Army. The Zor were the former inhabitants of the planet Glorie, but they had to evacuate due to an apocalyptic war. Their advances in biotechnology surpass that of humanity, and the weapons they employ called \"\"Bioroids\"\" serve as a formidable enemy to the units of the Southern Cross. They operate in groups of three. Each member is responsible for one of three functions:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15143766", "chunk_text": "\"Day of the Dumpster\"\nthe Command Center, Zordon, the wise wizard who battled Rita many years ago, tells his robotic assistant, Alpha 5, to bring him five teenagers to defend the Earth from Rita. Jason, Zack, Billy, Trini, and Kimberly are then teleported to the Command Center, where Zordon explains the situation and declares them as the first Power Rangers. They refuse to believe him, until Rita sends her Putty Patrollers to attack them. They are overpowered, but Jason suggests using their recently acquired Power Morphers. The five then morph into the Power Rangers for the first time, defeating the Putties in the process.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7943507", "chunk_text": "\"Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie\"\nher great riches and power. Lerigot escapes Divatox's forces and travels to Earth in search of Zordon and his friend Alpha 5, but lands in Africa instead. Weakened by the sun's ultraviolet rays, Lerigot meets a pack of chimpanzees and wanders off with them. Meanwhile, Divatox sets off for Earth in pursuit. In Angel Grove, Rocky, Adam, and Tommy are training for a charity fighting competition to save the Youth Shelter, when Rocky accidentally injures his back after a wrong move causes him to fly out of the ring. Katherine and Tanya arrive with Justin, a kid who admires Rocky", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4114416", "chunk_text": "\"Rita Repulsa\"\nMorphin Power Rangers: The Movie\"\", Rita, Zedd, Goldar, and Mordant arrive on earth at the constructive site and crack open a giant egg releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years, a morphological being who ruled earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors. Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd, trapping them in a snow globe. In a mid-credits scene, Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed. On February 2, 2016, it was announced that Elizabeth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16514578", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers in Space\"\nto combine into the powerful Astro Megazord. The new Space Ranger team then returns to Earth for repairs and supplies, but are followed by Astronema. The Space Rangers alternate between searching for Zordon and protecting Earth. From the Dark Fortress, Astronema seeks to eliminate them via Ecliptor (who raised her), Quantrons and a variety of monsters. (Elgar has also been added to her team, but he remains a comedic bungler.) Over time, allies (such as Phantom Ranger, Justin Stewart and Adam Park) offer the Rangers invaluable aid, with Zhane (the Silver Space Ranger) emerging from cryo-sleep and joining the team.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11284242", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\nit was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa. Four months later, Bryan Cranston, who voiced Twin Man and Snizard in the original series, announced he was cast as Zordon. Cranston revealed that he would perform motion-capture and CGI. In September 2016, Walter Emanuel Jones, the actor who played Zack in the original series, stated none of the original cast would cameo in the film. Towards the end of the month, comedian Bill Hader was cast as Alpha 5. In March 2017, it was reported that Amy Jo Johnson and Jason David Frank, who played Kimberly and Tommy in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9814581", "chunk_text": "\"Trini Kwan\"\na Kata on the first episode. When Rita Repulsa escapes and begins wreaking havoc on earth, Trini, along with her close friends Jason Lee Scott, Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston and Kimberly Hart, is one of the five teens chosen by Zordon to receive a great power, drawn from the spirits of the prehistoric animals. These powers give them the ability to transform into a fighting force known as the Power Rangers. Trini is chosen for her compassion, quick wits and martial arts talent, and becomes the Yellow Power Ranger, given the Saber-Toothed Tiger Power Coin and the Saber-Toothed Tiger Dinozord.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15055800", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\ntrailer garnered mixed reactions, with some praising it for its darker, contemporary reimagining of the classic characters, while still looking action-packed and fun at the same time, and others criticizing it for its lack of connection to the original series, saying it appeared \"\"brooding\"\". The trailer received over 150 million views in the first two days after it was uploaded. Lionsgate revealed the T-Rex zord toy, among others, on October 28, 2016, and the Power Rangers Twitter account revealed the Megazord toy on November 4, 2016. On November 15, 2016, Lionsgate revealed the toys based on the film's individual Zords.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12063618", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers (film)\"\nwith Goldar. The Rangers battle and destroy Goldar. After refusing Jason's offer to surrender, a defiant Rita tells the Rangers that more will come for the crystal and leaps at the Megazord only to be slapped into space. The Rangers are praised as local heroes, and with Rita's threats foiled, they return to their normal lives while keeping their powers. In a mid-credits scene, in detention, the teacher announces that Tommy Oliver will be joining them, but the desk is empty save for a green jacket. Jason David Frank and Amy Jo Johnson, two of the cast members of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4209223", "chunk_text": "\"Zack Taylor\"\nZack Taylor Zachary Taylor is a fictional character in the Power Rangers universe, appearing in the television series \"\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\". He is the original Black Ranger of the first generation of Power Rangers. He was played by actor Walter Emanuel Jones. Zack and his close friends Kimberly Hart, Jason Lee Scott, Billy Cranston and Trini Kwan were picked as the five original Power Rangers by the wise sage Zordon to defend Earth from the evil sorceress Rita Repulsa. Zack was chosen as the Black Power Ranger, gaining the Mastodon Power Coin and the Mastodon Dinozord. Quick-witted and clever,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8141468", "chunk_text": "\"Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nPower Rangers to the Island of Illusions. He is an old friend of Rita's and she called on him for a favor to defeat the Rangers. After destroying Mutitus, the Power Rangers attack Lokar with the Ultrazord, but he manages to escape. Lokar is seen teleporting away just after the blast hits and Jason says, \"\"We'll get him next time\"\". Lokar is later summoned again when Goldar goes into battle with his extremely powerful War Zord, Cyclopsis (\"\"Doomsday, Parts 1 & 2\"\"). Lokar, heavily scarred from the Ultrazord attack, recreates the War Zord when it falls to the Power Rangers'", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16515253", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Dino Thunder\"\nfor all the other Zords. Conner is also given the power to become the Triassic Ranger, and pilots the Mezodon Rover/Megazord (based on the \"\"Styracosaurus\"\"), which can combine with the Cephalo, Dimetro, Parasaur and Ankylozords to form the Triceramax Megazord. At the end of the series, the Rangers destroy Mesogog with their raw Dino Gem power, but the gems are burned out in the process. Just before this, they are also forced to sacrifice all the Zords in their last battle with Zeltrax, one of Mesogog's strongest minions.Finally they return to their normal lives. Dino Rangers Allies Villains Special Guest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6541006", "chunk_text": "\"Power Rangers Turbo\"\nalso joined by other allies such as the Phantom Ranger, a mysterious being from another world. The team eventually learns that Dark Specter has captured Zordon, though Zordon is able to warn the Rangers not to rescue him as it would leave the Earth defenseless. A short while later, the Rangers lose both the Turbo and Rescue Megazords in a battle with the most powerful monster that Divatox created, Goldgoyle. As Dimitria and the Blue Senturion leave for Eltar to help Zordon, Divatox finds the Power Chamber's location. Her army of grunts and monsters infiltrate the Chamber, defeating the team", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1887231", "chunk_text": "\"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\"\nis revealed to be Tommy, who in addition receives a new Zord, the Tigerzord, and also becomes the new leader of the Power Rangers (replacing Jason). During the Team Ninja Trials in Angel Grove, the Rangers become friends with three teenagers from Stone Canyon: Rocky DeSantos, Adam Park and Aisha Campbell. During an ensuing battle with Zedd and a magical serpent, Rocky, Adam and Aisha discover the Rangers' identities and, having been entrusted with their secret by Zordon himself, the three newcomers become allies of the Rangers. Later on, Jason, Zack and Trini are selected to represent Angel Grove at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_52	who plays the voice of johnny in sing?	n/a	[ "Taron Egerton" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21012561", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nSing (2016 American film) Sing is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment. It was directed and written by Garth Jennings, co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, John C. Reilly, Taron Egerton, and Tori Kelly. The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition, hosted by a koala who is trying to save his theater. The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called \"\"Faith,\"\" which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16750458", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nfilm's silliness. Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel, tentatively titled \"\"Sing 2\"\", slated for December 25, 2020. Sing (2016 American film) Sing is a 2016 American computer-animated musical comedy-drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment. It was directed and written by Garth Jennings, co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey, Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, John C. Reilly, Taron Egerton, and Tori Kelly. The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition, hosted by a koala who is trying to save his theater. The film includes more than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18913376", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nReese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film. The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget. The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination Mac Guff. A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016. The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival. Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016. \"\"Sing\"\" was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16750451", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nin each other's films. In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about \"\"courage, competition and carrying a tune,\"\" which was originally titled \"\"Lunch\"\", and then retitled as \"\"Sing\"\". On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role. Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film. On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend. In November 2015, it was announced that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3828087", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (1989 film)\"\nSing (1989 film) Sing is a 1989 American drama film directed by Richard J. Baskin, written by Dean Pitchford (who also co-wrote the songs) and produced by Craig Zadan (both previously collaborated on \"\"Footloose\"\"), and starring Lorraine Bracco, Peter Dobson, and Jessica Steen. The film follows a fictional New York City SING! production. The supporting cast includes Louise Lasser, George DiCenzo, Patti LaBelle, Yank Azman, Ingrid Veninger, and Cuba Gooding Jr. \"\"Sing\"\" was released in the United States on March 31, 1989. It received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office bomb, grossing only $2.3 million from an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1564949", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Ed Sheeran song)\"\nalbum. Sheeran also performed \"\"Sing\"\" on \"\"The Ellen DeGeneres Show\"\" on 16 May 2014, on the \"\"Britain's Got Talent\"\" semi-final on 27 May 2014, on \"\"The Graham Norton Show\"\" on 6 June 2014, and on \"\"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\"\" on 28 August 2014. The track was featured in the trailer for the animated film of the same name, \"\"Sing\"\". The song is a playable track in Guitar Hero Live. !scope=\"\"col\"\" colspan=\"\"3\"\"\| Streaming Sing (Ed Sheeran song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a song by English singer-songwriter, Ed Sheeran. It was written by Sheeran and Pharrell Williams, who also produced it and provided uncredited background", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15819036", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Street\"\nboy starting a band in order to impress a girl. Carney would produce through his Distressed Films banner, along with Anthony Bregman through his Likely Story Banner, Kevin Frakes for PalmStar Media, and Raj Brinder Singh for Merced Media Partners, with Paul Trijbits and Christian Grass for FilmWave. The film is a semi-autobiographical depiction of Carney's upbringing in Dublin. In a July 2014 interview, Carney announced he would be casting unknown actors in the film. The unknown actors turned out to be Ferdia Walsh-Peelo, Ben Carolan, Mark McKenna, Percy Chamburuka, Conor Hamilton, Karl Rice, and Ian Kenny. In September 2014,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "947626", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Street\"\nSing Street Sing Street is a 2016 musical coming-of-age comedy-drama film co-written, co-produced and directed by John Carney. Starring Ferdia Walsh-Peelo, Lucy Boynton, Maria Doyle Kennedy, Aiden Gillen, Jack Reynor, and Kelly Thornton, the story revolves around a boy starting a band to impress a girl in 1980s Ireland. It is an international co-production from Ireland, the United States, and United Kingdom. The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on 24 January 2016. It was released in Ireland on 17 March 2016, in the United States on 15 April and in the United Kingdom on 20", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6831271", "chunk_text": "\"Sing It!\"\nSing It! Sing It! is an American situation comedy web series created by Benny Fine and Rafi Fine. It is executive produced by Benny Fine, Rafi Fine, Max Benator, Todd Lieberman, David Hoberman, Laurie Zaks, Barry Safchik, and Michael Platt, and produced by Mandeville Films, Potvin Sucks Productions, and Fine Brothers Entertainment. The pilot had a premiere on April 21, 2016, during the Tribeca Film Festival. The show debuted on May 25, 2016 on YouTube Red, a paid service of streaming original series and movies, similar to Netflix. It stars Mircea Monroe, Mark Sullivan, Debby Ryan, Preston Jones, Alex Désert,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18965357", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Ed Sheeran song)\"\nSing (Ed Sheeran song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a song by English singer-songwriter, Ed Sheeran. It was written by Sheeran and Pharrell Williams, who also produced it and provided uncredited background vocals. The song was released on 7 April 2014, serving as the lead single from Sheeran's second studio album, \"\"×\"\" (2014). The song became Sheeran's first UK number-one single and also topped the charts in Australia, New Zealand and Ireland. It also peaked at No. 13 on the US \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. \"\"Sing\"\" was written by Sheeran and Pharrell Williams, and produced by the latter. Williams also provides uncredited background vocals", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5705003", "chunk_text": "\"As jy sing\"\nAs jy sing As jy sing is an Afrikaans movie released in South Africa on 12 November 2013. The lead roles were played by Bobby van Jaarsveld and Leah van Niekerk. The film did well at the box office and earned 7% more in its opening week than the previous year's hit film, Semi-soet. The film is a musical. There is no age restriction, but adult supervision is recommended (language). Mr. Conradie is a conventional music teacher who lives for his song group, the bekfluitjies (Eng: mouth organs). The bekfluitjies represent the rejects of their sport-mad school. Circumstances force them", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12075350", "chunk_text": "\"Ferdia Walsh-Peelo\"\nin season five of \"\"Vikings\"\". He is also the Ambassador for UNICEF Ireland's program 'Emergency Lessons', aimed at providing education to children caught up in emergencies. Ferdia Walsh-Peelo Ferdia Walsh-Peelo (born October 12, 1999) is an Irish actor and musician. He is best known for playing Conor 'Cosmo' Lawlor in his debut film \"\"Sing Street\"\" in 2016. Walsh-Peelo attended Coláiste Ráithín, a Gaelscoil in Bray, and Wicklow Educate Together National School County Wicklow. Born in Ashford, County Wicklow, he began his musical career as a boy soprano at the age of seven coached by his mother, soprano Toni Walsh. Winning", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17119875", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Joe Raposo song)\"\nin an art museum as part of a medley. The other one featured a clay/sand animation segment of animals. In 2000, various celebrities sang the song, including, Nathan Lane, Denyce Graves, Gloria Estefan, Patti LaBelle, Ben Stiller, Maya Angelou, Fran Drescher, Garth Brooks, Doug E. Doug, Vanessa Williams, R.E.M., Rosemary Clooney, and Conan O'Brien. A year before the celebrity edition of the song was released, Graves sang the song all by herself with the help of some penguins. The original and subsequent \"\"Sesame Street\"\" recordings were released on \"\"Sesame Street Concert/On Stage – Live!\"\" (1973), \"\"Sing the Hit Songs of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19210856", "chunk_text": "\"Peter Dobson\"\nPeter Dobson Peter Dobson (born July 19, 1964) is an American actor who has starred in the films \"\"Sing\"\", \"\"The Frighteners\"\", \"\"Drowning Mona\"\", \"\"The Poseidon Adventure\"\" and \"\"Last Exit to Brooklyn\"\". Dobson was born at Riverview Medical Center in Red Bank, New Jersey, to an activist mother and a contractor father. He grew up in Middletown Township and attended Middletown High School South. He later lived in Loch Arbour. Dobson appeared in \"\"Forrest Gump\"\" as Elvis Presley. He has starred in numerous television shows including Robert Zemeckis's CBS comedy \"\"Johnny Bago\"\" and the critically acclaimed USA network \"\"Cover Me: Based", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17869153", "chunk_text": "\"Johnny Desmond\"\nDesmond appeared in \"\"Say, Darling\"\" (1958) and as Nick Arnstein in \"\"Funny Girl\"\" after Sydney Chaplin left the cast. He died of cancer in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 65. Johnny Desmond Johnny Desmond (born Giovanni Alfredo De Simone; November 14, 1919 – September 6, 1985) was an American singer who was popular during the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Detroit, Michigan; and as a boy, sang on a local radio station, but at age 15 he quit to work at his father's grocery. He still retained a love of music, however, and briefly attended the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "714410", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nMike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's \"\"My Way.\"\" Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's \"\"Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing\"\", which literally brings down the house. The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened. The voices of Rosita's piglet children were provided by Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings, the children of Garth Jennings, the film's writer and director. Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide \"\"additional voices\"\", continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12075348", "chunk_text": "\"Ferdia Walsh-Peelo\"\nFerdia Walsh-Peelo Ferdia Walsh-Peelo (born October 12, 1999) is an Irish actor and musician. He is best known for playing Conor 'Cosmo' Lawlor in his debut film \"\"Sing Street\"\" in 2016. Walsh-Peelo attended Coláiste Ráithín, a Gaelscoil in Bray, and Wicklow Educate Together National School County Wicklow. Born in Ashford, County Wicklow, he began his musical career as a boy soprano at the age of seven coached by his mother, soprano Toni Walsh. Winning many prizes throughout his early years, he was eventually cast in Mozart's \"\"Magic Flute\"\" aged twelve, which toured Ireland. Walsh-Peelo followed this up with the part", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10022909", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Gary Barlow song)\"\nSing (Gary Barlow song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a song written by Take That singer-songwriter Gary Barlow and composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, and performed by a number of artists assembled by Barlow from across The Commonwealth, to commemorate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. The track was released via digital download and CD single on 28 May 2012, and was performed as part of the Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Concert celebrations on 4 June 2012. It was announced in January that six-time Ivor Novello recipient Gary Barlow and world-renowned composer Andrew Lloyd Webber would be working together", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15819037", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Street\"\nit was announced that Aidan Gillen, Maria Doyle Kennedy, and Jack Reynor had joined the cast of the film, portraying the role of a father, wife and son respectively. Principal photography on the film began in September 2014 in Dublin, Ireland, and concluded on 25 October 2014. Its namesake school, Synge Street CBS, was among the shooting locations for the film. Much of the original music by the band \"\"Sing Street\"\" was composed by Danny Wilson frontman Gary Clark, with Carney, Ken and Carl Papenfus of the band Relish, Graham Henderson and Zamo Riffman also receiving writing credits. Adam Levine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19446971", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Wynonna Judd song)\"\nSing (Wynonna Judd song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a song written by Rodney Crowell and recorded by American country artist, Wynonna Judd. The song was the second single released from her 2009 studio album, \"\".\"\" After failing to chart on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Songs chart, the song was given several electronic dance remixes, and sent to dance radio where it peaked at number 4 on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart in August 2009. Written by Rodney Crowell, \"\"Sing\"\" is the closing track and title track to Wynonna Judd's album, \"\"Sing: Chapter 1.\"\" Allmusic critic, Thom Jurek reviewed \"\"Sing\"\", giving it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17119869", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Joe Raposo song)\"\nSing (Joe Raposo song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a 1971 song written by Joe Raposo for the children's television show \"\"Sesame Street\"\". In 1973, it gained popularity when performed by the Carpenters, who made it a #3 hit on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. Raposo was one of the staff songwriters on \"\"Sesame Street\"\", and the song became one of the most popular on the program, sung in English, Spanish, and sign language. In its initial appearance, it was sung by adult human cast members of the show (the most frequent lead singer was Bob McGrath) and Muppets, including Big Bird. Barbra Streisand's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7181480", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Joe Raposo song)\"\nthe Carpenters' version was done in 1994, that time with sound engineer Roger Young. Lily Tomlin sang and signed the song to a group of deaf children on \"\"Sesame Street\"\" in 1975. The same year, she played the mother of two deaf children in Robert Altman's film \"\"Nashville\"\"; they sang the song in the film. In 1976, on the eleventh episode of \"\"The Muppet Show\"\", guest Lena Horne sang it. Later, Alaina Reed (as Olivia) sang it, while Linda (Linda Bove) signed the lyrics. After the hurricane struck \"\"Sesame Street\"\" in 2001, Big Bird sang it in celebration of his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9925493", "chunk_text": "\"Sing It!\"\nRed, a new paid service of streaming original series and movies, similar to Netflix. They started to work on a new comedy series, satirizing the talent shows. The show was inspired by television music competitions The X Factor, The Voice and American Idol. In November, Debby Ryan, Preston Jones, Alex Désert was Todrick Hall confirmed in the cast. In a partnership with the production company Mandeville Films, the series began to be recorded in December. The character Holli Holiday, played by Debby Ryan, was inspired by Paula Abdul and Randy, played by Alex Désert, inspired by Simon Cowell. A teaser", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5705004", "chunk_text": "\"As jy sing\"\nto fight for what they believe in - their music - because when they sing, life makes more sense! As jy sing As jy sing is an Afrikaans movie released in South Africa on 12 November 2013. The lead roles were played by Bobby van Jaarsveld and Leah van Niekerk. The film did well at the box office and earned 7% more in its opening week than the previous year's hit film, Semi-soet. The film is a musical. There is no age restriction, but adult supervision is recommended (language). Mr. Conradie is a conventional music teacher who lives for his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8091378", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Sing (song)\"\nSing Sing (song) \"\"Sing Sing\"\" is a song by disco-funk band Gaz, a project of keyboardist Thor Baldursson, guitarist Mats Bjoerklund, and producer Jürgen Korduletsch. It appeared on the group's only album, \"\"Gaz\"\", and was released as a 12\"\" single in 1978, Salsoul Records catalog number SG206. \"\"Sing Sing\"\" has been sampled by hip hop artists such as Grandmaster Flash, Wu-Tang Clan, Chubb Rock, and Lil Jon. In the early 1990s it was featured prominently in breakbeat tracks from the Baltimore club genre, where DJs looped and modified it using Ensoniq ASR-10 samplers and Mackie mixers. In the early 2000s", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18521397", "chunk_text": "\"Taron Egerton\"\nTaron Egerton Taron David Egerton (born 10 November 1989) is an English actor and singer. He is known for his roles in the British television series \"\"The Smoke\"\" and the 2014 action comedy film \"\"\"\". He has also played Edward Brittain in the 2014 drama film \"\"Testament of Youth\"\", appeared in the 2015 crime thriller film \"\"Legend\"\", starred as Eddie \"\"The Eagle\"\" Edwards in the 2016 biographical film \"\"Eddie the Eagle\"\", voiced Johnny in the 2016 animated musical film \"\"Sing\"\", and reprised his role in the 2017 \"\"Kingsman\"\" sequel \"\"\"\". Taron David Egerton was born on 10 November 1989 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15819043", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Street\"\nroom rehearsal (with tea and biscuits) to full studio production perfectly negotiates the space between kitchen-sink realism and musical fantasy in which this lovely, lyrical movie casts its spell\"\". Kermode concluded by saying, \"\"Happy sad indeed. I laughed, I cried, I bought the soundtrack album.\"\" The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 8 August 2016. Sing Street Sing Street is a 2016 musical coming-of-age comedy-drama film co-written, co-produced and directed by John Carney. Starring Ferdia Walsh-Peelo, Lucy Boynton, Maria Doyle Kennedy, Aiden Gillen, Jack Reynor, and Kelly Thornton, the story revolves around a boy starting a band to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20152246", "chunk_text": "\"Kristóf Deák\"\nKristóf Deák Kristóf Deák (; born June 7, 1982) is a Hungarian film director, screenwriter, film producer and editor who is best known for his work on \"\"Sing\"\", which earned him critical appraisal and recognition including the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 89th Academy Awards in 2017. Starting his studies in electrical engineering at the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, he later switched to the University of Theater and Film's film production course. During this time, he learned editing from his classmates, and subsequently worked as a freelance editor. In 2010 he completed the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19569336", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nBuster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's \"\"Shake It Off\"\", which finally gets her husband Norman's attention to her, more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's \"\"I'm Still Standing\"\" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite an interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song \"\"Set It All Free.\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20342464", "chunk_text": "\"Sing, Boy, Sing\"\nshow was well received and turned Sands into a teen idol. He received eight times more fan mail than any other actor who had appeared on a \"\"Kraft\"\" show. A song from the episode, \"\"Teen-Age Crush\"\", went to number two on the charts and sold over a million copies. 20th Century Fox had enjoyed success with films starring Elvis Presley and Pat Boone. In February 1957 they bought the film rights to the television play and in July they signed a contract with Sands to appear in the film. Henry Ephron was assigned to produce. Ephron ended up making his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16750446", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nfor not being around anymore, with a new girlfriend named Becky and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and breaks down while singing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's \"\"Call Me Maybe.\"\" Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17014319", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Annie Lennox song)\"\nSing (Annie Lennox song) \"\"Sing\"\" is a song recorded by Scottish singer Annie Lennox for her fourth solo studio album, \"\"Songs of Mass Destruction\"\" (2007). It was released as the second single from the album on 1 December 2007 by RCA Records. Lennox was inspired to write the track after seeing South African activist Zackie Achmat at Nelson Mandela's 46664 HIV/AIDS concert. She wanted the track to be a source of empowerment for people without a voice of their own. It also gave rise to her SING Campaign which aimed to raise funds and awareness for issues surrounding HIV/AIDS. \"\"Sing\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20342460", "chunk_text": "\"Sing, Boy, Sing\"\nSing, Boy, Sing Sing, Boy, Sing is a 1958 musical-drama film, released by 20th Century Fox. The film starred two newcomers, Tommy Sands and Lili Gentle. The film was an expansion of the January 1957 \"\"Kraft Television Theatre\"\" episode \"\"The Singin' Idol\"\", also starring Sands. Sands, billed by the studio as a potential new teen idol, played an Elvis Presley-type singer. The film was Gentle's only starring role, and her penultimate film appearance. 20th Century Fox had plans to promote Gentle as its new dashing red-head, but the right type of roles to offer her did not materialize. \"\"Sing, Boy,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1564947", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Ed Sheeran song)\"\nof January 2015. The music video for \"\"Sing\"\" was released exclusively to Sheeran's Facebook page on 22 May 2014, and added to Vevo and YouTube on 23 May, exactly a month before the album was released. It follows a puppet caricature of Sheeran on a night out, during which he gets drunk, steals a mic from actor, Peter Kwong from Big Trouble in Little China and sings karaoke, goes to a strip club and picks up Sheeran and Pharrell from a studio in his truck. Throughout the video Sheeran is seen playing his guitar in front of an optical illusion-esque", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20665151", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nopera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute, but agrees to see a private screening of the show. Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When one of the acts quits, and another is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance broke up with her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2713483", "chunk_text": "SING!\nSING! SING! is an annual student-run musical production put on by some high schools in New York City. It is a theater competition between the various grades, with the setup between grades differing from school to school (such as sophomore-freshman vs. seniors vs. juniors, senior-sophomore vs. junior-freshman or freshman-senior vs. sophomore-junior). \"\"SING!\"\" was conceived by Bella Tillis, a music teacher at Midwood High School in Brooklyn, New York in 1947. A Library of Congress archive of the papers of entertainer Danny Kaye, who went to high school with Tillis, contains playbills of \"\"SING!\"\" performances at Midwood High School from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19379938", "chunk_text": "\"Sing, Baby, Sing\"\nto Farraday's \"\"Romeo.\"\" While Al Craven (Ted Healy), the brother of Nicky's secretary Fitz (Patsy Kelly), searches for alcohol to keep Farraday from sobering up, Nicky calls the newspapers, saying that Farraday is on his deathbed. When the doctor arrives and forbids visitors, Al pretends to be Farraday's personal physician and relieves him of the case. Nicky sneaks Joan in to see Farraday, while cynical reporter Ted Blake (Michael Whalen) and Joe (Cully Richards), a photographer, climb onto the fire escape and photograph them. Later, Al accompanies Farraday home, and the puzzled Farraday wonders why he can't remember hiring a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18913368", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\noffice into the city streets. Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include: housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; and punk-rock porcupine Ash. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dance routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 (money he does not have), he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2142827", "chunk_text": "\"Sing Sing (song)\"\nit also became a staple of the Jersey club sound. The song was featured on the fourth volume of Street Beat Records' \"\"Ultimate Breaks and Beats\"\" collection. In October 2013, Salsoul Records filed a lawsuit against Kylie Minogue and Warner Bros., claiming that Minogue copied the \"\"entire rhythm\"\" of \"\"Sing Sing\"\" in her 2007 song \"\"Speakerphone\"\". Sing Sing (song) \"\"Sing Sing\"\" is a song by disco-funk band Gaz, a project of keyboardist Thor Baldursson, guitarist Mats Bjoerklund, and producer Jürgen Korduletsch. It appeared on the group's only album, \"\"Gaz\"\", and was released as a 12\"\" single in 1978, Salsoul Records", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3247019", "chunk_text": "\"Johnny Boy\"\nJohnny Boy Johnny Boy were an indie pop band from Liverpool, England which consisted of two members; the London born Lolly Hayes (Lorraine Hayward) and the Liverpool resident Davo (Andrew Davitt, a keyboard tech for the Manic Street Preachers). Both of them, when asked about their roles in the duo, commonly specified them by giving the generic answer of \"\"Vocals, loops and guitars\"\". Formed in 2002, Johnny Boy took their name from Robert De Niro’s character in Martin Scorsese's film, \"\"Mean Streets\"\". Their debut single, \"\"Johnny Boy Theme\"\" featured Scorsese's opening voice-over from the film. Their single \"\"You Are The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4043743", "chunk_text": "\"Emilio Delgado\"\nhas performed with the band at Carnegie Hall and Town Hall in New York City, The Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, in Woodinville, Washington at the Chateau Ste. Michelle Winery, and in Portland, Oregon at the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall, Crystal Ballroom and the Oregon Zoo. He appears on their album \"\"Splendor in the Grass\"\", in which he recorded the song \"\"Sing\"\", a duet with China Forbes. Emilio Delgado Emilio Delgado (born May 8, 1940) is a Mexican American actor (film and television), voice artist and singer best known for his role as Luis, the Fix-it Shop owner, on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19569335", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 American film)\"\nfloor, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater. When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's \"\"Hallelujah\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10716402", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (Theo Tams song)\"\nIt All Away\"\". Sing (Theo Tams song) \"\"Sing\"\" is the debut single by Theo Tams, the winner of season 6 of \"\"Canadian Idol\"\". The song was written by Rob Wells (who has also written songs for Melissa O'Neil, Nick Lachey, Backstreet Boys, and Eva Avila) and Xandy Barry. The single was produced by Gavin Brown. It was released for digital downloads on September 11, 2008, and then the next week it made a \"\"Hot Shot Debut\"\" at number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart due to digital downloads. The track is included as a bonus track on Tams' 2009", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18930538", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (2016 Hungarian film)\"\nSing (2016 Hungarian film) Sing (, means \"\"Everybody\"\") is a 2016 Hungarian short film directed and written by Kristóf Deák. Set in 1991, it follows the story of a girl who moves to a new elementary school and becomes a member of the award-winning school choir. In 2017, the film won the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 89th Academy Awards. The story takes place in Budapest in 1991. Zsófi (Dorka Gáspárfalvi) moves to a new elementary school and becomes friends with Liza (Dorottya Hais). Zsófi joins the award-winning school choir but she is told not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3568971", "chunk_text": "\"Johnathan Rice\"\nNow\"\" with Jenny Lewis, as Jenny and Johnny. In 2013-14, Rice and Lewis scored and wrote seven original songs for the movie \"\"Song One\"\" (2014), starring Anne Hathaway. Rice was born in Alexandria, Virginia on May 27, 1983. He spent his childhood between there and his parents' native Glasgow, Scotland. He attended two high schools, Washington's all-male Jesuit Gonzaga College High School and Glasgow's Turnbull High School in the suburb of Bishopbriggs. Before graduating from high school in 2001, Rice befriended Chris Keup, a Virginian singer songwriter and self-styled A&R man. Keup produced Rice's first known recordings, the six song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "192438", "chunk_text": "\"Jonathan Dokuchitz\"\nJonathan Dokuchitz Jonathan Dokuchitz is an American actor and singer who works mainly on Broadway. He has starred in \"\"The Who's Tommy\"\" as Captain Walker, and also created the singing voice for John Cusack in \"\"\"\"Anastasia\"\" (1997 film)\"\". He has voiced characters in several animated films including \"\"Anastasia\"\" (1997), \"\"The Hunchback of Notre Dame\"\" (1996), and \"\"Pocahontas\"\" (1995). He has been part of many productions on Broadway, including \"\"The Who's Tommy\"\", which earned five Tony Awards. He has also starred in several television programmes. He played Danny in the episode 'The Agony and the Ex-tacy' of 'Sex and the City'.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12722258", "chunk_text": "\"Jim Dale\"\non January 9, 2018. In 2003, he was awarded the MBE, as part of the Queen's Birthday Honours List, for his work in promoting English Children's Literature. Source: \"\"The New York Times\"\" Sources: allmusic.com; Playbillvault; Audio Publisher Jim Dale Jim Dale, (born James Smith; 15 August 1935) is an English actor, narrator, singer, director, and composer. In the United Kingdom, he is best known as a pop singer of the 1960s who became a leading actor at the National Theatre. In the British film world, he became one of the regulars in the \"\"Carry On series\"\". In the United States,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5999611", "chunk_text": "\"Ned Beatty\"\n\"\"Last Train Home\"\" (1990). He got the fourth major award nomination for a Golden Globe Award in category Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for \"\"Hear My Song\"\" (1990), portraying the Irish tenor Josef Locke and his fifth nomination for a MTV Movie Award in Best Villain category in the voice of antagonist Lots-O'-Huggin' Bear in \"\"Toy Story 3\"\" (2010). He won a Drama Desk Award for \"\"Cat on a Hot Tin Roof\"\" (2004) in Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play category, along with Brendan Fraser and Frances O'Connor. Ned Beatty Ned Thomas Beatty (born July 6, 1937) is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3828093", "chunk_text": "\"Sing (1989 film)\"\nthe senior's main performer is injured and knocked unconscious, Dominic steps in to save the show. He sheds his bad-boy demeanor and exceeds all expectations. The underclassmen and seniors perform to a record-high sold-out audience. At the end of the show, Hannah makes a moving speech motivating the community to rejoice and always remember that despite compromising circumstances, they completed a successful SING! and proved their community's worth. Sing (1989 film) Sing is a 1989 American drama film directed by Richard J. Baskin, written by Dean Pitchford (who also co-wrote the songs) and produced by Craig Zadan (both previously collaborated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6831272", "chunk_text": "\"Sing It!\"\nTodrick Hall, Missi Pyle and Ace Young. It received a 4.8 by 107 user reviews on IMDb. On December 3, 2017, creator Benny Fine confirmed on his Twitter account that the series would not return for a second season. Stacey Needles (Mircea Monroe) is the underrated production assistant from \"\"Sing It!\"\", a television music competition series. When the original executive producer was fired, she sees an opportunity to fill the position and be valued for their work. But her plan to take charge is thwarted with the arrival of newcomer indie production assistant, Drew (Mark Jude Sullivan). He is inexperienced,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_53	what are three different types of hotel properties?	n/a	[ "Bed and breakfast", "Hotel barge", "Botel" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8642270", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nlonger-term full service accommodations compared to a traditional hotel. Timeshare and destination clubs are a form of property ownership involving ownership of an individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage. A motel is a small-sized low-rise lodging with direct access to individual rooms from the car park. Boutique hotels are typically hotels with a unique environment or intimate setting. A number of hotels have entered the public consciousness through popular culture, such as the Ritz Hotel in London. Some hotels are built specifically as a destination in itself, for example at casinos and holiday resorts. Most hotel establishments are run", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8642276", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nclientele. Hotels cater to travelers from many countries and languages, since no one country dominates the travel industry. Hotel operations vary in size, function, and cost. Most hotels and major hospitality companies that operate hotels have set widely accepted industry standards to classify hotel types. General categories include the following: A luxury hotel offers high quality amenities, full service accommodations, on-site full-service restaurants, and the highest level of personalized and professional service. Luxury hotels are normally classified with at least a Five Diamond rating by American Automobile Association or Five Star hotel rating depending on the country and local classification", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968741", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nhotels, on-site amenities are normally limited and most extended stay hotels lack an on-site restaurant. Examples include Staybridge Suites, Candlewood Suites, Homewood Suites by Hilton, Home2 Suites by Hilton, Residence Inn by Marriott, Element, and Extended Stay America. Timeshare and Destination clubs are a form of property ownership also referred to as a vacation ownership involving the purchase and ownership of an individual unit of accommodation for seasonal usage during a specified period of time. Timeshare resorts often offer amenities similar that of a Full service hotel with on-site restaurant(s), swimming pools, recreation grounds, and other leisure-oriented amenities. Destination clubs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968727", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nHotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a refrigerator and other kitchen facilities, upholstered chairs, a flat screen television, and en-suite bathrooms. Small, lower-priced hotels may offer only the most basic guest services and facilities. Larger, higher-priced hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, business centre (with computers, printers, and other office equipment), childcare, conference and event facilities, tennis or basketball courts, gymnasium, restaurants, day spa, and social", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968765", "chunk_text": "Hotel\never sold. A number of public figures have notably chosen to take up semi-permanent or permanent residence in hotels. Hotel A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-term basis. Facilities provided may range from a modest-quality mattress in a small room to large suites with bigger, higher-quality beds, a dresser, a refrigerator and other kitchen facilities, upholstered chairs, a flat screen television, and en-suite bathrooms. Small, lower-priced hotels may offer only the most basic guest services and facilities. Larger, higher-priced hotels may provide additional guest facilities such as a swimming pool, business centre (with computers, printers,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16562947", "chunk_text": "\"Condo hotel\"\nCondo hotel A condo hotel, also known as a Condotel, hotel-condo or a Contel, is a building, which is legally a condominium but which is operated as a hotel, offering short term rentals, and which maintains a Front Desk. Condo hotels are typically high-rise buildings developed and operated as luxury hotels, usually in major cities and resorts. These hotels have condominium units which allow someone to own a full-service vacation home. When they are not using this home, they can leverage the marketing and management done by the hotel chain to rent and manage the condo unit as it would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9177947", "chunk_text": "\"Fractional ownership\"\nreservation plans. These vary from property to property. Some offer fixed occupancy periods in which an owner uses the same time each year. Some offer \"\"floating\"\" periods, in which the occupancy times rotate throughout the year, and some offer a mixture of these, with some time fixed and some floating. Another variation in the business model is what are called \"\"destination resorts\"\". These are typically properties, whether hotel rooms, suites, or freestanding villas, located on property owned and managed by a hotel developer, and which provide amenities typically expected of a high-class hotel or resort. Some hotels are also developed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8642278", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nproviding lodging. Examples include W Hotels, Shangri-La Hotels, Sheraton, Andaz, Hoshino Resorts and Banyan Tree. Full service hotels often provide a wide array of guest services and on-site facilities. Commonly found amenities may include: on-site food and beverage (room service and restaurants), meeting and conference services and facilities, fitness center, and business center. Full-service hotels range in quality from mid-scale to luxury. This classification is based upon the quality of facilities and amenities offered by the hotel. Examples include: Holiday Inn, Kimpton Hotels, Hilton, Marriott and Hyatt Regency brands. Small to medium-sized hotel establishments that offer a limited number of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6970844", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel rating\"\nreaching a higher categorization. The more common classification systems include \"\"star\"\" rating, letter grading, from \"\"A\"\" to \"\"F\"\", such as hotels and motels. Systems using terms such as Deluxe/Luxury, First Class/Superior, Tourist Class/Standard, and Budget Class/Economy are more widely accepted as hotel types, rather than hotel standard. Some countries have rating by a single public standard—Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Hungary have laws defining the hotel rating. In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the rating is defined by the respective hotel industry association using a five-star system—the German classifications are Tourist (), Standard (), Comfort (**), First", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1814887", "chunk_text": "Condominium\nclassified into three types: low-rise, mid-rise, and high-rise. Condos have a special type of ownership title called a CCT - condominium certificate of transfer. Condominiums usually have amenities, like swimming pools, owned parking, a clubhouse and a building for administration. In Singapore and Malaysia, \"\"Condo\"\" or \"\"Condominium\"\" are terms used for housing buildings with some special luxury features like security guards, swimming pools or tennis courts. In Singapore, most housings without such features are built by the governmental Housing Development Board (HDB), and such HDB units can be possessed for rent or individually bought from the government. Condominiums and HDB", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968730", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nservice accommodations, an on-site restaurant, and the highest level of personalized service, such as a concierge, room service, and clothes pressing staff. Full service hotels often contain upscale full-service facilities with a large number of full service accommodations, an on-site full service restaurant, and a variety of on-site amenities. Boutique hotels are smaller independent, non-branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities. Small to medium-sized hotel establishments offer a limited amount of on-site amenities. Economy hotels are small to medium-sized hotel establishments that offer basic accommodations with little to no services. Extended stay hotels are small to medium-sized hotels that offer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8642277", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nstandards. \"\"Examples include: InterContinental, Fairmont, Sofitel, Raffles, Jumeirah, Conrad, Mandarin Oriental, Four Seasons, The Peninsula, Grand Hyatt, JW Marriott and The Ritz-Carlton.\"\" Boutique hotels are smaller independent non-branded hotels that often contain upscale facilities of varying size in unique or intimate settings with full service accommodations. These hotels are generally 100 rooms or fewer. Lifestyle hotels are branded properties that appeal to a guest with specific lifestyle or personal image. They are typically full-service and sometimes classified as luxury. A key characteristic of boutique and lifestyle hotels is their focus on providing a unique guest experience as opposed to simply", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7545301", "chunk_text": "\"Apartment hotel\"\nhome\"\" but generally be serviced. Later, these apartments evolved to be complete homes, allowing occupants to do everything they would at home, such as cleaning, washing, and cooking. Extended stay hotels (also called serviced apartments) are a type of lodging with features unavailable at standard hotels. These features are intended to provide more home-like amenities. There are currently 27 extended stay chains in North America with at least 7 hotels, representing over 2,000 properties. There is substantial variation among extended stay hotels with respect to quality and the amenities available. Some of the economy chains attract clientele who use the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7003663", "chunk_text": "Resort\nResort A resort (North American English) is a self-contained commercial establishment that tries to provide most of a vacationer's wants, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping, on the premises. The term \"\"resort\"\" may be used for a hotel property that provides an array of amenities, typically including entertainment and recreational activities. A hotel is frequently a central feature of a resort, such as the Grand Hotel at Mackinac Island, Michigan. Some resorts are also condominium complexes that are timeshares or owed fractionally or wholly owned condominium. A resort is not always a commercial establishment operated by a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968742", "chunk_text": "Hotel\non the other hand may offer more exclusive private accommodations such as private houses in a neighborhood-style setting. Examples of timeshare brands include Hilton Grand Vacations, Marriott Vacation Club International, Westgate Resorts, Disney Vacation Club, and Holiday Inn Club Vacations. A motel, an abbreviation for \"\"motor hotel\"\", is a small-sized low-rise lodging establishment similar to a limited service, lower-cost hotel, but typically with direct access to individual rooms from the car park. Motels were built to serve road travellers, including travellers on road trip vacations and workers who drive for their job (travelling salespeople, truck drivers, etc.). Common during the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6078883", "chunk_text": "\"Guest house\"\nGuest house A guest house (also guesthouse) is a kind of lodging. In some parts of the world (such as for example the Caribbean), guest houses are a type of inexpensive hotel-like lodging. In still others, it is a private home which has been converted for the exclusive use of guest accommodation. The owner usually lives in an entirely separate area within the property and the guest house may serve as a form of lodging business. This type of accommodation presents some major benefits such as: In some areas of the world, guest houses are the only kind of accommodation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7545299", "chunk_text": "\"Apartment hotel\"\nApartment hotel An apartment hotel (also residential hotel, or extended-stay hotel) is a serviced apartment complex that uses a hotel-style booking system. It is similar to renting an apartment, but with no fixed contracts and occupants can \"\"check-out\"\" whenever they wish. The standard zoning definition in the United States is: \"\"Apartment hotel means a building designed for or containing both apartments and individual guestrooms or rental units, under resident supervision, and which maintains an inner lobby through which all tenants must pass to gain access to apartments, rooms or units.\"\" An apartment hotel complex usually offers a complete fully fitted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4300739", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel design\"\nNumerous types of hotel designs exist in the world. Examples of hotel designs include guest palaces across Asia, English country inns, hotel-casino resorts, designer and art hotels, hotel-spa resorts, boutique hotels, \"\"no-frills\"\" hotels that offer very basic amenities at budget rates, basic rooming houses, monasteries offering refuge and spare bedrooms rented out in ordinary homes. Another type is capsule hotels, which are offered in Japan as an option for those who just need the basic necessities during their stay. Historically, the development of lodging areas and facilities was sometimes driven by their physical locations, such as at river crossings, at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7545330", "chunk_text": "\"Apartment hotel\"\nand Canada. Apartment hotel An apartment hotel (also residential hotel, or extended-stay hotel) is a serviced apartment complex that uses a hotel-style booking system. It is similar to renting an apartment, but with no fixed contracts and occupants can \"\"check-out\"\" whenever they wish. The standard zoning definition in the United States is: \"\"Apartment hotel means a building designed for or containing both apartments and individual guestrooms or rental units, under resident supervision, and which maintains an inner lobby through which all tenants must pass to gain access to apartments, rooms or units.\"\" An apartment hotel complex usually offers a complete", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17983482", "chunk_text": "\"Condo hotel\"\nto pay homeowner's association fees, commonly referred to as HOAs. The fee and services can vary a great deal. Factors causing a fluctuation are the hotel’s star rating and operation level, and its physical location. A property located on the ocean, for example, can experience coastal weather on a regular basis, which in turn can increase the need for more regular maintenance to the exterior of the building. Along those same lines, a property located in a ski resort must weather powerful winter storms and must also deal with snow removal services. Exceptions aside, many of the fees and services", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6970847", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel rating\"\ntourism services are graded by Qualmark, which is owned by Tourism New Zealand, a government organisation. In Australia the independent accommodation rating scheme and Star Rating trademarks (the 'stars') are owned by the Australian Auto Clubs – the NRMA, RACV, RACQ, RAC, RAA and RACT. A Star Rating represents the quality and condition of guest facilities and is determined by more than 200 criteria that have been ranked by Australian travellers according to what's important to them. Star Ratings are awarded to properties across six accommodation types – hotels, motels, serviced apartments, self-catering, hosted accommodation and caravan-holiday parks – following", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17943647", "chunk_text": "\"Suite (hotel)\"\nSuite (hotel) A suite in a hotel or other public accommodation such as a cruise ship denotes, according to most dictionary definitions, connected rooms under one room number. Hotels may refer to suites as a class of accommodations with more space than a typical hotel room, but technically speaking there must be more than one room to constitute a true suite. In luxury or upscale accommodations, such as Ritz Carlton, InterContinental, Marriott, Embassy Suites, or Homewood Suites by Hilton key features may include multiple rooms. Many independent properties have one or more honeymoon suites. The most luxurious accommodation in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11198056", "chunk_text": "Hotel\non-site amenities that only cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler. Most focused or select service hotels may still offer full service accommodations but may lack leisure amenities such as an on-site restaurant or a swimming pool. Examples include Hyatt Place, Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Garden Inn. Small to medium-sized hotel establishments that offer a very limited number of on-site amenities and often only offer basic accommodations with little to no services, these facilities normally only cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the budget-minded traveler seeking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3260929", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nindependent, many of the other motels which remain in operation joined national franchise chains, often rebranding themselves as hotels, inns or lodges. Some examples of chains with motels include EconoLodge, Motel 6, Super 8, and Travelodge. Hotels may offer rooms for microstays, a type of booking for less than 24 hours where the customer chooses the check in time and the length of the stay. This allows the hotel increased revenue by reselling the same room several times a day. Hotel management is a globally accepted professional career field and academic field of study. Degree programs such as hospitality management", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "909536", "chunk_text": "Timeshare\nTimeshare A timeshare (sometimes called vacation ownership) is a property with a divided form of ownership or use rights. These properties are typically resort condominium units, in which multiple parties hold rights to use the property, and each owner of the same accommodation is allotted their period of time. The minimum purchase is a one-week ownership, and the high-season weeks demand higher prices. Units may be sold as a partial ownership, lease, or \"\"right to use\"\", in which case the latter holds no claim to ownership of the property. The ownership of timeshare programs is varied, and has been changing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14382798", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel amenity\"\nHotel amenity A hotel amenity is something of a premium nature provided in addition to the room and its basics when renting a room at a hotel, motel, or other place of lodging. The amenities provided in each hotel vary. In some places of lodging, certain amenities may be standard with all rooms. In others, they may be optional for an additional cost. Some places of lodging offer kitchen facilities to enable guests to cook and/or store food. In some hotels, this may be in the form of a kitchenette, which may include a full-size or half-size refrigerator, an oven,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15208917", "chunk_text": "Motel\nup to three stories (with exterior hallways and stairwells) are marketed as \"\"one-star hotels\"\". The Louvre Hôtels chain operates Première Classe (1 star) as a market segmentation brand in this range, using other \"\"marques\"\" for higher or mid-range hotels. The use of \"\"motel\"\" to identify any budget-priced roadhouse hotel (\"\"Rasthaus\"\", \"\"Raststätte\"\") also exists in the German language; some French chains operating in Germany (such as Accor's Hotel Formule 1) offer automated registration and small, Spartan rooms at reduced cost. In Portuguese, \"\"motel\"\" (plural: \"\"motéis\"\") commonly refers not to the original drive-up accommodation house for motorists but to an \"\"adult motel\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4258795", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel rating\"\nthe Philippines, the Department of Tourism has an accreditation system for hotels, apartment hotels and resorts. The current system which uses a \"\"star system\"\" which rates establishments from 1 to 5 stars was adopted in 2012. The rating of the aforementioned facilities are determined through a points system. Hotels, apartment hotels, and resorts are graded according to their service, facility quality and condition, and business practices. The Department of Tourism classifies the criteria used into seven dimensions or \"\"business area\"\" namely: Arrival & Departure, Public Areas, Bedrooms, Food & Beverage, Lounge Area, Kitchen Area, Amenities, and Business Practices, all common", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9701122", "chunk_text": "Amenity\nAmenity In real estate and lodging, an amenity is something considered to benefit a property and thereby increase its value. Tangible amenities can include the number and nature of guest rooms and the provision of facilities such as elevators (lifts), wi-fi, restaurants, parks, communal areas, swimming pools, golf courses, health club facilities, party rooms, theater or media rooms, bike paths or garages, while intangible amenities can include aspects such as well-integrated public transport, pleasant views, nearby activities and a low crime rate. Within the context of environmental economics, an environmental amenity can include access to clean air or clean water,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10055077", "chunk_text": "\"Property management system\"\nProperty management system Property Management Systems also known as PMS or Hotel Operating System (Hotel OS), under business terms may be used in real estate, manufacturing, logistics, intellectual property, government or hospitality accommodation management. They are computerized systems that facilitate the management of properties, personal property, equipment, including maintenance, legalities and personnel all through a single piece of software. They replaced old-fashioned, paper-based methods that tended to be both cumbersome and inefficient. They are often deployed as client/server configurations. Today, most next generation property management systems favour a software-as-a-service (SaaS) model sustained by web and cloud technologies. The first property", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13125799", "chunk_text": "\"Real property\"\nvarying property rights that vest in each, and that determine the duration and transferability of the various estates. A party enjoying an estate is called a \"\"tenant.\"\" Some important types of estates in land include: A tenant enjoying an undivided estate in some property after the termination of some estate of limited term, is said to have a \"\"future interest.\"\" Two important types of future interests are: Estates may be held jointly as joint tenants with rights of survivorship or as tenants in common. The difference in these two types of joint ownership of an estate in land is basically", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "909581", "chunk_text": "Timeshare\nappraise the property. It must include actually sold timeshares as comps. It must supply specific information only found on the sales contract or recorded deeds, must use replacement costs of land and improvements (resort prices) in the computation, and no distressed sales as comparables. Timeshare A timeshare (sometimes called vacation ownership) is a property with a divided form of ownership or use rights. These properties are typically resort condominium units, in which multiple parties hold rights to use the property, and each owner of the same accommodation is allotted their period of time. The minimum purchase is a one-week ownership,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "196397", "chunk_text": "Restaurant\nall the major meals, such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner (e.g., major fast food chains, diners, hotel restaurants, and airport restaurants). Other restaurants may only serve a single meal (e.g., a pancake house may only serve breakfast) or they may serve two meals (e.g., lunch and dinner). Restaurants are classified or distinguished in many different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself (e.g. vegetarian, seafood, steak); the cuisine (e.g. Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Indian, French, Mexican, Thai) or the style of offering (e.g. tapas bar, a sushi train, a tastet restaurant, a buffet restaurant or a yum cha restaurant).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10799534", "chunk_text": "\"Commercial property\"\nCommercial property The term commercial property (also called commercial real estate, investment or income property) refers to buildings or land intended to generate a profit, either from capital gain or rental income. Commercial property includes office buildings, medical centers, hotels, malls, retail stores, farm land, multifamily housing buildings, warehouses, and garages. In many states, residential property containing more than a certain number of units qualifies as commercial property for borrowing and tax purposes. Commercial real estate is commonly divided into six categories: Of these, only the first five are classified as being commercial buildings. Residential income property may also signify", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18589251", "chunk_text": "\"All-inclusive resort\"\n\"\"all-inclusive destination resorts\"\". These facilities provide food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and shopping, with the advantage that guests do not have to leave the resort after arriving. Generally, these facilities offer a higher quality of service than if one were to stay and eat in a hotel. This however is not all so common in Europe as they are generally perceived as cheap and of an inferior quality experience. All-inclusive resort An all-inclusive resort is a holiday resort that includes at a minimum lodging, three meals daily, soft drinks, most alcoholic drinks, gratuities, and possibly other services in the price.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10501715", "chunk_text": "Property\nsystems distinguish between different types of property, especially between land (immovable property, estate in land, real estate, real property) and all other forms of property—goods and chattels, movable property or personal property, including the value of legal tender if not the legal tender itself, as the manufacturer rather than the possessor might be the owner. They often distinguish tangible and intangible property. One categorization scheme specifies three species of property: land, improvements (immovable man-made things), and personal property (movable man-made things). In common law, real property (immovable property) is the combination of interests in land and improvements thereto, and personal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4258805", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel rating\"\nremoving alcohol from the room and offering halal restaurant recommendations and is divided into 4 tiers (bronze, silver, gold and platinum). Archipelago Hotels, Indonesia's biggest hospitality firm, is a prominent member of the Salam Standard system. Hotel rating Hotel ratings are often used to classify hotels according to their quality. From the initial purpose of informing travellers on basic facilities that can be expected, the objectives of hotel rating has expanded into a focus on the hotel experience as a whole. Today the terms 'grading', 'rating', and 'classification' are used to generally refer to the same concept, that is to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4258780", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel rating\"\nHotel rating Hotel ratings are often used to classify hotels according to their quality. From the initial purpose of informing travellers on basic facilities that can be expected, the objectives of hotel rating has expanded into a focus on the hotel experience as a whole. Today the terms 'grading', 'rating', and 'classification' are used to generally refer to the same concept, that is to categorize hotels. There is a wide variety of rating schemes used by different organizations around the world. Many have a system involving stars, with a greater number of stars indicating greater luxury. Forbes Travel Guide, formerly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6080749", "chunk_text": "\"Vacation rental\"\nis granted sole use of the property. Timeshare resorts allow financially qualified guests to rent and tour their unowned properties and then make those properties available to the guest for purchase. Timeshare owners can also choose to bank their week with an exchange company such as RCI or Interval International, or rent the unit. Traditional hotels generally do not include vacation properties. However, some contemporary resort developments include shared ownership components such as villas and condominiums that can be either rented through the hotel or rented out by their owners either directly or through agencies. Evercore estimates the global addressable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14441635", "chunk_text": "\"Hotel design\"\nmajor trading posts or in locations lending themselves to defense, such as forts or castles. Property location continues to be a key consideration in hotel design in contemporary times. Many hotels throughout the United States cater to either tourists or residents. Visitors of the hotel have the options ranging from renting a room for one night or renting a suite for a month. Though residential hotels aren't as popular today as they were in the past, they still provide a significant amount of America's homes. Contemporary hotel design can be sophisticated and functional, involving specialist architects and designers, environmental and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3831188", "chunk_text": "Residence\nResidence A residence is an establishment where it was originally or currently being used by a host as their main place of dwelling or home. Architecturally, a residence is typically a house, mansion, cottage or grand castles and palaces. A residence is offered to travelers as temporary lodgings where they can rent a room. The rooms are generally furnished in the style which complements the architecture type of the building. This boutique type of accommodation has a nice homely feel where the traveler is the 'house-guest'. Hotels, especially the extended stay chains, commonly function as residences for many guests. Residence", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11968732", "chunk_text": "Hotel\nby a General Manager who serves as the head executive (often referred to as the \"\"Hotel Manager\"\"), department heads who oversee various departments within a hotel (e.g., food service), middle managers, administrative staff, and line-level supervisors. The organizational chart and volume of job positions and hierarchy varies by hotel size, function and class, and is often determined by hotel ownership and managing companies. The word \"\"hotel\"\" is derived from the French \"\"hôtel\"\" (coming from the same origin as \"\"hospital\"\"), which referred to a French version of a building seeing frequent visitors, and providing care, rather than a place offering accommodation.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17983483", "chunk_text": "\"Condo hotel\"\nfound in HOAs are fixed and fluctuate very little from project to project. Services such as these usually include general unit utilities, common area utilities, individual room and building reserves, grounds maintenance, exercise area use fees, security, pest control, mechanical repair costs, safety alarm systems, parking area maintenance, pool area maintenance, and owner management and administrative services. Items related to hotel guest impact are generally not included in the HOA fees, these would include housekeeping, and costs related to hotel staffing and operation. Condo hotel A condo hotel, also known as a Condotel, hotel-condo or a Contel, is a building,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19399141", "chunk_text": "\"Private equity real estate\"\nEstate Development, Real Estate Investment and Real Estate Operating Companies – In addition, privately held real estate development, real estate investment and real estate operating companies also invest for their own account in the private equity real estate asset sub class. Property Types – The most common property types are office (suburban, urban, garden and high rise), industrial (warehouse distribution, research and development, and flex office/industrial space), retail (shopping malls, neighborhood and community shopping centers and power centers), and multifamily (apartments - both garden and high rise). In addition, some private equity investors invest what they commonly refer to as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19331621", "chunk_text": "\"Casino hotel\"\nCasino hotel A casino hotel is an establishment consisting of a casino with temporary lodging provided in an on-premises hotel. Customers receive the benefits of both gambling facilities and lodging. Since the casino and hotel are located on the same premises, all the gambler's necessities can be provided in one location. The casino may offer common forms of gambling including slot machines, poker, blackjack, and sports betting. The hotel, which is usually nearby or connected to the casino, provides lodging, food and beverages, swimming pools, valet parking, and other popular hotel services. In 2009 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, 22,000", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5973257", "chunk_text": "\"National Register of Historic Places property types\"\nNational Register of Historic Places property types The U.S. National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) classifies its listings by various types of properties. Listed properties generally fall into one of five categories, though there are special considerations for other types of properties which do not fit into these five broad categories or fit into more specialized subcategories. The five general categories for NRHP properties are: building, district, object, site, and structure. Listed properties generally fall into one of five categories, though there are special considerations for other types of properties which do not fit into these five broad categories or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4050557", "chunk_text": "Prontohotel\n(hotel chain websites, independent hotel websites, and Online Travel Agency (OTA)), and aggregates the rates into a condensed list of accommodation options (including hotels, bed and breakfasts, hostels, and resorts) that meet the search criteria. The hotel price comparison engine lists amenities of each property, including consumer ratings, industry awards, bathroom type, meeting facilities, and dining options, so that users may have the necessary facts to compare accommodations. Further information about each property is provided, including hotel rating, amenities, photos, location, and original hotel reviews written by previous ProntoHotel users. Search results may be viewed in two formats: map view", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13264318", "chunk_text": "\"Eco hotel\"\nEco hotel An eco hotel, or a green hotel, is an environmentally sustainable hotel or accommodation that has made important environmental improvements to its structure in order to minimize its impact on the natural environment. The basic definition of an eco-friendly hotel is an environmentally responsible lodging that follows the practices of green living. These hotels have to be certified green by an independent third-party or by the state they are located in. Traditionally, these hotels were mostly presented as Eco Lodges because of their location, often in jungles, and their design inspired by the use of traditional building methods", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6080746", "chunk_text": "\"Vacation rental\"\nservices hotels offer to their guests, e.g., front desk check-in, 24-hour maintenance, in-house housekeeping, and concierge service. Many \"\"hospitality, timeshare and premier independent resorts... that until now, access to these resort-condominium complexes was available exclusively through purchase options such as whole, fractional, or timeshare ownership,\"\" are now offering daily vacation rentals. At the other end of the spectrum are campervan and motorhome rentals. Villa holidays are very popular in Europe, and main destinations include the United States Virgin Islands, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Greece, and Turkey. In France, they are known as gîtes. Vacation rentals are available in most states", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17983478", "chunk_text": "\"Condo hotel\"\nrental revenue, appreciation or depreciation, lending and tax deductions. Rental revenue is shared with the management company, and owners typically pay no upfront fees for management, which includes the marketing and reservation of the units. Typical monthly fees for units in the rental pool include FF&E (Furniture, Fixtures and Equipment) reserve and resort fee(s). Although the revenue splits between owner and management company do vary from project to project, most hover around 50 percent. Most condo hotels, and especially branded hotels like Westin or Ritz-Carlton, are strategically located in resort economies or popular urban destinations, which allow for high nightly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_54	who decides the number of judges in the high court?	n/a	[ "the President of India" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8081403", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nJudges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom The Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom include the President, the Deputy President, and Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Supreme Court is the highest in the whole of the United Kingdom for civil matters, and for criminal matters from the United Kingdom jurisdictions of England and Wales and Northern Ireland. Judges are appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister, who receives recommendations from a selection commission. The number of judges is set by s.23(2) Constitutional Reform Act 2005, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3096534", "chunk_text": "\"High Court (Ireland)\"\nIreland, which grants the court \"\"full original jurisdiction in and power to determine all matters and questions whether of law or fact, civil or criminal\"\", as well as the ability to determine \"\"the validity of any law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution\"\". Judges are appointed by the President. However, as with almost all the President's constitutional powers, these appointments are made on \"\"the advice of the Government\"\". In practice, this means that the judges are nominated by the government and automatically approved by the President. The High Court is composed of its president, 35 ordinary judges, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13190076", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of India\"\nof High Court. The precise territorial jurisdiction of each High Court varies Judges in a high court are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Chief Justice of High Court and the governor of the state. The number of judges in a court is decided by dividing the average institution of main cases during the last five years by the national average, or the average rate of disposal of main cases per judge per year in that High Court, whichever is higher. The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in the country, established", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6073554", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of the Netherlands\"\nWith the exception of the Constitutional Court of Sint Maarten courts (which rules on constitutionality with regards to the Sint Maarten constitution only) have thus no competence for judicial review with respect to the Constitution. The Supreme Court currently consists of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices (', literally \"\"Lords of the Council\"\") and four justices extraordinary ('). All judges are appointed for life, until they retire at their own request or mandatorily at the age of 70. The development of \"\"\"\" in the Netherlands was heavily influenced by the French during the Batavian Revolution at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9269907", "chunk_text": "\"Judges' Council\"\nJudges' Council The Judges' Council is a body in England and Wales that, representing the judiciary, advises the Lord Chief Justice on judicial matters. It has its historical roots in the original Council of the Judges of the Supreme Court, created by the Judicature Act 1873 to oversee the new Supreme Court of Judicature. This body initially met regularly, reforming the procedure used by the circuit courts, and the new High Court of Justice but met less regularly as time went on, meeting only twice between 1900 and 1907, with a gap of ten years between meetings in 1940 and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16909156", "chunk_text": "\"High Court judge (England and Wales)\"\nwould be referred to as \"\"Bloggs J\"\". When two or more judges are listed the letters 'JJ' are used; for example, \"\"Bloggs, Smith and Jones JJ\"\". High Court judges are appointed by The Queen on the advice of the Lord Chancellor. Under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the Judicial Appointments Commission has removed the appointment of judges from the overtly political arena. High Court judges, as with other judges, are appointed on open competition. High Court judges, as with all judges in England and Wales, hold office during good behaviour; this is laid down in the Bill of Rights 1689.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12214579", "chunk_text": "\"Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States\"\nProcedures of the Supreme Court of the United States The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. The procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States are governed by the U.S. Constitution, various federal statutes, and the Court's own internal rules. Since 1869, the Court has consisted of one chief justice and eight associate justices. Justices are nominated by the president, and with the advice and consent (confirmation) of the U.S. Senate, appointed to the Court by the president. Once appointed, justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3806390", "chunk_text": "\"Court of Appeal judge (England and Wales)\"\nincreased. Judges of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales are selected from the ranks of senior judges, in practice High Court judges with lengthy experience, appointed by the Monarch on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Applications for permission to appeal a ruling of an inferior court (usually from the Crown Court in criminal matters and the High Court of Justice in civil matters but in some instances from a County Court) are heard by a single Lord or Lady Justice of Appeal. A full appeal is heard by three Court of Appeal judges in the Civil Division.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10019749", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Justiciary\"\nlast order was made in 2016 and increased the number of judges to 35.) Judges are appointed for life, subject to dismissal if they are found unfit for office, and subject to a compulsory retirement age of 75. The court is a unitary collegiate court, with all judges other than the Lord Justice General and the Lord Justice Clerk holding the same rank and title: Lord Commissioner of Justiciary. There are 35, in addition to a number of temporary judges; these temporary judges can be sheriffs principal, sheriffs, or advocates in private practice. The judges sit also in the Court", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8081404", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nestablished the Court, but may be increased by the Queen through an Order in Council under s.23(3). There are currently 12 positions: one President, one Deputy President, and 10 Justices. Judges of the Court who are not already peers are granted the style \"\"Lord\"\" or \"\"Lady\"\" for life. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 sets out conditions for appointment as a President, Deputy President or Justice of the Court. That person must have held high judicial office (judge of the Supreme Court, English High Court or Court of Appeal, Northern Irish High Court or Court of Appeal, or Scottish Court of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8660011", "chunk_text": "\"Politics of the Republic of Ireland\"\nnominated by the Government and can be removed from office only for misbehaviour or incapacity, and then only by resolution of both houses of the Oireachtas. The final court of appeal is the Supreme Court, which consists of the Chief Justice, seven ordinary judges and \"\"ex officio\"\" the President of the High Court. The Supreme Court rarely sits as a full bench and normally hears cases in chambers of three, five or seven judges. Both the Supreme Court and the High Court have the power of judicial review and may declare to be invalid both laws and acts of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2029778", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme court\"\nunconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin. Israel's Supreme Court is at the head of the court system in the State of Israel. It is the highest judicial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5179035", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nthe President of the Queen's Bench Division, (h) the President of the Family Division and (i) the Chancellor of the High Court. In the event that no judge from one of the UK's three jurisdictions has been consulted (e.g. if the Lord President and Lord Justice Clerk, the two most senior judges in Scotland, both wish to be considered for appointment, they will both be excluded from the consultation), the commission must consult the most senior judge in that jurisdiction who is not a member of the commission and does not wish to be considered for appointment. The commission is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3919423", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of New Zealand\"\nfrom other courts and certain tribunals. The High Court comprises the Chief Justice of New Zealand (who is head of the Judiciary) and up to 55 other Judges (which includes the Judges of the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal). The administrative head of the court is known as the Chief High Court Judge. Associate Judges of the High Court (formerly known as Masters) supervise the Court's preliminary processes in most civil proceedings, and have jurisdiction to deal with summary judgment applications, company liquidations, bankruptcy proceedings, and some other types of civil proceedings. The High Court Judges and Associate Judges", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20307557", "chunk_text": "\"Full Court\"\nFull Court A Full Court (less formally, \"\"full bench\"\") is a court of law with a greater than normal number of judges. For a court which is usually presided over by one judge, a Full Court has three (or more) judges; for a court which, like many appellate courts, normally has three judges, a Full Court has a bench of five (or more) judges. The expression originated in England but seems largely to have fallen into disuse there, but it is still used in Scotland, such as in the Court of Criminal Appeal, and in many other Commonwealth jurisdictions, such", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8807303", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of India\"\nSupreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of judicial review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the high courts of various states of the Union and other courts and tribunals. It safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13190073", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of India\"\nhad its inaugural sitting on 26 January 1950, the day India's constitution came into force, and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported judgements. The Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. The proceedings of the Supreme Court are conducted in English only. The Supreme Court Rules of 1966 are framed under Article 145 of the Constitution to regulate the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court. The same is amended and presently governed by the Supreme Court Rules of 2013. There are 24 High Courts at the State level. of the Constitution of India mandates", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20307560", "chunk_text": "\"Full Court\"\nlikelihood of a further appeal. Full Court A Full Court (less formally, \"\"full bench\"\") is a court of law with a greater than normal number of judges. For a court which is usually presided over by one judge, a Full Court has three (or more) judges; for a court which, like many appellate courts, normally has three judges, a Full Court has a bench of five (or more) judges. The expression originated in England but seems largely to have fallen into disuse there, but it is still used in Scotland, such as in the Court of Criminal Appeal, and in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17810800", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Federal Court\"\npassed by the National Congress, through a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (, or ADI). There are also other mechanisms for reaching the Court directly, such as the Declaratory Action of Constitutionality (, or ADC) and the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality by Omission ( or ADO). The eleven judges of the court are called Ministers (), although having no similarity with the government body of ministers. They are appointed by the President and approved by the Senate. There is no term length but a mandatory retirement age of 75. All judicial and administrative meetings of the Supreme Court have been broadcast", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8532226", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Singapore\"\nthe Chief Justice and the Judges of the High Court, together with Judicial Commissioners who have the same powers and immunities as High Court Judges. When hearing an appeal, the Court of Appeal normally sits with a bench of three Judges of Appeal, one of whom is the Chief Justice. If necessary though, such as in cases of unusual difficulty or importance, the bench may comprise five or any greater uneven number of judges. Certain appeals, including those against interlocutory orders, may be heard by only two judges. Matters before the Court are decided according to the opinion of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18396619", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Israel\"\nregard, or has taught law at a university or a higher school of learning as designated in regulations in this regard. An \"\"eminent jurist\"\" can also be appointed to the Supreme Court. The number of Supreme Court Judges is determined by a resolution of the Knesset. Currently, there are 15 Supreme Court Judges. At the head of the Supreme Court and at the head of the judicial system as a whole stands the President of the Supreme Court, and at his or her side, the Deputy President. A judge's term ends when he or she reaches 70 years of age,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9410970", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Justice\"\ncourts, and its Administrative Court is generally the appropriate legal forum where the validity (but, at least in principle, not the merits) of official decisions may be challenged. Generally, unless specific appeal processes are provided, the validity of any decision of a government minister, inferior court, tribunal, local authority or official body may be challenged by someone with sufficient interest by judicial review in the Administrative Court of the Queen's Bench Division. A single judge first decides whether the matter is fit to bring to the court (to filter out frivolous or unarguable cases) and if so the matter is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10019748", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Justiciary\"\nof audience rights of audience in the court. Until 1990 only advocates had any right of audience before the High Court, but the Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) (Scotland Act) 1990 allowed solicitors to apply for enhanced rights and become solicitor-advocates. The court's president is the Lord Justice General; the second most senior judge is the Lord Justice Clerk; and a further 35 Senators of the College of Justice hold office as Lords Commissioners of Justiciary. The total numbers of judges is fixed by Section 1 of the Court of Session Act 1988, subject to amendment by Order in Council (the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15915026", "chunk_text": "\"Court of Session\"\nCourt of Session found, using its inherent powers, that the orders could be applied as though they had been issued by the Court of Session itself. Appeals in the Court of Session are generally heard by the Inner House before three judges, although in important cases in which there is a conflict of authority a court of five judges or, exceptionally, seven, may be convened. The Inner House is sub-divided into two divisions of equal authority and jurisdiction - the First Division, headed by the Lord President; and the Second Division headed by the Lord Justice Clerk. The courts to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13585402", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Justice\"\naddressed as 'Judge' in court. Justices of the High Court, Insolvency and Companies Court Judges and Masters are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of Judicial Appointments Commission, from qualified lawyers. The Lord Chancellor, and all government ministers, are statutorily required to \"\"uphold the continued independence of the judiciary\"\", and both Houses of Parliament have Standing Orders to similar effect. High Court Justices may be removed before their statutory retirement age only by a procedure requiring the approval of both Houses of Parliament. In addition to full High Court justices, other qualified persons such as retired judges, Circuit Judges", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10074685", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Japan\"\ncourt includes 34 research clerks, whose function is similar to that of the clerks of the United States Supreme Court. The Chief Justice is nominated by the Cabinet and appointed to office by the Emperor. The associate justices are appointed by the Cabinet in attestation of the Emperor. After appointment, Supreme Court justices are subject to a \"\"people's review\"\": an automatic retention referendum in which the voters may remove the judge from office. A people's review occurs at the first election to the House of Representatives after a justice assumes office, when the question of whether his tenure should continue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8081405", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nSession) for at least two years, or have held rights of audience at the higher courts of England, Scotland or Northern Ireland for at least fifteen years. This means it is not necessary for someone applying to become a judge of the Supreme Court to have previous judicial experience (allowing Jonathan Sumption QC, a leading barrister, to successfully apply for the role in 2011). Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by The Queen by the issue of letters patent, on the advice of the Prime Minister, to whom a name is recommended by a special selection commission. The Prime", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8434644", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of Gibraltar\"\nIn relation to matters of European Community Law, the European Court of Justice is the highest authority. The next highest Court is the Court of Appeal. This Court is composed of an odd number of judges not fewer than three. The Chief Justice is an ex-officio member of the Court of Appeal but may not hear appeals of his own decisions. The Supreme Court is composed of four judges — the Chief Justice and a further 3 puisne judges appointed by the Governor. The Court hears civil and criminal proceedings, including Family Jurisdiction, Court of Protection, Admiralty Jurisdiction and Ordinary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2029790", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme court\"\nwith powers of judicial review first asserted in \"\"Calder v. Bull\"\" (1798) in Justice Iredell's dissenting opinion. The power was later given binding authority by Justice Marshall in \"\"Marbury v. Madison\"\" (1803). There are currently nine seats on the US Supreme Court. Each U.S. state has its own state supreme court, which is the highest authority interpreting that state's law and administering that state's judiciary. Two states, Oklahoma and Texas, each have two separate highest courts that hear criminal and civil appellate matters. In Texas, the state's Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal appeals and has sole authority to grant", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "338265", "chunk_text": "\"Politics of Australia\"\npolitics. The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, has the power of judicial review over laws passed by the Parliament of Australia and the parliaments of the States, and interprets the Constitution of Australia. The High Court is mandated by section 71 of the Constitution, which vests in it the judicial power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The High Court was constituted by the Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth). The High Court is composed of seven Justices: the Chief", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2131522", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nto be provided in a report to the Lord Chancellor, who is then required to consult the judges and politicians already consulted by the commission before deciding whether to recommend (in the Act, \"\"notify\"\") a name to the Prime Minister, who in turn advises the Queen to make the appointment. The Act provides for up to three stages in the Lord Chancellor's consideration of whether to do so: The Supreme Court was established on 1 October 2009 and assumed the former judicial functions of the House of Lords, which were removed by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, and the twelve", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6106951", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of Virginia\"\nby the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. The Uniform Rules and Practices are promulgated by the Supreme Court and govern the practice and procedures to be used in the courts. By statute, the Chief Justice is chosen by a majority vote of the seven justices of the Supreme Court. The Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals is elected by a vote of the eleven Court of Appeals judges for a term of four years. The state has 120 Circuit Courts divided among 31 judicial circuits. The clerk of the Circuit Court is a constitutional officer and chief administrator", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14823889", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Ireland\"\npermanently incapacitated within the meaning of Article 12 of the constitution, ruling on the constitutionality of a bill referred to it by the President under Article 26, or ruling on the constitutionality of any law the court must consist of at least five members. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Ireland in accordance with the binding advice of the Government (cabinet), who, since 1995, act in turn on the non-binding advice of a judicial advisory board. Under the Courts and Court Officers Act, 1995 the retirement age of ordinary judges of the Supreme Court was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9269920", "chunk_text": "\"Judges' Council\"\nQC Chief Executive of the Judicial Office – Andrew Key Judges' Council The Judges' Council is a body in England and Wales that, representing the judiciary, advises the Lord Chief Justice on judicial matters. It has its historical roots in the original Council of the Judges of the Supreme Court, created by the Judicature Act 1873 to oversee the new Supreme Court of Judicature. This body initially met regularly, reforming the procedure used by the circuit courts, and the new High Court of Justice but met less regularly as time went on, meeting only twice between 1900 and 1907, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3096533", "chunk_text": "\"High Court (Ireland)\"\nHigh Court (Ireland) The High Court () of Ireland is a court which deals at first instance with the most serious and important civil and criminal cases. When sitting as a criminal court it is called the Central Criminal Court and sits with judge and jury. It also acts as a court of appeal for civil cases in the Circuit Court. It also has the power to determine whether or not a law is constitutional, and of judicial review over acts of the government and other public bodies. The High Court is established by Article 34 of the Constitution of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15915038", "chunk_text": "\"Court of Session\"\nin 2011 (over an appeal from an immigration tribunal) and again in 2015 (over an appeal from a tax tribunal) when barristers recognised by the General Council of the Bar were denied the right to take an appeal on behalf of clients they had represented at tribunal. The court's president is the Lord President, the second most senior judge is the Lord Justice Clerk, with a further 33 Senators of the College of Justice holding office as Lords of Council and Session. The total numbers of judges is fixed by Section 1 of the Court of Session Act 1988, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "115418", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Australia\"\nfirst members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903. It now operates under sections 71 to 75 of the Constitution, the \"\"Judiciary Act\"\", and the \"\"High Court of Australia Act\"\" 1979. It is composed of seven Justices: the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel, and six other Justices. They are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. The High Court has had a permanent home in Canberra since 1979. The majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building, which is situated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17219553", "chunk_text": "\"European Union law\"\ndoubt\"\". They are selected for renewable six-year terms by \"\"common accord\"\" of governments, with the advice of seven EU or member state judges that the Council and Parliament selects. The Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice, article 11, says the court is usually organised into chambers of 3 or 5 judges each. A \"\"grand chamber\"\" of 15 more senior judges sit on questions of \"\"difficulty or importance\"\", or those requested by member states. The court's President and Vice-President are elected by other judges for renewable 3-year terms by secret ballot. Judges can only be dismissed if all other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10074684", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Japan\"\narchitect Shinichi Okada and won the Architecture Institute of Japan Prize for Design. The Article 81 of the constitution designates it as \"\"the court of last resort with power to determine the constitutionality of any law, order, regulation, or official act.\"\" The Supreme Court is also responsible for nominating judges to lower courts, determining judicial procedures, overseeing the judicial system, including the activities of public prosecutors, and disciplining judges and other judicial personnel. It renders decisions from either a grand bench of fifteen justices or a petit bench of five. The grand bench is required for cases involving constitutionality. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5751634", "chunk_text": "\"High Court of Justiciary\"\nlegally qualified. This clerk prepared all the indictments and was keeper of the records. Eventually the influence of the clerk increased until the clerk gained both a vote in the court, and a seat on the bench as the Justice-Clerk. The High Court in its modern form was founded in 1672 by the Courts Act 1672, when five of the \"\"Lords of Session\"\" (judges of the Court of Session) were added as permanent judges of the \"\"Justice Court\"\". Previously the Lord Justice General had appointed deputes to preside in the court. From 1672 to 1887, the High Court consisted of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14309001", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of the United States\"\nnotably in \"\"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission\"\" (First Amendment), \"\"Heller-McDonald\"\" (Second Amendment) and \"\"Baze v. Rees\"\" (Eighth Amendment). Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six \"\"judges.\"\" Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy, an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act, legally restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew, Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11097711", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Ireland\"\nlittle of the 1877 arrangement, the 1961 act was a brief formal restatement in terms of the 1937 Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of its president called the Chief Justice, and not more than nine ordinary members. There are two \"\"ex officio\"\" members: the President of the Court of Appeal who normally sits in the Court of Appeal, and the President of the High Court who normally sits in the High Court. The Supreme Court sits in divisions of three, five or seven judges. Two or more divisions may sit at the same time. When determining whether the President is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5179034", "chunk_text": "\"Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom\"\nsenior ordinary judges of the court. Once the commission is formed, there are a number of people it is required to consult. The first group is a set of \"\"\"\"senior judges\"\"\"\" defined by the Act who do \"\"not\"\" wish to be considered for nomination. Section 60 of the Act defines \"\"\"\"the senior judges\"\"\"\" as (a) the other judges of the Supreme Court, (b) the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, (c) the Master of the Rolls, (d) the Lord President of the Court of Session, (e) the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, (f) the Lord Justice Clerk, (g)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19382454", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of New Zealand\"\nJudiciary of New Zealand The judiciary of New Zealand is a system of courts that interprets and applies the laws of New Zealand, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The judiciary has four levels: the six-member Supreme Court is the highest court; the ten-member Court of Appeal hears appeals from the High Court on points of law; the High Court deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters, and hears appeals from the lower courts; and the District Court, which meets in fifty-eight locations. There is also a separate Māori Land Court", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1174983", "chunk_text": "\"Chief judge\"\nChief judge Chief judge is the highest-ranking judge of a court that has more than one judge. While the term \"\"chief judge\"\" is used in some courts, other courts use terms such as \"\"chief justice\"\", \"\"presiding judge\"\", \"\"president judge\"\", or \"\"administrative judge\"\". In Australia the term Chief Judge can refer to the principal judicial officer of a state District Court, as in New South Wales, or a state County Court, as in Victoria. The former is appointed by the state's Governor, while the latter may be appointed by the state's Attorney-General. In the United States courts of appeals, the chief", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15915039", "chunk_text": "\"Court of Session\"\nsubject to amendment by Order in Council. Temporary judges can also be appointed. The court is a unitary collegiate court, with all judges other than the Lord President and the Lord Justice Clerk holding the same rank and title—\"\"Senator of the College of Justice\"\" and also \"\"Lord\"\" or \"\"Lady of Council and Session\"\". There are thirty-four judges, in addition to a number of temporary judges; these temporary judges are typically sheriffs, or advocates in private practice. The judges sit also in the High Court of Justiciary, where the Lord President is called the Lord Justice General. To be eligible for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8733097", "chunk_text": "\"Judicial appointment history for United States federal courts\"\nappointees have a majority on four, and two federal appeals courts are equally divided between Democratic and Republican appointees. However, the party of the president who appointed a judge is not always a good indicator of that judge's judicial philosophy and place on the political spectrum. The Supreme Court of the United States was established by the Constitution of the United States. Originally, the Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of justices at six. Subsequently, the United States Congress increased the number of justices to seven in 1807, nine in 1837 and ten in 1863. The Judiciary Act of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9269915", "chunk_text": "\"Judges' Council\"\nmore efficient. To this end, it was composed of the Lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls, the Vice-Chancellor and one High Court Judge. Its current remit also includes maintaining a Judicial Code of Conduct, recommending spending priorities for the court system, representing the judiciary in issues of pay and pensions and liaison with the Judicial Appointments Commission. The Council adopted a written constitution in 2002, and has considerably widened its membership to include representatives from other parts of the judiciary. Each level of the judiciary is represented in the Judges' Council. The composition, , is: The Lord Chief", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18291388", "chunk_text": "\"Constitutional Reform Act 2005\"\nSupreme Court is the main subject of the act and it had consequences for the House of Lords and the office of Lord Chancellor. The sections contained in Part 3 prescribe that the Supreme Court be composed of 12 judges (s. 23) and that the first judges be the current twelve Lords of Appeal in Ordinary (s. 24). The following sections (ss. 26-31) set out the rules for the appointment of future members of the Court. By default, Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed for life. On a death, or deselection approved by both houses, its selection commission consisting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13901079", "chunk_text": "Chad\nlaw and Chadian customary law where the latter does not interfere with public order or constitutional guarantees of equality. Despite the constitution's guarantee of judicial independence, the president names most key judicial officials. The legal system's highest jurisdictions, the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Council, have become fully operational since 2000. The Supreme Court is made up of a chief justice, named by the president, and 15 councillors, appointed for life by the president and the National Assembly. The Constitutional Court is headed by nine judges elected to nine-year terms. It has the power to review legislation, treaties and international", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_55	name the process of fusion of an egg with a sperm?	n/a	[ "fertilization", "Human fertilization" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5485535", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\nfertilization process. Human fertilization Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century. The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, \"\"in vitro\"\" fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5485523", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\nHuman fertilization Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube. The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell, or fertilized egg, initiating prenatal development. Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century. The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum. The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation, follows with ovulation, and finishes with fertilization. Various exceptions to this sequence are possible, including artificial insemination, \"\"in vitro\"\" fertilization, external ejaculation without copulation, or copulation shortly after ovulation.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4214006", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\nFertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, insemination, pollination, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism. The cycle of fertilisation and development of new individuals is called sexual reproduction. During double fertilisation in angiosperms the haploid male gamete combines with two haploid polar nuclei to form a triploid primary endosperm nucleus by the process of vegetative fertilisation. In Antiquity, Aristotle conceived the formation of new individuals through fusion of male and female fluids, with form and function emerging gradually, in a mode called by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4897772", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\na sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell, known as zygote. The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism. Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce, the yolk (ooplasm) is drawn out into a conical elevation, termed the cone of attraction or reception cone. Once the spermatozoon has entered, the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane, the perivitelline membrane, which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa. At the beginning of the process, the sperm undergoes a series of changes, as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize. The sperm must", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2350440", "chunk_text": "Pronucleus\nPronucleus A pronucleus (plural: pronuclei) is the nucleus of a sperm or an egg cell during the process of fertilization, after the sperm enters the ovum, but before the genetic material of the sperm and egg fuse. Sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they carry half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells. The male and female pronuclei don't fuse, although their genetic material does. Instead, their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. Their chromosomes can then combine and become part of a single diploid nucleus in the resulting embryo, containing a full set", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15794444", "chunk_text": "\"External fertilization\"\nExternal fertilization External fertilization is a male organism’s sperm fertilizing a female organism’s egg outside of the female’s body. Internal fertilization, on the other hand, is the occurrence of internal insemination as the mode of combining sperm and egg. External fertilization occurs in water or a moist area because it gives the sperm external mobility to get to the egg. While in the water, the sperm and ova can shed simultaneously to fertilize the egg. The release of eggs and sperm into the water is known as spawning. When females spawn, they release a batch of eggs into a spot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4897771", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\nUpon encountering the secondary oocyte, the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg. The sperm plasma, then fuses with the egg's plasma membrane, the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, \"\"in vitro\"\". The sperm binds through the corona radiata, a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte. Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4402379", "chunk_text": "Spermiogenesis\nsperm from fertilizing the egg prior to traveling through the male and female reproductive tracts. Capacitation of the sperm by the enzymes FPP (fertilization promoting peptide, produced in the epididymis) and heparin (in the female reproductive tract) removes this coat and allows sperm to bind to the egg. Spermiogenesis Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa. The spermatid is a more or less circular cell containing a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria. All these components take part in forming the spermatozoon. The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5485531", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\nchromosomes from egg cell fuse (half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome). Their membranes dissolve, leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes. During this dissolution, a mitotic spindle forms between them. The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm. Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis (which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together. Thus, the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes. Each of the two daughter cells resulting from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339578", "chunk_text": "Sperm\nSperm Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) \"\"sperma\"\" (meaning \"\"seed\"\"). In the types of sexual reproduction known as anisogamy and its subtype oogamy, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the \"\"male\"\" or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is referred to as a spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as a spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but after fusion with egg cells during fertilization, a new organism begins developing,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14413545", "chunk_text": "\"Acrosome reaction\"\nAcrosome reaction During fertilization, a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it. Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem, whereas penetrating through the egg's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm. Therefore, sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg. The \"\"acrosome\"\" is a cap-like structure over the anterior half of the sperm's head. As the sperm approaches the zona", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14413562", "chunk_text": "\"Acrosome reaction\"\nAcrosome reaction During fertilization, a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it. Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem, whereas penetrating through the egg's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm. Therefore, sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg. The \"\"acrosome\"\" is a cap-like structure over the anterior half of the sperm's head. As the sperm approaches the zona", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2822442", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\nand fertility over the self-fertilised offspring from one of the same parents. And this fact is amply sufficient to account for the development of the sexual elements, that is, for the genesis of the two sexes.” In addition, it is thought by some, that a long-term advantage of out-crossing in nature is increased genetic variability that promotes adaptation and/or avoidance of extinction (see Genetic variability). Fertilisation Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, insemination, pollination, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism. The cycle of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5485529", "chunk_text": "\"Human fertilization\"\ntakes place, preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg. The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body. The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum, enabling fusion of their genetic material. The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place. In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes. The oocyte completes its second meiotic division. This results in a mature ovum. The nucleus of the oocyte is called", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7941288", "chunk_text": "\"In vitro fertilisation\"\nIn vitro fertilisation In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro (\"\"in glass\"\"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. After the fertilised egg (zygote) undergoes embryo culture for 2–6 days, it is implanted in the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy. IVF is a type of assisted reproductive technology used for infertility treatment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707266", "chunk_text": "\"Cortical reaction\"\nCortical reaction The cortical reaction is a process initiated during fertilization by the release of cortical granules from the egg, which prevents polyspermy, the fusion of multiple sperm with one egg. In contrast to the fast block of polyspermy which immediately but temporarily blocks additional sperm from fertilizing the egg, the cortical reaction gradually establishes a permanent barrier to sperm entry and functions as the main part of the slow block of polyspermy in many animals. To create this barrier cortical granules, specialized secretory vesicles located within the egg's cortex (the region directly below the plasma membrane), are fused with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18626113", "chunk_text": "Pregnancy\nstandard deviation of 14 days when gestational age is estimated by first trimester ultrasound, and 16 days when estimated directly by last menstrual period. Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. The fusion of male and female gametes usually occurs following the act of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "447595", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\nthe oocyte. Fusion between the oocyte plasma membranes and sperm follows and allows the sperm nucleus, the typical centriole, and atypical centriole that is attached to the flagellum, but not the mitochondria, to enter the oocyte. The protein CD9 likely mediates this fusion in mice (the binding homolog). The egg \"\"activates\"\" itself upon fusing with a single sperm cell and thereby changes its cell membrane to prevent fusion with other sperm. Zinc atoms are released during this activation. This process ultimately leads to the formation of a diploid cell called a zygote. The zygote divides to form a blastocyst and,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13577179", "chunk_text": "Embryogenesis\nto produce a new organism. In animals, the process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body of the female in internal fertilisation, or outside in the case of external fertilisation. The fertilized egg cell is known as the zygote. To prevent more than one sperm fertilizing the egg, polyspermy, fast block and slow block to polyspermy are used. Fast block, the membrane potential rapidly depolarizing and then returning to normal, happens immediately after an egg is fertilized by a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2822421", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\na receptor on the sperm and causes the acrosomal reaction. The acrosomal vesicles of the sperm fuse with the plasma membrane and are released. In this process, molecules bound to the acrosomal vesicle membrane, such as bindin, are exposed on the surface of the sperm. These contents digest the jelly coat and eventually the vitelline membrane. In addition to the release of acrosomal vesicles, there is explosive polymerisation of actin to form a thin spike at the head of the sperm called the acrosomal process. The sperm binds to the egg through another ligand reaction between receptors on the vitelline", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4223072", "chunk_text": "\"Acrosome reaction\"\nand once bound together, the sperm and the egg fuse together to form two pronuclei These pronuclei supply the zygote with the genetic material necessary for the formation of an embryo. Additionally, once the fusion of the sperm and oocyte is complete, phospholipase C zeta is released from the sperm. As the sperm arrive at the egg, it is the egg that chooses the sperm and pulls it towards her. The selected sperm actually tries to swim away from the egg but is tethered to the egg by female hormones. The membrane around the egg literally opens up and swallows", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7550487", "chunk_text": "Gamete\nGamete A gamete (; from Ancient Greek γαμετή \"\"gamete\"\" from gamein \"\"to marry\"\") is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce. In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes, and in which each individual produces only one type, a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete—called an ovum (or egg)—and a male produces the smaller tadpole-like type—called a sperm. In short a gamete is an egg (female gamete) or a sperm (male gamete). This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy, the condition in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11976252", "chunk_text": "\"Internal fertilization\"\nInternal fertilization Internal fertilization is the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction inside the body of a parent. For this to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce the sperm into the female's reproductive tract. In mammals, reptiles, some birds, some fish and certain other groups of animals, this is done by copulation, the penis or other intromittent organ being introduced into the vagina or cloaca. In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. Salamanders, spiders, some insects and some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4402376", "chunk_text": "Spermiogenesis\nSpermiogenesis Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa. The spermatid is a more or less circular cell containing a nucleus, Golgi apparatus, centriole and mitochondria. All these components take part in forming the spermatozoon. The process of spermiogenesis is traditionally divided into four stages: the Golgi phase, the cap phase, formation of tail, and the maturation stage. The spermatids, which up until now have been mostly radially symmetrical, begin to develop polarity. Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed. The DNA is first packaged with specific nuclear basic proteins,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "289732", "chunk_text": "\"Prenatal development\"\nbody of the uterus and into the Fallopian tubes. Fertilization of the egg cell (ovum), usually takes place in one of the Fallopian tubes. Many sperm are released with the possibility of just one sperm cell managing to adhere to and enter the thick protective shell-like layer surrounding the ovum. The first sperm that penetrates fully into the egg donates its genetic material (DNA). The egg then polarizes, repelling any additional sperm. The resulting combination is called a zygote, a new and genetically unique organism. The term \"\"conception\"\" refers variably to either fertilization or to formation of the conceptus after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1135434", "chunk_text": "\"Sex selection\"\nthe father's sperm in a technique called in vitro fertilization (IVF). \"\"In vitro\"\" is Latin for \"\"within glass\"\". Fertilized eggs are called embryos. As the embryos develop through mitosis, they are separated by sex. Embryos of the desired gender are implanted back in the mother's uterus. Prior to fertilization with IVF, the fertilized eggs can be genetically biopsied with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to increase fertilization success. Once an embryo grows to a 6-8 cell size, a small laser incision in the egg membrane (zona pellucida) allows safe removal of one of the cells. Every cell in the embryo contains", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707269", "chunk_text": "\"Cortical reaction\"\nthe acrosomal reaction within the sperm, where the acrosome, a specialized secretory vesicle that is homologous to cortical granules, is fused with the plasma membrane of the sperm cell to release its contents which degrade the egg's tough coating and allow the sperm to bind to and fuse with the egg. In the well-studied sea urchin model system, the granule contents modify a protein coat on the outside of the plasma membrane (the vitelline layer) so that it is released from the membrane. The released cortical granule proteins exert a colloid osmotic pressure causing water to enter the space between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7407033", "chunk_text": "\"Vaginal process\"\nVaginal process The vaginal process (or processus vaginalis) is an embryonic developmental outpouching of the parietal peritoneum. It is present from around the 12th week of gestation, and commences as a peritoneal outpouching. In males, it precedes the testes in their descent down within the gubernaculum, and closes. This closure (also called \"\"fusion\"\") occurs at any point from a few weeks before birth, to a few weeks after birth. The remaining portion around the testes becomes the tunica vaginalis. If it does not close in females, it forms the canal of Nuck. Failure of closure of the vaginal process leads", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11976254", "chunk_text": "\"Internal fertilization\"\ntraditionally classified as follows: Internal fertilization Internal fertilization is the union of an egg cell with a sperm during sexual reproduction inside the body of a parent. For this to happen there needs to be a method for the male to introduce the sperm into the female's reproductive tract. In mammals, reptiles, some birds, some fish and certain other groups of animals, this is done by copulation, the penis or other intromittent organ being introduced into the vagina or cloaca. In most birds, the cloacal kiss is used, the two animals pressing their cloacas together while transferring sperm. Salamanders, spiders,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12289967", "chunk_text": "Anisogamy\nclosely studied to understand the trajectories of such diversified reproductive systems, evolution of sex and mating types, as well as the adaptiveness and stability of anisogamy. Anisogamy Anisogamy (also called heterogamy) is the form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. (The related adjectives are \"\"anisogamous\"\" and \"\"anisogamic\"\"). The smaller gamete is considered to be male (sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (egg cell). There are several types of anisogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and therefore motile. Alternatively, both of the gametes may be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18890069", "chunk_text": "Capacitation\nCapacitation Capacitation is the penultimate step in the maturation of mammalian spermatozoa and is required to render them competent to fertilize an oocyte. This step is a biochemical event; the sperm move normally and look mature prior to capacitation. \"\"\"\", capacitation typically occurs after ejaculation into the female reproductive tract. \"\"\"\", capacitation can occur by incubating sperm that have either undergone ejaculation or have been extracted from the epididymis in a defined medium for several hours. The uterus aids in the steps of capacitation by secreting sterol-binding albumin, lipoproteins, and proteolytic and glycosidasic enzymes such as heparin. Non-mammalian spermatozoa do", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339595", "chunk_text": "Sperm\nis formed in a unique way, which is named Cytosolic ciliogenesis, since all or part of axoneme of the sperm tail is formed in the cytoplasm or get exposed to the cytoplasm. Fawcett, D. W. (1981) Sperm Flagellum. In: The Cell. D. W. Fawcett. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company. 14: pp. 604-640. Lehti, M. S. and A. Sironen (2017). \"\"Formation and function of sperm tail structures in association with sperm motility defects.\"\" Biol Reprod 97(4): 522-536. Sperm Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) \"\"sperma\"\" (meaning \"\"seed\"\"). In the types of sexual reproduction", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "447603", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\ntwo mice by blocking certain proteins that would normally prevent the possibility; the resulting embryo normally developed into a mouse. Allogamy, which is also known as cross-fertilisation, refers to the fertilisation of an egg cell from one individual with the male gamete of another. Autogamy which is also known as self-fertilisation, occurs in such hermaphroditic organisms as plants and flatworms; therein, two gametes from one individual fuse. Some relatively unusual forms of reproduction are: Gynogenesis: A sperm stimulates the egg to develop without fertilisation or syngamy. The sperm may enter the egg. Hybridogenesis: One genome is eliminated to produce haploid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9009998", "chunk_text": "\"Reproductive biology\"\nreproduction. In asexual reproduction the generation of new organisms does not require the fusion sperm with an egg. However, in sexual reproduction new organisms are formed by the fusion of haploid sperm and eggs resulting in what is known as the zygote. Although animals exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction the vast majority of animals reproduce by sexual reproduction. Gametogenesis is the formation of gametes, or reproductive cells. Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm cells in the testis. In mature testes primordial germ cells divide mitotically to form the spermatogonia, which in turn generate spermatocytes by mitosis. Then each spermatocyte", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13371470", "chunk_text": "Spermatozoon\nSpermatozoon A spermatozoon (pronounced , alternate spelling spermatozoön; plural spermatozoa; from \"\"seed\"\" and \"\"living being\"\") is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete. A spermatozoon joins an ovum to form a zygote. (A zygote is a single cell, with a complete set of chromosomes, that normally develops into an embryo.) Sperm cells contribute approximately half of the nuclear genetic information to the diploid offspring (excluding, in most cases, mitochondrial DNA). In mammals, the sex of the offspring is determined by the sperm cell: a spermatozoon bearing a X chromosome will lead", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2500664", "chunk_text": "\"Male egg\"\nMale egg Male eggs are the result of a process in which the eggs of a female would be emptied of their genetic contents (a technique similar to that used in the cloning process), and those contents would be replaced with male DNA. Such eggs could then be fertilized by sperm. The procedure was conceived by Calum MacKellar, a Scottish bioethicist. With this technique, two males could be the biological parents of a child. However, such a procedure would additionally require an artificial womb or a female gestational carrier. In 2003, researcher Hans Robert Schöler at the University Of Pennsylvania", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14413547", "chunk_text": "\"Acrosome reaction\"\nspecies a protuberance (the acrosomal process) forms at the apex of the sperm head, supported by a core of actin microfilaments. The membrane at the tip of the acrosomal process fuses with the egg's plasma membrane. In some echinoderms, including starfish and sea urchins, a major portion of the exposed acrosomal content contains a protein that temporarily holds the sperm on the egg's surface. In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin; their role in fertilization is not yet clear. The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte's zona pellucida. Upon coming", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "447591", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\nmembrane. The sperm surface protein bindin, binds to a receptor on the vitelline membrane identified as EBR1. Fusion of the plasma membranes of the sperm and egg are likely mediated by bindin. At the site of contact, fusion causes the formation of a fertilisation cone. Mammals internally fertilise through copulation. After a male ejaculates, many sperm move to the upper vagina (via contractions from the vagina) through the cervix and across the length of the uterus to meet the ovum. In cases where fertilisation occurs, the female usually ovulates during a period that extends from hours before copulation to a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13804369", "chunk_text": "\"In vitro fertilisation\"\n\"\"provide\"\" treatments due to nondiscrimination laws, as for example in California. The US state of Tennessee proposed a bill in 2009 that would have defined donor IVF as adoption. During the same session another bill proposed barring adoption from any unmarried and cohabitating couple, and activist groups stated that passing the first bill would effectively stop unmarried people from using IVF. Neither of these bills passed. In vitro fertilisation In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm outside the body, in vitro (\"\"in glass\"\"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10713621", "chunk_text": "\"Human embryogenesis\"\ndirects the movement of the sperm towards the ovum. Secondly there is an adhesive compatibility between the sperm and the egg. With the sperm adhered to the ovum, the third process of acrosomal reaction takes place; the front part of the spermatozoan head is capped by an acrosome which contains digestive enzymes to break down the zona pellucida and allow its entry. The entry of the sperm causes calcium to be released which blocks entry to other sperm cells. A parallel reaction takes place in the ovum called the zona reaction. This sees the release of cortical granules that release", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17631786", "chunk_text": "Karyogamy\negg's nucleus. The two pronuclei migrate toward each other and then fuse to form a diploid cell. Karyogamy Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei. Before karyogamy, each haploid cell has one complete copy of the organism's genome. In order for karyogamy to occur, the cell membrane and cytoplasm of each cell must fuse with the other in a process known as plasmogamy. Once within the joined cell membrane, the nuclei are referred to as pronuclei. Once the cell membranes, cytoplasm, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17954408", "chunk_text": "Egg\nEgg The egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches. An egg results from fertilization of an ovum. Most arthropods, vertebrates, and mollusks lay eggs, although some, such as scorpions and most mammals, do not. Reptile eggs, bird eggs, and monotreme eggs are laid out of water, and are surrounded by a protective shell, either flexible or inflexible. Eggs laid on land or in nests are usually kept within a warm and favorable temperature range while the embryo grows. When the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13577178", "chunk_text": "Embryogenesis\ncommon features among different animals, with some emphasis on the embryonic development of vertebrates and mammals. The egg cell is generally asymmetric, having an \"\"animal pole\"\" (future ectoderm and mesoderm) and a \"\"vegetal pole\"\" (future endoderm). It is covered with protective envelopes, with different layers. The first envelope – the one in contact with the membrane of the egg – is made of glycoproteins and is known as the vitelline membrane (zona pellucida in mammals). Different taxa show different cellular and acellular envelopes englobing the vitelline membrane. Fertilization (also known as 'conception', 'fecundation' and 'syngamy') is the fusion of gametes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "447599", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\na queen may mate with eight or more drones. She then stores the sperm for the rest of her life, perhaps for five years or more. In many fungi (except chytrids), as in some protists, fertilisation is a two step process. First, the cytoplasms of the two gamete cells fuse (called plasmogamy), producing a dikaryotic or heterokaryotic cell with multiple nuclei. This cell may then divide to produce dikaryotic or heterokaryotic hyphae. The second step of fertilisation is karyogamy, the fusion of the nuclei to form a diploid zygote. In chytrid fungi, fertilisation occurs in a single step with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4307239", "chunk_text": "Anisogamy\nAnisogamy Anisogamy (also called heterogamy) is the form of sexual reproduction that involves the union or fusion of two gametes, which differ in size and/or form. (The related adjectives are \"\"anisogamous\"\" and \"\"anisogamic\"\"). The smaller gamete is considered to be male (sperm cell), whereas the larger gamete is regarded as female (egg cell). There are several types of anisogamy. Both gametes may be flagellated and therefore motile. Alternatively, both of the gametes may be non-flagellated. The latter situation occurs in some algae and plants. In the red alga \"\"Polysiphonia\"\", non-motile eggs are fertilized by non-motile sperm. In flowering plants, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14212885", "chunk_text": "Embryology\nthe cytoplasm, the female gamete contains an abundance of the mRNA previously mentioned. At fertilization, the male and female gametes fuse (plasmogamy) and then the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete (karyogamy). Note that before the gametes' nuclei fuse, they are known as pronuclei. A series of nuclear divisions will occur without cytokinesis (division of the cell) in the zygote to form a multi-nucleated cell (a cell containing multiple nuclei) known as a syncytium. All the nuclei in the syncytium are identical, just as all the nuclei in every somatic cell of any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6195073", "chunk_text": "Polyspermy\nPolyspermy In biology, polyspermy describes an egg that has been fertilized by more than one sperm. Diploid organisms normally contain two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent. The cell resulting from polyspermy, on the other hand, contains three or more copies of each chromosome—one from the egg and one each from multiple sperm. Usually, the result is an inviable zygote. This may occur because sperm are too efficient at reaching and fertilizing eggs due to the selective pressures of sperm competition. Such a situation is often deleterious to the female: in other words, the male-male competition among sperm", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12258673", "chunk_text": "Fertilisation\nhim as epigenetic. In 1784, Spallanzani established the need of interaction between the female's ovum and male's sperm to form a zygote in frogs. In 1827, von Baer observed a mammalian egg for the first time. Oscar Hertwig (1876), in Germany, described the fusion of nuclei of spermatozoa and of ova from sea urchin. The evolution of fertilisation is related to the origin of meiosis, as both are part of sexual reproduction, originated in eukaryotes. There are two conflicting theories on how the couple meiosis–fertilisation arose. One is that it evolved from prokaryotic sex (bacterial recombination) as eukaryotes evolved from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14429639", "chunk_text": "\"Cortical reaction\"\nthe plasma membrane and the vitelline layer, and the vitelline layer expands away from the egg surface. This is easily visible through a microscope and is known as \"\"elevation of the fertilization envelope\"\". Some of the former granule contents adhere to the fertilization envelope, and it is extensively modified and cross-linked. As the fertilization envelope elevates, non-fertilizing sperm are lifted away from the egg plasma membrane, and as they are not able to pass through the fertilization envelope, they are prevented from entering the egg. Therefore, the cortical reaction prevents polyspermic fertilization, a lethal event. Another cortical granule component, polysaccharide-rich", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11182751", "chunk_text": "\"Egg jelly\"\nEgg jelly Egg jelly(extracellular layer\"\", \"\"jelly coat) is a gelatinous layer that surrounds the oocytes of many organisms and releases species-specific chemoattractants that activate and guide sperm to the oocyte. The egg jelly is located immediately surrounding the vitelline envelope and consists primarily of a network of short peptides and sulfated fucan glycoproteins. These short peptides diffuse into the surrounding area and stimulate respiration and movement of the sperm to the egg. An example of such a peptide is resact which has been studied as the primary means of attracting and orientating sperm to the eggs in sea urchins. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_56	the vascular layer of the eye is the?	n/a	[ "middle layer", "The uvea", "uvea" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9556274", "chunk_text": "Uvea\nUvea The uvea (/ˈjuːvɪə/) (Lat. \"\"uva\"\", grape), also called the \"\"uveal layer\"\", \"\"uveal coat\"\", \"\"uveal tract\"\", \"\"vascular tunic\"\" or \"\"vascular layer\"\" is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye. The name is possibly a reference to its reddish-blue or almost black colour, wrinkled appearance and grape-like size and shape when stripped intact from a cadaveric eye. Its use as a technical term in anatomy and ophthalmology is relatively modern. The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye. It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back, the: The prime functions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18581497", "chunk_text": "\"Human eye\"\nlayer, known as the fibrous tunic, is composed of the cornea and sclera. The middle layer, known as the vascular tunic or uvea, consists of the choroid, ciliary body, pigmented epithelium and iris. The innermost is the retina, which gets its oxygenation from the blood vessels of the choroid (posteriorly) as well as the retinal vessels (anteriorly). The spaces of the eye are filled with the aqueous humour anteriorly, between the cornea and lens, and the vitreous body, a jelly-like substance, behind the lens, filling the entire posterior cavity. The aqueous humour is a clear watery fluid that is contained", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5988404", "chunk_text": "Choroid\nChoroid The choroid, also known as the choroidea or choroid coat, is the vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissues, and lying between the retina and the sclera. The human choroid is thickest at the far extreme rear of the eye (at 0.2 mm), while in the outlying areas it narrows to 0.1 mm. The choroid provides oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina. Along with the ciliary body and iris, the choroid forms the uveal tract. The structure of the choroid is generally divided into four layers (classified in order of furthest away from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9919401", "chunk_text": "Conjunctiva\nConjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar epithelium. The conjunctiva is highly vascularised, with many microvessels easily accessible for imaging studies. The conjunctiva is typically divided into three parts: Blood to the bulbar conjunctiva is primarily derived from the ophthalmic artery. The blood supply to the palpebral conjunctiva (the eyelid) is derived from the external carotid artery. However, the circulation of the bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva are linked, so both bulbar conjunctival and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8045321", "chunk_text": "Uvea\n(i.e., the body's inability to distinguish between them, with resulting misdirected inflammatory reactions). See uveitis, choroiditis, iritis, iridocyclitis, anterior uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, and uveal melanoma. Uvea The uvea (/ˈjuːvɪə/) (Lat. \"\"uva\"\", grape), also called the \"\"uveal layer\"\", \"\"uveal coat\"\", \"\"uveal tract\"\", \"\"vascular tunic\"\" or \"\"vascular layer\"\" is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye. The name is possibly a reference to its reddish-blue or almost black colour, wrinkled appearance and grape-like size and shape when stripped intact from a cadaveric eye. Its use as a technical term in anatomy and ophthalmology is relatively modern.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14449930", "chunk_text": "\"Corneal endothelium\"\nCorneal endothelium The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the cornea. It faces the chamber formed between the cornea and the iris. The corneal endothelium are specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that line the posterior surface of the cornea and face the anterior chamber of the eye. The corneal endothelium governs fluid and solute transport across the posterior surface of the cornea and maintains the cornea in the slightly dehydrated state that is required for optical transparency. The corneal endothelium is embryologically derived from the neural crest. The postnatal total endothelial cellularity of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6668421", "chunk_text": "Uveitis\nUveitis Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea. The uvea consists of the middle layer of pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis is an ophthalmic emergency and requires a thorough examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist and urgent treatment to control the inflammation. It is often associated with other ocular problems. Uveitis is classified anatomically into anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitic forms—based on the part of the eye primarily affected. Prior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13033260", "chunk_text": "\"Sattler's layer\"\nSattler's layer Sattler's layer, named after Hubert Sattler, an Austrian ophthalmologist, is one of five (or six) layers of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, and a layer of the eye. It is situated between the Bruch's membrane, choriocapillaris and Haller's layer below, and the suprachoroidea above, respectively. The origin seems to be related to a continuous differentiation throughout the growth of the tissue and even further differentiation during adulthood. After excision the choroid collapses partially, histologic preparations also alter the local pressure and fluid content of different sections in the tissue, thus requiring preparations with rubber solution or others", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7489846", "chunk_text": "Neovascularization\nthose that affect endothelial cell division and differentiation. These growth factors often act in a paracrine or autocrine fashion; they include fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and platelet-derived endothelial growth factor. In ophthalmology, choroidal neovascularization is the formation of a microvasculature within the innermost layer of the choroid of the eye. Neovascularization in the eye can cause a type of glaucoma (neovascularization glaucoma) if the new blood vessels' bulk blocks the constant outflow of aqueous humour from inside the eye. Neovascularization Neovascularization is the natural formation of new blood vessels (\"\"neo-\"\" + \"\"vascular\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6455383", "chunk_text": "\"Blood vessel\"\nbetween the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from the capillaries back toward the heart. The word \"\"vascular\"\", meaning relating to the blood vessels, is derived from the Latin \"\"vas\"\", meaning vessel. A few structures (such as cartilage and the lens of the eye) do not contain blood vessels and are labeled. The arteries and veins have three layers. The middle layer is thicker in the arteries than it is in the veins: Capillaries consist of little more than a layer of endothelium and occasional connective tissue. When blood vessels connect to form a region of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10039773", "chunk_text": "\"Blood–retinal barrier\"\nBlood–retinal barrier The blood–retinal barrier, or the BRB, is part of the blood–ocular barrier that consists of cells that are joined tightly together to prevent certain substances from entering the tissue of the retina. It consists of non-fenestrated capillaries of the retinal circulation and tight-junctions between retinal epithelial cells preventing passage of large molecules from choriocapillaris into the retina. The blood retinal barrier has two components: the retinal vascular endothelium and the retinal pigment epithelium. Retinal blood vessels that are similar to cerebral blood vessels maintain the inner blood-ocular barrier. This physiological barrier comprises a single layer of non-fenestrated endothelial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13033262", "chunk_text": "\"Sattler's layer\"\ninfluence of optical stimuli during eye-growth indicate that the complex function of this tissue is not entirely understood and might be one of the reasons for the frequently found separation in vascular size between Haller's and Sattle's layer. Sattler's layer Sattler's layer, named after Hubert Sattler, an Austrian ophthalmologist, is one of five (or six) layers of medium-diameter blood vessels of the choroid, and a layer of the eye. It is situated between the Bruch's membrane, choriocapillaris and Haller's layer below, and the suprachoroidea above, respectively. The origin seems to be related to a continuous differentiation throughout the growth of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11120139", "chunk_text": "\"Vitreous body\"\nVitreous body The vitreous body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor or simply \"\"the vitreous\"\". The vitreous humor is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the retina. It is surrounded by a layer of collagen called vitreous membrane separating it from the rest of the eye. it makes up four-fifths of the volume of the eyeball. The vitreous humour is fluid-like near the centre, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11120147", "chunk_text": "\"Vitreous body\"\nor metabolized from the general circulation. Vitreous body The vitreous body is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor or simply \"\"the vitreous\"\". The vitreous humor is a transparent, colorless, gelatinous mass that fills the space in the eye between the lens and the retina. It is surrounded by a layer of collagen called vitreous membrane separating it from the rest of the eye. it makes up four-fifths of the volume of the eyeball. The vitreous humour", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11522719", "chunk_text": "Eye\npigment epithelium, and constitutes the cells of the dilator muscle. The vitreous is the transparent, colourless, gelatinous mass that fills the space between the lens of the eye and the retina lining the back of the eye. It is produced by certain retinal cells. It is of rather similar composition to the cornea, but contains very few cells (mostly phagocytes which remove unwanted cellular debris in the visual field, as well as the hyalocytes of Balazs of the surface of the vitreous, which reprocess the hyaluronic acid), no blood vessels, and 98–99% of its volume is water (as opposed to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2060573", "chunk_text": "\"Corneal endothelium\"\neliminating the presence of posterior stromal tissue from the grafted tissue. Corneal endothelium The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells on the inner surface of the cornea. It faces the chamber formed between the cornea and the iris. The corneal endothelium are specialized, flattened, mitochondria-rich cells that line the posterior surface of the cornea and face the anterior chamber of the eye. The corneal endothelium governs fluid and solute transport across the posterior surface of the cornea and maintains the cornea in the slightly dehydrated state that is required for optical transparency. The corneal endothelium is embryologically derived", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3755301", "chunk_text": "Sclera\nSclera The sclera, also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber. In humans, the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris, but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris, so the white part does not normally show. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5956448", "chunk_text": "Uveitis\nbetween 28% and 50%. Uveitis is estimated to be responsible for approximately 10%-20% of the blindness in the United States. Uveitis Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, the pigmented layer that lies between the inner retina and the outer fibrous layer composed of the sclera and cornea. The uvea consists of the middle layer of pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Uveitis is an ophthalmic emergency and requires a thorough examination by an optometrist or ophthalmologist and urgent treatment to control the inflammation. It is often associated with other ocular problems.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9919403", "chunk_text": "Conjunctiva\nthan the lacrimal gland. It also contributes to immune surveillance and helps to prevent the entrance of microbes into the eye. Disorders of the conjunctiva and cornea are a common source of eye complaints, in particular because the surface of the eye is exposed to various external influences and is especially susceptible to trauma, infections, chemical irritation, allergic reactions and dryness. The bulbar conjunctival microvasculature contains arterioles, meta-arterioles, venules, capillaries, and communicating vessels. Vessel morphology varies greatly between subjects and even between regions of the individual eyes. In some subjects, arterioles and venules can be seen to run parallel with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17356863", "chunk_text": "\"Ciliary body\"\nCiliary body The ciliary body is a part of the eye that includes the ciliary muscle, which controls the shape of the lens, and the ciliary epithelium, which produces the aqueous humor. The vitreous humor is produced in the non-pigmented portion of the ciliary body. The ciliary body is part of the uvea, the layer of tissue that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the eye tissues. The ciliary body joins the ora serrata of the choroid to the root of the iris. The ciliary body is a ring-shaped thickening of tissue inside the eye that divides the posterior chamber from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18583476", "chunk_text": "\"Iris (anatomy)\"\nIris (anatomy) In humans and most mammals and birds, the iris (plural: irides or irises) is a thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. Eye color is defined by that of the iris. In optical terms, the pupil is the eye's aperture, while the iris is the diaphragm. The iris consists of two layers: the front pigmented layer known as a stroma and, beneath the stroma, pigmented epithelial cells. The stroma connects to a sphincter muscle (sphincter pupillae), which contracts the pupil", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7556359", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\nEye development Eye formation in the human embryo begins at approximately three weeks into embryonic development and continues through the tenth week. Cells from both the mesodermal and the ectodermal tissues contribute to the formation of the eye. Specifically, the eye is derived from the neuroepithelium, surface ectoderm, and the extracellular mesenchyme which consists of both the neural crest and mesoderm. Neuroepithelium forms the retina, ciliary body, iris, and optic nerves. Surface ectoderm forms the lens, corneal epithelium and eyelid. The extracellular mesenchyme forms the sclera, the corneal endothelium and stroma, blood vessels, muscles, and vitreous. The eye begins to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6801772", "chunk_text": "\"Central retinal artery\"\nCentral retinal artery The central retinal artery (retinal artery) branches off the ophthalmic artery, running inferior to the optic nerve within its dural sheath to the eyeball. It pierces the eyeball close to the optic nerve, sending branches over the internal surface of the retina, and these terminal branches are the only blood supply to the larger part of it. The central part of the retina where the light rays are focussed after passing through the pupil and the lens is a circular area called the macula. The center of this circular area is the fovea. The fovea and a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17705192", "chunk_text": "\"Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye\"\nthe sclera, a thick, hard membrane which protects the inner parts of the nerves from injury. The chorioid, a thin and soft structure filled with veins and arteries, follows next and provides nourishment to the overall structure. Finally, the retina transmits nutrients to the lenses themselves. Hunayn then presents the system responsible for protecting the eye. From the outermost level, these are the conjunctiva, cornea, and uvea. While both the conjuctiva and cornea provide protection with minimizing hindrance to the lenses, the uvea has an extra function of concentrating the pneuma exiting out of the eye to prevent it from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17669220", "chunk_text": "\"Choroidal fissure\"\nChoroidal fissure The choroid is the middle, vascular coat of the eye which resides between the sclera and the retina. Early in development the choroidal fissure is a groove that extends along the ventral aspect of the optic stalk. In effect, it is a continuation of the invagination that forms the optic cup during early development in amniotes. For a period of time this groove extends to the closing lips of the optic cup. During development it is through the choroidal fissure that the retinal vessels enter and leave the eye. While optic neural components (e.g. axons arising from retinal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3755304", "chunk_text": "Sclera\npass. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions. The sclera's blood vessels are mainly on the surface. Along with the vessels of the conjunctiva (which is a thin layer covering the sclera), those in the episclera render the inflamed eye bright red. In many vertebrates, the sclera is reinforced with plates of cartilage or bone, together forming a circular structure called the sclerotic ring. In primitive fish, this ring consists of four plates, but the number is lower in many living ray-finned fishes, and much higher", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2123455", "chunk_text": "Hyalocyte\nthe vascular primary vitreous. Hyalocyte Hyalocytes, also known as vitreous cells, are cells of the vitreous body, which is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. Hyalocytes occur in the peripheral part of the vitreous body, and may produce hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibrils, and hyaluronan. Hyalocytes are star-shaped (stellate) cells with oval nuclei. The development of the vitreous is organized into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. During the primary stage, which occurs from 3–6 weeks, the basic components of the vitreous begin to form from the mesenchyme embryonic cell layer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11122854", "chunk_text": "\"Eye development\"\ndevelop as a pair of optic vesicles on each side of the forebrain at the end of the 4th week of pregnancy. Optic vesicles are outgrowings of the brain which make contact with the surface ectoderm and this contact induces changes necessary for further development of the eye. Through a groove at the bottom of the optic vesicle known as choroid fissure the blood vessels enter the eye. Several layers such as the neural tube, neural crest, surface ectoderm, and mesoderm contribute to the development of the eye. Eye development is initiated by the master control gene Pax-6, a homeobox", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1389335", "chunk_text": "\"Fundus (eye)\"\nFundus (eye) The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy and/or fundus photography. The term \"\"fundus\"\" may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid. The color of the fundus varies both between and within species. In one study of primates the retina is blue, green, yellow, orange, and red; only the human fundus (from a lightly pigmented blond person) is red. The major differences noted among the \"\"higher\"\" primate species were size and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1389337", "chunk_text": "\"Fundus (eye)\"\nophthalmoscope allows observation of blood vessels with diameters as small as 10 μm. Fundus (eye) The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, fovea, and posterior pole. The fundus can be examined by ophthalmoscopy and/or fundus photography. The term \"\"fundus\"\" may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid. The color of the fundus varies both between and within species. In one study of primates the retina is blue, green, yellow, orange, and red; only the human fundus (from a lightly pigmented blond person) is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14898643", "chunk_text": "\"Choroidal neovascularization\"\nChoroidal neovascularization Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. Choroidal neovascularization is a common cause of neovascular degenerative maculopathy (i.e. 'wet' macular degeneration) commonly exacerbated by extreme myopia, malignant myopic degeneration, or age-related developments. CNV can occur rapidly in individuals with defects in Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid. It is also associated with excessive amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As well as in wet macular degeneration, CNV can also occur frequently with the rare genetic disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum and rarely with the more common optic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9963800", "chunk_text": "\"Central retinal vein\"\nCentral retinal vein The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve, leaves the optic nerve 10 mm from the eyeball and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into either superior ophthalmic vein or into the cavernous sinus directly. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly into the cavernous sinus. The central retinal vein is the venous equivalent of the central retinal artery, and like", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "169497", "chunk_text": "\"Ocular immune system\"\nOcular immune system The ocular immune system protects the eye from infection and regulates healing processes following injuries. The interior of the eye lacks lymph vessels but is highly vascularized, and many immune cells reside in the uvea, including mostly macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. These cells fight off intraocular infections, and intraocular inflammation can manifest as uveitis (including iritis) or retinitis. The cornea of the eye is immunologically a very special tissue. Its constant exposure to the exterior world means that it is vulnerable to a wide range of microorganisms while its moist mucosal surface makes the cornea", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9919402", "chunk_text": "Conjunctiva\npalpebral conjunctival vessels will be supplied by both the ophthalmic artery and the external carotid artery, to varying extents. Sensory innervation of the conjunctiva is divided into four parts: The conjunctiva consists of non-keratinized, both stratified squamous and stratified columnar epithelium, with interspersed goblet cells. The epithelial layer contains blood vessels, fibrous tissue, and lymphatic channels. Accessory lacrimal glands in the conjunctiva constantly produce the aqueous portion of tears. Additional cells present in the conjunctival epithelium include melanocytes, T and B cell lymphocytes. The conjunctiva helps lubricate the eye by producing mucus and tears, although a smaller volume of tears", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "331505", "chunk_text": "\"Retinal nerve fiber layer\"\nthat may generate micro bubble that can clog micro vessels. Retinal nerve fiber layer The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10687258", "chunk_text": "\"Central retinal vein\"\nthat blood vessel can suffer from occlusion (central retinal vein occlusion), similar to that seen in ocular ischemic syndrome. Central retinal vein The central retinal vein (retinal vein) is a short vein that runs through the optic nerve, leaves the optic nerve 10 mm from the eyeball and drains blood from the capillaries of the retina into either superior ophthalmic vein or into the cavernous sinus directly. The anatomy of the veins of the orbit of the eye varies between individuals, and in some the central retinal vein drains into the superior ophthalmic vein, and in some it drains directly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6919799", "chunk_text": "Retina\nof the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1. Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map. The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. At first glance, one may think that the vertebrate retina", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1054422", "chunk_text": "\"Hyaloid canal\"\nresults in compression of the hyaloid canal, so that the volume of the eye remains constant. Hyaloid canal Hyaloid canal (Cloquet's canal and Stilling's canal) is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc to the lens. It is formed by an invagination of the hyaloid, a membrane which encloses the vitreous body. In the fetus, the hyaloid canal contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery, which supplies blood to the developing lens. After birth, the hyaloid canal contains lymph and its purpose is to facilitate changes in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1389336", "chunk_text": "\"Fundus (eye)\"\nregularity of the border of macular area, size and shape of the optic disc, apparent 'texturing' of retina, and pigmentation of retina. Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus (generally by funduscopy) include hemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation. Arteriolar constriction, seen as \"\"silver wiring\"\", and vascular tortuosities are seen in hypertensive retinopathy. The eye's fundus is the only part of the human body where the microcirculation can be observed directly. The diameter of the blood vessels around the optic disc is about 150 μm, and an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6919781", "chunk_text": "Retina\nRetina The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer, or \"\"coat\"\", of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs. The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception, the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera. The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells (photo receptor cells, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells) within", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9482270", "chunk_text": "\"Trabecular meshwork\"\nTrabecular meshwork The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea). The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system. The meshwork is divided up into three parts, with characteristically different ultrastructures: The trabecular meshwork is assisted to a small degree in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9919406", "chunk_text": "Conjunctiva\nThe bulbar conjunctival microvasculature is known to dilate in response to several stimuli and external conditions, including allergens (e.g. pollen), temperature, time-of-day, contact-lens wear, and acute mild hypoxia. Bulbar conjunctival vasodilation has also been shown to correlate changes in emotional state. Type II diabetes is associated with an increase in average bulbar conjunctival vessel diameter and capillary loss. Sickle-cell anemia is associated with altered average vessel diameter. Conjunctiva The conjunctiva lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and also stratified columnar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "331502", "chunk_text": "\"Retinal nerve fiber layer\"\nRetinal nerve fiber layer The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or nerve fiber layer, stratum opticum, is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the optic disc, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata. As the nerve fibers pass through the lamina cribrosa sclerae they lose their medullary sheaths and are continued onward through the choroid and retina as simple axis-cylinders. When they reach the internal surface of the retina they radiate from their point of entrance over this surface grouped in bundles, and in many places arranged in plexuses. Most of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1716394", "chunk_text": "\"Retinal vasculitis\"\nis not the hidden culprit. Ophthalmic examination may reveal neovascularization (creation of new vessels in the retina), retinal vessel narrowing, retinal vessel cuffing, retinal hemorrhage, or possible vitritis (inflammation of the vitreous body) or choroiditis (inflammation of the choroid). Retinal vasculitis Retinal vasculitis is inflammation of the vascular branches of the retinal artery, caused either by primary ocular disease processes, or as a specific presentation of any systemic form of vasculitis such as Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis, multiple sclerosis, or any form of systemic nectrozing vasculitis such as temporal arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, and granulomatosis with polyangiitis, or due to lupus erythematosus,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1054421", "chunk_text": "\"Hyaloid canal\"\nHyaloid canal Hyaloid canal (Cloquet's canal and Stilling's canal) is a small transparent canal running through the vitreous body from the optic nerve disc to the lens. It is formed by an invagination of the hyaloid, a membrane which encloses the vitreous body. In the fetus, the hyaloid canal contains a prolongation of the central artery of the retina, the hyaloid artery, which supplies blood to the developing lens. After birth, the hyaloid canal contains lymph and its purpose is to facilitate changes in the volume of the lens. As the lens expands in positive accommodation, its volume increases. This", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18242796", "chunk_text": "\"Orbit (anatomy)\"\nis the most exposed surface, highly vulnerable to blunt force trauma. The base, which opens in the face, has four borders. The following bones take part in their formation: The orbit holds and protects the eye. The movement of the eye is controlled by six distinct extraocular muscles, a superior, an inferior, a medial and a lateral rectus, as well as a superior and an inferior oblique. The superior ophthalmic vein is a sigmoidal vessel along the superior margin of the orbital canal that drains deoxygenated blood from surrounding musculature. The ophthalmic artery is a crucial structure in the orbit,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1852821", "chunk_text": "Eye\nformed a bioconvex shape, an optimally ideal structure for a normal refractive index. Independently, a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer split forward from the lens: the cornea and iris. Separation of the forward layer again formed a humour, the aqueous humour. This increased refractive power and again eased circulatory problems. Formation of a nontransparent ring allowed more blood vessels, more circulation, and larger eye sizes. Eyes are generally adapted to the environment and life requirements of the organism which bears them. For instance, the distribution of photoreceptors tends to match the area in which the highest acuity is required,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3755306", "chunk_text": "Sclera\nnitrogenous sugar, hexosamine) to embed the fibrils. The cornea, unlike the sclera, has five layers. The middle, thickest layer is also called the stroma. The sclera, like the cornea, contains a basal endothelium, above which there is the lamina fusca, containing a high count of pigment cells. Sometimes, very small gray-blue spots can appear on the sclera, a harmless condition called scleral melanocytosis. Human eyes are somewhat distinctive in the animal kingdom in that the sclera is very plainly visible whenever the eye is open. This is not just due to the white colour of the human sclera, which many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5173464", "chunk_text": "Hyalocyte\nHyalocyte Hyalocytes, also known as vitreous cells, are cells of the vitreous body, which is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. Hyalocytes occur in the peripheral part of the vitreous body, and may produce hyaluronic acid, collagen, fibrils, and hyaluronan. Hyalocytes are star-shaped (stellate) cells with oval nuclei. The development of the vitreous is organized into three stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary. During the primary stage, which occurs from 3–6 weeks, the basic components of the vitreous begin to form from the mesenchyme embryonic cell layer. Hyalocytes likely develop from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7493469", "chunk_text": "\"Pecten oculi\"\nin low temperatures at high-altitude flights. The structure varies across bird species and is conical in the kiwi, vaned in the ostrich and pleated in most other birds. Pecten oculi The pecten or pecten oculi is a comb-like structure of blood vessels belonging to the choroid in the eye of a bird. It is a non-sensory, pigmented structure that projects into the vitreous body from the point where the optic nerve enters the eyeball. The pecten is believed to both nourish the retina and control the pH of the vitreous body. High level of enzyme alkaline phosphatase activity in pecten", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_57	the cuban revolt against spain was led by?	n/a	[ "Máximo Gomez", "Antonio Maceo", "José Martí" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17176184", "chunk_text": "\"Cuban Revolution\"\nCuban Revolution The Cuban Revolution () was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's revolutionary 26th of July Movement and its allies against the authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and continued sporadically until the rebels finally ousted Batista on 31 December 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. 26 July 1959 is celebrated in Cuba as the \"\"Day of the Revolution\"\". The 26th of July Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965. The Cuban Revolution had powerful domestic and international repercussions. In particular, it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2486332", "chunk_text": "\"Sergeants' Revolt\"\nSergeants' Revolt The Sergeants' Revolt (), also called the Cuban Revolution of 1933, was a coup d'etat that occurred in Cuba in September 1933. It began as a revolt of sergeants and enlisted men in the military, who soon allied with student activists in the Directorio Estudiantil Universitario. The coup deposed Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada as President, installing a new government led by a five-man coalition, known as the Pentarchy of 1933. After only five days, the Pentarchy gave way to the presidency of Ramón Grau, whose term is known as the One Hundred Days Government. The leader", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11239765", "chunk_text": "\"Virginius Affair\"\nSpain. The \"\"Virginius\"\" Affair started a resurgence in the US Navy following the American Civil War; its fleet had been heretofore inferior to the superior warships of Spain. After the American Civil War, the island country of Cuba under Spanish rule was one of the few Western Hemisphere countries in which slavery remained legal and was widely practiced. On October 10, 1868 a revolution broke out, known as the Ten Years' War, by Cuban landowners, led by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. The Spanish, led initially by Francisco Lersundi, used the military to suppress the rebellion. In 1870, Secretary of State", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "652602", "chunk_text": "\"Ten Years' War\"\ndevastated the coffee industry, and American tariffs badly damaged Cuban exports. Ten Years' War The Ten Years' War () (1868–1878), also known as the Great War (\"\"Guerra Grande\"\") and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On October 10, 1868 sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7823551", "chunk_text": "\"Fulgencio Batista\"\nFulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1945, and the U.S.-backed authoritarian ruler from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. He then appointed himself chief of the armed forces, with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member \"\"pentarchy\"\" that functioned as the collective head of state. He maintained", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9005884", "chunk_text": "\"Quentin Bandera\"\nQuentin Bandera General José Quintín Bandera Betancourt (ca. 1834 – 1906), also Quentin Bandera and Quintin Bandera, was a military leader of the Cuban insurrection against the Spanish during the Cuban War of Independence. In 1906, Bandera, led an army of insurgents toward Havana, and was killed near Punta Brava, a village close to Havana. Bandera was a hero of the Cuban War of Independence, \"\"noted for his fearlessness and bravery,\"\" during which he had distinguished himself by breaking through the Spanish line which separated Pinar del Río Province from Havana Province. He fought alongside General Calixto García, and alongside", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8283743", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\nHistory of Cuba The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Mesoamerican cultures prior to the arrival of the Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After Columbus' arrival, Spain conquered Cuba and appointed Spanish governors to rule in Havana. In 1762, Havana was briefly occupied by Great Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end the Spanish rule. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10436445", "chunk_text": "\"Military history of Cuba\"\nMilitary history of Cuba The Military history of Cuba begins with the island's conquest by the Spanish and its battles afterward to gain its independence. Since the Communist takeover by Fidel Castro in 1959, Cuba has been involved with many major conflicts of the Cold War in Africa and Latin America where it had supported Marxist governments and rebels from liberation movements who were opposed to their colonial masters and/or allies of the United States. The Ten Years' War was the first of three wars that Cuba fought against Spain for its independence. The Ten Years' War began when Carlos", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9459697", "chunk_text": "Cuba\nwas replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada. In September 1933, the Sergeants' Revolt, led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, overthrew Cespedes. A five-member executive committee (the Pentarchy of 1933) was chosen to head a provisional government. Ramón Grau San Martín was then appointed as provisional president. Grau resigned in 1934, leaving the way clear for Batista, who dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years, at first through a series of puppet-presidents. The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of \"\"virtually unremitting social and political warfare\"\". On balance, during this period 1933–1940 Cuba is supported by a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12163933", "chunk_text": "\"Carlos Roloff\"\nCarlos Roloff Carlos Roloff (\"\"Karol Rolow-Miałowski\"\" or \"\"Carlos Roloff Mialofsky\"\"; August 26 or November 4 1842 – May 17, 1907) was a Cuban general and liberation activist, fighting against Spain in the Ten Years' War and the Spanish–American War. Carlos was born in Warsaw (Russian Empire) in a Polish family. Due to his father's role in the November uprising, the family moved to Königsberg, where Karol was attending trade and military schools. After his father's death in 1862, the family moved to the USA. Carlos served in the Union Army during the American Civil War in the 9th Ohio Infantry", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3074374", "chunk_text": "\"Juan Gualberto Gómez\"\nJuan Gualberto Gómez Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer (July 12, 1854 – March 5, 1933) was an Afro-Cuban revolutionary leader in the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a \"\"close collaborator of Martí's,\"\" and alongside him helped plan the uprising and unite the island's black population behind the rebellion. He was an activist for independence and a journalist who worked on and later founded several pivotal anti-royalist and pro-racial equality newspapers. He authored numerous works on liberty and racial justice in Latin America as well. In his later years, he was a \"\"journalist-politician.\"\" He defended the revolution against racism", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7363171", "chunk_text": "\"Quentin Bandera\"\nstop to the 1906 insurrection; he was approximately seventy two years when he died. Quentin Bandera General José Quintín Bandera Betancourt (ca. 1834 – 1906), also Quentin Bandera and Quintin Bandera, was a military leader of the Cuban insurrection against the Spanish during the Cuban War of Independence. In 1906, Bandera, led an army of insurgents toward Havana, and was killed near Punta Brava, a village close to Havana. Bandera was a hero of the Cuban War of Independence, \"\"noted for his fearlessness and bravery,\"\" during which he had distinguished himself by breaking through the Spanish line which separated Pinar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "650228", "chunk_text": "\"Ten Years' War\"\nTen Years' War The Ten Years' War () (1868–1878), also known as the Great War (\"\"Guerra Grande\"\") and the War of '68, was part of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain. The uprising was led by Cuban-born planters and other wealthy natives. On October 10, 1868 sugar mill owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and his followers proclaimed independence, beginning the conflict. This was the first of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Little War (1879–1880) and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). The final three months of the last conflict escalated with United", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20340904", "chunk_text": "\"Negro Rebellion\"\nNegro Rebellion The Negro Rebellion (, \"\"Armed Uprising of the Independents of Color\"\", also known as the Little Race War, the War of 1912, or The Twelve) was an armed conflict during 1912 in Cuba, between Afro-Cuban rebels and the armed forces of Cuba and the United States. It took place mainly in the eastern region of the island where most Afro-Cubans were employed. After a widespread massacre of Afro-Cubans by the Cuban Army, the intervention by the U.S. military brought an end to the rebellion in a matter of weeks. The leaders of Afro-Cuban rebels, Evaristo Estenoz and Pedro", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11941109", "chunk_text": "\"Escambray rebellion\"\nEscambray rebellion The Escambray rebellion was a six-year rebellion (1959–1965) in the Escambray Mountains by a group of insurgents who opposed the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. The rebelling group of insurgents was a mix of former Batista soldiers, local farmers, and former allied guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution. The end result was the elimination of all insurgents by Cuban government forces in 1965. The Cuban government describes rebellion as \"\"War Against the Bandits\"\" (). The uprising began almost immediately after the success of the Cuban Revolution in 1959. It was led", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15468661", "chunk_text": "\"Huber Matos\"\nHuber Matos Huber Matos Benítez (26 November 1918 – 27 February 2014) was a Cuban military leader, political dissident, activist and writer. He opposed the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista from its inception in 1952 and fought alongside Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other members of the 26th of July Movement to overthrow it. Following the success of the Cuban Revolution that brought Castro into power, he criticized of the regime's shift in favor of Marxist principles and ties to the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC). Convicted of treason and sedition by the post-revolutionary government, he spent 20 years in prison", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6019697", "chunk_text": "\"Carlos Manuel de Céspedes\"\nCarlos Manuel de Céspedes Carlos Manuel de Céspedes del Castillo (April 18, 1819, Bayamo, Spanish Cuba – February 27, 1874, San Lorenzo, Spanish Cuba) was a Cuban revolutionary hero. Cespedes, who was a plantation owner in Cuba, freed his slaves and made the declaration of Cuban independence in 1868 which started the Ten Years' War. (1868–78), which ultimately led to Cuban independence. Because of his actions during the Independence War, he is known in Cuba as the \"\"Father of the Motherland\"\". Céspedes was a landowner and lawyer in eastern Cuba, near Bayamo, who purchased \"\"La Demajagua\"\", an estate with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4047991", "chunk_text": "Cubans\nof the 19th century, Spain had lost most of its American possessions and a series of rebellions had shaken Cuba. This, combined with calls for annexation of Cuba in the United States, led to the Spanish–American War, and in 1902 Cuba gained formal independence. During the first decades of the 20th century, USA interests were dominant and in Cuba, leading to large influence over the island. This ended in 1959 when de facto leader Fulgencio Batista was ousted by revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro. Quickly deteriorating relations with the US led to Cuba's alliance with the Soviet Union and Castro's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2728031", "chunk_text": "\"Arsenio Martínez Campos\"\nArsenio Martínez Campos Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, born Martínez y Campos (Segovia, Spain, 14 December 1831Zarauz, Spain, 23 September 1900), was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. The soldier and politician took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the last Carlist war. Martínez Campos received a military education and after 1852, he served on Spain's general staff (\"\"Estado Mayor\"\"). Later, he was named professor in its academy. In 1860, he was sent to Africa to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3196189", "chunk_text": "\"Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)\"\nCommunist Party sided with Machado), uprisings among sugar workers, and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933. He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada, son of Cuban patriot Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and former ambassador to the US. In September 1933, the Sergeants' Revolt, led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista, overthrew Céspedes. General Alberto Herrera served briefly as president (August 12–13) followed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada from August 13 until September 5, 1933. A five-member executive committee (the Pentarchy of 1933) was chosen to head a provisional government. They were ousted by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8283744", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\nIn the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel and Raúl Castro Ruz, during the 1953–59 Cuban Revolution. Cuba has been governed as a socialist state by the Communist Party under the leadership of the Castro brothers. The country has been politically and economically isolated by the United States since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce and travel as efforts to normalise diplomatic relations", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3847244", "chunk_text": "\"Carlos Fernández Gondín\"\nCarlos Fernández Gondín Carlos Fernández Gondín (1 July 1938 – 7 January 2017) was a Cuban politician. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Cuba, and served as the country's Minister of the Interior from 2015 until his death. Fernández Gondín was born in Santiago de Cuba into a working class family. He joined the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces in 1958, which was led by Raúl Castro, and fought against Fulgencio Batista and later, against the United States in the Bay of Pigs Invasion. He was a founding member of the Communist Party of Cuba in 1965.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11941119", "chunk_text": "\"Escambray rebellion\"\npro-government militias) are unknown. Estimates for total combatant deaths range from 1,000 to 7,000. Escambray rebellion The Escambray rebellion was a six-year rebellion (1959–1965) in the Escambray Mountains by a group of insurgents who opposed the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro. The rebelling group of insurgents was a mix of former Batista soldiers, local farmers, and former allied guerrillas who had fought alongside Castro against Batista during the Cuban Revolution. The end result was the elimination of all insurgents by Cuban government forces in 1965. The Cuban government describes rebellion as \"\"War Against the Bandits\"\" (). The uprising began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8285661", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\nseparatist rebellion emerged among the Cuban Creole aristocracy in 1809 and 1810. One of its leaders, Joaquín Infante, drafted Cuba's first constitution, declaring the island a sovereign state, presuming the rule of the country's wealthy, maintaining slavery as long as it was necessary for agriculture, establishing a social classification based on skin color and declaring Catholicism the official religion. This conspiracy also failed and the main leaders were sentenced to prison and deported to Spain. In 1812, a mixed-race abolitionist conspiracy arose, organized by José Antonio Aponte, a free black carpenter in Havana. He and others were executed. The main", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11239763", "chunk_text": "\"Virginius Affair\"\nVirginius Affair The \"\"Virginius\"\" Affair was a diplomatic dispute that occurred from October 1873 to February 1875 between the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain (then in control of Cuba), during the Ten Years' War. \"\"Virginius\"\" was a fast American ship hired by Cuban insurrectionists to land men and munitions in Cuba to attack the Spanish regime there. It was captured by the Spanish, who wanted to try the men onboard (many of whom were American and British citizens) as pirates and execute them. The Spanish executed 53 of the men but stopped when the British government demanded it.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15400766", "chunk_text": "\"Military history of Cuba\"\nrule in the 1930s, they were reluctant to fight. Batista created a consultative council from pliable political personalities of all parties who appointed him President months before elections were to be held. Batista’s past democratic and pro-labor tendencies and the fear of another episode of bloody violence gained him tenuous support from the bankers, and the leader of the major labor confederation. The Cuban Revolution started as an uprising that resulted in the overthrow of the Fulgencio Batista government on January 1, 1959 by Fidel Castro and other revolutionary elements in the country. The Revolution began on July 26, 1953,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1348549", "chunk_text": "Cuba\nCuba's national hero. Around 200,000 Spanish troops outnumbered the much smaller rebel army, which relied mostly on guerrilla and sabotage tactics. The Spaniards began a campaign of suppression. General Valeriano Weyler, military governor of Cuba, herded the rural population into what he called \"\"reconcentrados\"\", described by international observers as \"\"fortified towns\"\". These are often considered the prototype for 20th-century concentration camps. Between 200,000 and 400,000 Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease in the camps, numbers verified by the Red Cross and United States Senator Redfield Proctor, a former Secretary of War. American and European protests against Spanish conduct on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13873041", "chunk_text": "\"William Alexander Morgan\"\nWilliam Alexander Morgan William Alexander Morgan (April 19, 1928 – March 11, 1961) was a United States citizen who fought in the Cuban Revolution, leading a band of rebels that drove the Cuban army from key positions in the central mountains as part of Second National Front of Escambray, thereby helping to pave the way for Fidel Castro's forces to secure victory. Morgan was one of about two dozen U.S. citizens to fight in the revolution and one of only three foreign nationals to hold the rank of comandante in the rebel forces. He turned against Castro after the revolution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6217433", "chunk_text": "\"Antonio Guiteras\"\nAntonio Guiteras Antonio Guiteras y Holmes (22 November 1906 in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, USA – 8 May 1935 in Matanzas, Cuba) was a leading politician in Cuba during the 1930s. A proponent of revolutionary socialism, he participated in the radical government installed after the overthrow of the autocratic right wing Cuban President Gerardo Machado y Morales in 1933. In 1931, Guiteras established the Unión Revolucionaria. Guiteras' political beliefs were nurtured in the volatile political climate of the 1920s. He first became widely known as a student leader and associate of Julio Antonio Mella, a young Communist revolutionary. He believed that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2314267", "chunk_text": "\"Juan Gualberto Gómez\"\nestablished the annual prize that bears his name. The Varadero international airport (VRA) is named the Juan Gualberto Gómez Airport in his honor. Juan Gualberto Gómez authored numerous Spanish-language works on liberty, racial justice and independence in Latin America, including: Juan Gualberto Gómez Juan Gualberto Gómez Ferrer (July 12, 1854 – March 5, 1933) was an Afro-Cuban revolutionary leader in the Cuban War of Independence against Spain. He was a \"\"close collaborator of Martí's,\"\" and alongside him helped plan the uprising and unite the island's black population behind the rebellion. He was an activist for independence and a journalist who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18679447", "chunk_text": "\"Camilo Cienfuegos\"\nCamilo Cienfuegos Camilo Cienfuegos Gorriarán (; 6 February 1932 – 28 October 1959) was a Cuban revolutionary born in Havana. Along with Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Juan Almeida Bosque, and Raúl Castro, he was a member of the 1956 \"\"Granma\"\" expedition, which launched Fidel Castro's armed insurgency against the government of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. He became one of Castro's top guerilla commanders, known as the \"\"Hero of Yaguajay\"\" after winning a key battle of the Cuban Revolution. His signature weapon was the Thompson submachine gun. He was appointed head of Cuba's armed forces shortly after the victory of Castro's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10306962", "chunk_text": "\"Calixto García\"\nCalixto García Calixto García Iñiguez (August 4, 1839 – December 11, 1898) was a cuban general in three Cuban uprisings, part of the Cuban War for Independence: Ten Years' War, the Little War and the War of 1895, itself sometimes called the Cuban War for Independence, which bled into the Spanish–American War, ultimately resulting in national independence for Cuba. García was born in Holguín to parents of Cuban \"\"Criollo\"\" descent. He was a large, strong, educated man with a short fuse. García was the grandson of Calixto García de Luna e Izquierdo, who had fought as royalist in the Battle", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2728038", "chunk_text": "\"Arsenio Martínez Campos\"\npresident of the Supreme War and Navy Council until his death, in 1900. Weyler's tactics, at first successful, eventually contributed instead to US intervention and the Spanish–American War. Arsenio Martínez Campos Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón, born Martínez y Campos (Segovia, Spain, 14 December 1831Zarauz, Spain, 23 September 1900), was a Spanish officer who rose against the First Spanish Republic in a military revolution in 1874 and restored Spain's Bourbon dynasty. Later, he became Captain-General of Cuba. The soldier and politician took part in wars in Africa, Mexico and Cuba and in the last Carlist war. Martínez Campos received a military", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10436446", "chunk_text": "\"Military history of Cuba\"\nManuel de Céspedes and his followers of patriots from his sugar mill La Demajagua began an uprising. The war ended with the signing of the Pact of Zanjón. The Cuban War of Independence was the last major uprising by Cuban Nationalists against the Spanish Colonial Government. The conflict culminated with American intervention during the Spanish–American War. The Spanish–American War was a major war fought by the United States and the Kingdom of Spain in the Spanish territories of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The war was triggered with the sinking of the USS \"\"Maine\"\" in Havana Harbor. Cuban rebels", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8285666", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\nde Agüero and Andrés Manuel Sánchez. Agüero, a white man, and Sánchez, a mulatto, were both executed, becoming the first popular martyrs of the Cuban independence movement. The 1830s also saw a surge of activity from the reformist movement, whose main leader was José Antonio Saco, standing out for his criticism of Spanish despotism and the slave trade. Nevertheless, this surge bore no fruit; Cubans remained deprived of the right to send representatives to the Spanish parliament, and Madrid stepped up repression. Nonetheless, Spain had long been under pressure to end the slave trade. In 1817, it signed a first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19333558", "chunk_text": "\"Cuban War of Independence\"\nCuban War of Independence The Cuban War of Independence (, 1895–98) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, the other two being the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish–American War, with United States forces being deployed in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands against Spain. Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians. During the years", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5077460", "chunk_text": "\"Cuban Revolutionary Council\"\nCuban Revolutionary Council The Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC) was a group formed, with CIA assistance, three weeks before the April 17, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion to \"\"coordinate and direct\"\" the activities of another group known as the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front. Both groups were composed of Cuban exiles dedicated to overthrowing Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. José Miró Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba, was chairman of the Cuban Revolutionary Council. On its board of directors were: Antonio de Varona, Justo Carrillo, Carlos Hevia, Antonio Maceo, Manuel Ray, and Manuel Artime. The Bay of Pigs Invasion floundered and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4270957", "chunk_text": "\"Fulgencio Batista\"\nthe Communist \"\"reds\"\"), because of the green uniforms his soldiers wore. in Cuban post-revolution books, documentaries and movies Batista's troops were are also referred as the \"\"helmets\"\" or \"\"casquitos\"\" (in Spanish), because of the helmets they used. Fulgencio Batista Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (; ; born Rubén Zaldívar; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the elected President of Cuba from 1940 to 1945, and the U.S.-backed authoritarian ruler from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown during the Cuban Revolution. Batista initially rose to power as part of the 1933 Revolt of the Sergeants, which overthrew the provisional government", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8285665", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\na notable rise of Cuban nationalism. A number of independence conspiracies took place during the 1820s and 1830s, but all failed. Among these were the \"\"Expedición de los Trece\"\" (Expedition of the 13) in 1826, the \"\"Gran Legión del Aguila Negra\"\" (Great Legion of the Black Eagle) in 1829, the \"\"Cadena Triangular\"\" (Triangular Chain) and the \"\"Soles de la Libertad\"\" (Suns of Liberty) in 1837. Leading national figures in these years included Félix Varela and Cuba's first revolutionary poet, José María Heredia. In 1826, the first armed uprising for independence took place in Puerto Príncipe (Camagüey Province), led by Francisco", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1348546", "chunk_text": "Cuba\nVirginia planters sold many in the internal domestic slave trade, who were shipped or taken overland to the Deep South, which had greatly expanded its cotton production. Full independence from Spain was the goal of a rebellion in 1868 led by planter Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. De Céspedes, a sugar planter, freed his slaves to fight with him for an independent Cuba. On 27 December 1868, he issued a decree condemning slavery in theory but accepting it in practice and declaring free any slaves whose masters present them for military service. The 1868 rebellion resulted in a prolonged conflict known", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13906456", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\neconomic interests, and to hold free elections. In 1906, the United States representative William Howard Taft, notably with the personal diplomacy of Frederick Funston, negotiated an end of the successful revolt led by the young general Enrique Loynaz del Castillo, who had served under Antonio Maceo in the final war of independence. Estrada Palma resigned, and the United States Governor Charles Magoon assumed temporary control until 1909. In this period, Agustín Martín Veloz and Francisco (Paquito) Rosales founded the embryonic Cuban Communist Party in the area of Manzanillo. Following the election of José Miguel Gómez in November 1908, Cuba was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7684807", "chunk_text": "\"Joaquín de Agüero\"\nJoaquín de Agüero Joaquín de Agüero (November 15, 1816, Puerto Príncipe – August 12, 1851, Puerto Príncipe) was a Cuban revolutionary. In 1843 he freed all his slaves. In 1851 he headed an insurrection against the Spanish government, in the central part of the island. After a desperate contest, he was defeated in battle, captured, and shot, together with his main followers. Joaquín de Agüero studied law in the city of Havana, but returned home as soon as he received notice that his father had become terminally ill. After his father's passing, he inherited his father's land and slaves. A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3583091", "chunk_text": "\"Demetrio Castillo Duany\"\nDemetrio Castillo Duany Demetrio Castillo Duany (November 17, 1856 – November 27, 1922) was a Cuban revolutionary, soldier, and politician. He fought in the Cuban Independence and Spanish–American wars. Demetrio Castillo Duany was born in Santiago de Cuba, into one of the leading families of the eastern region of Cuba and he went to France for his education. After spending some years at the Lycée of Bordeaux he went on to the United States where he studied English and entered an established business house. In 1878, at the age of twenty-two, he returned to Santiago de Cuba to take charge", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10244858", "chunk_text": "\"José Antonio Aponte\"\nJosé Antonio Aponte José Antonio Aponte, often known as “Black” José Aponte, (died April 9, 1812 in Havana) was a Cuban political activist and military officer of Yoruba origin who organized one of the most prominent slave rebellions in Cuba, the Aponte Conspiracy of 1812. He held the rank of first corporal (\"\"cabo primero\"\") in Havana's black militia, and was the leader of his local Yoruba association. Aponte was a free black carpenter in Havana was proclaimed to be the leader of a plot to rebel against the Cuban government, free the slaves and uplift free people of color, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8285660", "chunk_text": "\"History of Cuba\"\n13 British colonies of North America, and the victory of the French Revolution of 1789, influenced early Cuban liberation movements, as did the successful revolt of black slaves in Haiti in 1791. One of the first, headed by a free black, Nicolás Morales, was aimed at gaining equality between \"\"mulatto and whites\"\" and the abolition of sales taxes and other fiscal burdens. Morales' plot was discovered in 1795 in Bayamo, and the conspirators were jailed. As a result of the political upheavals caused by the Iberian Peninsular War and the removal of Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne, a western", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19354463", "chunk_text": "\"José Antonio Aponte\"\nMarie Vickles. This exhibit will travel to New York University and Duke University in 2018. José Antonio Aponte José Antonio Aponte, often known as “Black” José Aponte, (died April 9, 1812 in Havana) was a Cuban political activist and military officer of Yoruba origin who organized one of the most prominent slave rebellions in Cuba, the Aponte Conspiracy of 1812. He held the rank of first corporal (\"\"cabo primero\"\") in Havana's black militia, and was the leader of his local Yoruba association. Aponte was a free black carpenter in Havana was proclaimed to be the leader of a plot to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2486352", "chunk_text": "\"Sergeants' Revolt\"\nthe Hotel Nacional, to await a return to power. The sergeants consolidated their power over the military at the Battle of the Hotel Nacional, in which the higher-ranking officers were eliminated. Batista, having pushed Rodríguez out of power, emerged as the foremost leader. The ensuing One Hundred Days Government issued a number of reformist declarations but never gained diplomatic recognition from the US; it was overthrown in January 1934 under pressure from Batista and the US. Sergeants' Revolt The Sergeants' Revolt (), also called the Cuban Revolution of 1933, was a coup d'etat that occurred in Cuba in September 1933.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "652586", "chunk_text": "\"Ten Years' War\"\nas a leading Latin American intellectual and Cuba’s foremost national hero, its primary architect of the 1895–98 Cuban War of Independence. After some initial victories and defeats, in 1868 Céspedes replaced Gomez as head of the Cuban Army with United States General Thomas Jordan, a veteran of Confederate States Army in the American Civil War. He brought a well-equipped force, but General Jordan's reliance on regular tactics, although initially effective, left the families of Cuban rebels far too vulnerable to the \"\"ethnic cleansing\"\" tactics of the ruthless Blas Villate, Count of Valmaceda (also spelled Balmaceda). Valeriano Weyler, known as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14466624", "chunk_text": "\"Juan Blas Hernández\"\nJuan Blas Hernández Colonel Juan Blas Hernández (January 20, 1879 – November 9, 1933) was a prominent figure in the 1933 revolt against Gerardo Machado. He led various successful campaigns against Machado’s troops en route to Havana. He was invited to Havana on the request of the newly propped-up government of Ramón Grau and Fulgencio Batista, who feared he would, again, rise up in arms. He was asked to enter Havana unarmed by the Government of Grau & Batista. Blas Hernandez, although known as \"\"El Sandino de Cuba\"\", supported the land reform through small holdings and was therefore an ideological", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20732643", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Santiago de Cuba\"\nthe publication of a private letter by the Spanish Minister Enrique Dupuy de Lôme critical of President William McKinley and by the destruction of the American battleship , for which a naval court of inquiry and American yellow journalism blamed Spain. Cuban revolutionaries had staged revolts against Spanish colonial authority in the Ten Years' War (1868–1878), the Little War (1879–1880), and the Cuban War of Independence (1895–1898). During the latter, Spanish General Valeriano Weyler established a policy called reconcentration, in which Spanish forces gathered Cubans who lived in the countryside and centralized them in camps where they could be monitored.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_58	when was the first documented case of tool mark identification?	n/a	[ "1835" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10050403", "chunk_text": "\"Machine tool\"\nhis autobiography. The process by which the master plane gages were produced dates back to antiquity but was refined to an unprecedented degree in the Maudslay shop. The process begins with three square plates each given an identification (ex., 1,2 and 3). The first step is to rub plates 1 and 2 together with a marking medium (called bluing today) revealing the high spots which would be removed by hand scraping with a steel scraper, until no irregularities were visible. This would not produce true plane surfaces but a \"\"ball and socket\"\" concave-concave and convex-convex fit, as this mechanical fit,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4962789", "chunk_text": "Kitemark\ndevice which was drawn up – an uppercase B (for British) on its back, over an S (for standard), enclosed by a V (for verification). The Kitemark was subsequently registered as a trade mark on 12 June 1903 and as such is among the oldest product quality marks in the world still in regular use. The Kitemark was initially used as a trade mark on tramway rails in 1903 and was instrumental in reducing the number of specifications for rails from 75 to 5. The first full Kitemark scheme – equivalent to today’s Kitemark – came into being in 1926,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14393182", "chunk_text": "\"Machine tool\"\nhigh spots existed and then compared to plate number 1. Repeating this process of comparing and scraping the three plates could produce plane surfaces accurate to within millionths of an inch (the thickness of the marking medium). The traditional method of producing the surface gages used an abrasive powder rubbed between the plates to remove the high spots, but it was Whitworth who contributed the refinement of replacing the grinding with hand scraping. Sometime after 1825 Whitworth went to work for Maudslay and it was there that Whitworth perfected the hand scraping of master surface plane gages. In his paper", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12134729", "chunk_text": "Trademark\nmarks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise \"\"prima facie\"\" evidence of ownership of a trade mark and registration of marks began on 1 January 1876. The 1875 Act defined a registrable trade mark as 'a device, or mark, or name of an individual or firm printed in some particular and distinctive manner; or a written signature or copy of a written signature of an individual or firm; or a distinctive label or ticket'. In the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870. This statute purported to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3367373", "chunk_text": "\"Sole markings\"\ndeposits, but are also often seen in modern river beds and tidal channels. Sole markings were first recognized in the Devonian rocks of New York State by James Hall in 1843. Originally, the features found on the undersides of beds were called \"\"hieroglyphs\"\", \"\"fucoids\"\", and \"\"bio hieroglyphs\"\", because of their structure and how they were thought to be created; however, the term \"\"sole mark\"\" is used by geologists at present. Scour marks and flute casts are scours dug into soft, fine sediment which typically get filled by an overlying bed (hence the name cast). Measuring the long axis of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3463938", "chunk_text": "\"Printer's mark\"\ndevices and include The University of Chicago devices that have appeared on the cover of their publication \"\"The Library Quarterly\"\". Printers' devices have been incorporated in American library buildings, as a reflection of the British Arts and Crafts Movement. Printer's mark A printer's mark, device, emblem or insignia was a symbol used as a trademark by early printers starting in the 15th century. The first printer's mark is found in the 1457 Mainz Psalter by Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer. One of the most well-known old printer's marks is the dolphin and anchor, first used by the Venetian printer Aldus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13888750", "chunk_text": "\"United Kingdom trade mark law\"\nregistration of trade marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark and registration of marks began on 1 January 1876. The first trade mark to be so registered was the red triangle of the Bass Brewery. The 1875 Act defined a registrable trade mark as \"\"a device, or mark, or name of an individual or firm printed in some particular and distinctive manner; or a written signature or copy of a written signature of an individual or firm; or a distinctive label or ticket\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9060128", "chunk_text": "Surform\na surform typically is used to shape material, rather than grate it. The word \"\"surform\"\" is an apparent portmanteau of \"\"surface\"\" and \"\"form\"\". It is unclear whether this is a genericized trademark or the opposite, a common name that was subsequently trademarked. Surform is a registered trade mark of Stanley Black & Decker, Inc. in many countries across the world. Surform was first registered as a trade mark in the United Kingdom on 25 September 1953 The first Surform tools were the invention of a British company. A patent for a Surform tool blade was obtained in 1949 in Australia", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3463937", "chunk_text": "\"Printer's mark\"\nPrinter's mark A printer's mark, device, emblem or insignia was a symbol used as a trademark by early printers starting in the 15th century. The first printer's mark is found in the 1457 Mainz Psalter by Johann Fust and Peter Schöffer. One of the most well-known old printer's marks is the dolphin and anchor, first used by the Venetian printer Aldus Manutius as his mark in 1502. The database Printers' Devices of the Ancient Book Section of the Library of the University of Barcelona, was launched in October 1998. The University of Florida libraries also provide digital access to printers'", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "663788", "chunk_text": "\"Brand management\"\ndates appears to date from around the fourth century BCE. In a largely pre-literate society, the shape of the amphora and its pictorial markings functioned as a brand, conveying information about the contents, region of origin and even the identity of the producer which were understood to convey information about product quality. A number of archaeological research studies have found extensive evidence of branding, packaging and labelling in antiquity. Archaeologists have identified some 1,000 different Roman potters' marks of the early Roman Empire, suggesting that branding was a relatively widespread practice. In Pompeii (circa 35 CE), Umbricius Scauras, a manufacturer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10050406", "chunk_text": "\"Machine tool\"\npresented to the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Glasgow in 1840, Whitworth pointed out the inherent inaccuracy of grinding due to no control and thus unequal distribution of the abrasive material between the plates which would produce uneven removal of material from the plates. With the creation of master plane gages of such high accuracy, all critical components of machine tools (i.e., guiding surfaces such as machine ways) could then be compared against them and scraped to the desired accuracy. The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e., commercially available) were constructed by Matthew Murray in England", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5901582", "chunk_text": "Calipers\nimprecise colloquial usage, some speakers extend this even to dial calipers, although they involve no vernier scale. In machine-shop usage, the term \"\"caliper\"\" is often used in contradistinction to \"\"micrometer\"\", even though outside micrometers are technically a form of caliper. In this usage, \"\"caliper\"\" implies only the form factor of the vernier or dial caliper (or its digital counterpart). The earliest caliper has been found in the Greek Giglio wreck near the Italian coast. The ship find dates to the 6th century BC. The wooden piece already featured a fixed and a movable jaw. Although rare finds, caliper remained in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15896666", "chunk_text": "\"Proto (tools)\"\nProto (tools) Proto Tools (formally Stanley Proto) is an American industrial hand tool company. Founded as Plomb, it is presently a division of Stanley Black & Decker. The company is credited with creating the first combination wrench in 1933. Proto was founded in 1907 by Alphonse Plomb, Jacob Weninger, and Charles Williams as the Plomb Tool Company, a small blacksmith shop making chisels in Los Angeles. In 1933, Plomb released what is commonly credited as the first combination wrench. Plomb acquired a number of companies during the 1940s, including Cragin Tool of Chicago, Illinois in 1940, P&C Tool of Oregon", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1037544", "chunk_text": "\"Proto (tools)\"\nStanley Proto Industrial Tools. Proto (tools) Proto Tools (formally Stanley Proto) is an American industrial hand tool company. Founded as Plomb, it is presently a division of Stanley Black & Decker. The company is credited with creating the first combination wrench in 1933. Proto was founded in 1907 by Alphonse Plomb, Jacob Weninger, and Charles Williams as the Plomb Tool Company, a small blacksmith shop making chisels in Los Angeles. In 1933, Plomb released what is commonly credited as the first combination wrench. Plomb acquired a number of companies during the 1940s, including Cragin Tool of Chicago, Illinois in 1940,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6444909", "chunk_text": "\"Optical mark recognition\"\nwas used as early as 1857 as an input device for telegraph. Punch cards were created in 1890 and were used as input devices for computers. The use of punch cards declined greatly in the early 1970s with the introduction of personal computers. With modern OMR, where the presence of a pencil filled in bubble is recognized, the recognition is done via an optical scanner. The first mark sense scanner was the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine; this read marks by sensing the electrical conductivity of graphite pencil lead using pairs of wire brushes that scanned the page. In the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2965124", "chunk_text": "\"Merchant's mark\"\nMerchant's mark A merchant's mark is an emblem or device adopted by a merchant, and placed on goods or produce sold by him in order to keep track of them, or as a sign of authentication. It may also be used as a mark of identity in other contexts. Merchants' marks are as old as the sealings of the third millennium BCE found in Sumer that originated in the Indus Valley. Impressions of cloth, strings and other packing material on the reverse of tags with seal impressions indicate that the Harappan seals were used to control economic administration and trade.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16552997", "chunk_text": "\"Tool bit\"\nnot well understood (as compared with today's sciences), the practical \"\"art\"\" of heat treatment was quite advanced, and something that most skilled metalworkers were comfortably acquainted with. Tool bits were made of carbon tool steels, which have high enough carbon content to take hardening well. Each bit was forged with a hammer, quenched, and then ground with a grindstone. The exact details of the heat treatment and tip geometry were a matter of individual experience and preference. A substantial technological advance occurred in the 1890–1910 period, when Frederick Winslow Taylor applied scientific methods to the study of tool bits and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8455296", "chunk_text": "\"Hand axe\"\nhave been knapped to remove the natural cortex, at least partially. Hand axes are a type of the somewhat wider biface group of two-faced tools or weapons. Hand axes were the first prehistoric tools to be recognized as such: the first published representation of a hand axe was drawn by John Frere and appeared in a British publication in 1800. Until that time, their origins were thought to be natural or supernatural. They were called \"\"thunderstones\"\", because popular tradition held that they had fallen from the sky during storms or were formed inside the earth by a lightning strike and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6444910", "chunk_text": "\"Optical mark recognition\"\n1930s, Richard Warren at IBM experimented with optical mark sense systems for test scoring, as documented in US Patents 2,150,256 (filed in 1932, granted in 1939) and 2,010,653 (filed in 1933, granted in 1935). The first successful optical mark-sense scanner was developed by Everett Franklin Lindquist as documented in US Patent 3,050,248 (filed in 1955, granted in 1962). Lindquist had developed numerous standardized educational tests, and needed a better test scoring machine than the then-standard IBM 805. The rights to Lindquist's patents were held by the Measurement Research Center until 1968, when the University of Iowa sold the operation to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3831272", "chunk_text": "Fingerprint\nall humans from thumb print.the Naadi palm leaves are located based on the thumb impressions (right for men, left for women). This ancient Indian system of astrology was called Nadi astrology. By 246 BCE, Chinese officials were impressing their fingerprints into the clay seals used to seal documents. With the advent of silk and paper in China, parties to a legal contract impressed their handprints on the document. Sometime before 851 CE, an Arab merchant in China, Abu Zayd Hasan, witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans. By 702, Japan allowed illiterate petitioners seeking a divorce to \"\"sign\"\" their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19511445", "chunk_text": "Fingerprint\nauthentication. In his \"\"Jami al-Tawarikh\"\" (Universal History), the Persian physician Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (also known as \"\"Rashideddin\"\", 1247–1318) refers to the Chinese practice of identifying people via their fingerprints, commenting: \"\"Experience shows that no two individuals have fingers exactly alike.\"\" In Persia at this time, government documents may have been authenticated with thumbprints. In 1665, the Italian physician Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694) briefly mentioned, in his \"\"De externo tactus organo anatomica observatio\"\", the existence of patterns of ridges and sweat glands on the fingertips. In 1684, the English physician, botanist, and microscopist Nehemiah Grew (1641–1712) published the first scientific paper to describe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2121975", "chunk_text": "Bookplate\nin Latin, \"\"\"\". Bookplates are important evidence for the provenance of books. In the United States, bookplates replaced book rhymes after the 19th century. The earliest known marks of ownership of books or documents date from the reign of Amenophis III in Egypt (1391−1353 BCE). However, in their modern form, they evolved from simple inscriptions in books which were common in Europe in the Middle Ages, when various other forms of \"\"librarianship\"\" became widespread (such as the use of class-marks, call-numbers, or shelfmarks). The earliest known examples of printed bookplates are German, and date from the 15th century. One of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19511453", "chunk_text": "Fingerprint\nUnited States, Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in the New York Civil Service in 1902, and by 1906, New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot, an expert in the Bertillon system and a finger print advocate at Police Headquarters, introduced the fingerprinting of criminals to the United States. The Scheffer case of 1902 is the first case of the identification, arrest and conviction of a murderer based upon fingerprint evidence. Alphonse Bertillon identified the thief and murderer Scheffer, who had previously been arrested and his fingerprints filed some months before, from the fingerprints found on a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12628761", "chunk_text": "\"Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners\"\nAssociation of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners The Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners (AFTE) is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the advancement of firearm and tool mark identification, which is one of the forensic sciences. Prior to 1969, police and civilian firearm and tool mark examiners regularly met during annual meetings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) to discuss concerns specific to their field. In 1969, 35 examiners from the United States and Canada met at the Chicago Police Department Crime Laboratory and formed the Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners. The first official", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4738466", "chunk_text": "\"Crosscut saw\"\nhave been in use around the world since historic times, with the design of the saws (the cutting surfaces, the bow and shape of the saw, and the handles) changing over time to accommodate differences in the types of trees being cut, changes in metallurgy technology, and the application of experience. Records exist of crosscut saws in use during the Roman Empire although not widely. They came into wide usage in Europe in the middle of the 15th century. Early saws had a plain tooth pattern until the M tooth pattern was developed in 15th century south Germany. Prior to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3015477", "chunk_text": "\"Digital watermarking\"\n1992. The first successful embedding and extraction of a steganographic spread spectrum watermark was demonstrated in 1993 by Andrew Tirkel, Charles Osborne and Gerard Rankin. Watermarks are identification marks produced during the paper making process. The first watermarks appeared in Italy during the 13th century, but their use rapidly spread across Europe. They were used as a means to identify the paper maker or the trade guild that manufactured the paper. The marks often were created by a wire sewn onto the paper mold. Watermarks continue to be used today as manufacturer's marks and to prevent forgery. Digital watermarking may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5901583", "chunk_text": "Calipers\nuse by the Greeks and Romans. A bronze caliper, dating from 9 AD, was used for minute measurements during the Chinese Xin dynasty. The caliper had an inscription stating that it was \"\"made on a \"\"gui-you\"\" day at new moon of the first month of the first year of the Shijian guo period.\"\" The calipers included a \"\"slot and pin\"\" and \"\"graduated in inches and tenths of an inch.\"\" The modern vernier caliper, reading to thousandths of an inch, was invented by American Joseph R. Brown in 1851. It was the first practical tool for exact measurements that could be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10091900", "chunk_text": "\"Nail clipper\"\nbooth, penknife in hand, quietly cleaning his nails.\"\" The first United States patent for an improvement in a finger-nail clipper was filed in 1875 by Valentine Fogerty and in the United Kingdom, Hungarian inventor David Gestetner. Other subsequent patents for an improvement in finger-nail clippers are those in 1876 by William C. Edge, and in 1878 by John H. Hollman. Filings for finger-nail clippers include, in 1881, those of Eugene Heim and Celestin Matz, in 1885 by George H. Coates (for a finger-nail \"\"cutter\"\"), and in 1905 by Chapel S. Carter with a later patent in 1922. Around 1913, Carter", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5553764", "chunk_text": "Ceramography\non prior austenite grain boundaries. Geologist Henry Clifton Sorby, the \"\"father of metallography,\"\" applied petrographic techniques to the steel industry in the 1860s in Sheffield, England. French geologist Auguste Michel-Lévy devised a chart that correlated the optical properties of minerals to their transmitted color and thickness in the 1880s. Swedish metallurgist J.A. Brinell invented the first quantitative hardness scale in 1900. Smith and Sandland developed the first microindention hardness test at Vickers Ltd. in London in 1922. Swiss-born microscopist A.I. Buehler started the first metallographic equipment manufacturer near Chicago in 1936. Frederick Knoop and colleagues at the National Bureau of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13998986", "chunk_text": "\"Solutrean hypothesis\"\ntool, a biface hand axe, which was later suggested by Stanford and Bailey to resemble Solutrean stone tools was dredged up by the trawler \"\"Cinmar\"\" off the east coast of Virginia in an area that would have been dry land prior to the rising sea levels of the Pleistocene Epoch. The tool was allegedly found in the same dredge load that contained a mastodon's remains. The mastodon tusks were later dated at 22,000 years old. In addition several archaeological sites on the Delmarva peninsula with suggestive, but not definitive, dating between 16,000 and 18,000 years have been discovered by Darrin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6023556", "chunk_text": "\"Forensics in antiquity\"\ndid not, however, use that knowledge for criminal investigations (as in modern dactylography). But in the first century BC the Roman attorney Quintilian won his client’s acquittal for murder by showing that the suspect's hand did not match a bloody palm print at the murder site. Prints were more commonly used for identification. Hand and fingerprints were widely accepted as signatures as early as 2000 BC in Babylonia. Ancient physicians often took part in criminal investigations, in part because of their connections to rulers, and Hippocrates recommended as early as in the fourth century BC that physicians learn how to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4156268", "chunk_text": "Carpentry\nto the bronze age to the iron age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early neolithic period. Relatively little information about carpentry is available from pre-history (before written language) or even recent centuries because the knowledge and skills were passed down person to person, rarely in writing, until the printing press was invented in the 15th century and builders began regularly publishing guides and pattern books in the 18th and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18900012", "chunk_text": "Screw\nSome of these issues are discussed below: Early wood screws were made by hand, with a series of files, chisels, and other cutting tools, and these can be spotted easily by noting the irregular spacing and shape of the threads, as well as file marks remaining on the head of the screw and in the area between threads. Many of these screws had a blunt end, completely lacking the sharp tapered point on nearly all modern wood screws. Eventually, lathes were used to manufacture wood screws, with the earliest patent being recorded in 1760 in England. During the 1850s swaging", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6258114", "chunk_text": "Brand\nwere used to indelibly mark items such as furniture and pottery, and to permanently burn identifying marks into the skin of slaves and livestock. Later the firebrands were replaced with branding irons. The marks themselves took on the term and came to be closely associated with craftsmen's products. Through that association, the term eventually acquired its current meaning. Branding and labelling have an ancient history. Branding probably began with the practice of branding livestock in order to deter theft. Images of the branding of cattle occur in ancient Egyptian tombs dating to around 2,700 BCE. Over time, purchasers realised that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19511442", "chunk_text": "Fingerprint\nthe process of adding decoration. However, on some pottery, fingerprints have been impressed so deeply into the clay that they were possibly intended to serve as an identifying mark by the maker. Fingerprints were used as signatures in ancient Babylon in the second millennium BCE. In order to protect against forgery, parties to a legal contract would impress their fingerprints into a clay tablet on which the contract had been written. In Ancient India some texts called Naadi were written by a Rishi called Agastya where the text is said to predict the past, present and the future lives of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18442894", "chunk_text": "\"Resin identification code\"\nResin identification code The ASTM International Resin Identification Coding System, often abbreviated as the RIC, is a set of symbols appearing on plastic products that identify the plastic resin out of which the product is made. It was developed in 1988 by the Society of the Plastics Industry (now the Plastics Industry Association) in the United States, but since 2008 it has been administered by ASTM International, an international standards organization. The US Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988, when the organisation was called Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI). The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14754988", "chunk_text": "\"Table saw\"\nless material lost and the possibility of kickback is reduced as well. In the United States, perhaps the first recorded patent for the circular saw was issued in 1777 to an Englishman, Samuel Miller; it refers to a circular saw that was created in Holland in the 16th or 17th centuries. The 1885 catalog of the W.F. & John Barnes Co., Rockford, Il. clearly shows a classic table saw and it is labeled as a \"\"Hand [Powered] Circular Rip Saw\"\". Table saws are especially dangerous, because the operator holds the material being cut, instead of the saw, making it easy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1310109", "chunk_text": "\"Trip hammer\"\nend), which featured a series of catches or lugs on the main revolving shaft as well. This device enabled the labor of pounding, often in the decorticating and polishing of grain, and avoided manual use of pounding with hand and arm. Although historians assert that its origins may span as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC–221 BC), the earliest texts to describe the device are the \"\"Jijiupian\"\" dictionary of 40 BC, Yang Xiong's text known as the \"\"Fangyan\"\" of 15 BC, as well as the \"\"Xin Lun\"\" written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10069640", "chunk_text": "\"Forensic science\"\nthe fingerprints of individuals on file. In 1892, after studying Galton's pattern types, Vucetich set up the world's first fingerprint bureau. In that same year, Francisca Rojas of Necochea was found in a house with neck injuries whilst her two sons were found dead with their throats cut. Rojas accused a neighbour, but despite brutal interrogation, this neighbour would not confess to the crimes. Inspector Alvarez, a colleague of Vucetich, went to the scene and found a bloody thumb mark on a door. When it was compared with Rojas' prints, it was found to be identical with her right thumb.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3595472", "chunk_text": "\"Union label\"\nUnion label A union label (sometimes called a union bug) is a label, mark or emblem which advertises that the employees who make a product or provide a service are represented by the labor union or group of unions whose label appears, in order to attract customers who prefer to buy union-made products. The term \"\"union bug\"\" is frequently used to describe a minuscule union label appearing on printed materials, which supposedly resembles a small insect. The invention of the union label concept is attributed to the Carpenter’s Eight-Hour League in San Francisco, California which adopted a stamp in 1869", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11826477", "chunk_text": "\"Hand axe\"\nto work wood. Some hand axes were used with force that left clearly visible marks. Other visible marks can be left as the scars from retouching, on occasion it is possible to distinguish them from marks left by the initial manufacture. One of the most common cases is when a point breaks. This was seen at sites in Europe, Africa and Asia. One example comes from the El Basalito site in Salamanca, where excavation uncovered fragments of a hand axe with marks at the tip that appeared to be the result of the action of a wedge, which would have", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9797846", "chunk_text": "\"Arthur Kollmann\"\nin humans, and he was the first to study epidermic markings in different races. Alfred R. Hale described Kollmann as the first researcher (1883) to suggest that mechanical stresses inherent in fetal growth may influence the ultimate dermatoglyphic configuration. He is buried in the Nordfriedhof, Leipzig. Arthur Kollmann Arthur Kollmann (1858–1941) was a German medical researcher from Hamburg who studied the fingerprint characteristics of friction ridges and volar pads. In the 1880s (1883, 1885), Kollmann was the first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus and the random physical stresses and tensions which may have played", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17098911", "chunk_text": "\"Königsaue\"\npartial finger-print of a Neanderthal. It shows the impression of a piece of wood as well and was thus used for hafting a composite tool. It is the oldest evidence for the use of chemical processes (dry destillation) up to now (=2004). The pieces are black, of a longish shape and show traces of kneading. Chemical analysis (gas-chromatography) confirm the identification as birch-pitch (presence of betulin). The bigger piece shows impressions of a retouched stone artefact and of a split piece of wood, most probably a wooden haft of a bifacial tool. There are weak traces of finger-prints, but the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15764765", "chunk_text": "\"Chopper (archaeology)\"\nAlso, these tools were used on plants, such as digging up roots and shaving and chopping wood. Later in history, it seems that choppers were being outdated by newer technology. The handheld tools for scraping and cutting were no longer sought after, for tools with shapes that fit the hand seemed to be the upcoming trend. Starting about 1.6 million years ago, this new technology evolution emerged, known as the Acheulean tradition. Tools classified under this category are known as the earliest indicators of hand axe usage. The biggest difference from the early oldowan tools, or choppers, is the fact", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3831319", "chunk_text": "Fingerprint\nwriter R. Austin Freeman's first Thorndyke novel \"\"The Red Thumb-Mark\"\" was published in 1907 and features a bloody fingerprint left on a piece of paper together with a parcel of diamonds inside a safe-box. These become the center of a medico-legal investigation led by Dr. Thorndyke, who defends the accused whose fingerprint matches that on the paper, after the diamonds are stolen. On the television series Bonanza (1959–1973), the first episode with the ethnic Chinese character, Hop Sing, #316 The Mark of Guilt was about fingerprinting and its relationship to Chinese culture. Hop Sing uses his Oriental knowledge of \"\"chops\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6346366", "chunk_text": "Saw\nsea shells and shark teeth. In ancient Egypt, open (unframed) saws made of copper are documented as early as the Early Dynastic Period, circa 3,100–2,686 BC. Many copper saws were found in tomb No. 3471 dating to the reign of Djer in the 31st century BC. Saws have been used for cutting a variety of materials, including humans (\"\"see\"\" Death by sawing). Models of saws have been found in many contexts throughout Egyptian history. Particularly useful are tomb wall illustrations of carpenters at work that show sizes and the use of different types. Egyptian saws were at first serrated, hardened", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4234443", "chunk_text": "\"Sampler (needlework)\"\nSampler (needlework) A (needlework) sampler is a piece of embroidery or cross-stitching produced as a demonstration or a test of skill in needlework. It often includes the alphabet, figures, motifs, decorative borders and sometimes the name of the person who embroidered it and the date. The word sampler is derived from the Latin ‘exemplum’ - an example. The earliest sampler extant is a spot sampler, i.e. one having randomly scattered motifs, of the Nazca culture in Peru formerly in the Museum of Primitive Art, New York City. It is estimated to date from ca. 200 BCE –300 CE and is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5562471", "chunk_text": "\"Socket wrench\"\nthe male head of a fastener—have existed for centuries. Early examples include the keys used to wind clocks since the Middle Ages. The heads and sockets were typically square; hex heads eventually became more common starting in the 20th century. The ratcheting socket wrench, with interchangeable (indexable) sockets, was invented by an American, J.J. Richardson, of Woodstock, Vermont, USA. The tool was patented (Pat. No. 38,914) through the Scientific American Patent Agency on June 16, 1863. The first illustration of the tool appears on pg. 248 of the April 16, 1864 issue of Scientific American. In current English usage, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18878810", "chunk_text": "SawStop\nusing a hot dog as a finger-analog, in spring 2000, Gass conducted the first test with a real human finger: he applied Novocain to his left ring finger, and after two false starts, he placed his finger into the teeth of a whirring saw blade. The blade stopped as designed, and although it \"\"hurt like the dickens and bled a lot,\"\" his finger remained intact. SawStop, at the time consisting of \"\"three guys out of a barn in Wilsonville\"\", demonstrated a prototype in August 2000 at the International Woodworking Machinery and Furniture Supply Fair trade show. A series of meetings", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13469177", "chunk_text": "Tool\n\"\"instrument\"\", \"\"utensil\"\", \"\"device\"\", or ware. Anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind. Because tools are used extensively by both humans and wild chimpanzees, it is widely assumed that the first routine use of tools took place prior to the divergence between the two species. These early tools, however, were likely made of perishable materials such as sticks, or consisted of unmodified stones that cannot be distinguished from other stones as tools. Stone artifacts only date back to about 2.5 million years ago. However, a 2010 study suggests the hominin species \"\"Australopithecus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_59	who has won the mens singles title in the australian open tennis tournament?	n/a	[ "Roger Federer" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12940455", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Marin Čilić in the final, 6–2, 6–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–1. It was Federer's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record-equalling sixth Australian Open men's singles title (tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic). With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments (six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon). Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7251973", "chunk_text": "\"2019 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2019 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer is the two-time defending champion. Federer will become the oldest man ever to win the Australian Open if he wins the title. Currently, Ken Rosewall remains the oldest Australian Open champion, at 37 years and 2 months, a record that remains unbeaten since 1972. Either Federer or Novak Djokovic can set a new all-time record by winning a seventh Australian Open title. Federer could become only the second man in the Open Era (after Djokovic in 2011, 2012 and 2013) to win three consecutive Australian Open titles. Rafael Nadal can become the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4509197", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to the 117th ranked Denis Istomin from Uzbekistan. It was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he lost to Marat Safin, that Djokovic failed to make it past the second round of a major and the first time since the 2006 Australian Open that he failed to make it to the third round in Melbourne. Roger Federer won his fifth Australian Open title, and 18th Major title overall, defeating Rafael Nadal in the final in five sets. With", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7251974", "chunk_text": "\"2019 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\nfirst player in the Open Era to achieve a double career grand slam by winning this tournament. 2019 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer is the two-time defending champion. Federer will become the oldest man ever to win the Australian Open if he wins the title. Currently, Ken Rosewall remains the oldest Australian Open champion, at 37 years and 2 months, a record that remains unbeaten since 1972. Either Federer or Novak Djokovic can set a new all-time record by winning a seventh Australian Open title. Federer could become only the second man in the Open Era (after Djokovic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "44651", "chunk_text": "\"2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only one to have the distinction without having won the title. Australian Lleyton Hewitt, a 2005 finalist, two-time Grand Slam champion", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17551081", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nThe most striking difference between this match and past Fedal Slam finals is that Federer hit more than double the number of winning shots than Nadal, 73 to 35. Winning his 5th Australian Open men's singles title, Roger Federer extended his all-time record of Grand Slam titles to 18, pulling four ahead of the second all-time count of 14 held by Rafael Nadal and Pete Sampras. Federer also became the first man ever to win at least 5 singles majors at 3 different Grand Slams each (Australian Open, Wimbledon, and US Open). In addition to being denied his third effort", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8730608", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Australian Open\"\n2018 Australian Open The 2018 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played at Melbourne Park between 15–28 January 2018, and was the first Grand Slam tournament of the 2018 season. The tournament consisted of events for professional players in singles, doubles and mixed doubles play. Junior and wheelchair players compete in singles and doubles tournaments. Roger Federer was the defending champion in the men's singles event and successfully retained his title (his sixth), defeating Marin Čilić in the final, while Caroline Wozniacki won the women's title, defeating Simona Halep in the final to win her first Grand Slam. The tournament", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238932", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nmen's singles Grand Slam defeating four top 10 players for the title was 35 years ago, accomplished by the unseeded 17 year-old Mats Wilander at the 1982 French Open - Men's Singles. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final also marked Federer's 100th Australian Open match. Winning the 2017 Australian Open catapulted Federer back into the top 10 rankings at No. 10. Nadal's runner-up position advanced his rank from No. 9 to No. 6. Nadal and Federer would continue their resurgent form throughout the season, each winning two of the four majors (Federer winning a record eighth Wimbledon title, Nadal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "44652", "chunk_text": "\"2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\nand former world No. 1, played his last professional singles matches. He lost to David Ferrer in the second round. 2016 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the defending champion and successfully defended his title, defeating Andy Murray, 6–1, 7–5, 7–6 in a rematch of the previous year's final, and the fourth Australian Open final between the pair. Djokovic also equaled Roy Emerson's all-time men's record of six Australian Open singles titles. Murray also became the second man in the Open Era (after Ivan Lendl) to lose five Grand Slam finals at one event, and is the only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238910", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\n2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final The 2017 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open. It was contested between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, ranked 17th and 9th in the world respectively. It was their record ninth meeting in a Grand Slam final in their rivalry, and their 1st meeting in a Grand Slam final since the 2011 French Open. In a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in 5 sets, Roger Federer won the duel in 5 sets, beating Nadal for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238929", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nhis years-long quest since his 2012 Wimbledon title win for his 18th Grand Slam singles title, which previously saw three finals appearances and losses all to then-reigning No. 1 Novak Djokovic at the 2014 Wimbledon, 2015 Wimbledon and the 2015 US Open. At 35 years and 174 days of age, Federer became the second-oldest winner of a Grand Slam after Ken Rosewall since 1972. Considered altogether along with his return from his six-month injury layoff, his 2017 Australian Open run seeing three 5-set match wins over top 10 players, and his Grand Slam match history of losses against Nadal, Federer's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17551101", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nin the 2014 final against Stan Wawrinka when he was behind, and came back to play better and win the third set in that final following the break. Nadal's uncle and coach, Toni Nadal, also believed that Federer's medical time out was not called to secure an advantage from stopping the match's rhythm and pace. In fact, Nadal broke Federer's serve immediately after the timeout. 2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final The 2017 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open. It was contested between Roger Federer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4509198", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\nthe win, Federer became the first male player to win at least five titles at three Grand Slam tournaments (five at the Australian Open, seven at Wimbledon and five at the US Open). The win was also Federer's first title on the ATP tour in over 12 months; his last win was at Basel on 1 November 2015. This was the first Grand Slam tournament in which Andy Murray started as World No. 1 and top seed. Murray retained the top ranking despite losing to Mischa Zverev in the fourth round, because second seeded Djokovic needed to win the tournament", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1852456", "chunk_text": "\"2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion, but he lost in the semifinals to Novak Djokovic. Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic contested the final for the third time, having met for the title in 2011 and 2013 with Djokovic winning both times. Djokovic went on to win his fifth Australian Open title by defeating Murray once again, 7–6, 6–7, 6–3, 6–0. The defeat saw Murray lose the Australian Open final for the fourth time in his career, becoming the first man in the Open Era to achieve four runner-up finishes in Melbourne. Roger Federer's streak", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17486269", "chunk_text": "\"2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and successfully defended his title by defeating Andy Murray in the final 6–7, 7–6, 6–3, 6–2. In winning the 2013 title, Djokovic became the first man in the Open Era to win the Australian Open three consecutive times, and the third man after Roger Federer and Andre Agassi to win the title four times overall. Djokovic retained the ATP number 1 ranking by reaching the semifinals after Federer failed to win the title. They were in contention for the top ranking at the start of the tournament.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17486268", "chunk_text": "\"2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2013 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, and successfully defended his title by defeating Andy Murray in the final 6–7, 7–6, 6–3, 6–2. In winning the 2013 title, Djokovic became the first man in the Open Era to win the Australian Open three consecutive times, and the third man after Roger Federer and Andre Agassi to win the title four times overall. Djokovic retained the ATP number 1 ranking by reaching the semifinals after Federer failed to win the title. They were in contention for the top ranking at the start of the tournament.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19634603", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open\"\nallow him to successfully serve out the match in the final ninth game. This was Roger Federer's 18th Grand Slam singles title, the most ever by a man in the history of tennis, and it was his fifth Australian Open title, just one shy of the record co-held by Novak Djokovic and Roy Emerson. Federer would go on to equal this record by defending his title successfully the next year. This was a rematch of the 2003 Australian Open final, where Serena Williams completed the first \"\"Serena Slam\"\" and her career Grand Slam, whilst Serena won five more Australian Open", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238915", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nOpen and his last appearance in the Australian Open men's singles final was against Stan Wawrinka in 2014, which Wawrinka won in four sets. Nadal, however, won the Monte-Carlo Masters title in 2016, while Federer, for the first time since 2000, did not win a tournament title. Prior to the 2017 Australian Open, Nadal had reached the quarterfinals of the 2017 Brisbane International, losing to Milos Raonic, while Federer had played in the 2017 Hopman Cup in singles and mixed round robins with Belinda Bencic, winning two and losing one match in both singles and mixed doubles (the Swiss team", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238921", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\n2017 Australian Open men's singles final would either see Federer breaking his historic all-time record of 17 men's Grand Slam singles titles, or, Nadal with 15 Grand Slam singles titles that would break the tie between himself and Sampras' Grand Slam title count and subsequently narrow the Grand Slam title count gap between himself and Federer. Furthermore, should Nadal win, he would become the first man in the Open Era to achieve a double career Grand Slam, winning each of the Grand Slams at least twice in men's singles. Numerous tennis players and legends fielded their opinions on the match", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238918", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nsince their last Grand Slam final meeting and respective struggles, simultaneously acknowledging and embracing the present significance and the magnitude of their upcoming match. Federer's entry in the 2017 Australian Open already drew substantial and critical media attention due to his 6-month layoff from his knee injury, his continued years-long quest for his 18th singles major, and his consistent form and reflected appearances in two semi-finals and two finals in four previous Grand Slam tournaments despite his advancing age. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final between perennial archrivals Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal further developed from that attention and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19559714", "chunk_text": "\"Nick Kyrgios\"\nNick Kyrgios Nicholas Hilmy Kyrgios ( ; born 27 April 1995) is an Australian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 35 in men's singles by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He is currently the second highest-ranked Australian in the ATP rankings. Kyrgios has won four ATP Titles, and has reached seven ATP finals, including the 2017 Cincinnati Masters. During his junior career, Kyrgios won the boys' singles event at the 2013 Australian Open and the boys' doubles event at the 2013 Wimbledon Championships. During his professional career, Kyrgios reached the quarter-finals of the 2014 Wimbledon Championships—upsetting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12940456", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n1972. The time span between Federer's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest, almost 15 years, is an Open era record in the men's singles field. This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title, with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open. Čilić became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open. Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP no. 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament. Nadal ensured he would retain the top ranking by reaching the fourth round.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11333788", "chunk_text": "\"Lleyton Hewitt\"\nthe amount of tax he would otherwise have had to pay, Hewitt relocated his family for the European and North American season to their home in the Old Fort Bay estate, in Nassau, Bahamas. Hewitt has a nickname, 'Rusty', which was given to him by Darren Cahill who at the time thought Hewitt resembled the character Rusty, from the National Lampoon film series. Lleyton Hewitt Lleyton Glynn Hewitt (born 24 February 1981) is an Australian professional tennis player and former world No. 1. He is the last Australian male to win a men's singles Grand Slam title. In November 2001", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "873127", "chunk_text": "\"2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "873128", "chunk_text": "\"2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2011 Australian Open – Men's Singles Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated in the semifinals by Novak Djokovic, who went on to win the tournament by defeating Andy Murray 6–4, 6–2, 6–3 in the final. It was Djokovic's 2nd title at the Australian Open, and 2nd Major title overall. Rafael Nadal, the 2009 champion, had the chance to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at once, having won the French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open in 2010, but he lost in the quarter-finals against compatriot David Ferrer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17551099", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nand Federer, won French Open and Wimbledon respectively, both without dropping a set. Nadal also won the US Open later the same year. In 2018, Federer successfully defended his Australian Open title, defeating finalist Marin Čilić in 5 sets. Pat Cash criticized Federer's 'lengthy break' after the 4th set due to a medical time-out, accusing him of \"\"legal\"\" cheating and criticized the tournament for allowing Federer to do so. In response, Federer said that Cash was unfair and exaggerating in his criticism, elaborating that his quad and groin began to hurt through the second and third sets respectively and finally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238912", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nplayers in their respective careers, critical speculation of this being their last Grand Slam finals contest against one another, the potential tennis history made from either victory and subsequent implications for their respective legacies, and the match's relevance towards popular and critical discussions on either Federer or Nadal being 'the greatest tennis player of all time', the 2017 Australian Open men's singles finals match between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, referred by the moniker 'Fedal XXXV', was a 'dream final'. Arguably the most highly anticipated match in the history of tennis, it was dubbed one of the most important sporting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238916", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\ndid not qualify for the final). En route to the final both Federer and Nadal made exceptional campaigns: Federer scored 3 top-10 wins, including a 5-set win over Kei Nishikori in the 4th round, which became Federer's 200th win over top-10 players in his career and becoming the first man ever to achieve this feat, and culminated by a 5-set win in the semifinals over compatriot Stan Wawrinka after surviving a few breaks points in the 5th; Nadal scored 2 top-10 wins, as well as ending Grigor Dimitrov's unbeaten 2017 win streak of 10 matches in the semifinals in 4", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4509200", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\nSlam champion since Ken Rosewall had won the 1972 Australian Open at 37 years and 63 days old. Andy Murray \"\"(Fourth round)\"\" 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to the 117th ranked Denis Istomin from Uzbekistan. It was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he lost to Marat Safin, that Djokovic failed to make it past the second round of a major and the first time since the 2006 Australian Open that he failed to make it to the third round in Melbourne. Roger", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "567115", "chunk_text": "\"Novak Djokovic\"\nNovak Djokovic Novak Djokovic ( / \"\"Novak Đoković\"\", ; born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No. 1 in men's singles tennis by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). Djokovic has won 14 Grand Slam singles titles, five ATP Finals titles, 32 ATP World Tour Masters 1000 series titles, 12 ATP World Tour 500 tournaments, and has held the No. 1 spot in the ATP rankings for over 200 weeks. In majors, he has won six Australian Open titles, four Wimbledon titles, three US Open titles and one French Open title. Following", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238930", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nvictory from being down 1–3 in the final set against Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final is considered by some to be the biggest win in his career. Federer's 5th Australian Open title win marked a tournament record 7 year-long gap between a player's successive Australian Open titles and also established an Open-era Slam record of a 13+ year-long span of winning men's singles Grand Slam titles since his maiden 2003 Wimbledon title win. Winning another Australian Open title also saw Federer increase his all-time record count of hard court singles majors to 10, two ahead of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19634601", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open\"\n(and to date, only) Spaniard to win the Australian Open title; as of 2018 it remains his only title at the tournament. The final saw the two holding service for six games of the first set, whilst during the seventh game was the pivotal break of serve giving Federer the opening set. Nadal quickly broke Federer's serve in the second set racing out to a lead that Federer could not overcome, giving him the second set and levelling the match at one set apiece. The third set was a rather lopsided affair seeing Nadal secure his service game only in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8211218", "chunk_text": "\"2014 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\nwin a Grand Slam since Juan Martín del Potro won the 2009 US Open. He also became the first male player to defeat the top two seeds at a Grand Slam since Sergi Bruguera at the 1993 French Open. By participating in this tournament, Roger Federer broke the record of consecutive Grand Slam appearances as this was his 57th consecutive appearance at a Major. Rafael Nadal \"\"(Final)\"\" 2014 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the three-time defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Stanislas Wawrinka, bringing Djokovic's 25-match winning streak at the Australian Open, 28-match", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238922", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nand who would win, including Australian Open promotional interviews with Roy Emerson, Fred Stolle, John McEnroe, Lindsay Davenport, and Rod Laver, in addition to other media interviews with John Newcombe, Martina Navratilova, Lleyton Hewitt, Pat Rafter, Michael Chang, Mary Joe Fernández, and Andy Roddick. Federer's age, his last two disappointing four-set losses in Grand Slam tournament finals, and first tournament return from his six-month layoff due to his injured and surgically repaired knee were all collectively cited against Federer's chances for winning the final, all in addition to the popularly cited Nadal's dominant head-to-head record (including 3-0 against Federer in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5232873", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open\"\nthe second and fourth rounds, respectively. For the first time since the 2004 French Open, both No. 1 seeds lost before the quarterfinals, with both Andy Murray and Kerber defeated in the fourth round. Roger Federer won his eighteenth men's singles Grand Slam title by defeating Rafael Nadal in a five-set final. It was his first major title since 2012 Wimbledon and a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in five sets. Serena Williams overcame her sister Venus in the women's singles final, surpassing Steffi Graf to become the player with the most major wins in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15247855", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open Series\"\ndefending champion, but withdrew before the tournament began due to a back injury. Elise Mertens won her first WTA singles title, defeating Monica Niculescu in the final, 6–3, 6–1. Mertens had come through the qualifying tournament and thus became only the third qualifier to win the Hobart International, following Mona Barthel in 2012 and Garbiñe Muguruza in 2014. Novak Djokovic was the two-time defending champion, but lost in the second round to the 117th ranked Denis Istomin from Uzbekistan. Roger Federer won his fifth Australian Open title, and 18th Major title overall, defeating Rafael Nadal in the final in five", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6356717", "chunk_text": "\"Jimmy Connors\"\nis one of only six men to win three or more Grand Slam singles titles in a calendar year. The others are: Rod Laver who won the Grand Slam in 1969; Mats Wilander won the Australian, French and US Open in 1988; Roger Federer won the Australian, Wimbledon and US Open in 2004, 2006 and 2007; Rafael Nadal won the French, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2010; and Novak Djokovic won the Australian, Wimbledon, and US Open in 2011 and 2015. Connors reached the final of the US Open in five straight years from 1974 through 1978, winning three times", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9234399", "chunk_text": "\"Lleyton Hewitt\"\nLleyton Hewitt Lleyton Glynn Hewitt (born 24 February 1981) is an Australian professional tennis player and former world No. 1. He is the last Australian male to win a men's singles Grand Slam title. In November 2001 Hewitt became the youngest male ever to be ranked No. 1 in the world in singles at the age of . He won 30 singles titles and 3 doubles titles, his highlights being the 2001 US Open and 2002 Wimbledon men's singles titles, the 2000 US Open men's doubles title, back-to-back Tennis Masters Cup titles in 2001 and 2002, and the Davis Cup", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20598388", "chunk_text": "\"Roger Federer\"\nwas his second Hopman Cup title, having won previously in 2001 with Martina Hingis. At the 2018 Australian Open, Federer reached the final without dropping a set, and successfully defended his title beating Marin Čilić in a five-set final. This was Federer's sixth title at the Australian Open, equaling the record held by Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic, as well as becoming the first man to win twenty Grand Slam titles. It was also the first time since the 2008 US Open that Federer successfully defended a major title. In mid-February, Federer won his third Rotterdam Open title to return", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2387919", "chunk_text": "\"Big Four (tennis)\"\nthrough tough five-set semi-final matches to make the final. In the Australian Open final, a second consecutive five-set match for both players, Federer triumphed over arch-rival Nadal, winning an 18th men's singles Grand Slam title. Federer went on to win a record-equalling fifth Indian Wells title, gaining another victory over Rafael Nadal in the 4th round and defeating his countryman Stan Wawrinka in the final. Federer and Nadal once again met, contesting another Masters 1000 final for the 2017 Miami Open title. Federer defeated Nadal in straight sets again, completing a 2017 sweep of Australian Open, Indian Wells, and Miami", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3941080", "chunk_text": "\"Andre Agassi\"\npopularity of tennis during the 1990s. In singles tennis, Agassi is an eight-time Grand Slam champion and a 1996 Olympic gold medalist, as well as being a runner-up in seven other Grand Slam tournaments. During the Open Era, Agassi was the first male player to win four Australian Open titles, a record that was later surpassed by Novak Djokovic when he won his fifth title in 2015, and then by Roger Federer in 2017. Agassi is one of five male singles players to achieve the Career Grand Slam in the Open Era and one of eight in history, the first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15799049", "chunk_text": "\"2012 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\n2012 Australian Open – Men's singles final The 2012 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2012 Australian Open between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal, at the time ranked the number 1 and 2 player in the world, respectively. In the final, Novak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal 5–7, 6–4, 6–2, 6–7, 7–5 to win the tournament. It was the longest Grand Slam final match (by duration) in history, lasting 5 hours 53 minutes, overtaking the record previously set by the 1988 US Open Final between Mats Wilander and Ivan Lendl.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7076759", "chunk_text": "\"Andy Murray\"\nAndy Murray Sir Andrew Barron Murray (born 15 May 1987) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland currently ranked No. 257 in men's singles as of 17 December 2018. Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three-time Grand Slam tournament winner, two-time Olympic champion, Davis Cup champion, winner of the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals and former world No. 1. Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the 2012 US Open final, becoming the first British player since 1977, and the first British man since 1936, to win a Grand Slam singles tournament. Murray is also the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8211217", "chunk_text": "\"2014 Australian Open – Men's Singles\"\n2014 Australian Open – Men's Singles Novak Djokovic was the three-time defending champion, but lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champion Stanislas Wawrinka, bringing Djokovic's 25-match winning streak at the Australian Open, 28-match winning streak overall, and streak of 14 consecutive Grand Slam semifinals to an end. Rafael Nadal was trying to become the third man to complete a double career Grand Slam and was also trying to tie Pete Sampras's record of 14 Grand Slam wins. Eighth seed Wawrinka won the title by defeating top seed Nadal in the final, becoming the first man outside the Big Four to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5883216", "chunk_text": "\"Andy Murray\"\ntogether to make the best of it.\"\" Andy Murray Sir Andrew Barron Murray (born 15 May 1987) is a British professional tennis player from Scotland currently ranked No. 257 in men's singles as of 17 December 2018. Murray represents Great Britain in his sporting activities and is a three-time Grand Slam tournament winner, two-time Olympic champion, Davis Cup champion, winner of the 2016 ATP World Tour Finals and former world No. 1. Murray defeated Novak Djokovic in the 2012 US Open final, becoming the first British player since 1977, and the first British man since 1936, to win a Grand", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15247856", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open Series\"\nsets. With the win, Federer became the first male player to win at least five titles at three Grand Slam tournaments (five at the Australian Open, seven at Wimbledon and five at the US Open). This was the first Grand Slam tournament in which Andy Murray started as World No. 1 and top seed. Murray retained the top ranking despite losing to Mischa Zverev in the fourth round Angelique Kerber was the defending champion, but lost in the fourth round to Coco Vandeweghe. Serena Williams won the title, her 7th Australian title overall and first Australian Open where she did", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238920", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nwas critically speculated that the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final may mark the last time that Federer and Nadal would meet and contest each other in a Grand Slam final. Furthermore, many other pundits and analysts also agreed that this match could very well prove who between Federer and Nadal would be popularly and critically viewed as the \"\"greatest tennis player of all time\"\". Federer held the all-time count of men's singles Grand Slam titles at 17, while Nadal held the second all-time count of 14 tied with Pete Sampras and a dominant head-to-head 23–11 record against Federer. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238924", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nGrigor Dimitrov which lasted almost five hours. James Keothavong of the UK was the chair umpire. The match lasted 3:38 minutes, including a medical time-out for Federer after the 4th set. Federer won the first set 6–4 after breaking Nadal in the 7th game. Nadal won the second set 6–3 where he broke Federer twice and Federer broke back once. The start of the third set saw a crucial momentum swing, where Federer saved 3 break points in his opening service game, all of which were saved by aces. After holding on to his serve, Federer subsequently broke Nadal twice", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8301013", "chunk_text": "\"2015 Australian Open\"\n2015 Australian Open The 2015 Australian Open was a tennis tournament that took place at Melbourne Park from 19 January to 1 February 2015. It was the 103rd edition of the Australian Open, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. Stan Wawrinka was the defending champion in men's singles but lost to four-time Australian Open champion Novak Djokovic in the semi-finals. Reigning women's champion Li Na did not defend her title, as she retired from professional tennis in September, 2014. Novak Djokovic won an Open Era record fifth men's singles crown by defeating Andy Murray in the final,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18238911", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final\"\nthe first time in a Grand Slam since the 2007 Wimbledon final. He also trailed Nadal 3–1 in the final set but won 5 games in a row to win the title. This ended a 6-match losing streak against Nadal in Grand Slam events. Having lost their previous three encounters, this was the first time Federer defeated Nadal at the Australian Open and also marked Federer's first Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon. Federer extended his record of Grand Slam men's singles titles to 18. Due to their storied rivalry, the advancing age of both", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_60	who has been ranked no. 1 in the latest football rankings announced by fifa?	n/a	[ "Germany" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15163784", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nThe 19 July 2018 release was cancelled following the new calculation method implementation. FIFA World Rankings The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Belgium. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent the longest ranked first. A points system is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15163776", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\n2017, Brazil returned to the No. 1 spot for the first time since just prior to the 2010 World Cup, but Germany regained the top spot in July after winning the Confederations Cup. In August 2018, France became the leader in the FIFA rankings again after nearly 16 years, having won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and this is also the first time FIFA adopted the Elo rating system to the ranking system. One month later, for the first time two teams were tied at the top spot as Belgium returned to the number one spot with the same ranking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15163761", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nFIFA World Rankings The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, currently led by Belgium. The teams of the member nations of FIFA, football's world governing body, are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest. The rankings were introduced in December 1992, and eight teams (Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain) have held the top position, of which Brazil have spent the longest ranked first. A points system is used, with points being awarded based on the results of all FIFA-recognised full", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987154", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nfollowing team received the next immediate rank possible, e.g. if two teams had R=11, the following team had R=12, not 13. Then the rating changes according to the games played after previous release were calculated. This produced a more dramatically altered ranking table, with Germany falling to 15th and 2018 FIFA World Cup champions France moving to the top of the ranking. When the system was introduced, Germany debuted as the top-ranked team following their extended period of dominance in which they had reached the three previous FIFA World Cup finals, winning one of them. Brazil took the lead in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987153", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\neliminated in the first round of the World Cup – remaining as the top ranked team. FIFA had originally planned to use existing world ranking points from June 2018 as the start value, but when the August rankings appeared, the starting points had been changed to an equal distribution of points between 1600 (Germany, as the previously top ranked team) and 868 (Anguilla, Bahamas, Eritrea, Somalia, Tonga and Turks and Caicos Islands, which had 0 points in June), according to the formula: formula_1, where R is the rank in June 2018. When two or more teams had equal ranks, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15163775", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nthe top spot for the first time, only to relinquish it the following month. In July 2014, Germany took over the lead once again, having won the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In July 2015, Argentina reached the top spot for the first time since 2008, after reaching both the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, as well as the 2015 Copa America Final. In November 2015, Belgium became the leader in the FIFA rankings for the first time, after topping their Euro 2016 qualifying group. Belgium led the rankings until April 2016, when Argentina returned to the top. On 6 April", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11177043", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017\"\nthree nominees were announced on 22 September 2017. Celtic supporters won the award with nearly 56% of the vote. The 55–player men's shortlist was announced on 20 September 2017. The players chosen included Gianluigi Buffon as goalkeeper, Dani Alves, Leonardo Bonucci, Sergio Ramos, and Marcelo as defenders, Luka Modrić, Toni Kroos, and Andrés Iniesta as midfielders, and Lionel Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Neymar as forwards. The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 were held on 23 October 2017 in London, England. The ceremony was held at the London Palladium and was hosted by Idris Elba", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15163771", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nwill be updated on a game-by-game basis. The weighting designated for each confederation for ranking purposes will be abolished. However, the new methodology does not account for home or away games and margin of the victory, as Elo rankings. FIFA had intended to introduce the new ranking system in July 2018, but with no matches scheduled between the July and August ranking dates, delayed until August 2018. There was speculation from football journalists such as ESPN's Dale Johnson that this was because projections of the new rankings had seen relatively little change in positions, with Germany – who had been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "639052", "chunk_text": "\"World Football Elo Ratings\"\nboth the FIFA World Rankings for men and the FIFA Women's World Rankings are based on a modified version of the Elo formula, the men's rankings having switched away from FIFA's own system for matches played since June 2018. The following table shows the top 100 teams in the World Football Elo Ratings as they were on 16 December 2018, using data from the World Football Elo Ratings web site. Each national team's FIFA World Ranking is shown as per the latest release on 29 November 2018. The following is the list of nations who have achieved the number one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1700024", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017\"\nThe Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017 were held on 23 October 2017 in London, England. The ceremony was held at the London Palladium and was hosted by Idris Elba and Layla Anna-Lee. Cristiano Ronaldo, Lieke Martens, Gianluigi Buffon, Zinedine Zidane and Sarina Wiegman were among the award-winners. A panel of experts on men's football representing various FIFA and external football stakeholders compiled a shortlist of 24 male players for The Best FIFA Men's Player. The 24 candidates were announced on 17 August. The three finalists were announced on 22 September 2017. Cristiano Ronaldo won", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987162", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nIsraeli press; and Belgium's rank of world number 1 in November 2015, given that Belgium had only played in one tournament final stage in the past 13 years. Further criticisms of the 2006-2018 formula included the inability of hosts of major tournaments to retain a high place in the rankings, as the team participated in only lower-value friendly matches due to their automatic qualification for the tournament. For example, 2014 FIFA World Cup hosts Brazil fell to a record low ranking of 22nd in the world prior to that tournament, at which they then finished fourth. 2018 FIFA World Cup", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8117554", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup seeding\"\nof UEFA, which had at least one, but no more than two in a group. All teams were seeded using the October 2017 FIFA World Rankings, which numbers in parenthesis show, released on 16 October 2017. According to the FIFA rankings, the strongest group was E (combining for 4415 points), followed by F (4151), B (4128), C (4101), D (4099), G (3953), H (3944) and the weakest was the host nation's group A (2991). 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw for the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place on 1 December 2017 at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19570064", "chunk_text": "\"UEFA coefficient\"\nfalling back to third place after failing to make it out of their group. Germany climbed to the top of the 2015 rankings as a result of their 2014 FIFA World Cup success; Spain dropped behind them. England reached their highest position in the rankings - placed third. Germany held on to top spot in 2017, with new European champions Portugal in second; Belgium were third. The country coefficient is used to rank the football associations of Europe, and thus determine the number of clubs from an association that will participate in the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Europa", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987148", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\ninternational matches. The ranking system has been revamped on several occasions, generally responding to criticism that the preceding calculation method did not effectively reflect the relative strengths of the national teams. The current version of the ranking system was first used on 16 August 2018, adapted from the Elo rating system used in chess and Go. The rankings remain slightly different from the unofficial World Football Elo Ratings, which makes different presumptions and adaptations to the FIFA rankings. In December 1992, FIFA first published a listing in rank order of its member associations to provide a basis for comparison of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3416254", "chunk_text": "\"Italy national football team\"\ndespite the initial decision to retire by veterans Buffon and Chiellini, they were both called up for Italy's March 2018 friendlies by caretaker manager Di Biagio. Following the March friendlies against Argentina and England in which Italy were defeated and drew respectively, on 12 April 2018, Italy dropped six places to their lowest FIFA World Ranking at the time, to 20th place. On 14 May 2018, Roberto Mancini was announced as the new manager. On 28 May 2018, Italy won their first match under Mancini, a 2–1 victory in a friendly over Saudi Arabia. On 16 August 2018, in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "900689", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Italy national football team\"\nMarch friendlies against Argentina and England in which Italy were defeated and drew respectively, on 12 April 2018, Italy dropped six places to their lowest FIFA World Ranking at the time, to 20th place. On 14 May 2018, Roberto Mancini was announced as the new manager. On 28 May 2018, Italy won their first match under Mancini, a 2–1 victory in a friendly over Saudi Arabia. On 16 August 2018, in the FIFA World Ranking that followed the 2018 World Cup, Italy dropped two places to their lowest ever ranking, to 21st place. On 7 September 2018, Italy participated in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1700026", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017\"\nfrom 20 November 2016 to 2 July 2017 inclusive. A panel of experts on men's football representing various FIFA and external football stakeholders compiled a shortlist of twelve men's football coaches for The Best FIFA Men's Coach. The twelve candidates were announced on 17 August. The three finalists were announced on 22 September 2017. Zinedine Zidane won the award with over 46% of the vote. The selection criteria for the men's football coaches of the year were: performance and general behaviour of their teams on and off the pitch from 20 November 2016 to 2 July 2017. A panel of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987164", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nwere a seeded team at the 2014 FIFA World Cup having played only three friendly matches in the previous year, and Poland before the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking formula before 2018 was also accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions. FIFA's use of regional multiplier was cited as a primary reason why most teams in AFC (Asia) and CONCACAF (North America) held significantly lower FIFA rankings compared to their position in the World Football Elo Rankings. On 10 June 2018, the new ranking system was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5708550", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Cup hosts\"\nanniversary of the first FIFA World Cup final, and the bicentennial of the first Constitution of Uruguay, but if selected the tournament dates would coincide. The Uruguay-Argentina bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017. A joint bid was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017. Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, FC Barcelona players Luis Suárez and Lionel Messi promoted the bid with commemorative shirts. On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host. CONMEBOL, the South American confederation (which can", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20611937", "chunk_text": "\"International Federation of Football History & Statistics\"\nconsecutive times, compatriot Andrés Iniesta two times and Argentine Lionel Messi has won the award in the last three years. Barcelona is the club with the most wins, with nine in total. \"\"From 1991 until 2009, FIFA continued this distinction named \"\"FIFA World Player of the Year\"\"; this award was later replaced by the FIFA Ballon d'Or in 2010, and The Best FIFA Men's Player in 2016.\"\" In 2017, IFFHS started to nominate a world team of the year. Coach: Zinedine Zidane \"\"(Real Madrid)\"\" Coach: Didier Deschamps \"\"(France)\"\" In 2017, IFFHS started to nominate a world team of the year.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15537405", "chunk_text": "\"Kylian Mbappé\"\nR9 Mercurial boots of former Brazilian striker Ronaldo. Mbappé features in EA Sports' \"\"FIFA\"\" video game series: on \"\"FIFA 18\"\" he had the highest potential rating of 94. His trademark goal celebration – posing with his arms folded and hands tucked under his armpits – was inspired by his younger brother Ethan who would celebrate in this manner when beating Kylian at \"\"FIFA\"\". The celebration appears in \"\"FIFA 19\"\". On 22 February 2018, Mbappé was joined by two of Africa’s greatest strikers, former A.C. Milan forward and current Liberia President George Weah, and former Chelsea forward Didier Drogba, in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9599108", "chunk_text": "\"Russia national football team\"\nhowever, Russia began their World Cup campaign with a 5–0 demolition of Saudi Arabia, who were three places above them in the rankings, on 14 June in the opening match of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 19 June, Russia won their second game of the group stage, beating Egypt by a scoreline of 3–1, taking their goal difference to +7 with only two matches played. The win over Egypt all but secured Russia's advancement into the knockout stage for the first time since 1986, when they played as the Soviet Union; and also for the first time in their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19657332", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup\"\nthird placed in 2014 the Netherlands (for the first time since 2002), and four reigning continental champions: 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon, two-time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners-up Chile, 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand, and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States (for the first time since 1986). The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast, who had both made the previous three tournaments. \"\"Note: Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament.\"\" The draw was held on 1 December 2017", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16582197", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016\"\nwon the award with over 59% of the vote. The three nominees were announced on 9 December 2016. It was the first time that this award was given. Borussia Dortmund and Liverpool supporters won the award with nearly 46% of the vote. The 55–player men's shortlist was announced on 1 December 2016. The players chosen included Manuel Neuer as goalkeeper, Dani Alves, Gerard Piqué, Sergio Ramos, and Marcelo as defenders, Luka Modrić, Toni Kroos, and Andrés Iniesta as midfielders, and Lionel Messi, Luis Suárez, and Cristiano Ronaldo as forwards. 9 out of the 11 players played in La Liga. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "266528", "chunk_text": "\"Johan Cruyff\"\nCruyff's footballing ideas also influenced considerably Belgian football's coaching revolution leading by the former national technical director Michel Sablon in the early 2000s, with the introduction of the Barçajax-inspired youth system that developed the talents of Belgium's new golden generation. In 2009 Belgium were 66th in the FIFA World Rankings and had completed their rise to the top for the first time ever, in November 2015, thanks to their 3–1 Euro 2016 qualifying win over Israel. In 2018, Cruyff was added as an icon to the Ultimate Team in EA Sports’ \"\"FIFA\"\" video game \"\"FIFA 19\"\", receiving a 94 rating.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13009027", "chunk_text": "\"2017 FIFA Confederations Cup\"\nat the Tennis Academy in Kazan. For the draw, the eight teams were allocated to two pots. Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia and the three highest-ranked teams in the November 2016 edition of the FIFA World Rankings (shown in parentheses below): Germany, Chile, and Portugal. Pot 2 contained the remaining four teams: Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and the winners of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations (whose identity was not known at the time of the draw, and regardless of their identity, could not be among the three highest-ranked participating teams), which was won by Cameroon on 5 February", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "987163", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nhosts Russia had the lowest ranking (70th) at the tournament, where they reached quarterfinals. In the 2010s, teams realized the ranking system could be 'gamed', specifically by avoiding playing non-competitive matches, particularly against weaker opponents. This was because the low weighting of friendlies meant that even victories could reduce a team's \"\"average\"\" score: in other words, a team could win a match and lose points. Prior to the seeding of the 2018 World Cup preliminary draw, Romania even appointed a ranking consultant, playing only one friendly in the year before the draw. Similar accusations had been made against Switzerland, who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15410641", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA eWorld Cup\"\nthe event. In 2016, the FIFA Interactive World Cup World Ranking was introduced to help seed the players in the tournament according to their previous results. The ranking takes into account both the qualification phase for the current edition and previous FIWC Grand Finals. FIFA Interactive World Ranking explained The FeWC 2018 champion received $250,000 in prize money and a ticket to the Best FIFA Awards where he has the chance to meet the greatest of the real football world. FIWC 2015 Champion Abdulaziz Alshehri from Saudi Arabia was able to meet Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi among many others,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13967824", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA World Rankings\"\nseven years, until they were surpassed by a strong France team that captured both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship. Success at the 2002 FIFA World Cup restored Brazil to the top position, where they remained until February 2007, when Italy returned to the top for the first time since 1993 following their 2006 FIFA World Cup win in Germany. Just one month later, Argentina replaced them, reaching the top for the first time, but Italy regained its place in April. After winning the Copa América 2007 in July, Brazil returned to the top, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15170675", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA Women's World Rankings\"\nand England reached the #2 ranking in March 2018. The United States holds the record for the longest period being ranked first: almost 7 years, from March 2008 to December 2014. In the latest rankings, action from Women's World Cup qualifying tournaments in UEFA and CONCACAF, as well as the 2018 Tournament of Nations, caused movement throughout the rankings, though three of the top five did not change. The United States (#1), Germany (#2), and Canada (#5) retained their positions while England (#3) and France (#4) swapped. Australia rose to #6 on a 33-point gain, the largest gain among any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20315050", "chunk_text": "\"Jorge Sampaoli\"\ngame in charge was a friendly match against Brazil on 9 June in Australia, with Argentina winning 1–0. However, Argentina struggled during the qualifiers, and it took a Lionel Messi hat trick at Ecuador to confirm qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 14 May 2018, Sampaoli announced a 35-man preliminary squad for the 2018 World Cup. He announced the final squad on 21 May 2018. At the World Cup, Argentina had drawn 1–1 with Iceland during their opening World Cup group match, an underwhelming performance that drew criticism from former Argentine captain and coach Diego Maradona. In the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9997967", "chunk_text": "\"Golden generation\"\nwon third place after beating the United States 1–0. At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Colombia were considered group favourites for Group H; featuring Japan, Poland and Senegal. Following a 1–2 defeat to Japan in which they went down to 10-men in under five minutes, Colombia beat Poland 3–0 and later beat Senegal 1–0 to qualify as group winners. They were knocked out by England in the round of sixteen; losing on penalties. Between June and August 2016, Colombia were ranked as 3rd in both FIFA and Elo ranking. Smith & Williamson (2016-present) Key players during this period include Richard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3642454", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)\"\nended on 14 November 2017. Belgium, England, France, Germany, Iceland (for the first time), Poland, Portugal, Serbia, and Spain qualified in the first round by winning their groups. Croatia, Denmark, Sweden and Switzerland qualified by winning their playoffs. Four-time champions Italy missed out on qualification for the first time since 1958 after losing in the playoffs to Sweden, while the Netherlands failed to qualify for the tournament for the first time since 2002 after finishing third in 2014, and second in 2010. Iceland, with 335,000 inhabitants, became the smallest country ever to qualify for the World Cup finals. Apart from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16193046", "chunk_text": "\"Golden generation\"\nand was used extensively during Australia's qualification matches for those respective tournaments, with this crop of players considered to be among the best Australia have ever produced. The Golden Generation is believed to have ended during the reign of Ange Postecoglou as manager of Australia. The current Belgium squad is considered by the media, press and fans as the best Belgium squad ever; featuring key players such as Kevin De Bruyne, Eden Hazard, Romelu Lukaku, Axel Witsel, Thibaut Courtois, Toby Alderweireld and Jan Vertonghen. At the 2018 FIFA World Cup, from the beginning of the tournament, Belgium were considered by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3602336", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup Group F\"\n2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 17 to 27 June 2018. The group consisted of Germany, Mexico, Sweden, and South Korea. Sweden and Mexico were the top two teams that advanced to the round of 16. The incumbent World Cup champions, Germany, placed last, making it the first time since 1938 that the Germans did not advance beyond the first round, and the first time ever, the group stage. The early German exit was \"\"greeted with shock in newspapers around the world\"\". In the round of 16: All times", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1598655", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA (video game series)\"\nAs of \"\"FIFA 18\"\", Cristiano Ronaldo of Juventus is the face of the franchise, appearing on the front cover of the series and in promotional campaigns and advertisements. Lionel Messi appeared on four straight covers from \"\"FIFA 13\"\" to \"\"FIFA 16\"\". Since the release of \"\"FIFA Mobile\"\" in 2016, forward Marco Reus, playmaker Eden Hazard and Cristiano Ronaldo have appeared on the cover. As of 2011, the \"\"FIFA\"\" franchise has been localised into 18 languages and available in 51 countries. Listed in \"\"Guinness World Records\"\" as the best-selling sports video game franchise in the world, by 2018, the \"\"FIFA\"\" series", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19828218", "chunk_text": "\"FIFA eligibility rules\"\nby the Oceania Football Confederation, resulting in New Zealand being disqualified and Vanuatu taking their place in the final. During the 2018 World Cup qualifiers Bolivia fielded Paraguayan born Nelson David Cabrera (who had also played for Paraguay) in two matches - against Peru on 1 September 2016 (the match was won 2:0 by Bolivia) and against Chile on 6 September 2016 (the match finished in a scoreless draw). Cabrera was subsequently found to be ineligible by FIFA, which resulted in the awarding of 3:0 wins for Bolivia's opponents, affecting the final standings in the table and contributing to Peru's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11056747", "chunk_text": "FIFA\nFIFA secretary general, Jérôme Valcke, and legal director, Marco Villiger. Allegations against FIFA officials have also been made to the UK Parliament by David Triesman, the former head of England's bid and the English Football Association. Triesman told the lawmakers that four long-standing FIFA executive committee members—Jack Warner, Nicolás Leoz, Ricardo Teixeira and Worawi Makudi—engaged in \"\"improper and unethical\"\" conduct in the 2018 bidding, which was won by Russia. All six FIFA voters have denied wrongdoing. On 28 September 2015, Sepp Blatter suggested that the 2018 World Cup being awarded to Russia was planned before the voting, and that the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11056722", "chunk_text": "FIFA\nHome Nations within the United Kingdom and politically disputed territories such as Palestine. The FIFA Working Committee of Small Nations has categorized potential FIFA members into three categories: The FIFA World Rankings are updated monthly and rank each team based on their performance in international competitions, qualifiers, and friendly matches. There is also a world ranking for women's football, updated four times a year. FIFA holds an annual awards ceremony which recognises both individual and team achievements in international association football. Individually, the top men's player is awarded the FIFA Ballon d'Or and the top women's player is named FIFA", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8801507", "chunk_text": "\"Unofficial Football World Championships\"\nthe Copa América Centenario, but regained it before winning the tournament. The UFWC was exchanged between CONMEBOL sides during 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, and remained in South America despite being contested by outside teams during Chile's successful 2017 China Cup campaign. Ultimately it was Peru took the Championship into the 2018 World Cup where the title ended with tournament victors France. France held the title for four subsequent matches after the World Cup, going unbeaten against Germany, Netherlands, Iceland and Germany again, before being defeated 2–0 in a UEFA Nations League match by the Netherlands in November 2018. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7102451", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in India\"\nMelbourne and Neville D'Souza became the first Asian and Indian to score a hat-trick (record remains unbeaten) in an Olympic match. India also finished as runners-up in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup. But later on, the standard of football started to decline due to lack of professionalism and fitness culture. India currently ranks 97th in the FIFA rankings as of 10 August 2017. Football is, nevertheless, widely popular both as a spectator sport, and as a participation sport in some parts of the country such as Kerala, West Bengal, Goa and the Northeast. The India national football team represents India", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17043943", "chunk_text": "\"Egypt national football team\"\nA 1–1 draw with the Netherlands gave the Egyptians their first point in the World Cup. They then drew again, this time goalless, with Ireland. While the Egyptians needed just a draw to progress to the next round, they lost 1–0 to England. As of June 2018, Egypt had yet to win a game. On 8 October 2017, Egypt qualified for the 2018 World Cup after a 2–1 win over Congo. The two goals were scored by Mohamed Salah with the second one in a dramatic last-minute penalty. Salah has scored the most goals (tied with Préjuce Nakoulma) in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19949198", "chunk_text": "\"Peru at the FIFA World Cup\"\ncontroversial final day draw against Colombia, with Paolo Guerrero scoring the crucial goal. They went on to face New Zealand in an inter-continental play off, winning 2-0 on aggregate, courtesy of goals from Farfán and Christian Ramos, to become the last team to qualify for Russia. On 16 June 2018 they lost 0-1 against Denmark, with one goal scored by Yussuf Poulsen; on 21 June they lost 1-0 against France, with a goal scored by Kylian Mbappe; and on 26 June they defeated Australia 0-2, with goals scored by André Carrillo and Paolo Guerrero. It is the first time Peru", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8801515", "chunk_text": "\"Unofficial Football World Championships\"\nthe new Pound for Pound World Champions. Therefore, the tournament is \"\"reset\"\" every four years. Unofficial Football World Championships The Unofficial Football World Championships (UFWC) is an informal way of calculating the world's best international association football team, using a knock-out title system similar to that used in professional boxing. The UFWC was formalized and published by English journalist Paul Brown in 2003. The title is currently held by Netherlands, who won it from France on 16 November 2018. The idea stemmed originally from some Scotland fans and sections of the media jokingly asserting that as they beat England (who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7749882", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup Group F\"\ngroup matches as follows: Only one of the above deductions would be applied to a player in a single match. 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F of the 2018 FIFA World Cup took place from 17 to 27 June 2018. The group consisted of Germany, Mexico, Sweden, and South Korea. Sweden and Mexico were the top two teams that advanced to the round of 16. The incumbent World Cup champions, Germany, placed last, making it the first time since 1938 that the Germans did not advance beyond the first round, and the first time ever, the group stage.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2973758", "chunk_text": "\"France national football team\"\nwon the 2018 FIFA World Cup, defeating Croatia 4–2 in the final match on 15 July 2018. This was the second time they had won the tournament after winning it on home soil in 1998. France was the first national team that has won the three most important men’s titles recognized by FIFA: the World Cup, the Confederations Cup, and the Olympic tournament after victory in the Confederations Cup in 2001. Since 2001, Argentina (after the 2004 Olympics) and Brazil (after the 2016 Olympics) are the other two national teams that have won these three titles. They have also won", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1700029", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2017\"\nor in relation to an official football match during November 2016 to August 2017. The award was given to the most outstanding ”fair-play” gesture/behaviour of the year (an act of fair play either on the pitch or in relation to an official football match — which could also include any amateur league). The shortlist was announced on 22 September 2017. The three finalists were announced on 9 October 2017. Olivier Giroud won the award with over 36% of the vote. The award celebrates the best fan moment of November 2016 to August 2017, regardless of championship, gender or nationality. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17331915", "chunk_text": "\"The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016\"\nThe Best FIFA Football Awards 2016 The Best FIFA Football Awards 2016 were held on 9 January 2017 in Zurich, Switzerland. The Best FIFA Football Awards are the annual recognitions awarded by FIFA to several individuals across different categories, including: best eleven players of the year, known as FIFA FIFPro World XI (awards goalkeeper, best defenders l, midfielders, attackers), FIFA World Coach of the Year for men's and for women's football, best female player of the year, 2nd best male player of the year, and best goal of the year (known as FIFA Puskás Award). The FIFA Fair Play Award", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19657338", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup\"\nVAR decision; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann. A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament, with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR. Overall, the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators. FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition. Russia proposed the following host cities: Kaliningrad, Kazan, Krasnodar, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Samara, Saransk, Sochi, Volgograd, Yaroslavl, and Yekaterinburg. Most cities", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6297727", "chunk_text": "\"2018 FIFA World Cup Group A\"\nto qualify for the first time since the fall of the Soviet Union, as Russia had won 3–1 over Egypt earlier. <section begin=a4 /><section end=a4 /> The two teams had met in one previous game, a friendly in 2012, which ended in a 1–1 draw. With Russia formerly playing as the Soviet Union, the sides had faced each other seven times, including two matches at the World Cup, one in the 1962 FIFA World Cup group stage, won by the Soviet Union 2–1, and the other one at the 1970 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, won by Uruguay 1–0. Luis Suárez", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_61	when did beds become popular in france and germany?	n/a	[ "the 12th century" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2884375", "chunk_text": "Bed\nVersailles women received their friends in their beds, both before and after childbirth, during periods of mourning, and even directly after marriage—in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence. During the 17th century this curious custom became general, perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette. Portable beds were used in high society in France until the end of the \"\"Ancien Régime\"\". The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to Charles the Bold. They had curtains over a light framework, and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds. Iron beds", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2884376", "chunk_text": "Bed\nappear in the 18th century; the advertisements declare them as free from the insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads. Elsewhere, there was also the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters, and in England—where beds were commonly quite simple in form—the four poster was the usual citizen's bed until the middle of the 19th century. Bed sizes vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. While the \"\"double\"\" size appears to be standard among English speaking countries, based on the imperial measurement of 4 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in (137 cm", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2884371", "chunk_text": "Bed\nfor this reason the bedsteads were for the most part mere frameworks to be covered up; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative, since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods. In the 17th century, which has been called \"\"the century of magnificent beds\"\", the style \"\"a la duchesse\"\", with tester and curtains only at the head, replaced the more enclosed beds in France, though they lasted much longer in England. Louis XIV had an enormous number of sumptuous beds, as many as 413 being described in the inventories", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7921054", "chunk_text": "Bed\nincreased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid, carved, and painted ornamentation. They also used folding beds, which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather. At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed, while silk-covered skins served as coverlets. The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet, and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France, many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position. In 12th-century manuscripts, the bedsteads appear much richer, with inlays,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7921053", "chunk_text": "Bed\nancient Germans lay on the floor on beds of leaves covered with skins, or in a kind of shallow chest filled with leaves and moss. In the early Middle Ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a bench against the wall, placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers, wool, or hair, and used skins as a covering. Curtains were hung from the ceiling or from an iron arm projecting from the wall. They appear to have generally lain naked in bed, wrapping themselves in large linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions. In the 12th century, luxury", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17802514", "chunk_text": "Bedding\ncentury the bed spring was invented, also called the box spring. In the 20th century United States, consumers bought the inner spring mattress, followed in the 1960s by the water bed (originating on the West Coast), and adoption of Japanese-style futons, air mattresses, and foam rubber mattresses and pillows. Bedding sizes are made with consideration of the dimensions of the bed and mattress for which it is to be used. Bed sizes vary around the world, with countries having their own standards and terminology. Mattress sizes can be categorized by their country of sale: In Spain, standard mattress widths are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17802513", "chunk_text": "Bedding\nlight and purity, as well as a symbol of prosperity. The Egyptian mummies were often wrapped in bed linen. Roman Empire mattresses were stuffed with wool, feather, reeds or hay. The beds were decorated with paint, bronze, silver, jewels and gold. In Japan, mattress types were stuffed with cotton and rolled up for storage during the day. During the Renaissance, mattresses were stuffed with straw and feathers and then covered with silks, velvets or satin material. In the 18th century, Europeans began to use bed frames made from cast iron, and mattresses that were made of cotton. In the 19th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2083513", "chunk_text": "Bed\nof his palaces. Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls, and figures on a silver or golden ground. The great bed at Versailles had crimson velvet curtains on which \"\"The Triumph of Venus\"\" was embroidered. So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed. In the 18th century feather pillows were first used as coverings in Germany, which in the fashions of the bed and the curious etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part. The beds were \"\"a la duchesse\"\", but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18636503", "chunk_text": "\"Hospital bed\"\nhealth care facilities and settings, such as nursing homes, assisted living facilities, outpatient clinics, and in home health care. While the term \"\"hospital bed\"\" can refer to the actual bed, the term \"\"bed\"\" is also used to describe the amount of space in a health care facility, as the capacity for the number of patients at the facility is measured in available \"\"beds.\"\" Beds with adjustable side rails first appeared in Britain some time between 1815 and 1825. In 1874 the mattress company Andrew Wuest and Son, Cincinnati, Ohio, registered a patent for a type of mattress frame with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2884370", "chunk_text": "Bed\nto the walls, a form which developed later into a room within a room, shut in by double curtains, sometimes even to exclude all drafts. The space between bed and wall was called the \"\"ruelle\"\", and very intimate friends were received there. The 14th century is also the time when feather beds became highly prized possessions. In the 15th century beds became very large, reaching by . The mattresses were often filled with pea-shucks, straw, or feathers. At this time great personages were in the habit of carrying most of their property about with them, including beds and bed-hangings, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8186711", "chunk_text": "Box-bed\nupstairs. It was the main furniture of rural houses in Brittany until the 20th century. Often carved and decorated, it was the pride of its owners. Closed-beds were 1.60 to 1.70 m length, long enough for people of that region who were rather small. And because they slept in an almost sitting position, they leaned on three or four pillows. It was the tradition of the Middle Ages not to sleep lying down, because that is the position of the dead and of effigies. Later out of fashion and because they were expensive to make, box-beds were gradually abandoned in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17829684", "chunk_text": "Furniture\nand beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Greece and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13781754", "chunk_text": "Bed\ncustom of the \"\"bed of justice\"\" upon which the king of France reclined when he was present in parliament, the princes being seated, the great officials standing, and the lesser officials kneeling, was held to denote the royal power even more than the throne. Louis XI is credited with its first use and the custom lasted until the end of the monarchy. In the \"\"chambre de parade\"\", where the ceremonial bed was placed, certain persons, such as ambassadors or great lords, whom it was desired to honour, were received in a more intimate fashion than the crowd of courtiers. At", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2083498", "chunk_text": "Bed\nBed A bed is a piece of furniture which is used as a place to sleep or relax. Most modern beds consist of a soft, cushioned mattress on a bed frame, the mattress resting either on a solid base, often wood slats, or a sprung base. Many beds include a box spring inner-sprung base, which is a large mattress-sized box containing wood and springs that provide additional support and suspension for the mattress. Beds are available in many sizes, ranging from infant-sized bassinets and cribs, to small beds for a single person or adult, to large queen and king-size beds", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11234091", "chunk_text": "\"François Louis Castelnaux Darrac\"\nHe adapted them into his chairs and bed bases, thus creating the \"\"sommier élastique\"\" (French for bed base with elastic/spring suspension). The advantage of the bed base was that a much thinner mattresses could be produced, thus saving material. The bed base consisted of a combination of natural fillings and metal springs, thus enhancing the comfort. The invention initially saw limited commercial success, but it was later sold by a succession of several new owners under the name \"\"Literie Darrac\"\" in Paris, France. Darrac's invention was later perfected and used in mattresses fitted with a combination of natural comfort fillers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13468083", "chunk_text": "Mattress\nare more compatible with certain types of mattresses such as latex or memory foam. These are particularly popular in Europe, and for one business accounted for 25% of beds in Sweden in 2010 and 70% of beds in the Netherlands. Mattress sizes vary widely around the world. Wikipedia has a dedicated article, bed size, that details custom and practice internationally. Mattress A mattress is a large, rectangular pad for supporting the reclining body, designed to be used as a bed or on a bed frame, as part of a bed. Mattresses may consist of a quilted or similarly fastened case,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14393627", "chunk_text": "Waterbed\nWaterbed A waterbed, water mattress, or flotation mattress is a bed or mattress filled with water. Waterbeds intended for medical therapies appear in various reports through the 19th century. The modern version, invented in San Francisco, California and patented in 1971, became a popular consumer item in the United States through the 1980s with up to 20% of the market in 1986. Currently they account for less than 5% of new bed sales. Waterbeds primarily consist of two types, hard-sided beds and soft-sided beds. A hard-sided waterbed consists of a water-containing mattress inside a rectangular frame of wood resting on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6323718", "chunk_text": "\"Bed size\"\nfor the full dimensions of the bed and mattress. Single size beds are usually wide by long. Most common sizes for double beds are: <br> wide by long <br> wide by long <br> wide by long (less common, but increasing popularity). Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the length is becoming more common. In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in \"\"one place\"\" Standard sizes are: Less common: Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the length is becoming more common. These sizes are for Germany, Poland,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13468061", "chunk_text": "Mattress\nand hence \"\"mat, cushion\"\". During the Crusades Europeans adopted the Arabic method of sleeping on cushions on the floor, and the word \"\"materas\"\" eventually descended into Middle English through the Romance languages. The oldest known mattress dates to around 77,000 years ago. Early mattresses contained a variety of natural materials including straw, feathers or horse hair. In the first half of the 20th century, a typical mattress sold in North America had an innerspring core and cotton batting or fiberfill. Modern mattresses usually contain either an inner spring core or materials such as latex, viscoelastic or other flexible polyurethane foams.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10266068", "chunk_text": "\"Bed warmer\"\nBed warmer A bed warmer was a common household item in countries with cold winters, especially in Europe. It consisted of a metal container, usually fitted with a handle and shaped somewhat like a modern frying pan, with a solid or finely perforated lid. The pan would be filled with river stones preheated from the fireplace and placed under the covers of a bed, to warm it up and/or dry it out before use. After the invention of rubber, the classical bed warmer was largely supplanted by the hot water bottle, which is still widely used. In the early 20th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12495002", "chunk_text": "\"Infant bed\"\nwith a dropside. With the hinge side lowered, the bed could be moved on casters, and they could be moved right up to the carer's bed when needed. Iron beds were developed in 17th century Italy to address concerns about bed bug infestation and moths. This new application was quickly extended to children's beds - a rockable iron bassinette (with spear-like corner posts) has been dated to 1620-1640. Proponents promoted the supposed health benefits of iron beds. Infant beds constructed from metal became popular during the later half of the 19th century. Infant beds (and bassinettes) constructed from iron with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16651446", "chunk_text": "Recliner\ninclude heat, massage and vibration. Some models are wheelchair accessible. Recliners can also accommodate a near supine position for sleeping, and are common in airplanes and trains, as well as in homes. The word recline was first used in the 1660s. Beginning in 1880, the word recliner was used to describe a type of chair. Around 1850, the French introduced a reclining camp bed that could serve as a chair, a bed and a chaise longue. It was portable and featured padded arm rests and a steel frame. In the late 1800s, many designs were found for motion chairs that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9588228", "chunk_text": "\"Bed frame\"\nbrass bed styles include traditional, Art Deco, Victorian, transitional, Edwardian and contemporary. Iron beds are beds in which the headboard and footboard are made of iron; the frame rails are usually made of steel. Iron beds were developed in 17th century Italy to address concerns about infestation by bed bugs and moths. An iron cradle (with dangerously pointed corner posts) has been dated to 1620-1640. From the start of their production in the 1850s until World War I, iron beds were handmade. The manufacturing process included hand pouring and polishing intricately detailed casting and hand applying finishes. In the many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10226550", "chunk_text": "\"Communal shower\"\nFrançois Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor. As surgeon-general at Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, Delabost had previously replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economical and hygienic. The French system of communal showers was adopted by other armies, the first being that of Prussia in 1879, and by prisons in other jurisdictions. They were also adopted by boarding schools, before being installed in public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was in 1887 in Vienna, Austria. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18150165", "chunk_text": "\"The State Bed\"\nThe State Bed The State Bed (Dutch - \"\"Het Ledikant\"\") is a 1646 print by Rembrandt in etching and drypoint. It is also known as Le Lit à la française (\"\"The French-style Bed\"\"), a title first given to it in Edme-François Gersaint's 1751 \"\"Catalogue raisonné de toutes les pièces qui forment l’œuvre de Rembrandt\"\". It shows a modern couple passionately making love in a four-poster bed, rather than disguising the work with a mythological title. This probably shocked the artist's contemporaries, since he cut his signature from off the printing plate, making impressions from it even rarer than usual. Impressions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8186710", "chunk_text": "Box-bed\nwas always the 'seat of honour,' and served also as a step for climbing into the bed. It was also used to store clothing, underwear and bedding the rest of the time. In Brittany, the closed-bed (French: \"\"lit-clos\"\") (Breton: \"\"gwele-kloz\"\") is a traditional furnishing. In homes with usually only one room, the box-bed allowed some privacy and helped keep people warm during winter. Similar enclosed bed furniture was once also found in western Britain; Devon, Cornwall, Wales particularly in Gower. Some closed-beds were built one above the other in a double-decker, two-story arrangement. In this case, young people were sleeping", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15567212", "chunk_text": "Bedroom\non mattresses that were stuffed with hay and broom straws. During the 16th century mattresses stuffed with feathers started to gain popularity, with those who could afford them. The common person was doing well if he could buy a mattress after seven years of marriage. In the 18th century cotton and wool started to become more common. The first coil spring mattress wasn’t invented until 1871. The most common and most purchased mattress is the innerspring mattress, though a wide variety of alternative materials are available including foam, latex, wool, and even silk. The variety of firmness choices range from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8186712", "chunk_text": "Box-bed\nthe 19th and 20th centuries. Fine pieces were put in museums (Lampaul-Guimiliau, Nantes, Quimper, Rennes, St-Brieuc), while most of them were converted into bookshelves, dressers or TV cabinets. In the 21st century, rental companies offer nights in authentic box-beds. The contemporary Breton designers Erwan and Ronan Bouroullec have reinterpreted the form with their \"\"lit-clos\"\", 2000 for Galerie kreo. Box-beds were also used to protect people of the home from the animals (pigs, hens) also living in the house, or even to protect them from wolves who might enter houses and snatch babies. In the Netherlands the closet-bed, or \"\"bedstede\"\", was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8186713", "chunk_text": "Box-bed\nin common use into the 19th century, particularly in farmhouses in the countryside. Closet-beds were closed off with a door or a curtain. One of the advantages of the closet-bed was that it could be built into the living room and closed off during the day, making a separate bedroom unnecessary. The other main advantage was that, during the winter, the small area of the closet-bed would be warmed by body heat. This meant the stove would not need to be kept stoked at night. The door would not be shut completely, but left open a bit. During the 16th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3314292", "chunk_text": "\"Chaise longue\"\nThe chaise longue has traditionally been associated with psychoanalysis and many psychoanalysts continue to keep chaises longues in their offices for use in psychotherapy. It is thought that the first blend of a chair and daybed originated in Egypt. The earliest known models were made from palm sticks lashed together with pieces of cord or rawhide. Later, Egyptian bed-makers introduced mortise-and-tenon construction and wood bed frames veneered with ivory or ebony, in common use with many examples being found in the 1st dynasty (3100–2890 BC) tombs. Ancient Greek art depicts gods and goddesses lounging in this type of chair. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2636855", "chunk_text": "\"Camp bed\"\nCamp bed A camp bed, or cot in North America, is a small portable, lightweight bed used in situations where larger permanent beds cannot be used. The main advantage of this bed is its portability and compactness. Camp beds are generally used by armies or organizations, in tourism, and in emergency situations when there is a need to quickly provide accommodation for victims. Camp beds generally consist of a foldable lightweight wood or metal frame, covered with canvas, linen or nylon. The first camp beds were probably used by the Roman army. During the Soviet period, the lack of housing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2413422", "chunk_text": "Box-bed\nand 17th century, closet-beds were much smaller. Lying down was associated with death, and therefore sleeping was done in a half-upright position. These closet-beds held two people, and beneath them were often drawers \"\"rolkoetsen\"\" that pulled out and provided beds for the children. Box-bed A box-bed (also known as a closed bed, close bed, or enclosed bed) is a bed enclosed in furniture that looks like a cupboard, half-opened or not. The form originates in western European late medieval furniture. The box-bed is closed on all sides by panels of wood. One enters it by removing curtains, opening a door", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4332696", "chunk_text": "Roomette\nof the older design. The term \"\"roomette\"\" dates from 1937, when the first sleeping cars with such accommodations were constructed by the Pullman Company. The roomette was an innovation for its day, providing a relatively economical, fully enclosed sleeping accommodation for the individual traveler, a marked change from the open-berth sleeping accommodations that were the standard of the era. Roomette and other private-room sleeping accommodations quickly gained popularity, and became the standard in the United States after World War II. Similar equipment later became commonplace in Canada and Mexico, as well. The basic roomette design pioneered by Pullman remained standard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19839906", "chunk_text": "EuroNight\na regular seat, a couchette \"\"lying bed\"\" which offers a padded, felt bed with a blanket and small pillow, or a sleeping bed which allows a mattress bed with full bedding (sheets, comforters, pillows). Nearly all EuroNight services are international services (though a few large nations, including France and Germany, operate EN services nationally) and are jointly operated by various national rail companies, with many rail companies sharing cars on the route. EN trains developed and became the standard night-train service for all Western and most Central European nations, receiving special designation from the older D-Nacht services (many of which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16603135", "chunk_text": "\"Platform bed\"\nPlatform bed A platform bed, also known as a cabin bed, is a bed the base of which consists of a raised, level, usually rectangular horizontal solid frame, often with rows of flexible wooden slats or latticed structure meant to support just a mattress. This platform alone provides adequate, flexible support and ventilation for a mattress, eliminating the need for a box-spring or separate bed base (foundation). The actual date for the invention of the first platform bed is impossible to pinpoint, as the modern box-spring was not invented until the mid-1860s. Since the basic definition of a platform bed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9327659", "chunk_text": "Chintz\nto maidservants, who made them into dresses, and also that they were first worn as linings. With imported chintz becoming so popular with Europeans during the late 17th century, French and English mills grew concerned, as they could not make chintz. In 1686 the French declared a ban on all chintz imports. In 1720 England's Parliament enacted a law that forbade \"\"the Use and Warings in Apparel of imported chintz, and also its use or Wear in or about any Bed, Chair, Cushion or other Household furniture\"\". Even though chintz was outlawed, there were loopholes in the legislation. The Court", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11135560", "chunk_text": "\"Bedding ceremony\"\ngroomsmen and the bridesmaids then sat on the sides of the bed and threw the couple's stockings at them; a hit was believed to indicate that the thrower would soon marry. Finally the curtains were drawn around the bed and the couple were left alone. Some newlyweds refused to take part in the bedding ceremony. King Charles I of England () notably barred the door of his bedroom; however, despite his rejection, the custom remained prevalent for another century among all social classes, including the royal family. In the 16th century, in what is now Germany, the bedding ceremony was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14697239", "chunk_text": "\"Infant bed\"\nmesh or chain sides were common. Childcare experts gave iron beds their approval because it was hygienic material (compared with wood) and could not \"\"habour vermin\"\", of which bed bug infestation, lice and moths were cited concerns. Commonly painted with a white vitreous enamel, later manufacturers working with wood continued to paint in the now traditional white; unfortunately this was often lead paint, and children were notorious for chewing and sucking the sweet surface. Since 1938, babies in Finland have slept in cardboard boxes with a mattress in the bottom, which are distributed to expectant mothers as a \"\"maternity package\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3674638", "chunk_text": "Bedding\nNatural and synthetic down alternatives are marketed. Cotton, wool or polyester batting is commonly used as fill in quilts and down alternative comforters. These are less expensive and more easily laundered than natural down or feathers. Synthetic fibers are best in the form of thermofused (where fibers cross) batting. Thick-woven or knitted wool, cotton, acrylic or other microfiber synthetics, or blends of these, are typically used for blankets. Around 3400 BC Egyptian pharaohs had their beds moved off the ground and slept on a raised surface. Bed linen was widely evolved in Egypt. It was seen as a symbol of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14309016", "chunk_text": "Duvet\nDuvet A duvet (, ; ) is a type of bedding consisting of a soft flat bag filled with down, feathers, wool, silk or a synthetic alternative, and typically protected with a removable cover, analogous to a pillow and pillow case. Sleepers often use a duvet without a top bed sheet, as the duvet cover can readily be removed and laundered as often as the bottom sheet. Duvets originated in rural Europe and were filled with the down feathers of ducks. The best quality is taken from the eider duck, for its down is known for its effectiveness as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17324285", "chunk_text": "\"Canopy bed\"\nmedieval Europe for warmth and privacy, as their attendants often slept in the same room. Until the 16th century, these beds, even those of the nobles, were fairly plain and understated. During this period, carved work on the headboard and posts became popular and more ornate canopy beds followed. In pre-Republican China, until 1911, the family's canopy bed was the most important piece of household furniture, and often part of the bride's dowry. As signifiers of status, these beds were often intricately decorated with auspicious motifs, particularly relating to fertility, longevity and a happy marital union. Today’s canopy beds generally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17006285", "chunk_text": "\"French furniture\"\nand emphasis on the carving regardless of whether the furniture is painted or stained. In the metropolitan culture of France, \"\"French furniture\"\", connoting Parisian furniture, embodies one of the mainstreams of design in the decorative arts of Europe, extending its influence from Spain to Sweden and Russia, from the late seventeenth century to the last craft traditions in workshops like Jacques-Emile Ruhlmann, which came to an end only with the Second World War. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, French furniture of the classic period 1660-1815, has been collected as passionately by non-French \"\"amateurs\"\", with the English in the historical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16930672", "chunk_text": "Shower\nin public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was in 1887 in Vienna, Austria. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet, firstly in Bordeaux in 1893 and then in Paris in 1899. Domestic showers are most commonly stall showers or showers over a bathtub. A stall shower is a dedicated shower area which uses a door or curtain to contain water spray. The shower over a bathtub saves bathroom space and enables the area to be used for either a bath or a shower and commonly uses a sliding shower curtain to contain the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18150166", "chunk_text": "\"The State Bed\"\nare held in the Rijksmuseum, the British Museum and the Bibliothèque nationale de France. The State Bed The State Bed (Dutch - \"\"Het Ledikant\"\") is a 1646 print by Rembrandt in etching and drypoint. It is also known as Le Lit à la française (\"\"The French-style Bed\"\"), a title first given to it in Edme-François Gersaint's 1751 \"\"Catalogue raisonné de toutes les pièces qui forment l’œuvre de Rembrandt\"\". It shows a modern couple passionately making love in a four-poster bed, rather than disguising the work with a mythological title. This probably shocked the artist's contemporaries, since he cut his signature", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2083503", "chunk_text": "Bed\nboxes made of stone and likely topped with comfortable fillers, were dated to between 3200 BC and 2200 BC. The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps, with bolsters or pillows, and curtains to hang around. The elite of Egyptian society such as its pharaohs and queens even had beds made of wood, sometimes gilded. Often there was a head-rest as well, semi-cylindrical and made of stone, wood, or metal. Ancient Assyrians, Medes, and Persians had beds of a similar kind, and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal, mother-of-pearl, and ivory. The adjacent image", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17655286", "chunk_text": "\"Louis XVI style\"\nvariety of specialized pieces of furniture were created. These included lightweight chairs for men sitting at gambling tables, and specialized chairs for boudoirs, dressing rooms, libraries, and antechambers. The beds, especially in the \"\"chambers de parade\"\" or ceremonial bedrooms of the royal palaces, were of extraordinary proportions, and were usually separated from the rest of the room by a balustrade. reached monumental proportions. These beds were termed \"\"à la Duchesse\"\", and featured an ornate canopy over the bed. The sculpted and gilded wood frame of the silk embroidered canopy over the bed of Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, installed in 1787,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1309094", "chunk_text": "\"English trunk\"\nEnglish trunk The so-called English trunk (Malle Anglaise) is made of wicker and was invented in France around 1870 by the Maison Moynat. Taking its inspiration from the type of wooden chests common in England at the time, originally intended to transport linen and bedding, but also used for pique-niques, the trunk was invented in France as a means of getting around obligatory weight restrictions for luggage. This type of trunk first appeared around 1870. In some historical documents of the time it is referred to as a “basket” due to its wicker structure. Modeled on the style of English", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19384238", "chunk_text": "\"Bed warmer\"\ncentury, electric blankets and then the electric bed warmer, (containing a lampholder and low wattage light bulb), were invented to fulfill the same need. Bed warmer A bed warmer was a common household item in countries with cold winters, especially in Europe. It consisted of a metal container, usually fitted with a handle and shaped somewhat like a modern frying pan, with a solid or finely perforated lid. The pan would be filled with river stones preheated from the fireplace and placed under the covers of a bed, to warm it up and/or dry it out before use. After the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7628664", "chunk_text": "\"Bed and breakfast\"\nGermany, \"\"chambres d'hotes\"\" in France) for the first time. Some were inspired to open B&Bs in the U.S.; tourist home owners updated their properties as B&Bs. The interest in B&Bs coincided with an increasing interest in historic preservation, spurred by the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976 and assisted by two crucial pieces of legislation: the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, and the Tax Reform Act of 1976, which provided tax incentives for the restoration and reuse of historic structures. Through the 1980s and 1990s, B&Bs increased rapidly in numbers and evolved from homestay B&Bs with shared baths and a simple", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4417247", "chunk_text": "Bedsit\nBedsit A bedsit, bedsitter, or bed-sitting room is a form of accommodation common in some parts of the United Kingdom and Ireland which consists of a single room per occupant with all occupants typically sharing a bathroom. Bedsits are included in a legal category of dwellings referred to as houses in multiple occupation (HMO). Bedsits arose from the subdivision of larger dwellings into low-cost accommodation at low conversion cost. In the UK a growing desire for personal independence after World War II led to a reduced demand for traditional boarding houses with communal dining. Bedsits are often occupied by young", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_62	who wrote the song the glory of love?	n/a	[ "Billy Hill" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1477221", "chunk_text": "\"The Glory of Love (song)\"\nThe Glory of Love (song) \"\"The Glory of Love\"\" is a song written by Billy Hill, recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936, whose version was a number one pop hit. Subsequently, the song has been recorded by a vast number of artists, ranging from Dean Martin to Jimmy Durante to Paul McCartney. Bette Midler included the song in her film \"\"Beaches\"\" (1988) and it appears in the soundtrack recording. In 1951, R&B vocal group, The Five Keys, had their biggest R&B hit with their version of the song, hitting number one on the R&B chart for four non-consecutive weeks. Although", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17342218", "chunk_text": "\"The Glory of Love (song)\"\nThe Five Keys recording sold a reported million copies, pressed recordings are very rare. In 1967, Otis Redding recorded a cover version for his 1968 album, \"\"The Dock of the Bay\"\". Redding's cover became a top 20 hit and reached number nineteen on the \"\"Billboard\"\" R&B Songs chart and number sixty on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. The Glory of Love (song) \"\"The Glory of Love\"\" is a song written by Billy Hill, recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936, whose version was a number one pop hit. Subsequently, the song has been recorded by a vast number of artists, ranging from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4294341", "chunk_text": "\"Glory of Love\"\nGlory of Love \"\"Glory of Love\"\" is a 1986 song by Peter Cetera written and composed by Cetera, David Foster, and Cetera's then-wife Diane Nini, and recorded by Cetera shortly after he left the band Chicago to pursue a solo career. Featured in the 1986 film \"\"The Karate Kid Part II\"\", it was Cetera's first hit single after he left the band, reaching number one on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100, and it was included on his 1986 album, \"\"Solitude/Solitaire\"\", which Michael Omartian produced.<ref name=\"\"Solitude/SolitaireCD\"\"></ref> (Cetera released this album to coincide with the theatrical release of \"\"The Karate Kid Part II\"\".)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4294347", "chunk_text": "\"Glory of Love\"\nnew release. Glory of Love \"\"Glory of Love\"\" is a 1986 song by Peter Cetera written and composed by Cetera, David Foster, and Cetera's then-wife Diane Nini, and recorded by Cetera shortly after he left the band Chicago to pursue a solo career. Featured in the 1986 film \"\"The Karate Kid Part II\"\", it was Cetera's first hit single after he left the band, reaching number one on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100, and it was included on his 1986 album, \"\"Solitude/Solitaire\"\", which Michael Omartian produced.<ref name=\"\"Solitude/SolitaireCD\"\"></ref> (Cetera released this album to coincide with the theatrical release of \"\"The Karate Kid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3885793", "chunk_text": "\"Jim Boggia\"\nJim Boggia Jim Boggia is a pop singer-songwriter based in Philadelphia. In 1998, he co-wrote the song \"\"Glory\"\" which reached # 1 on the Billboard charts. Jim Boggia was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. At birth, he was declared legally blind in his left eye. He began playing the guitar at age five, encouraged by his musician father. In 1982 he graduated from Fenton High School in Fenton, Michigan. Boggia eventually moved to Philadelphia in order to work as a customer service representative in a high-tech studio equipment company. Boggia later quit his job and began his musical career by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4294343", "chunk_text": "\"Glory of Love\"\nOriginal Song, and a Golden Globe in the category of Best Original Song. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Male Artist. It went on to win an ASCAP Award for Most Performed Songs from a Motion Picture and a BMI Film & TV Award for Most Performed Song from a Film. According to Cetera, he originally wrote and composed \"\"Glory of Love\"\" as the end title for the 1985 film \"\"Rocky IV\"\", but it was passed over by United Artists, and instead was used as the theme for \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18223478", "chunk_text": "\"Blaze of Glory (Kenny Rogers song)\"\nBlaze of Glory (Kenny Rogers song) \"\"Blaze of Glory\"\" is a song written by Danny Morrison, Johnny Slate, and Larry Keith, and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Rogers. It was released in November 1981 as the third single (following I Don't Need You and Share Your Love With Me) from the album \"\"Share Your Love\"\". The song reached number 66 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart in early 1982. The song peaked at number nine on the country chart. Razzy Bailey originally cut the song to be a single, and right up until the last minute, Kenny Rogers'", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4175158", "chunk_text": "\"Glory (Common and John Legend song)\"\nGlory (Common and John Legend song) \"\"Glory\"\" is a song performed by American rapper Common and American singer John Legend. It was written by John Legend, Common, and Rhymefest. The song was released on December 11, 2014 by Columbia Records as the theme song from the 2014 film \"\"Selma\"\", which portrays the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. Common also co-starred as Civil Rights Movement leader James Bevel in \"\"Selma\"\". Commercially, the song peaked at number 49 on the US \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. A music video for the song was directed by Paramount Pictures and was released on January 12, 2015.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2431019", "chunk_text": "\"The Power of Love (Charley Pride song)\"\nThe Power of Love (Charley Pride song) \"\"The Power of Love\"\" is a song written by Gary Nicholson and Don Cook, and recorded by American country music artist Charley Pride. It was released in May 1984 as the first single and title track from his album \"\"The Power of Love\"\". The song peaked at number 9 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Singles chart. \"\"The Power of Love\"\" was also recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell. It was released in October 1994 as the fourth single from his album \"\"On the Road\"\". Parnell's version peaked at number 51", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19676039", "chunk_text": "\"Cathy Jean and the Roommates\"\nCathy Jean and the group had never met in person when the record was issued. Credited to Cathy Jean and the Roommates, and promoted by leading radio DJ \"\"Murray the K\"\", the record rose to #12 in the \"\"Billboard\"\" pop chart in early 1961. The Roommates then had success with their own record, \"\"Glory of Love\"\", a song first recorded in 1936 by Benny Goodman and an R&B chart hit in 1951 for The Five Keys. The Roommates' version reached #49 on the chart. The group continued to back Cathy Jean on her later singles, toured with her and recorded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8220729", "chunk_text": "\"Pride of Man\"\nPride of Man \"\"Pride of Man\"\" is a 1964 song by Hamilton Camp. It is Camp's best-known composition. Rife with apocalyptic imagery and religious language (\"\"Can't you see that flash of fire / Ten times brighter than the day... Shout a warning to the nations that the sword of God is raised / On Babylon that mighty city, rich in treasure, wide in fame... Oh God, the pride of man, broken in the dust again\"\"), the song was written shortly after Camp's initiation into the Subud spiritual movement. \"\"Pride of Man\"\" debuted on Camp's 1964 album \"\"Paths Of Victory\"\", but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3907098", "chunk_text": "\"Thine Be the Glory\"\nTochter Zion, freue dich. The tune of Thine Be the Glory was written by Handel in 1747, intended for use in Handel's \"\"Joshua\"\" oratorio; however, when it was played, it was popular enough that Handel added it to \"\"Judas Maccabaeus\"\". In 1796, Ludwig Van Beethoven composed twelve variations on it for both piano and cello. In 1884, Edmond L. Budry used Handel's tune and wrote words for them, which he titled \"\"A Toi la Gloire.\"\" It is reported that he was inspired to write it after the death of his first wife, Marie de Vayenborg in Lausanne, Switzerland. It was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5774854", "chunk_text": "\"The Greatest Love of All\"\na duet with Luciano Pavarotti in 2001. The song's music was composed by Michael Masser, and its lyrics were written by Linda Creed, in 1976 for \"\"The Greatest,\"\" a film based on the life of former heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali. According to the \"\"Los Angeles Times,\"\" after he had been asked to write the song for the movie, Masser felt drawn to Jerusalem, even though he was not a religious man, \"\"to get the feelings--not just my own.\"\" Masser also told the \"\"L. A. Times\"\" his special feelings about Ali: Here was a man who wanted to change his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2046984", "chunk_text": "\"Glory of Love\"\nKarate Kid Part II\"\". The song is often incorrectly credited as being performed by Cetera's former band Chicago owing to its similarity in style to many of the band's final hits with Cetera as lead vocalist. The version released as a single and featured on Cetera's album \"\"Solitude/Solitaire\"\" is edited, missing the beginning eight-second section of the song's bridge which is heard in \"\"The Karate Kid Part II\"\". Cetera performed a shortened version of the song live at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony, which took place on Monday, March 30, 1987 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. The music video by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3055900", "chunk_text": "\"To God Be the Glory\"\nTo God Be the Glory To God Be the Glory is a hymn with lyrics by Fanny Crosby and tune by William Howard Doane, first published in 1875. It appears to have been written around 1872 but was first published in 1875 in Lowry and Doane's song collection, \"\"\"\"Brightest and Best\"\".\"\" It was already popular in Great Britain before publication. Ira Sankey had introduced it there during Moody's 1873-1874 evangelistic campaigns. Despite this, the song failed to achieve wide usage in the United States and was included in very few hymnals. In 1954 Cliff Barrows, song leader for Billy Graham,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17708207", "chunk_text": "\"World of Glory\"\nWorld of Glory World of Glory is a 1991 Swedish short film written and directed by Roy Andersson. Its original Swedish title is Härlig är jorden, which means \"\"Lovely is the Earth\"\", and is the Swedish title of the hymn \"\"Fairest Lord Jesus\"\". The narrative portrays a man in white make-up who guides the viewer through his life in a bleakly stylised world. The film was Andersson's critical comeback to cinema, after many years in advertising. In 1975, Andersson's critical and commercial failure \"\"Giliap\"\" had forced him to disappear from the cinema scene and instead work as a director of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2431020", "chunk_text": "\"The Power of Love (Charley Pride song)\"\non the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Singles chart. The Power of Love (Charley Pride song) \"\"The Power of Love\"\" is a song written by Gary Nicholson and Don Cook, and recorded by American country music artist Charley Pride. It was released in May 1984 as the first single and title track from his album \"\"The Power of Love\"\". The song peaked at number 9 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Singles chart. \"\"The Power of Love\"\" was also recorded by American country music artist Lee Roy Parnell. It was released in October 1994 as the fourth single from his album \"\"On the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9830260", "chunk_text": "\"The Way of Love\"\nThe Way of Love \"\"The Way of Love\"\" is a song written by Jacques (a.k.a. Jack) Dieval, with lyrics by Al Stillman. Originally written by Jack Diéval with French lyrics by the song was introduced as 'J'ai le mal de toi'. It was written for the singer Frédérica in 1960, who took part that year in the national elimination rounds of France for the Eurovision Song Contest. This song was not selected and was evidently not recorded by Frédérica. Subsequently, the song was performed on Belgium's BRT radio station by vocalist Lily Castel, singing it in the \"\"Musik Ohne Grenzen\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1080803", "chunk_text": "\"The Edge of Glory\"\nby Versace. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video, while comparing it to the works of Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson and Madonna. Gaga has performed the song in award shows, music festivals and her concert tours. \"\"The Edge of Glory\"\" was written by Lady Gaga, Fernando Garibay, and DJ White Shadow, and was produced by Gaga and Garibay. The origins of the song first came about in January 2011, when Gaga released part of the lyrics on her Twitter account. White Shadow revealed that before they returned to Europe for the 2010 dates of The Monster Ball Tour, Gaga had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13638032", "chunk_text": "\"The Hymn of Joy\"\nThe Hymn of Joy \"\"The Hymn of Joy\"\" (often called \"\"Joyful, Joyful We Adore Thee\"\" after the first line) is a poem written by Henry van Dyke in 1907 with the intention of musically setting it to the famous \"\"Ode to Joy\"\" melody of the final movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's final symphony, Symphony No. 9. Van Dyke wrote this poem in 1907 while staying at the home of Williams College president Harry Augustus Garfield. He was serving as a guest preacher at Williams at the time. He told his host that the local Berkshire Mountains had been his inspiration.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18607539", "chunk_text": "\"The Book of Love (song)\"\nThe Book of Love (song) \"\"The Book of Love\"\" (also titled \"\"(Who Wrote) The Book of Love\"\") is a rock and roll / doo-wop song, originally by The Monotones. It was written by three members of the group, Warren Davis, George Malone and Charles Patrick. Lead singer Charles Patrick heard a Pepsodent toothpaste commercial with the line \"\"\"\"wonder where the yellow went\"\"\"\". From there he got the idea for the line, \"\"I wonder, wonder, wonder who, who wrote the book of love\"\", working it up into a song with Davis and Malone. The \"\"boom\"\" part of the song was a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20092173", "chunk_text": "\"All Glory, Laud and Honour\"\nthe hymn from Latin into English to be published in his \"\"Medieval Hymns and Sequences\"\". Neale revised his translation in 1854 and revised it further in 1861 when it was published in the first edition of \"\"Hymns Ancient and Modern\"\". The hymn was originally made of thirty-nine verses however only the first twelve lines were sung since a ninth-century published manuscript attributed to St. Gall until Neale's translation. The original Latin words are used by Roman Catholics alongside the English translation. In 1967, the hymn was covered by British singer Sir Cliff Richard on his \"\"Good News\"\" album. All Glory,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2299425", "chunk_text": "\"To God Be the Glory\"\nthe Son;<br> But purer, and higher, and greater will be<br> Our wonder, our rapture, when Jesus we see. To God Be the Glory To God Be the Glory is a hymn with lyrics by Fanny Crosby and tune by William Howard Doane, first published in 1875. It appears to have been written around 1872 but was first published in 1875 in Lowry and Doane's song collection, \"\"\"\"Brightest and Best\"\".\"\" It was already popular in Great Britain before publication. Ira Sankey had introduced it there during Moody's 1873-1874 evangelistic campaigns. Despite this, the song failed to achieve wide usage in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5774852", "chunk_text": "\"The Greatest Love of All\"\nThe Greatest Love of All \"\"The Greatest Love of All\"\" is a song written by Michael Masser, who composed the music, and Linda Creed, who wrote the lyrics. It was originally recorded in 1977 by George Benson, who made the song a substantial hit, peaking at number two on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart that year, the first R&B chart top-ten hit for Arista Records. The song was written and recorded to be the main theme of the 1977 film \"\"The Greatest,\"\" a biopic of the boxer Muhammad Ali. Eight years after Benson's original recording, the song became even", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13182323", "chunk_text": "\"The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song)\"\nThe Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song) \"\"The Power of Love\"\" is a song co-written and originally recorded by Jennifer Rush in 1984. It has been covered by several artists, most notably by Air Supply, Celine Dion and Laura Branigan. Rush's original version, released in her native United States at the end of 1984 and in Europe during 1985, went to number one in the United Kingdom in October 1985 and became the biggest-selling single of the year in that country. It was also a number one single in several other European countries, as well as Canada, Australia and New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16655275", "chunk_text": "\"Love of the Loved\"\nLove of the Loved \"\"Love of the Loved\"\" is a song written mainly by Paul McCartney, credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is one of his earliest compositions and featured in the Beatles live act in their early days. The group recorded the song at their 1962 audition for Decca Records, but never issued it on any of their official releases. Instead, Cilla Black recorded it for her debut single, which was produced by George Martin. It was not a big hit for her, reaching #35 on the UK Singles Chart. The Beatles audition version was left off \"\"Anthology 1\"\", even though", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18607541", "chunk_text": "\"The Book of Love (song)\"\nAustralia. The Book of Love (song) \"\"The Book of Love\"\" (also titled \"\"(Who Wrote) The Book of Love\"\") is a rock and roll / doo-wop song, originally by The Monotones. It was written by three members of the group, Warren Davis, George Malone and Charles Patrick. Lead singer Charles Patrick heard a Pepsodent toothpaste commercial with the line \"\"\"\"wonder where the yellow went\"\"\"\". From there he got the idea for the line, \"\"I wonder, wonder, wonder who, who wrote the book of love\"\", working it up into a song with Davis and Malone. The \"\"boom\"\" part of the song was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5104432", "chunk_text": "\"Land of Hope and Glory\"\nLand of Hope and Glory \"\"Land of Hope and Glory\"\" is a British patriotic song, with music by Edward Elgar and lyrics by A. C. Benson, written in 1902. The music to which the words of the refrain \"\"Land of Hope and Glory, &c\"\" below are set is the \"\"trio\"\" theme from Edward Elgar's \"\"Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1\"\". The words were fitted to the melody on the suggestion of King Edward VII who told Elgar he thought the melody would make a great song. When Elgar was requested to write a work for the King's coronation, he worked", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6190923", "chunk_text": "\"A. C. Benson\"\nA. C. Benson Arthur Christopher Benson (24 April 1862 – 17 June 1925) was an English essayist, poet, author and academic and the 28th Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge. He is noted for writing the words of the song \"\"Land of Hope and Glory\"\". Benson was born on 24 April 1862 at Wellington College, Berkshire. He was one of six children of Edward White Benson (1829-1896; Archbishop of Canterbury 1882–96; the first headmaster of the college) and his wife Mary Sidgwick Benson, sister of the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. Benson was born into a literary family; his brothers included Edward Frederic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16939438", "chunk_text": "\"Edmond Louis Budry\"\nEdmond Louis Budry Edmond Louis Budry (August 30, 1854 – November 12, 1932) was a Swiss hymn writer famous for writing the lyrics to the hymn \"\"Thine Be the Glory\"\" (\"\"À toi la gloire\"\") to music from \"\"Judas Maccabaeus\"\" by George Frideric Handel. Born in Vevey, he studied theology in Lausanne and was a pastor at Cully and Sainte-Croix between 1881 and 1889. He then became pastor of the Free Church in Vevey for a further 35 years, retiring in 1923. Besides writing original hymns, he translated German, English, and Latin lyrics into French. Some of his work appeared in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18223479", "chunk_text": "\"Blaze of Glory (Kenny Rogers song)\"\norganization said there were no plans to release his version first. Apparently someone heard Razzy's cut on the song and rushed back to the Liberty Records to tell them it might be a hit. So Rogers' version hit the charts first and Bailey's remained an album cut from \"\"Feelin' Right\"\". Blaze of Glory (Kenny Rogers song) \"\"Blaze of Glory\"\" is a song written by Danny Morrison, Johnny Slate, and Larry Keith, and recorded by American country music artist Kenny Rogers. It was released in November 1981 as the third single (following I Don't Need You and Share Your Love With", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9753507", "chunk_text": "\"Billy Hill (songwriter)\"\nBilly Hill (songwriter) Billy Hill (July 14, 1899 – December 24, 1940) was an American songwriter, violinist, and pianist who found fame writing Western songs such as \"\"They Cut Down the Old Pine Tree\"\", \"\"The Last Round-Up\"\", \"\"Wagon Wheels\"\", and \"\"Empty Saddles\"\". Hill's most popular song was \"\"The Glory of Love\"\", recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936, Count Basie in 1937, Peggy Lee in 1959, Dean Martin in 1966, Tom Rush in 1968, Eddy Arnold in 1969, Wizz Jones in 1970, Otis Redding, The Five Keys, Paul McCartney in 2012 and Bette Midler for the film \"\"Beaches\"\". William Joseph Hill", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4211563", "chunk_text": "\"Day of Glory\"\nDay of Glory Day of Glory is the debut studio album by Swiss singer and fiddle player Sebalter. It was released in Switzerland on 9 January 2015, through Phonag Records. The album has peaked to number 9 on the Swiss Albums Chart. The album includes the singles \"\"Hunter of Stars\"\" and \"\"Saturday\"\". \"\"Hunter of Stars\"\" was released as the lead single from the album on 2 December 2013. The song has peaked to number 6 in Switzerland. The song was selected to represent Switzerland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 at the B&W Hallerne in Copenhagen, Denmark. During the semi-final", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9717835", "chunk_text": "\"George Khoury (record producer)\"\nGeorge Khoury (record producer) George Khoury (July 17, 1909 – January 8, 1998, Lake Charles, Louisiana) was an American pioneer swamp pop and cajun record producer known for co-writing and composing the No. 1 hit song \"\"Sea of Love\"\" by Phil Phillips as well as \"\"Mathilda\"\" by Cookie and the Cupcakes. His swamp pop, cajun and swamp blues recordings made a big impact on American popular culture. He recorded Nathan Abshire and the song \"\"Pine Grove Blues\"\". Later he would record Lawrence Walker and His Wandering Aces, Elise Deshotel with Dewey Balfa, Harry Choates, Jimmy Newman, and Phil Phillips with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9970039", "chunk_text": "\"Glory Song\"\nGlory Song \"\"O That Will Be Glory\"\", also known as \"\"The Glory Song\"\", with words and music by Charles H. Gabriel (1856-1932), was first published in 1900. In 1914, J. H. Hall claimed that the song had been translated into at least 17 languages and that at least 17 million copies of the song were then in print. From 1930 to 1965, \"\"O That Will Be Glory\"\" was the theme song of evangelist G. E. Lowman's international radio broadcast. The musical score of the song can be found online in Excell's \"\"Praises\"\" (song number 4). 1. When all my labors", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4398984", "chunk_text": "\"Edmond Louis Budry\"\n\"\"Chants Evangéliques\"\" (Lausanne, Switzerland: 1885). Some of his work is translated into German by Johanna Meyer (1851-1921). He died in Vevey and is buried in Cully. Edmond Louis Budry Edmond Louis Budry (August 30, 1854 – November 12, 1932) was a Swiss hymn writer famous for writing the lyrics to the hymn \"\"Thine Be the Glory\"\" (\"\"À toi la gloire\"\") to music from \"\"Judas Maccabaeus\"\" by George Frideric Handel. Born in Vevey, he studied theology in Lausanne and was a pastor at Cully and Sainte-Croix between 1881 and 1889. He then became pastor of the Free Church in Vevey for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15073103", "chunk_text": "\"A Song of Joy\"\nA Song of Joy \"\"A Song of Joy\"\" (\"\"Himno de la alegría\"\") is the title of a popular rock song by the Spanish singer and actor Miguel Ríos. The song is set to the tune the Ninth Symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, as arranged by Waldo de los Rios, who specialized in arranging classical music to contemporary rhythms. The single was enormously popular in many countries in 1970 (see 1970 in music), reaching number one on music charts in Australia, Canada, Germany, Switzerland, and the Easy Listening chart in the United States. On the U.S. pop chart, the song peaked", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4739842", "chunk_text": "\"The Miracle of Love\"\nThe Miracle of Love \"\"The Miracle of Love\"\" is a 1986 song recorded by British duo Eurythmics. It was written by Eurythmics members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart. The track was released as the third single from the duo's sixth album \"\"Revenge\"\" in the UK. It was not released as a single in the United States. The music video was directed by band member David A. Stewart. The grainy video shows Lennox and Stewart separately in darkened room surrounded only by candles followed by a shot of Lennox against a tree while historical footage of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3885796", "chunk_text": "\"Jim Boggia\"\ninfluences including Simon & Garfunkel, Harry Nilsson, Cat Stevens, and Brian Wilson. He also is a fan of the Beatles, having performed in various Beatles tribute concerts as well as a recreation of their rooftop concert. Boggia was voted the #6 Best Local Music Act in Citysearch 2001 for Philadelphia. Boggia's \"\"Misadventures in Stereo\"\" was nominated in the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards for Pop/Rock Album of the year. </div> Jim Boggia Jim Boggia is a pop singer-songwriter based in Philadelphia. In 1998, he co-wrote the song \"\"Glory\"\" which reached # 1 on the Billboard charts. Jim Boggia was born", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12789149", "chunk_text": "\"Harold Dorman\"\nHarold Dorman Harold Dorman (December 23, 1926 – October 8, 1988) was an American rock and roll singer and songwriter. Harold Kenneth Dorman was born in Drew, Mississippi. He wrote a song called \"\"Mountain of Love\"\", which he released as a single in 1960 on the Rita record label. The song became a hit in the U.S., reaching No. 7 on the R&B singles chart and No. 21 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. Though it was Dorman's only hit record, it proved to be a popular song for covers; Charley Pride, Johnny Rivers, and Ronnie Dove all hit the U.S.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2750334", "chunk_text": "\"Power and the Glory\"\nPower and the Glory \"\"Power and the Glory\"\" (sometimes titled \"\"The Power and the Glory\"\") is an American patriotic song by Phil Ochs, a U.S. protest singer from the 1960s known for being a harsh critic of the American military and industrial establishment. Originally released on his 1964 debut album, \"\"All the News That's Fit to Sing,\"\" \"\"Power and the Glory\"\" is said to have contributed to Ochs' profound impact. Singer/songwriter Phil Ochs is said to have \"\"spent half his adult life dodging FBI microphones hidden in his soup.\"\" By 1963, Ochs was not well thought of by the U.S.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10723782", "chunk_text": "\"Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)\"\nGlorious Day (Living He Loved Me) \"\"Glorious Day (Living He Loved Me)\"\" is a song performed by contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns from their 2009 album \"\"Until the Whole World Hears\"\". While the music was composed by the band, the lyrics come from the hymn \"\"One Day\"\", written in 1910 by John Wilbur Chapman, and the song's verse melody was set by Michael Bleecker at The Village Church in Flower Mound, Texas. The single has been successful on Christian radio, reaching the top spot on the Hot Christian Songs (for a total of nine non-consecutive weeks), Soft AC/Inspirational, and Christian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4175161", "chunk_text": "\"Glory (Common and John Legend song)\"\na private internet company that raises funds for charity through online auctions and merchandise sales. \"\"Glory\"\" officially debuted on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 at number 92. It became Common's fourth charted song on that chart of his own and has since peaked at number 49. Glory (Common and John Legend song) \"\"Glory\"\" is a song performed by American rapper Common and American singer John Legend. It was written by John Legend, Common, and Rhymefest. The song was released on December 11, 2014 by Columbia Records as the theme song from the 2014 film \"\"Selma\"\", which portrays the 1965 Selma to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17731685", "chunk_text": "\"Love and Glory\"\nLove and Glory Love and Glory () is a 1983 novel by Robert B. Parker. The story is told in the first person by Boone Adams. It is a coming-of-age and love story. There is explicit and implicit reference to and imitation of \"\"The Great Gatsby\"\". Parker originally intended a combination novel and time capsule. The time capsule sections, inter-chapter devices with baseball box scores, old ad copy, captions from LIFE magazine and popular song lyrics, were ultimately scrapped due to excessive permission fees. Much of the novel takes place at the fictional Taft University, which Parker used later as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12028851", "chunk_text": "\"Hymne à l'amour\"\nHymne à l'amour \"\"\"\" (; French for \"\"Hymn to Love\"\") is a popular French song originally performed by Édith Piaf. The lyrics were written by Piaf and the music by Marguerite Monnot. Piaf first sang this song at the Cabaret Versailles in New York City on September 14, 1949. It was written to her lover and the love of her life, the French boxer, Marcel Cerdan. On October 28, 1949, Cerdan was killed in a plane crash on his way from Paris to New York to come to see her. She recorded the song on May 2, 1950. \"\"\"\" was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8910118", "chunk_text": "\"Angels from the Realms of Glory\"\nAngels from the Realms of Glory \"\"Angels from the Realms of Glory\"\" is a Christmas carol written by Scottish poet James Montgomery. It was first printed in the \"\"Sheffield Iris\"\" on Christmas Eve 1816, though it only began to be sung in churches after its 1825 reprinting in the Montgomery collection \"\"The Christian Psalmist\"\" and in the Religious Tract Society's \"\"The Christmas Box or New Year's Gift\"\". Before 1928, the hymn was sung to a variety of tunes, including \"\"Regent Square\"\" by Henry Smart, \"\"Lewes\"\" by John Randall, and \"\"Wildersmouth\"\" or \"\"Feniton Court\"\" by Edward Hopkins. In the United States,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3907097", "chunk_text": "\"Thine Be the Glory\"\nThine Be the Glory Thine Be the Glory, Risen Conquering Son (French: \"\"À toi la gloire O Ressuscité\"\"), also titled Thine Is the Glory, is an Easter Christian hymn, written by the Swiss writer Edmond Budry (1854–1932) and set to the tune of the chorus \"\"See, the Conqu'ring hero comes\"\" from Handel's oratorio \"\"Judas Maccabaeus\"\", the 3rd part. The hymn is sometimes sung at weddings or funerals, and in Ireland is associated with Christmas as well as Easter. An English translation was written in 1923 by Richard Hoyle (1875–1939). With German lyrics it is sung as an Advent hymn called", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4318532", "chunk_text": "\"Sea of Love (song)\"\nSea of Love (song) \"\"Sea of Love\"\" is a song written by Philip Baptiste (better known as Phil Phillips) and George Khoury. It was the only top-40 chart song for Phillips, who never recorded another hit. Baptiste, who was working as a bellboy in Lake Charles, Louisiana, wrote \"\"Sea of Love\"\" for a love interest. He was introduced to local record producer George Khoury, who brought Baptiste into his studio to record the song. At Khoury's request, Baptiste took the stage name of Phil Phillips. The song, originally credited to Phil Phillips with The Twilights, was released on a small", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16655277", "chunk_text": "\"Love of the Loved\"\nWeeklings 2016 release \"\"Studio 2\"\", which was recorded at Abbey Road Studios along with 3 other unreleased Lennon/McCartney/Harrison compositions. The original Decca audition version, along with 10 other tracks from the 1962 Decca session, is now available on the CD \"\"I Saw Her Standing There\"\". Love of the Loved \"\"Love of the Loved\"\" is a song written mainly by Paul McCartney, credited to Lennon–McCartney. It is one of his earliest compositions and featured in the Beatles live act in their early days. The group recorded the song at their 1962 audition for Decca Records, but never issued it on any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6386544", "chunk_text": "\"Mountain of Love\"\nCharley Pride released a cover version, which topped the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in March 1982. Charley Pride's version of \"\"Mountain of Love\"\" was his twenty-sixth #1 on the country chart. Mountain of Love \"\"Mountain of Love\"\" is a song written by Harold Dorman. Dorman released his version as a single in 1960. It was originally recorded in late 1959 at the Royal Recording Studios in Memphis before the backing vocals (and strings, much later) were overdubbed. It performed well, spending 19 weeks on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 chart, peaking at #21 in May 1960, while reaching #7 on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_63	who wrote the book the origin of species?	n/a	[ "Charles Darwin" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244444", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nOn the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1121347", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nOn the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6891794", "chunk_text": "\"The Theory of Evolution\"\nThe Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"\"The Origin of Species\"\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of its type. The original version was updated several times, and a \"\"Canto\"\" edition, with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6891795", "chunk_text": "\"The Theory of Evolution\"\nforeword by Richard Dawkins, and newly written introduction by the author, was published in 1996. The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"\"The Origin of Species\"\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14882072", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Darwin\"\nCharles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12874057", "chunk_text": "\"Objections to evolution\"\nObjections to evolution Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\", his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different theories, but eventually came to receive overwhelming acceptance in the scientific community. The observation of evolutionary processes occurring (as well as the modern evolutionary synthesis explaining that evidence) has been uncontroversial among mainstream biologists since the 1940s.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19577727", "chunk_text": "\"Genetics and the Origin of Species\"\nthe 1990 edition of \"\"Great Books of the Western World\"\", placing it with Charles Darwin's two great works \"\"The Origin of Species\"\" and \"\"The Descent of Man\"\". A third edition was published in 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. It is regarded as one of the most important works of the modern synthesis, and was one of the earliest. The book popularized the work of population genetics to other biologists, and influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. In his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14882175", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Darwin\"\nto geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience. A shift from voluntary arrangements to \"\"negative\"\" eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States, copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and \"\"racial hygiene\"\".() Charles Darwin Charles Robert Darwin, (; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14263422", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nMayr summarised as follows: In later editions of the book, Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles. Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form. Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious, with monstrous births from union between species, and spontaneous generation of life. The Protestant Reformation inspired a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3198163", "chunk_text": "\"Oscar Hertwig\"\nOscar Hertwig Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution circa 1916, over 55 years after Charles Darwin's book \"\"The Origin of Species\"\". He was the elder brother of zoologist-professor Richard Hertwig (1850–1937).The Hertwig brothers were the most eminent scholars of Ernst Haeckel (and Carl Gegenbaur) from the University of Jena. They were independent of Haeckel's philosophical speculations but took his ideas in a positive way to widen their concepts in zoology. Initially, between 1879–1883, they performed embryological studies, especially on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1604162", "chunk_text": "Evolution\nbiological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms and molecules. The scientific theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century and was set out in detail in Darwin's book \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" (1859). Evolution by natural selection was first demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are often produced than can possibly survive. This is followed by three observable facts about living organisms: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to their morphology, physiology and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14788084", "chunk_text": "\"Ernst Haeckel\"\nErnst Haeckel Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (; 16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was a German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor, marine biologist, and artist who discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a genealogical tree relating all life forms, and coined many terms in biology, including \"\"anthropogeny\"\", \"\"ecology\"\", \"\"phylum\"\", \"\"phylogeny\"\", and \"\"Protista.\"\" Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the influential but no longer widely held recapitulation theory (\"\"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny\"\") claiming that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development, or phylogeny. The published", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14263420", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nand that humans were unique, unrelated to other animals. The political and theological implications were intensely debated, but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream. The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication. As Darwin was an eminent scientist, his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific, philosophical, and religious discussion. The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism. Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244427", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\npresent in human brains. Others, including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace, thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes, but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process. Darwin published his own explanation in the \"\"Descent of Man\"\" (1871). Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's \"\"Metamorphosis of Plants\"\" and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6579162", "chunk_text": "\"Reactions to On the Origin of Species\"\nReactions to On the Origin of Species The immediate reactions to \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\", the book in which Charles Darwin described evolution by natural selection, included international debate, though the heat of controversy was less than that over earlier works such as \"\"Vestiges of Creation\"\". Darwin monitored the debate closely, cheering on Thomas Henry Huxley's battles with Richard Owen to remove clerical domination of the scientific establishment. While Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he read eagerly about them and mustered support through correspondence. Religious views were mixed, with the Church of England's scientific establishment", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10331525", "chunk_text": "\"Alfred Russel Wallace\"\nAlfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"\"On the Origin of Species.\"\" Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Line, which separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244329", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nspecies, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick. In December 1831, he joined the \"\"Beagle\"\" expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist. He read Charles Lyell's \"\"Principles of Geology\"\" and from the first stop ashore, at St. Jago, found Lyell's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes. Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos, and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20104498", "chunk_text": "\"Genetics and the Origin of Species\"\nGenetics and the Origin of Species Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky. It is regarded as one of the most important works of the modern synthesis, and was one of the earliest. The book popularized the work of population genetics to other biologists, and influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. In his book, Dobzhansky applied the theoretical work of Sewall Wright (1889-1988) to the study of natural populations, allowing him to address evolutionary problems in a novel way during his time. Dobzhansky implements theories of mutation,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "818505", "chunk_text": "\"Common descent\"\nidentified; these may have arisen from a single common ancestor that lived 650 million years ago in the Precambrian. Universal common descent through an evolutionary process was first proposed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin in the concluding sentence of his 1859 book \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\": In the 1740s, the French mathematician Pierre Louis Maupertuis made the first known suggestion that all organisms had a common ancestor, and had diverged through random variation and natural selection. In \"\"Essai de cosmologie\"\" (1750), Maupertuis noted: May we not say that, in the fortuitous combination of the productions of Nature, since", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "731110", "chunk_text": "\"Frits Heide\"\nFrits Heide Frits Ferdinand Rudolf Heide (December 7, 1883 – 1957) was a Danish botanist and science writer. He studied botany at the University of Copenhagen from 1906 under professor Eugenius Warming, but never actually graduated. In 1909, Frits Heide revised J.P. Jacobsen’s translation of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man. He also translated Darwin's autobiography into Danish. Much later, in 1935, he finally published his own translation of the Origin of Species. Heide was a prolific writer in Danish popular science, but also contributed with more purely scientific texts on plant biology, forest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4718395", "chunk_text": "Darwinism\na pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as scientific materialism, but in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations, being freely used as a shorthand for the body of theory dealing with evolution, and in particular, with evolution by natural selection. While the term \"\"Darwinism\"\" had been used previously to refer to the work of Erasmus Darwin in the late 18th century, the term as understood today was introduced when Charles Darwin's 1859 book \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" was reviewed by Thomas Henry Huxley in the April 1860 issue of the \"\"Westminster Review\"\". Having hailed the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19577724", "chunk_text": "\"Genetics and the Origin of Species\"\nseries of notable books: \"\"Systematics and the Origin of Species\"\" (1942) by Ernst Mayr; \"\"Tempo and Mode in Evolution\"\" (1944) by George Gaylord Simpson; and \"\"Variation and Evolution in Plants\"\" (1950) by G. Ledyard Stebbins. The emerging synthesis was called the evolutionary synthesis by Julian Huxley in his book, \"\"\"\". In 1947, a diverse collection of biologists met at a symposium in Princeton and declared their acceptance of this synthesis. However, it was not yet complete. Developmental biologists did not accept that the theory explained their observations, and it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that molecular biology bridged", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1121397", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nby Edmond Barbier was published in 1876. A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860. By 1864, additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian. In Darwin's lifetime, \"\"Origin\"\" was published in Swedish in 1871, Danish in 1872, Polish in 1873, Hungarian in 1873–1874, Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878. By 1977, it had appeared in an additional 18 languages. Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7448658", "chunk_text": "\"Natural Selection (manuscript)\"\nNatural Selection (manuscript) Natural Selection is a manuscript written by Charles Darwin, in which he presented his theory of natural selection and its role in biological evolution. He did not publish the work while he was alive, but wrote an abstract, titled \"\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life\"\", which he published in 1859. Darwin regarded \"\"Natural Selection\"\" as his main work, while \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" was written for a wider audience. He always intended to finish \"\"Natural Selection\"\", but because of frail health,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4838379", "chunk_text": "\"History of Western civilization\"\nfounded. Many Westerners became less religious in this period, although a majority of people still held traditional Christian beliefs. The 1859 publication of \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\", by the English naturalist Charles Darwin, provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of human life to the traditional poetic scriptural explanation known as Creationism. According to Darwin, only the organisms most able to adapt to their environment survived while others became extinct. Adaptations resulted in changes in certain populations of organisms which could eventually cause the creation of new species. Modern genetics started with Gregor Johann Mendel, a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244443", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nthe publication of \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" and the bicentenary of Darwin's birth were scheduled for 2009. They celebrated the ideas which \"\"over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it\"\". In a survey conducted by a group of academic booksellers, publishers and librarians in advance of Academic Book Week in the United Kingdom, \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" was voted the most influential academic book ever written. It was hailed as \"\"the supreme demonstration of why academic books matter\"\" and \"\"a book which has changed the way we think about everything\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15141071", "chunk_text": "\"Science book\"\non evolutionary biology, David Eagleman on neuroscience, Donald Norman on usability and cognitive psychology, Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky, and Robert Ornstein on linguistics and cognitive science, Donald Johanson and Robert Ardrey on paleoanthropology, and Desmond Morris on zoology and anthropology, and Fulvio Melia on black holes. Science book A science book is a work of nonfiction, usually written by a scientist, researcher, or professor like Stephen Hawking (\"\"A Brief History of Time\"\"), or sometimes by a non-scientist such as Bill Bryson (\"\"A Short History of Nearly Everything\"\"). Usually these books are written for a wide audience presumed to have a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244430", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nMalthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant. The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy, who had the character Levin in his novel \"\"Anna Karenina\"\" voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin's views. There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution, including Karl von Nägeli's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection. Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics. His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2602142", "chunk_text": "\"Clémence Royer\"\nClémence Royer Clémence Royer (21 April 1830 – 6 February 1902) was a self-taught French scholar who lectured and wrote on economics, philosophy, science and feminism. She is best known for her controversial 1862 French translation of Charles Darwin's \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\". Augustine-Clémence Audouard was born on 21 April 1830 in Nantes, Brittany, the only daughter of Augustin-René Royer and Joséphine-Gabrielle Audouard. When her parents married seven years later her name was changed to Clémence-Auguste Royer. Her mother was a seamstress from Nantes while her father came from Le Mans and was an army captain and a royalist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8491445", "chunk_text": "\"History of biology\"\nof Jean-Baptiste Lamarck; based on the inheritance of acquired characteristics (an inheritance mechanism that was widely accepted until the 20th century), it described a chain of development stretching from the lowliest microbe to humans. The British naturalist Charles Darwin, combining the biogeographical approach of Humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of Lyell, Thomas Malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise, created a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection; similar evidence led Alfred Russel Wallace to independently reach the same conclusions. The 1859 publication of Darwin's theory in \"\"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10437956", "chunk_text": "Species\nthat species could evolve given sufficient time. Charles Darwin's 1859 book \"\"The Origin of Species\"\" explained how species could arise by natural selection. That understanding was greatly extended in the 20th century through genetics and population ecology. Genetic variability arises from mutations and recombination, while organisms themselves are mobile, leading to geographical isolation and genetic drift with varying selection pressures. Genes can sometimes be exchanged between species by horizontal gene transfer; new species can arise rapidly through hybridisation and polyploidy; and species may become extinct for a variety of reasons. Viruses are a special case, driven by a balance of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1121355", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nErasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4718391", "chunk_text": "Darwinism\nDarwinism Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. It subsequently referred to the specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier, or the central dogma", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11717212", "chunk_text": "\"The Selfish Gene\"\n\"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" and Isaac Newton’s \"\"Principia Mathematica\"\". The Selfish Gene The Selfish Gene is a 1976 book on evolution by Richard Dawkins, in which the author builds upon the principal theory of George C. Williams's \"\"Adaptation and Natural Selection\"\" (1966). Dawkins uses the term \"\"selfish gene\"\" as a way of expressing the gene-centred view of evolution as opposed to the views focused on the organism and the group, popularising ideas developed during the 1960s by W. D. Hamilton and others. From the gene-centred view, it follows that the more two individuals are genetically related, the more sense", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1497996", "chunk_text": "Mutationism\nMutationism Mutationism is one of several alternatives to evolution by natural selection that have existed both before and after the publication of Charles Darwin's 1859 book, \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\". In the theory, mutation was the source of novelty, creating new forms and new species, potentially instantaneously, in sudden jumps. This was envisaged as driving evolution, which was thought to be limited by the supply of mutations. Before Darwin, biologists commonly believed in saltationism, the possibility of large evolutionary jumps, including immediate speciation. For example, in 1822 Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire argued that species could be formed by sudden transformations,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4082571", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\ndeal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, \"\"An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species\"\", while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"\"survival of the fittest\"\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his \"\"Principles of Biology\"\" (1864). In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's \"\"On the Genesis of Species\"\" listed detailed arguments against natural selection,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244336", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nto be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely. In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book \"\"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\"\", written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. \"\"Vestiges\"\" used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4082632", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nDarwin had been somewhat coy about human origins, not identifying any explicit conclusion on the matter in his book, he had dropped enough hints about human's animal ancestry for the inference to be made, and the first review claimed it made a creed of the \"\"men from monkeys\"\" idea from \"\"Vestiges\"\". Human evolution became central to the debate and was strongly argued by Huxley who featured it in his popular \"\"working-men's lectures\"\". Darwin did not publish his own views on this until 1871. The naturalism of natural selection conflicted with presumptions of purpose in nature and while this could be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "691911", "chunk_text": "\"Vertebrate paleontology\"\nbeginning the serious study into the lives of extinct animals. With the publication of the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin in 1849, the field got a theoretical framework. Much of the subsequent work has been to map the relationship between fossil and extant organisms, as well as their history through time. In modern times, Alfred Romer (1894–1973) wrote what has been termed the definitive textbook on the subject, called \"\"Vertebrate Paleontology\"\". It shows the progression of evolution in fossil fish, and amphibians and reptiles through comparative anatomy, including a list of all the (then) known fossil vertebrate genera. Romer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3198167", "chunk_text": "\"Oscar Hertwig\"\nRoyal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903. Hertwig is known as Oscar Hedwig in the book \"\"Who discovered what when\"\" by David Ellyard. A history of the discovery of fertilization for mammals including scientists like Hertwig and other workers is given by the book \"\"The Mammalian Egg\"\" by Austin. Oscar Hertwig Oscar Hertwig (21 April 1849 in Friedberg – 25 October 1922 in Berlin) was a German zoologist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution circa 1916, over 55 years after Charles Darwin's book \"\"The Origin of Species\"\". He was the elder brother of zoologist-professor Richard Hertwig", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244340", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\ndisperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence. In his autobiography, Darwin said he had \"\"gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory was clearly conceived, to 1859; and I lost nothing by it\"\". On the first page of his 1859 book he noted that, having begun work on the topic in 1837, he had drawn up \"\"some short notes\"\" after five years, had enlarged these into a sketch in 1844, and \"\"from that period to the present day I have steadily", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11142904", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Darwin\"\nenough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"\"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\"\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"\"big book\"\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"\"one long argument\"\" of detailed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4082648", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nrecent common ancestry. The book produced a wide range of religious responses at a time of changing ideas and increasing secularisation. The issues raised were complex and there was a large middle ground. Developments in geology meant that there was little opposition based on a literal reading of Genesis, but defence of the argument from design and natural theology was central to debates over the book in the English-speaking world. Natural theology was not a unified doctrine, and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book, others sought a reconciliation in which evolution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1121354", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\ndeath, but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem. The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan. In 1766, Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species, such as horses and asses, or lions, tigers, and leopards, might be varieties descended from a common ancestor. The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC, but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world. Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas, but James Hutton proposed a self-maintaining infinite cycle, anticipating uniformitarianism. Charles Darwin's grandfather", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14489229", "chunk_text": "\"History of evolutionary thought\"\npublication of Charles Darwin's \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" fundamentally transformed the discussion over biological origins. Darwin argued that his branching version of evolution explained a wealth of facts in biogeography, anatomy, embryology, and other fields of biology. He also provided the first cogent mechanism by which evolutionary change could persist: his theory of natural selection. One of the first and most important naturalists to be convinced by \"\"Origin\"\" of the reality of evolution was the British anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley. Huxley recognized that unlike the earlier transmutational ideas of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and \"\"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13456408", "chunk_text": "\"Clémence Royer\"\nthe Maison Galignani in Neuilly-sur-Seine. Her son, René, died of liver failure 6 months later in Indochina. Clémence Royer Clémence Royer (21 April 1830 – 6 February 1902) was a self-taught French scholar who lectured and wrote on economics, philosophy, science and feminism. She is best known for her controversial 1862 French translation of Charles Darwin's \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\". Augustine-Clémence Audouard was born on 21 April 1830 in Nantes, Brittany, the only daughter of Augustin-René Royer and Joséphine-Gabrielle Audouard. When her parents married seven years later her name was changed to Clémence-Auguste Royer. Her mother was a seamstress", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6928226", "chunk_text": "\"History of speciation\"\nin his 1859 book \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\". It was not until 1906 that the modern term \"\"speciation\"\" was coined by the biologist Orator F. Cook. Darwin, in his 1859 publication, focused primarily on the changes that can occur within a species, and less on how species may divide into two. It is almost universally accepted that Darwin's book did not directly address its title. Darwin instead saw speciation as occurring by species entering new ecological niches. Controversy exists as to whether Charles Darwin recognized a true geographical-based model of speciation in his publication \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11142946", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Darwin\"\nconsiderable reputation as the author of \"\"The Voyage of the Beagle\"\", as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls, and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles. While \"\"On the Origin of Species\"\" dominates perceptions of his work, \"\"The Descent of Man\"\" and \"\"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\"\" had considerable impact, and his books on plants including \"\"The Power of Movement in Plants\"\" were innovative studies of great importance, as was his final work on \"\"The Formation of Vegetable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "244337", "chunk_text": "\"On the Origin of Species\"\nand scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists, including Adam Sedgwick, attacked its morality and scientific errors. \"\"Vestiges\"\" had significant influence on public opinion, and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated \"\"Origin\"\" by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream. While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation, Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s. Hooker was persuaded to take away a copy of the \"\"Essay\"\" in January 1847, and eventually sent a page of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12723089", "chunk_text": "\"Philosophie Zoologique\"\n\"\"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\"\", published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844. In 1887 Thomas Henry Huxley, the comparative anatomist known as \"\"Darwin's Bulldog\"\" for his energetic advocacy of Darwinian evolution, wrote that Philosophie Zoologique Philosophie Zoologique (\"\"Zoological Philosophy, or Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals\"\") is an 1809 book by the French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, in which he outlines his pre-Darwinian theory of evolution, part of which is now known as Lamarckism. In the book, Lamarck named two supposed laws that would enable animal species to acquire characteristics under the influence of the environment.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_64	who sang rip it up and start again?	n/a	[ "Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice", "Orange Juice" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2431076", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up and Start Again\"\nRip It Up and Start Again Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984 is a book by Simon Reynolds on the post-punk musical genre and era. It was first released in the UK in April 2005 by Faber & Faber. The US edition was published by Penguin Books and released in February 2006 It is a shorter version, with several chapters either removed or condensed, and without the large number of illustrations in the UK edition. Reynolds notes this was for space and cost reasons. Writing for \"\"The Guardian\"\", Nicholas Lezard described the book as \"\"startlingly thoughtful, gracefully illuminating,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20995657", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Little Richard song)\"\nRip It Up (Little Richard song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" is a song written by Robert Blackwell and John Marascalco. It was first released by Little Richard in June 1956. Bill Haley and his Comets also released a recording of the song that year. The Little Richard version hit number one on the R&B Best Sellers chart for two weeks and peaked at number 17 on the pop chart. The Bill Haley and the Comets recording reached number 25 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" pop singles chart and number four in the UK. Bill Haley and the Comets also performed their version of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1492740", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Little Richard song)\"\nsinger-songwriter Eiichi Ohtaki recorded a song called \"\"陽気に行こうぜ～恋にしびれて\"\"—the Japanese title of \"\"Rip It Up\"\" and Elvis Presley’s \"\"All Shook Up\"\", respectively—which ‘merges’ the two songs into one. It is included in his posthumous album \"\"Debut Again\"\" in 2016. Rip It Up (Little Richard song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" is a song written by Robert Blackwell and John Marascalco. It was first released by Little Richard in June 1956. Bill Haley and his Comets also released a recording of the song that year. The Little Richard version hit number one on the R&B Best Sellers chart for two weeks and peaked at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2431078", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up and Start Again\"\nsay solipsistic, view of pop\"\". Alex Ogg of \"\"The Quietus\"\" noted that Reynolds was frank in his musical choices: \"\"Reynolds was honest enough in announcing his solipsism, in so far as \"\"Rip It Up\"\" addresses those elements of post-punk that appeal to him\"\". Rip It Up and Start Again Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984 is a book by Simon Reynolds on the post-punk musical genre and era. It was first released in the UK in April 2005 by Faber & Faber. The US edition was published by Penguin Books and released in February 2006 It is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308122", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Orange Juice song)\"\nRip It Up (Orange Juice song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" was a 1983 single by Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice. It was the second single to be released from their 1982 album of the same name. The song became the band's only UK top 40 success, reaching no. 8 in the chart. \"\"Rip It Up\"\" signalled a departure from the sound of the band's earlier singles, with Chic-influenced guitars and using a synthesiser to create a more disco-oriented sound. The song was sampled in 2009 by British soul singer Beverley Knight on her song \"\"In Your Shoes\"\" from the album \"\"100%\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1492737", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Little Richard song)\"\nthe song in the 1956 film \"\"Don't Knock the Rock\"\", in which Little Richard also appeared. The song was also recorded by Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, Chuck Berry, Buddy Holly, Gerry and the Pacemakers, and Gene Vincent. The Everly Brothers recorded their version of this song in 1957 (#57 in Australia, it did not chart in US or UK). English instrumental group The Tornados included the song on their 1964 album \"\"Away from It All\"\". Wanda Jackson included it on her 1964 album \"\"Two Sides Of Wanda\"\" and again on her 2011 album \"\"The Party Ain't Over\"\". During the Get", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20054239", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Little Richard song)\"\nBack sessions in 1969, The Beatles recorded the song as part of a medley with \"\"Shake, Rattle and Roll\"\" and \"\"Blue Suede Shoes.\"\" This recording was released in 1996 on the album \"\"Anthology 3\"\". It was recorded in 1975 by John Lennon on his album \"\"Rock 'n' Roll\"\", in a medley together with the song \"\"Ready Teddy.\"\" Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen included the song on their \"\"Hot Licks, Cold Steel & Truckers Favorites\"\" album in 1972. In 1978, Billy \"\"Crash\"\" Craddock released his version on his album \"\"Turning Up and Turning On\"\". In 1987, Los Lobos included", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11096869", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Jet song)\"\nRip It Up (Jet song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" is a song from Australian rock band Jet's second album \"\"Shine On\"\". It was released 27 November 2006 as the second single from that album in Australia. Fellow band members and brothers, Chris Cester and Nic Cester, together with Cameron Muncey, co-wrote the track. At a concert at London's Brixton Academy Nic, the lead singer, announced \"\"Here's a song we've written about Paris Hilton – it's called 'Rip It Up'\"\", he referred to the United States socialite, Paris Hilton. Contactmusic.com's reporter claims that the track \"\"includes lyrics threatening to kill Hilton's pet", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308127", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Orange Juice song)\"\nsea, drawn by Edwyn Collins. Rip It Up (Orange Juice song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" was a 1983 single by Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice. It was the second single to be released from their 1982 album of the same name. The song became the band's only UK top 40 success, reaching no. 8 in the chart. \"\"Rip It Up\"\" signalled a departure from the sound of the band's earlier singles, with Chic-influenced guitars and using a synthesiser to create a more disco-oriented sound. The song was sampled in 2009 by British soul singer Beverley Knight on her song \"\"In Your", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "679581", "chunk_text": "\"Orange Juice (band)\"\nOrange Juice (band) Orange Juice was a Scottish post-punk band founded in the Glasgow suburb of Bearsden as the Nu-Sonics in 1976. Edwyn Collins formed the Nu-Sonics (named after a cheap brand of guitar) with his school-mate Alan Duncan and was subsequently joined by James Kirk and Steven Daly, who left a band called The Machetes. The band became Orange Juice in 1979. They are best known for the hit \"\"Rip It Up\"\", which reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1983, the band's only UK Top 40 hit. The band released their first singles during 1980", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17730424", "chunk_text": "\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\nGet on Up and Do It Again \"\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\" is a song by Canadian studio project Suzy Q. The song was written by Jerry Cucuzzella, Giovanni D'Orazio, Sergio Panzera and was produced by the J.C. Records owner Jerry Cucuzzella. The song is also included on their album \"\"Get On Up And Do It Again\"\". Original 1981 version has peaked at number 4 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Dance chart and the second 1982 version at 12 on the same chart. \"\"Get on up and Do It Again\"\" is a post-disco and dance-pop with a length of five", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7110405", "chunk_text": "\"Fatal Microbes\"\n1977. With an average age of 13 years, they were amongst the youngest punk bands in the country at the time. Scott Barker went on to become a founder member of the legendary 'Old Reenies' (sometimes spelt 'Ol Rene's') with former Sods front man Kevin Jones and former No Warning guitarist Martin Brown. Scott Barker now lives in Spain and continues to perform. The band's songs were included in the compilation album for \"\"Rip It Up and Start Again\"\" compilation, released in 2006 through V2 Records. Fatal Microbes Fatal Microbes were an English punk rock band formed in 1978. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19970561", "chunk_text": "\"Suzy Q (group)\"\nSuzy Q (group) Suzy Q was a Canadian studio project created by Jerry Cucuzzella. Female vocalists include Michelle Mills and Angie Vileno. The group is best known for their song \"\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\" which entered two \"\"Billboard\"\" charts. Originally, \"\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\" was recorded in 1981 with Michelle Mills as the main vocalist and reached number 4 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" at the end of June Club chart and number 64 on the R&B chart. In December 1981, \"\"With Your Love\"\"/\"\"Tonight\"\" peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Club chart. In 1985, Suzy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18426240", "chunk_text": "\"Get Up, Stand Up\"\nGet Up, Stand Up \"\"Get Up, Stand Up\"\" is a song written by Bob Marley and Peter Tosh. It originally appeared on The Wailers' 1973 album \"\"Burnin'\"\". It was recorded and played live in numerous versions by The Wailers and Bob Marley and the Wailers, along with solo versions by Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. It was later included on the compilations \"\"Legend\"\" and \"\"Rebel Music\"\", as well as live recordings such as \"\"Live at the Roxy\"\" among others. In 1973, \"\"Get Up, Stand Up\"\" peaked at number 33 on the Dutch Top 40. In 1986, it peaked at number", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4901641", "chunk_text": "\"Givin' It Up\"\nGivin' It Up Givin' It Up is a first-time recording/collaboration between seasoned and highly celebrated jazz artists-vocalist Al Jarreau and guitarist George Benson. It contains signature classics previously recorded by both veteran artists (Benson's \"\"Breezin\"\" and Jarreau's \"\"Mornin\"\") and original music of which both gentlemen masterfully contribute their talents. Other noteworthy vocalists and musicians featured are Jill Scott, Patti Austin, Herbie Hancock, Stanley Clarke, Abe Laboriel, Chris Botti, Marcus Miller, and Beatles Legend Paul McCartney. This project also contains standards by Billie Holiday (\"\"God Bless The Child\"\") and Sam Cooke (\"\"Bring It On Home To Me\"\"), popular classics by Seals", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11096871", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Jet song)\"\nto chart in the UK. The song appeared on the soundtrack for the 2007 animation film \"\"TMNT\"\" and in the 2008 comedy \"\"Drillbit Taylor\"\". It was played as a safety-car song during the 2007 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000. It was also played at the 2007 AFL Grand Final in the opening ceremony on the day and in Holden commercials. The song was used as the theme for WWE's SummerSlam 2010. The song also appeared on the soundtrack to the 2018 film, the festival. Rip It Up (Jet song) \"\"Rip It Up\"\" is a song from Australian rock band Jet's second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18695585", "chunk_text": "\"Start Me Up\"\nStart Me Up \"\"Start Me Up\"\" is a song by the Rolling Stones featured on the 1981 album \"\"Tattoo You\"\". Released as the album's lead single, it reached number one on Australian Kent Music Report, number two on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 and number seven on the UK Singles Chart. The basic track \"\"Start Me Up\"\" was recorded during the January and March 1978 sessions for the Rolling Stones' album \"\"Some Girls\"\". The song began as a reggae-rock track named \"\"Never Stop\"\", but after dozens of takes it was abandoned. \"\"Start Me Up\"\" was not chosen for the album and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2261790", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Little Richard song)\"\nthe song on their movie soundtrack \"\"((La Bamba)) \"\" James Booker recorded the song as part of a medley with \"\"Long Tall Sally\"\". In 2015, the recording was released on the album \"\"Live From Belle Vue\"\". Little Richard also sang this song on the PBS special \"\"Doo Wop 51\"\". Alvin and the Chipmunks recorded the song for \"\"Film Flam,\"\" a 1985 episode of their TV series. In 2004, the band Hanson released their version during their \"\"Underneath Acoustic Live\"\". Cliff Richard featured a version on his 100th album in 2013, titled \"\"The Fabulous Rock 'n' Roll Songbook\"\". In 1997, Japanese", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14313023", "chunk_text": "\"Let's Start Again\"\nLet's Start Again \"\"Let's Start Again\"\" is a song by the then five-piece hip-hop group Blazin' Squad, released as a single on 15 June 2009. In 2009, Strider, Flava, Kenzie, Krazy and Rocky B announced that they would be reuniting as a five-piece version of Blazin' Squad, following the failed success of the four-piece reformation in 2006, and the minor success of Friday Hill in 2005. In June 2009, the five piece released their comeback single, \"\"Let's Start Again\"\". They also recruited modern artists Bashy and Chipmunk for a remix of the track. Despite heavy airplay, however, the single only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18399294", "chunk_text": "\"Get It Up (Aerosmith song)\"\nGet It Up (Aerosmith song) \"\"Get It Up\"\" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith. Written by lead singer Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry, the song features Karen Lawrence, singer of the band L.A. Jets, on the chorus. It was released in 1978 as the third and final single from their album \"\"Draw the Line\"\". The single also included \"\"Milk Cow Blues\"\" as a B-side. The single failed to break into the singles chart. The guitar is noted for its usage of slide guitar. The single had a reference to the next track on the album, \"\"Bright", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17697443", "chunk_text": "\"The Rip Chords\"\nThe Rip Chords The Rip Chords were an early-1960s American vocal group, originally known as the Opposites, composed of Phil Stewart and Ernie Bringas. The group eventually expanded into four primary voices, adding Columbia producer Terry Melcher and co-producer Bruce Johnston (best known as a member of the Beach Boys). This group came to be associated with the hot-rod and surf genres of that day, although their first single (\"\"Here I Stand\"\") did not reflect those styles. They recorded for Columbia Records in Hollywood from 1962 to 1965. The group placed five singles on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100. They are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1350976", "chunk_text": "\"Lick It Up (song)\"\nLick It Up (song) \"\"Lick It Up\"\" is a song by the American hard rock band Kiss. It is the title track on the group's 1983 album. Written by Paul Stanley and Vinnie Vincent, the song was released as the record's first single. The track was a Top 40 hit in the UK, Switzerland, and Canada, although it stalled on the U.S. charts. A staple of the band's live performances, the song has been performed by the group over 1,300 times as of August 2015 due to its high popularity amongst fans. A video was made to promote the single.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17730425", "chunk_text": "\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\nminutes and 54 seconds (original 12\"\" version). It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 112 beats per minute. Get on Up and Do It Again \"\"Get on Up and Do It Again\"\" is a song by Canadian studio project Suzy Q. The song was written by Jerry Cucuzzella, Giovanni D'Orazio, Sergio Panzera and was produced by the J.C. Records owner Jerry Cucuzzella. The song is also included on their album \"\"Get On Up And Do It Again\"\". Original 1981 version has peaked at number 4 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Dance chart and the second 1982 version", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19092219", "chunk_text": "\"Start Again\"\nStart Again \"\"Start Again\"\" is the second solo single by the Australian singer Conrad Sewell. It was released on 10 March 2015 and taken from his first extended play, \"\"All I Know\"\". The song was co-written by Sewell and Jamie Hartman. It laments the loss of a lover and the fervent hope for a fresh start. It was released in the United States and Australia on 10 March 2015. The song was almost given to Kylie Minogue but Sewell decided that \"\"it didn't sound like a Kylie song\"\" and forged ahead with his own version of the composition. In an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3392336", "chunk_text": "\"Smash It Up\"\nSmash It Up \"\"Smash It Up\"\" is a song by the Damned, released as a single on 28 September 1979 on Chiswick Records. It is considered to be the band's unofficial anthem. The single was the second release from the band's \"\"Machine Gun Etiquette\"\" album, where it was listed as \"\"Smash It Up (Part II)\"\". The B-side of the single was \"\"Burglar\"\". \"\"Smash It Up\"\" was produced by the band and Roger Armstrong. It is structured in two-part form: a melodic instrumental introduction segueing into an energetic pop-punk song. The song's lyrics criticise hippie culture (referring to \"\"blow wave hairstyles\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16585680", "chunk_text": "\"Break It Down Again\"\nBreak It Down Again \"\"Break It Down Again\"\" is a song by British band Tears For Fears, released as the first single from their 1993 album \"\"Elemental\"\". The song was an international hit, reaching #20 in the UK, #25 in the US, and the Top 40 in several other countries, also topping the US \"\"Billboard\"\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It was particularly successful in Italy, where it peaked at #7 and in Canada, reaching #4 for two consecutive weeks in August 1993. The song was the second single released after the departure of Curt Smith from the band (after \"\"Laid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13170638", "chunk_text": "\"Zeke Manyika\"\nZeke Manyika Zeke Manyika (born 23 February 1955, Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland) is a drummer, vocalist and songwriter. Manyika was born in Zimbabwe, but has lived in Britain for most of his life. From 1982 to 1984 he was a member of the pop group Orange Juice, and contributed to their biggest hit single, \"\"Rip It Up\"\". He can also be heard playing drums on singles by The Style Council such as \"\"Speak Like a Child\"\" and \"\"A Solid Bond in Your Heart\"\". He also contributed to several albums by The The including \"\"Soul Mining\"\", \"\"Infected\"\" and \"\"Dusk\"\". Manyika's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19092221", "chunk_text": "\"Start Again\"\n\"\"Start Again\"\" won the ARIA Award for Song of the Year and the ARIA Music Awards of 2015. Start Again \"\"Start Again\"\" is the second solo single by the Australian singer Conrad Sewell. It was released on 10 March 2015 and taken from his first extended play, \"\"All I Know\"\". The song was co-written by Sewell and Jamie Hartman. It laments the loss of a lover and the fervent hope for a fresh start. It was released in the United States and Australia on 10 March 2015. The song was almost given to Kylie Minogue but Sewell decided that \"\"it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "124003", "chunk_text": "\"Marco Restrepo\"\nMarco Restrepo Marco Restrepo (born Marco Antonio Restrepo, October 22, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and producer. He is best known for his single \"\"Get Up & Go\"\", recorded under A.Tone Da Priest, which has been featured on MTV programs \"\"Scrubbing In (TV series)\"\" and \"\"Follow the Rules\"\". He has since focused on more rock oriented material under his given name. His style has been described as \"\"highly melodic\"\", \"\"sing songy rock funk\"\", or self-described by Restrepo as \"\"riff driven moon rock\"\". Marco Restrepo was born in Marietta, Georgia, and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He grew up listening to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5528601", "chunk_text": "\"Let's Get It Up\"\nLet's Get It Up \"\"Let's Get It Up\"\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, first released on their 1981 album \"\"For Those About to Rock We Salute You\"\", and later as its first single. Singer Brian Johnson summarised the track to \"\"Kerrang!\"\"'s Sylvie Simmons as \"\"Filth, pure filth. We're a filthy band.\"\" Live versions of \"\"Back in Black\"\" and \"\"T.N.T.\"\", released as B-sides on the UK's version of the single, were both recorded in Landover, Maryland, in December 1981. \"\"T.N.T.\"\" only appeared on the 12-inch edition. When reviewing the song in the context of \"\"For Those About", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5999907", "chunk_text": "\"Orange Juice (band)\"\nalbum, and fourteen singles (including an unreleased \"\"Wan Light\"\" single). Orange Juice (band) Orange Juice was a Scottish post-punk band founded in the Glasgow suburb of Bearsden as the Nu-Sonics in 1976. Edwyn Collins formed the Nu-Sonics (named after a cheap brand of guitar) with his school-mate Alan Duncan and was subsequently joined by James Kirk and Steven Daly, who left a band called The Machetes. The band became Orange Juice in 1979. They are best known for the hit \"\"Rip It Up\"\", which reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1983, the band's only UK Top", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18399296", "chunk_text": "\"Get It Up (Aerosmith song)\"\nRock, Sterling Whitaker cited the song as an example of a \"\"Draw the Line\"\" track that \"\"should-have-been-great-but-not-quite\"\", saying that it \"\"featured important elements of the classic Aerosmith sound, but somehow didn't catch fire.\"\" Biographer Richard Bienstock called it a \"\"limp funk workout\"\". Get It Up (Aerosmith song) \"\"Get It Up\"\" is a song by American hard rock band Aerosmith. Written by lead singer Steven Tyler and guitarist Joe Perry, the song features Karen Lawrence, singer of the band L.A. Jets, on the chorus. It was released in 1978 as the third and final single from their album \"\"Draw the Line\"\".", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8229971", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up and Start Again\"\nin command of an anarchic subject,\"\" writing that \"\"Reynolds has reilluminated the period for us, shown us how fascinating and rewarding it was.\"\" \"\"The Observer\"\" described the book as \"\"a compelling reminder of a time when clever, mischievous, creative people formed bands\"\". \"\"The New York Times\"\" called it \"\"exhaustive and exhausting in equal measure.\"\" In 2006, it was also subject to criticism by writer Clinton Heylin in a book on a similar subject: \"\"Here [is] post-punk - at least before Simon Reynolds decided it was All The Music That I Liked When I Was Young, a somewhat broad not to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3308123", "chunk_text": "\"Rip It Up (Orange Juice song)\"\nIn 2014, \"\"NME\"\" ranked it at number 216 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It was also included by \"\"Pitchfork\"\" at number 157 in a list of The Best 200 Songs of the 1980s. The song was recorded as part of the sessions for Orange Juice's second studio album and would go on to become the title track of said album. It marked a departure from their previous guitar-pop based material, instead utilising Chic style guitar-funk and a bubbling Roland TB-303 synthesiser bassline, becoming the first chart single to feature the instrument. The song also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8463123", "chunk_text": "\"Jimmy Rip\"\nJimmy Rip Jimmy Rippetoe (born 1956), better known by his stage name Jimmy Rip, is an American guitarist, songwriter and record producer, who is known for his work with Jerry Lee Lewis, Mick Jagger, Debbie Harry, Paul Collins & The Beat, Michael Monroe, Henry Lee Summer, Tom Verlaine and Television. Rip began playing guitar at the age of six. Rip became lead guitarist for Paul Collins & The Beat in 1983. He played on their album \"\"To Beat Or Not To Beat\"\" and was featured in their music videos. He worked with Jagger on his solo album \"\"Wandering Spirit\"\" and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12651399", "chunk_text": "\"Turn It Up (Remix)/Fire It Up\"\nTurn It Up (Remix)/Fire It Up \"\"Turn It Up (remix)/Fire It Up\"\" is the third single by American rapper Busta Rhymes released from his second studio album, \"\"When Disaster Strikes\"\" (1997). The original version, which appears on \"\"When Disaster Strikes\"\", takes a sample of \"\"Love and Happiness\"\" by soul singer Al Green. However, when issued as the third official single from \"\"When Disaster Strikes\"\" in the spring of 1998, the remix had now contained a sample of the 1980s TV series \"\"Knight Rider\"\", and under a new title \"\"Turn It Up (remix)/Fire It Up\"\". The song, nonetheless, became Rhymes' third", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5574949", "chunk_text": "\"Karen Lawrence (singer-songwriter)\"\nKaren Lawrence (singer-songwriter) Karen Lawrence is an American singer and songwriter who has worked with the L.A. Jets, 1994, Karen Lawrence and the Pinz and Blue by Nature. She sang backup vocals on \"\"Get it up\"\" from \"\"Draw the Line\"\" by Aerosmith and also sang on a Jeff Beck album. A stage performer continually since the age of 9, she fronted her first band, a blues outfit, at the age of 13. As front woman for the A&M band 1994: (produced by Jack Douglas), Lawrence’s distinctive and emotive vocal stylings frequently put her on international critics’ \"\"Best Female Singer\"\" lists.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19932468", "chunk_text": "\"The Rip Chords\"\n1962, it peaked at No. 51 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 in early 1963. Stewart and Bringas were the only singers on the first release. Bringas sang the lead, the falsetto, and also joined Stewart on the background vocals. Stewart and Bringas agreed that \"\"Glen Campbell...gave the song a great lift with his lead guitar. Recent remix attempts have watered down his contribution, but on the original release, the imprint of his lead guitar is indelible.\"\" The group's second single, again produced by Melcher, was \"\"Gone\"\", recorded April 26, 1963. Bringas sang the lead and the falsetto, with Stewart and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17697444", "chunk_text": "\"The Rip Chords\"\nbest known for their number-four single: \"\"Hey Little Cobra\"\". Stewart and Bringas became acquainted during the mid-1950s as students at Inglewood High School (about ten miles south of Hollywood). They discovered some complementary musical talents and struck up a friendship. Encouraged by their singing compatibility, they were determined to secure a recording contract. They eventually came to the attention of Arwin Records/Daywin Music in 1962. Actress-singer Doris Day and her husband, film producer Marty Melcher, owned Arwin Records and Daywin Music. Their son, Terry Melcher, had just been hired by Columbia Records as an A&R (artist and repertoire) producer. Arwin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17824848", "chunk_text": "\"Let's Get It Started (album)\"\nHammer's popular rap song, \"\"Turn This Mutha Out\"\", samples George Clinton's \"\"Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker)\"\", as well as the Incredible Bongo Band's \"\"Apache\"\". The rap single peaked at #3 on the US Rap charts and cracked the Top-15 on both the Dance and R&B charts (#12). [ Allmusic] It was also nominated for a MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 1989. Hammer performed \"\"Pump it Up\"\" during \"\"Showtime at the Apollo\"\" on September 16, 1989. In January 1990, Hammer won two American Music Awards for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist and Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19908661", "chunk_text": "\"Bottle Up and Go\"\nHooker's later versions are usually titled \"\"Bottle Up and Go\"\" and are included on the albums \"\"John Lee Hooker on Campus\"\" (1963 Vee-Jay), \"\"It Serves You Right to Suffer\"\", \"\"Hooker 'n Heat\"\" (with Canned Heat), and \"\"Boom Boom\"\" (1992 Point Blank). Most versions of \"\"Bottle Up and Go\"\" recorded after Tommy McClennan's single use a combination of his verses and new lyrics. Early versions (often with a variation on the title) include those by Blind Boy Fuller (as \"\"Step It Up and Go\"\") (1940), Lead Belly (1940), and Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee (1942). Western swing band Maddox Brothers and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20760055", "chunk_text": "\"Wade Hayes\"\nDo I Go to Start All Over\"\" and \"\"It's over My Head\"\" — both failed to make Top 40. Nonetheless, the album was certified gold as well. Also included on this album was a cover of \"\"Undo the Right\"\", a song originally recorded by Willie Nelson. In 1997, Hayes also issued a cover of Glen Campbell's song \"\"Wichita Lineman\"\" as the first single for a third album which was to have been titled \"\"Tore Up from the Floor Up\"\". This cover failed to reach Top 40, however, and the album was delayed. It was followed with \"\"The Day That She", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5528602", "chunk_text": "\"Let's Get It Up\"\nto Rock\"\", Kurt Loder wrote: \"\"It may seem difficult to take a droolflecked runt dressed in schoolboy shorts seriously as a guitarist, but if you listen closely to Angus Young's serpentine solo in 'Let's Get It Up', you'll hear his unabashed blues roots shining through.\"\" Let's Get It Up \"\"Let's Get It Up\"\" is a song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, first released on their 1981 album \"\"For Those About to Rock We Salute You\"\", and later as its first single. Singer Brian Johnson summarised the track to \"\"Kerrang!\"\"'s Sylvie Simmons as \"\"Filth, pure filth. We're a filthy band.\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16085804", "chunk_text": "Start!\nGet (Start)\"\". Start! \"\"Start!\"\" is the eleventh UK single release by the band The Jam and their second number-one, following \"\"Going Underground\"\"/\"\"Dreams of Children\"\". Upon its release on 15 August 1980, it debuted at number three, and two weeks later reached number one for one week. Written by Paul Weller and produced by Vic Coppersmith-Heaven and The Jam, \"\"Start!\"\" was the lead single from the band's fifth album \"\"Sound Affects\"\". The single's B-side is \"\"Liza Radley\"\". \"\"Start!\"\" is based on both the main guitar riff and bass riff of the Beatles' 1966 song \"\"Taxman\"\" from the album \"\"Revolver\"\", written by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10555876", "chunk_text": "\"Rip This Joint\"\nRip This Joint \"\"Rip This Joint\"\" is the second song on the Rolling Stones' classic 1972 album \"\"Exile on Main St.\"\" Written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, \"\"Rip This Joint\"\" is one of the fastest songs in the Stones' canon, with a pronounced rockabilly feel. Jagger's breakneck delivery of the song's lines spells out a rambling tale set across America from the perspective of a foreigner. Richards notes the tempo of the song: \"\"It's one of the fastest ones of the lot and it really keeps you on your toes\"\". In his review of the song, Bill Janovitz comments:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8105255", "chunk_text": "\"Sonny Boy Williamson II\"\nrecorded with Elmore James on \"\"Dust My Broom\"\". Some of his popular songs include \"\"Don't Start Me Talkin'\"\", \"\"Help Me\"\", \"\"Checkin' Up on My Baby\"\", and \"\"Bring It On Home\"\". He toured Europe with the American Folk Blues Festival and recorded with English rock musicians, including the Yardbirds, the Animals, and Jimmy Page. \"\"Help Me\"\" became a blues standard, and many blues and rock artists have recorded his songs. Miller was born Alex Ford (pronounced \"\"Aleck\"\") on the Sara Jones Plantation in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. The date and year of birth are uncertain. He claimed to have been born on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20499150", "chunk_text": "\"Dorsey Burnette\"\nboxcar out to Los Angeles, where they joined Dorsey. With their past differences forgotten, the brothers attempted to resurrect The Rock and Roll Trio by sending for Paul Burlison. He joined them briefly, but decided to return to Memphis and concentrate on his electrical business. Dorsey continued with his day job as an electrician to pay the family expenses, while he and Johnny continued with their song writing activities in their spare time. In November 1957, the brothers were approached by songwriter John Marascalco, who had written \"\"Ready Teddy\"\" and \"\"Rip It Up\"\" for Little Richard, as well as \"\"Good", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2859303", "chunk_text": "\"Mel and Tim\"\nMel and Tim Mel and Tim were an American soul music duo active from 1969 to 1974 and best known for the hit record \"\"Backfield in Motion\"\" (1969). They are also well known for \"\"Good Guys Only Win in the Movies\"\" and \"\"Starting All Over Again\"\" (1972). Melvin McArthur Hardin and Hubert Timothy McPherson were cousins from Holly Springs, Mississippi, who traveled to Chicago, where they were discovered by Gene Chandler. Yolanda Hardin (who was Mel Hardin's mother and McPherson's aunt) along with their cousins Walita, Catha, Donny and Darris Maxwell, helped the duo with songwriting and publicity. Yolanda, formerly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19187653", "chunk_text": "\"Get It Started\"\nthe two and has them separately on top of a clock tower. After the line \"\"don't start what you can't finish\"\", it shows Pitbull driving very fast in traffic before the outro, where he is on stage performing the song. The video has received over 76 million views. !scope=\"\"col\"\" colspan=\"\"3\"\"\| Streaming Source: Get It Started \"\"Get It Started\"\" is a song recorded by American rapper Pitbull for his seventh studio album \"\"Global Warming\"\". It was released on June 28, 2012 as the second single from the album by RCA Records. The song features guest vocals from Colombian singer-songwriter Shakira, marking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12342380", "chunk_text": "\"Starting Over Again (Donna Summer song)\"\nStarting Over Again (Donna Summer song) \"\"Starting Over Again\"\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Dolly Parton. The song was written by Donna Summer and her husband Bruce Sudano. Parton's recording was performed as a slow tempo ballad, gradually building to a dramatic crescendo. It was released in March 1980 as the first single from her album \"\"Dolly, Dolly, Dolly.\"\" \"\"Starting Over Again\"\" made the U.S. pop top forty, peaking at number 36, and reached number 1 on the U.S. country charts on May 24, 1980. Donna Summer also recorded it as a non-album track, performing it live numerous", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_65	where are the winter olympics and when do they start?	n/a	[ "Pyeongchang County, South Korea", "Pyeongchang, South Korea", "9 to 25 February 2018", "9 February" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5849812", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\n2018 Winter Olympics The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games () and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on 8 February 2018, the eve of the opening ceremony. Pyeongchang was elected as the host city in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. This was the first time that South Korea had hosted the Winter Olympics and the second Olympics held in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617813", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nbeen selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018. More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events. The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon, Pyeongchang, while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang's neighboring city of Gangneung. The lead-up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12592994", "chunk_text": "\"2022 Winter Olympics\"\n2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (; ), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in Beijing and towns in the neighbouring Hebei province, People's Republic of China. Beijing was elected as the host city in July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. These Games will be the first Winter Olympics ever to be held in China, and the last of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7942417", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony\"\n2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea on 9 February 2018. It began at 20:00 KST and finished at approximately 22:20 KST. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in. The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13274510", "chunk_text": "\"Olympic Games\"\neach holding that honour twice. The most recent Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang in 2018, South Korea's first Winter Olympics and second Olympics overall (including the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul). Olympic Games The modern Olympic Games or Olympics () are leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 nations participating. The Olympic Games are held every four years, with the Summer and Winter Games alternating by occurring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617766", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nWinter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens, Greece in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16887547", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\non 21 September 2017. Created by Lee Suk-woo, the design features a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides, with the Olympic rings on the front, and the obverse showing the 2018 Olympics' emblem, the event name and the discipline. The edge of each medal is marked with extrusions of hangul alphabets, while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile. The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018. On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea. The relay lasted 101 days. There were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617770", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nwell as Summer) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries. The Games have been held four times in the United States (in 1932, 1960, 1980 and 2002); three times in France (in 1924, 1968 and 1992); and twice each in Austria (1964, 1976), Canada (1988, 2010), Japan (1972, 1998), Italy (1956, 2006), Norway (1952, 1994), and Switzerland (1928, 1948). Also, the Games have been held just once each in Germany (1936), Yugoslavia (1984), Russia (2014) and South Korea (2018). The IOC has selected Beijing, China,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2825483", "chunk_text": "\"Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nChronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics This is a chronological summary of the major events of the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang County, South Korea. Two events, the curling mixed doubles tournament and the men's normal hill ski jumping competition, held their preliminary rounds on 8 February. The opening ceremony took place one day later on 9 February. The last day of competition and the closing ceremony was on 25 February. The games featured 102 events in 15 sports, making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Four new disciplines in existing sports were introduced to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16887552", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\nsold. The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018; the US$100 million facility was only intended to be used for the opening and closing ceremonies of these Olympics and the subsequent Paralympics, and is scheduled to be demolished following their conclusion. The 2018 Winter Olympics featured 102 events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports, making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events. Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang: men's and ladies' big air snowboarding, mixed doubles curling,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617771", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nto host the 2022 Winter Olympics, and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected on June 23rd, 2019. , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold-weather-dependent Winter Olympics, which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer. To date, twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4823632", "chunk_text": "\"2022 Winter Olympics\"\nfollowing the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. These Games will also be the fourth Winter Olympics to be held in East Asia, after Sapporo (1972), Nagano (1998) and Pyeongchang (2018). Beijing will become the first city ever to host both Summer and Winter Olympic Games. There are plans to utilize many of the same indoor venues that were used in 2008, as well as using the Beijing National Stadium for the opening and closing ceremonies. The bidding calendar was announced by the IOC in October 2012, with the application deadline", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4110378", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\na single Winter Games. Norway led the total medal standings with 39, the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics, followed by Germany's 31 and Canada's 29. Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals, their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics. The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics is Beijing, the capital of People's Republic of China, elected on 31 July 2015 at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur. Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16855676", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics torch relay\"\nStadium, the main venue of the 2018 Olympics. The final torch was lit by figure skater Yuna Kim. 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay was ran from October 24, 2017 until February 9, 2018, in advance of the 2018 Winter Olympics. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on 31 October. The torch began its Korean journey on 1 November, visiting all Regions of Korea. The Korean leg began in Incheon: the torch travelled across the country for 101 days. 7,500 relay runners participated in the torch relay over a distance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5849813", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\nthe country overall, after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. It was the third time that an East Asian country had hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo (1972) and Nagano (1998), both in Japan. It was also the first of three consecutive Olympics to be held in East Asia, the other two being the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing. The Games featured 102 events over fifteen disciplines in seven sports, with the addition of \"\"big air\"\" snowboarding, mass start speed skating, mixed doubles curling, and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7746835", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nevent at the 1948 Games in Switzerland. It included cross-country skiing, shooting, downhill skiing, fencing and horse riding. The table below uses official data provided by the IOC. Bibliography Winter Olympic Games The Winter Olympic Games () is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, were held in Chamonix, France. The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, which were held in Olympia, Greece, from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617812", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\n\"\"at least late 2011 to 2015\"\" across the \"\"vast majority\"\" of Summer and Winter Olympic sports. On 5 December 2017, the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes, stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table, thus putting Norway in the lead. On 6 July 2011, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France. This was the first time that South Korea had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5849833", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\ncommercially and politically motivated. He argued that not only was doping rife amongst Russian athletes but that there was no sign of it being eradicated. The CAS decision to overturn the life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals was also fiercely criticised, by Olympic officials, IOC president Thomas Bach and whistleblower Grigory Rodchenkov's lawyer. 2018 Winter Olympics The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games () and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held between 9 and 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, Gangwon Province, South", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13804796", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics torch relay\"\n2018 Winter Olympics torch relay The 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay was ran from October 24, 2017 until February 9, 2018, in advance of the 2018 Winter Olympics. After being lit in Olympia, Greece, the torch traveled to Athens on 31 October. The torch began its Korean journey on 1 November, visiting all Regions of Korea. The Korean leg began in Incheon: the torch travelled across the country for 101 days. 7,500 relay runners participated in the torch relay over a distance of 2,018 km. The torchbearers each carried the flame for 200 metres. The relay ended in Pyeongchang's Olympic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7429687", "chunk_text": "\"2026 Winter Olympics\"\n2026 Winter Olympics The 2026 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXV Olympic Winter Games, is an international multi-sport event to be organised in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The host city was originally supposed to be selected at the 134th IOC Session on 11 September 2019 in Milan, Italy. However, after Italy submitted a bid for the games that included Milan, IOC rules required that the election be moved. Therefore, the election will be held in Lausanne, Switzerland, home of the IOC headquarters, on 23 June 2019. The IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4823645", "chunk_text": "\"2022 Winter Olympics\"\nadjacent to the Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve and part of the same mountain system, and the environmental impact on the nature reserve of construction, and artificially covering parts of the mountain with snow, is uncertain. The Chinese government responded to these concerns by expanding the adjacent Beijing Songshan National Nature Reserve by 31% of its original size. 2022 Winter Olympics The 2022 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games (; ), and commonly known as Beijing 2022, is an international winter multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 4 to 20 February 2022, in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7962361", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\nNorth Korean leader Kim Jong-un proposed talks in Seoul over the country's participation in the Games, which would be the first high-level talks between the North and South in over two years. Because of the talks, held on 9 January, North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang. On 17 January 2018, it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women's ice hockey team at the Games, and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony. These moves were met with opposition in South Korea, including protests and online", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617808", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nselected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics. The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014. A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events. The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast. All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres (31 miles) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana. The Games were the most expensive so far, with a cost of £30 billion (USD 51 billion). On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7001687", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations\"\n2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations During the 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony, beginning at 20:00 KST () on 9 February 2018, athletes bearing the flags of their respective nations led their national delegations as they paraded into the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in the host city of Pyeongchang, South Korea. 92 teams qualified to compete (91 nations and Olympic Athletes from Russia). Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by Olympic tradition. As the originator of the Olympics, the Greek team entered first. Other teams entered in alphabetical order based on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11546848", "chunk_text": "\"Summer Olympic Games\"\nSummer Olympic Games The Summer Olympic Games () or the Games of the Olympiad, first held in 1896, is a quadrennial international multi-sport event. The most recent Olympics were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organises the Games and oversees the host city's preparations. In each Olympic event, gold medals are awarded for first place, silver medals are awarded for second place, and bronze medals are awarded for third place; this tradition began in 1904. The Winter Olympic Games were created due to the success of the Summer Olympics. The Olympics have increased in scope", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10105657", "chunk_text": "\"2014 Winter Olympics\"\n2014 Winter Olympics The 2014 Winter Olympics, officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games () () and commonly known as Sochi 2014, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia, with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony, 6 February 2014. Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee (SOOC). Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City. It was the first Olympics to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617768", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nthe Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years, the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994. The Winter Games have evolved since their inception. Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them, such as Alpine skiing, luge, short track speed skating, freestyle skiing, skeleton, and snowboarding, have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme. Some others, including curling and bobsleigh, have been discontinued and later reintroduced; others have been permanently discontinued, such as military patrol, though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it. Still others, such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13599610", "chunk_text": "\"1988 Winter Olympics\"\n1988 Winter Olympics The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games (), was a Winter Olympics multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary, Alberta, Canada, between February 13 and 28, 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period. The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Most events took place in Calgary while several skiing events were held in the mountain resorts of Nakiska and Canmore, west of the city. A then-record 57 nations competed and 1,423 athletes participated. As it had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6854020", "chunk_text": "\"2002 Winter Olympics\"\nthe last Olympics to be held in the United States until the 2028 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. These were the first Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The opening ceremony was held on February 8, 2002, and sporting competitions were held up until the closing ceremony on February 24, 2002. Production for both ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters. Salt Lake City became the most populous area ever to have hosted the Winter Olympics, although the two subsequent host cities' populations were larger. Following a trend,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2791767", "chunk_text": "\"1988 Winter Olympics\"\nNorway (2002). In 2018 in Pyeongchang, South Korea, Team Canada earned its highest count of medals in the Winter Olympics with a total of 29 medals. Notes Citations 1988 Winter Olympics The 1988 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XV Olympic Winter Games (), was a Winter Olympics multi-sport event celebrated in and around Calgary, Alberta, Canada, between February 13 and 28, 1988 and were the first Winter Olympics to be held over a whole two week period. The host city was selected in 1981 over Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. Most events took place in Calgary while several", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13431820", "chunk_text": "\"Pyeongchang County\"\nthe 1998 games in Nagano, Japan. It also is the first Asian locality to host the Winter Games outside Japan. Pyeongchang won their 2018 bid after two previous failed attempts for the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics, in which it lost to Vancouver, Canada, and Sochi, Russia, respectively. For the 2018 Olympics, Pyeongchang is being marketed with the CamelCase spelling of \"\"PyeongChang\"\", so the global audience does not confuse it with Pyongyang, the capital of neighboring North Korea. Two main facilities for the 2018 Winter Olympics were the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza (where the opening / closing ceremonies and victory ceremonies", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16887553", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\nmen's and ladies' mass start speed skating, and mixed team alpine skiing. \"\"Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline.\"\" A total of 92 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games. The number of athletes who qualified per country is listed in the table below (number of athletes shown in parentheses). Six nations made their Winter Olympics debut: Ecuador, Eritrea, Kosovo, Malaysia, Nigeria and Singapore. Athletes from three further countries – the Cayman Islands, Dominica and Peru – qualified to compete, but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9541045", "chunk_text": "\"2020 Summer Olympics\"\n2020 Summer Olympics The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013. These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "322839", "chunk_text": "\"Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nBids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Three cities applied with bids to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics (also known as \"\"XXIII Olympic Winter Games\"\" and \"\"XII Paralympic Winter Games\"\") in October 2009. The International Olympic Committee, under the leadership of Jacques Rogge, received three bids on October 15, 2009. The cities of Annecy, France, in the French Alps, Munich, Germany (host of the 1972 Summer Olympics), and Pyeongchang, South Korea, a two-time previous bidder, competed for the hosting rights to the event. This was the lowest number of bidding cities since the 1988 Summer Olympics, coincidentally also won", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13274505", "chunk_text": "\"Olympic Games\"\nCzech Republic, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have participated in all twenty-three Winter Games to date. The host city for an Olympic Games is usually chosen seven to eight years ahead of their celebration. The process of selection is carried out in two phases that span a two-year period. The prospective host city applies to its country's National Olympic Committee; if more than one city from the same country submits a proposal to its NOC, the national committee typically holds an internal selection, since only one city per NOC can", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10617767", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\nwith the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority. The original five Winter Olympics sports (broken into nine disciplines) were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing (consisting of the disciplines military patrol, cross-country skiing, Nordic combined, and ski jumping), and skating (consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating). The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936, interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II, and resumed in 1948. Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years, but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19212530", "chunk_text": "\"1972 Winter Olympics\"\n1972 Winter Olympics The 1972 Winter Olympics, officially known as the (French: Les \"\"XIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver\"\"), were a winter multi-sport event which was held from February 3 to February 13, 1972, in Sapporo, Hokkaidō, Japan. It was the first Winter Olympics to be held outside Europe and North America, and only the third game (summer or winter) held outside those regions overall, after Melbourne (1956 Summer Olympics) and Tokyo (1964 Summer Olympics). Sapporo first won the rights to host the 1940 Winter Olympics, but Japan resigned as the Games' host after its 1937 invasion of China. The 1940 Games", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16954731", "chunk_text": "\"Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nBobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 18 and 25 February 2018. A total of three bobsleigh events were held. A maximum of 170 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games (130 men and 40 women). The qualification was based on the world rankings of 18 January 2018. The following was the competition schedule for all events. A total of 164 athletes from 22 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2718993", "chunk_text": "\"2010 Winter Olympics\"\n2010 Winter Olympics The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games () and commonly known as Vancouver 2010, informally the 21st Winter Olympics, was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 12 to 28 February 2010 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with some events held in the surrounding suburbs of Richmond, West Vancouver and the University Endowment Lands, and in the nearby resort town of Whistler. Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC), headed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16936999", "chunk_text": "\"Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nCanada at the 2018 Winter Olympics Canada competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from February 9 to 25, 2018. It was the nation's 23rd appearance at the Winter Olympics, having competed at every Games since their inception in 1924. Canada competed in all sports disciplines, except Nordic combined. The chef de mission was Isabelle Charest, who was appointed in February 2017. On January 16, 2018, figure skaters Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir were announced as the country's flag bearers during the opening ceremony. This was the first time two athletes were named as Canada's opening ceremony", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13431821", "chunk_text": "\"Pyeongchang County\"\nwere held) and the Gangneung Olympic Park (where the men's and women's short track, speed skating, figure skating, ice hockey, curling events were held). The 2018 Winter Paralympics was held in the same venues starting March 9, 2018. In preparation for the 2018 Olympics, the region has built facilities including hotels and a world-class ski resort, named Alpensia. The region is implementing its so-called 2018 Dream Program, a legacy of the 2010 bid. It has mounted its fifth sports and cultural program, involving 124 participants from 31 countries, who were invited because they live where there is no snowfall and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7125229", "chunk_text": "\"Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nSkeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 15 and 17 February 2018. A total of two skeleton events were held, one each for men and women. A total of 50 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games. A maximum 30 men and 20 women could qualify. The qualification was based on the world rankings of 14 January 2018. The following was the competition schedule for the two skeleton events. A total of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3705025", "chunk_text": "\"Sport in South Korea\"\ndo so again in 2008, however they did not. (See Sports in North Korea.) South Korea has won more medals in the Winter Olympics than any other Asian country with a total of 45 medals (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). South Korea ranked second in the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics medal table with ten gold medals, only losing to the winner by taking fewer silver medals. The 2018 Winter Olympics took place in Pyeongchang between 9 and 25 February 2018. Pyeongchang won on its third consecutive bid. After a series of large cities (Nagano to Sochi), for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7125230", "chunk_text": "\"Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\n50 athletes from 24 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia) participated. The number of athletes each National Olympic Committee (NOC) entered are shown in parentheses. Seven nations made their Winter Olympics debut in the sport: Belgium, China, Ghana, Jamaica, Netherlands, Nigeria and Ukraine. Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Alpensia Sliding Centre near Pyeongchang, South Korea. The events were scheduled to take place between 15 and 17 February 2018. A total of two skeleton events were held, one each for men and women. A total of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1315574", "chunk_text": "\"1928 Winter Olympics\"\n1928 Winter Olympics The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games (; ; ; ), were a winter multi-sport event which was celebrated February 11–19, 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true \"\"Winter Olympics\"\" held on its own as they were not in conjunction with a \"\"Summer Olympics\"\". The preceding 1924 Games were retroactively renamed the inaugural Winter Olympics, though they had been in fact part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter sports part of the schedule of the Summer Games,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2404938", "chunk_text": "\"2002 Winter Olympics opening ceremony\"\n2002 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics took place at the Rice-Eccles Olympic Stadium in Salt Lake City, Utah, on 8 February 2002. U.S. President George W. Bush opened the 2002 Winter Olympics, which took place five months after the September 11 attacks, with: \"\"On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation...,\"\" then the standard opening formula followed. Prior to the ceremony, the turf inside the stadium was removed and a giant, abstract shaped ice rink, designed by Seven Nielsen, was installed, covering a large part of the stadium floor. Performers would later", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "775513", "chunk_text": "\"Japan at the 2018 Winter Olympics\"\nJapan at the 2018 Winter Olympics Japan competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 124 competitors in 13 sports. They won 13 medals in total, four gold, five silver and four bronze, ranking 11th in the medal table. Six medals of those were won in the speed skating events. Ski jumper Noriaki Kasai was chosen to be the flag bearer during the opening ceremony. On 9 February 2018, on the opening day of the Games, he became the first athlete in history to participate in 8 different Winter Olympics. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7942422", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony\"\n\"\"Red Flavor\"\" by Red Velvet. \"\"Red Flavor\"\" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced. The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said \"\"It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness.\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7962354", "chunk_text": "\"2018 Winter Olympics\"\nThese were offered as part of public demonstrations coordinated by KT and Intel. The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013. It is a stylised representation of the hangul letters \"\"p\"\" and \"\"ch\"\", these being the initial sounds of \"\"Pyeongchang\"\". The left-hand symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven, earth and humanity ( \"\"cheon-ji-in\"\"), and the right-hand symbol represents a crystal of ice. In the emblem and all official materials, Pyeongchang was stylised in CamelCase as \"\"PyeongChang\"\", in order to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang, the similarly-named capital of neighbouring North Korea. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4110345", "chunk_text": "\"Winter Olympic Games\"\ncompetition at the age of 15. She became the youngest Olympic champion in history, a distinction she held for 70 years. The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York, was the first to be hosted outside of Europe. Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated. This was less than in 1928, as the journey to Lake Placid, United States, was long and expensive for most competitors, who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression. The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports. Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games, and there was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_66	when does the miz and maryse show start?	n/a	[ "2018" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5000261", "chunk_text": "\"Miz & Mrs.\"\nMiz & Mrs. Miz & Mrs. is an American reality television series that premiered on July 24, 2018 on the USA Network. The series, a spin-off of \"\"Total Divas\"\", follows the lives of The Miz and Maryse in and out of the wrestling ring. The show is set to include six 30-minute episodes, which will follow the couple leading up to the birth of their first child. The Miz and Maryse also serve as executive producers of the show. On January 8, 2018, WWE announced that The Miz and Maryse would be getting their own spinoff show, set to premiere", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5000262", "chunk_text": "\"Miz & Mrs.\"\nin 2018 on the USA Network, titled \"\"Miz & Mrs.\"\", that will be following the personal lives of the couple. On March 27, 2018, Maryse gave birth to their daughter, Monroe Sky Mizainin On May 22, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on July 24, 2018. On August 14, 2018, it was announced that USA Network had renewed the show for a 14-episode second season. Miz & Mrs. Miz & Mrs. is an American reality television series that premiered on July 24, 2018 on the USA Network. The series, a spin-off of \"\"Total Divas\"\", follows the lives", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9334080", "chunk_text": "\"Total Divas\"\nand that Paige wouldn't be returning for the upcoming season. On September 20, 2017, E! revealed that the seventh season will premiere on November 1, 2017. On January 8, 2018, WWE announced that The Miz and Maryse would be getting their own spinoff show, set to premiere in 2018 on the USA Network, titled \"\"Miz & Mrs.\"\", that will be following the personal lives of the couple. On April 4, 2018, speculations arose about the upcoming eighth season of \"\"Total Divas\"\", as reports stated that E! cameras had been filming a handful of WWE female superstars in New Orleans during", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339677", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nWWE Intercontinental Championship for the seventh time by defeating Ambrose. In September, following her pregnancy announcement, Maryse stopped appearing on television. On November 19, 2017, she made an appearance on the Survivor Series pay-per-view crowd watching Miz fight United States Champion Baron Corbin. On January 22, 2018, in the \"\"Raw\"\" 25 Years special episode, Maryse was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company's success, including the Bella Twins, Kelly Kelly, Lilian Garcia, Torrie Wilson, Michelle McCool, Terri Runnels, Maria Kanellis and the Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus. Later she started", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339649", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nrelease from the company in October 2011. In April 2016, she returned to the company and became the manager of her husband The Miz, managing him to three Intercontinental Championship reigns. In late-2011, she announced plans for a clothing and jewellery line called House of Maryse, and later began working as a realtor. In November 2016, she joined the cast of the reality show Total Divas, and appeared in the show's sixth and seventh seasons, which initially aired on the E! Network. On January 8, 2018, WWE announced a spin-off show titled Miz & Mrs., which stars Ouellet in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "778893", "chunk_text": "\"Women in WWE\"\nthe twins. On January 8, 2018, it was announced that Maryse and her husband The Miz would be getting their own reality television series titled \"\"Miz & Mrs.\"\" The show premiered on July 24, 2018 on the USA Network. In the mid 1980s, an animated version of the Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter was included on a CBS Saturday morning cartoon during this lucrative time, titled \"\"Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling\"\". In addition, both appeared in two of Cyndi Lauper's music videos, \"\"The Goonies 'R' Good Enough\"\" and \"\"She Bop\"\". From 1999 to 2000, Sable appeared as a guest star", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10160911", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nher return to WWE. In June 2017, Maryse along with Miz were cover of the \"\"DUB Magazine\"\" with a Jeep car. Maryse has appeared in five WWE video games. She made her in-game debut at \"\"WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2010\"\", later appearing in \"\"WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2011\"\", \"\"WWE '12\"\", and returned in \"\"WWE 2K18\"\", \"\"WWE 2K19\"\". In 2018, Maryse and her husband Mike appeared in a reality television series titled \"\"Miz & Mrs.\"\" It was later announced on July 26 that Maryse would not be returning for the eighth season of Total Divas. Following her release from WWE in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501149", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nfocus role. The show aired on the USA Network on July 24, 2018, and has been renewed for a second season. She also serves as executive producer, along with her husband The Miz. Ouellet was born in Montreal, Quebec, but grew up in Edmundston, New Brunswick. In high school, Ouellet was the only girl in her class, and ran the school's fashion show. She also began developing a range of makeup products. Ouellet began her modelling career as a beauty pageant contestant, winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada 2003 and finishing second at the International Finals of Miss Hawaiian Tropic 2004.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20447168", "chunk_text": "\"Miz Cracker\"\n2018. She won the episode ten main challenge after doing a makeover on Chester See. She was eliminated an episode later after losing a lip sync to \"\"Nasty Girl\"\" by Vanity 6 to eventual runner-up Kameron Michaels. She has a homemade web series, \"\"Review with a Jew\"\", where she recaps episodes of \"\"Drag Race\"\", starting from All Stars three. The series debuted on January 31, 2018. She was featured with alumni Tammie Brown, Ginger Minj, Jasmine Masters, Shea Couleé and Eureka O'Hara for the Billboard web series \"\"\"\"Spillin' the Tea\"\"\"\" on June 13, 2018. She was introduced as the host", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339674", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nChampionship; After the match, Miz was interviewed by Renee Young who slapped him after a joke involving her and Dean Ambrose. On December 27, episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse confronted Renee Young in a backstage segment before Ambrose attacked Miz. On January 3, 2017, episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse slapped both Ambrose and Young in different occasions, before interfering in the championship match between Miz and Ambrose, slapping Ambrose again and being banned from ringside before Ambrose defeated Miz for the championship. Later on \"\"Talking Smack\"\", Maryse was fined $5,000 for slapping Young. On February 12 at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view, Maryse", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339678", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nmaking backstage promotional videos with Miz supporting him in the WWE Mixed Match Challenge, in which he won alongside Asuka in April in support of the charity Rescue Dogs Rock. Maryse returned to \"\"Smackdown\"\" to manage the Miz in July 2018. Following Maryse's interfence in the Miz vs. Daniel Bryan match at Summerslam, Maryse and Miz were put in a mixed tag match by the \"\"SmackDown\"\" general manager Paige against Brie Bella and Daniel Bryan at Hell in a Cell on September 16 and won. On the September 11th edition of \"\"SmackDown Live\"\", Maryse competed in her first singles match", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501146", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nMaryse Ouellet Maryse Mizanin (; née Ouellet; born January 21, 1983) is a Canadian-American professional wrestler, professional wrestling manager, actress, businesswoman, reality star and glamour model currently signed to WWE under the ring name Maryse, performing on the SmackDown brand as the manager of her real-life husband The Miz. After spending years modeling, including winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in 2003, Ouellet was hired by the professional wrestling promotion WWE in August 2006, after she participated in the WWE Diva Search competition. She spent time in Ohio Valley Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling, WWE's developmental territories, before being assigned to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10160901", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nto capture the championship for the fifth time, thus becoming his manager in the process, where the two then became an on-screen power couple. She formally re-introduced herself three days later on the April 7 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\" before once more helping Miz to retain his championship over Ryder.<ref name=\"\"Smackdown 08/04/16\"\"></ref> She then began to cut various promos with Miz as his host during the \"\"\"\"Miz TV\"\"\"\" segments, while calling themselves the \"\"It\"\" Couple. Following a hiatus due to the , Maryse returned to WWE television on the June 27 episode of \"\"Raw\"\", where she helped Miz to retain his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5678493", "chunk_text": "\"Brie Bella\"\nworking for WWE as an ambassador. The Bella Twins returned for the 25th anniversary of \"\"Raw\"\" on January 22, 2018. Brie later returned to in-ring competition at Royal Rumble, entering at number 28 in the first ever women's Royal Rumble match, one number after her sister Nikki, who would eliminate her from the match minutes later. At SummerSlam, The Miz defeated Daniel Bryan after an interference from Miz's wife Maryse. On the following \"\"SmackDown\"\", Miz and Maryse came out, Miz then mocked Bryan's retirement speech two years earlier. Brie and Bryan came out and confronted them. A mixed tag team", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11321663", "chunk_text": "\"Carmella (wrestler)\"\nafter the latter implied that he wants a \"\"title match by pinning her\"\" (similar to Becky Lynch and Charlotte Flair's title opportunities). On the September 4, 2018, episode of \"\"SmackDown Live\"\", Carmella turned face for the first time since 2016 after she agreed to manage Truth for his match with The Miz to avoid Maryse's interference. Shortly after, Carmella started managing Truth and the two were also announced as tag team partners for the upcoming season two of Mixed Match Challenge. In November, Carmella once again took part of Survivor Series as part Team Smackdown, where she went on to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339676", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nOn March 14 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", after another showdown between the couples, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 33. Maryse and Miz would ultimately lose in what was Maryse's first match in over six years. On April 10, Maryse was drafted to the \"\"Raw\"\" brand along with Miz as part of the \"\"Superstar Shake Up\"\", where they made their debut on the same night dressed as Bella and Cena, before being confronted by the Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose. On June 4, at Extreme Rules, Maryse was in Miz's corner when he won the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339683", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nPlan and Nickelback, and she loves techno music. Ouellet is vegetarian. Ouellet was inspired to become a professional wrestler by Lita. She cites Lita and Victoria as her dream opponents. In 2013, Ouellet got engaged to longtime boyfriend and fellow wrestler Mike Mizanin, best known by his ring name The Miz. The two were married in The Bahamas on February 20, 2014. The couple reside in Austin, Texas. In 2018, Maryse gave birth to their first child, a daughter. On June 27, 2018, Maryse officially became an American citizen. Maryse Ouellet Maryse Mizanin (; née Ouellet; born January 21, 1983)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501171", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nrematch for the championship due Maryse's interference at Backlash. On September 20, Miz retained the championship over Ziggler. On October 9, at No Mercy Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Ziggler in a title vs career match when Maryse was banned from the ringside along with The Spirit Squad (Kenny and Mikey), who was contracted by her to help Miz, ending Miz's reign at 188 days. On November 8 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse went on to speak in Miz's name due Miz refuse to speak with Daniel Bryan. At that night, Maryse accepted Bryan's offer to Miz face Ziggler the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613392", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\ndefeated Reigns in a rematch to retain the title. On the February 5 episode of \"\"Raw\"\", Miz defeated Apollo Crews to qualify for the 2018 Elimination Chamber match to determine the number one contender for Brock Lesnar's Universal Championship, where he was the first wrestler eliminated after lasting over 20 minutes. In parallel to his activities as a singles wrestler, Miz took a part of the Mixed Match Challenge tournament, with Asuka as his partner in support of the charity Rescue Dogs Rock. They defeated the team of Big E and Carmella on January 23, 2018, and Finn Bálor and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6292461", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nMonroe Sky Mizanin, was born March 27, 2018. Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Austin, Texas. The Miz Michael Gregory Mizanin (born October 8, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, actor and media personality. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name The Miz. Mizanin first gained fame as a reality television participant. He was a cast member on MTV's \"\"\"\" in 2001 and subsequently appeared in its spinoff series, \"\"Real World/Road Rules Challenge\"\" from 2002 to 2005, where he reached the finals in \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\" while winning \"\"\"\" and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10612241", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nsixth season of \"\"Fear Factor\"\" in 2006. After becoming the runner-up in the fourth season of \"\"Tough Enough\"\" and subsequently launching his WWE career, Mizanin appeared on \"\"Diva Search\"\", \"\"Total Divas\"\" and \"\"Tough Enough\"\". He and his wife Maryse also starred in their own reality show titled \"\"Miz & Mrs.\"\" that premiered in 2018. He has also come to star in several films produced by WWE Studios, portraying Jake Carter in \"\"\"\", \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\" as well as starring in \"\"Christmas Bounty\"\" and \"\"Santa's Little Helper\"\". After being trained at Deep South Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling, he was promoted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613396", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nannounce that SmackDown General Manager, Paige had booked Miz and wife Maryse in a mixed tag team match against Bryan and Bella at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view event. At the event, Miz and Maryse would go on to win the after Maryse pinned Bella. Following that match, it was announced Miz and Bryan would face each other once more at Super Show-Down event with the winner getting a future WWE Championship match. At the event, Miz was defeated by Bryan. At the 1000th episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\" on October 16, Miz defeated Rusev to qualify for the WWE World", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13191968", "chunk_text": "\"Women of Wrestling\"\ndigital media in 2015. Marketed as \"\"WOW Superheroes\"\", its characters are empowered women from all different backgrounds and professions. Season 2 of the show premiered on March 1, 2016, on YouTube. Its fourth season premiered February 28, 2017. On April 20, 2017, MGM Television announced that Mark Burnett, MGM’s President, Television Group & Digital, and Jeanie Buss formed a partnership to develop new content across a range of unscripted programming and digital formats for WOW!. Its fifth season commenced production in Los Angeles on May 11, 2017, with its live event at the historic Belasco Theater in Los Angeles. WOW", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5715747", "chunk_text": "\"WWE Mixed Match Challenge\"\nreplaced by Mandy Rose. Big E became the partner for Carmella after winning a fan vote between all three members of The New Day. The full tournament bracket was revealed on January 11, 2018 on WWE.com. In one of the semifinal matches, fans were able to vote on a Facebook poll, for an eliminated team to be given a second chance in the tournament. <onlyinclude> The second season premiered on September 18, 2018 on Facebook Watch. In the second season, teams will compete in a round robin-style tournament throughout the fourteen 30-minute, two match episodes. The finals of season two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339669", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\noff WWE programming. After two months of inactivity, Maryse was released from her WWE contract on October 28. On October 5, 2012, Maryse appeared at the Family Wrestling Entertainment (FWE) event \"\"Back 2 Brooklyn\"\", performing live commentary. She began appearing regularly for FWE, where she commentated during women's matches. On April 4, 2016 episode of \"\"Raw\"\", the episode after WrestleMania 32, Maryse returned during a WWE Intercontinental Championship match between the champion Zack Ryder and her husband, The Miz. During the match, Maryse slapped Ryder's father, who was in the front row, in order to distract Ryder and allowed Miz", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613391", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\n\"\"Raw\"\", Miz lost to Roman Reigns in an Intercontinental Championship match, ending his title reign at 169 days. Miz then took time off to film the movie \"\"The Marine 6: Close Quarters\"\". The Miz returned on the January 8, 2018 episode of \"\"Raw\"\" to host \"\"Miz TV\"\". At \"\"Raw 25\"\" he defeated Roman Reigns to win his eighth Intercontinental Championship. Miz then participated in the annual Royal Rumble match at the namesake pay-per-view on January 28, but he failed to win the match after being eliminated by the combined effort of Rollins and Reigns. The next night on \"\"Raw\"\", Miz", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613383", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nJanuary 3, 2017 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Ambrose despite interference from Maryse. On January 29, Miz entered the 2017 Royal Rumble match at number 15 and lasted 32 minutes until he was eliminated by The Undertaker. On January 31 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Miz was revealed as one of the participants of the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship which took place on February 12, where Miz lost after being eliminated by John Cena. On February 21 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Miz participated in a 10-man battle royal to determine the challenger for the Bray Wyatt's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339648", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nthe SmackDown brand in 2008. In December 2008, Maryse won her first WWE Divas Championship and held it for seven months, making her the third longest reigning WWE Divas Champion in WWE history. In April 2009, she was drafted to the Raw brand, and won the WWE Divas Championship for the second time in February 2010, making her the first wrestler to have held the championship on more than one occasion and the only woman in history to win the title via tournament. In mid-2010, she became the co-host of \"\"NXT\"\" and the manager of Ted DiBiase, prior to her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613384", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nWWE Championship, but was eliminated by Cena. On February 28 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Miz and Maryse made a special edition of \"\"Miz TV\"\" to critique Cena's powers on the backstage before Maryse slapped Cena and Nikki Bella—Cena's girlfriend—came to save him. On March 7 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse and Miz attacked Nikki and Cena after defeated James Ellsworth and Carmella. On March 14 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", after another showdown between Miz and Maryse against Cena and Nikki, SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan scheduled a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 33, which Miz and Maryse lost. On April 10, Miz", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18781724", "chunk_text": "\"Total Bellas\"\nseason will document Daniel's travels under his new role as General Manager of WWE's \"\"SmackDown Live\"\". On January 30, 2018, it was announced that a third season would be premiering in spring of 2018. On April 5, 2018, the premiere date for the third season was announced, airing on May 20, 2018. On August 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that \"\"Total Bellas\"\" had been renewed for a fourth season. On November 28, 2018, it was announced that the fourth season would premiere on January 13, 2019. The show is broadcast in The United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand and France", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17401186", "chunk_text": "\"Total Divas (season 8)\"\nTotal Divas (season 8) \"\"Total Divas\"\" is an American reality television series that premiered on July 28, 2013, on E!. The series gives viewers an inside look at the lives of WWE Divas from their work within WWE to their personal lives. Season 8 premiered on September 19, 2018. On April 4, 2018, speculations arose about the upcoming eighth season of \"\"Total Divas\"\", as reports stated that E! cameras had been filming a handful of WWE female superstars in New Orleans during the WrestleMania weekend. Paige, who was a part of the main cast from seasons 3 to 6, was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501158", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nTorres, where she pinned Torres. Maryse made her first appearance on \"\"Raw\"\" on March 2, as a commentator for a match involving the WWE Women's Champion Melina, with Maryse attacking her after the match. The following week, Maryse made her in-ring debut on \"\"Raw\"\" in a champion vs champion lumberjill match, which she defeated Melina. The rivalry extended to a tag team match on \"\"SmackDown\"\" on March 13, where Melina and Maria defeated McCool and Maryse. On March 27 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse made her first championship defense, losing by disqualification after the returning Gail Kim attacked Maryse and McCool,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339680", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nalso appeared in several newspaper interviews, including \"\"Tokyo Headline\"\", and was on the cover of \"\"Sessions Magazine\"\" in October 2010. In 2012, Maryse was featured on the cover of \"\"Le Journal de Montréal\"\", and on \"\"MDA Show of Strength\"\" with The Miz and other celebrities. In 2015, Ouellet had roles in \"\"\"\" and in \"\"Santa's Little Helper\"\", the latter starring Ouellet's husband, The Miz. In the same year, she appeared on the E! reality television series \"\"WAGS\"\". In 2016, it was announced that Maryse would appear as a main cast member on the sixth season of \"\"Total Divas\"\", which prompted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7118984", "chunk_text": "\"The IIconics\"\ntheir original debut on October 5, 2016 episode of \"\"NXT\"\" and were later dubbed The Iconic Duo. During their time in NXT, the team received a NXT Year-End Award for \"\"Breakout of the Year\"\" in 2016 and were both nominated for \"\"Female Competitor(s) of the Year\"\" in 2017, though they were unsuccessful at winning the award. Kay and Royce, now known as The IIconics, debuted on the April 10, 2018 episode of \"\"SmackDown Live\"\", attacking SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair, allowing Carmella to cash in her Money in the Bank contract and defeat Flair to win the championship. The following", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3595256", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nMarch 7 onwards, a video on WWE's website and vignettes on \"\"SmackDown\"\" heralded The Miz debuting on SmackDown. When Mizanin actually attempted to make his debut on the April 21 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", he was in storyline banned from entering the arena by network executive Palmer Cannon who told him that he had been \"\"cancelled\"\" before having security escort him from the premises. The Miz debuted as \"\"SmackDown\"\"'s host on June 2, hyping up the crowd at the top of the show. Other duties included backstage interviews and hosting a bikini contest. The hosting duties seemed sporadic at best, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18142549", "chunk_text": "\"Total Divas (season 8)\"\nwas reported that Brie and Nikki Bella were seen filming an episode of the upcoming season with cast members Lana, Natalya, and Paige, confirming their involvement with the eighth season. On May 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that \"\"Total Divas\"\" had been renewed for seasons 8 and 9. Season 8 is expected to air in fall 2018. On July 26, 2018, it was announced that season 8 would premiere on September 19, 2018, and the cast for the season was confirmed to be Brie and Nikki Bella, Natalya, Naomi, Lana, Nia Jax, and Paige. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> Total Divas (season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501167", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nChampionship from DiBiase, and lost a subsequent mixed tag team match against Goldust and Aksana on October 26. On March 8, Maryse became the co-host of \"\"NXT\"\", alongside Matt Striker. As part of \"\"NXT Redemption\"\", Maryse was involved in several romantic storylines, most notably with Yoshi Tatsu, Lucky Cannon, and Hornswoggle. In April, DiBiase made an ultimatum to Maryse for her to choose to continue on the \"\"NXT\"\" or continue with him. The following week, Maryse chose to continue appearing on \"\"NXT\"\", disbanding their alliance in the process. In August, Maryse underwent surgery for an abdominal hernia and took time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4222010", "chunk_text": "\"Dean Ambrose\"\nhis intention of challenging Miz for the Intercontinental Championship, he won the title for a second time on the January 3, 2017 episode of \"\"SmackDown Live\"\" after the referee ejected Maryse (The Miz's real life wife) from the ringside due to an interference. On the January 10 episode of \"\"SmackDown Live\"\", Ambrose announced his participation in the Royal Rumble match set on January 29, but would be eliminated by Brock Lesnar after lasting almost 27 minutes. On February 12, Ambrose took part of the WWE Championship Elimination Chamber match at the event of the same name, where he eliminated Baron", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9334082", "chunk_text": "\"Total Divas\"\nfor the show, confirming Nia Jax as a cast member for the upcoming season. On May 31, it was reported that Brie and Nikki Bella were seen filming an episode of the upcoming season with cast members Lana, Natalya, and Paige, confirming their involvement with the eighth season. On May 7, 2018, E! and WWE announced that \"\"Total Divas\"\" had been renewed for seasons 8 and 9. Season 8 is expected to air in fall 2018. On July 26, 2018, it was announced that season 8 would premiere on September 19, 2018, and the cast for the season was confirmed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10612240", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nThe Miz Michael Gregory Mizanin (born October 8, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, actor and media personality. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name The Miz. Mizanin first gained fame as a reality television participant. He was a cast member on MTV's \"\"\"\" in 2001 and subsequently appeared in its spinoff series, \"\"Real World/Road Rules Challenge\"\" from 2002 to 2005, where he reached the finals in \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\" while winning \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\". Furthermore, he reached the final in \"\"Battle of the Network Reality Stars\"\" and won the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5344366", "chunk_text": "\"Backlash (2018)\"\nJeff Hardy vs. The Miz, Daniel Bryan vs. Rusev, and Charlotte Flair vs. Peyton Royce. Miz and Rusev won their respective matches for the males, while Charlotte won hers for the females. Backlash (2018) Backlash (2018) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event and WWE Network event, produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on May 6, 2018, at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey. It was the fourteenth event in the Backlash chronology and the first Backlash event since 2009 to be dual-branded. The card comprised nine matches, including one on the pre-show.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10160893", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nDivas champion, her reign of 216 days remained the longest in the title's history for nearly five years, until AJ Lee surpassed her reign in January 2014. After losing the championship, Maryse underwent to a legitimate knee surgery. She returned on the November 23 episode of \"\"Raw\"\", disguised as The Gobbledy Gooker, as the guest timekeeper for a Thanksgiving-themed 6-Divas tag team match. After the match, she revealed herself by attacking the Divas Champion Melina. The following week, Maryse made her in-ring return teamed with Jillian Hall in a tag team match against Melina and Gail Kim, where Maryse pinned", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11107897", "chunk_text": "Kayfabe\nin 2008. In June 2017, Big Cass broke away from Enzo Amore and cited that Enzo's off-ring antics made him a distraction in the locker room. On September 11, 2017, The Miz and Maryse revealed they are expecting their first child, having previously been mocked by John Cena for not having children after being married. On the same day, Enzo Amore had been criticized by The Miz about him being thrown off the tour bus and banned from the locker room as he was a negative influence, while Amore answered back by saying The Miz's initial heel run in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10612251", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nin WWE dark matches and house shows until Cappotelli, nominally of Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), was diagnosed with a brain tumor after an injury at a taping in December 2005. After Cappotelli’s death from cancer on June 29, 2018, Miz revealed they were to be called up to the Smackdown roster as a tag team known as Reality Check in 2005. On January 3, 2006, it was reported that Mizanin had been transferred to OVW. On the January 18, 2006 OVW TV show, Mizanin made his debut as Miz with a \"\"Miz TV\"\" segment, where he was shown talking backstage.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1992872", "chunk_text": "\"Mary Kills People\"\nwas renewed for a six-episode followup season. Production occurred over summer 2017 in Toronto. Lifetime announced their pickup of the second season in the United States on July 28, 2017; it premiered on March 12, 2018. On December 3, 2018, it was announced that Lifetime would not air the final season. The first season has received a score of 66 on Metacritic, indicating generally favourable reviews, based on eight reviews, and a rating of 100% on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews, the site's critical consensus stating: \"\"\"\"Mary Kills People\"\" is more than its unique premise, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339671", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nchampionship against Kane after she faked an ankle injury. After being drafted to \"\"Smackdown\"\" as part of the 2016 WWE draft which took place on July 19, Ouellet made her first appearance for the brand on July 26, where she co-hosted a \"\"Miz TV\"\" segment along her husband before being interrupted by Randy Orton, who challenged Miz to a non-title match, in which he was subsequently defeated. At Backlash, Maryse successfully helped Miz to retain the Intercontinental Championship by spraying something at Dolph Ziggler’s eye, whilst Miz distracted the referee. The following week, \"\"SmackDown\"\" General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12339673", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\nfollowing week for the Intercontinental Championship in the 900th episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\". Later that night, Bryan would state on \"\"Talking Smack\"\" that if Ziggler successfully retains his championship, The Miz and Maryse would be traded to \"\"Raw\"\" for someone else. On November 15 at the 900th episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse helped Miz to win the championship for the sixth time and also retain it at Survivor Series against Sami Zayn. On December 20, episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse was banned from the ringside after an attempt to apply a eye poke on Apollo Crews during a championship match for Miz's Intercontinental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "501157", "chunk_text": "\"Maryse Ouellet\"\ndefeated McCool, with Maria as the special guest referee, to win her first Divas Championship. On December 28, at a house show in Raleigh, North Carolina, Maryse dislocated her knee in a tag team match against The Bella Twins (Nikki and Brie). It was later announced that the injury was not major, and therefore only missed a few weeks action. On the January 23, 2009 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse returned and sat at ringside commentating during a Divas' tag team match. She returned to in-ring action on February 20, teaming with Michelle McCool in a win against Maria and Eve", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5715745", "chunk_text": "\"WWE Mixed Match Challenge\"\nSeptember 4, 2018, WWE announced a second season of \"\"Mixed Match Challenge,\"\" with the season premiering on September 18 immediately following \"\"SmackDown Live.\"\" Season 2 consisted of 13 30-minute episodes, with each featuring two matches. Episodes of season 2 aired at 10:00pm ET, with a weekly pre-show that started at 9:50pm ET. The teams, which were made up of both male and female wrestlers from both the \"\"Raw\"\" and \"\"SmackDown\"\" brands, were picked by their respective general managers, Kurt Angle and Daniel Bryan. Each team wrestled for the chance to give $100,000 to a charity of the winner's choice, while", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10613380", "chunk_text": "\"The Miz\"\nThe Miz initially refused Ziggler's offer for a rematch for the Intercontinental title, but on November 8 episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\", Maryse accepted Bryan's offer to Miz face Ziggler the following week for the Intercontinental Championship in the 900th episode of \"\"SmackDown\"\". Later that night, Bryan stated on \"\"Talking Smack\"\" that if Ziggler successfully retained the championship, The Miz and Maryse would be traded to Raw for someone else. On \"\"SmackDown\"\"s 900th episode on November 15, Maryse helped Miz to win the championship for the sixth time. Miz successfully defended the title against Raw's Sami Zayn at Survivor Series on November", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_67	where was the first season of slasher filmed?	n/a	[ "Orangeville, Ontario, Canada", "Sudbury, Parry Sound" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15493024", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nSudbury, Parry Sound, and Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. On May 1, 2017, \"\"Slasher\"\" began filming a second season in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada. The licensing rights for the second season were acquired by Netflix. The season was released as a \"\"Netflix Original\"\" title in various countries on October 17, 2017. The second season titled \"\"Slasher: Guilty Party\"\" is centered on a group of former summer camp counselors who return to an isolated campground in order to bury their sins of the past, before being targeted, one by one, by an unknown killer. The series has been renewed for a third season.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8331492", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\none day but return later to film earlier scenes as necessary. As an example of this, Martin cited Mark Ghanimé's first day on set, when his character, Justin Faysal, was laid out in a casket for a scene early in \"\"Slasher\"\"s third episode (Justin's death, which took place in Episode 2, would be filmed later on). On May 1, 2017, \"\"Slasher\"\" began filming a second season in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada. Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season. However, Netflix acquired the rights to the second season. The second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15493023", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nSlasher (TV series) Slasher is a Canadian television horror anthology series created by Aaron Martin. The first season, retroactively subtitled \"\"The Executioner\"\", was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel, \"\"Slasher\"\" was the first (and only) original series by the now-defunct U.S. TV channel Chiller, which premiered the series on Friday, March 4, 2016, at 9:00pm EST. Super Channel aired the show's Canadian premiere on April 1, 2016. The series' first season, which centered on a mysterious figure billed as \"\"The Executioner\"\" who terrorizes the fictional town of Waterbury, Canada, was filmed between July and October 2015 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15493036", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nwould discover and option it to prospective broadcasters. The script would land at Canadian premium network Super Channel, who, their interest piqued in part by \"\"Slasher\"\"s fixed-end format, would order it as a series. The now-defunct American network Chiller, which specializes in the horror/thriller genre, would join in production sometime after Super Channel; \"\"Slasher\"\" would be Chiller's first (and only) foray into original scripted series content. Production on \"\"Slasher\"\"s 8-episode first season was announced on July 28, 2015, with filming taking place between then and October 2015. Three Northern Ontario municipalities — the cities of Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8331491", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nand the town of Parry Sound — would stand in for the show's fictitious location, the town of Waterbury. A first trailer for the series would be released on November 26, 2015. Unlike most TV series that film their episodes in order, \"\"Slasher\"\", under the direction of Craig David Wallace, was shot as if it were a \"\"super-sized\"\" movie: Scenes from multiple episodes were shot at the same time, with the availability of locations and cast being factored in. The out-of-order schedule allowed the actors to know of their characters' fates, especially those who had to film their death scenes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15493027", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nkiller — are featured, explored, and eliminated from consideration, one by one (either through death or the natural deductive process), until the \"\"all too human\"\" killer and his/her motivations are revealed. \"\"Slasher\"\"s 8-episode first season centers around Sarah Bennett who, with husband Dylan, moves back to the town of her birth, Waterbury (a fictional town in Canada), and into her parents' former home. It was in that house on Halloween Night 1988 where both of her parents, Bryan and Rachel, were murdered. Rachel was pregnant with Sarah at the time of her murder, with police discovering the killer holding Rachel's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14355308", "chunk_text": "\"Scream (TV series)\"\nScream (TV series) Scream is an American anthology slasher television series developed by Jill Blotevogel, Dan Dworkin and Jay Beattie for MTV and is based on the slasher film series of the same name created by Kevin Williamson and Wes Craven. The series is produced by Dimension Television and MTV Production Development, and was formerly filmed in Louisiana, in locations such as Baton Rouge and New Orleans as well as Chalmette High School. Blotevogel and Jaime Paglia originally served as showrunners during the first season before being replaced by Michael Gans and Richard Register in the second season, because of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10572920", "chunk_text": "\"Scream (TV series)\"\nScream (TV series) Scream is an American anthology slasher television series developed by Jill Blotevogel, Dan Dworkin and Jay Beattie for MTV and is based on the slasher film series of the same name created by Kevin Williamson and Wes Craven. The series is produced by Dimension Television and MTV Production Development, and was formerly filmed in Louisiana, in locations such as Baton Rouge and New Orleans as well as Chalmette High School. Blotevogel and Jaime Paglia originally served as showrunners during the first season before being replaced by Michael Gans and Richard Register in the second season, because of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13568341", "chunk_text": "\"The Punisher (season 1)\"\nLightfoot's intentions for the tone of the series. Filming began on October 3, 2016 in Brooklyn, New York, under the working title \"\"Crime\"\". Locations for the production included Greenpoint, Brooklyn, the Williamsburg Bridge, Columbus Circle and Central Park West, Cortlandt Alley, Circle Line Downtown cruises, the Manhattan Family Court building, Long Island City, Grand Ferry Park in South Williamsburg, Brooklyn, Sunnyside, Queens, Pulaski Bridge, the Roosevelt Island and its steam plant, the Bronx County Courthouse, Newtown Creek, The Roosevelt Hotel, Astoria Park, Tudor City, Hunts Point, Bronx, the Forest Park Carousel, the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, the \"\"GoodFellas Diner\"\" before it was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10963532", "chunk_text": "\"Bates Motel (season 1)\"\nBates Motel set from the film \"\"Psycho\"\" was built on location in Aldergrove, British Columbia on 272nd Street, where the series is filmed. Production also took place in Greater Vancouver, and Richmond, British Columbia. Principal photography for the first season began on October 1, 2012. Though filming for the first season was expected to wrap on January 24, 2013, production continued into early February 2013. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The first season of \"\"Bates Motel\"\" received mostly positive reviews. It received 66 out of 100 from Metacritic, based on 34 critical responses, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews\"\". Rotten Tomatoes aggregated that 81% of 37", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19651467", "chunk_text": "\"The Walking Dead (TV series)\"\ndrive producers to the state and bolster its economy. The first season was filmed primary in Atlanta, though required a great deal of coordination with the city to shut down streets and parks for film. Production for subsequent seasons moved mainly to Riverwood Studios (doing business as Raleigh Studios Atlanta), a plot of land approximately outside of Senoia, Georgia. Some existing buildings were used here, such as a subdivision that is used by several families that serves as the Alexandria Safe-Zone, while other buildings are constructed as sets, such as the exterior shots of the main Hilltop mansion, the trash", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2378655", "chunk_text": "\"Pilot (Scream Queens)\"\nseries regular. On March 13, 2015, previously cast Manganiello was forced to depart the series, due to publicity obligations for his film \"\"Magic Mike XXL\"\". Oliver Hudson was hired as his replacement. The series began principal photography on March 12, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Exterior campus scenes were shot at Tulane University. The show completed filming of the pilot episode in April 2015, with filming for the remaining first season installments commencing in early June 2015. Murphy, Brennan, and Falchuk were said to be the first season's sole directors; however, this was not true. Along with \"\"Hell Week\"\" as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13568342", "chunk_text": "\"The Punisher (season 1)\"\ndamaged in a 2018 fire and the Mount Zion Cemetery, both in Maspeth, Queens, and in Astoria, Queens. A car chase for the season was filmed at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in night shoots, with Moss-Bachrach driving one of the cars. Filming for the season wrapped on April 9, 2017. Visual effects supervisor Greg Anderson and vendor FuseFX returned from the first season of \"\"Luke Cage\"\" to create the visual effects for \"\"The Punisher\"\", creating 855 visual effects shots across the season. Their team changed in size for each episode, but generally consisted of 15 to 20 people. Due to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "520761", "chunk_text": "\"American Horror Story\"\nArchitects' Los Angeles chapter, the Tudor or Collegiate Gothic-style single family home was previously used as a convent. The first season was filmed on sets which are an exact replica of the house. Details such as Louis Comfort Tiffany stained glass windows and hammered bronze light fixtures were recreated to preserve the look of the house. Production and shooting for the second season began in late July 2012 for a scheduled premiere in mid October. The exteriors for the second season were filmed in Hidden Valley, Ventura County, California, a rural area outside Los Angeles, although the season took place", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14561585", "chunk_text": "\"Hell Week (Scream Queens)\"\n2015, previously cast Manganiello was forced to depart the series, due to publicity obligations for his film \"\"Magic Mike XXL\"\". Oliver Hudson was hired as his replacement. The series began principal photography on March 12, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Exterior campus scenes were shot at Tulane University. The show completed filming of the pilot episode in April 2015, with filming for the remaining first season installments commencing in early June 2015. Murphy, Brennan, and Falchuk were said to be the first season's sole directors; however, this was not true. Along with Pilot as the two-hour series premiere, the episode", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10031806", "chunk_text": "\"Scream Queens (2015 TV series)\"\n\"\"Psycho\"\" scene several times between takes, matching the smallest details, such as which hand reaches for the bar of soap, and twitches of the eye. \"\"It's a big deal and I don't take it lightly,\"\" Falchuk concluded, \"\"...that she went for it like that was very moving for me.\"\" The second season saw production move from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Los Angeles, California; after scoring a significant tax credit. Principal photography commenced in July 2016. The title sequence for the series features Roberts, Michele, Samuels, Palmer, Boneta, Powell, Breslin, and Lourd in an homage to 80s horror flicks. An original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10031804", "chunk_text": "\"Scream Queens (2015 TV series)\"\nHaynes joined the second season. On July 28, 2016, it was announced that Jerry O'Connell and Laura Bell Bundy will have recurring roles. The series began principal photography on March 12, 2015, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Exterior campus scenes were shot at Tulane University. The show completed filming of the pilot episode in April 2015, with filming for the remaining first season installments commencing in early June 2015. Murphy, Brennan, and Falchuk were said to be the first season's sole directors; however, this was later proven not to be the case. Curtis filmed an intricate homage to her mother's, Janet", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "208961", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher film\"\nthe 1974 original film, but lackluster box office profits led to its prequel \"\"Leatherface\"\" (2017) to a direct-to-download release (\"\"Leatherface\"\" was filmed in 2015 but shelved for two years). A decline in theatrical profits encouraged film producers to creatively translate the horror film genre to a television audience. The success of FX's \"\"American Horror Story\"\" and AMC's \"\"The Walking Dead\"\" green-lit a number of networks to develop horror series, several structured or based on slasher films. A&E's \"\"Psycho\"\"-adaptation \"\"Bates Motel\"\" and MTV's \"\"Scream\"\" series offered creative deaths and cathartic suspense, while ABC Family's \"\"Pretty Little Liars\"\" and The CW's \"\"Riverdale\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17198824", "chunk_text": "\"Sense8 (season 1)\"\nplace almost entirely on location around the globe. In the first season they filmed in nine cities located in eight countries: Berlin, Chicago, London, Mexico City, Mumbai, Nairobi, Reykjavík, San Francisco, and Seoul. Production on the first season began on June 18, 2014 in San Francisco. The filmmakers successfully negotiated with the organizers of the Clarion Alley Mural Project and select artists to feature their artwork in the show. Shooting in Chicago began on July 9 and wrapped up on August 8, with filming taking place both on location and at the Cinespace Film Studios. They shot some scenes in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16783996", "chunk_text": "\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\"\nin creating the series. Most of \"\"Buffy\"\" was shot on location in Los Angeles, California. The high school used in the first three seasons is actually Torrance High School, in Torrance, California, the same high school used for Beverly Hills, 90210. The show was initially very dependent on location shooting, because the production budget allowed for few permanent sets to be built. In Season One this was limited to the interior of Sunnydale High (the library, hallways and classrooms), Buffy's bedroom, and the Master's underground lair. From Season Two more permanent sets were built, including the full interior of Buffy's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11625129", "chunk_text": "\"Keith Broke His Leg\"\nconducting a Q&A afterwards. Powell self-funded the first season, citing the personal nature of the project and his reluctance to initially crowdfund. He wrote an article on IndieWire detailing his process. The series is filmed on location in Los Angeles, California in Powell's real life home. Additionally, the home was featured on HGTV's \"\"House Hunters Renovation\"\" and \"\"House Hunters Where Are They Now?\"\" The color palette of the show is highly saturated, highlighting the colors blue and red. Powell has stated that the entire production time took longer than usual due to the low budget of the series. In addition,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4202690", "chunk_text": "\"Heathers (TV series)\"\nwho is described as \"\"a stripper menthol smoker who is rough around the edges, but with a bit of glamour to her.\"\" In November 2016, the series' pilot began production in Los Angeles, California. Principal photography for the rest of the first season took place from spring through fall of 2017 in the Chatsworth area of Los Angeles. Locations utilized for filming included the Rancho San Antonio which is being used to portray Westerburg High School. On August 28, 2017, the Paramount Network released a teaser trailer for the series alongside a series of posters, each depicting a different character.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4466606", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (season 1)\"\nin a pair of old jeans and a t-shirt.\"\" In February 2014, Marvel announced that \"\"Daredevil\"\" would be filmed in New York City. In April 2014, Quesada reiterated this, stating that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell’s Kitchen, in addition to sound stage work. Loeb said that \"\"Daredevil\"\" would begin filming in July 2014, and DeKnight confirmed that filming had started that month. It filmed under the working title \"\"Bluff\"\", on a $56 million budget. The production received $14.3 million under the New York Film &", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14974537", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\nNew York City. In April, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Joe Quesada stated that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell's Kitchen, in addition to sound stage work. The season went into production in February 2015 in The Bronx at Lehman College with the working title \"\"Violet\"\", and aimed to film each episode over nine days, on average. Filming concluded in mid-late August. Other filming locations in New York City used included the East Village's Horseshoe Bar for Luke's Bar; the 33rd Street PATH station and a PATH train;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "782695", "chunk_text": "\"Fear the Walking Dead (season 1)\"\nannounced as series regulars, both in unknown roles. Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015. The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015. Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes. The first season features eight actors receiving main cast billing status: <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 78%, based on 61 reviews, whose average rating is 6.76/10. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13744322", "chunk_text": "\"The Cobblestone Corridor\"\nPoets Society\"\", \"\"The Maltese Falcon\"\", \"\"Hey Arnold!\"\", \"\"Scream Queens\"\", and \"\"Gossip Girl\"\". Season 1 began production on December 19, 2015 and concluded on March 23, 2016. Principal photography took place primarily at University of Connecticut School of Law in Hartford, Connecticut and Ethel Walker School in Simsbury, Connecticut. Alfred Pierce Preparatory School becomes a hotbed for suspense and intrigue after a prank targeting the Associate Headmaster. \"\"Initial Airdate: October 16, 2016\"\" After the school mascot is stolen from the field house, Archer and company go on an undercover mission to recover it. \"\"Initial Airdate: October 23, 2016\"\" Archer becomes suspicious", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10601894", "chunk_text": "\"Slaughter High\"\nblack. It was originally filmed as \"\"April Fool's Day\"\" in late 1984 in London, England, and Virginia Water, Surrey on a budget of $2.1 million. However, the title was changed to \"\"Slaughter High\"\" after the filmmakers had learned of Paramount Pictures's slasher film of the same title scheduled for release of the same year. The film was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Vestron Pictures on November 14, 1986. The release expanded in February 1987, and again in April 1987; it opened on a total of thirty-eight screens on April 24, 1987, earning $90,000 between April", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11167089", "chunk_text": "\"The Killing (season 1)\"\nthe pilot, Ed Bianchi directed three episodes in season one, Agnieszka Holland directed two episodes, and Gwyneth Horder-Payton, Jennifer Getzinger, Phil Abraham, Dan Attias, Nicole Kassell, Keith Gordon, and Brad Anderson each directed one of the remaining episodes. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The pilot was ordered by AMC in January 2010, and then was picked up for a full series order in August 2010. The series is filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, and production began on the pilot episode on December 2, 2010. The pilot is written by series creator and executive producer Veena Sud and is directed by Patty Jenkins. In contrast", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18167833", "chunk_text": "\"Cloak & Dagger (season 1)\"\ntotal $42 million budget for the season in Louisiana, over an 86-day filming period. Filming on the pilot episode wrapped on February 24, 2017. Photography on the remainder of the season resumed in New Orleans on July 24. Filming locations included the Le Pavillon Hotel. The church where Tandy lives was filmed in a real church that was being renovated into a music venue during the pilot. By the time filming resumed for the season, the renovation had progress to where the series could no longer film at the location, so production designer Meghan Rogers rebuilt the set on a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9877269", "chunk_text": "\"Fear the Walking Dead\"\nCalifornia, Mexico. Locations included Rosarito (sea scenes and hotel) and Valle de Guadalupe (Abigail's vineyard). The sea scenes were filmed using a horizon tank at Baja Film Studios. An additional scene from the season one finale was filmed in The Sunken City, San Pedro, Los Angeles. Filming for the third season began on January 6, 2017, in Baja California, Mexico, with some of the same location sites used for the second half of season two. Additional locations in Tijuana Municipality included Avenida Revolución, Abelardo L. Rodríguez Dam and the hills that hosted the Otto's ranch. Filming for the fourth season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4619305", "chunk_text": "\"Banshee (TV series)\"\nseasons, filming took place mainly in the Mooresville, North Carolina area. In addition to Mooresville, other area locations were used including Huntersville, Mount Ulla, Lincolnton, Salisbury, Charlotte, Monroe, Gastonia and Waxhaw. Because North Carolina's legislature chose not to continue tax credits for filming movies and TV series, the show moved to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area, centering in the suburb of Vandergrift, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania has continued to offer tax incentives. After the first season of \"\"Banshee\"\" received a 61% score on Rotten Tomatoes, an average rating of 5.9/10, sampled from 23 reviews, later seasons received much better scores, ranging from 90–100%.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4466607", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (season 1)\"\nTV Tax Credit Program. Production concluded on December 21, 2014. Other filming locations in New York City included the Williamsburg, Greenpoint and Bushwick neighborhoods in Brooklyn; Abe Lebewohl Park in the East Village; Whitestone Lanes bowling alley in Flushing, Queens; the New York State Supreme Court Building, with the interior for court scenes filmed on a set; Brooklyn Borough Hall; the Rockefeller Center rooftop gardens; Brooklyn College for Murdock and Nelson's flashback to their time in college; the Chelsea neighborhood in Manhattan; and the Honeywell Bridge in Long Island City. \"\"Cut Man\"\" ends with a long action sequence filmed in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12066926", "chunk_text": "\"L.A. Slasher\"\nL.A. Slasher L.A. Slasher is a 2015 American horror-comedy film co-written and directed by Martin Owen. The film stars Andy Dick, Drake Bell, Mischa Barton, and Dave Bautista. The film was released on June 26, 2015 in a limited release by Arthur Jones. Los Angeles learns that the city’s minor celebrities are being stalked by a mysterious masked slasher when The Reality Star is found wandering the Hollywood hills wrapped in bandages and covered in blood. The L.A. Slasher begins abducting and torturing various stars while amassing a large cult following that monitors his activities as he posts videos online.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9997410", "chunk_text": "\"Scream (franchise)\"\noften destroyed after use. Filming for \"\"Scream 3\"\" began on July 6, 1999 in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, in the areas of San Fernando Valley, Macarthur Park, Beverly Hills, Hollywood Hills and Silverlake, with a $40 million budget and wrapped on September 29, 1999. The isolated home of Campbell's character is situated in Topanga Canyon and Cox's character is introduced in a classroom at UCLA. A scene where Campbell's character is pursued through movie set replicas of locations from \"\"Scream\"\" was not scripted but the sets were built because Craven knew he wanted to revisit the original film in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19858372", "chunk_text": "\"Scream 2\"\nby Campbell's character in \"\"Scream\"\" that she would be played by Spelling in a movie based on her life. Craven remarked that she was a \"\"good sport\"\" about the joke and happy to take part. Principal photography for \"\"Scream 2\"\" took place over nine week period and on a budget of $24 million. Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles were used to represent the state of Ohio, where the fictional Windsor College is situated in \"\"Scream 2\"\", with filming taking place largely in Los Angeles and over four weeks in Atlanta. The opening scene featuring the premiere of the fictional \"\"Stab\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3060067", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (2007 film)\"\nSlasher (2007 film) Slasher is a 2007 horror film written and directed by Frank W. Montag, and co-written by Jörn Döring. After opening with a picnicking couple being murdered by a disfigured man in the woods, the film shows Erin in a college psychology class, where a lecturer mentions Mike Corman, a local serial killer who murdered at least four girls. Mike's crimes were discovered when his house caught fire, though Mike himself was never found. As Erin, her boyfriend Danny, and their friends (Julie, Chris, Tom, and Maya) head to a campsite where they will spend their school break,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11694536", "chunk_text": "\"Friday the 13th: The Series\"\n13th\"\", over the original title, was made because Mancuso, Jr. believed a \"\"\"\"Friday the 13th\"\"\"\" moniker would better help to sell the show to networks. Filming took place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. \"\"Friday the 13th: The Series\"\" aired in first-run syndication, initially in a late-night spot; the success of the series as a late-night show prompted some broadcasting stations to move it to prime time. Produced on a budget estimated below $500,000 per episode, the first season placed second in the male 18- to 49-year-old demographic, just behind Paramount's \"\"\"\". In addition, the first season placed fifth in the female", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17662480", "chunk_text": "\"House of Cards (U.S. TV series)\"\nwith Fincher.\"\" The next month, she got a call for an audition. Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012 in Harford County, Maryland, on the Eastern seaboard of the United States. Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore, Maryland, which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C. Among the numerous exteriors filmed in Baltimore, but set in Washington, D.C., are: Francis and Claire Underwood's residence, Zoe Barnes' apartment, Freddy's BBQ Rib Joint, The Clean Water Initiative building where Claire works, \"\"The Washington Herald\"\" offices, the Washington Opera House,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14386126", "chunk_text": "\"Quantico (season 1)\"\nYork City and Quantico. Production began in late July 2015 and ended in mid-April, 2016. Scenes of the Quantico Academy were shot at the campus of the Université de Sherbrooke, which stood in for the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, where the show is based. The series was shot both in studio at Mel’s Cité du Cinéma and on location. Colleen Sharp, Nicholas Erasmus, Terilyn A. Shropshire and Lori Ball were the editors for multiple episodes. Allyson C Johnson and Vanessa Procopio edited one episode each. The Director of Photography was Anthony Wolberg, who has provided cinematography for the maximum", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9997407", "chunk_text": "\"Scream (franchise)\"\ndecision and granted the film an R-rating. Production of a sequel, \"\"Scream 2\"\" was greenlit in May 1997, with filming beginning on September 17, 1997 with a budget of $24 million and wrapping on October 30, 1997. Filming took place largely in Atlanta, Georgia over four weeks before moving to Los Angeles. Agnes Scott College in Atlanta and University of California, Los Angeles were used to represent the fictional Windsor College that appears in the film. The opening scene featuring the premiere of the fictional \"\"Stab\"\" film was filmed over three days in the Vista theater on Sunset Drive, Hollywood,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15663613", "chunk_text": "\"Bruce Pittman\"\nBruce Pittman Ronald Bruce Pittman, (b. 1950) is an award-winning Canadian television and film director best known for directing the 1987 slasher, . He also directed the 1989 film \"\"Where the Spirit Lives\"\", which won 3 awards internationally and has been nominated for multiple Gemini and other awards. He is a member of the Directors Guild of Canada and the Directors Guild of America. Born in Toronto, Ontario, Pittman attended Park Lawn Public School, Royal York Collegiate and Kipling Collegiate in Etobicoke, Ontario. In 1966, he made his first film, which received an Honorable Mention at the Kodak Student Film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8331494", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher (TV series)\"\nthe occasion of \"\"Slasher\"\"s Super Channel premiere, \"\"The Globe and Mail\"\"s John Doyle, while remarking that it \"\"is no masterpiece of horror, nor was it meant to be,\"\" called the show \"\"very well-crafted,\"\" praising its \"\"exceptional cast\"\" and tight pacing, and noting fans of gory horror will appreciate its bloody scenes. On May 25, 2016, the entire first season of \"\"Slasher\"\" became available to stream instantly on Netflix US. On October 17, 2017, the full second season of \"\"Slasher\"\" became available to stream on Netflix in various countries. The second season began airing in the United Kingdom via Pick-TV. Slasher", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "869511", "chunk_text": "\"Parks and Recreation (season 1)\"\nan undeveloped property in Van Nuys, a district of Los Angeles. The producers went door-to-door in the neighborhood, seeking residents' permission for the dig. The pit was guarded 24 hours a day, and paparazzi regularly came to the set to take photos of the actors during filming. The exterior of the Pawnee government building, and several of the hallway scenes, were shot at Pasadena City Hall. The parks and recreation department interiors, as well as the Town Hall courtyard, were filmed on a sound stage. The set's windows were outfitted with water systems to simulate falling rain, and the windowsills", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16374486", "chunk_text": "\"Scar (film)\"\nWith the present day's body count rising, questions arise whether Bishop has evaded death or if a copycat killer has arisen. The production office opened on September 5, 2006 and had a scheduled 25 days of shooting in Calgary, Alberta, Canada beginning October 3, 2006. Despite the use of 3-D an early review by \"\"Fangoria.com\"\" explains that the 3-D \"\"doesn’t overshadow the film, which would be just as effective without it; instead of tossing in over-the-top, in-your-face FX like those seen in \"\"Jaws 3-D\"\" and \"\"Friday the 13th Part III\"\", SCAR's dimensional cinematography encourages a subtler, more voyeuristic feel\"\". \"\"Scar\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1028834", "chunk_text": "\"Hemlock Grove (TV series)\"\nCredit program works. Filming began on July 13, 2012 in Port Perry, Ontario; a small town about 40 miles (63 km) northeast of Toronto that has been transformed to look like Hemlock Grove, the fictional Western Pennsylvania town the series is set in. The budget for the first season of \"\"Hemlock Grove\"\" is reportedly about $45 million. Filming took place in Toronto at St Clair and Yonge at the Deer Park United Church and in Hamilton, Ontario at Hamilton Cemetery. Hemlock Grove High School was filmed at Ursula Franklin Academy/ Western Technical Commercial School in Toronto. It was also filmed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3787529", "chunk_text": "\"The Deer Hunter\"\nin the production, nearly halfway through principal photography, Cimino was already over budget, and producer Spikings could tell from the script that shooting the extended scene could sink the project. The bar was specially constructed in an empty storefront in Mingo Junction, Ohio for $25,000; it later became an actual saloon for local steel mill workers. U.S. Steel allowed filming inside its Cleveland mill, including placing the actors around the furnace floor, only after securing a $5 million insurance policy. Other filming took place in Pittsburgh. The first deer to be shot was depicted in a \"\"gruesome close-up\"\", although he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2249390", "chunk_text": "\"Shredder (film)\"\nShredder (film) Shredder is a 2003 American slasher film directed by Greg Huson. It stars Scott Weinger and Lindsey McKeon and centers on a group of friends being stalked and murdered by an unknown figure at an abandoned ski resort. It was filmed in Northern Idaho at Silver Mountain Ski Resort, and released directly to video in the United States by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Home Entertainment. Chad (Elliot Olson) is snowboarding down a mountain, when suddenly a skier dressed in black attacks him. Chad attempts to get away, but is decapitated by a piece of wire strung up between two trees. Meanwhile,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20118088", "chunk_text": "\"You Might Be the Killer\"\nJamie tells Chuck over the phone that the ordeal is over. She then walks off, taking the mask with her. Two Years Later – Sam calls Chuck in a panic, having become undead. The concept for the film originated in July 2017 between the banter of two writers, Sam Sykes and Chuck Wendig, on Twitter, where they had been discussing the tropes of an atypical slasher film. The idea was then developed into a film to be directed by Brett Simmons, with Sykes and Wendig involved as producers. Filming was underway in Louisiana by May 2018. The film debuted at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17968543", "chunk_text": "\"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 1)\"\nthe term \"\"mothership\"\" to distinguish the original from its spin-offs. This phrase has become popular with fans of the franchise. Unlike the original \"\"Law & Order\"\", filming for \"\"SVU\"\" began in North Bergen, New Jersey since there was not enough real estate available to get a studio in Manhattan. The production staff were still told to think of the area as being Manhattan. As with \"\"Law & Order\"\", writers for the series primarily worked in Los Angeles. However, \"\"SVU\"\" featured more female writers with the series aiming to bring a \"\"strong woman's perspective\"\" to the screen. Writer Dawn DeNoon has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13396181", "chunk_text": "\"Slasher film\"\nmillion against a $7 million budget. Influenced by the French New Wave's \"\"Eyes Without a Face\"\" (1960), science fiction thriller \"\"Westworld\"\" (1973) and \"\"Black Christmas\"\" (1974), \"\"Halloween\"\" was directed, composed and co-written by Carpenter, who co-write with his then-girlfriend and producing partner Debra Hill on a budget of $300,000 provided by Syrian-American producer Moustapha Akkad. To minimize costs, locations were reduced and time took place over a brief period. Jamie Lee Curtis, daughter of Janet Leigh, was cast as the heroine Laurie Strode while veteran actor Donald Pleasance was cast as Dr. Sam Loomis, an homage to John Gavin's character", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_68	who said if a tree falls in the woods and nobody hears it?	n/a	[ "Philosopher George Berkeley", "Charles Riborg Mann", "George Ransom Twiss" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973109", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nIf a tree falls in a forest \"\"If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?\"\" is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions regarding observation and perception. Philosopher George Berkeley, in his work, \"\"A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge\"\" (1710), proposes, \"\"But, say you, surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees, for instance, in a park [...] and nobody by to perceive them. [...] The objects of sense exist only when they are perceived; the trees therefore are in the garden [...]", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141639", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nit does, thus giving the entire riddle the status of a kind of an infallible conjecture—one that cannot be either proved or disproved. The current phrasing appears to have originated in the 1910 book \"\"Physics\"\" by Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss. The question \"\"When a tree falls in a lonely forest, and no animal is near by to hear it, does it make a sound? Why?\"\" is posed along with many other questions to quiz readers on the contents of the chapter, and as such, is posed from a purely physical point of view. Can something exist without", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973112", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nsenses through the mechanism of the ear, and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers. The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air. If there be no ears to hear, there will be no sound.\"\" Albert Einstein is reported to have asked his fellow physicist and friend Niels Bohr, one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics, whether he realistically believed that 'the moon does not exist if nobody is looking at it.' To this Bohr replied that however hard he (Einstein) may try, he would not be able to prove that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973114", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nbeing perceived? – e.g. \"\"\"\"is sound only sound if a person hears it?\"\"\"\" The most immediate philosophical topic that the riddle introduces involves the existence of the tree (and the sound it produces) outside of human perception. If no one is around to see, hear, touch or smell the tree, how could it be said to exist? What is it to say that it exists when such an existence is unknown? Of course, from a scientific viewpoint, it exists. It is human beings that are able to perceive it. George Berkeley in the 18th century developed subjective idealism, a metaphysical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141644", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nthe present (or ongoing) wider physical universe. It may then be recognized that the unobserved event was absolutely identical to an event which did not occur at all. Of course, the fact that the tree is known to have changed state from 'upright' to 'fallen' implies that the event must be observed to ask the question at all – even if only by the supposed deaf onlooker. The British philosopher of science Roy Bhaskar, credited with developing critical realism has argued, in apparent reference to this riddle, that: If men ceased to exist sound would continue to travel and heavy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973110", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nno longer than while there is somebody by to perceive them.\"\" (It is worth noting that the quote from section 45 is arguably a statement of an \"\"objection\"\" to Berkeley's view, and not a proclamation of it.) Nevertheless, Berkeley never actually wrote about the question. Some years later, a similar question is posed. It is unknown whether the source of this question is Berkeley or not. In June 1883 in the magazine \"\"The Chautauquan\"\", the question was put, \"\"If a tree were to fall on an island where there were no human beings would there be any sound?\"\" They then", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141647", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nof perception (as common sense would dictate), then it will produce sound waves. However, these sound waves will not actually \"\"sound\"\" like anything. Sound as it is mechanically understood will occur, but sound as it is understood by sensation will not occur. So then, how is it known that 'sound as it is mechanically understood' will occur if that sound is not perceived? Canadian songwriter, social activist and environmentalist Bruce Cockburn poses the question in the chorus of his 1989 song \"\"If a Tree Falls\"\" and frames it with his lyrics as a pressing question regarding the cause and effect", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141648", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nof deforestation. Washington-state-based wilderness conservatory Northwest Trek used a shortened form of the quote in its mid-1970s television advertisement, as such: \"\"There is no sound unless someone is there to see it or hear it. Experience it at Northwest Trek.\"\" The quote also forms the bridge of the protagonist's solo number \"\"Waving Through A Window\"\" in the musical \"\"Dear Evan Hansen\"\", in line with the tree motif essential to the plot. The song itself discusses a feeling of isolation through fear of failing in social interactions, as a part of the main character's social anxiety disorder. If a tree falls", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973116", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nwhen a tree falls, the motion disturbs the air and sends off air waves. This physical phenomena which can be measured by instruments other than our ears exists regardless of human perception (seeing or hearing ) of it. Putting together, although the tree falling on the island sends off air waves, it does not produce sound if no human is within the distance where the air waves are strong enough for a human to perceive them. Can we assume the unobserved world functions the same as the observed world? – e.g., \"\"\"\"does observation affect outcome?\"\"\"\"<br> A similar question does not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141641", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\ntheory to respond to these questions, coined famously as \"\"to be is to be perceived\"\". Today meta-physicists are split. According to substance theory, a substance is distinct from its properties, while according to bundle theory, an object is merely its sense data. The definition of sound, simplified, is a hearable noise. The tree will make a sound, even if nobody heard it, because it could have been heard. The answer to this question depends on the definition of sound. Since sound does not exist without our hearing of it, sound does not exist if we do not hear it. However,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16973117", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\ninvolve whether or not an unobserved event occurs \"\"predictably\"\", like it occurs when it is observed. The anthropic principle suggests that the observer, just in its existence, may impose on the reality observed. However, most people, as well as scientists, assume that the observer doesn't change whether the tree-fall causes a sound or not, but this is an impossible claim to prove. However, many scientists would argue that a truly unobserved event is one which realises no effect (imparts no information) on any other (where 'other' might be e.g., human, sound-recorder or rock), it therefore can have no legacy in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141637", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nwent on to answer the query with, \"\"No. Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other medium is set in motion.\"\" This seems to imply that the question is posed not from a philosophical viewpoint, but from a purely scientific one. The magazine \"\"Scientific American\"\" corroborated the technical aspect of this question, while leaving out the philosophic side, a year later when they asked the question slightly reworded, \"\"If a tree were to fall on an uninhabited island, would there be any sound?\"\" And gave a more technical answer, \"\"Sound is vibration, transmitted to our", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141645", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nbodies to fall to the earth in exactly the same way, though ex hypothesi there would be no-one to know it This existence of an unobserved real is integral to Bhaskar's ontology, which contends (in opposition to the various strains of positivism which have dominated both natural and social science in the twentieth century) that 'real structures exist independently of and are often out of phase with the actual patterns of events'. In social science, this has made his approach popular amongst contemporary Marxists — notably Alex Callinicos – who postulate the existence of real social forces and structures which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12164711", "chunk_text": "\"The Oak and the Reed\"\nstrong will fall, the soft and weak will overcome'. A variant Greek version of the fable substituted an olive tree for the oak. The tree taunts the reed for its frailty and yielding to every wind but the reed does not answer back. The wisdom of its behaviour becomes apparent when the tree is snapped in the buffeting of a storm. Similar advice, evidence that the fable was then current among Jews, is given in the Talmud (\"\"Tanis\"\" 20b), where the saying 'Be pliable like a reed, not rigid like a cedar' is attributed to Rabbi Simeon ben Eleazar. Although", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8340223", "chunk_text": "\"The Travellers and the Plane Tree\"\nin 1850 and a prose translation from the Greek appeared in George Fyler Townsend's collection of Aesop's fables in 1867. A similar story from Ancient China about the survival of a useless tree is told by the 4th century BCE Taoist philosopher Chuang Tzu. Its preservation is owed to the fact that it is good for nothing else but providing shade. A similar theme reappears in the \"\"Hecatomythium\"\" of Laurentius Abstemius as Fable 12, \"\"De arboribus pulchris et deformibus\"\" (Trees fair and crooked). In this an entire plantation is felled to build a house, leaving as the survivor the one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12416412", "chunk_text": "\"Trees (poem)\"\n\"\"The Wrong Lumber Race\"\", where the villainous Dick Dastardly chops down a tree and uses it as a roadblock against the other racers, declaring proudly: \"\"I think that I shall never see / A roadblock lovely as a tree.\"\" Further, Trappist monk, poet and spiritual writer Thomas Merton used Kilmer's poem as a model for a parody called \"\"Chee$e\"\"—with a dollar sign purposefully substituted for the letter \"\"s\"\"—in which Merton ridiculed the lucrative sale of homemade cheese by his monastery, the Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky. This poem was not published during Merton's lifetime. Merton often criticized the \"\"commodification of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5648866", "chunk_text": "\"The Oak and the Reed\"\nsources see it as a parable about pride and humility, providing advice on how to survive in turbulent times. This in turn gave rise to various proverbs such as 'Better bend than break' and 'A reed before the wind lives on, while mighty oaks do fall', the earliest occurrence of which is in Geoffrey Chaucer's \"\"Troilus and Criseyde\"\" (II.1387-9). It so happens that there is an overlap here with the old Chinese proverb 'A tree that is unbending is easily broken'. The saying originally occurred in the religious classic, the \"\"Tao Te Ching\"\", with the commentary that 'The hard and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2141646", "chunk_text": "\"If a tree falls in a forest\"\nmight not always be observable. What is the difference between what something is, and how it \"\"appears\"\"? – e.g., \"\"\"\"sound is the variation of pressure that propagates through matter as a wave\"\"\"\"<br> Perhaps the most important topic the riddle offers is the division between perception of an object and how an object really is. If a tree exists outside of perception then there is no way for us to know that the tree exists. So then, what do we mean by 'existence', what is the difference between perception and reality? Also, people may also say, if the tree exists outside", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15578845", "chunk_text": "\"Problem of religious language\"\nfalse, then they are unfalsifiable and meaningless. Using John Wisdom's parable of the invisible gardener, Flew attempted to demonstrate that religious language is unfalsifiable. The parable tells the story of two people who discover a garden on a deserted island; one believes it is tended to by a gardener, the other believes that it formed naturally, without the existence of a gardener. The two watch out for the gardener but never find him; the non-believer consequently maintains that there is no gardener, whereas the believer rationalises the non-appearance by suggesting that the gardener is invisible and cannot be detected. Flew", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17958581", "chunk_text": "\"The Trees and the Bramble\"\nquarrel.' The account is brief and leads to the humorous moral that 'when there is a dispute among sophisticated people, then riff-raff also try to act important'. The story was for a long time limited to Greek sources and, though versions of a similar debate between other trees gained some currency in the 16th and 17th centuries, it soon fell out of favour again. In 1564 the Neo-Latin poet Hieronymus Osius versified the story under the title \"\"The Apple and the Pear\"\", with the moral that the humble become overweening when the great fall out. Charles Hoole's influential \"\"Aesop's fables", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8653210", "chunk_text": "\"A free admonition without any fees / To warne the Papistes to beware of three trees\"\nA free admonition without any fees / To warne the Papistes to beware of three trees \"\"A free admonition without any fees / To warne the Papistes to beware of three trees\"\" is an English broadside ballad published by William Birch in 1571 and is not currently set to any tune An original copy of the ballad is located in the Huntington Library, however online facsimiles are available for public consumption. The first lines of this ballad, \"\"If that you be / not past all / grace, / O Papystes / heare mee / speake, / Let reason / rule,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "130905", "chunk_text": "\"The Woodcutter and the Trees\"\nwould be useless. Among them is the accusation that 'Thou hast been to me like the tree that said to its woodcutters, \"\"If something of me were not in your hands, ye had not fallen upon me”.' This refers to the fact that the axes of the woodmen have wooden shafts and the trees have therefore contributed to their own doom. A number of proverbs derive from the story, with the general meaning of being to blame for one's own misfortune. They include the Hebrew 'the axe goes to the wood from whence it borrowed its helve, of which there", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15802556", "chunk_text": "\"The Suicide's Soliloquy\"\nis still controversy over whether or not it was actually written by Lincoln. \"\"The following lines were said to have been found near the bones of a man supposed to have committed suicide in a deep forest on the flat branch of the Sangamon some time ago.\"\" <poem>Here, where the lonely hooting owl Sends forth his midnight moans, Fierce wolves shall o'er my carcase growl, Or buzzards pick my bones. No fellow-man shall learn my fate, Or where my ashes lie; Unless by beasts drawn round their bait, Or by the ravens' cry. Yes! I've resolved the deed to do,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8785914", "chunk_text": "\"Barking up the wrong tree\"\ntotally wrong.\"\" Barking up the wrong tree became common use in nineteenth century America in reference to hunting raccoons with a hunting dog. When the nocturnal animal takes to a tree, the dog is supposed to remain at the base of the tree until its master arrives. However, in the dark, if the dog mistakes the tree where the raccoon has taken refuge, the hunter may lose it. The expression was commonly used by writers of western life and tales, appearing in works by James Hall, David Crockett, and Albert Pike. Barking up the wrong tree Barking up the wrong", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19777432", "chunk_text": "\"Sermons of Jonathan Swift\"\nnamed \"\"Eutychus\"\", being fallen into a deep sleep; and as \"\"Paul\"\" was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep, and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead.\"\" In this sermon, Swift criticises a \"\"decay\"\" in preaching that has led to people falling asleep in church. Throughout the Sermon, Swift constantly relies on the Parable of the Sower. Swift emphasises the wording of St. Matthew when he says, \"\"whose Hearts are waxed gross, whose Ears are dulled of hearing, and whose eyes are closed,\"\" and he uses \"\"eyes are closed\"\" to connect back to those sleeping in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14302480", "chunk_text": "Fallibilism\nFallibilism Broadly speaking, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: \"\"fallibilis\"\", \"\"liable to err\"\") is the philosophical claim that no belief can have justification which guarantees the truth of the belief. However, not all fallibilists believe that fallibilism extends to all domains of knowledge. The term \"\"fallibilism\"\" is used in a variety of senses in contemporary epistemology. The term was coined in the late nineteenth century by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. By \"\"fallibilism\"\", Peirce meant the view that \"\"people cannot attain absolute certainty concerning questions of fact.\"\" Other theorists of knowledge have used the term differently. Thus, \"\"fallibilism\"\" has been used", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19389217", "chunk_text": "\"Old Sequoia\"\nmoment, the telephone in the lookout post rings (its sound waves pushing against one side of Old Sequoia), forcing Donald to rush back to the lookout post to answer it. It's the chief ranger calling again and asks Donald \"\"How's Old Sequoia comin'?\"\" Donald looks out, sees the poles of wood and outside parts of the hollowed out trunk finally give way, and Old Sequoia fall in the direction of the lookout post, which makes him reply \"\"Just coming fine!\"\" in an embarrassed tone of voice. As Old Sequoia falls past the lookout post, it reaches out a branch like", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13787659", "chunk_text": "\"In the Pines\"\nwoman. The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks, \"\"Little girl, little girl, where'd you stay last night? Not even your mother knows.\"\" The reply to the question, \"\"Where did you get that dress/ And those shoes that are so fine?\"\" from one version is, \"\"From a man in the mines/Who sleeps in the pines.\"\" The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants. One variant, performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan (Ora Ellison, deceased) in Lookout Mountain, Georgia, tells of a young Georgia girl who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12497604", "chunk_text": "Agrapha\nthat know him.\"\"\"\" Seventh Logion: \"\"Jesus saith, \"\"A city built upon the top of a hill and stablished can neither fall nor be hid\"\".\"\" Eighth Logion: \"\"Jesus saith, \"\"Thou hearest with one ear . .\"\" .\"\" The Catholic Encyclopedia-\"\"Agrapha\"\" - 1907, therefore free of copyright Agrapha Agrapha (αγραφον; Greek for \"\"non written\"\"; singular \"\"agraphon\"\") are sayings of Jesus that are not found in the canonical Gospels. The term was used for the first time by J.G. Körner, a German Bible scholar in 1776. The Agrapha must satisfy three conditions: So, mere additions to pre-existing Sayings are not Agrapha. According to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6531459", "chunk_text": "\"Trees (poem)\"\nbecause of its message that \"\"the works of God completely overshadow our own feeble attempts at creation\"\". Considering this sentiment, the enduring popularity of \"\"Trees\"\" is evinced by its association with annual Arbor Day observances and the planting of memorial trees as well as the several parks named in honor of Kilmer, including the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness and Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest tracts within the Nantahala National Forest in Graham County, North Carolina. \"\"Trees\"\" has been described by literary critic Guy Davenport as \"\"the one poem known by practically everybody\"\". According to journalist Rick Hampson, \"\"Trees\"\" was \"\"memorized and recited", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12416411", "chunk_text": "\"Trees (poem)\"\nit has been the model for several parodies written by humorists and poets alike. While keeping with Kilmer's iambic tetrameter rhythm and its couplet rhyme scheme, and references to the original poem's thematic material, such parodies are often immediately recognizable, as is seen in \"\"Song of the Open Road\"\" written by poet and humorist Ogden Nash: \"\"I think that I shall never see / A billboard lovely as a tree. / Indeed, unless the billboards fall, / I'll never see a tree at all.\"\" A similar sentiment was expressed in a 1968 episode of the animated series \"\"Wacky Races\"\" titled", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5063443", "chunk_text": "\"Free will\"\nover. However, if the explosion occurs after the tree falls down (that is, the first requirement is not met), or rather than an explosion, the person hears the ring of a telephone (that is, the second requirement is not met), then that person is not likely to infer that either noise caused the tree to fall down. Wegner has applied this principle to the inferences people make about their own conscious will. People typically experience a thought that is consistent with a behavior, and then they observe themselves performing this behavior. As a result, people infer that their thoughts must", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19502373", "chunk_text": "\"Out, Out—\"\nto how unpredictable and fragile life is. This poem uses some figurative language including onomatopoeia, alliteration, imagery, and many others. Harold Bloom said it is \"\"one of Frost's most respected poems, but it has not received the same depth of critical attention and explication as poems such as \"\"The Road Not Taken\"\" and \"\"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\"\". Out, Out— \"\"Out, Out\"\" is a poem by American poet Robert Frost, published in 1916. \"\"Out Out\"\" tells the story of a young boy who dies after his hand is severed by a \"\"buzz-saw\"\". The poem focuses on people's reactions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15649513", "chunk_text": "\"Ecological succession\"\ntheories advanced in ecology. Ecological succession was first documented in the Indiana Dunes of Northwest Indiana and remains at the core of ecological science. Precursors of the idea of ecological succession go back to the beginning of the 19th century. The French naturalist Adolphe Dureau de la Malle was the first to make use of the word \"\"succession\"\" concerning the vegetation development after forest clear-cutting. In 1859 Henry David Thoreau wrote an address called \"\"The Succession of Forest Trees\"\" in which he described succession in an oak-pine forest. \"\"It has long been known to observers that squirrels bury nuts in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12416388", "chunk_text": "\"Trees (poem)\"\nTrees (poem) \"\"Trees\"\" is a lyric poem by American poet Joyce Kilmer. Written in February 1913, it was first published in \"\"Poetry: A Magazine of Verse\"\" that August and included in Kilmer's 1914 collection \"\"Trees and Other Poems\"\". The poem, in twelve lines of rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse, describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of art created by humankind to replicate the beauty achieved by nature. Kilmer is most remembered for \"\"Trees\"\", which has been the subject of frequent parodies and references in popular culture. Kilmer's work is often disparaged by critics and dismissed by scholars as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10185272", "chunk_text": "\"Harry Hosier\"\nwould be attended with a blessing\"\". Speaking after Asbury, Hosier delivered his first sermon \"\"The Barren Fig Tree\"\", concerning Luke 13:6–9 to the black Methodist congregation at Adams's Chapel in Fairfax County, Virginia, in 1781. \"\"The white people looked on with attention\"\" even at the first performance; subsequently, they would often be moved to tears. Dr. Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, declared it to be the greatest sermon he'd ever heard. Although Asbury had originally intended to use Hosier to minister among blacks and they \"\"came a great distance to hear him\"\", his delivery was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4594914", "chunk_text": "\"Maurizio Cattelan\"\nutilizes media to expose reality as well as blur the lines between reality and myth. Several of Cattelan's works play off of the modern day spectacle culture. \"\"If a Tree Falls in the Forest and There is No One Around It, Does It Make a Sound\"\" (1998) is a piece that exemplifies this idea. The work consists of a taxidermied donkey with its head bowed low, carrying a television on its back. It is meant to conjure up the image of Christ riding into Jerusalem on a donkey, for Palm Sunday. The television taking Christ's seat on the Donkey serves", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1701435", "chunk_text": "\"The Tree (short story)\"\nMusides' statue has been crushed into unrecognizable pieces. Musides himself is nowhere to be found. The end of the story recalls the Latin aphorism that precedes the text: \"\"\"\"Fata viam invenient\"\"\"\" (\"\"fate will find a way\"\"). The Tree (short story) \"\"The Tree\"\" is a macabre short story by American horror fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. It was written in 1920, and published in October 1921 in \"\"The Tryout\"\". Set in ancient Greece, the story concerns two sculptors who accept a commission with ironic consequences. Lovecraft wrote \"\"The Tree\"\" early in his career. He was dismissive of the story in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2006980", "chunk_text": "\"The squeaky wheel gets the grease\"\nThe squeaky wheel gets the grease The squeaky wheel gets the grease is an American proverb used to convey the idea that the most noticeable (or loudest) problems are the ones most likely to get attention. It is alternately expressed as \"\"The squeaky wheel gets the oil\"\". The origin of the squeaky wheel metaphor is unknown, but its current form is attributed to American humorist Josh Billings who is said to have popularized it in his putative poem \"\"The Kicker\"\" (c. 1870). However, this poem has been attributed to various authors, anonymous or otherwise, and its provenance has never been", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18096897", "chunk_text": "\"Richard Church (poet)\"\nwindows, Church saw a gardener chopping down a dead tree. What struck Church after a while was that the sight of the axe hitting the tree and the sound of the axe hitting the tree were not synchronised. The sound was delayed. At first he did not believe his own powers of perception, but after concentrating his vision and hearing, he came to the conclusion that he was experiencing an error in the laws of physics. He came to the conclusion – which would remain with him for the rest of his life – that \"\"time and space are not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16816518", "chunk_text": "\"Acousmatic sound\"\nAcousmatic sound Acousmatic sound is sound that is heard without an originating cause being seen. The word \"\"acousmatic\"\", from the French \"\"acousmatique\"\", is derived from the Greek word \"\"akousmatikoi\"\" (ἀκουσματικοί), which referred to probationary pupils of the philosopher Pythagoras who were required to sit in absolute silence while they listened to him deliver his lecture from behind a veil or screen to make them better concentrate on his teachings. The term \"\"acousmatique\"\" was first used by the French composer and pioneer of musique concrète Pierre Schaeffer. In acousmatic art one hears sound from behind a \"\"veil\"\" of loudspeakers, the source", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3765762", "chunk_text": "\"The Frightened Hares\"\nanimals fleeing in the belief that the earth was collapsing. There the story is associated with the Indian idiom 'the sound the hare heard', meaning an impossibility. A much later Western equivalent is the folk tale of Henny Penny, where the associated idiom is 'the sky is falling'. In the Aesopic fable of \"\"The Hares and the Frogs\"\" the stampede is more limited. There are several versions in both Greek and Latin. In some the hares are set in motion by the sound of wind in the leaves; in others they call a meeting in which they come to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7217450", "chunk_text": "\"Alice Cogswell\"\nworld that not only are the deaf capable of being taught, they are also capable of the same level of intelligence that the hearing are. Alice stands as a perfect example of I. King Jordan's famous quote, \"\"Deaf people can do anything hearing people can do, except hear.\"\" Alice Cogswell Alice Cogswell (August 31, 1805 – December 30, 1830) was the inspiration to Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet for the creation of the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut. At the age of two, Alice became ill with \"\"spotted fever\"\" (cerebral-spinal meningitis). This illness took her hearing and later she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "398349", "chunk_text": "\"The Fir-Tree\"\nThe Fir-Tree \"\"The Fir-Tree\"\" (Danish: \"\"Grantræet\"\") is a literary fairy tale by the Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875). The tale is about a fir tree so anxious to grow up, so anxious for greater things, that he cannot appreciate living in the moment. The tale was first published 21 December 1844 with \"\"The Snow Queen\"\", in Copenhagen, Denmark, by C.A. Reitzel. One scholar (Andersen biographer Jackie Wullschlager) indicates that \"\"The Fir-Tree\"\" was the first of Andersen's fairy tales to express a deep pessimism. In the woods stands a little fir-tree. He is preoccupied with growing up and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19280124", "chunk_text": "\"The Fir and the Bramble\"\nAvianus. It concerns a fir tree that boasted to a bramble, 'You are useful for nothing at all; while I am everywhere used for roofs and houses.' Then the Bramble answered: 'You poor creature, if you would only call to mind the axes and saws which are about to hew you down, you would have reason to wish that you had grown up a Bramble, not a Fir-Tree.' The moral of the story is that renown is accompanied by risks of which the humble are free. William Caxton was the first to provide an English version, taking the story from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19389209", "chunk_text": "\"Old Sequoia\"\nboard that overlooks a deep lake a thousand feet below when the telephone rings. After Donald avoids falling, gets smacked by the loose board, and answers the telephone, the chief ranger (possibly Pete) scolds Donald for ignoring the phone after the first ring and warns him that his carelessness has resulted in a lot of trees getting lost in his sector, adding that \"\"if Old Sequoia goes, YOU GO!\"\". Just as Donald gets mad at being threatened of being fired, the chief ranger rings back and orders Donald to get to work protecting Old Sequoia. Donald manages to sight the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12416390", "chunk_text": "\"Trees (poem)\"\nare Rutgers University, the University of Notre Dame, and towns across the country that Kilmer visited. However, Kilmer's eldest son, Kenton, declares that the poem does not apply to any one tree—that it could apply equally to any. \"\"Trees\"\" was written in an upstairs bedroom at the family's home in Mahwah, New Jersey, that \"\"looked out down a hill, on our well-wooded lawn\"\". Kenton Kilmer stated that while his father was \"\"widely known for his affection for trees, his affection was certainly not sentimental—the most distinguished feature of Kilmer's property was a colossal woodpile outside his home\"\". According to Kilmer's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20830879", "chunk_text": "\"Buttered toast phenomenon\"\nButtered toast phenomenon The buttered toast phenomenon is an observation that buttered toast tends to land butter-side down after it falls. It is used an idiom representing pessimistic outlooks. Various people have attempted to determine whether there is an actual tendency for bread to fall in this fashion, with varying results. The phenomenon is said to be an old proverb from \"\"the north country.\"\" Written accounts can be traced to the mid-19th century. The phenomenon is often attributed to a parodic poem of James Payn from 1884: In the past, this has often been considered just a pessimistic belief. A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5919034", "chunk_text": "\"Joyce Kilmer\"\nJoyce Kilmer Joyce Kilmer (born as Alfred Joyce Kilmer; December 6, 1886 – July 30, 1918) was an American writer and poet mainly remembered for a short poem titled \"\"Trees\"\" (1913), which was published in the collection \"\"Trees and Other Poems\"\" in 1914. Though a prolific poet whose works celebrated the common beauty of the natural world as well as his Roman Catholic religious faith, Kilmer was also a journalist, literary critic, lecturer, and editor. While most of his works are largely unknown, a select few of his poems remain popular and are published frequently in anthologies. Several critics—including both", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2006981", "chunk_text": "\"The squeaky wheel gets the grease\"\nverified. The first publication of the poem can be traced only to 1910. For unknown reasons, in 1937 \"\"Bartlett's Familiar Quotations\"\" attributed the poem to Henry Wheeler Shaw, whose pen name was Josh Billings. Culturally, the adage contrasts with that of the Japanese proverb, \"\"The stake that sticks up gets hammered down\"\", or \"\"The nail that stands out gets pounded down,\"\" (出る釘は打たれる, \"\"deru kugi wa utareru\"\"), or the Dutch proverbs \"\"Tall trees catch loads of wind\"\" (\"\"Hoge bomen vangen veel wind\"\", implying they're the first to go down) and \"\"[The wheat that's growing] above the mowing line [gets cut down]\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_69	turkish finnish and hungarian belong to which family of languages?	n/a	[ "Uralic languages" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11194769", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian language\"\nPelasgian, Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit, English, Tibetan, Magar, Quechua, Armenian, Japanese, and at least 40 other languages. Today the consensus among linguists is that Hungarian is a member of the Uralic family of languages. In the nineteenth century, however, it was a matter of dispute whether Hungarian was a Finno-Ugric/Uralic language or more closely related to the Turkic languages (a controversy known as the \"\"Ugric–Turkish war\"\")—or whether indeed both the Uralic and the Turkic families formed part of a superfamily of Ural–Altaic languages. Hungarians did in fact absorb some Turkic influences during several centuries of cohabitation. For example, the Hungarians appear", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3128903", "chunk_text": "\"Languages of Finland\"\nLanguages of Finland The two main official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. There are also several official minority languages: three variants of Sami, Romani, Finnish Sign Language and Karelian. Finnish is the language of the majority, 89% of the population. It is a Finnic language closely related to Estonian and less closely to the Sami languages. The Finnic languages belong to the Uralic language family, so Finnish is distantly related to languages as diverse as Hungarian (a Ugric language) and Nenets (a Samoyedic language) in Siberia. Swedish is the main language of 5.3% of the population (92.4% in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13879534", "chunk_text": "\"Languages of Finland\"\nFinnish and in Swedish. Languages of Finland The two main official languages of Finland are Finnish and Swedish. There are also several official minority languages: three variants of Sami, Romani, Finnish Sign Language and Karelian. Finnish is the language of the majority, 89% of the population. It is a Finnic language closely related to Estonian and less closely to the Sami languages. The Finnic languages belong to the Uralic language family, so Finnish is distantly related to languages as diverse as Hungarian (a Ugric language) and Nenets (a Samoyedic language) in Siberia. Swedish is the main language of 5.3% of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16481427", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\nIt modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, depending on their roles in the sentence. Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea. Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with other Uralic languages (such as Hungarian) in several respects including: Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8635642", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian language\"\nHungarian language Hungarian () is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine (Subcarpathia), central and western Romania (Transylvania), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, and northern Slovenia (Mur region). It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States and Canada) and in Israel. Like Finnish and Estonian, Hungarian belongs to the Uralic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6872976", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian Turanism\"\nthe territories recently brought under their control, as well as the peoples living on these and on nearby lands.\"\" Kevin Tuite: \"\"The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis.\"\" 2008. in: Historiographia Linguistica, 35 #1; p. 23-82. Leibniz recognized that the Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Arabic, and some European languages like Sami, Finnish, and Hungarian did not belong to the same language family as most of the languages of Europe. He recognized the connection between the Finnish languages and Hungarian. He placed the original homeland of the Hungarians to the Volga-Caspian Sea region. These theories had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1729287", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian language\"\nlanguage family. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family. Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family itself (then called Finno-Ugric) was established in 1717, but the classification of Hungarian as a Uralic/Finno-Ugric rather than Turkic language continued to be a matter of impassioned political controversy throughout the 18th and into the 19th centuries. Hungarian has traditionally been assigned to an Ugric branch within Uralic/Finno-Ugric, along with the Mansi and Khanty languages of western Siberia (Khanty–Mansia region), but it is no longer clear that it is a valid group. When", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13302227", "chunk_text": "\"Dialect continuum\"\na dialect continuum, albeit with some disconnections like between North, Skolt and Inari Sami. The Baltic-Finnic languages spoken around the Gulf of Finland form a dialect continuum. Thus, although Finnish and Estonian are separate languages, there is no definite linguistic border or isogloss that separates them. Recognition of this fact is however more difficult today because many of the intervening languages have declined or gone extinct. Turkic languages are best described as a dialect continuum. Geographically this continuum starts at the Balkans in the west with Balkan Turkish, includes Turkish in Turkey and Azerbaijani language in Azerbaijan, extends into Iran", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16481426", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\nFinnish language Finnish (, or \"\"suomen kieli\"\" ) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being the Swedish language); Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken. The Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is a member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3236957", "chunk_text": "\"Finno-Ugric languages\"\nFinno-Ugric languages Finno-Ugric ( or ), Finno-Ugrian or Fenno-Ugric is a traditional grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except the Samoyedic languages. Its commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by some contemporary linguists. The three most-spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric, although linguistic roots common to both branches of the traditional Finno-Ugric language tree (Finno-Permic and Ugric) are distant. The term \"\"Finno-Ugric\"\", which originally referred to the entire family, is sometimes used as a synonym for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028638", "chunk_text": "Turanism\ncomparison of their languages. In his \"\"Brevis designatio meditationum de originibus gentium ductis potissimum ex indicio linguarum\"\", written in 1710, he originates every human language from one common ancestor language. Over time, this ancestor language split into two families: the Japhetic and the Aramaic. The Japhetic family split even further, into Scythian and Celtic branches. The members of the Scythian family were: the Greek language, the family of Sarmato-Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Dalmatian, Bulgar, Slovene, Avar and Khazar), the family of Turkic languages (Turkish, Cuman, Kalmyk and Mongolian), the family of Finnic languages (Finnish, Saami, Hungarian, Estonian, Liv and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15815605", "chunk_text": "\"Indo-European languages\"\nEurope; notable exceptions include Hungarian, Turkish, Finnish, Estonian, Basque, Maltese, and Sami. The Indo-European family is also represented in Asia with the exception of East and Southeast Asia. It was predominant in ancient Anatolia (present-day Turkey), the ancient Tarim Basin (present-day Northwest China) and most of Central Asia until the medieval Turkic and Mongol invasions. Outside Eurasia, Indo-European languages are dominant in the Americas and much of Oceania and Africa, having reached there during the Age of Discovery. Indo-European languages are also most commonly present as minority languages or second languages in countries where other families are dominant. With written", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7485737", "chunk_text": "Finland\neventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship. Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland. The native language of 89% of the population is Finnish, which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian. Swedish is the native language of 5.3% of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15969031", "chunk_text": "\"Sami people\"\nresulted in cultural alienation, loss of language, and lowered self-esteem. The Sami languages belong to the Uralic language family, linguistically related to Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Due to prolonged contact and import of items foreign to Sami culture from neighboring Scandinavians, there are a number of Germanic loanwords in Sami, particularly for \"\"urban\"\" objects. The majority of the Sami now speak the majority languages of the countries they live in, i.e., Swedish, Russian, Finnish and Norwegian. Efforts are being made to further the use of Sami languages among Sami and persons of Sami origin. Despite these changes, the legacy of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14823910", "chunk_text": "Finns\nlanguages are a subgroup of the larger Uralic family of languages, which also includes Hungarian. These languages are markedly different from most other languages spoken in Europe, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. Native Finns can also be divided according to dialect into subgroups sometimes called \"\"heimo\"\" (lit. \"\"tribe\"\"), although such divisions have become less important due to internal migration. Today, there are approximately 6–7 million ethnic Finns and their descendants worldwide, with majority of them living in their native Finland and the surrounding countries, namely Sweden, Russia and Norway. Overseas Finnish diaspora has long been established in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2123719", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\nwritings set in the world of Middle-earth, Quenya is a highly-revered language. Finnish language Finnish (, or \"\"suomen kieli\"\" ) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. Finnish is one of the two official languages of Finland (the other being the Swedish language); Finnish is also an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both Standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken. The Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is a member of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3560788", "chunk_text": "\"Uralic languages\"\nspurious fringe-theories by specialists. Uralic languages The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, which are official languages in Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively, and in the European Union. Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt, and Komi, which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia. The name \"\"Uralic\"\" derives from the fact that the areas where the languages are spoken are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3560764", "chunk_text": "\"Uralic languages\"\nUralic languages The Uralic languages (; sometimes called Uralian languages ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, which are official languages in Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively, and in the European Union. Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt, and Komi, which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia. The name \"\"Uralic\"\" derives from the fact that the areas where the languages are spoken are found on both sides", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14331943", "chunk_text": "\"Ural–Altaic languages\"\ncommon ancestor language. Over time, this ancestor language split into two families; the Japhetic and the Aramaic. The Japhetic family split even further, into Scythian and Celtic branches. The members of the Scythian family were: the Greek language, the family of Sarmato-Slavic languages (Russian, Polish, Czech, Dalmatian, Bulgar, Slovene, Avar and Khazar), the family of Turkic languages (Turkish, Cuman, Kalmyk and Mongolian), the family of Finnic languages (Finnish, Saami, Hungarian, Estonian, Liv and Samoyed). Although his theory and grouping were far from perfect, they had a considerable effect on the development of linguistic research, especially in German-speaking countries. In his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1108597", "chunk_text": "\"Turkish language\"\nby the Turkish diaspora in some 30 other countries. Turkish language is mutually intelligible with Azerbaijani and other Turkic languages. In particular, Turkish-speaking minorities exist in countries that formerly (in whole or part) belonged to the Ottoman Empire, such as Iraq, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece (primarily in Western Thrace), the Republic of Macedonia, Romania, and Serbia. More than two million Turkish speakers live in Germany; and there are significant Turkish-speaking communities in the United States, France, The Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Due to the cultural assimilation of Turkish immigrants in host countries, not all ethnic Turkish immigrants", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13023392", "chunk_text": "\"National language\"\nliterally \"\"common speech\"\"), without otherwise changing the definition of the standard national language. Amharic is the national language in Ethiopia. Finland has two national languages: namely the Finnish language and the Swedish language. The Constitution of Finland guarantees the right to use Finnish and Swedish in courts and other state institutions. Despite the large difference in the numbers of users, Swedish is not officially classified as a minority language but equal to Finnish. Both national languages are compulsory subjects in school (except for children with a third language as mother tongue) and a language test is a prerequisite for governmental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10759013", "chunk_text": "\"Official multilingualism\"\nof either language is complicated by the political dispute that lead to the creation of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. In Finland, Finnish and Swedish are both considered \"\"national languages\"\". Municipalities of Finland are divided into three categories: unilingual Swedish, unilingual Finnish or bilingual. Finnish is the maternal language of about 90% of the population, and the bilingual or swedophone population is concentrated to the coastal areas of Ostrobothnia and Southwest Finland. The autonomous province of Åland is officially unilingual (Swedish). Both Swedish and Finnish are compulsory school subjects. Hong Kong is officially bilingual. Both English and Cantonese are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4074584", "chunk_text": "\"Turkish language\"\ndistance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect. About 40% of all speakers of Turkic languages are native Turkish speakers.The characteristic features of Turkish, such as vowel harmony, agglutination, and lack of grammatical gender, are universal within the Turkic family. The Turkic family comprises some 30 living languages spoken across Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. Turkish is a member of the Oghuz group of languages, a subgroup of the Turkic language family. There is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between Turkish", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10741844", "chunk_text": "\"Turkish Language Association\"\nDili\"\", a journal on Turkish literature, since 1951, \"\"Belleten\"\", the annual journal on Turkic languages, since 1953, and \"\"Türk Dünyası\"\", another periodical published twice a year on Turkish language and literature since 1996. The 2005 edition of \"\"Güncel Türkçe Sözlük\"\", the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 104,481 entries, of which about 86% are Turkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic, French, Persian, Italian, English, and Greek. Turkish Language Association The Turkish Language Institution (, TDK) is the official regulatory body of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4192809", "chunk_text": "\"Turanian languages\"\ndivision are now considered to belong to separate language families, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic and Dravidian respectively. Turanian languages Turanian is an obsolete language-family proposal subsuming most of the languages of Eurasia not included in Indo-European, Semitic and Chinese. During the 19th century, inspired by the establishment of the Indo-European family, scholars looked for similarly widespread families elsewhere. Building on the work of predecessors such as Rasmus Rask and Matthias Castrén, Max Müller proposed the Turanian grouping primarily on the basis of the incidence of agglutinative morphology, naming it after Turan, an ancient Iranian term for the Turkish lands of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12325135", "chunk_text": "\"Demographics of Europe\"\nsuch as Scots, Welsh, Bretons and Basques, making it difficult to quantify a \"\"British\"\" or \"\"French\"\" ethnicity, for example. Approximately 20 million non-Europeans live in the EU, 4% of the overall population. Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic and Mongolic families also have several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17806248", "chunk_text": "\"Turanian languages\"\nTuranian languages Turanian is an obsolete language-family proposal subsuming most of the languages of Eurasia not included in Indo-European, Semitic and Chinese. During the 19th century, inspired by the establishment of the Indo-European family, scholars looked for similarly widespread families elsewhere. Building on the work of predecessors such as Rasmus Rask and Matthias Castrén, Max Müller proposed the Turanian grouping primarily on the basis of the incidence of agglutinative morphology, naming it after Turan, an ancient Iranian term for the Turkish lands of central Asia. The languages he included are now generally assigned to nine separate language families. Müller viewed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16481477", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\ndepending on the language, Indo-Iranian, Turkic, Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Finnic languages, including Finnish, have borrowed in particular from Baltic and Germanic languages, and to a lesser extent from Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages. Furthermore, a certain group of very basic and neutral words exists in Finnish and other Finnic languages that are absent from other Uralic languages, but without a recognizable etymology from any known language. These words are usually regarded as the last remnant of the Paleo-European language spoken in Fennoscandia before the arrival of the proto-Finnic language. Words included in this group are e.g. \"\"jänis\"\" (hare), \"\"musta\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8074680", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\n1863. It enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. Under the Nordic Language Convention, citizens of the Nordic countries speaking Finnish have the opportunity to use their native language when interacting with official bodies in other Nordic countries without being liable to any interpretation or translation costs. Concerns about future status of Finnish language in Sweden have been expressed. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE. Current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. Birch bark letter 292 from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15401614", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian prehistory\"\nHungarian languages. János Sajnovics's \"\"Demonstratio\"\", the first systematic comparative study of Hungarian and the Saami languages, was published in 1770. Three decades later, Sámuel Gyarmathi demonstrated similarities between a larger group of languages that are now known as Uralic languages. However, the majority of Hungarian scholars only gradually adopted Sajnovics's and Gyarmathi's views. In the 1830s, Pál Hunfalvy still wrote that Hungarian had an intermediate position between the Finnish and Turkic languages, but later accepted that Hungarian is closely related to the Mansi and Khanty languages. Hereafter linguistics played a pre-eminent role in the research of the Magyars' prehistory because", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5892692", "chunk_text": "\"Finno-Samic languages\"\nFinno-Samic languages The Finno-Samic languages (also \"\"Finno-Saamic, Finno-Lappic, Saamic–Fennic\"\") are a hypothetical subgroup of the Uralic family, and are made up of 22 languages classified into either the Sami languages, which are spoken by the Sami people who inhabit the Sápmi region of northern Fennoscandia, or Finnic languages, which include the major languages Finnish and Estonian. The grouping is not universally recognized as valid. The Mordvinic languages appear to also align closely with both Finnic and Samic. Some innovations in the consonant system are shared by Finnic and Mordvinic specifically, while a number of innovations in the vowel system are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1108591", "chunk_text": "\"Turkish language\"\nTurkish language Turkish (), also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia). Outside Turkey, significant smaller groups of speakers exist in Germany, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Northern Cyprus, Greece, the Caucasus, and other parts of Europe and Central Asia. Cyprus has requested that the European Union add Turkish as an official EU language, even though Turkey is not a member state. To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8756985", "chunk_text": "\"Fusional language\"\nthe Iberian Romance dialect continuum, Irish, German, Faroese, Icelandic, Albanian, all Baltic and Slavic languages. Northeast Caucasian languages are weakly fusional. Another notable group of fusional languages is the Semitic languages group; however, Modern Hebrew is much more analytic than Classical Hebrew “both with nouns and with verbs”. Colloquial varieties of Arabic are more analytic than the standard language, having lost all noun declensions, and in many cases also featuring simplified conjugation. A high degree of fusion is also found in many Finno-Ugric, Uralic, and Samoyedic languages, like Hungarian, Estonian, Finnish, and the Sami languages, such as Skolt Sami. Unusually", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15079021", "chunk_text": "\"Alternative theories of the Hungarian language relations\"\nAlternative theories of the Hungarian language relations Current linguistic theory suggests that the Hungarian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences supports this idea based on the harmony with the Indo-European language theory, and its scientific support worldwide. However, some expound alternative theories of the Hungarian language relations. Opponents of the Finno-Ugric theory put forward alternative theories in response to two principal problems: Ármin Vámbéry published his work, the \"\"Magyar és török-tatár szóegyeztetések\"\" (\"\"Hungarian and Turk-Tatar word concords\"\"), in 1869. In his book, Vámbéry claims that the Hungarian language has Finno-Ugric", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8830760", "chunk_text": "\"Turkish language\"\nTurkish and 14% are of foreign origin. Among the most significant foreign contributors to Turkish vocabulary are Arabic, French, Persian, Italian, English, and Greek. Turkish extensively uses agglutination to form new words from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary. Turkish obeys certain principles when it comes to suffixation. Most suffixes in Turkish will have more than one form, depending on the vowels and consonants in the root- vowel harmony rules will apply; consonant-initial suffixes will follow the voiced/ voiceless character of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "404782", "chunk_text": "\"Uralic–Yukaghir languages\"\nUralic–Yukaghir languages Uralic–Yukaghir is a proposed language family composed of Uralic and Yukaghir. It is also known as Uralo-Yukaghir. Uralic is a large and diverse family of languages spoken in northern and eastern Europe and northwestern Siberia. Among the better-known Uralic languages are Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian. Yukaghir is a small family of languages spoken in eastern Siberia. It formerly extended over a much wider area (Collinder 1965:30). It consists of two languages, Tundra Yukaghir and Kolyma Yukaghir. The idea that the Uralic and Yukaghir languages are related is not new. It was advanced in passing by Holger Pedersen in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8074679", "chunk_text": "\"Finnish language\"\nmajority of the population of Finland, 90.37% , speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish (5.42%), Sami (Northern, Inari, Skolt) and other languages. It is spoken as a second language in Estonia by about 167,000 people. Finnish is one of two official languages of Finland (the other being Swedish, spoken by 5.42% of the population ) and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement, and obtained its official status in the Finnish Diet of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6626625", "chunk_text": "\"Finno-Samic languages\"\nbut prior to the development of their most distinctive features. Finno-Samic languages The Finno-Samic languages (also \"\"Finno-Saamic, Finno-Lappic, Saamic–Fennic\"\") are a hypothetical subgroup of the Uralic family, and are made up of 22 languages classified into either the Sami languages, which are spoken by the Sami people who inhabit the Sápmi region of northern Fennoscandia, or Finnic languages, which include the major languages Finnish and Estonian. The grouping is not universally recognized as valid. The Mordvinic languages appear to also align closely with both Finnic and Samic. Some innovations in the consonant system are shared by Finnic and Mordvinic specifically,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5510009", "chunk_text": "\"Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages\"\nThe relationship is most obvious when comparing all Uralic languages together, for then individual idiosyncrasies are averaged out, but here we will just compare Hungarian with Finnish and Estonian (two Finnic languages). One important innovation of Hungarian is the lenition of the stop consonants p k in initial position. The third stop inherited from Proto-Uralic, *t, did not undergo such a change. In the middle of words (note that due to the loss of the word final vocals in the Old Hungarian period these are now at the end of the words), Hungarian has also lenited original stops, but in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20707253", "chunk_text": "\"Dolgan language\"\nphrasing terms. The issue as of recently has become the weak integration of this local language within families with mixed marriages. Instead of speaking either of the parents' local languages, the family incorporates Russian as the more dominant language to ease interfamilial and external communication. This results in children learning the local language, Dolgan, only a little bit or as a second language, and over generations it continues to fade. Dolgan is a member of the Northern Turkic family of languages along with its closest relative, Sakha (\"\"Yakut\"\"). Like Finnish, Hungarian and Turkish, Dolgan has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8491033", "chunk_text": "Finland\nnorthern Lapland, where the Sami people predominate, numbering around 7,000 and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue. The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami. The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution. The largest immigrant languages are Russian (1.4%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.5%), Somali (0.4%) and English (0.4%). English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the third grade (at 9 years of age) in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11534113", "chunk_text": "Scandinavia\nthe church and law courts remained Icelandic. The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) unrelated to Finnish, Estonian and Sami languages, which as Uralic languages are distantly related to Hungarian. Owing to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in the Finnish and Sami languages. The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that Finnish, the language of the majority in Finland, was treated as a minority language while Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15607873", "chunk_text": "\"Sámuel Gyarmathi\"\nthe acquaintance of the historian August Ludwig von Schlözer, who was a specialist in Northern and Eastern Europe. In Göttingen, Gyarmathi developed the theories of János Sajnovics, which had shown a relationship between Hungarian and Sami (Lapp). The result of Gyarmathi's studies was \"\"Affinitas\"\", published in Göttingen in 1799. In the first part of the work, Gyarmathi compares Hungarian, Finnish and Sami. In the second, he treats of the similarities between Hungarian and Estonian. In the third, he covers several other Uralic languages. \"\"Affinitas\"\" sought to show that these languages were part of the same family, by demonstrating similarities in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6491330", "chunk_text": "\"Sami languages\"\nSami languages Sami languages () are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Sami people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden and extreme northwestern Russia). There are, depending on the nature and terms of division, ten or more Sami languages. Several names are used for the Sami languages: \"\"Saami\"\", \"\"Sámi\"\", \"\"Saame\"\", \"\"Samic\"\", \"\"Saamic\"\", as well as the exonyms \"\"Lappish\"\" and \"\"Lappic\"\". The last two, along with the term \"\"Lapp\"\", are now often considered pejorative. The Sami languages form a branch of the Uralic language family. According to the traditional view, Sami is within the Uralic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2138148", "chunk_text": "Inflection\nverb, noun, adjective, and adverb, according to its function within a sentence and its relation to surrounding words. The Uralic languages are agglutinative, following from the agglutination in Proto-Uralic. The largest languages are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian—all European Union official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles. Hungarian and Finnish, in particular, often simply concatenate suffixes. For example, Finnish \"\"talossanikinko\"\" \"\"in my house,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14646439", "chunk_text": "\"Languages of Sweden\"\nIraq, Italy, Romania, Spain, Syria, Turkey, and the former Yugoslavia). Second and third-generation Swedes of Southern European or Middle Eastern descent have adopted Swedish as their main tongue, or in addition to their immigrant languages, such as Arabic, Bulgarian, Greek, Italian, Bosnian/Serbian/Croatian, and Turkish. However, the criteria in European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages state that minority languages need a long history in the country to receive the classification, and thus, these languages have not come into question. Languages of Sweden Swedish is the official language of Sweden and is spoken by the vast majority of the 10 million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6872979", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian Turanism\"\nChina. The followers of the \"\"Turkist\"\" and \"\"Ugrist\"\" theories lived together peacefully, and the theories were refined as science developed. (In fact the two theories converged, as linguists, like Rasmus Christian Rask, Wilhelm Schott (1802-1889) and Matthias Castrén recognized the similarities and connection between Finn-Ugric and Altaic languages. The German linguist and Orientalist Schott was a proponent of Finn-Turk-Hungarian kinship, and considered the Hungarians a mixture of Turks and Hyperboreans / i.e. Saami, Samoyed etc. /.) The discourse remained fully scientific up until the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the 1848-49 War of Independence but after the bitter experiences of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1729289", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian language\"\ncorrespondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian corresponds to Khanty in certain positions, and Hungarian corresponds to Khanty , while Hungarian final corresponds to Khanty final . For example, Hungarian \"\"ház\"\" \"\"house\"\" vs. Khanty \"\"xot\"\" \"\"house\"\", and Hungarian \"\"száz\"\" \"\"hundred\"\" vs. Khanty \"\"sot\"\" \"\"hundred\"\". The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular. During the latter half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian. Following an academic debate known as \"\"Az ugor-török háború\"\" (\"\"the Ugric-Turkic battle\"\"), the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15133756", "chunk_text": "\"Languages of Vojvodina\"\nincluding speakers of Thracian, Illyrian, Celtic, Iranian and Italic branches of Indo-European language family. The decline and fall of the Roman Empire brought to this area speakers of Turkic and Germanic languages as well. Speakers of South Slavic languages settled in the area in the 6th century, while speakers of Hungarian appeared in the 9th century. Ottoman conquest of the region in the 16th century brought to this area speakers of Turkish, Romani, and other languages, while Habsburg conquest in the end of the 17th and first half of the 18th century brought here the speakers of German, Slovak, Rusyn,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11965357", "chunk_text": "\"Hungarian language\"\n1,000,000 words. Parts of the Lexicon can be organized using word-bushes. (See an example on the right.) The words in these bushes share a common root, are related through inflection, derivation and compounding, and are usually broadly related in meaning. The basic vocabulary shares some hundreds word roots with other Uralic languages like Finnish, Estonian, Mansi and Khanty. Examples of such include the verb \"\"él\"\" 'live' (Finnish \"\"elää\"\"), the numbers \"\"kettő\"\" 'two', \"\"három\"\" 'three', \"\"négy\"\" 'four' (cf. Mansi китыг \"\"kitig\"\", хурум \"\"khurum\"\", нила \"\"nila\"\", Finnish \"\"kaksi, kolme, neljä\"\", Estonian \"\"kaks, kolm, neli\"\", ), as well as \"\"víz\"\" 'water', \"\"kéz\"\" 'hand',", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_70	what is the point of a menstrual cup?	n/a	[ "to collect menstrual flow", "collect menstrual flow" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167279", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nMenstrual cup A menstrual cup is a feminine hygiene product that is inserted into the vagina during menstruation. Its purpose is to prevent menstrual fluid (blood from uterine lining) from leaking onto clothes. Menstrual cups are usually made of flexible medical grade silicone and shaped like a bell with a stem. The stem is used for insertion and removal. The bell-shaped cup seals against the vaginal wall just below the cervix. Every 4–12 hours (depending on the amount of flow), the cup is removed, emptied, rinsed, and reinserted. After each period, the cup should be boiled for at least 5", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167306", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\npiles, since menstrual fluid is a valuable fertilizer for plants and any pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases will quickly be destroyed by soil microbes. The water used to rinse the cups can be disposed of in the same way. This reduces the amount of wastewater that needs to be treated. In developing countries, solid waste management is often lacking. Here, menstrual cups have an advantage over disposable pads or tampons as they do not contribute to the solid waste issues in the communities or generate embarrassing refuse that others may see. Menstrual cup A menstrual cup is a feminine hygiene", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12346362", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nIf a menstrual cup costs US$30 (costs vary by manufacturer), the lifetime cost for a menstrual cup would be between US$240 and US$1,200. The up-front cost of a menstrual cup may be expensive for women from low-income households, especially in developing countries. Buying pads or using rags monthly may seem more affordable than purchasing a menstrual cup, though the lifetime spend is higher. An early version of a bullet-shaped menstrual cup was patented in 1932, by the midwifery group of McGlasson and Perkins. Leona Chalmers patented the first usable commercial cup in 1937. Later menstrual cups were patented in 1935,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12346359", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nmedical-grade polymer blend. It is placed at the base of the cervix in the vaginal fornix, and covers the cervix, like a diaphragm. Because of its placement, it can be worn during sexual intercourse, but it is not a contraceptive nor does it protect against sexually transmitted infections. Disposable cups are designed to fit most women, but may not be suitable for teenagers as the diameter of the rim may be uncomfortable. The disposable cup is pinched in half and inserted into the vaginal canal. Once inserted, a finger is used to push it back and down toward the cervix.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167280", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nminutes and stored for use the next month. Unlike tampons and pads, cups collect menstrual fluid rather than absorbing it. One cup is reusable for up to five years or more. This makes their long-term cost lower than that of disposable tampons or pads, though the initial cost is higher. Menstrual cups are also promoted as more practical and eco-friendly than pads and tampons. Given that the menstrual cup is reusable, its use greatly decreases the amount of waste generated from menstrual cycles, as there is no daily waste and the amount of discarded packaging decreases as well. Most menstrual", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167281", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ncup brands sell a smaller and a larger size. Menstrual cups are sold colorless and translucent, but several brands also offer colored cups, such as pink or purple. The use of menstrual cups is considered a safe option relative to other forms of menstrual hygiene. The menstrual cup is first folded or pinched and then inserted into the vagina. It will normally unfold automatically and create a light seal against the vaginal walls. In some cases, the user may need to twist the cup or flex the vaginal muscles to ensure the cup is fully open. The cup should sit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167294", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\noften be removed or at least lightened by soaking the cup in diluted hydrogen peroxide and/or leaving it out in the sun for a few hours. Most cups produced do not have any other additives to them, except for the colored cups. The coloring used is reported to be safe and approved by the FDA for medical use and food coloring. A disposable cup (also called menstrual disc) is usually disc-shaped, like a diaphragm, with a flexible outer ring and a soft, collapsible center. It is designed to be disposed of after use. These tend to be made of a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167290", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ncapable of growing on menstrual cups. However, there have only been two confirmed cases of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) associated with the use of the menstrual cups. The first case was a woman who had a history of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and chronic menorrhagia. In the second case, the menstrual cup had been left in for 7 days. Menstrual cups are generally bell-shaped, with a few exceptions. Most brands use medical grade silicone as the material for the menstrual cup, although latex and thermoplastic elastomer are also options. Menstrual cups made from silicone are generally designed to last for 1–5 years.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167292", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nfind a larger cup uncomfortable. Length also needs to be considered: if a female's cervix sits particularly low, she may want to use a shorter cup. Capacity is important to women who have a heavier flow. The average menstrual cup holds around 20 ml. Some cups are designed to be larger and hold 37–42 ml. However, all cups currently available have a larger capacity than a regular tampon, which is 10–12 ml. A final consideration in selecting a menstrual cup is firmness or flexibility. Some companies offer a range of firmness levels in their cups. A firmer cup pops open", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12346366", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nknown in around 2010. It may be difficult for companies to make profit from this product as one single menstrual cup can last a girl or woman five years or longer. Most women hear of menstrual cups through the internet or word of mouth, rather than through conventional advertizing on TV for example. As of 2018, menstrual cups are mentioned more and more often alongside tampons and pads in publications about menstrual hygiene management. Menstrual cups can be useful as a means of menstrual hygiene management for women in developing countries, such as Kenya, Uganda and India, where access to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167297", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nspillage. During peak flow, most women use two disposable cups per day. Reusable menstrual products (including menstrual cups, but not disposable menstrual cups) are more economical than disposable products. Money will be saved using a menstrual cup, compared with other options such as tampons. A woman in a developed country spends an average of US$60 per year on pads and tampons. If a woman menstruates for 40 years, the lifetime expense for pads and tampons is US$2,400. If the average silicon menstrual cup lasts between one and five years, then between eight and 40 would be needed in 40 years.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4763959", "chunk_text": "\"Silky cup\"\nSilky cup A Silky Cup is a type of feminine hygiene product which is made of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), shaped like a bell and is flexible. It is worn inside the vagina during menstruation to catch menstrual fluid (blood). About every 4–12 hours (depending on the amount of flow), the menstruating woman removes the Silky cup from her vagina, empties the collected menstrual blood into a toilet or sink, washes the cup under running water and inserts it again. At the end of the monthly period, the cup can be sterilized, usually by boiling in water. Unlike tampons and pads,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167304", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nas evidence of virginity, this can discourage young women from using cups. Since they are reusable, menstrual cups help to reduce solid waste. Some disposable sanitary napkins and plastic tampon applicators can take 25 years to break down in the ocean and can cause a significant environmental impact. Biodegradable sanitary options are also available, and these decompose in a short period of time, but they must be composted, and not disposed off in a landfill. Each year, an estimated 20 billion pads and tampons are discarded in North America. They typically end up in landfills or are incinerated, which can", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "503019", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nhave a great impact on the environment. Most of the pads and tampons are made of cotton and plastic. Plastic takes about 50 or more years and cotton starts degrading after 90 days if it's composted. Given that the menstrual cup is reusable, its use greatly decreases the amount of waste generated from menstrual cycles, as there is no daily waste and the amount of discarded packaging decreases as well. After their life span is over, the silicone cups are put in landfills or incinerated. Menstrual cups may be emptied into a small hole in the soil or in compost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167285", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\na lower prevalence of sexually transmitted infections than control groups. Also, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis was lower among cup users compared with sanitary pad users or those continuing other usual practice. After six months, menstrual cup users were free from embarrassing leakage or odor, and could engage in class activities and sport without humiliation or being teased. When using a urine-diverting dry toilet, menstrual blood can be emptied into the part that receives the feces. If any menstrual blood falls into the funnel for urine, it can be rinsed away with water. Menstrual cups are safe when used as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167300", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\n1937, and 1950. The Tassaway brand of menstrual cups was introduced in the 1960s, but it was not a commercial success. Early menstrual cups were made of rubber. In 1987, another latex rubber menstrual cup, The Keeper, was manufactured in the United States. This proved to be the first commercially viable menstrual cup and it is still available today. The first silicone menstrual cup was the UK-manufactured Mooncup in 2001. Most menstrual cups are now manufactured from medical grade silicone because of its durability and hypoallergenic properties, though there are also brands made of TPE (thermoplastic elastomer). Menstrual cups are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167282", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\naround the cervix. If correctly inserted, the cup shouldn't leak or cause any discomfort. In comparison with a tampon, the menstrual cup should be placed lower in the vaginal canal. The stem should be completely inside the vagina. There are various folding techniques for insertion; common folds include the c-fold, as well as the punch-down fold. If lubrication is necessary for insertion, it should be water-based, as silicone lubricant can be damaging to the silicone. After 4–12 hours of use (depending on the amount of flow), the cup is removed by reaching up to its stem to find the base.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167283", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nSimply pulling on the stem is not recommended to remove the cup, as that can create suction. The base of the cup is pinched to release the seal, and the cup is removed. After emptying, a menstrual cup should be rinsed or wiped and reinserted. It can be washed with a mild soap, and sterilized in boiling water for a few minutes at the end of the cycle. Alternatively, sterilizing solutions (usually developed for baby bottles and breast pump equipment) may be used to soak the cup. Specific cleaning instructions vary by brand. A 2011 randomized controlled trial in Canada", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167301", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nbecoming more popular worldwide, with many different brands, shapes and sizes on the market. Most are reusable, though there is at least one brand of disposable menstrual cups currently manufactured. Some non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and companies have begun to propose menstrual cups to females in developing countries since about 2010, for example in Kenya and South Africa. Menstrual cups are regarded as a low-cost and environmentally friendly alternative to sanitary cloth, expensive disposable pads or \"\"nothing\"\" – the reality for many females in developing countries. While numerous companies all over the world offer this product it was still not well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12735628", "chunk_text": "\"Endometrial cup\"\nEndometrial cup Endometrial cups form during pregnancy in mares and are the source of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and a placenta-associated structure, which is derived from the fetus. Their purpose is to increase the immunological tolerance of the mare in order to protect the developing foal. Endometrial cups are unique to animals in the horse family, and so named because of their concave shape. They are a placenta-associated structure, found in the uterine wall of a mare from about 38 to 150 days into a pregnancy. After about 70 days, they begin to regress, and are eventually destroyed by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167303", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\naffordable sanitary products may be limited. A lack of affordable hygiene products means inadequate, unhygienic alternatives are often used, which can present a serious health risk. Menstrual cups offer a long-term solution compared to some other feminine hygiene products because they do not need to be replaced monthly. Feminine hygiene products that need to be inserted into the vagina can be unacceptable for cultural reasons. There are myths that they interfere with female reproductive organs and that females lose their virginity. Use of a menstrual cup could stretch or break the hymen. Since some cultures value preservation of the hymen", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167286", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ndirected and no health risks related to their use have been found. No medical research was conducted to ensure that menstrual cups were safe prior to introduction on the market. Early research in 1962 evaluated 50 women using a bell-shaped cup. The researchers obtained vaginal smears, gram stains, and basic aerobic cultures of vaginal secretions. Vaginal speculum examination was performed, and pH was measured. No significant changes were noted. This report was the first containing extensive information on the safety and acceptability of a widely used menstrual cup that included both preclinical and clinical testing and over 10 years of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12735632", "chunk_text": "\"Endometrial cup\"\nto destroy the cup around days 70-80 of pregnancy, and it is completely destroyed by 100-140 days, at which point it naturally separates from the endometrium. Endometrial cup Endometrial cups form during pregnancy in mares and are the source of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and a placenta-associated structure, which is derived from the fetus. Their purpose is to increase the immunological tolerance of the mare in order to protect the developing foal. Endometrial cups are unique to animals in the horse family, and so named because of their concave shape. They are a placenta-associated structure, found in the uterine wall", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167291", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nThe majority of menstrual cup brands on the market are selling reusable cups, rather than disposable cups, which is therefore the focus of this article. Most menstrual cup brands sell a smaller and a larger size. The smaller size is recommended for women under 30 who have not given birth vaginally. The larger size is recommended for women who are over 30, have given birth vaginally, or have a heavy flow. Cups with an even smaller size are recommended for teenagers, as well as women and girls who are more physically fit, as those with stronger pelvic floor muscles may", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167284", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ninvestigated whether silicone menstrual cups are a viable alternative to tampons and found that approximately 91% of women in the menstrual cup group said they would continue to use the cup and recommend it to others. In a 1991 clinical study involving 51 women, 23 of the participants (45%) found rubber menstrual cups to be an acceptable way of managing menstrual flow. In a randomized controlled feasibility study in rural western Kenya, adolescent primary school girls were provided with menstrual cups or sanitary pads instead of traditional menstrual care items of cloth or tissue. Girls provided with menstrual cups had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167293", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nmore easily after insertion and may hold a more consistent seal against the vaginal wall (preventing leaks), but many women find softer cups more comfortable. The silicone of which most brands of cups are produced is naturally colorless and translucent. Several brands offer colored cups as well as, or instead of the colorless ones. Translucent cups lose their initial appearance faster than colored – they tend to get yellowish stains with use. The shade of a colored cup may change over time, though stains are often not as obvious as on colored cups. Stains on any color of cup can", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167288", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ngirls provided with menstrual cups compared to those using sanitary pads, or continuing their usual practice in rural western Kenya. Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a potentially fatal bacterial illness. Scientists have recognized an association between TSS and tampon use, although the exact connection remains unclear. TSS caused by menstrual cup use appears to be very rare to virtually nonexistent. The probable reason for this is that menstrual cups are not absorbent, do not irritate the vaginal mucosal tissue, and so do not change the vaginal flora in any measurable amount. Conversely, vaginal dryness and abrasions may occur if the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12346360", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\nThe top rim of the disc rests behind the pubic bone. If correctly inserted, it should not be felt and should not leak. After about 12 hours of use (depending on flow volume), a disposable cup should be removed and disposed of. This is done by inserting a finger into the vagina, feeling for the top of the rim, hooking the finger beneath the rim and pulling straight out. Sitting down is recommended, to keep the disc parallel to the floor while removing. Removing a disc cleanly takes practice, and may be done while seated on the toilet to avoid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16223517", "chunk_text": "\"Cloth menstrual pad\"\nCloth menstrual pad Cloth menstrual pads are cloth pads worn in the underwear to prevent menstrual fluid (blood from uterine lining) from leaking onto clothes. They are a type of reusable feminine hygiene product, and are an alternative to disposable sanitary napkins or to menstrual cups. They are less expensive than disposable pads and reduce the amount of waste produced. Generally they are made from layers of absorbent fabrics (such as cotton or hemp) which are worn during menstruation, post-birth bleeding or any other situation where it is necessary to absorb the flow of blood from the vagina, or to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167287", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\npost-marketing surveillance. One case report noted the development of endometriosis and adenomyosis in one menstrual cup user. Additionally, one survey with a small sample size indicated a possible link. Therefore, two organizations have issued a combined statement that urged further research. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration declined to remove menstrual cups from the market, saying that there was insufficient evidence of risk. A 2011 randomized controlled trial measured urovaginal infection in a comparison of menstrual cup and tampon use, and found no difference. No differences in the growth of \"\"Staphylococcus aureus\"\", or health harms were identified among school", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2008766", "chunk_text": "\"Cloth menstrual pad\"\ncomeback around 1970. With the number of cloth pad manufacturers and online communities devoted to this increasing in the 1990s and the early 2000s, they appear to be gaining popularity. Cloth menstrual pad Cloth menstrual pads are cloth pads worn in the underwear to prevent menstrual fluid (blood from uterine lining) from leaking onto clothes. They are a type of reusable feminine hygiene product, and are an alternative to disposable sanitary napkins or to menstrual cups. They are less expensive than disposable pads and reduce the amount of waste produced. Generally they are made from layers of absorbent fabrics (such", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7715911", "chunk_text": "Vagina\na little prior to menstruation, or during pregnancy. Menstruation (also known as a \"\"period\"\" or \"\"monthly\"\") is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The vaginal mucous membrane varies in thickness and composition during the menstrual cycle, which is the regular, natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. Different hygiene products such as tampons, menstrual cups, and sanitary napkins are available to absorb or capture menstrual blood. The Bartholin's glands, located near the vaginal opening,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4763960", "chunk_text": "\"Silky cup\"\nthe cup \"\"collects\"\" menstrual fluid rather than \"\"absorbing\"\" it. Silky Cup is the Indian market leader in the reusable menstrual cup market and largest menstrual cup manufacturer in India. Silky Cup has biggest manufacturing production line of the menstrual cup in India. The Silky Cup is tested within International standards. ISO 10993 is a Quality Standard governed by the International Organization of Standardization in Geneva, Switzerland, and is recognized and practiced in over 160 countries around the world. ISO 10993 is the quality standard for medical devices. Silky Cup is safe; Silky Cup is developed especially for menstrual hygiene management.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12735629", "chunk_text": "\"Endometrial cup\"\nimmune system. They begin to develop at approximately 25 days of pregnancy, deriving from the chorionic girdle. At approximately 36-38 days of pregnancy, the cells that will become the endometrial cup begin to burrow into the endometrial tissue, through the basement membrane, and into the uterine stroma. Their invasion of the uterine stroma begins the cells' maturation process, which takes 2-3 days. Endometrial cups can be circular, U-shaped, or ribbonlike and are pale compared to the rest of the endometrial tissue. They can range in size from 1 cm to 10 cm in diameter at the widest point. They resemble", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6825885", "chunk_text": "Menstruation\nmenstrual cycles of cohabiting human females became synchronized (menstrual synchrony). However, there is currently significant dispute as to whether menstrual synchrony exists. A 2013 review concluded that menstrual synchrony likely does not exist. Menstruation Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly, is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6010723", "chunk_text": "Tampon\nand Harmonized sales tax (HST) from tampons and other feminine hygiene products as of July 1st, 2015. Historically, the word \"\"tampon\"\" originated from the medieval French word \"\"tampion\"\", meaning a piece of cloth to stop a hole, a \"\"stamp\"\", \"\"plug\"\", or \"\"stopper\"\". Tampon A tampon is a feminine hygiene product designed to absorb the menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina during menstruation. Once inserted correctly a tampon is held in place by the vagina and expands as it soaks up menstrual blood. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of rayon and cotton. Tampons", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16120934", "chunk_text": "Menstruation\nMenstruation Menstruation, also known as a period or monthly, is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue (known as menses) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina. The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age, a point in time known as menarche. However, periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal. The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world, and earlier in the developed world. The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6825849", "chunk_text": "Menstruation\nmenarche has changed little in the United States since the 1950s. Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles. The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period (LMP). The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Perimenopause is when fertility in a female declines, and menstruation occurs less regularly in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8774688", "chunk_text": "\"Sanitary napkin\"\nSanitary napkin A sanitary napkin, sanitary towel, sanitary pad, menstrual pad, or pad is an absorbent item worn in the underwear by women and girls who are menstruating, bleeding after giving birth, recovering from gynecologic surgery, experiencing a miscarriage or abortion, or in any other situation where it is necessary to absorb a flow of blood from the vagina. A menstrual pad is a type of feminine hygiene product that is worn externally, unlike tampons and menstrual cups which are worn inside the vagina. The frequency a woman will need to change her pad will vary depending on whether her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17444185", "chunk_text": "Tampon\nTampon A tampon is a feminine hygiene product designed to absorb the menstrual flow by insertion into the vagina during menstruation. Once inserted correctly a tampon is held in place by the vagina and expands as it soaks up menstrual blood. The majority of tampons sold are made of rayon, or a blend of rayon and cotton. Tampons are available in several absorbency ratings. The average woman may use approximately 11,400 tampons in her lifetime (if she uses only tampons rather than other products). Several countries regulate tampons as medical devices. In the United States, they are considered to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6018236", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cycle\"\nMenstrual cycle The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system (specifically the uterus and ovaries) that makes pregnancy possible. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation. Common symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability and mood changes. These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30% of women. In 3 to 8%, they are severe.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10985955", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual Hygiene Day\"\nafford feminine hygiene products may miss school in order \"\"to avoid the embarrassment of staining their clothes.\"\" In low-income countries, girls’ choices of menstrual hygiene materials are often limited by the costs, availability and social norms. A lack of affordable hygiene products means inadequate, unhygienic alternatives are used, which can present a serious health risk. Menstrual cups offer a long-term solution compared to some other feminine hygiene products because they do not need to be replaced monthly. The quality of the material also makes them a reliable and healthy menstrual hygiene solution, as long as there is access to clean", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19354894", "chunk_text": "Cup\nCup A cup is an open-top container used to hold liquids for pouring or drinking; it also can be used to store solids for pouring (e.g., sugar, flour, grains). Cups may be made of clay, wood, stone, glass, metal, china, styrofoam, plastic, or other materials, and are sometimes fixed with a stem, handles, or other adornments. Cups are used for quenching thirst across a wide range of cultures and social classes, and different styles of cups may be used for different liquids or in different situations. Cups of different styles may be used for different liquids or other foodstuffs (e.g.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4763962", "chunk_text": "\"Silky cup\"\nfrom society, and school, college or work can be disrupted or restricted due to lack of available solutions. Investigative studies identify one of the main causes of early school leaving as the lack of hygiene products available for menstruating women and girls. As a result, menstruation has a direct economic and educational impact. Silky cups are a solution that can help girls and women to be integrated back into their social lives. Silky Cup is a product and a social strategy that offers women in developing countries a lifelong solution and support. Silky cup A Silky Cup is a type", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12735631", "chunk_text": "\"Endometrial cup\"\nthat invade the placenta have been described in humans. The purpose of these cells In both humans and horses is believed to be to interact with the mother’s immune system and increase maternal immunological tolerance of the developing fetus. Mature endometrial cup cells appear rounded and secrete eCG; all but a few cells have two nuclei. As the mare's immune system begins to react to the presence of the pregnancy, histological changes are visible. First, as the endometrial cup grows and develops, maternal white blood cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages, mass in the uterine stroma. They begin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1936248", "chunk_text": "Menstruation\nfirst day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women, and 21 to 31 days in adults (an average of 28 days). Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days. Menstruation stops occurring after menopause, which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding. Up to 80% of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation. Common signs and symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability, and mood changes. These may interfere with normal life, therefore qualifying as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12735630", "chunk_text": "\"Endometrial cup\"\nulcers in form, and when examined under a microscope have large epithelioid decidual-like cells and large nucleoli. They produce high concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), also called pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, in the bloodstream of pregnant mares. eCG is actually an equine luteinizing hormone. Endometrial cups behave somewhat like cells from metastatic tumors, in that they leave the placenta and migrate into the uterus. Their purpose appears to be to work with other placental cells to control the expression of histocompatibility genes so that the developing fetus is not destroyed by the mare’s immune system. Similar types of cells", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16991918", "chunk_text": "\"Free Bleeding Movement\"\nresponse to the use of tampons. Thinx, a popular brand of free bleeding underwear, launched a boy-shorts product in honor of Trans Awareness Week. The company changed their slogan to \"\"underwear for people with periods\"\" and hired a trans man to model the product. The Thinx Underwear is a reusable, machine washable underwear that is meant to hold up to two tampons of menstrual tissue. Menstrual cups are another alternative to tampons and pads. These small, flexible, cups are meant to be inserted in the vagina and collect menstrual tissue. The cup is made of medical grade silicone. Both of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13031402", "chunk_text": "Menarche\nMenarche Menarche ( ; Greek: \"\"mēn\"\" \"\"month\"\" + \"\"arkhē\"\" \"\"beginning\"\") is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans. From both social and medical perspectives, it is often considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional factors. The mean age of menarche has declined over the last century, but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention. The worldwide average age of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10167289", "chunk_text": "\"Menstrual cup\"\ntampon used is more absorbent than needed for the menstrual flow, and normal liquid that should line the vaginal wall is also absorbed. Research has shown that the cup has no impact on the vaginal flora, which means there is no effect on the presence of \"\"S. aureus\"\", the bacterium that can cause TSS. The risk of TSS associated with cervical caps used for contraception in the female barrier method is also very low. Cervical caps and menstrual cups both use mostly medical grade silicone or latex. A widely reported study showed that in vitro, bacteria associated with TSS are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_71	a bond that the issuer has the right to pay off before its maturity date?	n/a	[ "callable", "callable bonds" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587687", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nBond (finance) In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds. The bond is a debt security, under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and (depending on the terms of the bond) is obliged to pay them interest (the coupon) or to repay the principal at a later date, termed the maturity date. Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals (semiannual, annual, sometimes monthly). Very often the bond is negotiable, that is, the ownership of the instrument can be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587694", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nthe amount on which the issuer pays interest, and which, most commonly, has to be repaid at the end of the term. Some structured bonds can have a redemption amount which is different from the face amount and can be linked to the performance of particular assets. The issuer has to repay the nominal amount on the maturity date. As long as all due payments have been made, the issuer has no further obligations to the bond holders after the maturity date. The length of time until the maturity date is often referred to as the term or tenure or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1833162", "chunk_text": "\"Callable bond\"\nCallable bond A callable bond (also called redeemable bond) is a type of bond (debt security) that allows the issuer of the bond to retain the privilege of redeeming the bond at some point before the bond reaches its date of maturity. In other words, on the call date(s), the issuer has the right, but not the obligation, to buy back the bonds from the bond holders at a defined call price. Technically speaking, the bonds are not really bought and held by the issuer but are instead cancelled immediately. The call price will usually exceed the par or issue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587695", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nmaturity of a bond. The maturity can be any length of time, although debt securities with a term of less than one year are generally designated money market instruments rather than bonds. Most bonds have a term of up to 30 years. Some bonds have been issued with terms of 50 years or more, and historically there have been some issues with no maturity date (irredeemable). In the market for United States Treasury securities, there are three categories of bond maturities: The coupon is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the holder. Usually this rate is fixed throughout", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4187852", "chunk_text": "\"Maturity (finance)\"\nMaturity (finance) In finance, maturity or maturity date refers to the final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument, at which point the principal (and all remaining interest) is due to be paid. The term fixed maturity is applicable to any form of financial instrument under which the loan is due to be repaid on a fixed date. This includes fixed interest and variable rate loans or debt instruments, whatever they are called, and other forms of security such as redeemable preference shares, provided their terms of issue specify a date. It is similar in meaning to \"\"redemption", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18401068", "chunk_text": "\"Coupon (bond)\"\nbondholder with the positive return that makes purchasing the bond worthwhile. Between a bond's issue date and its maturity date (also called its redemption date), the bond's price is determined by taking into account several factors, including: Coupon (bond) A coupon payment on a bond is the annual interest payment that the bondholder receives from the bond's issue date until it matures. Coupons are normally described in terms of the \"\"coupon rate\"\", which is calculated by adding the sum of coupons paid per year and dividing it by the bond's face value. For example, if a bond has a face", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7285759", "chunk_text": "\"Extendible bond\"\nExtendible bond Extendible bond (or extendable bond) is a complex bond with the embedded option for a holder to extend its maturity date by a number of years. Such a bond may be considered as a portfolio of a straight, shorter-term bond and a call option to buy a longer-term bond. This relatively rare type of bond works to the advantage of investors during periods of declining interest rates. Pricing of the extendible bond will be similar to that of a puttable bond. Sometimes, the bond may be structured so as to give an option to extend to the issuer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1833166", "chunk_text": "\"Callable bond\"\noptions embedded. Callable bond A callable bond (also called redeemable bond) is a type of bond (debt security) that allows the issuer of the bond to retain the privilege of redeeming the bond at some point before the bond reaches its date of maturity. In other words, on the call date(s), the issuer has the right, but not the obligation, to buy back the bonds from the bond holders at a defined call price. Technically speaking, the bonds are not really bought and held by the issuer but are instead cancelled immediately. The call price will usually exceed the par", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20649830", "chunk_text": "\"Fixed rate bond\"\nFixed rate bond In finance, a fixed rate bond is a type of debt instrument bond with a fixed coupon (interest) rate, as opposed to a floating rate note. A fixed rate bond is a long term debt paper that carries a predetermined interest rate. The interest rate is known as coupon rate and interest is payable at specified dates before bond maturity. Due to the fixed coupon, the market value of a fixed-rate bond is susceptible to fluctuations in interest rates, and therefore has a significant amount of interest rate risk. That being said, the fixed-rate bond, although a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4187854", "chunk_text": "\"Maturity (finance)\"\nshorthand for the security itself, for example, \"\"In the market today the yields on ten-year maturities increased\"\" means the prices of bonds due to mature in ten years fell, and thus the redemption yield on those bonds increased. Maturity (finance) In finance, maturity or maturity date refers to the final payment date of a loan or other financial instrument, at which point the principal (and all remaining interest) is due to be paid. The term fixed maturity is applicable to any form of financial instrument under which the loan is due to be repaid on a fixed date. This includes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2336126", "chunk_text": "\"Government bond\"\nGovernment bond A government bond or sovereign bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date. Government bonds are usually denominated in the country's own currency, in which case the government cannot be forced to default, although it may choose to do so. If a government is close to default on its debt the media often refer to this as a sovereign debt crisis. The terms on which a government can sell bonds depend on how creditworthy the market considers it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587690", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nbond is redeemed, whereas stocks typically remain outstanding indefinitely. An exception is an irredeemable bond, such as a consol, which is a perpetuity, that is, a bond with no maturity. In English, the word \"\"\"\" relates to the etymology of \"\"bind\"\". In the sense \"\"instrument binding one to pay a sum to another\"\", use of the word \"\"bond\"\" dates from at least the 1590s. Bonds are issued by public authorities, credit institutions, companies and supranational institutions in the primary markets. The most common process for issuing bonds is through underwriting. When a bond issue is underwritten, one or more securities", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16720054", "chunk_text": "\"Government bond\"\nhas influenced the development of pension and life insurance markets in the respective countries. Government bond A government bond or sovereign bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date. Government bonds are usually denominated in the country's own currency, in which case the government cannot be forced to default, although it may choose to do so. If a government is close to default on its debt the media often refer to this as a sovereign debt crisis. The terms on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10880421", "chunk_text": "\"Yield to maturity\"\nYield to maturity The yield to maturity (YTM), book yield or redemption yield of a bond or other fixed-interest security, such as gilts, is the (theoretical) internal rate of return (IRR, overall interest rate) earned by an investor who buys the bond today at the market price, assuming that the bond is held until maturity, and that all coupon and principal payments are made on schedule. Yield to maturity is the discount rate at which the sum of all future cash flows from the bond (coupons and principal) is equal to the current price of the bond. The YTM is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12805166", "chunk_text": "\"Municipal bond\"\nlaws of each state. Municipal securities consist of both short-term issues (often called notes, which typically mature in one year or less) and long-term issues (commonly known as bonds, which mature in more than one year). Short-term notes are used by an issuer to raise money for a variety of reasons: in anticipation of future revenues such as taxes, state or federal aid payments, and future bond issuances; to cover irregular cash flows; meet unanticipated deficits; and raise immediate capital for projects until long-term financing can be arranged. Bonds are usually sold to finance capital projects over the longer term.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587704", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nbill, are always issued at a discount, and pay par amount at maturity rather than paying coupons. This is called a discount bond. The market price of a bond is the present value of all expected future interest and principal payments of the bond discounted at the bond's yield to maturity, or rate of return. That relationship is the definition of the redemption yield on the bond, which is likely to be close to the current market interest rate for other bonds with similar characteristics. (Otherwise there would be arbitrage opportunities.) The yield and price of a bond are inversely", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17069565", "chunk_text": "\"Zero-coupon bond\"\nZero-coupon bond A zero-coupon bond (also discount bond or deep discount bond) is a bond where the face value is repaid at the time of maturity. Note that this definition assumes a positive time value of money. It does not make periodic interest payments, or have so-called coupons, hence the term zero-coupon bond. When the bond reaches maturity, its investor receives its par (or face) value. Examples of zero-coupon bonds include U.S. Treasury bills, U.S. savings bonds, long-term zero-coupon bonds, and any type of coupon bond that has been stripped of its coupons. In contrast, an investor who has a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5482287", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate bond\"\nmaturity. The $20 gain (ignoring time value of money) is in lieu of the regular coupon. However, this is rare for corporate bonds. Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. These are called callable bonds. A less common feature is an embedded put option that allows investors to put the bond back to the issuer before its maturity date. These are called putable bonds. Both of these features are common to the High Yield market. High Grade bonds rarely have embedded options. A straight bond that is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1872820", "chunk_text": "Debenture\ndoes well. Companies also reserve the right to call their bonds, which mean they can call it sooner than the maturity date. Often there is a clause in the contract that allows this; for example, if a bond issuer wishes to rebuy a 30-year bond at the 25th year, they must pay a premium. If a bond is called, it means that less interest is paid out. Failure to pay a bond effectively means bankruptcy. Bondholders who have not received their interest can throw an offending company into bankruptcy, or seize its assets if that is stipulated in the contract.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18401065", "chunk_text": "\"Coupon (bond)\"\nCoupon (bond) A coupon payment on a bond is the annual interest payment that the bondholder receives from the bond's issue date until it matures. Coupons are normally described in terms of the \"\"coupon rate\"\", which is calculated by adding the sum of coupons paid per year and dividing it by the bond's face value. For example, if a bond has a face value of $1,000 and a coupon rate of 5%, then it pays total coupons of $50 per year. Typically, this will consist of two semi-annual payments of $25 each. The origin of the term \"\"coupon\"\" is that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17325863", "chunk_text": "\"Zero-coupon bond\"\nis as per CBDT circular No 2 of 2002 dated 15 February 2002. Zero-coupon bond A zero-coupon bond (also discount bond or deep discount bond) is a bond where the face value is repaid at the time of maturity. Note that this definition assumes a positive time value of money. It does not make periodic interest payments, or have so-called coupons, hence the term zero-coupon bond. When the bond reaches maturity, its investor receives its par (or face) value. Examples of zero-coupon bonds include U.S. Treasury bills, U.S. savings bonds, long-term zero-coupon bonds, and any type of coupon bond that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7069852", "chunk_text": "\"Revolver bond\"\nRevolver bond A revolver bond is a financial product, a variant of a regular bond or other debt security. In the example of a regular bond issue, when a corporation purchases a government bond for a notional amount, the government in question agrees to pay interest on that amount to the corporation until the bond maturity. In the case of a revolver bond, while the buyer and seller agree to a notional amount, they also agree that the buyer has the right to \"\"draw\"\" upon a certain amount of the notional and the seller will only pay interest on this", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13277445", "chunk_text": "\"Corporate bond\"\nCorporate bond A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation in order to raise financing for a variety of reasons such as to ongoing operations, M&A, or to expand business. The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, with maturity of at least one year. Corporate debt instruments with maturity shorter than one year are referred to as commercial paper. The term \"\"corporate bond\"\" is not strictly defined. Sometimes, the term is used to include all bonds except those issued by governments in their own currencies. In this case governments issuing in other currencies (such as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2212872", "chunk_text": "\"Bearer bond\"\nthe interest to the holder in the case of municipal bonds. In contrast, registered bonds retained the tax-exempt treatment. A challenge to this tax treatment by the US state of South Carolina was heard by the US Supreme Court in the case of \"\"South Carolina v. Baker\"\" (1988), which upheld the law and brought to an end the further issue of virtually all US municipal bearer bonds. Bearer bond A bearer bond is a bond or debt security issued by a business entity such as a corporation, or a government. As a bearer instrument, it differs from the more common", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1661526", "chunk_text": "\"Puttable bond\"\nPuttable bond Puttable bond (put bond, putable or retractable bond) is a bond with an embedded put option. The holder of the puttable bond has the right, but not the obligation, to demand early repayment of the principal. The put option is exercisable on one or more specified dates. This type of bond protects investors: if interest rates rise after bond purchase, the future value of coupon payments will become less valuable. Therefore, investors sell bonds back to the issuer and may lend proceeds elsewhere at a higher rate. Bondholders are ready to pay for such protection by accepting a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5924854", "chunk_text": "\"Bearer bond\"\nBearer bond A bearer bond is a bond or debt security issued by a business entity such as a corporation, or a government. As a bearer instrument, it differs from the more common types of investment securities in that it is unregistered – no records are kept of the owner, or the transactions involving ownership. Whoever physically holds the paper on which the bond is issued owns the instrument. This is useful for investors who wish to retain anonymity. Recovery of the value of a bearer bond in the event of its loss, theft, or destruction is usually impossible. Some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16381498", "chunk_text": "\"Bond option\"\nBond option In finance, a bond option is an option to buy or sell a bond at a certain price on or before the option expiry date. These instruments are typically traded OTC. Generally, one buys a call option on the bond if one believes that interest rates will fall, causing an increase in bond prices. Likewise, one buys the put option if one believes that the opposite will be the case. One result of trading in a bond option, is that the price of the underlying bond is \"\"locked in\"\" for the term of the contract, thereby reducing the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "225620", "chunk_text": "\"Municipal bond\"\nor their transferees, (the bond holder) over time. Repayment periods can be as short as a few months (although this is very rare) to 20, 30, or 40 years, or even longer. The issuer typically uses proceeds from a bond sale to pay for capital projects or for other purposes it cannot or does not desire to pay for immediately with funds on hand. Tax regulations governing municipal bonds generally require all money raised by a bond sale to be spent on capital projects within three to five years of issuance. Certain exceptions permit the issuance of bonds to fund", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "389776", "chunk_text": "\"Securities market\"\ndifferent from savings accounts in that the CD has a specific, fixed term (often three months, six months, or one to five years), and, usually, a fixed interest rate. It is intended that the CD be held until maturity, at which time the money may be withdrawn together with the accrued interest. Bond - an issued security establishing its holder's right to receive from the issuer of the bond, within the time period specified therein, The bond may provide for other property rights of its holder, where this is not contrary to legislation. Common shares represent ownership in a company", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18666582", "chunk_text": "\"Fixed rate bond\"\nconservative investment, is highly susceptible to a loss in value due to inflation. The fixed-rate bond’s long maturity schedule and predetermined coupon rate offers an investor a solidified return, while leaving the individual exposed to a rise in the consumer price index and overall decrease in their purchasing power. The coupon rate attached to the fixed-rate bond is payable at specified dates before the bond reaches maturity; the coupon rate and the fixed-payments are delivered periodically to the investor at a percentage rate of the bond’s face value. Due to a fixed-rate bond’s lengthy maturity date, these payments are typically", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "39264", "chunk_text": "\"Bond insurance\"\nBond insurance Bond insurance (also known as \"\"financial guaranty insurance\"\") is a type of insurance whereby an insurance company guarantees scheduled payments of interest and principal on a bond or other security in the event of a payment default by the issuer of the bond or security. As compensation for its insurance, the insurer is paid a premium (as a lump sum or in installments) by the issuer or owner of the security to be insured. Bond insurance is a form of \"\"credit enhancement\"\" that generally results in the rating of the insured security being the higher of (i) the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3135986", "chunk_text": "\"Original issue discount\"\nto interest and then taxes that amount at ordinary income rates. These rules prevent the avoidance of tax that might otherwise be available by characterizing the repayment as a capital gain, which is taxed at a lower rate, or by deferring the recognition of income until the bond is repaid at maturity. There are a number of exceptions to the original issue discount rule, including: Original issue discount Original Issue Discount (OID) is a type of interest that is not payable as it accrues. OID is normally created when a debt, usually a bond, is issued at a discount. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3135983", "chunk_text": "\"Original issue discount\"\nOriginal issue discount Original Issue Discount (OID) is a type of interest that is not payable as it accrues. OID is normally created when a debt, usually a bond, is issued at a discount. In effect, selling a bond at a discount converts stated principal into a return on investment, or interest. The accurate determination of principal and interest is necessary in United States tax law to determine the basis of property and to determine whether an amount paid is deductible and includible as interest, or simply a nontaxable debt repayment. Example original issue discount Most loans require interest payments.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17438573", "chunk_text": "\"Risk-free bond\"\na predetermined date formula_9 in the future, known as the bond´s \"\"maturity date\"\". Let formula_11 stand for the price at time formula_12 of a bond maturing at time formula_9. It is easily seen that to replicate the payoff 1 at time formula_9 it suffices to invest formula_15 units of cash at time formula_16 in the savings account formula_17. This shows that, in the absence of arbitrage opportunities, the price of the bond satisfies formula_18 Note that for any fixed T, the bond price solves the ordinary differential equation formula_19 We consider here a \"\"risk-free\"\" bond, meaning that its issuer will", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19179310", "chunk_text": "\"Covered bond\"\nbonds, contributing to the Global Financial Crisis. For the investor, one major advantage to a covered bond is that the debt and the underlying asset pool remain on the issuer's financials, and issuers must ensure that the pool consistently backs the covered bond. In the event of default, the investor has recourse to both the pool and the issuer. Because non-performing loans or prematurely paid debt must be replaced in the pool, success of the product for the issuer depends on the institution's ability to evaluate the assets in the pool and to rate and price the bond. When issued", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16577276", "chunk_text": "\"Exchange-traded note\"\nthe company's capital structure. Often issued off medium-term note shelves, ETNs would be pari passu with other debt issued off the same shelf. Therefore, ETNs are backed by the credit of the underwriting issuer. Like other debt securities, ETNs do not have voting rights. Unlike other debt securities, interest is not paid during the term of most ETNs. An ETN offers a tax-efficient way to invest. It is treated as a prepaid contract (such as a forward contract) for tax purposes. The buyer of a prepaid contract pays an initial amount in order to receive a future payment based on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12805179", "chunk_text": "\"Municipal bond\"\nissuance (on the secondary market). In exchange for an upfront investment of capital, the bond holder receives payments over time composed of interest on the invested principal, and a return of the invested principal itself (see bond). Repayment schedules differ with the type of bond issued. Municipal bonds typically pay interest semi-annually. Shorter term bonds generally pay interest only until maturity; longer term bonds generally are amortized through annual principal payments. Longer and shorter term bonds are often combined together in a single issue that requires the issuer to make approximately level annual payments of interest and principal. Certain bonds,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1068129", "chunk_text": "\"Bond valuation\"\nperiod is calculated from the following formula: formula_15 formula_16 = amortization amount in period number \"\"n+1\"\" formula_17 Bond Discount or Bond Premium = formula_18 = formula_19 Bond Discount or Bond Premium = formula_20 Bond valuation Bond valuation is the determination of the fair price of a bond. As with any security or capital investment, the theoretical fair value of a bond is the present value of the stream of cash flows it is expected to generate. Hence, the value of a bond is obtained by discounting the bond's expected cash flows to the present using an appropriate discount rate. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7760612", "chunk_text": "\"Bond duration\"\n$1,000 bond that can be redeemed by the holder at par at any time before the bond's maturity (i.e. an American put option). No matter how high interest rates become, the price of the bond will never go below $1,000 (ignoring counterparty risk). This bond's price sensitivity to interest rate changes is different from a non-puttable bond with otherwise identical cashflows. To price such bonds, one must use option pricing to determine the value of the bond, and then one can compute its delta (and hence its lambda), which is the duration. The effective duration is a discrete approximation to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18198981", "chunk_text": "\"Fixed rate bond\"\neffect to the expected return of the bond. Some fixed rate bonds allow for the issuer to repay the principal amount earlier than the contractual repayment date, sometimes on payment of a specified penalty or \"\"make whole\"\" payment. The provisions specifying such a penalty are known (particularly in the UK) as a spens clause. Fixed rate of interest - Regardless of how the official Bank interest rate moves over the term of the bond its interest rate stays fixed until the bond expires. Fixed rate bond In finance, a fixed rate bond is a type of debt instrument bond with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7285760", "chunk_text": "\"Extendible bond\"\nIn this case, pricing will be similar to that of a callable bond. Price of extendible bond = Price of straight bond + Price of the option to extend Extendible bond Extendible bond (or extendable bond) is a complex bond with the embedded option for a holder to extend its maturity date by a number of years. Such a bond may be considered as a portfolio of a straight, shorter-term bond and a call option to buy a longer-term bond. This relatively rare type of bond works to the advantage of investors during periods of declining interest rates. Pricing of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15144124", "chunk_text": "\"General obligation bond\"\nGeneral obligation bond A general obligation bond is a common type of municipal bond in the United States that is secured by a state or local government's pledge to use legally available resources, including tax revenues, to repay bond holders. Most general obligation pledges at the local government level include a pledge to levy a property tax to meet debt service requirements, in which case holders of general obligation bonds have a right to compel the borrowing government to levy that tax to satisfy the local government's obligation. Because property owners are usually reluctant to risk losing their holding due", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6587696", "chunk_text": "\"Bond (finance)\"\nthe life of the bond. It can also vary with a money market index, such as LIBOR, or it can be even more exotic. The name \"\"coupon\"\" arose because in the past, paper bond certificates were issued which had coupons attached to them, one for each interest payment. On the due dates the bondholder would hand in the coupon to a bank in exchange for the interest payment. Interest can be paid at different frequencies: generally semi-annual, i.e. every 6 months, or annual. The yield is the rate of return received from investing in the bond. It usually refers either", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3954478", "chunk_text": "\"Bond fund\"\nBond fund A bond fund or debt fund is a fund that invests in bonds, or other debt securities. Bond funds can be contrasted with stock funds and money funds. Bond funds typically pay periodic dividends that include interest payments on the fund's underlying securities plus periodic realized capital appreciation. Bond funds typically pay higher dividends than CDs and money market accounts. Most bond funds pay out dividends more frequently than individual bonds. Bond Funds can be classified by their primary underlying assets: Bond funds may also be classified by factors such as type of yield (high income) or term", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3257147", "chunk_text": "\"Spens clause\"\nSpens clause A spens, Spens, spens clause, or Spens clause is a provision in a security (for example a bond) which allows a borrower to repay the principal amount (and hence discharge their obligation to the lender) earlier than the contractual repayment date, on payment of a specified penalty, also referred to as a \"\"make whole\"\" payment, in excess of the principal (or face value) of the security. In the case of a bond, this type of early repayment is often referred to as \"\"calling the bond\"\". A spens clause may also apply to a preference share that is redeemed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19636475", "chunk_text": "\"Promissory note\"\nPromissory note A promissory note, sometimes referred to as a note payable, is a legal instrument (more particularly, a financial instrument and a debt instrument), in which one party (the \"\"maker\"\" or \"\"issuer\"\") promises in writing to pay a determinate sum of money to the other (the \"\"payee\"\"), either at a fixed or determinable future time or on demand of the payee, under specific terms. The terms of a note usually include the principal amount, the interest rate if any, the parties, the date, the terms of repayment (which could include interest) and the maturity date. Sometimes, provisions are included", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1869516", "chunk_text": "\"Private activity bond\"\nPrivate activity bond In general, a private activity bond is a bond issued by or on behalf of local or state government for the purpose of financing the project of a private user. Section 141(a) of the Internal Revenue Code provides that the term private activity bond means any bond issued as part of an issue which meets: Under Treasury Regulation section 1.141-2, an interest on a private activity bond is not excludable from gross income under section 103(a) of the Internal Revenue Code unless the bond is a \"\"qualified\"\" bond. Interest from private activity bonds became subject to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17438569", "chunk_text": "\"Risk-free bond\"\nRisk-free bond A risk-free bond is a theoretical bond that repays interest and principal with absolute certainty. The rate of return would be the risk-free interest rate. It is primary security, which pays off 1 unit no matter state of economy is realized at time formula_1. So its payoff is the same regardless of what state occurs. Thus, an investor experiences no risk by investing in such an asset. In practice, government bonds of financially stable countries are treated as risk-free bonds, as governments can raise taxes or indeed print money to repay their domestic currency debt. For instance, United", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9259255", "chunk_text": "\"General obligation bond\"\ndebt without a public vote. General obligation bond A general obligation bond is a common type of municipal bond in the United States that is secured by a state or local government's pledge to use legally available resources, including tax revenues, to repay bond holders. Most general obligation pledges at the local government level include a pledge to levy a property tax to meet debt service requirements, in which case holders of general obligation bonds have a right to compel the borrowing government to levy that tax to satisfy the local government's obligation. Because property owners are usually reluctant to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14176989", "chunk_text": "\"Revenue bond\"\nRevenue bond A revenue bond is a special type of municipal bond distinguished by its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by a specified revenue-generating entity associated with the purpose of the bonds, rather than from a tax. Unlike general obligation bonds, only the revenues specified in the legal contract between the bond holder and bond issuer are required to be used for repayment of the principal and interest of the bonds; other revenues (notably tax revenues) and the general credit of the issuing agency are not so encumbered. Because the pledge of security is not as great as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_72	when did united states enter world war i?	n/a	[ "April 1917" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998065", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nend all wars\"\" that would \"\"make the world safe for democracy\"\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports, mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway. The wider sea approaches to Britain and France, their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678385", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nUnited States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived at the rate", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998061", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nAmerican entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war and broker a peace in Europe. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans, as well as among church leaders and among women in general. On the other hand, even before World War I", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678387", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nrole in the conflict. Under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson, the war represented the climax of the Progressive Era as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world, although there was substantial public opposition to U.S. entry into the war. The American entry into World War I came on April 6, 1917, after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war. Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British, American public opinion reflected that of the president: the sentiment for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678391", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\njust as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for \"\"a war to end all wars\"\" that would \"\"make the world safe for democracy\"\", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678413", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nand was replaced by a Russian Provisional Government. This helped overcome Wilson's reluctance to having the US fight alongside a country ruled by an absolutist monarch. Pleased by the Provisional Government's pro-war stance, the US accorded the new government diplomatic recognition on March 9, 1917. Although the United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, it did not initially declare war on the other Central Powers, a state of affairs that Woodrow Wilson described as an \"\"embarrassing obstacle\"\" in his State of the Union speech. Congress declared war on the Austro-Hungarian Empire on December 7, 1917, but never", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678424", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nRepublican Warren G. Harding. Notes References United States in World War I The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917, more than two and a half years after World War I started. A ceasefire and Armistice was declared on November 11, 1918. Before entering the war, the U.S. had remained neutral, though it had been an important supplier to Great Britain and the other Allied powers. The U.S. made its major contributions in terms of supplies, raw material and money, starting in 1917. American soldiers under General of the Armies John Pershing, Commander-in-Chief of the American Expeditionary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8135009", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\ncame under pressure from Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and from former President Theodore Roosevelt, who demanded a declaration of war on Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, as Germany's allies. President Wilson drafted a statement to Congress in December 1917 which said \"\"I... recommend that Congress immediately declare the United States in a state of war with Austria-Hungary, with Turkey and with Bulgaria\"\". But after further consultations decision on war against Germany's other allies was postponed. American entry into World War I The American entry into World War I came in April 1917, after more than two and a half years of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8135008", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\n50, with Claude Kitchin, a senior Democrat, notably opposing it. Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin, who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II. Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest. The United States Senate, in a 74 to 0 vote, declared war on Austria-Hungary on December 7, 1917, citing Austria-Hungary's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States, its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany. The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1. President Wilson also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678414", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nmade declarations of war against the other Central Powers, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire or the various co-belligerents allied with the Central Powers. Thus, the United States remained uninvolved in the military campaigns in central and eastern Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The home front saw a systematic mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336716", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nissue. Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war-zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war. Five American merchant ships went down in March. Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2, 1917. Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years' time. In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality, seeing the war a dreadful mistake", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4122112", "chunk_text": "\"World War I\"\nthe sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917, which the US Congress declared 4 days later. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled \"\"Associated Power\"\". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13751578", "chunk_text": "\"United States World War I Centennial Commission\"\nbe neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought, as well as action.\"\" However, after years of unrestricted German submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, and the public release of the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States could no longer remain neutral in the international conflict. On April 6, 1917, Congress officially declared war against Germany and joined the Allied forces. Led by General John J. Pershing, the American Expeditionary Forces arrived in Europe in June 1917. American forces participated in several major battles, most", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998063", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nto sink passenger ships of merchant ships without giving the people aboard time to launch their lifeboats. While the country was at peace, American banks made huge loans to Britain and France to buy munitions, raw materials, and food from across the Atlantic. Until 1917, Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing, despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness. He did, however, expand the United States Navy. In 1917, with Russia experiencing political upheaval, and with Britain and France low on credit, Germany appeared to have the upper hand", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8135005", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nthe unrestricted use of their submarines. The Kaiser's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference. On April 2, 1917, Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire, stating, \"\"We have no selfish ends to serve\"\". To make the conflict seem like a better idea, he painted the conflict idealistically, stating that the war would \"\"make the world safe for democracy\"\" and later that it would be a \"\"war to end war\"\". The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war, Wilson proclaimed. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5747868", "chunk_text": "\"World War I\"\nIn 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers. After the sinking of seven US merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government, ending", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4506616", "chunk_text": "\"United States Navy operations during World War I\"\nUnited States Navy operations during World War I United States Navy operations during World War I began on April 6, 1917, after the formal declaration of war on the German Empire. The American navy focused on countering enemy U-boats in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, while convoying men and supplies to France and Italy. Because of United States' late entry into the war, her capital ships never engaged the German fleet, and few decisive submarine actions occurred. The main theater of World War I was the Western Front. In order to relieve the British and European allies already", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17845778", "chunk_text": "\"Timeline of United States military operations\"\ninsurrection. 1917: China: American troops were landed at Chungking to protect American lives during a political crisis. 1917–1918: World War I: On April 6, 1917, the United States declared war with Germany and on December 7, 1917, with Austria-Hungary. Entrance of the United States into the war was precipitated by Germany's submarine warfare against neutral shipping and the Zimmermann Telegram. 1917–1922: Cuba: U.S. forces protected American interests during insurrection and subsequent unsettled conditions. Most of the United States armed forces left Cuba by August 1919, but two companies remained at Camaguey until February 1922. 1918–1919: Mexico: After withdrawal of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678386", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nof 10,000 men a day on the Western Front in the summer of 1918. During the war the U.S. mobilized over 4 million military personnel and suffered 110,000 deaths, including around 45,000 who died due to the 1918 Spanish influenza outbreak (30,000 before they even reached France). The war saw a dramatic expansion of the United States government in an effort to harness the war effort and a significant increase in the size of the U.S. Armed Forces. After a relatively slow start in mobilizing the economy and labor force, by spring 1918, the nation was poised to play a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336715", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\ncosts and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848. These territories included the present day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Arizona, about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado. British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration. The White House would release it to the press on March 1. Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships, even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves. In early 1917 Berlin forced the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998085", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nin October 1915, the latter amounting to US$500,000,000. Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives, little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans, in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests. The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913–1914. As war began in Europe, however, the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low-growth environment of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19856950", "chunk_text": "\"History of the United States Army\"\nhad three artillery regiments and an engineer regiment. The United States joined World War I in April 1917. Because of the necessary period of training before the units were moved overseas, the first elements of the American Expeditionary Forces arrived in June 1917. Their first actions of the Western Front came in October 1917. U.S. troops contributed to the offensive that finally broke through the German lines. With the armistice on 11 November 1918, the Army once again decreased its forces. The National Army was disbanded in 1920 and all personnel not subject to demobilization who had held ranks in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17169335", "chunk_text": "\"United States home front during World War I\"\nUnited States home front during World War I The United States homefront during World War I saw a systematic mobilization of the country's entire population and economy to produce the soldiers, food supplies, ammunitions and money necessary to win the war. Although the United States entered the war in April 1917, there had been very little planning, or even recognition of the problems that Great Britain and the other Allies had to solve on their own home fronts. As a result, the level of confusion was high in the first 12 months. The war came in the midst of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998081", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nbuild-up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long-run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918. In 1913, J. P. Morgan, Jr. took over the House of Morgan, an American-based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York, London, and Paris, after the death of his father, J. Pierpont Morgan. The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America's entrance in 1917. J.P. Morgan & Co., the House of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17169339", "chunk_text": "\"United States home front during World War I\"\nU.S. had to fight to maintain its honor and to have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world. Congress voted on April 6, 1917 to declare war, 82 to 6 in the Senate, and 373 to 50 in the House of Representatives. Congress authorized President Woodrow Wilson to create a bureaucracy of 500,000 to 1 million new jobs in five thousand new federal agencies. To solve the labor crisis, the Employment Service of the Department of Labor attracted workers from the South and Midwest to war industries in the East. In April 1917, the Wilson Administration created the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678418", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nthe war. The Boy Scouts of America helped distribute war pamphlets, helped sell war bonds, and helped to drive nationalism and support for the war. As late as 1917, the United States maintained only a small army, one which was in fact smaller than thirteen of the nations and empires already active in the war. After the passage of the Selective Service Act in 1917, it drafted 4 million men into military service. By the summer of 1918, about 2 million US soldiers had arrived in France, about half of whom eventually saw front-line service; by the Armistice of November", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13751577", "chunk_text": "\"United States World War I Centennial Commission\"\nMuseum and Library is the founding sponsor of the Commission. The Starr Foundation is supporting sponsor of the Commission. Members of the Commission were appointed by the President and the leaders of the Senate and the House of Representatives, as well as the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the National World War I Museum. The Commissioners serve without pay. When World War I broke out in Europe during the summer of 1914, the United States stuck to a strict policy of neutrality. On August 4, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared to Congress that, \"\"The United States must", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15159793", "chunk_text": "\"American women in World War I\"\nAmerican women in World War I World War I marked the first war in which American women were allowed to enlist in the armed forces. While thousands of women did join branches of the army in an official capacity, receiving veterans status and benefits after the war's close, the majority of female involvement was done through voluntary organizations supporting the war effort. Additionally, women made an impact on the war indirectly by filling the workforce, becoming employed in the jobs left behind by male soldiers. In 1917, the U.S. Navy was the first branch to allow women into its ranks,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336714", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nmessages. This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up, shifting American support towards the Allies. Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic, it tried to line up new allies, especially Mexico. Arthur Zimmermann, the German foreign minister, sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16, 1917. Zimmermann invited Mexico (knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession) to join in a war against the United States. Germany promised to pay for Mexico's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8135007", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nwon without help, there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests. They were already planning to use government subsidies, tariff walls, and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen. The solution was a third route, a \"\"peace without victory\"\", according to Wilson. On April 6, 1917, Congress declared war. In the Senate, the resolution passed 82 to 6, with Senators Harry Lane, William J. Stone, James Vardaman, Asle Gronna, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and George W. Norris voting against it. In the House, the declaration passed 373 to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8134928", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\ncoincided with the end of the Recession of 1913–1914 in America. Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917. Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period. Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector. Between 1914 and 1917, industrial production increased 32% and GNP increased by almost 20%. The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war. The capital", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4989597", "chunk_text": "\"World War I\"\nWorld War I World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as \"\"the war to end all wars\"\", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a direct result of the war, and it also contributed to later genocides and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10551308", "chunk_text": "\"United States Army\"\nthe central role in the Philippine–American War. Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft. In 1910, Mexico was having a civil war, peasant rebels fighting government soldiers. The army was deployed to U.S. towns near the border to ensure safety to lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918. The United States joined World War I as an \"\"Associated Power\"\" in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336712", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nlaws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war. By doing so, the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department, leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time. One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships. Immediately", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678419", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\n11 approximately 10,000 fresh soldiers were arriving in France daily. In 1917, Congress gave US citizenship to Puerto Ricans when they were drafted to participate in World War I, as part of the Jones Act. In the end, Germany miscalculated the United States' influence on the outcome of the conflict, believing it would be many more months before US troops would arrive and overestimating the effectiveness of U-boats in slowing the American buildup. The United States Navy sent a battleship group to Scapa Flow to join with the British Grand Fleet, destroyers to Queenstown, Ireland and submarines to help guard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12654586", "chunk_text": "\"Home front during World War I\"\nfailed; likewise, the peace efforts sponsored by industrialist Henry Ford went nowhere. Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off Britain; the US declared war in April 1917. America had the largest industrial, financial and agricultural base of any of the great powers, but it took 12–18 months to fully reorient it to the war effort. American money, food and munitions flowed freely to Europe from spring 1917, but troops arrived slowly. The US Army in 1917 was small and poorly equipped. The draft began in spring 1917 but volunteers were also accepted. Four million", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8890240", "chunk_text": "\"Presidency of Woodrow Wilson\"\nfor military expenses, loans to Allied governments, and increased industrial and agricultural production. The declaration of war by the United States against Germany passed Congress by strong bipartisan majorities on April 4, 1917, with opposition from ethnic German strongholds and remote rural areas in the South. The United States would also later declare war against Austria-Hungary in December 1917. The U.S. did not sign a formal alliance with Britain or France but operated as an \"\"associated\"\" power—an informal ally with military cooperation through the Supreme War Council in London. The U.S. raised a massive army through conscription and Wilson gave", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12715764", "chunk_text": "\"Effect of World War I on children in the United States\"\nthe war effort. This was a way to mobilize public opinion and shame adults who did not donate. The Office of War Information and other agencies implemented programs and created posters and pamphlets to encourage war support. The United States was involved in World War I for the last 19 months of the war (April 1917 to November 1918), 4,355,000 men were conscripted into service. By summer 1918, they were trained and shipped to France at the rate of 10,000 military personnel a day. Meanwhile, every farm, town and city, and every economic sector, was mobilized for the war effort.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10765297", "chunk_text": "\"United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary\"\nUnited States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary The 1917 United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary, officially House Joint Resolution 169, was a resolution adopted by the United States Congress declaring that a state of war existed between the United States of America and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It followed, by eight months, the earlier declaration of war against Germany that had brought the United States into World War I. Enacted on December 7, 1917 and coming into effect the same day, it was officially terminated in 1921, three years after the effective capitulation of Austria-Hungary. On April 6, 1917 the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14178226", "chunk_text": "\"Military history of the United States\"\nparty to immunity from German submarine attack, even though its ships carried food and raw materials to Britain. In 1917 the Germans resumed submarine attacks, knowing that it would lead to American entry. When the United States declared war in early April 1917, the United States Army was still small by European standards (most of which had conscription) and mobilization would take at least a year. Meanwhile, the United States continued to provide supplies and money to Britain and France, and initiated the first peacetime draft. Industrial mobilization took longer than expected, so divisions were sent to Europe without equipment,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8134927", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nthis decision meant war with the United States, but they gambled that they could win before America's potential strength could be mobilized. However, they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened. Finally, they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts. They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year. The civilian government in Berlin objected, but the Kaiser sided with his military. The beginning of war in Europe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336666", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nGompers, head of the AFL labor movement, denounced the war in 1914 as \"\"unnatural, unjustified, and unholy\"\", but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson's limited preparedness program, against the objections of Socialist union activists. In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question. The war at first disrupted the cotton market; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany, and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents. By 1916, however, the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support. The cotton growers seem to have moved from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12296968", "chunk_text": "\"United States\"\nachieved great power status. These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements. This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions. The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I, in 1914, until 1917 when it joined the war as an \"\"associated power\"\", alongside the formal Allies of World War I, helping to turn the tide against the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8134975", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\n1915, Americans were paying much more attention to the war. The sinking of the \"\"Lusitania\"\" had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians. That year, a strong \"\"Preparedness\"\" movement emerged. Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later. General Leonard Wood (still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army), former president Theodore Roosevelt, and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7336652", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nthe recession. Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad. Prior to American entrance into the War, these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad. After President Wilson issued his declaration of war, the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments. By the end of the war in 1918, Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate, 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17169348", "chunk_text": "\"United States home front during World War I\"\nand Baldwin declared bankruptcy in 1935. The US effort to produce and ship war material to France was characterized by several factors. The US declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 with only a small munitions industry, very few medium and heavy artillery pieces, and few machine guns. By June 1917 the US had decided that their forces would primarily operate alongside the French, and would acquire their artillery and machine guns by purchasing mostly French weapons in theater, along with some British weapons in the case of heavy artillery. Shipments from the US to France would primarily be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1678412", "chunk_text": "\"United States in World War I\"\nthe information on to Washington. Wilson released the Zimmerman note to the public and Americans saw it as a \"\"casus belli\"\"—a cause for war. At first, Wilson tried to maintain neutrality while fighting off the submarines by arming American merchant ships with guns powerful enough to sink German submarines on the surface (but useless when the U-boats were under water). After submarines sank seven US merchant ships, Wilson finally went to Congress calling for a declaration of war on Germany, which Congress voted on April 6, 1917. As a result of the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the Tsar abdicated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19673102", "chunk_text": "\"Paris in World War I\"\nthe welcome news that the United States, provoked by submarine attacks against U.S. ships, had declared war on Germany. The first American soldiers arrived on June 29, 1917, but their numbers were small, and it took nearly a year to train and prepare a large U.S. army. By the spring of 1918, ten thousand U.S. soldiers a month were arriving in France. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of March 1918 had taken Russia out of the war; Germany moved its armies west and launched a huge new offensive against France, hoping to end the war quickly before the Americans could change", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8998137", "chunk_text": "\"American entry into World War I\"\nto argue for the primacy of seapower; they then took control in the Senate, broke the House coalition, and authorized a rapid three-year buildup of all classes of warships. A new weapons system, naval aviation, received $3.5 million, and the government was authorized to build its own armor plate factory. The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917. It knew this meant war with America, but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4991937", "chunk_text": "\"World War I\"\nthe pocketwatch, which requires a free hand to operate. Military funding of advancements in radio contributed to the postwar popularity of the medium. World War I World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as \"\"the war to end all wars\"\", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. An estimated nine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_73	who has given the theory of unbalanced economic growth?	n/a	[ "Hirschman" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19148158", "chunk_text": "\"Strategy of unbalanced growth\"\nStrategy of unbalanced growth Unbalanced growth is a natural path of economic development. Situations that countries are in at any one point in time reflect their previous investment decisions and development. Accordingly, at any point in time desirable investment programs that are not balanced investment packages may still advance welfare. Unbalanced investment can complement or correct existing imbalances. Once such an investment is made, a new imbalance is likely to appear, requiring further compensating investments. Therefore, growth need not take place in a balanced way. Supporters of the unbalanced growth doctrine include Albert O. Hirschman, Hans Singer, Paul Streeten, Marcus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18420712", "chunk_text": "\"Economic growth\"\nlevel of income per capita was not different than those among technologically regressed society. The conceptual foundations of the Malthusian theory were formed by Thomas Malthus, and a modern representation of these approach is provided by Ashraf and Galor. In line with the predictions of the Malthusian theory, a cross-country analysis finds a significant positive effects of the technological level on population density and insignificant effect on income per significantly over the years 1-1500. Robert Solow and Trevor Swan developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s. This model assumes that there are diminishing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20261461", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\nto that of maturity. However, the balanced growth theory involves the creation of a brand new, self-sufficient modern industrial economy being laid over a stagnant, self-sufficient traditional economy. Thus, there is no transformation. In reality, a dual economy will come into existence, where two separate economic sectors will begin to coexist in one country. They will differ on levels of development, technology and demand patterns. This may create inequality in the country. Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory The balanced growth theory is an economic theory pioneered by the economist Ragnar Nurkse (1907–1959). The theory hypothesises that the government of any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19941542", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\nRagnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory The balanced growth theory is an economic theory pioneered by the economist Ragnar Nurkse (1907–1959). The theory hypothesises that the government of any underdeveloped country needs to make large investments in a number of industries simultaneously. This will enlarge the market size, increase productivity, and provide an incentive for the private sector to invest. Nurkse was in favour of attaining balanced growth in both the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy. He recognised that the expansion and inter-sectoral balance between agriculture and manufacturing is necessary so that each of these sectors provides a market", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10773714", "chunk_text": "\"Unified growth theory\"\nUnified growth theory Unified growth theory was developed to address the inability of growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole. Unlike endogenous growth theory that focuses entirely on the modern growth regime and is therefore unable to explain the roots of inequality across nations, unified growth theory captures in a single framework the fundamental phases of the process of development over the entire course of human history Unified growth theory was first advanced by Oded Galor and his co-authors who were able to characterize in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8358504", "chunk_text": "\"Albert O. Hirschman\"\nAlbert O. Hirschman Albert Otto Hirschman (born \"\"Otto-Albert Hirschmann\"\"; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was an influential economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. Because developing countries are short of decision making skills, he argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources. Key to this was encouraging industries with a large number of linkages to other firms. His later work was in political economy and there he advanced", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20261454", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\nthe development of the country in question. However, it should be noted that most economists who favoured the balanced growth hypothesis believed that only the state has the capacity to take on the kind of heavy investments the theory propagates. Further, the gestation period of such lumpy investments is usually long and private sector entrepreneurs do not normally undertake such high risks. Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory too has been criticised on a number of grounds. His main critic was Albert O. Hirschman, the pioneer of the strategy of unbalanced growth. Hans W. Singer also criticised certain aspects of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13098644", "chunk_text": "\"Nicholas Kaldor\"\nKaldor's model would lead us to conclude that the cycle might give way to either perpetual and rising inflation or stagnation. Kaldor's non-linear business cycle theory overcomes the difficulty that many economists had with Roy Harrod's growth theory. Many of the American Neo-Keynesian economists thought that Harrod's work implied that capitalism would tend toward extremes of zero and infinite growth and that there were no dynamics that might keep it in check. Robert Solow, who eventually created the Solow Growth Model in response to these perceived problems, summarised this view as such: In fact, Kaldor's 1940 paper had already shown", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7921353", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Solow\"\nRobert Solow Robert Merton Solow, (; born August 23, 1924), is an American economist, particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him. He is currently Emeritus Institute Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he has been a professor since 1949. He was awarded the John Bates Clark Medal in 1961, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1987, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2014. Four of his PhD students, George Akerlof, Joseph Stiglitz, Peter Diamond and William Nordhaus later received", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19941543", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\nfor the products of the other and in turn, supplies the necessary raw materials for the development and growth of the other. Nurkse and Paul Rosenstein-Rodan were the pioneers of balanced growth theory and much of how it is understood today dates back to their work. Nurkse's theory discusses how the poor size of the market in underdeveloped countries perpetuates its underdeveloped state. Nurkse has also clarified the various determinants of the market size and puts primary focus on productivity. According to him, if the productivity levels rise in a less developed country, its market size will expand and thus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5454678", "chunk_text": "\"Oded Galor\"\nOded Galor Oded Galor (born 1953) is an Israeli economist who is currently Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. He is the founder of unified growth theory. Galor has contributed to the understanding of process of development over the entire course of human history and the role of deep-rooted factors in the transition from stagnation to growth and in the emergence of the vast inequality across the globe. Moreover, he has pioneered the exploration of the impact of human evolution, population diversity, and inequality on the process of development over most of human existence. Galor completed his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10842276", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Solow\"\nconcerns in tractable formal models. Solow's (1956) model was the perfect exemplar of the MIT style. It provided the central framework for the subsequent developments in growth theory and secured MIT as the center of the universe in the golden age of growth theory in the 1960s (Boianovsky and Hoover 199–200). Robert Solow Robert Merton Solow, (; born August 23, 1924), is an American economist, particularly known for his work on the theory of economic growth that culminated in the exogenous growth model named after him. He is currently Emeritus Institute Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14839982", "chunk_text": "\"Harrod–Domar model\"\nHarrod–Domar model The Harrod–Domar model is a classical Keynesian model of economic growth. It is used in development economics to explain an economy's growth rate in terms of the level of saving and productivity of capital. It suggests that there is no natural reason for an economy to have balanced growth. The model was developed independently by Roy F. Harrod in 1939, and Evsey Domar in 1946, although a similar model had been proposed by Gustav Cassel in 1924. The Harrod–Domar model was the precursor to the exogenous growth model. Neoclassical economists claimed shortcomings in the Harrod–Domar model—in particular the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18420710", "chunk_text": "\"Economic growth\"\neconomy and employment during the 1990s. The public sector has since contracted, while the service economy expanded in the 2000s. In classical (Ricardian) economics, the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory or law of variable proportions, whereby increasing either of the factors of production (labor or capital), while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change, will increase output, but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero. These concepts have their origins in Thomas Malthus’s theorizing about agriculture. Malthus's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13489509", "chunk_text": "\"Development theory\"\npractical precision, be in conflict with growth promotion policies, and run the risk of leaving developing countries in permanent. Neoclassical development theory has it origins in its predecessor: classical economics. Classical economics was developed in the 18th and 19th centuries and dealt with the value of products and on which production factors it depends. Early contributors to this theory are Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Classical economists argued – as do the neoclassical ones – in favor of the free market, and against government intervention in those markets. The 'invisible hand' of Adam Smith makes sure that free trade will", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1108519", "chunk_text": "\"Trevor Swan\"\nTrevor Swan Trevor Winchester Swan (14 January 1918 – 15 January 1989) was an Australian economist. He is best known for his work on the Solow–Swan growth model, published simultaneously by American economist Robert Solow, for his work on integrating internal and external balance as represented by the Swan Diagram, and for pioneering work in macroeconomic modeling, which predated that of Lawrence Klein but remained unpublished until 1989. Swan is widely regarded as the greatest economic theorist that Australia has produced, and as one of the finest economists not to receive a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. There were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19180510", "chunk_text": "\"Wolfgang Stützel\"\nWolfgang Stützel Wolfgang Stützel (born 23 January 1925 in Aalen, Germany; died 1 March 1987 in Saarbrücken, Germany) was a German economist and professor of economics at the Saarland University, Germany. From 1966 to 1968 he was member of the German Council of Economic Experts (). He coined the concept of \"\"Macroeconomic Mechanics of Balances\"\" (). Among other things, balances mechanics enabled the theories of John Maynard Keynes, in which he argued that government deficit spending can be necessary during a deflationary depression to be placed on a formal, structural arithmetic foundation based on accounting identities. Stützel used balances mechanics", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15817742", "chunk_text": "\"Balanced-growth equilibrium\"\nBalanced-growth equilibrium In macroeconomics, the balanced-growth path of a dynamic model is a trajectory such that all variables grow at a constant rate. In the standard exogenous growth model, balanced growth is a basic assumption, while other variables like the capital stock, real GDP, and output per worker are growing. Developing economies may adopt a strategy of unbalanced growth to rectify previous investment decisions, as put forward by economist Albert O. Hirschman. In microbiology, the state of balanced-growth means \"\"every extensive property of the growing system increases by the same factor over a time interval\"\". It is ideal for performing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18420725", "chunk_text": "\"Economic growth\"\nfrom one stage of development to another through a virtuous cycle, in which large investments in infrastructure and education coupled with private investments would move the economy to a more productive stage, breaking free from economic paradigms appropriate to a lower productivity stage. The idea was revived and formulated rigorously, in the late 1980s by Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny. Schumpeterian growth is an economic theory named after the 20th-century Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter. The approach explains growth as a consequence of innovation and a process of creative destruction that captures the dual nature of technological progress: in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10842270", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Solow\"\nan appointment as new Chairman of the I.S.E.O Institute, an Italian nonprofit cultural association which organizes international conferences and summer schools. He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security. Solow's past students include 2010 Nobel Prize winner Peter Diamond, as well as Michael Rothschild, Halbert White, Charlie Bean, Michael Woodford, and Harvey Wagner. He is ranked 23rd among economists on RePEc in terms of the strength of economists who have studied under him. Solow's model of economic growth, often known as the Solow-Swan neo-classical growth model as the model was independently discovered by Trevor W. Swan and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12164278", "chunk_text": "\"Uneconomic growth\"\ncommunal and global governance structures. In such a world, humans will no longer feel economically threatened, but rather proud, that their moral growth has allowed them to uphold Rights of Nature.\"\" Uneconomic growth Uneconomic growth, in human development theory, welfare economics (the economics of social welfare), and some forms of ecological economics, is economic growth that reflects or creates a decline in the quality of life. The concept is attributed to leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, though other theorists can also be credited for the incipient idea. Note Uneconomic growth (or uneconomic degrowth) should not be confused", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8381568", "chunk_text": "\"Oded Galor\"\nEconomic Growth\"\", Editor of the \"\"Journal of Population Economics\"\", Co-Editor of \"\"Macroeconomic Dynamics,\"\" a member of the editorial board of several journals, including \"\"Economics and Human Biology\"\", the \"\"Journal of Economic Inequality.\"\" Oded Galor is the founder of unified growth theory that explores the process of development over the entire course of human history and identifies the historical and prehistorical forces behind the differential transition timing from stagnation to growth and the divergence in income per capita across countries and regions He has made significant contributions to the understanding of process of development over the entire course of human history", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "130519", "chunk_text": "\"Oded Galor\"\nthat \"\"will inspire, motivate, and challenge economists.\"\" University of Chicago economist Steven N. Durlauf declared that \"\"\"\"Unified Growth Theory\"\" is Big Science at its best. It grapples with some of the broadest questions in social science, integrating state-of-the-art economic theory with a rich exploration of a wide range of empirical evidence.\"\" He considers that Galor's ideas \"\"will have a lasting effect on economics.\"\" Oded Galor Oded Galor (born 1953) is an Israeli economist who is currently Herbert H. Goldberger Professor of Economics at Brown University. He is the founder of unified growth theory. Galor has contributed to the understanding of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4004662", "chunk_text": "\"Balance of trade\"\ncommerce are founded. When two places trade with one another, this [absurd] doctrine supposes that, if the balance be even, neither of them either loses or gains; but if it leans in any degree to one side, that one of them loses and the other gains in proportion to its declension from the exact equilibrium.\"\" (Smith, 1776, book IV, ch. iii, part ii) In the last few years of his life, John Maynard Keynes was much preoccupied with the question of balance in international trade. He was the leader of the British delegation to the United Nations Monetary and Financial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19941544", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\nit can eventually become a developed economy. Apart from this, Nurkse has been nicknamed an export pessimist, as he feels that the finances to make investments in underdeveloped countries must arise from their own domestic territory. No importance should be given to promoting exports. The size of a market assumes primary importance in the study of what induces investment in a country. Ragnar Nurkse referenced the work of Allyn A. Young to assert that inducement to invest is limited by the size of the market. The original idea behind this was put forward by Adam Smith, who stated that division", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6829904", "chunk_text": "\"John Maynard Keynes\"\nJohn Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes ( ; 5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and was one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. Widely considered the founder of modern macroeconomics, his ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18420721", "chunk_text": "\"Economic growth\"\ngrowth theory, most notably advanced by Robert Lucas, Jr. and his student Paul Romer, includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement. This model also incorporated a new concept of human capital, the skills and knowledge that make workers productive. Unlike physical capital, human capital has increasing rates of return. Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital (e.g. education) or technological change (e.g. innovation). Unified growth theory was developed by Oded Galor and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11928430", "chunk_text": "\"Nikolai Kondratiev\"\nNikolai Kondratiev Nikolai Dmitriyevich Kondratiev (; also Kondratieff; Russian: Никола́й Дми́триевич Кондра́тьев; 4 March 1892 – 17 September 1938) was a Russian economist, who was a proponent of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which promoted small private, free market enterprises in the Soviet Union. He is best known for proposing the theory that Western capitalist economies have long term (50 to 60 years) cycles of boom followed by depression. These business cycles are now called \"\"Kondratiev waves\"\". Nikolai Dimitrievich Kondratiev was born on 4 March 1892 in the province of Kostroma, north of Moscow, into a peasant family of Komi", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6612808", "chunk_text": "\"Classical economics\"\nAustrian economics, which split from neoclassical economics in the late 19th century. In the mid-20th century, a renewed interest in classical economics gave rise to the neo-Ricardian school and its offshoots. Analyzing the growth in the wealth of nations and advocating policies to promote such growth was a major focus of most classical economists. However, John Stuart Mill believed that a future stationary state of a constant population size and a constant stock of capital was both inevitable, necessary and desirable for mankind to achieve. This is now known as a steady-state economy. John Hicks & Samuel Hollander, Nicholas Kaldor,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20034728", "chunk_text": "\"Fei–Ranis model of economic growth\"\nFei–Ranis model of economic growth The Fei–Ranis model of economic growth is a dualism model in developmental economics or welfare economics that has been developed by John C. H. Fei and Gustav Ranis and can be understood as an extension of the Lewis model. It is also known as the Surplus Labor model. It recognizes the presence of a dual economy comprising both the modern and the primitive sector and takes the economic situation of unemployment and underemployment of resources into account, unlike many other growth models that consider underdeveloped countries to be homogenous in nature. According to this theory,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20088449", "chunk_text": "\"Demand-led growth\"\nDemand-led growth Demand-led growth is the foundation of an economic theory claiming that an increase in aggregate demand will ultimately cause an increase in total output in the long run. This is based on a hypothetical sequence of events where an increase in demand will, in effect, stimulate an increase in supply (within resource limitations). This stands in opposition to the common neo-classical theory that demand follows supply, and consequently, that supply determines growth in the long run. The demand-centric theory is built on the foundation of work by thinkers such as John Maynard Keynes, Michał Kalecki, Petrus Verdoorn, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1654170", "chunk_text": "\"Immiserizing growth\"\ninfluence world prices. Harry G. Johnson had, independently, worked out conditions for this result in 1955. Immiserizing growth Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Jagdish Bhagwati, in 1958, where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. If growth is heavily export biased it might lead to a fall in the terms of trade of the exporting country. In rare circumstances this fall in the terms of trade may be so large as to outweigh the gains from growth. If so, this situation would cause a country to be worse off", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5064625", "chunk_text": "\"Arghiri Emmanuel\"\nArghiri Emmanuel Arghiri Emmanuel (; June 22, 1911, Patras, Greece – December 14, 2001, Paris, France) was a Greek-French Marxian economist who became known in the 1960s and 1970s for his theory of 'unequal exchange'. The theory was an attempt to explain the falling trend in the terms of trade for underdeveloped countries, while criticising the different approaches of Raúl Prebisch, Hans Singer, and Arthur Lewis to do so as only half-hearted attempts. It stated, contrary to the then conventional Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson theory, that it was politically and historically set wage-levels that determined relative prices, not the other way around, and,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15825451", "chunk_text": "\"Anthony Thirlwall\"\nAnthony Thirlwall Anthony Philip \"\"Tony\"\" Thirlwall (born 1941) is Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Kent. He has made major contributions to regional economics; the analysis of unemployment and inflation; balance of payments theory, and to growth and development economics with particular reference to developing countries. He is the author of the bestselling textbook \"\"Economics of Development: Theory and Evidence\"\" (Palgrave Macmillan) now in its ninth edition. He is also the biographer and literary executor of the famous Cambridge economist Nicholas Kaldor. Perhaps his most notable contribution has been to show that if long-run balance of payments equilibrium", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5648223", "chunk_text": "\"Uneconomic growth\"\nUneconomic growth Uneconomic growth, in human development theory, welfare economics (the economics of social welfare), and some forms of ecological economics, is economic growth that reflects or creates a decline in the quality of life. The concept is attributed to leading ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, though other theorists can also be credited for the incipient idea. Note Uneconomic growth (or uneconomic degrowth) should not be confused with economic degrowth, the reduction of the size of the economy to increase well-being and sustainability. The cost, or decline in well-being, associated with extended economic growth is argued to arise", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3158187", "chunk_text": "\"Oded Galor\"\ntwo centuries. Reception Nobel Laureate in Economics Robert Solow described Galor's project as \"\"breathtakingly ambitious\"\". He added that \"\"Galor proposes a fairly simple, intensely human-capital-oriented model that will accommodate the millennia of Malthusian near-stagnation, the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath of rapid growth, the accompanying demographic transition, and the emergence of modern human-capital-based growth. And the model is supposed to generate endogenously the transitions from one era to the next. The resulting book is a powerful mixture of fact, theory, and interpretation.\"\" According to Massachusetts Institute of Technology economist Daron Acemoglu, \"\"\"\"Unified Growth Theory\"\" is a work of unusual ambition\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3158184", "chunk_text": "\"Oded Galor\"\nepoch of economic stagnation into a period of sustained economic growth, profoundly altering the level and distribution of wealth and health around the world. In his book \"\"Unified Growth Theory\"\", Galor provides a global theory explaining what has triggered this remarkable transformation in human history. Synopsis \"\"Unified Growth Theory\"\" is the first theory that sheds light on the determinants of the process of development since the emergence of Homo sapiens. Galor, who founded the field of unified growth theory, identifies the historical and prehistorical forces behind the differential transition timing from stagnation to growth and the emergence of income disparity", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17234345", "chunk_text": "\"Austrian business cycle theory\"\nAustrian business cycle theory The Austrian business cycle theory (ABCT) is an economic theory developed by the Austrian School of economics about how business cycles occur. The theory views business cycles as the consequence of excessive growth in bank credit due to artificially low interest rates set by a central bank or fractional reserve banks. The Austrian business cycle theory originated in the work of Austrian School economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek. Hayek won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1974 (shared with Gunnar Myrdal) in part for his work on this theory. Proponents believe that a sustained", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19941570", "chunk_text": "\"Ragnar Nurkse's balanced growth theory\"\none sector rises, due to the complementary nature of demand, the demand for the output of other industries will also experience a rise. Paul Rosenstein-Rodan spoke of a similar concept called \"\"indivisibility of demand\"\" which hypothesises that if large investments are made in a large number of industries simultaneously, an underdeveloped economy can become developed due to the phenomenon of complementary demand. However, both Nurkse and Rosenstein-Rodan only took into consideration the situation of industries that produce complementary goods. There are substitute goods too, which are in competition with each other. Thus if the state pumps in large investments into", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13887494", "chunk_text": "\"History of economic thought\"\nclaims that capitalism expands by making use of an unlimited supply of labor from the backward non-capitalist \"\"subsistence sector\"\" until it reaches the Lewisian breaking point where wages begin to rise, receiving the 1979 Nobel Economics Prize. In 1955 Russian-born American economist Simon Kuznets (1901–1985), who introduced the concept of Gross domestic product (GDP) in 1934 published an article revealing an inverted U-shaped relation between income inequality and economic growth, meaning that economic growth increases income disparity between rich and poor in poor countries, but decreases it in wealthy countries. In 1971 he received the Nobel Economics Prize. Indian economist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8521568", "chunk_text": "\"Immiserizing growth\"\nImmiserizing growth Immiserizing growth is a theoretical situation first proposed by Jagdish Bhagwati, in 1958, where economic growth could result in a country being worse off than before the growth. If growth is heavily export biased it might lead to a fall in the terms of trade of the exporting country. In rare circumstances this fall in the terms of trade may be so large as to outweigh the gains from growth. If so, this situation would cause a country to be worse off after growth than before. This result is only valid if the growing country is able to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8081213", "chunk_text": "\"Non-equilibrium economics\"\nNon-equilibrium economics Non-equilibrium economics understands economic processes as non-equilibrium phenomena, as opposed to standard neoclassical equilibrium economics. This approach is consistent with our understanding of life processes as non-equilibrium phenomena. It is represented by modern researchers in the fields of evolutionary-institutional economics, Post Keynesian economics, Ecological Economics, development and growth economics. The early contributions to this theory were made by Thorstein Veblen, Gunnar Myrdal, Karl William Kapp and Nicholas Kaldor. Many contributions have been made to this field in recent years, such as \"\"The Foundations of Non-Equilibrium Economics: The Principle of Circular Cumulative Causation\"\" (2009), Routledge. Related fields of economics", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17717724", "chunk_text": "\"Uneven and combined development\"\nUneven and combined development Uneven and combined development (or unequal and combined development) is a Marxist concept to describe the overall dynamics of human history. It was originally used by the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky around the turn of the 20th century, when he was analyzing the developmental possibilities that existed for the economy and civilization in the Russian empire, and the likely future of the Tsarist regime in Russia. It was the basis of his political strategy of permanent revolution, which implied a rejection of the idea that a human society inevitably developed through a uni-linear sequence of necessary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1990077", "chunk_text": "\"Arghiri Emmanuel\"\ndistinction was also the cause of some confusion when the theory was eventually debated in the Anglo-Saxon world in the 1970s (among non-Marxists, e.g., Paul Samuelson, David Evans). Arghiri Emmanuel Arghiri Emmanuel (; June 22, 1911, Patras, Greece – December 14, 2001, Paris, France) was a Greek-French Marxian economist who became known in the 1960s and 1970s for his theory of 'unequal exchange'. The theory was an attempt to explain the falling trend in the terms of trade for underdeveloped countries, while criticising the different approaches of Raúl Prebisch, Hans Singer, and Arthur Lewis to do so as only half-hearted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19560399", "chunk_text": "\"Demand-led growth\"\ntake place. Demand-led growth Demand-led growth is the foundation of an economic theory claiming that an increase in aggregate demand will ultimately cause an increase in total output in the long run. This is based on a hypothetical sequence of events where an increase in demand will, in effect, stimulate an increase in supply (within resource limitations). This stands in opposition to the common neo-classical theory that demand follows supply, and consequently, that supply determines growth in the long run. The demand-centric theory is built on the foundation of work by thinkers such as John Maynard Keynes, Michał Kalecki, Petrus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8428511", "chunk_text": "\"Trickle-up effect\"\nTrickle-up effect The trickle-up effect or fountain effect is an economic theory used to describe the overall ability of middle class people to drive and support the economy. The theory was founded by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946). It is sometimes referred as Keynesian economics in which economic growth is enhanced when the government lowers taxes on the middle class and increases government spending. Traditional supply-side economics suggests that when business is less hampered by government controls or high taxation, it produces more economic benefits for the middle class in the form of jobs and cheaper goods. \"\"Trickle-down economics\"\" is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "458709", "chunk_text": "\"Steady-state economy\"\n1880) took nature out of economics.\"\" Almost one century later, Herman Daly has reintegrated nature into economics in his concept of a steady-state economy (see below). John Maynard Keynes was the paradigm founder of modern macroeconomics, and is widely considered today to be the most influential economist of the 20th century. Keynes rejected the basic tenet of classical economics that free markets would lead to full employment by themselves. Consequently, he recommended government intervention to stimulate aggregate demand in the economy, a macroeconomic policy now known as Keynesian economics. Keynes also believed that capital accumulation would reach saturation at some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10971572", "chunk_text": "\"Balassa–Samuelson effect\"\ngain in traded goods does not lead to as much of an improvement in the living standard as an equal GDP increase in the non-traded sector\"\". (This is due to the effect's prediction that the CPI will increase by more in the former case.) The Balassa–Samuelson effect model was developed independently in 1964 by Béla Balassa and Paul Samuelson. The effect had previously been hypothesized in the first edition of Roy Forbes Harrod's \"\"International Economics\"\" (1939, pp. 71–77), but this portion was not included in subsequent editions. Partly because empirical findings have been mixed, and partly to differentiate the model", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9345695", "chunk_text": "\"Arthur Melvin Okun\"\nArthur Melvin Okun Arthur Melvin \"\"Art\"\" Okun (November 28, 1928 – March 23, 1980) was an American economist. He served as the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers between 1968 and 1969. Before serving on the C.E.A., he was a professor at Yale University and, afterwards, was a fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C. In 1968 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. Okun is known in particular for promulgating Okun's law, an observed relationship that states that for every 1% increase in the unemployment rate, a country's GDP will be roughly an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14655385", "chunk_text": "\"History of economic thought\"\n1956 American economist Robert Solow (1924–) and Australian economist Trevor Swan (1918–1989) proposed the Solow–Swan model, based on productivity, capital accumulation, population growth, and technological progress. In 1956 Swan also proposed the Swan diagram of the internal-external balance. In 1987 Solow was awarded the Nobel Economics Prize. The globalization era began with the end of World War II and the rise of the U.S. as the world's leading economic power, along with the United Nations. To prevent another global depression, the victorious U.S. forgave Germany its war debts and used its surpluses to rebuild Europe and encourage reindustrialization of Germany", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_74	where did the term spirits for alcohol come from?	n/a	[ "Middle Eastern alchemy" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5548652", "chunk_text": "Liquor\n\"\"OED\"\" mentions of its meaning \"\"a liquid for drinking\"\" occurred in the 14th century. Its use as a term for \"\"an intoxicating alcoholic drink\"\" appeared in the 16th century. The term \"\"spirit\"\" in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy. These alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold. The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process (as with distillation of alcohol) was called a spirit of the original material. Early evidence of distillation comes from Akkadian tablets dated \"\"circa\"\" 1200 BC describing perfumery operations, providing textual evidence that an early primitive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15864224", "chunk_text": "Liquor\nknown instead as liqueurs. Liquor generally has an alcohol concentration higher than 30%. Beer and wine, which are not distilled, are limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 20% ABV, as most yeasts cannot reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is above this level; as a consequence, fermentation ceases at that point. The origin of \"\"liquor\"\" and its close relative \"\"liquid\"\" was the Latin verb \"\"liquere\"\", meaning \"\"to be fluid\"\". According to the \"\"Oxford English Dictionary\"\", an early use of the word in the English language, meaning simply \"\"a liquid\"\", can be dated to 1225. The first use the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14452931", "chunk_text": "Alcohol\ncosmetic. The meaning of alcohol was extended to distilled substances in general, and then narrowed to ethanol, when \"\"spirits\"\" was a synonym for hard liquor. Bartholomew Traheron, in his 1543 translation of John of Vigo, introduces the word as a term used by \"\"barbarous\"\" (Moorish) authors for \"\"fine powder.\"\" Vigo wrote: \"\"the barbarous auctours use alcohol, or (as I fynde it sometymes wryten) alcofoll, for moost fine poudre.\"\" The 1657 \"\"Lexicon Chymicum\"\", by William Johnson glosses the word as \"\"antimonium sive stibium.\"\" By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including \"\"alcohol of wine,\"\" the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11722215", "chunk_text": "Alcohol\ndistilled essence of wine. Libavius in \"\"Alchymia\"\" (1594) refers to \"\"vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum\"\". Johnson (1657) glosses \"\"alcohol vini\"\" as \"\"quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.\"\" The word's meaning became restricted to \"\"spirit of wine\"\" (the chemical known today as ethanol) in the 18th century and was extended to the class of substances so-called as \"\"alcohols\"\" in modern chemistry after 1850. The term \"\"ethanol\"\" was invented 1892, combining the word ethane with the \"\"-ol\"\" ending of \"\"alcohol\"\". IUPAC nomenclature is used in scientific publications", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "273997", "chunk_text": "Whisky\npassed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, with the earliest records in Latin in the early 12th century. The earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull (1232 – 1315). Its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox. The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, as did the common European practice of distilling \"\"aqua vitae\"\", spirit alcohol,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8475809", "chunk_text": "Ethanol\nGeneva, Switzerland. The term “alcohol” now refers to a wider class of substances in chemistry nomenclature, but in common parlance it remains the name of ethanol. The Oxford English Dictionary claims that it is a medieval loan from Arabic \"\"al-kuḥl\"\", a powdered ore of antimony used since antiquity as a cosmetic, and retained that meaning in Middle Latin. The use of “alcohol” for ethanol (in full, “alcohol of wine”) is modern, first recorded 1753, and by the later 18th century referred to “any sublimated substance; distilled spirit” use for “the spirit of wine” (shortened from a full expression \"\"alcohol of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10578965", "chunk_text": "Vodka\na translation from German), Johann Gottlieb Georgi correctly explained that \"\"\"\"kabak\"\" in the Russian language signifies a public house for the common people to drink \"\"vodka\"\" (a sort of brandy) in.\"\" William Tooke in 1799 glossed \"\"vodka\"\" as \"\"rectified corn-spirits\"\". In French, Théophile Gautier in 1800 glossed it as a \"\"grain liquor\"\" served with meals in Poland (\"\" de grain\"\"). Another possible connection of \"\"vodka\"\" with \"\"water\"\" is the name of the medieval alcoholic beverage \"\"aqua vitae\"\" (Latin, literally, \"\"water of life\"\"), which is reflected in Polish \"\"okowita\"\", Ukrainian , Belarusian , and Scandinavian \"\"akvavit\"\". (Note that whiskey has a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12183647", "chunk_text": "Vodka\nword vodka written in Cyrillic appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of Kievan Rus'. Although the word \"\"vodka\"\" could be found in early manuscripts and in \"\"lubok\"\" pictograms, it began to appear in Russian dictionaries only in the mid-19th century. It was attested in Sámuel Gyarmathi's Russian-German-Hungarian glossary of 1799, where it is glossed with Latin \"\"vinum adustum\"\" (\"\"burnt [i.e. distilled] wine\"\"). In English literature the word vodka was attested already in the late 18th century. In a book of his travels published in English in 1780 (presumably,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10383786", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\nalmost 40 years before it was claimed that he invented Champagne. Around 1668, Perignon used strong bottles, invented a more efficient cork (and one that could contain the effervescence in those strong bottles), and began developing the technique of blending the contents. However, another century would pass before problems, especially bursting bottles, would be solved and champagne would become popular. The original grain spirit, whisky (or \"\"whiskey\"\" in Hiberno-English) and its specific origins are unknown but the distillation of whisky has been performed in Ireland and Scotland for centuries. The first confirmed written record of whisky comes from 1405 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7737773", "chunk_text": "Whisky\n\"\"uisce\"\" in Irish Gaelic, and \"\"uisge\"\" in Scottish Gaelic). Distilled alcohol was known in Latin as \"\"aqua vitae\"\" (\"\"water of life\"\"). This was translated into Old Irish as ' (\"\"water of life\"\"), which became ' in Irish and \"\"\"\" in Scottish Gaelic. Early forms of the word in English included \"\"uskebeaghe\"\" (1581), \"\"usquebaugh\"\" (1610), \"\"usquebath\"\" (1621), and \"\"usquebae\"\" (1715). Much is made of the word's two spellings: \"\"whisky\"\" and \"\"whiskey\"\". There are two schools of thought on the issue. One is that the spelling difference is simply a matter of regional language convention for the spelling of a word, indicating", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11013721", "chunk_text": "Alcohol\ntitled as \"\"The Book of the chemistry of Perfume and Distillations\"\". The Persian physician, alchemist, polymath and philosopher Rhazes (854 CE – 925 CE) is credited with the discovery of ethanol. The word \"\"alcohol\"\" is from the Arabic \"\"kohl\"\" (), a powder used as an eyeliner. Al- is the Arabic definite article, equivalent to \"\"the\"\" in English. \"\"Alcohol\"\" was originally used for the very fine powder produced by the sublimation of the natural mineral stibnite to form antimony trisulfide . It was considered to be the essence or \"\"spirit\"\" of this mineral. It was used as an antiseptic, eyeliner, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17883517", "chunk_text": "\"Aqua vitae\"\nAqua vitae Aqua vitae (Latin for \"\"water of life\"\") or aqua vita is an archaic name for a concentrated aqueous solution of ethanol. The term was in wide use during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, although its origin is likely much earlier. This Latin term appears in a wide array of dialectical forms throughout all lands and people conquered by ancient Rome. Generally, the term is a generic name for all types of distillates, and eventually came to refer specifically to distillates of alcoholic beverages (liquors). \"\"Aqua vitae\"\" was typically prepared by distilling wine; it was sometimes called \"\"spirits", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8976800", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\nIreland, the production of whisky from malted barley is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry from 1494, although both countries could have distilled grain alcohol before this date. Distilled spirit was generally flavored with juniper berries. The resulting beverage was known as jenever, the Dutch word for \"\"juniper.\"\" The French changed the name to genievre, which the English changed to \"\"geneva\"\" and then modified to \"\"gin.\"\" Originally used for medicinal purposes, the use of gin as a social drink did not grow rapidly at first. However, in 1690, England passed \"\"An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9637312", "chunk_text": "\"Alcohol (drug)\"\nvolatile and inhalational anesthetics (e.g., chloroform, diethyl ether, and isoflurane). Alcohol was brewed as early as 7,000 to 6,650 BCE in northern China. The earliest evidence of winemaking was dated at 6,000 to 5,800 BCE in Georgia in the South Caucasus. Beer was likely brewed from barley as early as the 6th century BCE (600–500 BCE) in Egypt. Pliny the Elder wrote about the \"\"golden age\"\" of winemaking in Rome, the 2nd century BCE (200–100 BCE), when vineyards were planted. Alcohol is legal in most of the world. However, laws banning alcohol are found in the Middle East and some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8976760", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\nabuse alcohol cause problems, draw attention to themselves, are highly visible and cause legislation to be enacted. The vast majority of drinkers, who neither experience nor cause difficulties, are not noteworthy. Consequently, observers and writers largely ignore moderation. Evidence of distillation comes from alchemists working in Alexandria, Roman Egypt, in the 1st century AD. Distilled water has been known since at least c. 200 AD, when Alexander of Aphrodisias described the process. Beer was the major beverage among the Babylonians, and as early as 2700 BC they worshiped a wine goddess and other wine deities. Babylonians regularly used both beer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8976801", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\nBrandy and Spirits from Corn\"\" and within four years the annual production of distilled spirits, most of which was gin, reached nearly one million gallons. It should be noted that \"\"corn\"\" in the British English of the time meant \"\"grain\"\" in general, while in American English \"\"corn\"\" refers principally to maize. The dawn of the 18th century saw the British Parliament pass legislation designed to encourage the use of grain for distilling spirits. In 1685, consumption of gin had been slightly over one-half million gallons but by 1714 it stood at two million gallons. In 1727, official (declared and taxed)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3942992", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\neaux-de-vie and possibly vodka. Also, the Scandinavian akvavit spirit gets its name from the Latin phrase \"\"aqua vitae\"\". At times and places of poor public sanitation (such as Medieval Europe), the consumption of alcoholic drinks was a way of avoiding water-borne diseases such as cholera. Small beer and faux wine, in particular, were used for this purpose. Although alcohol kills bacteria, its low concentration in these beverages would have had only a limited effect. More important was that the boiling of water (required for the brewing of beer) and the growth of yeast (required for fermentation of beer and wine)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15637425", "chunk_text": "Ethanol\nThe process later spread from the Middle East to Italy. Production of alcohol from distilled wine was later recorded by the School of Salerno alchemists in the 12th century. Mention of absolute alcohol, in contrast with alcohol-water mixtures, was later made by Raymond Lull in the 14th century. In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century. In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "273996", "chunk_text": "Whisky\nthe \"\"whisky\"\" spelling throughout. \"\"Scotch\"\" is the internationally recognized term for \"\"Scotch whisky\"\". It is possible that distillation was practised by the Babylonians in Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC, with perfumes and aromatics being distilled, but this is subject to uncertain and disputed interpretations of evidence. The earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the distillation technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century, but again these were not distillations of alcohol. Distilling technology", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14882994", "chunk_text": "Gin\nwhich the term \"\"Dutch courage\"\" is believed to have originated. According to some unconfirmed accounts Gin originated in Italy. By the mid-17th century, numerous small Dutch and Flemish distillers had popularized the re-distillation of malt spirit or malt wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc., which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout. Gin emerged in England in varying forms by the early 17th century, and at the time of the Restoration, enjoyed a brief resurgence. Gin became vastly more popular as an alternative to brandy, when", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12183651", "chunk_text": "Vodka\ndiffered significantly compared to the vodka of today, as the spirit at that time had a different flavor, color and smell, and was originally used as medicine. It contained little alcohol, an estimated maximum of about 14%. The still, allowing for distillation (\"\"burning of wine\"\"), increased purity, and increased alcohol content, was invented in the 8th century. In Poland, vodka ( or ) has been produced since the early Middle Ages with local traditions as varied as the production of cognac in France, or Scottish whisky. The world's first written mention of the drink and of the word \"\"vodka\"\" was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "155992", "chunk_text": "Liquor\nLiquor Liquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, spirit, or distilled drink) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content (commonly expressed as alcohol by volume, ABV). As liquors contain significantly more alcohol, they are considered \"\"harder\"\" – in North America, the term \"\"hard liquor\"\" is used to distinguish distilled alcoholic drinks from non-distilled ones. As examples, this term does not include beverages such as beer, wine, mead,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "125929", "chunk_text": "Drink\nit to be the blood of those who had once battled against the gods\"\". The Greek cult and mysteries of Dionysus, carried on by the Romans in their Bacchanalia, were the origins of western theater. Judaism incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in its Eucharist, while alcohol consumption was forbidden in Islam. Spirits are distilled beverages that contain no added sugar and have at least 20% alcohol by volume (ABV). Popular spirits include borovička, brandy, gin, rum, slivovitz, tequila, vodka, and whisky. Brandy is a spirit created by distilling wine, whilst vodka may be distilled from any starch- or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2666127", "chunk_text": "\"Drinking culture\"\nDrinking culture Although alcoholic beverages and social attitudes toward drinking vary around the world, nearly every civilization has independently discovered the processes of brewing beer, fermenting wine and distilling spirits. Alcohol and its effects have been present in societies throughout history. Drinking is documented in the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, in the Qur'an, in art history, in Greek and Roman literature as old as Homer and in Confucius’s \"\"Analects\"\". \"\"Social drinking\"\", also commonly referred to as \"\"responsible drinking\"\", refers to casual drinking of alcoholic beverages in a social setting without an intent to become intoxicated. In Western cultures, good news", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9339089", "chunk_text": "Liquor\nlikely first thought of as medicinal elixirs. Liquor consumption rose dramatically in Europe in and after the mid-14th century, when distilled liquors were commonly used as remedies for the Black Death. Around 1400, methods to distill spirits from wheat, barley, and rye beers, a cheaper option than grapes, were discovered. Thus began the \"\"national\"\" drinks of Europe: \"\"jenever\"\" (Belgium and the Netherlands), gin (England), \"\"Schnaps\"\" (Germany), \"\"grappa\"\" (Italy), \"\"borovička\"\" (Slovakia), \"\"horilka\"\" (Ukraine), \"\"akvavit\"\"/\"\"snaps\"\" (Scandinavia), \"\"vodka\"\" (Poland and Russia), \"\"ouzo\"\" (Greece), \"\"rakia\"\" (the Balkans), and \"\"poitín\"\" (Ireland). The actual names emerged only in the 16th century, but the drinks were well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10578978", "chunk_text": "Vodka\nRussia in the late 14th century. In 1386, the Genoese ambassadors brought the first \"\"aqua vitae\"\" (\"\"the water of life\"\") to Moscow and presented it to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy. The liquid obtained by distillation of grape must was thought to be a concentrate and a \"\"spirit\"\" of wine (\"\"spiritus vini\"\" in Latin), from where came the name of this substance in many European languages (like English spirit, or Russian , ). According to a legend, around 1430, a monk named Isidore from Chudov Monastery inside the Moscow Kremlin made a recipe of the first Russian vodka. Having a special", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10383755", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\n\"\"Gandhara stills\"\" were only capable of producing very weak liquor, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat. While the art of wine making reached the Hellenic peninsula by about 2000 BC, the first alcoholic beverage to obtain widespread popularity in what is now Greece was mead, a fermented beverage made from honey and water. However, by 1700 BC, wine making was commonplace. During the next thousand years wine drinking assumed the same function so commonly found around the world: It was incorporated into religious rituals. It became important in hospitality, used for medicinal purposes,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2077778", "chunk_text": "\"Alcoholic drinks in China\"\nAlcoholic drinks in China Alcoholic drinks in China seem to precede the earliest stages of Chinese civilization. They include rice and grape wine, beer, and various liquors including \"\"baijiu\"\", the most-consumed distilled spirit in the world. (\"\"jiǔ\"\") is the Chinese character referring to any drink containing appreciable quantities of ethanol. Its Old Chinese pronunciation has been reconstructed as \"\"*tsuʔ\"\", at which point it was generally applied to drinks made from fermented millet. By the time of the first certain use of distillation during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties, the Middle Chinese pronunciation was \"\"tsjuw\"\". It is often translated into", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11171741", "chunk_text": "Aguardiente\nAguardiente Aguardiente (; ; ; ; /) is a generic term for alcoholic beverages that contain between 29% and 60% alcohol by volume. The word is a compound of the Romance languages' words for \"\"water\"\" (\"\"agua\"\" in Spanish; \"\"aigua\"\" in Catalan; \"\"água\"\" in Portuguese; \"\"auga\"\" in Galician) and \"\"fiery\"\" (\"\"ardiente\"\" in Spanish; \"\"ardent\"\" in Catalan; \"\"ardente\"\" in Portuguese and Galician), similarly to the English term \"\"firewater\"\". Both aguardiente and brandy—from the Dutch expression for \"\"burnt (i.e., distilled) wine\"\"—originated as terms for distilled spirits using whatever ingredients were available locally. Aguardientes are strong alcoholic beverages, obtained by fermentation and later distillation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5548655", "chunk_text": "Liquor\nwine in the 9th century. The process later spread to Italy, where later evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century. In China, archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties. A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong, Hebei, dating to the 12th century. In India, the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East, and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century. Fractional distillation was developed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "918338", "chunk_text": "Drink\nrefer to starch-fermented or fortified drinks having higher alcohol content, such as barley wine, huangjiu, or sake. Wine has a rich history dating back thousands of years, with the earliest production so far discovered having occurred BC in Georgia. It had reached the Balkans by BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece and Rome. From its earliest appearance in written records, wine has also played an important role in religion. Red wine was closely associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians, who, according to Plutarch, avoided its free consumption as late as the 7th-century BC Saite dynasty, \"\"thinking", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12183646", "chunk_text": "Vodka\nMoscow Mule, Bloody Mary and Bloody Caesar. The name \"\"vodka\"\" is a diminutive form of the Slavic word \"\"voda\"\" (water), interpreted as \"\"little water\"\": root вод- (\"\"vod-\"\") [water] + -к- (\"\"-k-\"\") (diminutive suffix, among other functions) + \"\"-a\"\" (ending of feminine gender). The word \"\"vodka\"\" was recorded for the first time in 1405 in \"\"Akta Grodzkie\"\", the court documents from the Palatinate of Sandomierz in Poland. At the time, \"\"wódka\"\" referred to medicines and cosmetic products, while the beverage was called \"\"gorzałka\"\" (from the Old Polish \"\"gorzeć\"\" meaning \"\"to burn\"\"), which is also the source of Ukrainian \"\"horilka\"\" (). The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1262294", "chunk_text": "\"Alcohol and Native Americans\"\nAleuts and Yuit of Alaska were believed to have made alcoholic drinks from fermented berries. When Europeans began making a large quantity of distilled spirits and wine available to American Indians, the tribes had very little time to adapt and develop social, legal, or moral guidelines to regulate alcohol use. Early traders built a large demand for alcohol by using it as a means to trade, using it in exchange for highly sought after animal skins and other materials and resources. Traders also discovered that giving free alcohol to the Native Americans during trading sessions made the likelihood of trading", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1072412", "chunk_text": "Rum\n\"\"arôme\"\", French for aroma. Regardless of the original source, the name was already in common use by 1654, when the General Court of Connecticut ordered the confiscations of \"\"whatsoever Barbados liquors, commonly called rum, kill devil and the like\"\". A short time later in May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts also decided to make illegal the sale of strong liquor \"\"whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc.\"\" In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on its place of origin. For rums from Spanish-speaking locales, the word \"\"ron\"\" is used.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9339085", "chunk_text": "Liquor\nform of distillation was known to the Babylonians of ancient Mesopotamia. Early evidence of distillation also comes from alchemists working in Alexandria, Roman Egypt, in the 1st century. Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias. Alchemists in Roman Egypt were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century. Distillation was known in the ancient Indian subcontinent, evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in modern Pakistan, dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era. These \"\"Gandhara stills\"\" were only capable of producing very weak", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10383759", "chunk_text": "\"History of alcoholic drinks\"\nAlexander the Great (356-323 BC), whose mother adhered to the Dionysian cult, developed a reputation for inebriety. Several Native American civilizations developed alcoholic beverages. Many versions of these beverages are still produced today. Pulque, or octli is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of the maguey, and is a traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica. Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. \"\"Pulque\"\" is depicted in Native American stone carvings from as early as AD 200. The origin of pulque is unknown, but because it has a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373260", "chunk_text": "\"Irish whiskey\"\nIrish whiskey Irish whiskey ( or \"\"uisce beatha\"\") is whiskey made on the island of Ireland. The word \"\"whiskey\"\" is an Anglicisation of the first word in the Gaelic phrase, \"\"uisce beatha\"\", meaning \"\"water of life\"\" (modern Irish: \"\"uisce beatha\"\", Scottish: \"\"uisge\"\" \"\"beatha\"\" and Manx: \"\"ushtey bea\"\"). The phrase was a translation of the Latin term aqua vitae, which was commonly used to describe distilled spirits during the Middle Ages. Peat is rarely used in the malting process, so that Irish whiskey has a smoother finish as opposed to the smoky, earthy overtones common to some Scotches. There are notable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10583050", "chunk_text": "Whisky\nWhisky Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types. The typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels. The word \"\"whisky\"\" (or \"\"whiskey\"\") is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word \"\"uisce\"\" (or \"\"uisge\"\") meaning \"\"water\"\" (now written as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19656764", "chunk_text": "Schnapps\nSchnapps Schnapps ( or ) or schnaps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and \"\"flavored liqueurs\"\" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits. The English loanword \"\"schnapps\"\" is derived from the colloquial German word \"\"Schnaps\"\" (plural: \"\"Schnäpse\"\") which is used in reference to spirit drinks. The word \"\"Schnaps\"\" stems from Low German language and is related to the German term \"\"\"\"schnappen\"\"\"\", which refers to the fact that the spirit or liquor drink is usually consumed in a quick slug from a small", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10578969", "chunk_text": "Vodka\nin 1405 from \"\"Akta Grodzkie\"\" recorder of deeds, in the court documents from the Palatinate of Sandomierz in Poland and it went on to become a popular drink there. At the time, the word \"\"wódka\"\" referred to chemical compounds such as medicines and cosmetics' cleansers, while the popular beverage currently known as vodka was called \"\"gorzałka\"\" (from the Old Polish verb \"\"gorzeć\"\" meaning \"\"to burn\"\"), which is also the source of Ukrainian \"\"horilka\"\" (горілка). The word written in Cyrillic appeared first in 1533, in relation to a medicinal drink brought from Poland to Russia by the merchants of Kievan Rus'.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12374251", "chunk_text": "\"Alcohol in New France\"\nof women. Commercial Canadian brewing would not truly take off until the arrival of John Molson in 1782 after cession of the colony at Canada to the English. \"\"Eau-de-vie\"\", in French (plural: \"\"eaux-de-vie\"\"), refers to a broad category of beverages produced by fermentation and then distillation, and includes such common alcohols as brandy (wine grapes), whisky and vodka (grain), bourbon (maize), and rum (sugarcane). While it remains unclear if there was any significant production of \"\"eaux-de-vie\"\" in Canada, records indicate that it was imported in considerable quantities from both France and the Antilles. La Rochelle, Nantes, Bayonne, and Bordeaux were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11375185", "chunk_text": "Homebrewing\nHomebrewing Homebrewing is the brewing of beer, mead, and ciders on a small scale for personal, non-commercial purposes. Supplies, such as kits and fermentation tanks, can be purchased locally at specialty stores or online. Alcohol has been brewed on the domestic level since its advent, thousands of years prior to its commercial production, although its legality has varied according to local regulation. In the United States, a permit is required to distill spirits such as moonshine. Beer has been brewed domestically throughout its 7,000-year history, beginning in the Neolithic period in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), Egypt and China. It seems to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1072410", "chunk_text": "Rum\nis also a theory that it comes from the Turkish name for Greeks, \"\"Rum,\"\" as some of the earliest rum spirits were distilled by Greek Christians in the eastern Mediterranean. Other etymologists have mentioned the Romani word \"\"rum\"\", meaning \"\"strong\"\" or \"\"potent\"\". These words have been linked to the ramboozle and rumfustian, both popular British drinks in the mid-17th century. However, neither was made with rum, but rather eggs, ale, wine, sugar, and various spices. The most probable origin is as a truncated version of \"\"rumbullion\"\" or \"\"rumbustion\"\". Both words surfaced in English about the same time as rum did", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1262296", "chunk_text": "\"Alcohol and Native Americans\"\nAmerican indigenous populations. Early demand, with no regulation and strong encouragement, may have contributed to a heavy alcohol use. It was then passed down from generation to generation, which has led to the current high level of alcohol-related problems. The use of alcohol originated in Middle America but rapidly diffused to Northern Mexico and from there to the Southwestern United States. The majority of aboriginal production and use of alcoholic beverages was in this region. However, there was a surprising number of scattered accounts of intoxicating beverage use throughout the United States prior to White contact. For the most part,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12183650", "chunk_text": "Vodka\nsimilar etymology, from the Irish/Scottish Gaelic \"\"uisce beatha\"\"/uisge-beatha.) People in the area of vodka's probable origin have names for vodka with roots meaning \"\"to burn\"\": ; ; ; ; is also in use, colloquially and in proverbs); ; . In Russian during the 17th and 18th centuries, (\"\"goryashchee vino\"\", \"\"burning wine\"\" or \"\"hot wine\"\") was widely used. Others languages include the German \"\"Branntwein\"\", Danish \"\"brændevin\"\", , , and (although the latter terms refer to any strong alcoholic beverage). Scholars debate the beginnings of vodka. It is a contentious issue because very little historical material is available. For many centuries, beverages", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "373262", "chunk_text": "\"Irish whiskey\"\nyear since 1990. With exports growing by over 15% per annum, existing distilleries have been expanded and a number of new distilleries constructed. As of August 2017, Ireland has eighteen distilleries in operation, with at least a further sixteen in the planning stages. Only six of these have been operating long enough to have products sufficiently aged for sale, and only one of these was operating prior to 1975. The word 'whiskey' (or whisky) comes from the Irish (or 'Gaelic') \"\"uisce beatha\"\", meaning water of life. Irish whiskey was one of the earliest distilled drinks in Europe, arising around the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19656768", "chunk_text": "Schnapps\nand 20% ABV (30–40 proof), though some may be much higher. Schnapps Schnapps ( or ) or schnaps is a type of alcoholic beverage that may take several forms, including distilled fruit brandies, herbal liqueurs, infusions, and \"\"flavored liqueurs\"\" made by adding fruit syrups, spices, or artificial flavorings to neutral grain spirits. The English loanword \"\"schnapps\"\" is derived from the colloquial German word \"\"Schnaps\"\" (plural: \"\"Schnäpse\"\") which is used in reference to spirit drinks. The word \"\"Schnaps\"\" stems from Low German language and is related to the German term \"\"\"\"schnappen\"\"\"\", which refers to the fact that the spirit or liquor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11884241", "chunk_text": "Gin\nGin Gin is liquor which derives its predominant flavour from juniper berries (\"\"Juniperus communis\"\"). Gin is one of the broadest categories of spirits, all of various origins, styles, and flavour profiles that revolve around juniper as a common ingredient. From its earliest origins in the Middle Ages, the drink has evolved from a herbal medicine to an object of commerce in the spirits industry. Gin was developed based on the older Dutch liquor, jenever, and became popular in Great Britain (particularly in London) when William of Orange became King William III of England. The earliest known written reference to genever", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15864239", "chunk_text": "Liquor\ncirrhosis and alcoholism. The American Heart Association \"\"cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation.\"\" Liquor Liquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, spirit, or distilled drink) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation. The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water, for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content (commonly expressed as alcohol by volume, ABV). As liquors contain significantly more alcohol, they", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8353672", "chunk_text": "Geist\n\"\" ther heilago geist\"\", Modern German \"\"der Heilige Geist\"\"). The English word is in competition with Latinate \"\"spirit\"\" from the Middle English period, but its broader meaning is preserved well into the early modern period. The German noun much like English \"\"spirit\"\" could refer to spooks or ghostly apparitions of the dead, to the religious concept, as in the Holy Spirit, as well as to the \"\"spirit of wine\"\", i.e. ethanol. However, its special meaning of \"\"mind, intellect\"\" never shared by English \"\"ghost\"\" is acquired only in the 18th century, under the influence of French \"\"esprit\"\". In this sense it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_75	who led the soldiers in ending the raid on the harper's ferry arsenal?	n/a	[ "Colonel Robert E. Lee", "First Lieutenant Israel Greene", "Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4392887", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nJohn Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16926182", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nof the events are particularly clear with regard to the Heyward Shepherd monument. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13686915", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\"\nby the U.S. Army. Industrialization continued in 1833 when the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal reached Harpers Ferry, linking it with Washington, D.C. A year later, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad began service through the town. On October 16, 1859, the abolitionist John Brown led a group of 21 men in a raid on the arsenal. Five of the men were black: three free black men, one a freed slave and one a fugitive slave. During this time assisting fugitive slaves was illegal under the Fugitive Slave Act. Brown attacked and captured several buildings; hoping to secure the weapons depot and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "530483", "chunk_text": "\"John Anthony Copeland Jr.\"\nwas recruited to John Brown's armed group by his uncle and fellow raider, Lewis Sheridan Leary. Brown led twenty-one followers, sixteen white and five black men, and captured the armory guards of Harpers Ferry, then part of Virginia, where they took control of the Federal arsenal. The raiders were soon pinned down by Virginia militiamen until U.S. marines led by Robert E. Lee arrived to apprehend them. Copeland's role in the Harpers Ferry assault was to seize control of Hall's Rifle Works, along with John Henry Kagi, a white raider. Kagi and several others were killed while trying to escape", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6625689", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's Fort\"\nabolitionists and run-away slave guerrillas. Beginning their raid the night of October 16, Brown and his small army of 21 men (16 white and 5 black) captured the armory and arsenal and succeeded in taking 60 citizens of Harper's Ferry hostage. The local militia and armed townspeople killed several members of the insurrection and forced Brown to take up position in the fire engine house where Brown's men had placed several of the hostages and prepared a defensive fortification. On the night of October 17, U.S. marines and then Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee and his aide J.E.B. Stuart arrived", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1342919", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park\"\ngroup in the capture of the armory in 1859. Brown had hoped he would be able to arm the slaves and lead them against U.S. forces in a rebellion to overthrow slavery. After his capture in the armory by a group of Marines (led by U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee), Brown was hanged, predicting in his last words that civil war was looming on the horizon, a prediction that came true less than two years later. The most important building remaining from John Brown's raid is the firehouse, now called John Brown's Fort where he resisted the Marines. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9354719", "chunk_text": "\"Robert E. Lee\"\nLee was at both events. Lee initially remained loyal to the Union after Texas seceded. John Brown led a band of 21 abolitionists who seized the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, hoping to incite a slave rebellion. President James Buchanan gave Lee command of detachments of militia, soldiers, and United States Marines, to suppress the uprising and arrest its leaders. By the time Lee arrived that night, the militia on the site had surrounded Brown and his hostages. At dawn, Brown refused the demand for surrender. Lee attacked, and Brown and his followers were captured after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9532479", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\ntwo dozen prisoners. Eight militiamen were wounded. Alburtis said that he could have ended the raid with help from other citizens. By 3:30 that afternoon, President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines (the only government troops in the immediate area) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee, lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment, stationed in Texas, when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes. Lee first offered the role of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15836509", "chunk_text": "\"Alfred Madison Barbour\"\nAlfred Madison Barbour Alfred Madison Barbour (April 17, 1829 – April 4, 1866) was a Virginia lawyer, one-term delegate in the Virginia House of Delegates and also in the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. He may be best known for his role as Superintendent of the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) during John Brown's raid. Although Barbour voted against secession, he became a major in the Confederate States Army and served as a quartermaster during the American Civil War. Barbour was born on April 17, 1829 on a plantation in Culpeper County, Virginia. He was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4392896", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nwickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States.\"\" On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, Brown left four of his men behind as a rear-guard: his son, Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, and Frank Meriam; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of George Washington, at his nearby Beall-Air estate, some of his slaves, and two relics of George Washington: a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19781832", "chunk_text": "\"Aaron Dwight Stevens\"\nAaron Dwight Stevens Aaron Dwight Stevens (March 15, 1831 – March 16, 1860) was an American abolitionist and chief military aide to John Brown during Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. For his role in the raid, Stevens was executed on March 16th, 1860 at the age of 29. Born in Lisbon, New London County, Connecticut, March 15, 1831. He moved with his family to Norwich, Connecticut at an early age when his father became choir director of the First Congregational Church. Stevens ran away from home at the age of sixteen, in 1847, and enlisted in Cushing's Massachusetts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3067891", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nBattle of Harpers Ferry The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. \"\"Stonewall\"\" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), a major victory at relatively minor cost. As Lee's Army of Northern Virginia advanced down the Shenandoah Valley into Maryland, he planned to capture the garrison at Harpers Ferry to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20805941", "chunk_text": "\"Aaron Dwight Stevens\"\nthe most noble man that I ever knew. Aaron Dwight Stevens Aaron Dwight Stevens (March 15, 1831 – March 16, 1860) was an American abolitionist and chief military aide to John Brown during Brown's failed raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. For his role in the raid, Stevens was executed on March 16th, 1860 at the age of 29. Born in Lisbon, New London County, Connecticut, March 15, 1831. He moved with his family to Norwich, Connecticut at an early age when his father became choir director of the First Congregational Church. Stevens ran away from home at the age of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9532477", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\ncompany of militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River, any route of escape for the raiders was cut off. During the day, four townspeople were killed, including the mayor. Realizing his escape was cut, Brown took nine of his captives and moved into the smaller engine house, which would come to be known as John Brown's Fort. The raiders blocked entry of the windows and doors and traded sporadic gunfire with surrounding forces. At one point Brown sent out his son, Watson, and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag, but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13686918", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\"\nwar asked for the assistance of the Navy Department for a unit of United States Marines, the nearest troops. Lieutenant Israel Greene was ordered to take a force of 86 Marines to the town. In need of an officer to lead the expedition, U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee was found on leave nearby and was assigned as commander along with Lt. J. E. B. Stuart as his aide-de-camp. Lee led the unit in his regular civilian clothes, as none of his uniforms were available when he accepted the command. The whole contingent arrived by train on October 18,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19431307", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown Bell\"\nbell to alert slaves in the surrounding countryside that the revolt had begun. The raid ended when Marines under the command of Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee stormed the building. Brown and 10 of his men were later hanged for murder and treason. Two years later, with the Civil War beginning, a Marlborough unit in the Union Army took the bell from the Harpers Ferry Armory after being ordered to seize anything of value to the U.S. government to prevent it from falling into the hands of Lee's Confederate army. Knowing their hook and ladder company in Marlborough needed a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4392909", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nFerry. According to Lee's notes, Lee believed John Brown was a madman, \"\"... the plan [raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal] was the attempt of a fanatic or madman.\"\" Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown. \"\"The blacks, whom he [John Brown] forced from their homes in this neighborhood, as far as I could learn, gave him no voluntary assistance.\"\" Lee attributed John Brown's \"\"temporary success\"\" by creating panic and confusion and by \"\"magnifying\"\" the number of participants involved in the raid. Colonel Lee and Jeb Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17468566", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nnot only to seize its supplies of rifles and ammunition, but to secure his line of supply back to Virginia. Although he was being pursued at a leisurely pace by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac, which outnumbered him by more than two to one, Lee chose the risky strategy of dividing his army to seize the prize of Harpers Ferry. While the corps of Maj. Gen. James Longstreet drove north in the direction of Hagerstown, Lee sent columns of troops to converge and attack Harpers Ferry from three directions. The largest column, 11,500", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13465243", "chunk_text": "\"Kenton Harper\"\nlater a force of 2,400 men led by Harper and Brig. Gen. William H. Harman seized the U.S. Army arsenal located at Harpers Ferry in modern-day West Virginia. Despite the fires set by the Union Army forces as they withdrew, Harper's militia managed to salvage 4,000 of the approximately 15,000 muskets in storage there, as well as 300 of the arsenal's milling machines and metal working lathes, plus about 57,000 tools and wooden stocks (all items used in rifle production), which were sent to the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia. On April 28 Confederate Col. Thomas J. \"\"Stonewall\"\" Jackson", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4876238", "chunk_text": "\"Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry\"\nCompany D, 2nd Virginia Infantry Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry, locally designated the Berkeley Border Guards, was an antebellum Virginia militia company and then a company of the 2nd Virginia Infantry, a Confederate infantry unit during the American Civil War. This pre-war militia unit was present at the execution of John Brown, a famous abolitionist leader who, in 1859, led a raid on the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). The unit's original leader was Captain John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch. They were stationed around Martinsburg, in what is now West Virginia. During the Civil War, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "479103", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel Garland Jr.\"\nget behind and flank the Federal troops, capturing six artillery pieces. He used these guns to turn back fresh Yankee soldiers that hoped to retake lost positions and thus won the battle. In the beginning of Maryland Campaign General Robert E. Lee separated the Army of Northern Virginia into two corps and gave them different tactical tasks. The First corps under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet moved from Frederick to Hagerstown and Boonsboro while the Second corps under \"\"Stonewall\"\" Jackson was given task to seize Harpers Ferry with its arsenals and supplies. Garland's brigade was a part of Maj. Gen. Daniel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17468579", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nhim, \"\"Hold out to the last extremity. If it is possible, re-occupy the Maryland Heights with your whole force.\"\" McClellan ordered Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin and his VI Corps to march from Crampton's Gap to relieve Miles. Although three couriers were sent with this information on different routes, none of them reached Harpers Ferry in time. While battles raged at the passes on South Mountain, Jackson had methodically positioned his artillery around Harpers Ferry. This included four Parrott rifles to the summit of Maryland Heights, a task that required 200 men wrestling the ropes of each gun. Although Jackson", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12591563", "chunk_text": "\"Israel Greene\"\nVirginia. On orders from President James Buchanan, Secretary of War Isaac Toucey asked for the assistance of the Navy Department for a unit of United States Marines, the nearest troops. First Lieutenant Greene was ordered to take a force of 90 Marines to the town. At 3:30 in the afternoon, Greene and the Marines proceeded to Harpers Ferry by Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, they even brought two 12-pounder Dahlgren howitzers (though they were left on the train and not used). At 10:00 that evening, they were met by Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee, who was the commander of the expedition.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "801703", "chunk_text": "\"Dixon S. Miles\"\nline through the Shenandoah Valley. He was ordered by General-in-chief Henry W. Halleck to hold the important U.S. arsenal and railroad bridges until he was relieved by Union forces under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. Lee sent columns converging from three directions to surround Harpers Ferry. Unfortunately for him and his army, Miles apparently treated his orders to defend the town too literally and stationed most of his 14,000 men just outside the town to the west, on Bolivar Heights, neglecting the commanding heights to the northeast (Maryland Heights) and to the south (Loudoun Heights). When his token defensive force", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "479105", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel Garland Jr.\"\nmovement order revealing the Confederates' strategic plans for Maryland Campaign—the so-called Special Order 191—was given to Union commander Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan. Emboldened by obtained intelligence, McClellan decided to force his army through the passes in the South Mountain range to surprise Lee's scattered divisions and beat them one by one: one half of Lee's army was at Harpers Ferry and the other—divided between Hagerstown and Boonsboro. After realizing the dangers, Lee ordered Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill to defend the South Mountain passes, i.e., the Boonsboro, or Turner’s Gap, the Fox's Gap, and the Crampton's Gap to give", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3653602", "chunk_text": "\"Lewis Washington\"\nLewis Washington Lewis William Washington (November 30, 1812 - October 1, 1871) was a great-grandnephew of President George Washington, who is principally remembered as a hostage of abolitionist John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia and as a prosecution witness in the subsequent trial of Brown. Lewis Washington was the son of George Corbin Washington, the grandson of William Augustine Washington, and a great-grandson of Augustine Washington, half-brother of George Washington. Lewis Washington inherited Beall-Air near Halltown, West Virginia through his mother, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Beall. He made his home at Bel -Air from 1840 until his death in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3067894", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nLoudoun Heights. He began a fierce artillery barrage from all sides and ordered an infantry assault. Miles realized that the situation was hopeless and agreed with his subordinates to raise the white flag of surrender. Before he could surrender personally, he was mortally wounded by an artillery shell and died the next day. After processing more than 12,000 Union prisoners, Jackson's men then rushed to Sharpsburg, Maryland, to rejoin Lee for the Battle of Antietam. Harpers Ferry is a small town at the confluence of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River, the site of a historic Federal arsenal founded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9532480", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nattacking the engine house to the local militia units on the spot. Both militia commanders declined, and Lee turned to the Marines. On the morning of October 18, Colonel Lee sent Lt. J. E. B. Stuart, serving as a volunteer aide-de-camp, under a white flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown and his followers. Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender, he was to direct the Marines in attacking the engine house. Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1855622", "chunk_text": "\"Siege of Yorktown\"\nSiege of Yorktown The Siege of Yorktown, also known as the Battle of Yorktown, the Surrender at Yorktown, German Battle or the Siege of Little York, ending on October 19, 1781, at Yorktown, Virginia, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army troops led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British peer and Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis. The culmination of the Yorktown campaign, the siege proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in the North American", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17468567", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nmen under Jackson, was to recross the Potomac and circle around to the west of Harpers Ferry and attack it from Bolivar Heights, while the other two columns, under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws (8,000 men) and Brig. Gen. John G. Walker (3,400), were to capture Maryland Heights and Loudoun Heights, commanding the town from the east and south. McClellan had wanted to add the Harpers Ferry garrison to his field army, but general-in-chief Henry W. Halleck had refused, saying that the movement would be too difficult and that the garrison had to defend itself \"\"until the latest moment,\"\" or until", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1342921", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry National Historical Park\"\nthe Confederates a week later and shipped most of the manufacturing implements south. Jackson spent the next two months preparing his troops and building fortifications, but was ordered to withdraw south and east to assist P.G.T. Beauregard at the First Battle of Bull Run. Union troops returned in force, occupying the town and began to rebuild parts of the armory. Stonewall Jackson, now a major general, returned in September 1862 under orders from Robert E. Lee to retake the arsenal and then to join Lee's army north in Maryland. Jackson's assault on the Federal forces there, during the Battle of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12385873", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\"\ntributaries), traveled to Harpers Ferry during the summer of 1785 to determine the need for bypass canals. In 1794, Washington's familiarity with the area led him to propose the site for a new United States armory and arsenal. Some of Washington's family moved to the area; his great-great-nephew, Colonel Lewis Washington, was held hostage during John Brown's raid in 1859, and George's brother Charles Washington founded the nearby Jefferson County town of Charles Town. In 1796, the federal government purchased a parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. Construction began on the United States Armory and Arsenal at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17183267", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nincorporated into the Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, which also preserves portions of the battlefield. Additional areas are preserved within the Harpers Ferry Historic District and the National Register of Historic Places listed B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing. Battle of Harpers Ferry The Battle of Harpers Ferry was fought September 12–15, 1862, as part of the Maryland Campaign of the American Civil War. As Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate army invaded Maryland, a portion of his army under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. \"\"Stonewall\"\" Jackson surrounded, bombarded, and captured the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5455941", "chunk_text": "\"Osborne Perry Anderson\"\nOsborne Perry Anderson Osborne Perry Anderson (1830–1872) was an African-American abolitionist and the only surviving African-American member of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and later a soldier in the Union army of the American Civil War. In 1830 Anderson was born a free African American in Chester County, Pennsylvania. He completed basic schooling and later attended Oberlin College in Ohio, after which he moved to Chatham in Canada West (now Ontario) in 1850 and opened shop as a printer. This skill served him later as an abolitionist. In May 1858 Anderson met John Brown and learned of the revolution", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3816913", "chunk_text": "\"Mordecai Barbour\"\nstatesman and planter; and Alfred Madison Barbour (April 17, 1829 – April 4, 1866), Superintendent of the Harpers Ferry Armory during John Brown's raid. Mordecai Barbour was born on October 21, 1763, in Culpeper County, Virginia, as the eldest son of James Barbour III (1734–1804) and his wife Frances Throckmorton. During the American Revolutionary War in May or June 1781, Barbour joined the Culpeper County Militia, serving first as a private, then lieutenant under General Mechlenburg. Barbour's first assignment was to protect Rappahannock Forge. Barbour also served under Captain John Nicholas, Captain John Stewart, and Captain John Woodford and under", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13272545", "chunk_text": "\"Mayhew Cabin\"\nmoved to Kansas Territory and became an ally of the abolitionist John Brown. Kagi became Brown's most trusted advisor and his \"\"Secretary of War\"\". Brown believed that slavery would not end without bloodshed. Brown had for years been formulating a plan that he was convinced would end slavery forever – a raid on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. This effort was supposed to arm slaves who would in turn hold an armed uprising against their masters. Once free, they would form a community where they could live peacefully. But, before he moved forward with that plan, Brown, Kagi, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13574908", "chunk_text": "\"Virginia v. John Brown\"\nVirginia v. John Brown Virginia v. John Brown was a criminal trial held in Charles Town, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) in October 1859 to prosecute abolitionist John Brown for his involvement in a raid on the United States federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) on October 16–18, 1859. This event resulted in the death of 14 people and the wounding of nine others. John Brown led 21 armed men, five blacks and 16 whites, on a raid of the railroad town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His goal was to seize the federal arsenal there and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9532476", "chunk_text": "\"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry\"\nreason, Brown let the train continue, and the conductor alerted the authorities down the line. Brown had been sure that he would win the support of local slaves in joining the rebellion, but a massive uprising did not occur, because word had not been spread about the uprising, so the slaves nearby did not know about it. Although the white townspeople soon began to fight back against the raiders, Brown's men succeeded in capturing the armory that evening. Army workers discovered Brown's men early on the morning of October 17. Local militia, farmers and shopkeepers surrounded the armory. When a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5623733", "chunk_text": "\"Rufus Saxton\"\nRufus Saxton Rufus Saxton (October 19, 1824 – February 23, 1908) was a Union Army brigadier general during the American Civil War who received America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions defending Harpers Ferry during Confederate General Jackson's Valley Campaign. Saxton was born in Greenfield, Massachusetts. His father, Jonathan Ashley Saxton, was a Unitarian and a Transcendentalist whose feminist and abolitionist writings were heard on the lyceum circuit. He descended from a family of Unitarian ministers (Ashley, Williams, Edwards). His father attempted to secure a place for Rufus Saxton at Brook Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12591561", "chunk_text": "\"Israel Greene\"\nIsrael Greene Israel Greene (June 17, 1824 – May 25, 1909) was a member of the United States Marine Corps and the leader of the company of Marines that captured John Brown during his raid at Harpers Ferry. He later left the USMC and served as an officer in the Confederate marine corps during the American Civil War. Greene was born in Plattsburgh, New York. He grew up in Wisconsin and later married a woman from Virginia. Greene joined the United States Marine Corps. He was commissioned a second lieutenant on March 3, 1847. In 1857, Greene, who advocated that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16294676", "chunk_text": "\"Liberty Arsenal\"\nand leader of the Unionist Liberty Home Guards (formed only a few days later, on April 24) characterized the seizure of the arsenal this way: \"\"Col. Routt had no more right to capture the Liberty Arsenal, with its government arms and munitions, than John Brown had to seize the one at Harper's Ferry.\"\" Maj. Grant continued as custodian of the depot until it was sold in 1869 (via a July 25, 1868 act of Congress.) On October 6, 2012, an historic marker was placed at the highway intersection near the site once occupied by the arsenal. None of the buildings", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6202723", "chunk_text": "\"Turner Ashby\"\nhoped that Johnston's forces would be pinned down by Major General Robert Patterson, but Ashby's screen allowed Johnston to move freely without Patterson's interference. In October 1861, Ashby led an attack on Harpers Ferry, the armory having returned to Union control, but lost to Union forces led by Colonel John W. Geary in what became known as the \"\"Battle of Bolivar Heights\"\". By the spring of 1862, the 7th Virginia Cavalry had reached the enormous size of 27 infantry and cavalry companies, much larger than a typical Civil War regiment, plus Ashby lacked staff officers and had lax discipline despite", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15040183", "chunk_text": "\"Columbia, Virginia\"\ncommunity called Point of Fork, in reference to the confluence of James and Rivanna rivers. During the Revolutionary War, a Patriot arsenal under the command of Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben stood in Point of Fork. A detachment of the Queen's Rangers, composed of American Loyalists and commanded by Colonel John Graves Simcoe, were sent by Major General Charles Cornwallis to capture and confiscate the arsenal. Upon learning of Simcoe's approach, von Steuben ordered his troops to transport the arsenal's stores across the James; heavy artillery was dumped into the river to be recovered later. Simcoe captured the arsenal on June", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6736516", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry Armory\"\nFort was the only building to survive the destruction wrought upon it by the Confederates and the Union. The building was named after John Brown for his notorious raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. The building was the armory's fire engine and guard house. Due to the degree of damage to the armory during the Civil War, the U.S. government decided not to re-establish the armory at Harpers Ferry, instead focusing the quickly developing areas west of the Mississippi River. Today the site is mostly covered by railroad track embankments. Harpers Ferry Armory Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17468564", "chunk_text": "\"Battle of Harpers Ferry\"\nby President George Washington in 1799 and a bridge for the critical Baltimore and Ohio Railroad across the Potomac. In 1859 it was the site of the abolitionist John Brown's attack on the Federal arsenal. The town was virtually indefensible, dominated on all sides by higher ground. To the west, the ground rose gradually for about a mile and a half to Bolivar Heights, a plateau high, that stretches from the Potomac to the Shenandoah. To the south, across the Shenandoah, Loudoun Heights overlooks from . And to the northeast, across the Potomac, the southernmost extremity of Elk Ridge forms", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10063593", "chunk_text": "\"Virginia in the American Civil War\"\npublic opinion in the North demanded that the Union move \"\"On to Richmond!\"\" The successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond are a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, became home to the family of Confederate leader, former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis. On October 16, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. U.S. troops, led by Robert E. Lee, responded and quelled the raid. Subsequently,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14990663", "chunk_text": "\"Alfred Madison Barbour\"\nenergetic or efficient.\"\" Alfred Madison Barbour died on April 4, 1866 in Montgomery, Alabama. His remains were returned to Culpeper, Culpeper County, Virginia and interred at Fairview Cemetery. Alfred Madison Barbour Alfred Madison Barbour (April 17, 1829 – April 4, 1866) was a Virginia lawyer, one-term delegate in the Virginia House of Delegates and also in the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861. He may be best known for his role as Superintendent of the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) during John Brown's raid. Although Barbour voted against secession, he became a major in the Confederate", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13686916", "chunk_text": "\"Harpers Ferry, West Virginia\"\narm the slaves, starting a revolt across the south. Brown also brought 1,000 steel pikes, which were forged in Connecticut by a blacksmith and abolitionists sympathizer, Charles Blair; however, the pikes would see no action as Brown failed to rally the slaves to revolt (https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/john-brown-pike/10239). The first shot of the raid mortally wounded Heyward Shepherd, a free black man who had been a night baggage porter for the B&O Railroad running through Harpers Ferry attempting to warn the slave owners near the armory. The noise from that shot alerted Dr. John Starry shortly after 1:00 am. He walked from his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5677702", "chunk_text": "\"John Mott (captain)\"\nNew Jersey. The guides included Col. Joseph Phillips, Capt. Philip Phillips, and Adjutant Elias Phillips, of Maidenhead; John Muirheid, Joseph Inslee, Eden Burroughs, Stephen Burroughs, Ephraim Woolsey, and Henry Simmons, of Hopewell; and Capt. John Mott, David Laning, Amos Scudder, and William Green, of Trenton. John Guild of Hopewell and James Slack of Bucks County, PA were the other two guides. Henry Simmons, Stephen Burrows, Ephraim Woolsey, Uriah Slack, David Laning, William Green, and Amos Scudder were all under Capt. John Mott. Capt. Mott and the other guides rendezvoused with General Washington's troops at McKonkey's Ferry on December 25, 1776", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20015435", "chunk_text": "\"George Rust\"\nGeorge Rust George Rust (January 4, 1788–September 18, 1857) was Virginia plantation owner, soldier and politician. During the War of 1812, Rust helped defend Baltimore, Maryland (where he later owned property and died), and rose to become a general in the Virginia militia, as well as the civilian superintendent of the arsenal at Harper's Ferry. George Rust was born in Loudoun County, Virginia to George Rust (1760-1850) and Elizabeth Rust (ca. 1766-1844), and spent part of his childhood in Prince George's County, Maryland. He married Maria Claggett Marlow (d. 1863), and they had nine children, of which seven survived childhood,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_76	when did disney art of animation resort open?	n/a	[ "May 31, 2012" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10225033", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Art of Animation Resort\"\nrooms opened on September 15, 2012. Originally, the land the Art of Animation Resort occupies was planned to be part of Disney's Pop Century Resort as part of the \"\"Legendary Years\"\" section. Several buildings were constructed for these plans, some even to the point of adding decorative details. While one-half of Pop Century (the \"\"Classic Years\"\") opened in 2003, the other half was left abandoned following the tourism halt after the September 11 attacks on the United States. Disney started to prepare the land for the resort in January 2010, and construction began in the summer of that year. At", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16943605", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Art of Animation Resort\"\nDisney's Art of Animation Resort Disney's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks. The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value-priced category, along with Disney's All-Star Sports Resort, the All-Star Music Resort, the All-Star Movies Resort, and Disney's Pop Century Resort. Family suites opened on May 31, 2012, and standard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17627635", "chunk_text": "\"Art of Disney Animation\"\nArt of Disney Animation Art of Disney Animation is an attraction at the Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris, Disney's California Adventure in Disneyland Resort and Hong Kong Disneyland in Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. In Walt Disney Studios Park, the attraction opened on March 16, 2002, along with the park, and is located in the Toon Studios Area (previously known as Animation Courtyard). Toon Studios is where the animated characters come alive - here guests learn about how Disney animated movies are created and can step into the imaginary worlds of animated features from Disney and Pixar. The Art", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11149249", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Pop Century Resort\"\nof the September 11 attacks and was redeveloped as a fifth value-priced resort, Disney's Art of Animation Resort, in 2012. After achieving international success with existing accommodations, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts began construction of the first value-priced resorts at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The three-resort complex opened during the 1990s, consisting of Disney's All-Star Movies, All-Star Music, and All-Star Sports Resorts. The properties proved themselves as successful investments, leading to the development of a fourth value-priced resort in 1999. The resort was originally planned to open in 2001, though the opening was eventually", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9377432", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nJanuary 2, 2001, Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15, 2000, and Downtown Disney on January 12, 2001. Disneyland was rebranded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex. The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies . The Walt Disney World Resort opened October 1, 1971, in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels. It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982, Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) and Disney's Typhoon Lagoon in 1989, Disney's Blizzard Beach in 1995, Disney's Animal Kingdom in 1998, Disney", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19042455", "chunk_text": "\"Art of Disney Animation\"\nEpcot since April 2016. In 10th anniversary celebration, half of the building (the renaissance age) has been converted into Big Hero 6 Headquarters, where guests can meet and greet with Baymax since February 22, and Hiro Hamada only on June 4 as an atmosphere character. However, it's been closed since June 30. Art of Disney Animation Art of Disney Animation is an attraction at the Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris, Disney's California Adventure in Disneyland Resort and Hong Kong Disneyland in Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. In Walt Disney Studios Park, the attraction opened on March 16, 2002, along", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9377437", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nvery significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China,\"\" said Robert Iger, president and CEO of Disney. The resort opened on June 16, 2016. A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7, 2011. Founded by Walt Disney in 1955, each new employee at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University. Before classes and on-the-job training specific to the job they will be performing in the park, each employee attends the \"\"Disney Traditions\"\" course where they learn of the philosophies and history of Disney's guest services. Disney had plans to build Walt Disney's Riverfront Square in St.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "487309", "chunk_text": "\"The Magic of Disney Animation\"\nproduction area was dedicated and opened on April 22, 1998, the same day Disney's Animal Kingdom opened. Roy E. Disney noted it in his dedication speech. The Magic of Disney Animation The Magic of Disney Animation was a show and tour at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Florida. A Disney animator would show guests how the characters in Disney animated films were chosen and designed. The attraction closed permanently on July 12, 2015. In December 2015, the building began to be used to house the \"\"Star Wars\"\" Launch Bay. Originally, when the park first opened in 1989, the \"\"Feature Animation\"\" pavilion of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060520", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\n1995. In 1996, the Disney Institute opened on February 9, and Disney's BoardWalk opened on July 1. The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3. The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997, combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island. A fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened at Disney World the week of April 20, 1998. The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts, Vacation Club Resort, opened on October 1, 1991, and was renamed Disney's Old Key West Resort in January 1996. These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1217199", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney World\"\nthe complex. Without him spearheading the construction, the company built a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning the experimental concepts for a planned community. Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot (1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989), and Disney's Animal Kingdom (the newest, 1998). Today, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, with average annual attendance of more than 52 million. The resort is the flagship destination of Disney's worldwide corporate enterprise and has become a popular staple in American culture. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "54656", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Studios Park\"\nmid-1992 due to the resort's financial crisis at the time. After the resort began to make a profit, these plans were revived on a much smaller scale. Walt Disney Studios Park opened on March 16, 2002. In June 2007, a new \"\"studio lot\"\" opened in the Animation Courtyard area of the park, named Toon Studio. It is themed as a \"\"toon backlot\"\", representing the film studio work place of animated characters, where they produce their animated films, including \"\"The Little Mermaid\"\", \"\"101 Dalmatians\"\", and \"\"The Jungle Book\"\". The concept has been created exclusively for Walt Disney Studios Park and features", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060503", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nwith double the expected guests. WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too. On , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PT's common stock outstanding. This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits, $511K. In June 1960, Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PT's share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract, and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions. The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963. Beginning", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9321965", "chunk_text": "\"Animation Academy\"\nDisneyQuest in 1998. It was also recently added to Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure. It can be found within Art of Disney Animation at Walt Disney Studios Park. The attraction opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 14, 2007 and is located adjacent to the Opera House in Main Street, U.S.A.. The attraction itself is a drawing session with a Disney animator who teaches guests to draw a Disney character. Guests may take their own artwork home if they want after the drawing session. Animation Academy Animation Academy is an attraction at Disney California Adventure, Walt Disney Studios", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15594519", "chunk_text": "\"The Disney Gallery\"\nroom. The Master Bedroom also had a bathroom with a marble sink top, a shower alcove, and a toilet; there was no tub. The bathroom space was used as a merchandise stockroom and remained locked at all times. Since its opening on July 11, 1987, The Disney Gallery has had changing exhibits to keep things fresh and current. The length of the exhibits ranged from ten years to three months. The first Walt Disney Gallery was opened outside of the park next to the Disney Store, Main Place Santa Ana mall in California on November 4, 1994 and was operated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6522127", "chunk_text": "\"The Magic of Disney Animation\"\nThe Magic of Disney Animation The Magic of Disney Animation was a show and tour at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Florida. A Disney animator would show guests how the characters in Disney animated films were chosen and designed. The attraction closed permanently on July 12, 2015. In December 2015, the building began to be used to house the \"\"Star Wars\"\" Launch Bay. Originally, when the park first opened in 1989, the \"\"Feature Animation\"\" pavilion of \"\"The Magic of Disney Animation,\"\" designed originally by award-winning experience designer Bob Rogers and the design team BRC Imagination Arts, included four connected experiences which explored", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10225035", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Art of Animation Resort\"\nKing\"\", and \"\"The Little Mermaid\"\". Much like the other Disney Value Resorts, giant versions of various items are built around the hotel on each of the ten wings, such as a model of King Triton. In total, there are 1,984 rooms. of which 1,120 are family suites capable of housing up to six people, featuring living rooms and bedrooms. The remaining 864 sport the standard value layout. The resort has a total of ten buildings, as well as three themed pools. Disney's Art of Animation Resort Disney's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11506901", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nthe Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million. In April 1985, Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM, giving Disney the right to use the MGM name, logo and movie library for this third park. Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986. Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1, 1989, along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area; its second water park, Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened on June 1. In 1983, Walt Disney World Village's name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace. A new themed area, Mickey's Birthdayland, opened in the Magic Kingdom near", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12569956", "chunk_text": "\"World of Disney\"\nopened October 2, 1996 in the Disney Village Marketplace (currently Disney Springs) at Walt Disney World Resort. At approximately of retail space, it is said to offer the largest selection of Disney character merchandise in the world, according to the company. A 2006 renovation added a small princess-themed salon called Bibbidi Bobbidi Boutique, plus a new children's merchandise area inspired by Pirates of the Caribbean and Stitch. The Boutique was moved out of this store with the Disney Springs overhaul of Downtown Disney in mid to late 2016 to Once Upon a Toy store, located in the Marketplace section. A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11506900", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\narchitecture. New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986; ground breaking took place on January 28, 1988. The first non-Disney owned hotel, Pickett Suite Resort, opened in Disney World Village on March 15, 1987. On June 1, 1982, the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center. The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1, 1982, at a building cost of US$1.2 billion, with two areas, Future World and World Showcase. Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17627643", "chunk_text": "\"Art of Disney Animation\"\nwell as statues displayed behind glass windows. Lastly, a tip guests can keep in mind about this final room is that it can be entered without visiting the main attraction, allowing guests to return to view certain exhibits and take part in certain \"\"animation stations\"\" during their visit to the park. The Magic of Disney Animation was a show and tour at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Florida. The attraction closed permanently on July 12, 2015. At the time, it was not announced what would happen to the building and the animators. In December 2015, the building began to be used to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1217197", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney World\"\nWalt Disney World The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World and Disney World, is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in the United States, near the cities Orlando and Kissimmee. Opened on October 1, 1971, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was first operated by Walt Disney World Company. The property covers nearly and only half of it has been used, comprises four theme parks, two water parks, twenty-seven themed resort hotels, nine non-Disney hotels, several", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19042454", "chunk_text": "\"Art of Disney Animation\"\nconjunction with the release of the film Monsters University. It was ran from June 13, 2013. Although the event officially ended on September 1, it continued until October 31, part of the \"\"Disney's Haunted Halloween\"\" event starting from October 4. Due to its “Frozen” Village summer event in 2015, the building was converted into Inside Out Headquarters, in conjunction with the release of the film Inside Out. It was ran from July 9, 2015. Although the event officially ended on August 30, its continued until September 14. The displays inside the building were all moved to Epcot Character Spot at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5846289", "chunk_text": "\"Disney Springs\"\nwith the popular Church Street Station clubs in downtown Orlando, Disney announced the addition of Pleasure Island, featuring nightclubs showcasing Disney's quality and creativity, to Walt Disney World Village on July 21, 1986. Construction began the following August and Pleasure Island was opened on May 1, 1989, the same day as the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park. Later that year, the complex was renamed \"\"Disney Village Marketplace\"\". In the mid-1990s, the growth of Walt Disney World created the potential for further expansion, leading to a $1 billion investment in projects across the resort. The first World of Disney store opened", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8654722", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Contemporary Resort\"\nDisney's Contemporary Resort Disney's Contemporary Resort, originally to be named Tempo Bay Hotel and previously the Contemporary Resort Hotel, is a AAA Four-Diamond Award–winning resort located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the hotel is one of two original properties located at the complex alongside Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and is currently listed as a deluxe-priced resort. It is adjacent to the Magic Kingdom theme park, and is identified by its A-frame main building. The Contemporary Resort is one of two resorts located on property when Walt Disney World opened in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18345816", "chunk_text": "Disneyland\nto his studios in Burbank to entertain fans who wished to visit; however, he soon realized that the proposed site was too small. After hiring a consultant to help him determine an appropriate site for his project, Disney bought a site near Anaheim in 1953. Construction began in 1954 and the park was unveiled during a special televised press event on the ABC Television Network on July 17, 1955. Since its opening, Disneyland has undergone expansions and major renovations, including the addition of New Orleans Square in 1966, Bear Country (now Critter Country) in 1972, and Mickey's Toontown in 1993.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20196925", "chunk_text": "\"Art of Disney Animation\"\n2016 and October 17 to 25, 2016 for transformation work. It has provided extra functions that serve the Magic Access Members. The old building was replaced by a Meet and Greet attraction known as The Annex. In 5th anniversary celebration, \"\"The Magic Continues\"\" Preview Gallery was placed inside the building's golden age area, displaying the three new themed area Grizzly Gulch, Mystic Point and Toy Story Land, the expansions at the park. Later, the display had moved to Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel. Due to its Monstrous Summer event in 2013, the building was converted into Monsters University Administration Building, in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3751801", "chunk_text": "\"Art Corner\"\nArt Corner Art Corner was a retail store that operated at Disneyland amusement park in Anaheim, California from 1955 until 1966. The store was located in the \"\"Tomorrowland\"\" area of the park. When Disneyland opened in Anaheim, California on July 17, 1955, a temporary location for the store was set up at the end of Main Street, U.S.A., in a striped tent adjacent to the Red Wagon Inn. It offered souvenirs and Disneyana. The permanent location opened on September 15, 1955. One of The Art Corner's main claims to fame is as an outlet for Disney animation cels. These collector-prized", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13374518", "chunk_text": "\"Universal Parks & Resorts\"\nand around the surrounding area of Universal City, including its theme park and the film studio adjacent nearby. Universal Orlando Resort (formerly called Universal Studios Escape) opened to the public on June 7, 1990, in Orlando, Florida, starting at Universal Studios Florida. It features themed areas and attractions based on the film industry. On May 28, 1999, Universal Orlando had expanded into a vacation resort, with the opening of Islands of Adventure theme park, featuring various themed islands which emphasized adventures and characters embodied in the attractions. Simultaneously, Universal CityWalk was added to accommodate the guests within the resort leading", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11506919", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nwas announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012. River Country water park closed on September 1, 2001. Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in January 2008. Pleasure Island's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World. Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16, 2002, as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris. The first park was renamed Disneyland Park (DLP. DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060510", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nwent on strike for 15 days, at first rejecting and then accepting the park's contract. Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977. Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World: the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort; Disney's Village Resort hotel opened in 1974. Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on . Lake Buena Vista Village, the shopping area, opened on and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977. Celebrity Sports Center, Disney World's training center, was sold on March 29, 1979. At Walt Disney World, the Treasure Island nature preserve", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11506931", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nmerged with Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media segments into Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products. Parks and Resorts chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment, who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products. Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17, 1955, in Anaheim, California. Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5, 1955. In 2001, the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8, 2001, Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5846290", "chunk_text": "\"Disney Springs\"\nOctober 2, 1996, in Marketplace. On June 20, 1995, major enhancements and expansions were announced for the area, with the Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island being combined into a newly branded district named \"\"Downtown Disney\"\". The re-branding was introduced on September 7, 1997. On September 15, Downtown Disney West Side, a expansion, opened as a third shopping, dining, and entertainment area featuring venues such as La Nouba (the former Cirque Du Soleil show in residence which closed at the end of 2017), DisneyQuest, and Virgin Megastore. Major changes to the complex also included the conversion of Mickey's Character Shop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060511", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\npens opened on April 8, 1974, renamed Discovery Island in 1977. On , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland. The first water park, River Country, opened on at Disney World. EPCOT Center's groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979. In 1979, Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park. Tokyo Disneyland opened on on in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan. With the June 3, 1980, retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions' Chairman and CEO, three divisions were formed, including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division, of which Nunis was named division president.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11506918", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nResorts in 2004. Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12, 2001, between Disneyland and the future California Adventure. Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8, 2001, with three major areas: Paradise Pier, Hollywood Pictures Backlot, and the Golden State. In California Adventure on October 6, 2002, A Bug's Land area opened. Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disney's D23 Expo in Anaheim, California on September 12, 2009, that Walt Disney World's Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013. A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12928816", "chunk_text": "\"The Walt Disney Company\"\nResort. Costing $4.4 billion, the resort opened on June 16, 2016. Later, in August 2011, Bob Iger stated on a conference call that after the success of the Pixar and Marvel purchases, he and the Walt Disney Company are looking to \"\"buy either new characters or businesses that are capable of creating great characters and great stories.\"\" Later, in early February 2012, Disney completed its acquisition of UTV Software Communications, expanding their market further into India and Asia. On October 30, 2012, Disney announced plans to acquire Lucasfilm in a deal valued at $4.05 billion. Disney announced an intent to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18581081", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Hollywood Studios\"\nprior to the park's debut. In 1988, MGM/UA responded by filing a lawsuit that claimed Disney violated the agreement by operating a working movie and television studio at the resort. On May 1, 1989, the theme park opened adjacent to the production facilities, with MGM's only affiliation being the original licensing agreement that allowed Disney to use MGM's name and lion logo in marketing, and separate contracts that allowed specific MGM content to be used in The Great Movie Ride. On opening day, the only two operating attractions were the Studio Backlot Tour and The Great Movie Ride. Disney later", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3834132", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Hollywood Studios\"\nanimation studio, laying off personnel and then moving the operations to the main animation studio in Burbank, California. A radio studio is also located on the lot, behind \"\"Sounds Dangerous\"\". Disney's Hollywood Studios Disney's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Based on a concept by Marty Sklar, Randy Bright, and Michael Eisner, the park opened on May 1, 1989, as the Disney-MGM Studios Theme Park, and was the third of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "775976", "chunk_text": "\"Epcot Center Ultralight Flightpark\"\nyears, when it was cleared for the second phase of Disney's Pop Century Resort, named the Legendary Years. Construction on the hotel was stopped after the September 11 attacks caused tourism to drop off. The former airport is now the site of Disney's Art of Animation Resort, which opened in May 2012. Epcot Center Ultralight Flightpark had one circular runway designated \"\"ALL/WAY\"\" with a 424 x 424 ft (129 x 129 m) turf surface. There were 20 aircraft based at this airport: 50% single-engine and 50% ultralight. Epcot Center Ultralight Flightpark Epcot Center Ultralight Flightpark was a private-use ultralight airport", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12944904", "chunk_text": "\"Club Disney\"\nstage. Club Disney was the first to be launched, with birthday party reservations for its first location opening up on January 15, 1997. On February 21, 1997, its first location opened to the public at the Westlake Promenade in Thousand Oaks, California with Eisner present alongside Mickey Mouse and Goofy. A dozen protested outside over wages, 28 cents, paid to Haitian workers to make Pocahontas pajamas. 20 Ventura County sheriff's deputies were on hand as Disney expected tens of thousands to show up. While the lines were long to get in, the expected turn out did not materialize with 1,000", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18345815", "chunk_text": "Disneyland\nDisneyland Disneyland Park, originally Disneyland, is the first of two theme parks built at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, opened on July 17, 1955. It is the only theme park designed and built to completion under the direct supervision of Walt Disney. It was originally the only attraction on the property; its official name was changed to Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the expanding complex in the 1990s. Walt Disney came up with the concept of Disneyland after visiting various amusement parks with his daughters in the 1930s and 1940s. He initially envisioned building a tourist attraction adjacent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8425769", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room\"\nWalt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room is an attraction located in Disneyland at the Disneyland Resort, in Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World, and in Tokyo Disneyland at Tokyo Disney Resort. Opened in 1963 at the Disneyland Resort, the attraction is a pseudo-Polynesian themed musical animatronic show drawing from American tiki culture. The attraction opened June 23, 1963, and was the first to feature Audio-Animatronics technology, a WED Enterprises patented invention. The attraction was sponsored by United Airlines for its first 12 years; in 1976, sponsorship passed over to Hawaii's Dole Food Company, which remains the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11195359", "chunk_text": "\"Disney Skyliner\"\nstations were more than halfway completed by summer 2018. In November 2018, Disney Parks announced that Disney Skyliner would open in fall 2019. Disney Skyliner Disney Skyliner is an upcoming gondola lift system that will connect Disney's Pop Century Resort, Disney's Art of Animation Resort, Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort, and the new Disney Riviera Resort to Disney's Hollywood Studios and Epcot. Not long after the opening of Disneyland in 1955, a similar gondola system called the Skyway debuted, connecting Fantasyland and Tomorrowland. When Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort was opened, the same gondola system was implemented as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060519", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nwetland, on April 23, 1993, the company agreed to form a wilderness preserve in Florida. The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1, 1994, by the US Army, then purchased on January 12, 1996, and later renamed Shades of Green. Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17, 1994. The third water park at Walt Disney World, Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened on April 1, 1995. The Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June, 1995. Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot, the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4060512", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nDisneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5, 1987, while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2. A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L. Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments. The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises, formerly WED Enterprises, in 1982. Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23, 1988. Tishman Company's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30, 1984, marking a change in Disney", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1747240", "chunk_text": "\"Disney's Contemporary Resort\"\nbathrooms on the Magic Kingdom side include movable partitions to permit watching the park's fireworks displays from the bathtub. Disney's Contemporary Resort Disney's Contemporary Resort, originally to be named Tempo Bay Hotel and previously the Contemporary Resort Hotel, is a AAA Four-Diamond Award–winning resort located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida. Opened on October 1, 1971, the hotel is one of two original properties located at the complex alongside Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and is currently listed as a deluxe-priced resort. It is adjacent to the Magic Kingdom theme park, and is identified by its A-frame", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3357812", "chunk_text": "\"Disney California Adventure\"\nand shopping was the design focus. Construction of the park began on January 22, 1998. On Main Street, U.S.A., a DCA Preview Center opened in October 1998. The park's construction was accompanied by Downtown Disney and Disney's Grand Californian Hotel, in addition to renovations of the Disneyland Hotel and Disneyland Pacific Hotel. The park was expected to draw large crowds when it opened on February 8, 2001. There were four districts with 22 shows and attractions and 15 restaurants. On January 14, a \"\"Los Angeles Times\"\" article titled \"\"The most Jam-Packed Theme Park on Earth?\"\" stated, \"\"Senior Disney officials acknowledge", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9429570", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Presents (attraction)\"\nas CEO of the Walt Disney Company, Julie Andrews narrates the film. It opened on October 1, 2001 as Walt Disney: One Man's Dream for Walt Disney World's 100 Years of Magic celebration. Among the artifacts on display: a model of Main Street, U.S.A. from Disneyland, and Oscars for \"\"20,000 Leagues Under the Sea\"\" and \"\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\"\". Occasionally, the short film will be preempted, and the theater area will instead showcase sneak peeks of upcoming Disney film releases. On August 11, 2017, it was announced that the gallery will feature models as well as concept art", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9377435", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nStates, opened on April 12, 1992, as the Euro Disney Resort. Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris, France, it features two theme parks, a golf course, an entertainment complex, and seven Disney resort hotels. It is the only resort out of the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company. Its properties sit on , listed below, and are divided into parks and shopping centers. Hong Kong Disneyland Resort, Disney's fifth resort and its second in Asia, opened September 12, 2005. The resort is located in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The resort consists", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5846291", "chunk_text": "\"Disney Springs\"\ninto the World of Disney, becoming the world's largest Disney store, in addition to the expansion and upgrade of the AMC Pleasure Island Theatres, as well as the opening of Rainforest Cafe and Planet Hollywood. On September 27, 2008, the Pleasure Island nightclubs closed. The Downtown Disney complex gained a sister district in California on January 12, 2001, with the addition of Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort. Similar complexes also exist at other Disney resorts: Disney Village, which opened on April 12, 1992, at Disneyland Resort Paris; Ikspiari, which opened on July 7, 2000, at the Tokyo Disney Resort;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9377433", "chunk_text": "\"Walt Disney Parks and Resorts\"\nSprings retail, dining, and entertainment complex, eight golf courses, and 18 new resort hotels. The resort is the largest (by area) and most-visited vacation resort in the world, with four theme parks, two water parks, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, 21 resort hotels, eight golf courses, and several additional recreational activities, and covers 27,258 acres of land. Other venues: Tokyo Disney Resort, located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, opened April 15, 1983, with Tokyo Disneyland. On September 4, 2001, the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea. There are several resort hotels on site, but only three are actually owned by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_77	where would a subcutaneous injection be made in the skin?	n/a	[ "the subcutis" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11946503", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous injection\"\n3/8\"\" needle is usually inserted 90 degrees and a 5/8\"\" needle is usually inserted at 45 degrees. Medication is administered slowly, about 10 seconds/milliliter. A person with insulin-dependent (either type 1 or type 2) diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously. The injection should be given under the skin, into the fat layer. Subcutaneous injection A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin. Subcutaneous (as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8631612", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous injection\"\nSubcutaneous injection A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin. Subcutaneous (as opposed to intravenous) injection of recreational drugs is referred to as \"\"skin popping.\"\" Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC, SQ, sub-cu, sub-Q, SubQ, or subcut. Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety. Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected here are for slow, sustained rates of absorption.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8263827", "chunk_text": "\"Intradermal injection\"\nIntradermal injection Intradermal injection (ID) is s shallow or superficial injection of a substance into the dermis, in between the epidermis and the hypodermis (subcutis, subcutaneous or adipose layer). This route is relatively rare compared to subcutaneous injections (SC) and intramuscular injections (IM), and used only when certain therapies, like tuberculin and allergy tests, require the specific benefits of this route of administration and where easier to use SC and IM injections have no effect. Specific benefits are a higher immune responses for vaccinations, immunology and novel cancer treatments and faster drug uptake, since for certain small and well soluble", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15690706", "chunk_text": "\"Injection (medicine)\"\nepidermis of the skin. The injection is often given at a 5 to 15 degree angle with the needle placed almost flat against the patient's skin. Absorption takes the longest from this route compared to intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections. Because of this, intradermal injection are often used for sensitivity tests, like tuberculin and allergy tests, and local anesthesia tests. The reactions caused by these tests are easily seen due to the location of the injections on the skin. Common sites of intradermal injections are the forearm and lower back. A depot injection is an injection, usually subcutaneous, intradermal, or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1651828", "chunk_text": "\"Injection (medicine)\"\nthe tissues between the skin and the muscle. Absorption of the medicine is slower than that of intramuscular injection. Since the needle does not need to reach the muscles, often a bigger gauge and shorter needle is used. Usual site of administration is fat tissues behind the arm. Certain intramuscular injection medicine such as EpiPen® can also be used subcutaneously. Insulin injection is a common type of subcutaneous injection medicine. Certain vaccines including MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella), Varicella (Chickenpox), Zoster (Shingles) are given subcutaneously. In an Intradermal Injection, medication is delivered directly into the dermis, the layer just below the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11946502", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous injection\"\nIt is slower than intramuscular injections but still faster than intradermal injections. Sites include, A 25 to 31 gauge thick, 3/8\"\" to 1\"\" long needle can be used. The size is determined by the amount of subcutaneous tissue present, which is based on patient build. The 3/8\"\" and 5/8\"\" needles are most commonly used. Usually, no more than 1 mL of solution is given, compared to intradermal injections, where no more than 0.5 mL is usually given. Subcutaneous injections are inserted at 45 to 90 degree angles, depending on amount of subcutaneous tissue present and length of needle- a shorter,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1502818", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous tissue\"\nto visceral fat, which is found in the peritoneal cavity, and can be measured using body fat calipers to give a rough estimate of total body adiposity. Injection into the subcutaneous tissue is a route of administration used for drugs such as insulin: because it is highly vascular, the tissue absorbs drugs quickly. Subcutaneous injection is believed to be the most effective manner to administer some drugs, such as human growth hormones. Just as the subcutaneous tissue can store fat, it can also provide good storage space for drugs that need to be released gradually because there is limited blood", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7835476", "chunk_text": "\"Subdermal implant\"\ndermal punch. To have one of these implants installed, an incision is made down to the subcutaneous layer (subcutis) of the skin. A dermal elevator, a widely used medical instrument, separates the subcutis and the fascia, creating the pocket in which the implant will be inserted. After the implant is placed, the incision is stitched shut. Surgical tape is often applied to minimize movement while the skin fuses around the implant. Contraceptive implants in the UK and Australia are \"\"injected\"\" under the skin using a special device similar to a large syringe or ear-piercing gun, and extracted by making a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18582462", "chunk_text": "\"Injection port\"\nInjection port An injection port is a medical device used for the administration of insulin or other physician approved medicine into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer just below the skin). The device is similar to infusion sets used by insulin pumps, except it is configured to receive a syringe instead of a tubing system. An injection port is usually a disposable device applied by the patient and worn for period of 3–5 days. When giving shots via an injection port, the needle stays above the surface of the skin. Medication is delivered via a short soft cannula. An injection", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3141948", "chunk_text": "\"Intradermal injection\"\nproteins or molecules, ID route of administration is associated with fast uptake systemically compared to subcutaneous injections, applied in novel closed loop insuline infusion systems. Additionally, the body's reaction to substances is more easily visible since it is closer to the surface. Common injection sites include the inner surface of the forearm and the upper back, under the scapula.. Equipment include syringes calibrated in tenths and hundredths of a milliliter. The dosage given is usually less than 0.5 mL, less than given subcutaneously or intramuscularly. A 1/4\"\" to 1/2\"\" long and 26 or 27 gauge thick needle is used. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1651824", "chunk_text": "\"Injection (medicine)\"\nInjection (medicine) Injection (often referred to as a \"\"shot\"\" in US English, or a \"\"jab\"\" in UK English) is the act of putting a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe. Injection is a technique for delivering drugs by parenteral administration, that is, administration via a route other than through the digestive tract. Parenteral injection includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intracardiac, intraarticular and intracavernous injection. Injection is generally administered as a bolus, but can possibly be used for continuous drug administration as well. Even when administered as a bolus,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1502819", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous tissue\"\nflow. \"\"Skin popping\"\" is a slang term that includes this method of administration, and is usually used in association with recreational drugs. Subcutaneous tissue The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14943592", "chunk_text": "\"Intramuscular injection\"\nheld down to one side with the nondominant hand about an inch and after the needle is withdrawn the displaced skin is allowed to return to its normal position. This is to ensure that the medication does not leak back along the needle track. Gentle pressure is applied with a gauze but the site is not massaged to prevent forcing the medication into subcutaneous tissue. Intramuscular injection Intramuscular (also IM or im) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications (see route of administration).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4102185", "chunk_text": "\"Drug injection\"\nDrug injection Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle and a syringe, which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenously, but also at an intramuscular or subcutaneous location). , there were 13.2 million people worldwide who used injection drugs, of which 22% are from developed countries. A wide variety of drugs are injected, often opioids: these may include legally prescribed medicines and medication such as morphine, as well as stronger compounds often favored in recreational drug use, which are often illegal. Although there are various methods of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5467655", "chunk_text": "\"Insulin port\"\nabove the surface of the skin, while the medication is immediately delivered through the soft cannula and into the subcutaneous tissue. DiabetesJournals.org Insulin port An insulin port functions as a medication delivery channel directly into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer located just beneath the skin). When applying the injection port, an insertion needle guides a soft cannula (a small, flexible tube) under the skin. Once applied, the insertion needle is removed and only the soft cannula remains below the skin, acting as the gateway into the subcutaneous tissue. To inject through an insulin port the needle of a syringe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13647839", "chunk_text": "\"Subdermal implant\"\nof silicone. However, Teflon variants exist as well. Transdermal implants are placed partially under the skin, with the rest exposed. This is done through a process known as \"\"dermal punching\"\". First the implant is placed in between the layers of skin. It is necessary for the part of the implant that will be located under the skin to have a proper shape. This must be one with holes in it (like a figure eight) so that the body will be able to grow around it. Once the implant is placed, the part that will protrude out is exposed using a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11946504", "chunk_text": "\"Intramuscular injection\"\nIntramuscular injection Intramuscular (also IM or im) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications (see route of administration). Muscles have larger and more blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue and injections here usually have faster rates of absorption than subcutaneous injections or intradermal injections. Depending on the injection site, an administration is limited to between 2 and 5 milliliters of fluid. Examples of medications that are sometimes administered intramuscularly are: In addition, some vaccines are administered intramuscularly: Platelet-rich plasma injections can be administered intramuscularly.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1502815", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous tissue\"\nSubcutaneous tissue The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the hypodermis are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesoderm, but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesoderm. In arthropods, the hypodermis is an epidermal layer of cells that secretes the chitinous cuticle. The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants. The hypodermis is beneath dermis which is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7222116", "chunk_text": "\"Injection port\"\n90° angle. The i-port Advance combines an i-port with an insertion device. Injection port An injection port is a medical device used for the administration of insulin or other physician approved medicine into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer just below the skin). The device is similar to infusion sets used by insulin pumps, except it is configured to receive a syringe instead of a tubing system. An injection port is usually a disposable device applied by the patient and worn for period of 3–5 days. When giving shots via an injection port, the needle stays above the surface of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7835472", "chunk_text": "\"Subdermal implant\"\nSubdermal implant A subdermal implant refers to a body modification that is placed underneath the skin, therefore allowing the body to heal over the implant and creating a raised design. Such implants fall under the broad category of body modification. Many subdermal implants are made out of silicone, either carved or mold injected. Many people who have subdermal implants use them in conjunction with other types of body modification to create a desired, dramatic effect. This process is also known as a \"\"3-D implant\"\", or \"\"pocketing\"\". The first subdermal implant was implanted in 1994. It is generally agreed upon that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1651827", "chunk_text": "\"Injection (medicine)\"\ncirculation and to the rest of the body. This type of injection is the most common and often associated with drug use. Intramuscular injections (IM injections) deliver a substance deep into a muscle, where they are quickly absorbed by blood vessels. Common injections sites include the deltoid, vastus lateralis, and ventrogluteal muscles. Most inactivated vaccines, like influenza, are given by IM injection. Some medications are formulated for IM injection, like Epinephrine autoinjectors. Medical professionals are trained to give IM injections, but patients can also be trained to self-administer medications like epinephrine. In a subcutaneous injection, the medication is delivered to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17065080", "chunk_text": "Percutaneous\nskin and into a blood vessel, such as an artery or vein, until bleedback is achieved. This is followed by introduction of a flexible \"\"introducer guide wire\"\" to define the pathway through the skin and into the passageway or \"\"lumen\"\" of the blood vessel. The needle is then exchanged for an \"\"introducer sheath\"\" which is a small tube that is advanced over the introducer guide wire and into the blood vessel. The introducer guide wire is removed, and exchanged for a catheter or other medical device to be used to deliver medication or implantation of a medical implant such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10683903", "chunk_text": "\"Skin popping\"\nSkin popping Skin popping is a route of administration of street drugs where they are injected or deposited under the skin. It is usually a depot injection, either subcutaneous or intradermal, and not an intramuscular injection. After deposition, the drug then diffuses slowly from the depot into the capillary networks, where it enters circulation. Skin popping is distinct from intravenous injection in that the latter deposits the drug directly into the bloodstream via a vein. Higher-potency prescription opioids, such as morphine, fentanyl, or meperidine can be injected subcutaneously, as can cocaine. Skin popping increases the duration of the high one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1432319", "chunk_text": "\"Fu's subcutaneous needle\"\nFu's subcutaneous needle Fu's Subcutaneous Needle (FSN), invented by Dr. Zhonghua Fu in 1996, is an innovation for the treatment of myofascial pain and trigger points based on the research and clinical findings of Dr. D. Simons and Dr. Janet G. Travell. Originating from Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), FSN does not follow the rules and principles of TCM and the chosen insertion points do not coincide with traditional acupuncture points. The similarities are limited to the distal insertion of the needle to the affected area, the needle itself being a non-injection needle, and the fact that both needles are manipulated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17237377", "chunk_text": "Autoinjector\nAutoinjector An autoinjector (or auto-injector) is a medical device designed to deliver a dose of a particular drug. Most autoinjectors are spring-loaded syringes. By design, autoinjectors are easy to use and are intended for self-administration by patients, or administration by untrained personnel. The site of injection depends on the drug loaded, but it typically is administered into the thigh or the buttocks. The injectors were initially designed to overcome the hesitation associated with self-administration of the needle-based drug delivery device. The autoinjector keeps the needle tip shielded prior to injection and also has a passive safety mechanism to prevent accidental", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8455473", "chunk_text": "\"Hypodermic needle\"\nWood used hypodermic needles and syringes primarily for the application of localized, subcutaneous injection (localized anesthesia) and therefore was not as interested in precise dosages. Simultaneous to Wood's work in Edinburgh, Dr. Charles Pravaz of Lyon also experimented with sub-dermal injections in sheep using a syringe of his own design. Pravaz designed a syringe measuring 3 cm (1.18 in) long and 5 mm (0.2 in) in diameter; it was made entirely of silver. Dr. Charles Hunter, a London surgeon, is credited with the coining of the term \"\"hypodermic\"\" to describe subcutaneous injection in 1858. The name originates from two Greek", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7129952", "chunk_text": "\"Fu's subcutaneous needle\"\nMovements were observed however when the needle was inserted parallel to the skin surface. The FSN needle is a modified trocar needle similar to an I.V. Catheter and has been patented in China. There are 3 parts to the needle: soft tube, protecting sheath, and needle core. The needle core is 31 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter. Each needle is individually packaged and sterilized with ethylene oxide gas. Fu's subcutaneous needle Fu's Subcutaneous Needle (FSN), invented by Dr. Zhonghua Fu in 1996, is an innovation for the treatment of myofascial pain and trigger points based on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16820298", "chunk_text": "\"Medroxyprogesterone acetate\"\na 104 mg subcutaneous injection. It contains 69% of the MPA found in the original intramuscular DMPA formulation. It can be injected using a smaller injection needle inserting the medication just below the skin, instead of into the muscle, in either the abdomen or thigh. This subcutaneous injection claims to reduce the side effects of DMPA while still maintaining all the same benefits of the original intramuscular DMPA. MPA is not usually recommended because of unacceptable health risk or because it is not indicated in the following cases: Conditions where the theoretical or proven risks usually outweigh the advantages of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13711190", "chunk_text": "\"Implant (body modification)\"\nImplant (body modification) In body modification, an implant is a device is placed under the human skin for decorative purposes. Such implants may be subdermal or transdermal. In the context of body modification, some may consider injections of silicone and other substances a type of implant as well. Some types of implants may be performed by doctors or other medical professionals, while others are performed by body modification artists. A very deep piercing that passes beneath the collarbone, and therefore enters the body cavity. These are highly prone to rejection as the collarbone placement is a high movement area. Also,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11311024", "chunk_text": "\"Insulin port\"\nInsulin port An insulin port functions as a medication delivery channel directly into the subcutaneous tissue (the tissue layer located just beneath the skin). When applying the injection port, an insertion needle guides a soft cannula (a small, flexible tube) under the skin. Once applied, the insertion needle is removed and only the soft cannula remains below the skin, acting as the gateway into the subcutaneous tissue. To inject through an insulin port the needle of a syringe or insulin pen is used. It is usually used to deliver insulin through the use of an insulin pump. The needle remains", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13647838", "chunk_text": "\"Subdermal implant\"\nStelarc, who had a cell-cultivated ear implanted on his arm. According to the Church of Body Modification, there are two main types of subdermal implants: subdermal (or subcutaneous) implants and transdermal implants. Magnetic subdermal implants also exist. “Subdermal implants,” as defined by the Church of Body Modification, are completely buried in the Dermis. These are used for both cosmetic and medical purposes, such as the contraceptive Norplant, consisting of six levonorgestrel-releasing Silastic capsules, and is placed under the skin of the upper arm, generally a woman’s arm. The cosmetic variant can be molded into any shape desired; though usually made", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19672823", "chunk_text": "Lipohypertrophy\nto stimulate adipose hypertrophy. In a sense, the \"\"opposite\"\" of injection site lipohypertrophy is injection site lipoatrophy, in which the subcutaneous fat around an injected area \"\"melts away\"\" over a few weeks or months, leaving unsightly, well-demarcated depressions in the skin. The mechanism of this local lipoatrophy is not understood and may involve autoimmunity or local inflammation. Lipohypertrophy Lipohypertrophy is a lump under the skin caused by accumulation of extra fat at the site of many subcutaneous injections of insulin. It may be unsightly, mildly painful, and may change the timing or completeness of insulin action. It is a common,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9997013", "chunk_text": "\"Bolus (medicine)\"\nallows for a slow release of the antigen to stimulate the body's immune system and to allow time for developing antibodies. Subcutaneous injections are used by heroin addicts (called 'skin popping', referring to the bump formed by the bolus of heroin), to sustain a slow release that staves off withdrawal symptoms without producing euphoria. A bolus delivered directly to the veins through an intravenous drip allows a much faster delivery which quickly raises the concentration of the substance in the blood to an effective level. This is typically done at the beginning of a treatment or after a removal of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1532597", "chunk_text": "Autoinjector\nwidespread application to date has been for the administration of insulin in the treatment of diabetes. Autoinjector An autoinjector (or auto-injector) is a medical device designed to deliver a dose of a particular drug. Most autoinjectors are spring-loaded syringes. By design, autoinjectors are easy to use and are intended for self-administration by patients, or administration by untrained personnel. The site of injection depends on the drug loaded, but it typically is administered into the thigh or the buttocks. The injectors were initially designed to overcome the hesitation associated with self-administration of the needle-based drug delivery device. The autoinjector keeps the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3141949", "chunk_text": "\"Intradermal injection\"\ntraditional procedure of ID injection (Mantoux Procedure) involves injecting at angle of administration of 5 to 15 degrees angle, almost against the skin. With bevel (opening) side up, insert about 1/8\"\" with entire bevel inside and inject while watching for a small wheal or blister to appear. Traditionally hypodermic needles are used for intradermal injections, instead of intradermic needles. Various microneedle technology researchers worldwide develop new devices and therapies to overcome typical usability issues associated with traditional Mantoux Procedure. Most intradermic needles require a change in injection technique or instruction to use, for example a perpendicular intradermal injection. Intradermal injection", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "332068", "chunk_text": "\"Human skin\"\nStretch marks often from pregnancy and obesity, are also located in the dermis. The subcutaneous tissue (also \"\"hypodermis\"\" and \"\"subcutis\"\") is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis of the cutis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. Human skin shows high skin color variety from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7835483", "chunk_text": "\"Subdermal implant\"\nstates, \"\"This is a deviation in surgery that has no place for someone that has taken the Hippocratic Oath and wants to serve mankind.\"\" Subdermal implant A subdermal implant refers to a body modification that is placed underneath the skin, therefore allowing the body to heal over the implant and creating a raised design. Such implants fall under the broad category of body modification. Many subdermal implants are made out of silicone, either carved or mold injected. Many people who have subdermal implants use them in conjunction with other types of body modification to create a desired, dramatic effect. This", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4936002", "chunk_text": "\"Thin-film drug delivery\"\nfor oral administration, with the user placing the strip on or under the tongue (sublingual) or along the inside of the cheek (buccal). These drug delivery options allow the medication to bypass the first pass metabolism thereby making the medication more bioavailable. As the strip dissolves, the drug can enter the blood stream enterically, buccally or sublingually. Evaluating the systemic transmucosal drug delivery, the buccal mucosa is the preferred region as compared to the sublingual mucosa. Different buccal delivery products have been marketed or are proposed for certain diseases like trigeminal neuralgia, Meniere's disease, diabetes, and addiction. There are many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7739263", "chunk_text": "\"Drug injection\"\nthe above reason; their Talwin PX does not contain naloxone. However, as a narcotic agonist–antagonist, pentazocine and its relatives can cause withdrawal in those physically dependent upon narcotics. Drug injection Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle and a syringe, which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually intravenously, but also at an intramuscular or subcutaneous location). , there were 13.2 million people worldwide who used injection drugs, of which 22% are from developed countries. A wide variety of drugs are injected, often opioids: these may include legally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20739224", "chunk_text": "\"Pharmacokinetics of estradiol\"\ninstead inject into the subcutaneous fat layer above the muscle. This is particularly prevalent with injections into the buttocks and in overweight and obese individuals, due to the thicker layer of fat over muscle. Estradiol can be administered in the form of a very long-lasting subcutaneous pellet implant. These implants are replaced once every 6 to 12 months, and can achieve high and very constant circulating levels of estradiol. They are surgically inserted by a trained physician in a medical office or clinic and can be placed into locations including the lower abdomen, lower back, buttocks, or hips. Subcutaneous implants", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6221693", "chunk_text": "\"Injection lipolysis\"\nfor fat removal demonstrated that infra-orbital (\"\"under the eyelid\"\") fat could be removed by Lipostabil injection. While no placebo-controlled studies have demonstrated the safety or efficacy of this therapy, numerous retrospective studies of Lipostabil injections have reported the efficacy of this practice. The mixture is injected directly into the subcutaneous fat through multiple microinjections administered over multiple treatment sessions. The desired end result is the removal of localized fat deposits. On April 7, 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration issued Warning Letters to six U.S. based medical spas and a company in Brazil for making false or misleading statements", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1502817", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous tissue\"\nepidermis of leaves. It is often mechanically strengthened, for example, in pine leaves, forming an extra protective layer or a water storage tissue. Subcutaneous fat is the layer of subcutaneous tissue that is most widely distributed. It is composed of adipocytes, which are grouped together in lobules separated by connective tissue. The number of adipocytes varies among different areas of the body, while their size varies according to the body's nutritional state. It acts as padding and as an energy reserve, as well as providing some minor thermoregulation via insulation. Subcutaneous fat is found just beneath the skin, as opposed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20285230", "chunk_text": "\"Livedoid dermatitis\"\nLivedoid dermatitis Livedoid dermatitis (also known as \"\"embolia cutis medicamentosa\"\", and \"\"Nicolau syndrome\"\") is a rare iatrogenic cutaneous reaction that occurs immediately after a drug injection. It presents as an immediate, extreme pain around the injection site, with overlying skin rapidly becoming erythematous, violaceous, or blanched (\"\"ischemic pallor\"\") and sometimes with reticular pattern. The reaction eventually leads to variable degrees of necrosis to the skin and underlying tissue. The wound eventually heals, can lead to atrophic, disfiguring scarring. The reaction is associated with a range of both injection sites and drugs. It was first reported by Freudenthal in 1924 following", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20973738", "chunk_text": "\"Pharmacokinetics of estradiol\"\na gel or patch that is applied to the skin, in through the vagina, by injection into muscle or fat, or through the use of an implant that is placed into fat, among other routes. Estradiol can be taken by a variety of different routes of administration. These include oral, buccal, sublingual, intranasal, transdermal (gels, creams, patches), vaginal (tablets, creams, rings, suppositories), rectal, by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection (in oil or aqueous), and as a subcutaneous implant. The pharmacokinetics of estradiol, including its bioavailability, metabolism, biological half-life, and other parameters, differ by route of administration. Likewise, the potency of estradiol,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1502816", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous tissue\"\nbeneath epidermis. It is used mainly for fat storage. A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin. It is often referred to as subcutaneous tissue though this is a less precise and anatomically inaccurate term. The hypodermis consists primarily of loose connective tissue and lobules of fat. It contains larger blood vessels and nerves than those found in the dermis. Subcutaneous tissue consists of: In some animals, such as whales and hibernating mammals, the hypodermis forms an important insulating layer and/or food store. In some plants, the hypodermis is a layer of cells immediately below the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11946505", "chunk_text": "\"Intramuscular injection\"\nCertain substances (e.g. ketamine) are injected intramuscularly for recreational purposes. Possible sites for IM injection include: deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles. Sites that are bruised, tender, red, swollen, inflamed or scarred are avoided. The deltoid muscle site (upper arm) is recommended for use with injections of small volume, usually equal or less than 2 ml, including vaccinations. This site is not recommended for repeated injections, due to its small area, it is difficult to rotate the injection site. To locate the site, palpate the lower edge of the acromion process. Inject in the upside down triangle", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19083687", "chunk_text": "\"Subcutaneous emphysema\"\nescape into the subcutaneous tissues. Subcutaneous emphysema is frequently found in pneumothorax (air outside of the lung in the chest cavity) and may also result from air in the mediastinum, pneumopericardium (air in the pericardial cavity around the heart). A tension pneumothorax, in which air builds up in the pleural cavity and exerts pressure on the organs within the chest, makes it more likely that air will enter the subcutaneous tissues through pleura torn by a broken rib. When subcutaneous emphysema results from pneumothorax, air may enter tissues including those of the face, neck, chest, armpits, or abdomen. Pneumomediastinum can", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18942832", "chunk_text": "\"Renal biopsy\"\nof a general anaesthetic is typically not required. After the site is prepared, the proceduralist injects local anaesthetic into the skin, through the subcutaneous tissue and down to and around the kidney. There may be a sharp sting as the local anaesthetic is injected. After a few seconds, the site will be numb and only a sensation of pressure should be felt. A small 1–2 mm incision is made to allow insertion of the biopsy needle. In most cases, real-time imaging will be used to guide positioning of the local anaesthetic and biopsy needles. In the case of blind biopsy,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16439741", "chunk_text": "Hypodermoclysis\nHypodermoclysis Hypodermoclysis, which can also be called interstitial infusion or subcutaneous infusion, is the subcutaneous administration of fluids to the body. This would often be in the form of a saline or glucose solution. Hypodermoclysis can be used where a slow rate of fluid uptake is required compared to intravenous infusion. Typically, it is limited to 1 ml per minute, although it is possible to increase this by using two sites simultaneously. The chief advantages of hypodermoclysis over intravenous infusion is that it is cheap and can be administered by non-medical personnel with minimal supervision. It is therefore particularly suitable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13519790", "chunk_text": "\"Sublingual administration\"\nand may protect against influenza virus and \"\"Helicobacter pylori\"\", but sublingual administration may also be used for vaccines against other infectious diseases. Sublingual administration Sublingual (abbreviated SL), from the Latin for \"\"under the tongue\"\", refers to the pharmacological route of administration by which substances diffuse into the blood through tissues under the tongue. Many drugs are designed for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics, enzymes and, increasingly, vitamins and minerals. When a chemical comes in contact with the mucous membrane beneath the tongue, it is absorbed. Because the connective tissue beneath the epithelium contains a profusion", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_78	where are most nutrients absorbed in the human digestive tract?	n/a	[ "The small intestine", "small intestine" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082452", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nsmall intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed. The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082433", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nin the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed. The parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach, produce a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), is carried to, and through the stomach, bound to a glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands - transcobalamin I also called haptocorrin, which protects the acid-sensitive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14264687", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nintestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (KMK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation. Digestive systems take many forms. There is a fundamental distinction between internal and external digestion. External digestion developed earlier in evolutionary history, and most fungi still rely on it. In this process, enzymes are secreted into the environment surrounding the organism, where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8844705", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nThe partially digested food enters the duodenum as a thick semi-liquid chyme. In the small intestine, the larger part of digestion takes place and this is helped by the secretions of bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. The intestinal walls are lined with villi, and their epithelial cells is covered with numerous microvilli to improve the absorption of nutrients by increasing the surface area of the intestine. In the large intestine the passage of food is slower to enable fermentation by the gut flora to take place. Here water is absorbed and waste material stored as feces to be removed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5637899", "chunk_text": "Malabsorption\nMalabsorption Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Impairment can be of single or multiple nutrients depending on the abnormality. This may lead to malnutrition and a variety of anaemias. Normally the human gastrointestinal tract digests and absorbs dietary nutrients with remarkable efficiency. A typical Western diet ingested by an adult in one day includes approximately 100 g of fat, 400 g of carbohydrate, 100 g of protein, 2 L of fluid, and the required sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, vitamins, and other elements. Salivary, gastric, intestinal, hepatic, and pancreatic secretions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082403", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nteeth, and also by the contractions of peristalsis, and segmentation. Gastric acid, and the production of mucus in the stomach, are essential for the continuation of digestion. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles that begins in the esophagus and continues along the wall of the stomach and the rest of the gastrointestinal tract. This initially results in the production of chyme which when fully broken down in the small intestine is absorbed as chyle into the lymphatic system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. Water and some minerals are reabsorbed back into the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19603002", "chunk_text": "\"Small intestine\"\nSmall intestine The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food, using small finger-like", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16918387", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\nLarge intestine The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. The colon is the largest portion of the large intestine, so many mentions of the large intestine and colon overlap in meaning whenever anatomic precision is not the focus. Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Some other sources exclude the anal canal. In humans, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082453", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nits nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches. The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine. The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082432", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nfats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase. The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082446", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\ncleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin. The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine. The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal. Partially digested food starts to arrive in the small intestine as semi-liquid chyme, one hour after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082448", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nfrom the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine. When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082404", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nblood in the colon of the large intestine. The waste products of digestion (feces) are defecated from the anus via the rectum. There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food. The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Other components include the mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and epiglottis. The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, covering a distance of about nine (9) metres. The largest part of the GI tract is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18430628", "chunk_text": "\"Gastrointestinal tract\"\nproteins, lipids, and vitamins) into the bloodstream. There are three major divisions: The large intestine also called the colon, consists of the cecum, rectum, and anal canal. It also includes the appendix, which is attached to the cecum. The colon is further divided into: The main function of the large intestine is to absorb water. The area of the large intestinal mucosa of an adult human is about 2 m. The gut is an endoderm-derived structure. At approximately the sixteenth day of human development, the embryo begins to fold ventrally (with the embryo's ventral surface becoming concave) in two directions:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9999089", "chunk_text": "Stomach\nthe small intestine, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme within anywhere between forty minutes and a few hours. The average human stomach can comfortably hold about a litre of food. Gastric juice in the stomach also contains pepsinogen. Hydrochloric acid activates this inactive form of enzyme into the active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides. Although the absorption in the human digestive system is mainly a function of the small intestine, some absorption of certain small molecules nevertheless does occur in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4085395", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nthat move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8844703", "chunk_text": "Digestion\ncephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation. The human gastrointestinal tract is around 9 meters long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16918422", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\na caecum in structure, but is not a homologous structure. Large intestine The large intestine, also known as the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by defecation. The colon is the largest portion of the large intestine, so many mentions of the large intestine and colon overlap in meaning whenever anatomic precision is not the focus. Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5048729", "chunk_text": "\"Cat anatomy\"\namounts of glucose, the pancreas uses amino acids to trigger insulin release instead. Food then moves on to the jejunum. This is the most nutrient absorptive section of the small intestine. The liver regulates the level of nutrients absorbed into the blood system from the small intestine. From the jejunum, whatever food that has not been absorbed is sent to the ileum which connects to the large intestine. The first part of the large intestine is the cecum and the second portion is the colon. The large intestine reabsorbs water and forms fecal matter. There are some things that the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082401", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nHuman digestive system The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The process of digestion has many stages. The first stage is the cephalic phase of digestion which begins with gastric secretions in response to the sight and smell of food. The next stage starts in the mouth. Chewing, in which food is mixed with saliva, begins the mechanical process of digestion. This produces", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "615743", "chunk_text": "Duodenum\nDuodenum The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum. In mammals the duodenum may be the principal site for iron absorption. The duodenum precedes the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestine. In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25–38 cm (10–15 inches) long connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It begins with the duodenal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18430621", "chunk_text": "\"Gastrointestinal tract\"\nGastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces. The mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines are part of the gastrointestinal tract. \"\"Gastrointestinal\"\" is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the stomach and intestines. A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs. All bilaterians have a gastrointestinal tract, also called a gut or an alimentary canal.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082405", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nthe colon or large intestine. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine. A major digestive organ is the stomach. Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands. Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ. There are many specialised cells of the GI tract. These include the various cells of the gastric glands, taste cells, pancreatic duct cells, enterocytes and microfold cells. Some parts of the digestive system are also part of the excretory system, including the large", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082466", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\npredispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia. Human digestive system The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body. The process of digestion has many stages. The first stage is the cephalic phase of digestion which begins with gastric secretions in response", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8844702", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nenergy, and thus imposes an \"\"overhead charge\"\" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.). The major part of digestion takes place in the small intestine. The large intestine primarily serves as a site for fermentation of indigestible matter by gut bacteria and for resorption of water from digests before excretion. In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082451", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\non the microvilli. The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals. Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body. The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082447", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nit is eaten. After two hours the stomach has emptied. In the small intestine, the pH becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes. The chyme is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline. This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate-rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner's glands. The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16918409", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\nthe water have been absorbed by the body. At this point some electrolytes like sodium, magnesium, and chloride are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food (e.g., a large part of ingested amylose, starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore, and dietary fiber, which is largely indigestible carbohydrate in either soluble or insoluble form). As the chyme moves through the large intestine, most of the remaining water is removed, while the chyme is mixed with mucus and bacteria (known as gut flora), and becomes feces. The ascending colon receives fecal material as a liquid. The muscles of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9999078", "chunk_text": "Stomach\nStomach The stomach (from ancient Greek στόμαχος, \"\"stomachos,\"\" \"\"stoma\"\" means mouth) is a muscular, hollow organ in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates. The stomach has a dilated structure and functions as a vital digestive organ. In the digestive system the stomach is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication (chewing). In humans and many other animals, the stomach is located between the oesophagus and the small intestine. It secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid to aid in food digestion. The pyloric sphincter controls the passage of partially digested food (chyme) from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7198052", "chunk_text": "\"Extracellular digestion\"\ninitial components of the gastrointestinal tract are the mouth and the pharynx, which is the common passage of the oral and nasal cavities. The pharynx leads to the esophagus, a muscular tube that delivers food to the stomach, where some preliminary digestion occurs; here, the digestion is extracellular. From the stomach, food passes to the small intestine, where a battery of digestive enzymes continue the digestive process. The products of digestion are absorbed across the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream. What remains is emptied into the large intestine, where some of the remaining water and minerals are absorbed;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19603006", "chunk_text": "\"Small intestine\"\nThe small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed. The inner wall, or mucosa, of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue. Structurally, the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares, which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ. They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction. From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue called villi (Latin for \"\"shaggy hair\"\"). The individual epithelial cells also have finger-like projections known as microvilli. The functions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18430627", "chunk_text": "\"Gastrointestinal tract\"\nthe pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the anus and, as in other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine. In humans, the small intestine is further subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum while the large intestine is subdivided into the, cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal. The small intestine begins at the duodenum and is a tubular structure, usually between 6 and 7 m long. Its mucosal area in an adult human is about 30 m. Its main function is to absorb the products of digestion (including carbohydrates,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4085429", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nbenefits: it denatures proteins for further digestion in the small intestines, and provides non-specific immunity, damaging or eliminating various pathogens. In the small intestines, the duodenum provides critical pH balancing to activate digestive enzymes. The liver secretes bile into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic conditions from the stomach, and the pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum, adding bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme, thus creating a neutral environment. The mucosal tissue of the small intestines is alkaline with a pH of about 8.5. Digestion Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1451904", "chunk_text": "\"Carbohydrate digestion\"\ntheir corresponding monosaccharides by enzymes (maltase, isomaltase, sucrase and lactase) present in the brush border of the small intestine. In the typical Western diet, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is fast and takes place usually in the upper small intestine. However, when the diet contains carbohydrates not easily digestible, digestion and absorption take place mainly in the ileal portion of the intestine. Digestion of food continues while simplest elements are absorbed. The absorption of most digested food occurs in the small intestine through the brush border of the epithelium covering the villi (small hair-like structure). It is not a simple", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3861396", "chunk_text": "Jejunum\nthe best developed in the jejunum. There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum. However, there are subtle histological differences: The lining of the jejunum is specialized for the absorption, by enterocytes, of small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. Once absorbed, nutrients (with the exception of fat, which goes to the lymph) pass from the enterocytes into the enterohepatic circulation and enter the liver via the hepatic portal vein, where the blood is processed. The jejunum is involved in magnesium absorption. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082434", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nvitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein. The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum. The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food. This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml. The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8844701", "chunk_text": "Digestion\ngizzard add enzymes to the thick paste, which helps chemically breakdown the organic matter. By peristalsis, the mixture is sent to the intestine where friendly bacteria continue chemical breakdown. This releases carbohydrates, protein, fat, and various vitamins and minerals for absorption into the body. In most vertebrates, digestion is a multistage process in the digestive system, starting from ingestion of raw materials, most often other organisms. Ingestion usually involves some type of mechanical and chemical processing. Digestion is separated into four steps: Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082415", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nglycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B. It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach. When it reaches the duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor. Food enters the mouth where the first stage in the digestive process takes place, with the action of the tongue and the secretion of saliva. The tongue is a fleshy and muscular sensory organ, and the very first sensory information is received via the taste buds in the papillae on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4085426", "chunk_text": "Digestion\nenzyme that breaks down the disaccharide sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, cane sugar, or beet sugar. Sucrose digestion yields the sugars fructose and glucose which are readily absorbed by the small intestine. DNA and RNA are broken down into mononucleotides by the nucleases deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease (DNase and RNase) from the pancreas. Some nutrients are complex molecules (for example vitamin B) which would be destroyed if they were broken down into their functional groups. To digest vitamin B non-destructively, haptocorrin in saliva strongly binds and protects the B molecules from stomach acid as they enter the stomach and are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8008251", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\nby bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by passive diffusion. The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids. These bacteria also produce large amounts of vitamins, especially vitamin K and biotin (a B vitamin), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins, in general, provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin-deficient if treated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19603008", "chunk_text": "\"Small intestine\"\nthe proteins required by our body. The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine. Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum, with the following notable exceptions: The small intestine supports the body's immune system. The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host's immune system. Peyer's patches, located within the ileum of the small intestine, are an important part of the digestive tract's local immune system. They are part of the lymphatic system, and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9517620", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\nThe large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum. The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria, such as vitamin K (especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain adequate blood coagulation), thiamine and riboflavin. It also compacts feces, and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the anus in defecation. The large intestine also secretes K+ and Cl-. Chloride secretion increases in cystic fibrosis. Recycling of various nutrients takes place in colon.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20082438", "chunk_text": "\"Human digestive system\"\nin the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8008248", "chunk_text": "\"Large intestine\"\nmore is made available, thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet. The large intestine produces no digestive enzymes — chemical digestion is completed in the small intestine before the chyme reaches the large intestine. The pH in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 (slightly acidic to neutral). Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a transmucosal osmotic pressure gradient. The standing gradient osmosis is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines. Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space, raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18214198", "chunk_text": "\"Small intestine\"\ndifferent regions. In traditional Chinese medicine, the small intestine is a yang organ. Small intestine The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place. The small intestine has three distinct regions – the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins. It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct, controlled by the sphincter of Oddi. The primary function of the small", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17130012", "chunk_text": "\"Digestive enzyme\"\nDigestive enzyme Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body. Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the traps of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival. Digestive enzymes of diverse specificities are found in the saliva secreted by the salivary glands, in the secretions of cells lining In the human digestive system, the main sites", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15252323", "chunk_text": "Nutrition\ndeath. Vitamin C and selenium supplements did not impact mortality rate. Health effects of non-nutrient phytochemicals such as polyphenols were not assessed in this review. Animal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the large intestine perform many important functions for humans, including breaking down and aiding in the absorption of fermentable fiber, stimulating cell growth, repressing the growth of harmful bacteria, training the immune system to respond only to pathogens,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4798870", "chunk_text": "Chyme\nChyme Chyme or chymus (; from Greek χυμός \"\"khymos\"\", \"\"juice\"\") is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum (the beginning of the small intestine). Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a bolus and consists of partially digested food, water, hydrochloric acid, and various digestive enzymes. Chyme slowly passes through the pyloric sphincter and into the duodenum, where the extraction of nutrients begins. Depending on the quantity and contents of the meal, the stomach will digest the food into chyme in anywhere between 40 minutes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7198048", "chunk_text": "\"Extracellular digestion\"\nthe digestive tract or subjected to physical fragmentation. This fragmentation may occur through the chewing action of teeth (in the mouth of many vertebrates) or the grinding action of pebbles (in the gizzard of earthworms and birds). Chemical digestion then occurs, breaking down the larger food molecules of polysaccharides and disaccharides, fats, and proteins into their smallest sub-units. Chemical digestion involves hydrolysis reactions that liberate the sub unit molecules—primarily monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids—from the food. These products of chemical digestion pass through the epithelial lining of the gut into the blood, in a process known as absorption. Any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13839921", "chunk_text": "\"Equine anatomy\"\nwhile the majority of absorption occurs in the jejunum. Bile from the liver aids in digesting fats in the duodenum combined with enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine. Horses do not have a gall bladder, so bile flows constantly. Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, including proteins, simple carbohydrate, fats, and vitamins A, D, . Any remaining liquids and roughage move into the large intestine. The cecum is the first section of the large intestine. It is also known as the \"\"water gut\"\" or \"\"hind gut\"\". It is a cul-de-sac pouch, about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_79	when do primary ossification centers appear in an embryo?	n/a	[ "prenatal development" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12711315", "chunk_text": "\"Ossification center\"\nof the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another. Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolæ. There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary. A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12711316", "chunk_text": "\"Ossification center\"\nbone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers. A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3653930", "chunk_text": "\"Primary bone\"\nPrimary bone Primary bone is the first bone tissue that appears in embryonic development and in fracture repair. It is characterized by its random position of collagen fibers. In most places in adults this tissue is replaced by secondary bone tissue except, for example, near the sutures of calvara or tooth sockets. The secondary bones have lower amounts of osteocytes so primary bone is much more easily penetrated by x-ray. Primary bone or the primary ossification center is the beginning of the bone building process during the first trimester. Calcificed cartilage is basophilic and new bone being made is more", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3610804", "chunk_text": "Ossification\nsmall opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (osteoblasts on the outside, osteoclasts on the inside.) The canal of the nutrient foramen is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone. Most other bones (e.g. vertebrae) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner. Secondary centers The secondary centers generally appear at the epiphysis. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2506943", "chunk_text": "Bone\ndevelopment of the periosteum. Endochondral ossification occurs in long bones and most other bones in the body; it involves the development of bone from cartilage. This process includes the development of a cartilage model, its growth and development, development of the primary and secondary ossification centers, and the formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates. Endochondral ossification begins with points in the cartilage called \"\"primary ossification centers.\"\" They mostly appear during fetal development, though a few short bones begin their primary ossification after birth. They are responsible for the formation of the diaphyses of long bones, short bones and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19024529", "chunk_text": "\"Radius (bone)\"\nThe radius is ossified from \"\"three\"\" centers: one for the body, and one for each extremity. That for the body makes its appearance near the center of the bone, during the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification commences in the lower end between 9 and 26 months of age. The ossification center for the upper end appears by the fifth year. The upper epiphysis fuses with the body at the age of seventeen or eighteen years, the lower about the age of twenty. An additional center sometimes found in the radial tuberosity, appears about the fourteenth or fifteenth year. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11456103", "chunk_text": "\"Endochondral ossification\"\ngrowth. The process of appositional growth occurs when the cartilage model also grows in thickness due to the addition of more extracellular matrix on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium. The first site of ossification occurs in the primary center of ossification, which is in the middle of diaphysis (shaft). Then: About the time of birth in mammals, a secondary ossification center appears in each end (epiphysis) of long bones. Periosteal buds carry mesenchyme and blood vessels in and the process is similar to that occurring in a primary ossification center.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16248624", "chunk_text": "\"Ossification of humerus\"\nOssification of humerus The humerus is ossified from \"\"eight\"\" centers, one for each of the following parts: the body, the head, the greater tubercle, the lesser tubercle, the capitulum, the trochlea, and one for each epicondyle. One primary and seven secondary centres . The center for the body appears near the middle of the diaphysis in the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends toward the extremities. This is the primary centre At birth the humerus is ossified in nearly its whole length, only the extremities remaining cartilaginous. During the first year, sometimes before birth, ossification commences in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12711317", "chunk_text": "\"Ossification center\"\nthe epiphyses. Ossification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11419586", "chunk_text": "Sternum\nsternum which is ossified from six centers: one for the manubrium, four for the body, and one for the xiphoid process. The ossification centers appear in the intervals between the articular depressions for the costal cartilages, in the following order: in the manubrium and first piece of the body, during the sixth month of fetal life; in the second and third pieces of the body, during the seventh month of fetal life; in its fourth piece, during the first year after birth; and in the xiphoid process, between the fifth and eighteenth years. The centers make their appearance at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12711314", "chunk_text": "\"Ossification center\"\nOssification center The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows. The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other. A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance. Here and there the matrix between two cells", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3610803", "chunk_text": "Ossification\nlong bones and other bones. This requires a hyaline cartilage precursor. There are two centers of ossification for endochondral ossification. The primary center In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the diaphysis (middle of shaft). Chondrocytes multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the epiphysis. A perichondrium layer surrounding the cartilage forms the periosteum, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside. The nutrient artery enters via the nutrient foramen from a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6186704", "chunk_text": "\"First metacarpal bone\"\narticular facets on the sides of its base (for intermetacarpal articulations) because it articulates exclusively with the trapezium. The metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base. This contrasts to the other four metacarpal bones where the secondary centre is found in the head. The ossification process begins in the shaft during the ninth week of prenatal life, and in the base during the second year of life in girls and the third year in boys. When the both sexes were considered together, the ossification", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2506942", "chunk_text": "Bone\nimmobile, then the joint is called a \"\"suture\"\". The formation of bone is called ossification. During the fetal stage of development this occurs by two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification involves the formation of bone from connective tissue whereas endochondral ossification involves the formation of bone from cartilage. Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles; the bone is formed from connective tissue such as mesenchyme tissue rather than from cartilage. The process includes: the development of the ossification center, calcification, trabeculae formation and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13778733", "chunk_text": "Premaxilla\npremaxilla. The first ossification centers in the area of the future premaxilla appear during the seventh week above the germ of the second incisor on the outer surface of the nasal capsule. After eleven weeks an accessory ossification center develops into the alar region of the premaxilla. Then a premaxillary process grow upwards to fuse with the frontal process of the maxilla; and later expands posteriorly to fuse with the alveolar process of the maxilla. The boundary between the premaxilla and the maxilla remains discernible after birth and a suture is often observable up to five years of age. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9331626", "chunk_text": "\"Endochondral ossification\"\nThe cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal plate, and it continues to form new cartilage, which is replaced by bone, a process that results in an increase in length of the bone. Growth continues until the individual is about 20 years old or until the cartilage in the plate is replaced by bone. The point of union of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called the epiphyseal line. The growth in diameter of bones around the diaphysis occurs by deposition of bone beneath the periosteum. Osteoclasts in the interior cavity continue to resorb", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11456102", "chunk_text": "\"Endochondral ossification\"\nEndochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification. Endochondral ossification is also an essential process during the rudimentary formation of long bones, the growth of the length of long bones, and the natural healing of bone fractures. The cartilage model will grow in length by continuous cell division of chondrocytes, which is accompanied by further secretion of extracellular matrix. This is called interstitial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12248654", "chunk_text": "Femur\nthe medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm, formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development, the first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes. Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5015334", "chunk_text": "\"Primary bone\"\nacidophilic. The primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis. In contrast, secondary ossification centers appear later at the epiphyses of the cartilage and develop similarly to the diaphysis. Primary bone cancer is a type of sarcoma, a cancer that originates in bone, muscle, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, fat tissue, as well as some other tissues. Primary bone cancer can arise in any of the 206 bones in the body but is mostly seen to originate the arms and the legs. The most common cases are observed in children and young adults. The following list includes types of primary bone cancer: Primary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6340161", "chunk_text": "Rib\nvertebral arches. During the fifth week the costal processes on the thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral joints begin to develop and separate the ribs from the vertebrae. The first seven pairs of ribs, the true ribs join at the front to the sternal bars. By the fetal stage the sternal bars have completely fused. The ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process called endochondral ossification. Primary ossification centers are located near the angle of each rib, and ossification continues in the direction away from the head and neck.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3610802", "chunk_text": "Ossification\nrods and nails may heal by intramembranous osteogenesis. Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. Calcification is often confused with ossification. Calcification is synonymous with the formation of calcium-based salts and crystals within cells and tissue. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not \"\"vice versa\"\". The exact mechanisms by which bone development is triggered remains unclear, but it involves growth factors and cytokines in some way. Intramembranous ossification forms the flat bones of the skull, clavicle and mandible. Endochondral ossification is the formation of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8355532", "chunk_text": "\"Sphenoid bone\"\ncartilage. There are fourteen centers in all, six for the presphenoid and eight for the postsphenoid. By about the ninth week of fetal development an ossific center appears for each of the small wings (orbito-sphenoids) just lateral to the optic foramen; this is followed by the appearance of two nuclei in the presphenoid part of the body. The sphenoidal conchae are each developed from a center that makes its appearance about the fifth month; at birth they consist of small triangular laminae, and it is not until the third year that they become hollowed out and coneshaped; about the fourth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9713326", "chunk_text": "\"Myositis ossificans\"\nof bone formation (four to eight weeks following injury) where cacification started to occur and is visible on X-rays. During the maturation phase, mature bone started to form. As the maturation continues, the bone will consolidate in the coming months and subsequently bone regression occurs. Calcification is typically depicted 2 weeks earlier by ultrasound (US) when compared to radiographs. The lesion develops in two distinct stages with different presentations at US. In the early stage, termed immature, it depicts a non-specific soft tissue mass that ranges from a hypoechoic area with an outer sheet-like hyperechoic peripheral rim to a highly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11160340", "chunk_text": "\"Face and neck development of the human embryo\"\nFace and neck development of the human embryo The face and neck development of the human embryo refers to the development of the structures from the third to eighth week that give rise to the future head and neck. They consist of three layers, the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, which from the mesenchyme (derived form the lateral plate mesoderm and paraxial mesoderm), neural crest and neural placodes (from the ectoderm). The paraxial mesoderm forms structures named somites and somitomeres that contribute to the development of the floor of the brain and voluntary muscles of the craniofacial region. The lateral plate", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2580638", "chunk_text": "\"Intramembranous ossification\"\nIntramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created during fetal development, cartilage is not present during intramembranous ossification. Mesenchymal stem cells within mesenchyme or the medullary cavity of a bone fracture initiate the process of intramembranous ossification. A mesenchymal stem", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16300514", "chunk_text": "Somitomere\nSomitomere In the developing vertebrate embryo, the somitomeres (or somatomeres) are cells that are derived from the loose masses of paraxial mesoderm that are found alongside the developing neural tube. In human embryogenesis they appear towards the end of the third gestational week. The approximately 50 pairs of somitomeres in the human embryo, begin developing in the cranial (head) region, continuing in a caudal (tail) direction until the end of week four. The first seven somitomeres give rise to the striated muscles of the face, jaws, and throat. The remaining somitomeres, likely driven by periodic expression of the \"\"hairy\"\" gene,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10235871", "chunk_text": "\"Osteoderm development\"\na slightly delayed development compared with the rest of the skeleton, as it does not appear until after hatching has occurred. Osteodermic bone develops via the transformation of the preexisting irregular, connective tissue. This mode of bone formation is identified as metaplasia. Osteoderms are not historically uniform but include a mix of tissues, including irregular calcified and un-calcified connective tissue. There is a pattern of development and modification through fusion, deletions, and sinking bones. This pattern is determined by the appearance of the ossification centers. Similarities in these centers and their sequences help to show trends in development between species.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11873683", "chunk_text": "\"Axis (anatomy)\"\nthe vertebral arch. The centers for the arch appear about the seventh or eighth week of fetal life, while the centers for the body appear in about the fourth or fifth month. The dens or odontoid process consists originally of a continuation upward of the cartilaginous mass, in which the lower part of the body is formed. About the sixth month of fetal life, two centers make their appearance in the base of this process: they are placed laterally, and join before birth to form a conical bilobed mass deeply cleft above; the interval between the sides of the cleft", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1624821", "chunk_text": "Chondrocranium\nChondrocranium The chondrocranium (or \"\"cartilaginous neurocranium\"\") is the primitive cartilaginous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embryonic brain. The chondrocranium in different species can vary greatly, but in general it is made up of five components, the sphenoids, the mesethmoid, the occipitals, the optic capsules, and the nasal capsule. In humans, the chondrocranium begins forming at 28 days from mesenchymal condensations and is fully formed between week 7 and 9 of fetal development. While the majority of the chondrocranium is succeeded by the bony skull in most higher vertebrates, some components do persist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5791593", "chunk_text": "\"Trabecular cartilage\"\nTrabecular cartilage Trabecular cartilages (trabeculae cranii, sometimes simply trabeculae, prechordal cartilages) are paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the head of the vertebrate embryo. They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base, and are derived from the cranial neural crest cells. The trabecular cartilages generally appear as a paired, rod-shaped cartilages at the ventral side of the forebrain and lateral side of the adenohypophysis in the vertebrate embryo. During development, their anterior ends fuse and form the \"\"trabecula communis\"\". Their posterior ends fuse with the caudal-most parachordal cartilages. Most skeletons are of mesodermal origin in vertebrates.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1589812", "chunk_text": "\"Temporal bone\"\nelongated or deviated styloid process can result from calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in a condition known as \"\"Eagle syndrome\"\". The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the end of prenatal development [Fig. 6] the temporal bone consists of three principal parts: Apart from size increase, the chief changes from birth through puberty in the temporal bone are as follows:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15508483", "chunk_text": "\"Occipital bone\"\n[Fig. 3] of the squamous part of the occipital bone is developed in membrane, and may remain separate throughout life when it constitutes the interparietal bone; the rest of the bone is developed in cartilage. The number of nuclei for the occipital plane is usually given as four, two appearing near the middle line about the second month, and two some little distance from the middle line about the third month of fetal life. The nuchal plane of the squamous part is ossified from two centers, which appear about the seventh week of fetal life and soon unite to form", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17136116", "chunk_text": "Metopism\nportion (orbital part). Some adults have a metopic or frontal suture in the vertical portion. In uterine period in right and left half of frontal region of the fetus there is a membrane tissue. On each half a primary ossification center appears about the end of the second month of the fetus. Primary ossification center extends to form the corresponding half of the vertical part (squama) and horizontal part (orbital part) of the frontal bone. At birth the frontal bone contains two portions, separated by the metopic (frontal) suture. Metopism is the condition of having a persistent metopic suture. Metopic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7071076", "chunk_text": "\"Embryonic disc\"\nEmbryonic disc The floor of the amniotic cavity is formed by the embryonic disc (or embryonic disk) composed of a layer of prismatic cells, the embryonic ectoderm, derived from the inner cell-mass and lying in apposition with the endoderm. In humans, it is the stage of development that occurs after implantation and prior to the embryonic folding (e.g. seen between about day 14 to day 21 post fertilization). It is derived from the epiblast layer, which lies between the hypoblast layer and the amnion. The epiblast layer is derived from the inner cell mass. Through the process of gastrulation, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16638680", "chunk_text": "\"Deciduous teeth\"\nDeciduous teeth Deciduous teeth, commonly known as milk teeth, baby teeth and temporary teeth, are the first set of teeth in the growth development of humans and other diphyodont mammals. They develop during the embryonic stage of development and erupt—that is, they become visible in the mouth—during infancy. They are usually lost and replaced by permanent teeth, but in the absence of permanent replacements, they can remain functional for many years. Primary teeth start to form during the embryo phase of human life. The development of primary teeth starts at the sixth week of tooth development as the dental lamina.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10629801", "chunk_text": "Ossification\ndistal femur and proximal tibia which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the epiphysis, depositing osteoblasts and osteoclasts which erode the cartilage and build bone. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs. Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in vertebrates. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store minerals. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an exaptation development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11708471", "chunk_text": "\"Human embryogenesis\"\nform the auricle of the ear. The eyes begin to develop from the third week to the tenth week. At the end of the fourth week limb development begins. Limb buds appear on the ventrolateral aspect of the body. They consist of an outer layer of ectoderm and an inner part consisting of mesenchyme which is derived from the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. Ectodermal cells at the distal end of the buds form the apical ectodermal ridge, which creates an area of rapidly proliferating mesenchymal cells known as the progress zone. Cartilage (some of which ultimately becomes bone)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13706059", "chunk_text": "Ulna\ncoated with a thin layer of compact bone. The trabeculæ at the lower end have a more longitudinal direction. The ulna is ossified from three centers: one each for the body, the wrist end, and the elbow end, near the top of the olecranon. Ossification begins near the middle of the body of the ulna, about the eighth week of fetal life, and soon extends through the greater part of the bone. At birth, the ends are cartilaginous. About the fourth year or so, a center appears in the middle of the head, and soon extends into the ulnar styloid", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16966575", "chunk_text": "\"Xiphoid process\"\nXiphoid process The xiphoid process , or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower (inferior) part of the sternum, which is usually ossified in the adult human. It may also be referred to as the ensiform process. Both the Greek derived \"\"xiphoid\"\" and its Latin equivalent \"\"ensiform\"\" mean 'swordlike'. The xiphoid process is considered to be at the level of the 9th thoracic vertebra and the T6 dermatome. In newborns and young (especially slender) infants, the tip of the xiphoid process may be both seen and felt as a lump just below the sternal notch.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2580641", "chunk_text": "\"Intramembranous ossification\"\nAs growth continues, trabeculae become interconnected and woven bone is formed. The term primary spongiosa is also used to refer to the initial trabecular network. The periosteum is formed around the trabeculae by differentiating mesenchymal cells. The primary center of ossification is the area where bone growth occurs between the periosteum and the bone. Osteogenic cells that originate from the periosteum increase appositional growth and a bone collar is formed. The bone collar is eventually mineralized and lamellar bone is formed. Osteons are components or principal structures of compact bone. During the formation of bone spicules, cytoplasmic processes from osteoblasts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4126670", "chunk_text": "Embryogenesis\nspecified by the Hox homeotic genes. Toward the end of the second week after fertilization, transverse segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm begins, and it is converted into a series of well-defined, more or less cubical masses, also known as the somites, which occupy the entire length of the trunk on either side of the middle line from the occipital region of the head. Each segment contains a central cavity (known as a myocoel), which, however, is soon filled with angular and spindle-shape cells. The somites lie immediately under the ectoderm on the lateral aspect of the neural tube and notochord,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10629797", "chunk_text": "Ossification\nOssification Ossification (or osteogenesis) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue: Intramembranous ossification is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme), while endochondral ossification involves cartilage as a precursor. In fracture healing, endochondral osteogenesis is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long bones treated by plaster of Paris, whereas fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with metal plates, screws, pins,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "237020", "chunk_text": "Mandible\nappearance: These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption. The inner alveolar border, usually described as arising from a separate ossific center (\"\"splenial center\"\"), is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone. At birth the bone consists of two parts, united by a fibrous symphysis, in which ossification takes place during the first year. At birth, the body of the bone is a mere shell, containing the sockets of the two incisor, the canine, and the two deciduous molar teeth, imperfectly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "101058", "chunk_text": "\"Parietal bone\"\ngranulations (Pacchionian bodies). In the groove is the internal opening of the parietal foramen when that aperture exists. The parietal bone is ossified in membrane from a single center, which appears at the parietal eminence about the eighth week of fetal life. Ossification gradually extends in a radial manner from the center toward the margins of the bone; the angles are consequently the parts last formed, and it is here that the fontanelles exist. Occasionally the parietal bone is divided into two parts, upper and lower, by an antero-posterior suture. In non-human vertebrates, the parietal bones typically form the rear", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13699008", "chunk_text": "\"Hip bone\"\nmale), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16294694", "chunk_text": "\"Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva\"\na notable lump at the minor joint. The first \"\"flare-up\"\" that leads to the formation of FOP bones usually occurs before the age of 10. The bone growth progresses from the top of the body downward, just as bones grow in fetuses. A child with FOP will typically develop bones starting at the neck, then on the shoulders, arms, chest area and finally on the feet. Specifically, ossification is typically first seen in the dorsal, axial, cranial and proximal regions of the body. Later the disease progresses in the ventral, appendicular, caudal and distal regions of the body. However, it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15508484", "chunk_text": "\"Occipital bone\"\na single piece. Union of the upper and lower portions of the squamous part takes place in the third month of fetal life. An occasional centre (Kerckring) appears in the posterior margin of the foramen magnum during the fifth month; this forms a separate ossicle (sometimes double) which unites with the rest of the squamous part before birth. Each of the lateral parts begins to ossify from a single center during the eighth week of fetal life. The basilar portion is ossified from two centers, one in front of the other; these appear about the sixth week of fetal life", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8611221", "chunk_text": "\"Primitive streak\"\nembryo for more than 14 days outside a woman's body. Primitive streak The primitive streak is a structure that forms in the blastula during the early stages of avian, reptilian and mammalian embryonic development. It forms on the dorsal (back) face of the developing embryo, toward the caudal or posterior end. The presence of the primitive streak will establish bilateral symmetry, determine the site of gastrulation and initiate germ layer formation. To form the streak, reptiles, birds and mammals arrange mesenchymal cells along the prospective midline, establishing the second embryonic axis, as well as the place where cells will ingress", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12116522", "chunk_text": "\"Intramembranous ossification\"\ninterconnect. This becomes the canaliculi of osteons. Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow. When replacement to compact bone occurs, this blood vessel becomes the central canal of the osteon. Intramembranous ossification Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the gnathostome (excluding chondrichthyans such as sharks) skeletal system by which rudimentary bone tissue is created. Intramembranous ossification is also an essential process during the natural healing of bone fractures and the rudimentary formation of bones of the head. Unlike endochondral", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15518216", "chunk_text": "\"Ethmoid bone\"\nthree centers: one for the perpendicular plate, and one for each labyrinth. The labyrinths are first developed, ossific granules making their appearance in the region of the lamina papyracea between the fourth and fifth months of fetal life, and extending into the conchæ. At birth, the bone consists of the two labyrinths, which are small and ill-developed. During the first year after birth, the perpendicular plate and crista galli begin to ossify from a single center, and are joined to the labyrinths about the beginning of the second year. The cribriform plate is ossified partly from the perpendicular plate and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_80	where does kevins family go in home alone 2?	n/a	[ "Florida" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774486", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\nis often ranked as one of the best Christmas films of all time. \"\"Home Alone\"\" spawned a successful film franchise with four sequels, including the 1992 film \"\"\"\", which is the only \"\"Home Alone\"\" sequel to have the original cast reprising their roles. The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris, gathering at Peter and Kate's home outside of Chicago on the night before their departure. Peter and Kate's youngest son, Kevin, is being scorned by his siblings and cousins. Later, Kevin accidentally ruins the family dinner after a fight with his older brother Buzz, resulting in him", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377104", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nKevin a pair of ceramic turtledoves as a gift, instructing him to give one to another person as a sign of eternal friendship. After a run-in with Harry and Marv, Kevin rushes back to the Plaza. The hotel's concierge, Mr. Hector, confronts Kevin about the credit card, which has been reported stolen. Kevin flees the hotel after evading Mr. Hector, but he is eventually caught by Harry and Marv. They brag about their plan to break into the toy store at midnight, just before Kevin manages to escape. After landing at Miami International Airport, the rest of the family discovers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377103", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nmeets a homeless woman tending to pigeons at Central Park, which frightens him. Kevin goes to the Plaza Hotel, where he uses Peter's credit card to check in. Meanwhile, the \"\"Wet Bandits\"\", Harry and Marv, have traveled to New York City after escaping during a prison riot and now call themselves the \"\"Sticky Bandits\"\". On Christmas Eve, Kevin visits a toy store where he meets its philanthropic owner, Mr. E.F. Duncan. Kevin learns that the proceeds from the store's Christmas sales will be donated to a children's hospital, and provides a donation. As a token of appreciation, Mr. Duncan offers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377101", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nfilm is also notable for featuring a cameo from future U.S. President Donald Trump, who had owned the Plaza Hotel at the time of the film's production. A sequel, \"\"Home Alone 3\"\", followed five years later in 1997. The McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Miami, gathering at Peter and Kate's home outside of Chicago. Peter and Kate's youngest son, Kevin, sees Florida as contradictory to Christmas, due to the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. Later, at a school Christmas pageant, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him, causing Kevin to retaliate and ruin the pageant. Back home,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377107", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nHarry and Marv catch him and discuss how they will kill him in Central Park. Before they can shoot him, the pigeon lady has her pigeons incapacitate them. Kevin sets off fireworks to signal the police, who arrest Harry and Marv, finding enough evidence that would ensure their incarceration for a long time. At the toy store, Mr. Duncan finds a note from Kevin, explaining about the robbery. While searching for Kevin, Kate remembers his fondness for Christmas trees and heads to Rockefeller Center. After observing Kevin making a wish at the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, Kate meets him there", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377102", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nKevin storms to the third floor of the house after refusing to apologize to his family. During the night, Peter accidentally resets the alarm clock, causing the family to oversleep once again. At the airport, Kevin stops to replace the batteries for his Talkboy, carrying Peter's bag which contains the batteries (along with Peter's wallet and large amounts of cash). Losing sight of his family, Kevin inadvertently boards a flight to New York City after mistakenly following a man wearing a jacket identical to Peter's. Upon arrival in New York City, Kevin decides to tour the city. While there, Kevin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774488", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\na serial killer who murdered his family; as well as the \"\"Wet Bandits\"\", Harry and Marv, a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood and have targeted the McCallisters' house. Kevin tricks them into thinking his family is home, forcing them to put their plans on hold. Kate discovers mid-flight that Kevin is missing and upon arrival in Paris, the family discovers that all flights for the next two days are booked. Peter and the rest of the family stays in his brother's apartment in the city while Kate manages to get a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3936182", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nthat Kevin is missing. After tracking the whereabouts of the credit card, they fly to New York. Meanwhile, Kevin goes to his uncle Rob's townhouse, only to find the house vacant and undergoing renovations while Rob and his family are still in Paris. At Central Park, he encounters and befriends the pigeon lady. They go to Carnegie Hall, where the pigeon lady explains how her life collapsed when her lover left her. Kevin encourages her to trust people again, and promises to be her friend. Kevin confides in her that he's misbehaved and that he doesn't deserve Christmas. She suggests", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377100", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nbut Kevin takes the wrong plane and ends up in New York City. He tries to make do with what he has, such as using his father's credit card to stay at the Plaza Hotel, but is soon confronted by the Wet Bandits and must outrun and out-prank them again. The film was shot in Winnetka, Illinois; O'Hare International Airport in Chicago; Evanston, Illinois; and New York City. The film became the second most financially successful film of 1992, earning over $173 million in revenue in the United States and $359 million worldwide against a budget of $20 million. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3936199", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\n\"\"Home Alone 2\"\" was novelized by Todd Strasser and published by Scholastic in 1992 to coincide with the film. It has an ISBN of 0-590-45717-9. An audiobook version was also released read by Tim Curry (who played the concierge in the film). As in the novelization of the first film the McCallisters live in Oak Park, Illinois and the crooks are named as Harry Lime and Marv Merchants. In the beginning of the novelization, a prologue, which ends up being Marv's nightmare in prison, he and Harry sneak away from the cops and return to Kevin's house to seek revenge", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774489", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\nflight back to the United States, only to get as far as Scranton, Pennsylvania. She attempts to book a flight to Chicago but again, everything is booked. Unable to accept this, Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski—the lead member of a traveling polka band—who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago on their way to Milwaukee in a moving van, which she graciously accepts. Meanwhile, Harry and Marv realize that Kevin is alone, and on Christmas Eve, Kevin overhears them discussing plans to break into his house that night. Kevin starts to miss his family and asks the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377099", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nHome Alone 2: Lost in New York Home Alone 2: Lost in New York is a 1992 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It is the second film in the \"\"Home Alone\"\" series and the sequel to \"\"Home Alone\"\". Macaulay Culkin reprises his role as Kevin McCallister, while Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern reprise their roles as the Wet Bandits, now known as the Sticky Bandits. Catherine O'Hara, John Heard, Rob Schneider, Tim Curry, and Brenda Fricker are also featured. Kevin and his family decide to take a trip to Florida,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377108", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nand they reconcile. On Christmas Day, a truckload of gifts arrive at the McCallisters' hotel room from the toy store. Kevin reconciles with the rest of his family, and goes to Central Park to give the pigeon lady the second turtledove, cementing their friendship. At the Plaza, Buzz receives the bill for Kevin's stay and shows it to Peter who calls out, \"\"Kevin! You spent $967 on room service?!\"\" prompting Kevin to run back to the hotel. Numerous based on \"\"Home Alone 2\"\" were released by THQ for such systems as the Sega Genesis, the Nintendo Entertainment System, the Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "61520", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nuncle's three-story Townhouse. This time Kevin has to avoid Harry and Marv, and sets up several booby-traps to keep the Sticky Bandits (Marv changes their name in the film) at bay. While doing so, Kevin must also find keys that will allow him to escape to the next floor, and ultimately the Rooftop. Once he's on the roof, Kevin escapes to the streets of New York with the Bandits hot on his tail, until he reaches the giant Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree. It's here where he gets help from the Pigeon Lady to defeat Harry and Marv, have them sent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377106", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nthat he do a good deed which will make up for the bad ones. Seeing a child in the children's hospital, Kevin decides to stop Harry and Marv from robbing the toy store. Kevin returns to the townhouse and rigs it with numerous booby traps. He later arrives at the toy store during Harry and Marv's robbery, takes their picture, and breaks the store's window, setting off the alarm. Kevin then lures the duo to the townhouse, where they spring the traps and suffer various injuries. While the duo pursues Kevin outside of the townhouse, he calls the police before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1844560", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nis sorry, and Kevin smiles at her and runs into her arms. Shortly afterward, the rest of the McCallisters, having traveled directly to Chicago from Paris, arrive. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv. Kevin and Buzz have a moment of reconciliation. He then goes over to the window, looks out and sees Marley reunited with his son and his family. After the two wave to each other and Marley goes back to his house with his family, Buzz yells about the mess Kevin made earlier in the film, and he flees to another part of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15472881", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nwith Wolves and Dick Tracy respectively. Macaulay Culkin's performance garnered him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, but lost to Gérard Depardieu for his performance in \"\"Green Card\"\". Set one year after the first film, Kevin McCallister (Macaulay Culkin) loses track of his family at the airport to which he mistakenly gets on a plane headed for New York City while the rest of the McCallisters fly to Florida. Now alone in one of the largest cities in the world, Kevin cons his way into a room at the Plaza Hotel and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377110", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\nBoeing 767-200s. In the first film, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10 was used. For the release of the first two films on home video, the airline became a sponsor.. Coca-Cola products make several appearances in the film, including in scenes when Kevin rides a limousine and when Kevin's cousin Fuller wakes up at the Plaza Hotel. Notably, Pepsi products appeared in the first \"\"Home Alone\"\" film instead. \"\"Home Alone 2\"\" opened to $31.1 million from 2,222 theaters, averaging $14,008 per site. While it started off better than \"\"Home Alone\"\", the final box office gross was much less. $173.6 million was taken", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7914811", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\nPesci and Culkin during one of the rehearsals where \"\"Harry tries to bite off Kevin's finger.\"\" Culkin still has the scar. Some scenes were shot in a three-story single-family house located at 671 Lincoln Avenue in the village of Winnetka where Hughes previous films \"\"Breakfast Club\"\", \"\"Ferris Bueller's Day Off\"\", \"\"Sixteen Candles\"\", \"\"Planes, Trains & Automobiles\"\", \"\"She's Having a Baby\"\" and \"\"Uncle Buck\"\" filming is. The kitchen in the film was shot in the house, along with the main staircase, basement, attic and most of the first floor landing. The house's dining room, and all the downstairs rooms (excluding the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2877271", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\ncall for him; they reconcile and are soon joined by the rest of the McCallisters, who waited in Paris until they could get a direct flight to Chicago. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv, although Peter finds Harry's knocked-out gold tooth. Kevin then observes Marley reuniting with his son and his family. Marley notices Kevin, and the pair wave to each other. Buzz suddenly calls out, \"\"Kevin, what did you do to my room?\"\" at which point Kevin runs off. \"\"Home Alone\"\" was initially a Warner Bros. production; when 20th Century Fox took over the project,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12696288", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nnow knowing how it feels to not have his family for Christmas, advises Marley to reconcile with his son. As Kevin leaves, he hears the church bells ringing, and, remembering the plot to break into his house, he hurries home and sets up various booby traps inside the house. Harry and Marv, who were initially fooled by Kevin's illusions that the house is occupied, now realize that he is home alone and attempt to break in, running into the various traps. After the two spring almost every trap in the house, Kevin flees in his parents room on second floor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1844561", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nhouse, ending the film. The McCallister family prepares to spend Christmas in Miami. Kevin McCallister's main problem is the lack of Christmas trees in Florida. During the school Christmas concert, Kevin's older brother Buzz humiliates him during his solo, causing Kevin to retaliate and ruin the show. Though Buzz apologizes to the family and Kevin himself, Kevin refuses to apologize for his actions, and, still angry with the family's decision to go to Miami, he storms up to the third floor bedroom of the house, wishing that he had his own money so he could go on his own vacation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12503593", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nolder brothers and sisters. After events transpire between him and his family, he wishes he had no family when his mother is punishing him for what he feels are unjustified reasons. She warns him to be careful what he wishes for and he ignores it. He wakes up the next day to discover he is the only one left in the house. He thinks his wish came true and that he is finally alone without his obnoxious family. In reality, he was left home by mistake. His family is en route to France for a holiday trip. While his parents", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2877263", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\nHome Alone Home Alone is a 1990 American Christmas comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. The film stars Macaulay Culkin as Kevin McCallister, an 8-year-old boy who is mistakenly left behind when his family flies to Paris for their Christmas vacation. Kevin initially relishes being home alone, but soon has to contend with two burglars, played by Joe Pesci and Daniel Stern. The film also features John Heard and Catherine O'Hara as Kevin's parents. Culkin was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy, and the film was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10377117", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 2: Lost in New York\"\non Kevin. Kevin bolts into the garage with Marv and Harry in hot pursuit. Harry and Marv end up triggering extra traps that Kevin had set up in the garage. Kevin watches as Marv ends up triggering a trap where a running lawnmower falls on his head (This was a trap featured in \"\"Home Alone 3\"\"). A second sequel, \"\"Home Alone 3\"\", followed in 1997. Two additional television movie sequels, \"\"\"\" and \"\"\"\", would follow in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Home Alone 2: Lost in New York Home Alone 2: Lost in New York is a 1992 American Christmas comedy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13337543", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nby himself. The McCallisters accidentally wake up late on the day of the flight, as their alarm clock was reset earlier, and the family hastily departs for Chicago O'Hare International Airport. Kevin loses sight of his family while loading his Talkboy with fresh batteries from Peter's bag, and ends up following a man wearing the same coat as his dad onto a flight that, unknown to him, is bound for LaGuardia Airport in New York City. Once Kevin realizes that he has arrived in New York instead of Miami, he sees it as an adventure and goes sightseeing. While doing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4056702", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nKevin McCallister Kevin McCallister is the main protagonist of the films \"\"Home Alone\"\", \"\"\"\", and \"\"\"\" in the \"\"Home Alone\"\" franchise. Kevin is played by Macaulay Culkin in the first two films, but in \"\"Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House\"\", Kevin is played by Mike Weinberg. Kevin is not featured in \"\"Home Alone 3\"\", as the film takes place during \"\"Home Alone 2\"\". Kevin's most famous pose is when he has both hands on his cheeks, and screams. While the McCallister family prepare for their trip to Paris, Kevin McCallister finds himself the subject of ridicule from the other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774487", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\ngetting sent to the attic of the house for punishment where he berates Kate and wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds cause damage to the power lines, which causes a power outage and resets the alarm clocks, causing the family to oversleep. In the confusion and rush to get to the airport, Kevin is accidentally left behind. Kevin wakes to find the house empty and, thinking his wish has come true, is overjoyed with his newfound freedom. However, he soon becomes frightened by his next door neighbor, Old Man Marley, who is rumored to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774490", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\nlocal mall Santa if he could bring his family back for Christmas. He goes to church and watches a choir perform and meets Old Man Marley, who dispels the rumors about him. He points out his granddaughter in the choir, whom he never gets to meet as he and his son are estranged; Kevin suggests that he should reconcile with his son. Kevin returns home and rigs the house with booby traps to take on the bandits. Harry and Marv break in, spring the traps and suffer various injuries. While the duo pursues Kevin around the house, he calls the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5748647", "chunk_text": "\"Grown Ups 2\"\nThree years after the events of the first film, Lenny Feder has relocated his family back to his Connecticut hometown of Stanton where he and his friends grew up. In the film's opening in the Feder household, Lenny wakes up to find a wild deer standing next to his bed. Lenny tries to get his wife Roxanne to open the window. She wakes up abruptly and startles the deer, causing it to urinate all over the bed and on Lenny. The deer runs down the hall and crashes into the bathroom where it runs into Lenny's elder son Greg showering,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20643481", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House\"\naround Kevin McCallister (Mike Weinberg) trying to defend his future stepmother's house from his old nemesis Marv (French Stewart) and his sidekick/wife Vera (Missi Pyle). At the McCallisters' house, Peter (Jason Beghe) is about to get divorced from Kate (Clare Carey) and announces that he's living with his new and rich girlfriend Natalie (Joanna Going) at her mansion. He tells his three children Buzz (Gideon Jacobs), Megan (Chelsea Russo), and Kevin (Mike Weinberg) that they are hosting the visit of a royal family and invites everyone to spend Christmas with him and Natalie. After initially refusing, Kevin takes his father", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2877270", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone\"\npolice and flees, luring the duo into a neighboring home which they previously broke into. Harry and Marv subdue him, but Marley sneaks in and knocks them unconscious with his shovel before they can harm Kevin. The police arrive and arrest Harry and Marv, having identified all the houses they broke into due to the latter's habit of flooding them. On Christmas Day, Kevin is disappointed to find that his family is still gone, and discovers that Santa did not make it due to the untouched state of his cookies and milk. He then hears Kate enter the house and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "869909", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nbegins his usual antics, but when he discovers that the burglars he previously encountered are on the loose again he stops them from robbing an elderly man's toy store before Christmas. \"\"Home Alone 3\"\" does not center on Kevin, but instead on Alex Pruitt, a young boy who is left home alone with chickenpox but soon recovers. At the same time, four burglars working for a North Korean terrorist group are sent by their boss to retrieve a top-secret microchip that can act as a cloaking device for a missile. They succeed in retrieving it and hide it in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4729080", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 3\"\nfrom a band of criminals. The film was followed by a made-for-television sequel, \"\"\"\", in 2002. Peter Beaupre, Alice Ribbons, Burton Jernigan, and Earl Unger are four internationally wanted hitmen working for a North Korean terrorist organization. Having stolen a US$10 million missile-cloaking computer chip, the thieves put it inside a remote control car to sneak it past security at San Francisco International Airport. However, a luggage mix-up occurs, causing a woman named Mrs. Hess to inadvertently take the thieves' bag containing the car, while returning home to Chicago. The four thieves arrive in Chicago and systematically search every house", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15020141", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 3\"\nit and discovers the stolen chip. He informs the local Air Force Recruitment Center about the chip while asking if they can forward the information about the chip to the right authorities. The thieves conclude that Alex has been watching them and decide to pursue him. As a snowstorm hits Chicago, the thieves block off the road to the house and Alice duct tapes Hess to a chair in her garage and leaves the door open. By this point, Alex has rigged his house with booby traps and prepares to set them off with his pet rat, Doris, and his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12503609", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nas well as a disjointed feel of incontinuity between stages. The NES version has four different levels, the first of which is the Plaza Hotel. Kevin races through various floors and rooms collecting power-ups and avoiding the hotel staff, crazy guests and runaway vacuum cleaners and suitcases. Before he can escape, however, he has to deal with two bosses: the ever-persistent House Detective and the Master Chef. The next level takes place in Central Park, and is similar to the Plaza Hotel: Kevin collects his goodies while avoiding rats, bats and assorted thugs. The third level takes place in Kevin's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1844559", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nand knocks them out with his snow shovel and takes Kevin home. Shortly after Kevin is safely returned home, Harry and Marv are arrested. As the car drives away, Harry turns his head and gives Kevin a stern look while Kevin replies with a mocking smile and waves at him. Kevin wakes up the next morning and is disappointed to see that his family is still gone. While upstairs looking at a family portrait, Kevin hears Kate come into the house, calling for him. He goes downstairs and the two of them meet across the hall. Kate tells Kevin she", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9157640", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 3\"\nrevived in the mid-1990s; early drafts called for Macaulay Culkin to return as a teenage Kevin McCallister, along with Daniel Stern and Joe Pesci reprising their roles as the two burglars. By 1994, however, Culkin had dropped out of acting. As a result, the idea was reworked as an entirely new film centering on a new cast of characters. It was filmed in Chicago and Evanston, Illinois, with the airport scenes in the beginning of the film being shot in two different concourses at O'Hare International Airport. The film grossed $79,082,515 worldwide. \"\"Home Alone 3\"\" holds an approval rating of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13349282", "chunk_text": "\"Home for the Holidays (1995 film)\"\nbudget cuts, flies from Chicago to spend Thanksgiving at the Baltimore home of her parents, Adele and Henry Larson, while her only child Kitt decides to stay home and spend the holiday with her boyfriend. As she is dropping her mother off at the airport, Kitt informs Claudia that she intends to have sex with her boyfriend for the first time while she's gone. While on the plane, Claudia makes a phone call to Tommy, her younger brother and confidant who she believes won't be attending the Thanksgiving dinner, telling him that she lost her job, made out with her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6181968", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nbut is captured by the bandits once again. He records their plans of breaking into the store on his Talkboy before fleeing by hiding in the back of a hansom cab with the help of a French woman Marv had encountered the day before. Having noted earlier that his uncle Rob has a townhouse in New York, Kevin attempts to visit him and successfully reaches the house. however, the house is vacant and undergoing renovations and that Rob and his family are in Paris, France. While in Central Park, he runs into the pigeon lady, only to get his foot", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "964937", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 3\"\nbrother's loud-mouthed parrot. After their numerous break-in attempts are foiled by Alex's traps, the thieves infiltrate the house and search for Alex. Alex flees to the attic and takes the dumbwaiter down to the basement, then runs outside and calls to Alice, Jernigan, and Unger. The thieves see Alex and notice a trampoline below them. Jernigan and Unger jump to pursue Alex, but the trampoline gives way and they fall into a frozen pool. Alice wriggles her way into the dumbwaiter chute but falls down to the basement because Alex removed the bottom. Alex rescues Hess and is cornered by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18661859", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House\"\nfor misjudging him (and vice versa), Kevin manages to escape through the dumbwaiter. Kevin then traps Marv under the dumbwaiter but Vera gets him out. Then, Kevin unleashes his traps on Marv and Vera. Afterward, Molly appears as Kevin manages to trap her in the elevator, and runs to his bedroom. At the airport, Peter gets worried about Kevin and takes a cab back to Natalie's to check on him. Back in the basement, Mr. Prescott then manages to escape through the dumbwaiter as well to see if Kevin is alright. Just on the road, Kate, Buzz, and Megan are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15472890", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nstill revolves around Kevin’s battle with the Wet Bandits, he instead must protect several houses in his neighborhood while waiting 20 minutes for the police to arrive (40 on higher difficulties). During the game, the Wet Bandits drive around the neighborhood in their non-descript van until they decide to enter the house. Kevin can travel by sled (in a top-view format) to the various houses and do battle with the Bandits as they proceed to rob whatever house they are in (in a 2D platform/side scroller format). When this happens, Kevin must fight them off with different weapons and guns", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12576044", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone 3\"\nBeaupre, but scares him off with a bubble gun resembling a Glock. Meanwhile, Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents arrive at Alex's siblings' school, after being tipped off by the recruitment center. Alex's family brings the agents to their house, where the police arrive and arrest Alice, Jernigan, and Unger. However, Beaupre flees to the snow fort in the backyard. The parrot drives the remote control car into the snow fort and threatens to light fireworks, which are lined around the inside. Beaupre offers a cracker, but the parrot demands two. Since he only has one, the parrot then lights", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8802978", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (video game)\"\nHome Alone (video game) Home Alone is the title of several tie-in video games based on the film of the same name. Versions were released for the Nintendo Entertainment System, Game Boy, Super NES, Master System, Genesis, Game Gear, Amiga and MS-DOS platforms. There are multiple versions of the game and each features a different style of gameplay, but all share the same plot and roughly the same objective: Kevin McCallister is left home alone when his family goes on vacation. He must prevent Harry and Marv, the \"\"Wet Bandits\"\", from burglarizing his home, using various household objects as traps", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5748648", "chunk_text": "\"Grown Ups 2\"\nscaring him and making the deer urinate on him. It turns out that Lenny's daughter, Becky, left the door open overnight for any animals that wanted to come in. Lenny is able to get the deer out of the house by using Becky's monkey doll, which rips it apart, devastating her. Greg, Keith, and Becky then go to their last day of school. Roxanne brings up the idea of their family having another baby, but Lenny says their family is perfect as it is, angering Roxanne. At the Lamonsoff household, Eric Lamonsoff and his wife Sally are at loggerheads with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6085377", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin Liliana\"\nMaranatha Christian University with a bachelor's degree in interior design and works as a model and interior designer. She has done ramp and print modeling. She has one younger brother named Audi. Her parents prepared the name \"\"Kevin\"\" because they expected to have a baby boy. However, they kept the name and gave it to her. Her name was inspired by the main character of a 1990 Christmas comedy film, \"\"Home Alone\"\" which is her parents' favorite film. Lilliana won Puteri Indonesia 2017, representing the province of West Java. During finals night, she placed 1st Runner-Up, and won the title", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12696285", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nchildren. After getting into an argument with his older brother Buzz over Kevin's cheese pizza on purpose, he is sent to his third floor bedroom of the house without having a compensate meal and wishes his family would disappear. The family accidentally leaves Kevin asleep in bed, as a power outage resets the alarm clocks and causes them to wake up late. He wakes up to find the house empty and is overjoyed to find that his wish came true. He gets away with taking Buzz's life savings, practicing shooting with Buzz's BB gun, jumping on the bed, watching a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8305578", "chunk_text": "\"Home Alone (franchise)\"\nback to jail, and finally reunite with his family. The game got negative reception from Electronic Gaming Monthly. \"\"Home Alone\"\" is an action game based on the first film and released in Europe only. The game was published by Blast! Entertainment Limited and released for the PlayStation 2 on December 1, 2006. The game features 10 levels, each taking place inside a house. The player chooses from one of four playable characters: Carl, Carly, Kelly or Kevin. The player's goal is to use objects to defeat burglars attempting to break into the house. The game includes a two-player option. Home", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4056716", "chunk_text": "\"Kevin McCallister\"\nthe police. Harry and Marv are arrested, and the stolen money is recovered. Furthermore, the police also have Kevin's photographs and tape as evidence against the duo. At the toy store, Mr. Duncan sees Kevin's note and realizes his role in stopping the bandits. While making a wish at the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree, Kevin reunites with his mother. A truckload of gifts from the toy store comes to the Plaza on Christmas Day as a reward for Kevin's foiling of the robbery. Buzz suggests that had it not been for Kevin getting on the wrong flight, they would not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_81	when is season 2 of jessica jones being released?	n/a	[ "March 8, 2018" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811058", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nalso returning from the first season, as well as Wil Traval and David Tennant in guest roles. They are joined by J. R. Ramirez, Terry Chen, Leah Gibson, and Janet McTeer. The second season was ordered in January 2016, with filming beginning in April 2017, back-to-back with the miniseries \"\"Marvel's The Defenders\"\". Filming concluded in September 2017. The season was released on March 8, 2018. It received mostly positive reviews from critics, who once again praised Ritter's performance and the series' female focus, but felt the season suffered from pacing issues and a lack of a compelling villain after Tennant's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11215269", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nshield being broken, as well as mention of the Raft prison. The season also mentions the Rand Corporation from \"\"Iron Fist\"\", and makes multiple references to Spider-Man. The second season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" was released on March 8, 2018, to coincide with International Women's Day, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range. In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date. A trailer was released on February 7, 2018. Ahead of the season releasing, Netflix revealed the episode titles and creative teams with pulp", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4591892", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nKitchen. All episodes of the first season premiered on November 20, 2015. They were released to critical acclaim, with critics noting Ritter's and Tennant's performances as well as the series' noir tone, approach to sexuality, and depiction of darker topics such as rape, assault and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In January 2016, Netflix renewed \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" for a second season; filming began in April 2017 and concluded in September 2017. The second season was released on March 8, 2018, and a third season was ordered on April 12, which is scheduled to be released in 2019. Following the tragic end", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5366575", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones\"\nDefenders\"\", a 2017 crossover miniseries. A second season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" was released on Netflix on March 8, 2018, on International Women's Day. The second season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\", follows Jones as she takes on a new case after the events surrounding her encounter with Kilgrave. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Tall Girls Productions, with Melissa Rosenberg serving as showrunner. Jessica Jones Jessica Campbell Jones is a fictional superhero appearing in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811076", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\ncomic covers for each episode created by women artists. The artists included, in respective order for each episode: Stephanie Hans, Jen Bartel, Elizabeth Torque, Kate Niemczyk, Colleen Doran, Erica Henderson, Audrey Mox, Joyce Chin, Jenny Frison, Amy Reeder, Emanuela Lupacchino, June Brigman, and Annie Wu. The season held its red carpet premiere on March 7, 2018 at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 83% with an average rating of 7.02/10, based on 72 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"While \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" is a slower burn with less focus", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811074", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nRosenberg confirmed that all 13 episodes of the season would be directed by women. Oscar's paintings in the season were created by comic book artist David Mack, who has drawn covers for Jessica Jones comics. A soundtrack album for the season was released by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music digitally on March 16, 2018, featuring selections of the original score for the season composed by Sean Callery, as well as the original song \"\"I Want Your Cray Cray\"\". All music composed by Sean Callery. The season makes several references to the events of \"\"\"\", including Vido Arocho's toy Captain America's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19673468", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nseries to try to correlate it with potential viewership. The data showed that when the first season premiered in November 2015, the season had just under 300,000 Twitter and Instagram posts regarding it, and when the second season was released in March 2018, the posts had declined by half, to under 150,000. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 8.16/10, based on 64 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"\"\"Jessica Jones\"\" builds a multifaceted drama around its engaging antihero, delivering what might be Marvel's strongest TV franchise to date.\"\" Metacritic, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811072", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nArocho and Callum Keith Rennie as Karl Malus. Elden Henson and Rob Morgan reprise their roles as Foggy Nelson and Turk Barrett from previous Marvel Netflix series, respectively. Filming began the week of April 3, 2017 in New York City, once again using the working title \"\"Violet\"\". This followed the end of production on \"\"The Defenders\"\" in March, with Ritter having indicated in May 2016 that the season would film back-to-back with \"\"The Defenders\"\". Filming occurred at the Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center. Filming for the season wrapped on September 14, 2017. Approaching the second season, Rosenberg wanted to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811059", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nKilgrave from season one. A third season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" was ordered on April 12, 2018. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" the series was \"\"eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure\"\" and Netflix would look at \"\"how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase\"\" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate. In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Defender series would \"\"selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate,\"\" with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful \"\"Jessica", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811060", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nJones\"\" would get an additional season before \"\"Marvel's The Defenders\"\". Rosenberg later expanded on this, saying that Marvel Television and Netflix were working out the placement of a potential second season, though \"\"[i]t might not be possible from a logistical standpoint\"\" to have a second season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" debut before \"\"The Defenders\"\"; Sarandos later confirmed this to be the case, stating that the season would air after \"\"The Defenders\"\" released in 2017. On January 17, 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes. Raelle Tucker joined the season as an executive producer and writer, replacing Liz Friedman from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5297895", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nreleased digitally on June 3, 2016. Jamie Forsyth also contributed to the music of the first season. A soundtrack album for the second season was released digitally on March 16, 2018. \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" is the second of the ordered Netflix series, after \"\"Daredevil\"\", and was followed by \"\"Luke Cage\"\" and \"\"Marvel's Iron Fist\"\", which led to the miniseries, \"\"The Defenders\"\". In November 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that, if the characters prove popular on Netflix, \"\"It's quite possible that they could become feature films,\"\" which Sarandos echoed in July 2015. In August 2014, Vincent D'Onofrio, who played Wilson Fisk", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16629053", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\none of those things that happens. We had talked about whether that was the best title for it, and that's how it happened.\"\" Rosenberg added that the \"\"AKA\"\" would still be seen in the name of each episode. In January 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes. Raelle Tucker joined the series as an executive producer and writer for the second season, replacing Friedman, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, \"\"Conviction\"\". A third season was ordered on April 12, 2018, a month after the second season was released. That August, Rosenberg", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7649202", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (season 2)\"\n\"\"an emotional standpoint\"\" so that they drive the story forward rather than simply being \"\"awesome fight scenes\"\" for the sake of having fights. Robert Lydecker composed the music for the season. The fictional country of Sokovia that was introduced in the MCU film \"\"\"\" (2015) is referenced in the season as part of Walker's past as an operative in the country. The second season of \"\"Iron Fist\"\", consisting of ten episodes, was released on September 7, 2018, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range. Jones, Henwick, Missick, Eve, Loeb, Metzner, and Barber promoted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15807238", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\nAugust 22, 2017, in Region 2 and Region B on December 5, 2016, and in Region 4 on December 7, 2016. As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on a sample size of 15,000 people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program's sound. According to Symphony, from September to December 2015, episodes of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" averaged 4.8 million viewers during a 35-day viewing cycle. The data was presented by Alan Wurtzel, NBCUniversal president of research and media development,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1486996", "chunk_text": "\"Luke Cage (season 2)\"\nThe latter wrote an original song for the series, which he performs in the season finale. The season also includes music from Nina Simone and Mobb Deep. Following the death of Captain Ridenhour, high-ranking detective Brigid O'Reilly is mentioned as having recently moved to New Orleans, in reference to that character's role in the series \"\"Cloak & Dagger\"\". The second season of \"\"Luke Cage\"\" was released on June 22, 2018, on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range. An advanced screening of the season was hosted by Spotify, Netflix, and the Kennedy Center on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11990927", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\nseason, Sarandos had said that it was \"\"too hard to say now\"\" if the season would actually release in 2015, with Netflix's plan to release a Marvel series approximately a year apart from each other after \"\"Daredevil\"\"s April 2015 release. However, Netflix soon confirmed that the season would indeed release in 2015, announcing the November 20 release date in September. The season was enhanced to be available in high dynamic range after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. In May 2015, Marvel announced plans to reprint \"\"Alias\"\", the comic that the series is based on, with new covers from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811070", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nof her being\"\" after the first season focused on Jones' trauma and facing her abuser. After the season was ordered, several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season, including Ritter as Jessica Jones, Rachael Taylor as Patricia \"\"Trish\"\" Walker, and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth. Eka Darville also reprises his role as Malcolm Ducasse. In March 2017, J. R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar Arocho, which was revealed in July after the airing of his character's death on \"\"Power\"\". In April 2017, Janet McTeer was cast in an undisclosed role, described as someone who has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7649194", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (season 2)\"\n\"\"Black Panther\"\". Each episode in the season is named after a comics issue that Rand has appeared in. The season was released on September 7, 2018, and consists of ten episodes. The season received mixed reviews from critics, but was considered a major improvement over the previous season. Netflix canceled the series on October 12, 2018. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> In January 2015, Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was \"\"eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure\"\" and Netflix would look at \"\"how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase\"\" in terms of determining", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7649193", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (season 2)\"\nof \"\"The Defenders\"\". Jessica Henwick, Tom Pelphrey, Jessica Stroup, and Sacha Dhawan also return from the first season to star, and are joined by Simone Missick, reprising her role from previous Marvel Netflix series, and Alice Eve. The season was ordered in July 2017, with Metzner replacing Scott Buck as showrunner. Filming for the season began in late 2017 in New York City, and continued until May 2018. Focus was placed on improving the fight sequences for the series after criticisms of the first season, with Clayton Barber taking over as fight coordinator after doing so for the MCU film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7118963", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 3)\"\nwas ordered in April 2018, a month after the second season was released. Filming for the season began by the end of that June, with Ritter making her directorial debut during the season. The season is scheduled to be released in 2019. Star Krysten Ritter directs an episode for the season, marking her directorial debut. On April 12, 2018, a month after the release of the second season, Netflix ordered a third season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\". With the season order came confirmation that the returning starring cast would include Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones, Rachael Taylor as Patricia \"\"Trish\"\" Walker,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811057", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nJessica Jones (season 2) The second season of the American web television series \"\"Jessica Jones\"\", which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Jones as she takes on a new case after the events surrounding her encounter with Kilgrave. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise. The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios and Tall Girls Productions, with Melissa Rosenberg serving as showrunner. Krysten Ritter stars as Jones, with Rachael Taylor, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Eka Darville", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7662690", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\nVFX focused on creating \"\"invisible\"\" effects that would support its realistic approach. The first two episodes of the season premiered in New York City on November 17, 2015, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on November 20 to an estimated high viewership and critical acclaim. Critics praised the performances of Ritter and Tennant, as well as the season's noir tone, approach to sexuality, and coverage of darker topics such as rape, assault and posttraumatic stress disorder. The season was awarded a Peabody Award in the category of \"\"Entertainment and Children's programs\"\", and a Hugo Award for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1486981", "chunk_text": "\"Luke Cage (season 2)\"\nafter a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song. Reg E. Cathey has a recurring role as Cage's father in one of his last performances, and the season is dedicated to his memory. The season premiered on June 21, 2018, before all 13 episodes were released on Netflix on June 22. It was widely praised as better than the first season, particularly for its narrative and cast—Woodard's performance especially—though there was again some criticism for its pacing. Netflix canceled the series on October 19, 2018. <onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> In January 2015, Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was \"\"eligible to go", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811061", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\nthe first season, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, \"\"Conviction\"\". Rosenberg and the season's writers were halfway through the writing process by August 2016, with the scripts completed by the end of October 2016. Writing during the 2016 United States presidential election, Rosenberg noted she \"\"was just so \"\" and that she and the writing team tried to tap \"\"into the rage Hillary [Clinton] must have felt every day\"\" for the characters. With \"\"The Defenders\"\" releasing before the season, Rosenberg used the miniseries as an opportunity to help \"\"set up\"\" elements for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10848483", "chunk_text": "\"The Punisher (season 2)\"\nthe first season. They are joined by Josh Stewart, Floriana Lima, Giorgia Whigham, Corbin Bernsen, and Annette O'Toole. A second season of \"\"The Punisher\"\" was ordered in December 2017, a month after the first season was released. The new cast members were added in February 2018. Filming began in New York City the next month and wrapped in August. The 13-episode season is expected to be released in January 2019. A second season of \"\"The Punisher\"\" was ordered by Netflix in December 2017, less than a month after the first season was released. Showrunner Steve Lightfoot had an idea of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7649200", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (season 2)\"\nfor the season was expected to begin \"\"soon\"\" after it was announced at San Diego Comic-Con, with actor Sacha Dhawan saying then that \"\"they're hopefully starting\"\" by December 2017. By December 13, filming on the season had begun, in New York City where the production wrapped on May 10, 2018. Jones described this as the end of a \"\"long and physical 7 month winter shoot\"\". Extensive filming took place in New York's Chinatown. Niels Alpert served as cinematographer for the season. Clayton Barber took over as the fight coordinator for the season, having also served in the role on Marvel's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13583313", "chunk_text": "\"Luke Cage (TV series)\"\nwere met with positive reviews. In December 2016, Netflix renewed \"\"Luke Cage\"\" for a second season, which was released on June 22, 2018. Following creative differences between Netflix and the series' writers during the development of a third season, Netflix canceled the series on October 19, 2018. When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city. After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1566271", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (TV series)\"\nderived from Paesano's original demo for the series, which he submitted during the auditioning process. Paesano noted that it is rare for such material to be incorporated into a final score like this. A soundtrack album for the first season was released digtally on April 27, 2015, for the second season on July 15, 2016, and for the third season on October 19, 2018. \"\"Daredevil\"\" is the first of the ordered Netflix series, and is followed by \"\"Marvel's Jessica Jones\"\", \"\"Marvel's Luke Cage\"\", and \"\"Marvel's Iron Fist\"\", which lead to the miniseries, \"\"Marvel's The Defenders\"\". In November 2013, Disney CEO", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5757334", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (TV series)\"\ncast as Rand in February 2016. Metzner was revealed as the series' new showrunner in July 2017. Filming for the series takes place in New York City. All 13 episodes of the first season premiered on March 17, 2017. They received generally negative reviews from critics. Despite the critical reception, third-party data analytics determined the series had strong viewership. A second season, consisting of 10 episodes, was ordered in July 2017, and was released on September 7, 2018 to a more mixed to positive reception. On October 12, 2018, Netflix canceled the series after two seasons. After being presumed dead", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8936762", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (comic book)\"\nones that I’m going to lean into. With that came this overwhelming feeling that “something happened, and no one is talking about it.” After Bendis' departure, many expected the series to be cancelled as part of a wave of Marvel cancellations in late 2017. The final issue, released in March 2018 (cover dated May) noted that the series would continue, \"\"[leaving Jones] to an all new team next issue.\"\" The series has been compiled into three trade paperbacks, released in May and November 2017, as well as in April 2018. Two months following the first volume's conclusion, a new serial", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13920149", "chunk_text": "\"Mike Colter\"\nbegan portraying the role of Agent Jameson Locke in the \"\"Halo\"\" franchise. Colter starred in the series \"\"Halo: Nightfall\"\" and provided the motion capture for Agent Locke in \"\"\"\" while the voice acting is performed by Ike Amadi. He also co-starred as Luke Cage in \"\"Jessica Jones\"\", on Netflix. The entire first season was released online on November 20, 2015. This was followed by the character's individual series, \"\"Luke Cage\"\", with the first season being released on September 30, 2016, and the second season being released on June 22, 2018. In between the two seasons, Colter also played Luke in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5694272", "chunk_text": "Netflix\n9, 2017, season 5 was premiered and the sixth season premiered on July 27, 2018. In November 2013, Netflix and Marvel Television announced a five-season deal to produce live action Marvel superhero-focused series: Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist and Luke Cage. The deal involves the release of four 13-episode seasons that culminate in a mini-series called \"\"The Defenders\"\". \"\"Daredevil\"\" and \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" premiered in 2015. The \"\"Luke Cage\"\" series premiered on September 30, 2016, followed by \"\"Iron Fist\"\" on March 17, 2017 and \"\"The Defenders\"\" on August 18, 2017. In April 2016 the Netflix series in the Marvel Cinematic Universe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18743003", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (season 2)\"\nposters for Daredevil, Punisher and Elektra. The series' Twitter account encouraged users to vote for which character was their favorite, with the other two receiving blood and bruises added to their billboards. The season was released on DVD in Region 2 and Blu-ray in Region B on May 15, 2017, in Region 4 on June 14, 2017, and in Region 1 and Region A on August 22, 2017. As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18091805", "chunk_text": "\"Legends of Tomorrow (season 2)\"\nthe crossover episodes also featured appearances by Melissa Benoist, reprising her role as Kara Danvers / Supergirl from the TV series \"\"Supergirl\"\". The season began airing on October 13, 2016 on The CW in the United States, and concluded on April 4, 2017. The season was made available for streaming on Netflix in late April 2017, soon after the season finale aired. It was later released on Blu-ray on August 15, 2017. Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an 80% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.06/10 based on 15 reviews. The website's consensus reads: \"\"Though the narrative remains too", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16629059", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nshe was set to feature in her own film. A month later, Carrie-Ann Moss joined the cast, with her role revealed that October to be a female version of male comic book character Jeryn Hogarth. Also in February, Eka Darville, Erin Moriarty, and Wil Traval were cast as Malcolm Ducasse, Hope Shlottman, and Will Simpson, respectively. Ritter, Taylor, Darville, and Moss return for the second season. They are joined by J.R. Ramirez as Oscar Arocho, Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng, Leah Gibson as Inez Green, and Janet McTeer as Alisa Jones. Traval and Tennant also appear in the second season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18742999", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (season 2)\"\n\"\"Luke Cage\"\" ... somehow at some point during that show, the next day she’s in the hospital talking to me.\"\" The second season of \"\"Daredevil\"\" was released on March 18, 2016 on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K. Preparing for the release, Netflix created eight different images to use as cover art for the season on its site. The images were randomly distributed among select subscribers, with Netflix tracking to see which one was the best-performing to eventually use for all subscribers. Netflix also debuted a countdown timer to a percentage of its users worldwide, allowing them", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1486997", "chunk_text": "\"Luke Cage (season 2)\"\nJune 19, followed by an after-party featuring musical performances by KRS-One, Younge and Muhammad, and surprise guests. The season had its red carpet premiere in New York City on June 21, 2018. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 84% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.15/10 based on 54 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"\"\"Marvel's Luke Cage\"\" surpasses the successes of its debut season with a satisfyingly complex narrative and a solid ensemble cast led by Alfre Woodard's standout performance as the archvillainess Black Mariah.\"\" Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13783840", "chunk_text": "\"The Punisher (season 2)\"\n/ Punisher, Ben Barnes as Billy Russo, Amber Rose Revah as Dinah Madani, and Jason R. Moore as Curtis Hoyle. Announced as joining them for the season were Josh Stewart as John Pilgrim, Floriana Lima as Krista Dumont, and Giorgia Whigham as Amy Bendix, with Corbin Bernsen as Anderson Shultz and Annette O'Toole as Eliza Schultz announced in May. Filming for the season had begun by March 10, 2018, in The Bellmores, New York. Filming occurred in Albany, New York, in mid-July 2018, with production on the season wrapping in August 2018. The second season of \"\"The Punisher\"\" is expected", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19362107", "chunk_text": "\"Daredevil (season 2)\"\nand showing how the latter two affect Murdock's life. The first two episodes of the season premiered in Paris on March 7, 2016, with the full season of 13 episodes released on Netflix on March 18. Critics praised the introduction of Castle and Natchios, as well as Bernthal's performance in particular, the season's action, and storylines. However, many missed the presence of Vondie Curtis-Hall's Ben Urich from season one, and D'Onofrio's Wilson Fisk during the first half of season two. The series was renewed for a third season in July 2016. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> When asked about the future of the series", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1486980", "chunk_text": "\"Luke Cage (season 2)\"\nand Alfre Woodard. They are joined by Gabrielle Dennis and Mustafa Shakir, with Jessica Henwick, Finn Jones, and Stephen Rider reprising their roles from other Marvel/Netflix series; Rosario Dawson also returns in a guest role. The season was ordered in December 2016, and filmed in New York City from June to November 2017. Coker again emphasized music in the season: Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score, using blues and reggae to represent the conflict between the Stokes family and Shakir's Bushmaster; the season again features performances from various artists; and each episode is named", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5757339", "chunk_text": "\"Iron Fist (TV series)\"\nbecame a breakout star of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" and Marvel wanted to \"\"follow the momentum\"\". John Dahl, Cindy Holland, Allie Goss, Alison Engel, Kris Henigman, Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, Dan Buckley, Jim Chory, Loeb and Buck serve as executive producers on the series. A second season was announced in July 2017, with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck. Loeb felt Metzner's \"\"love of all things Iron Fist and his extensive knowledge of martial arts films made him the perfect choice\"\" for new showrunner. Buck stated the series would have a lighter tone to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15811071", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 2)\"\n\"\"an enormous impact on Jessica's life.\"\" She was revealed to be playing Alisa Jones, Jessica's mother, who was briefly portrayed in flashbacks by Miriam Shor in the first season. By July, Leah Gibson had also joined the cast, in the role of Inez Green. Also joining in the season is Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng. In August 2017, David Tennant was confirmed to be reprising his role as Kilgrave, appearing as a hallucination, with Wil Traval also returning as Will Simpson. Recurring characters in the season include Rebecca De Mornay reprises her role as Dorothy Walker, Kevin Chacon as Vido", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7118964", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 3)\"\nEka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse, and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth. By the end of May 2018, Ritter was undergoing training to prepare for the start of filming \"\"very soon\"\", with it officially beginning by the end of June. Ritter also made her directorial debut during the season. The third season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" is scheduled to be released in 2019. Jessica Jones (season 3) The third season of the American web television series \"\"Jessica Jones\"\", which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, follows Jones as she takes on a new case. It is set", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15807233", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\n\"\"Daredevil\"\" enough given that \"\"it's supposed to be sharing at least this little of the Marvel Cinematic Universe with it.\"\" Eric Francisco of Inverse countered that \"\"Jessica Jones\"\"s lack of overt connections to the MCU was \"\"the show's chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how physically wide open the MCU's scope really is, \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" also proves the MCU's thematic durability.\"\" The first season of \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" was released on November 20, 2015, on the streaming service Netflix, in all territories where it is available, in Ultra HD 4K. In January 2015, a month after Marvel announced a 2015 release for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10848486", "chunk_text": "\"The Punisher (season 2)\"\nto be released in January 2019 on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide. By mid-June 2018, discussions were underway regarding the season being promoted at San Diego Comic-Con that year. Bernthal was already set to be at the convention to promote his role in the ninth season of \"\"The Walking Dead\"\". A teaser for the season was included in Netflix's announcement of titles coming to the service in January 2019, and announcing the season was \"\"coming soon\"\". The Punisher (season 2) The second season of the American web television series \"\"The Punisher\"\", which is based on the Marvel Comics character of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8166987", "chunk_text": "\"Legion (season 2)\"\nof the \"\"X-Men\"\" film actors (Patrick Stewart or James McAvoy) reprising that role for the show since he felt incorporating elements directly from the films \"\"too quickly\"\" was \"\"cheating on some level\"\", rather than telling his own standalone story first. The Shi'ar alien race are mentioned in the season, ahead of their film introduction in the 2019 \"\"X-Men\"\" film \"\"Dark Phoenix\"\". The season began airing on FX on April 3, 2018, and is set to run for eleven episodes. Hawley had previously said, in March 2017, that he expected the season to begin airing in February 2018. Footage from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5297904", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nuses a weighted average, assigned a score of 81 out of 100 based on 32 critics, indicating \"\"universal acclaim\"\". For season two, Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rating with an average rating of 7.02/10, based on 68 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, \"\"While \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" is a slower burn with less focus than its inaugural season, its enticing new character arc more fully details the most charismatic Defender.\"\" Metacritic assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews\"\". In December 2015, IGN named \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" the best Netflix original", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3048680", "chunk_text": "\"Broken Promises (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)\"\nfeatured in the MCU series \"\"Jessica Jones\"\", where another antagonistic character's backstory features a loved one dying during the Chitauri invasion. \"\"Broken Promises\"\" was first aired in the United States on ABC on January 10, 2017. It began streaming on Netflix, along with the rest of the fourth season, on June 15, 2017. In the United States the episode received a 0.8/3 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 0.8 percent of all households, and 3 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8665017", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (season 1)\"\n\"\"a sense of togetherness\"\" and was the most relatable because of her struggle with trauma, and that the season would have the amount of creative space required to explore the character that the other female characters were lacking. A second trailer was released on November 10, 2015. Sarene Leeds of \"\"The Wall Street Journal\"\" felt that this trailer highlighted empowerment, compared to the first that \"\"was about illustrating the fear behind Jones's past\"\". The season held its premiere in New York City on November 17. The season was released on DVD in Region 1 and Blu-ray in Region A on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19673464", "chunk_text": "\"Jessica Jones (TV series)\"\nbefore? And the answer is no.\"\" \"\"Jessica Jones\"\" is available on the streaming service Netflix, in all territories where it is available, in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range (HDR). The first season was enhanced to be available in HDR after its initial release by post-production vendor Deluxe. The episodes for each season were released simultaneously, as opposed to a serialized format, to encourage binge-watching, a format which has been successful for other Netflix original series. Disney Consumer Products created a small line of products to cater to a more adult audience, given the show's edgier tone. Paul Gitter,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_82	who is the most losing team in nfl history?	n/a	[ "Arizona Cardinals", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "899813", "chunk_text": "\"1944 NFL season\"\npunting average by an NFL team with 32.7 yards per punt. The season is notable in that it featured two winless teams, the only such case in NFL history since 1935 (when the league stabilized from its early years of revolving door membership, when winless teams were much more common) as both Brooklyn and Card-Pitt finished 0–10. Since 1944, only five teams have had winless seasons in the NFL: the 1960 Dallas Cowboys (0–11–1), the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (0–14), the 1982 Baltimore Colts (0–8–1), the 2008 Detroit Lions (0–16), and the 2017 Cleveland Browns (0–16). In the case of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "204106", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl\"\nthe Green Bay Packers and New York Giants have four Super Bowl championships. Fourteen other NFL franchises have won at least one Super Bowl. Eight teams have appeared in Super Bowl games without a win. The Minnesota Vikings were the first team to have appeared a record four times without a win. The Buffalo Bills played in a record four Super Bowls in a row and lost every one. Four teams (the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans) have never appeared in a Super Bowl. The Browns and Lions both won NFL Championships prior to the creation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7372661", "chunk_text": "\"Arizona Cardinals\"\ngame, came in , nearly two decades before the first Super Bowl. They returned to the title game to defend in 1948, but lost the rematch 7–0 in a snowstorm in Philadelphia. Since winning the championship in 1947, the team suffered many losing seasons, and currently holds the longest active championship drought of North American sports at 70 consecutive seasons after Major League Baseball's Chicago Cubs ended their 108 year drought in 2016. In 2012 the Cardinals became the first NFL franchise to lose 700 games since its inception. The franchise's all-time win-loss record (including regular season and playoff games)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10924716", "chunk_text": "\"Buffalo (NFL)\"\nhad spoiled their undefeated season in 1921 saved them from the indignity of a winless season in 1929. With the Great Depression underway, the Bisons folded, never to return again. During the season, the Bisons set an NFL record of six consecutive games without ever having a lead in regulation play. The record was tied in 2012 by the Kansas City Chiefs. With the exception of the three teams that have direct descendants still in the NFL—the Bears, Arizona Cardinals and Dayton Triangles (whose remains reside in the current Indianapolis Colts), Buffalo was the longest-lived of the league's original 13", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10616104", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League controversies\"\ntwo players from each existing franchise and the remainder from the local area to make up a 55-player roster. When the Tampa Bay Buccaneers were added to the NFL in 1976, their roster ended up being composed mostly of aging veterans and inexperienced rookies, and as a result, Tampa Bay had the first winless season in modern NFL history en route to losing their first 26 games (the longest losing streak in NFL history). After significant public criticism, the NFL created an expansion draft to avoid a repeat of this very poor start for future expansion teams. The league has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10056617", "chunk_text": "\"History of the National Football League\"\nwhile the New England Patriots, and Indianapolis Colts had the following two spots, followed by the New Orleans Saints at number seven and the Green Bay Packers and their fanbase ranked at number ten. The Arizona Cardinals finished last in the entire survey of 122 teams, though the survey was taken before the team's appearance against the Steelers in Super Bowl XLIII. The National Anthem controversy was started by former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. Kaepernick knelt during the National Anthem in protest of Americas treatment of minorities. In October 2017, Papa John's Pizza removed the \"\"official sponsor\"\" designation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4864800", "chunk_text": "\"New York Jets\"\nSince 1968, the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times, and in the AFC Championship Game four times, most recently losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in 2010. However, the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl, making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance, along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Apart from the Cleveland Browns and Detroit Lions, who have never reached the Super Bowl (although both won NFL championships prior to 1966), the Jets' drought is the longest among current NFL franchises. The team's training facility, Atlantic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1572864", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl curse\"\n1998 Miami Dolphins, the 2016 Houston Texans, and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference's title game. From 1966–2011 (excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team), the Super Bowl host team has had 11 winning seasons, four split seasons, and 25 losing seasons. Mathematically, the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance (assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season (disregarding .500 seasons)) is 7.69 percent. It should be noted, however, that the Super Bowl host stadium is selected several", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13174148", "chunk_text": "\"2009 NFL season\"\n2009. After the NFL had rebuffed Lamar Hunt's overtures to place an NFL team in Dallas, saying they had no plans to expand, the league granted the Cowboys a franchise in 1960 in reaction to Hunt's AFL Dallas Texans. The NFL's Cowboys franchise started out in with a record of no wins, eleven losses and one tie, but has since gone on to appear in eight Super Bowls (the only other teams to appear in eight was the Pittsburgh Steelers on February 6, 2011, the New England Patriots on February 1, 2015), and the Denver Broncos on February 7, 2016,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7919698", "chunk_text": "\"Perfect season\"\nNew Orleans Saints. The 2015 Panthers were not resting their starters at the time of their loss (at the time, the Arizona Cardinals were 13–2 and still had an opportunity to surpass the Panthers for the top seed in the NFC). Four other teams have started 13–0 before losing their fourteenth game: the 1998 Denver Broncos, 2005 Indianapolis Colts, 2009 New Orleans Saints and 2011 Green Bay Packers (Of those near-perfect seasons, the 2011 Packers are the only team that did not win a single playoff game). The 1998 Broncos, 2005 Colts and 2009 Saints lost at least two of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8220303", "chunk_text": "\"Modern history of American football\"\nNFL: the Cleveland Browns (who had won the AAFC Championship every year of the league's existence), the San Francisco 49ers, and the Baltimore Colts (not the same as the modern franchise, this version folded after one year). The remaining players were chosen by the now 13 NFL teams in a dispersal draft. Also in 1950, the Los Angeles Rams became the first team to televise its entire schedule, marking the beginning of an important relationship between television and professional football. In 1952, the Dallas Texans went defunct, becoming the last NFL franchise to do so. The following year a new", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2686768", "chunk_text": "\"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"\nwhich happened in the 2010 season. In 1976 and 1977, the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games. They would not win their first game in franchise history until Week 13, of 14, in 1977. After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons. Then, for a 10-year period, they were consistent playoff contenders and won Super Bowl XXXVII at the end of the 2002 season, but have not yet returned to the Super Bowl; thus the Bucs, along with the New Orleans Saints and New York Jets, are the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "863794", "chunk_text": "\"Carolina Panthers\"\nfirst game but losing their last 15. This performance tied the NFL record for most losses in a single season and it broke the record held by the winless 1976 Buccaneers for most consecutive losses in a single season (both records have since been broken by the 2008 Lions), leading the Panthers to fire Seifert. After the NFL's expansion to 32 teams in 2002, the Panthers were relocated from the NFC West to the newly created NFC South division. The Panthers' rivalries with the Falcons and Saints were maintained, and they would be joined by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19736311", "chunk_text": "\"Tex Schramm\"\nhad built the Cowboys into an elite team. The Cowboys, despite two consecutive losses to the Green Bay Packers in the NFL Championship Game in 1966 and '67, had 20 consecutive winning seasons, and won the most games of any NFL team of the 1970s. They appeared in five Super Bowls that decade, winning Super Bowls VI and XII, and losing Super Bowls V, X, and XIII by a combined 11 points. The Cowboys became a marquee NFL franchise, their popularity inspiring the nickname \"\"America's Team\"\". In 1966, Schramm met secretly with American Football League (AFL) founder Lamar Hunt to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "868370", "chunk_text": "\"2001 Carolina Panthers season\"\nwin: the only other teams in NFL history to win their opener and lose the remainder of their games being the 1936 Philadelphia Eagles and the 1969 Pittsburgh Steelers. The Panthers consequently beat the record for most consecutive losses during a single NFL season shared by the 1976 Buccaneers, the 1980 Saints, the 1981 Colts and the 1990 Patriots. This has since been broken by two winless teams: the 2008 Detroit Lions and 2017 Cleveland Browns. Following the dreadful season, head coach George Seifert was fired and replaced by John Fox. By the end of the season, the Panthers had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6346743", "chunk_text": "\"History of the National Football League\"\nthe original NFL teams representing Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago and Detroit no longer exist, replacement franchises have since been established for those cities. Early championships were awarded to the team with the best won-lost record, initially rather haphazardly, as some teams played more or fewer games than others, or scheduled games against non-league, amateur or collegiate teams; this led to the title being decided on a tiebreaker in 1921, a disputed title in 1925, and the scheduling of an impromptu indoor playoff game in 1932. The lack of a firm league structure meant that numerous teams regularly were added and removed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6702739", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Pittsburgh Steelers\"\nHistory of the Pittsburgh Steelers This article details the history of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers are an American football franchise representing Pittsburgh. They are the seventh-oldest club in the National Football League (NFL), which they joined in . The only surviving NFL teams with a longer history are the Chicago Bears, Chicago (Arizona as well as St. Louis) Cardinals, Detroit Lions (then the Portsmouth Spartans), Green Bay Packers, New York Giants and Boston (Washington) Redskins. The Philadelphia Eagles joined the league concurrently with the Steelers in 1933. The team was founded by Arthur J. \"\"Art\"\" Rooney. The Rooney family", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494258", "chunk_text": "\"Pittsburgh Steelers\"\nPittsburgh Steelers The Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional American football team based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Steelers compete in the National Football League (NFL), as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) North division. Founded in , the Steelers are the oldest franchise in the AFC. In contrast with their status as perennial also-rans in the pre-merger NFL, where they were the oldest team never to win a league championship, the Steelers of the post-merger (modern) era are one of the most successful NFL franchises. Pittsburgh has won more Super Bowl titles (6) and both played in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7372662", "chunk_text": "\"Arizona Cardinals\"\nat the conclusion of the 2017 season is ( in the regular season, in the playoffs). They have been to the playoffs ten times and have won seven playoff games, three of which were victories during their run in the 2008–09 NFL playoffs. During that season, they won their only NFC Championship Game since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, and reached Super Bowl XLIII (losing 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers). The team has also won five division titles (, , , and ) since their 1947–48 NFL championship game appearances. The Cardinals are the only NFL team who have never lost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3490035", "chunk_text": "\"Dan Reeves\"\ndefeated by his former team, the Broncos. As a head coach, Reeves is only one of five to lead two different franchises to a Super Bowl appearance, and has the most Super Bowl appearances without a victory at four, along with Bud Grant and Marv Levy. He is also tied with Jeff Fisher for the NFL record of most regular-season losses as a head coach at 165, although both have overall winning records. Born in Rome, Georgia, Reeves grew up in Americus, Georgia. He attended Americus High School, where he participated in football, baseball and basketball. After he missed four", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2663058", "chunk_text": "\"Marty Schottenheimer\"\nMarty Schottenheimer Martin Edward Schottenheimer (; born September 23, 1943) is a former professional American football player and coach who served as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 21 seasons. He was the head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs for 10 seasons, the Cleveland Browns for five seasons, the San Diego Chargers for five seasons, and the Washington Redskins for one season. Sixth in all-time wins at 205 and fifth in regular season wins at 200, Schottenheimer has the most wins of a head coach to not reach a championship in the NFL. After coaching", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7919696", "chunk_text": "\"Perfect season\"\nregular season in 1961, eleven teams have had regular seasons with one loss and no ties (or better) while failing to achieve a perfect season: Most of these teams suffered their regular-season loss early in the year and, other than the 2007 Patriots (finished regular season 16–0), only the 1962 Packers (10–0), 1985 Bears (12–0), 2011 Packers (13–0), and 2015 Panthers (14–0) were on track for a perfect season when they lost. Coincidentally, the 1985 Bears’ lone loss came to the Miami Dolphins. The best start from an NFL team who failed to complete a perfect regular season is shared", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17007783", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Texans (NFL)\"\nwhich moved to Nashville, Tennessee as the renamed Tennessee Titans. ^ moved from Dallas Dallas Texans (NFL) The Dallas Texans played in the National Football League (NFL) for one season, 1952, with a record of 1–11. The team is considered one of the worst teams in NFL history, both on (lowest franchise winning percentage) and off the field. The team was based first in Dallas, then Hershey, Pennsylvania, and Akron, Ohio, during its only season. The Texans were the last NFL team to fold. Many players on the 1952 roster went to the new Baltimore Colts franchise in 1953. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10056558", "chunk_text": "\"History of the National Football League\"\nHistory of the National Football League The National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association (APFA) with ten teams from four states, all of whom existed in some form as participants of regional leagues in their respective territories; it took on its current name in 1922. The NFL was the first professional football league to successfully establish a nationwide presence, after several decades of failed attempts. Only two teams currently in the NFL, the Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears) and the Chicago Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), are founding members. The Green Bay", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1887393", "chunk_text": "\"Washington Redskins\"\nand XXVI. They have been league runner-up six times, losing the 1936, 1940, 1943, and 1945 title games, and Super Bowls VII and XVIII. With 24 postseason appearances, the Redskins have an overall postseason record of Their three Super Bowl wins are tied with the Oakland Raiders and Denver Broncos, behind the Pittsburgh Steelers (six), San Francisco 49ers, Dallas Cowboys, and New England Patriots (five each), and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants (four each). All of the Redskins' league titles were attained during two 10-year spans. From 1936 to 1945, the Redskins went to the NFL Championship", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12042426", "chunk_text": "Three-peat\nthree-peat include the Green Bay Packers (1968), Miami Dolphins (1974), Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: 1976, 1980), San Francisco 49ers (1990), Dallas Cowboys (1994), Denver Broncos (1999), and New England Patriots (2005). All of these teams failed to return to the title game in the third season (indicated in parentheses). The Buffalo Bills went to 4 consecutive Super Bowls from 1990–1993 which is a feat unmatched in NFL history, however they lost in every appearance. In the early years of the NFL, decades before the introduction of either the term \"\"three-peat\"\" or the Super Bowl, the Packers won three consecutive NFL titles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1155045", "chunk_text": "\"Tampa Bay Buccaneers\"\ngame (their first victory of 2009) behind rookie quarterback Josh Freeman's first-career NFL start. The throwback game was to become an annual tradition, but has been on hiatus since due to league-wide restrictions suggesting players wear the same helmet throughout the season for safety reasons. The expansion Buccaneers lost all 14 games during the 1976 regular season, and the first 12 games of the 1977 season, for a record 26 straight losses. They remained the only NFL team in the modern era to experience a winless season until Detroit went 0–16 in 2008, and then Cleveland also went winless in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376203", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League\"\nthe Green Bay Packers with thirteen (nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era, and four Super Bowl championships afterwards); the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the Philadelphia Eagles, who defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII, their first Super Bowl championship after winning three NFL titles before the Super Bowl era. On August 20, 1920, a meeting was held by representatives of the Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Indians, and Dayton Triangles at the Jordan and Hupmobile auto showroom in Canton, Ohio. This meeting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11028073", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\nSuper Bowl championships. The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons (1966–85), in which they missed the playoffs only twice (1974 and 1984), an NFL record that remains unchallenged. In 2015, the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $4 billion, making it the most valuable sports team in the world, according to \"\"Forbes\"\". The Cowboys also generated $620 million in revenue in 2014, a record for a U.S. sports team. In 2018 they also became the first NFL franchise to be valued at $5 billion and making Forbes' list as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12044332", "chunk_text": "\"Sports-related curses\"\nthe Lions would \"\"not win for 50 years\"\". This story has been disputed as being a hoax, particularly because the quote was never published at the time. Still, for the next 50 years after the trade, the Lions accumulated the worst winning percentage of any team in the NFL. They are still one of only two franchises that have been in the NFL since 1970 that have not played in a Super Bowl (the other team is the Cleveland Browns, but because of the Browns' three-year franchise suspension after the 1995 season due to its controversial relocation to Baltimore, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4734375", "chunk_text": "\"Sports-related curses\"\nwhich is also the longest drought in American professional sports; the 1947 team was notable for having two of its members die during their playing careers within a year of each other, with Jeff Burkett dying in a plane crash following appendix surgery during the season and Stan Mauldin dying of a heart attack after a game the following season. Arizona also lost Super Bowl XLIII to another Pennsylvania team: the Pittsburgh Steelers (whose founder Art Rooney supported Pottsville's claim to the title). The franchise also leads the NFL in the total number of losses (730 through the 2017 season).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10056570", "chunk_text": "\"History of the National Football League\"\nthe Decatur Staleys (now the Chicago Bears), are still in existence. The Green Bay Packers franchise, founded in 1919, is the oldest team not to change locations, but did not begin league play until 1921. The New York Football Giants joined in 1925, followed by the Portsmouth Spartans in 1930, relocating to Detroit in 1934 to become the Lions. The Indianapolis Colts franchise traces its history through several predecessors, including one of the league's founding teams – the Dayton Triangles – but is considered a separate franchise from those teams and was founded as the Baltimore Colts in 1953. Although", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1572867", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl curse\"\nSuper Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance, or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl). Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93. Since 2005, no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6876469", "chunk_text": "\"Conversion (gridiron football)\"\nvictory. On October 21, 2018 Baltimore Ravens kicker Justin Tucker, who is currently the most accurate kicker in NFL history, with 24 seconds on the clock missed his first PAT attempt ever, preventing the game from going into overtime and having the Baltimore Ravens lose to the New Orleans Saints 24-23. This was his first missed kick out of 223 attempts. Despite this he is still the most accurate kicker in NFL history with 225 out of 226 successful attempts. On November 11, 1979, the New York Jets lost to the Buffalo Bills 14-12 – the difference coming from two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "883602", "chunk_text": "\"1940 NFL season\"\nD.C., December 8, 1940 The 1940 NFL Draft was held on December 9, 1939 at Milwaukee's Schroeder Hotel. With the first pick, the Chicago Cardinals selected halfback George Cafego from the University of Tennessee. 1940 NFL season The 1940 NFL season was the 21st regular season of the National Football League. The season ended when the Chicago Bears defeated the Washington Redskins in the NFL Championship Game, 73–0. This game still stands as the most one-sided victory in NFL history. The Pittsburgh Pirates were renamed the Pittsburgh Steelers before the 1940 season. \"\"W = Wins, L = Losses, T =", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12497926", "chunk_text": "\"Cleveland Browns\"\nand four general managers, none of whom had found success. In 2016 and 2017 under head coach Hue Jackson, the Browns went 1–31 (), the worst two-year stretch in NFL history, and received the number one overall draft pick each of those years. The Browns are the only National Football League team without a helmet logo. The logoless helmet serves as the Browns' official logo. The organization has used several promotional logos throughout the years; players' numbers were painted on the helmets from the 1957 to 1960; and an unused \"\"CB\"\" logo was created in 1965, But for much of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12237715", "chunk_text": "\"Daunte Culpepper\"\ndeal contract with the Detroit Lions and would join the team the following week. After passing a physical, Culpepper officially signed with the Lions on November 3. The Lions assigned Culpepper number 11, the number Roy Williams had worn before he was traded to Dallas on October 14. Culpepper played four games with the Lions before suffering a shoulder injury. On December 28, 2008, the Lions became the first team in NFL history to go 0–16. The only other teams since the AFL–NFL merger to have a winless season were the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who went 0-14 (the NFL", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10171922", "chunk_text": "\"National Football Conference\"\nNFC in 1995. Parity is generally greater among NFC teams than AFC teams. The only NFC team that has never made a Super Bowl appearance is the Detroit Lions. Since the 2002 realignment, the only time that an NFC team has made back-to-back Super Bowl appearances are the Seattle Seahawks in 2013 and 2014. Between 2000 and 2016, the NFC has sent 12 different teams to the Super Bowl, whereas the AFC had sent only six: the Baltimore Ravens (2 times), the Denver Broncos (2 times), the Indianapolis Colts (2 times), the Oakland Raiders (1 time), the New England Patriots", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11330607", "chunk_text": "\"1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season\"\nTexans also managed to match the Buccaneers’ single-season losing streak after starting 2–0. Most recently, the 2016 Cleveland Browns lost their first 14 games (with an 0–4 preseason this becomes 18 straight) to match the Buccaneers’ single season streak, but managed to avoid becoming the NFL's second 0–16 team by winning their penultimate game against the San Diego Chargers. The Buccaneers’ record for consecutive games lost in a single season has been surpassed three times: by the 2001 Carolina Panthers, who lost fifteen consecutive games after winning their opener, the 2008 Detroit Lions, and the 2017 Cleveland Browns, the latter", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10923064", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Texans (NFL)\"\nDallas Texans (NFL) The Dallas Texans played in the National Football League (NFL) for one season, 1952, with a record of 1–11. The team is considered one of the worst teams in NFL history, both on (lowest franchise winning percentage) and off the field. The team was based first in Dallas, then Hershey, Pennsylvania, and Akron, Ohio, during its only season. The Texans were the last NFL team to fold. Many players on the 1952 roster went to the new Baltimore Colts franchise in 1953. The American Football League (AFL) had a 1960 charter member named the Dallas Texans (who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7919690", "chunk_text": "\"Perfect season\"\nlost the 1934 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants. Despite losing several players and head coach George Halas to military service in World War II, the 1942 Bears finished 11–0–0 but again lost the NFL Championship Game, this time against the Washington Redskins. The 2007 Patriots became the first team after the NFL expanded its regular season to sixteen games in 1978 to finish the regular season undefeated. The Patriots then won their divisional and conference playoff games, but were upset by the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII, giving them a final record of 18–1. NFL", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "862899", "chunk_text": "\"Cleveland Browns\"\nsince 1999. Through the end of the 2017 season, the Browns' win–loss record since returning to the NFL in 1999 is 88–216. In 2017, the Browns became only the second team in league history to finish a season 0–16, joining the 2008 Detroit Lions. Through the 2017 season, the Browns hold the longest active playoff drought in the NFL, at 15 seasons. The history of the Cleveland Browns American football team began in 1944 when taxi-cab magnate Arthur B. \"\"Mickey\"\" McBride secured a Cleveland franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Paul Brown was the team's namesake and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9685646", "chunk_text": "\"Detroit Lions\"\nof multiple divisions and have had several division rivals in their existence. Their oldest rivals are the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers, whom they have been paired with in a division since 1933. The Minnesota Vikings have been in a division with Detroit ever since their inaugural season in 1961. Other notable longtime division opponents were the Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams (29 seasons from 1937–1966, except for 1943), the Tampa Bay Buccaneers (25 seasons from 1977–2001), the San Francisco 49ers (17 seasons from 1950–1966), the Chicago Cardinals (16 seasons from 1933–1949, except for 1944), and the Baltimore Colts (14", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18140868", "chunk_text": "\"Art Modell\"\nthe NFL championship in 1964. The team's overall regular season record during Modell's tenure was 252–233–10, (winning percentage .519), and its post-season record was 7 wins against 14 losses (winning percentage .333). The move fueled a proliferation of 12 new stadiums throughout the NFL. Using the NFL-City of Cleveland agreement's promise to supply a team to Cleveland by 1999, several NFL franchises coerced their respective cities to build new stadiums with public funds. Such franchises include the Broncos, Eagles, Seahawks, Buccaneers, Bengals, Lions, Cardinals and Colts. When the Hartford Whalers moved out of Connecticut and into Raleigh, North Carolina to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6126499", "chunk_text": "\"American Football League\"\nof the NFL's worst teams. Constantly lacking the money to build a quality team, the Steelers had only posted eight winning seasons, and just one playoff appearance, since their first year of existence in 1933 until the end of the 1969 season. They also finished with a 1-13 record in 1969, tied with the Chicago Bears for the worst record in the NFL. The $3 million indemnity that the Steelers received for joining the AFC with the rest of the former AFL teams after the merger helped them rebuild into a contender, drafting eventual-Pro Football Hall of Famers like Terry", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4550232", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Cleveland Browns season\"\nteam to have gone winless playing eight games or more and the fourth since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970. In going 0–16, the Browns became the first franchise in NFL history to have multiple seasons with 15 or more losses and the first to start consecutive seasons with at least 14 losses. They were mathematically eliminated from the AFC North title contention in Week 11, extending an active NFL record drought of 25 consecutive seasons without a division title. They were then eliminated from playoff contention in Week 12, extending their franchise record playoff drought to 15 consecutive seasons. With", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7919689", "chunk_text": "\"Perfect season\"\ncontroversially denied a similar type of near-undefeated season, when they believed that their final game, a 10-7 loss to the Chicago Staleys, was an exhibition game which would not count in the final standings; the NFL records that game as official, and Buffalo's record as 9–1–2. Apart from the 1972 Dolphins, three NFL teams have completed undefeated and untied regular seasons: the 1934 Chicago Bears, the 1942 Chicago Bears, and the 2007 New England Patriots. In 1934, the Bears played a 13–0–0 regular season and became the first NFL team to complete an undefeated regular season without tied games, but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8658049", "chunk_text": "\"Expansion team\"\nBuccaneers after the team's 1976 establishment to win Super Bowl XXXVII in early 2003); none of the four that have been added since 1995 have ever won that contest, with only one, the Carolina Panthers (who reached the game eight years after their founding, and again 12 years later) even playing in the NFL's championship game. The transplantation of the Cleveland Browns' roster to Baltimore and its restocking via expansion has so far crippled the franchise, with it ranking among the worst in league history since the expansion and only appearing in the NFL playoffs once, having yet to win", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11376223", "chunk_text": "\"National Football League\"\nSan Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \"\"Fútbol Americano\"\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016. According to Forbes, the Dallas Cowboys, at approximately US$4 billion, are the most valuable NFL franchise and the most valuable sports team in the world. Also, all 32 NFL teams rank among the Top 50 most valuable sports teams in the world; and 14 of the NFL's owners are listed on the Forbes 400,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11919071", "chunk_text": "Card-Pitt\nwas dissolved the day after the season ended. Only five teams since 1944 have gone winless in the NFL for an entire season: the 1960 Dallas Cowboys (0–11–1), the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (0–14), the (strike shortened) 1982 Baltimore Colts (0–8–1), the 2008 Detroit Lions (0–16) and the 2017 Cleveland Browns (0-16). Card-Pitt punters averaged 32.7 yards per kick, which was still the worst mark in NFL history. The team was 0–2 in field goal attempts, and Conway Baker missed 4 of his 15 extra point tries. Card-Pitt passers had a 31% completion rate, and threw for just eight touchdowns.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_83	what are the top five wine producing states?	n/a	[ "Washington", "Pennsylvania", "Oregon", "New York", "California" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15758016", "chunk_text": "\"American wine\"\nAmerican wine American wine has been produced for over 300 years. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 89 percent of all US wine. The United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after France, Italy, and Spain. The North American continent is home to several native species of grape, including \"\"Vitis labrusca\"\", \"\"Vitis riparia\"\", \"\"Vitis rotundifolia\"\", and \"\"Vitis vulpina.\"\" But the wine-making industry is based on the cultivation of the European \"\"Vitis vinifera\"\", which was introduced by European settlers. With more than under vine, the United States is the sixth-most planted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2667489", "chunk_text": "\"Texas wine\"\nthose areas. There are more than 200 wineries in Texas, producing around 4,100 tons of wine, making it the fourth-largest wine producing state in the nation. That puts Texas behind California, New York, and Washington respectively. The University of Texas System is the largest wine producer in the state with over planted near Fort Stockton in West Texas. First established as an experimental vineyard in 1987, the university leases the land to a group of Bordeaux wine makers who produce two labels-Ste. Genevieve and Escondido Valley. The second largest winery is Llano Estacado Winery. Many of the wineries offer tastings.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4094350", "chunk_text": "\"Oregon wine\"\nOregon wine The state of Oregon in the United States has established an international reputation for its production of wine, ranking fourth in the country behind California, Washington, and New York. Oregon has several different growing regions within the state's borders that are well-suited to the cultivation of grapes; additional regions straddle the border between Oregon and the states of Washington and Idaho. Wine making dates back to pioneer times in the 1840s, with commercial production beginning in the 1960s. American Viticultural Areas entirely within the state are the Willamette Valley AVA (with 6 nested-AVAs) and the Southern Oregon AVA", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14875157", "chunk_text": "\"American wine\"\naverage 28.2 percent in 2010, versus 27 percent in 2009. \"\"As of 2005\"\", the largest producers of American wine. American wine American wine has been produced for over 300 years. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 89 percent of all US wine. The United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after France, Italy, and Spain. The North American continent is home to several native species of grape, including \"\"Vitis labrusca\"\", \"\"Vitis riparia\"\", \"\"Vitis rotundifolia\"\", and \"\"Vitis vulpina.\"\" But the wine-making industry is based on the cultivation of the European \"\"Vitis", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11887588", "chunk_text": "\"Washington wine\"\nWashington wine Washington wine is wine produced from grape varieties grown in the U.S. state of Washington. Washington ranks second in the United States (behind California) in the production of wine. By 2011, the state had over of vineyards, a harvest of of grapes, and exports going to over 40 countries around the world from the 850+ wineries located in the state. While there are some viticultural activities in the cooler, wetter western half of the state, the majority (99.9%) of wine grape production takes place in the shrub-steppe eastern half. The rain shadow of the Cascade Range leaves the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3583950", "chunk_text": "\"Oregon wine\"\nwineries not based in Oregon. Oregon wine The state of Oregon in the United States has established an international reputation for its production of wine, ranking fourth in the country behind California, Washington, and New York. Oregon has several different growing regions within the state's borders that are well-suited to the cultivation of grapes; additional regions straddle the border between Oregon and the states of Washington and Idaho. Wine making dates back to pioneer times in the 1840s, with commercial production beginning in the 1960s. American Viticultural Areas entirely within the state are the Willamette Valley AVA (with 6 nested-AVAs)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5538571", "chunk_text": "\"California wine\"\nCalifornia wine California wine is wine made in the U.S. state of California. Almost three quarters the size of France, California accounts for nearly 90 percent of American wine production. The production of wine in California is one third larger than that of Australia. If California were a separate country, it would be the world's fourth largest wine producer. The state's viticultural history dates back to the 18th century when Spanish missionaries planted the first vineyards to produce wine for Mass. Today there are more than 1,200 wineries in the state, ranging from small boutique wineries to large corporations with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4722555", "chunk_text": "\"Louisiana wine\"\nLouisiana wine Louisiana wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Growing grapes in Louisiana is challenging which has hindered its wine industry. The climate of Louisiana is extremely hot and humid, and viticulturists in the state face Pierce's disease, powdery mildew, and other grapevine diseases. There are four commercial wineries in Louisiana that collectively produce about 20,000 gallons (75,000 liters) of wine per year. One of those commercial wineries is Landry Vineyards which is the largest vineyard and winery in Northeast Louisiana however it produces most of its wine by importing grapes from", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17919051", "chunk_text": "\"Classification of wine\"\nWine Place and Origin, commonly known as the Napa Declaration on Place. This is a \"\"declaration of joint principles stating the importance of location to wine and the need to protect place names\"\". The Declaration was signed in July 2005 by four United States winegrowing regions and three European Union winegrowing regions. The signatory regions from the US were Napa Valley, Washington, Oregon and Walla Walla, while the signatory regions from the EU were: Champagne, Cognac (the commune where Cognac is produced), Douro (the region where Port wine is produced) and Jerez (the region where Sherry is produced). The list", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2885338", "chunk_text": "\"New South Wales wine\"\nNew South Wales, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Shiraz and Sémillon. New South Wales is the second-largest wine producing state in Australia, accounting for 30 percent of the A$5 billion Australian wine industry In 1994 the various wine regions within New South Wales agreed there was a need to form a peak lobby group to act as the conduit between industry and the New South Wales Government, and to represent New South Wales at the Federal level through the Winemakers Federation of Australia Inc. This body is the New South Wales Wine Industry Association. The of the New South Wales land", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9752764", "chunk_text": "\"New York (state)\"\nthe production of garments, mainly in New York City; and furs, railroad equipment, automobile parts, and bus line vehicles, concentrated in Upstate regions. New York is the nation's third-largest grape producing state, and second-largest wine producer by volume, behind California. The southern Finger Lakes hillsides, the Hudson Valley, the North Fork of Long Island, and the southern shore of Lake Erie are the primary grape- and wine-growing regions in New York, with many vineyards. In 2012, New York had 320 wineries and 37,000 grape bearing acres, generating full-time employment of nearly 25,000 and annual wages of over US$1.1 billion, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15758027", "chunk_text": "\"American wine\"\nhave some acreage in vineyard cultivation. By 2004, 668 million gallons (25.3 million hectoliters) of wine were consumed in the United States. Today, the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year, of which California produces more than 84%, followed by Washington, New York, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. In the second decade of the 21st century, the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine. There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States, and at least one winery in each of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "955324", "chunk_text": "\"Georgia (U.S. state) wine\"\nGeorgia (U.S. state) wine Georgia wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Georgia. Georgia was an important winegrowing region of the United States in the 19th century, and by 1900 ranked sixth in production among U.S. states. The state of Georgia first prohibited alcoholic beverages before many other states, in 1907 and subsequently the Georgian wine industry was decimated by Prohibition in the United States. The modern wine industry of Georgia only began in the 1980s. Georgia is the national leader in the production of wine from the Muscadine grape. In 2014 the Upper", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9045077", "chunk_text": "\"Australian wine\"\nwith 54 litres. Only 16.6% of wine sold domestically is imported. Wine is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares; however Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, with vineyards located in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Western Australia, Tasmania and Queensland. The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of the particular Terroir such as: climatic differences, topography and soil types. The major varieties are predominantly Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Merlot, Semillon, Pinot noir, Riesling,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5129500", "chunk_text": "\"History of California wine\"\nHistory of California wine California wine has a long and continuing history, and in the late twentieth century became recognized as producing some of the world's finest wine. While wine is made in all fifty U.S. states, up to 90% (by some estimates) of American wine is produced in the state. California would be the fourth largest producer of wine in the world if it were an independent nation. Although conflicting accounts exist, the first recorded planting of a vineyard was probably by the Spanish Jesuit Missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino at Misión San Bruno in Baja California in 1683 implanting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4094357", "chunk_text": "\"Oregon wine\"\nand White Bordeaux varietals, Red and White Rhône varietals, Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Zinfandel and Tannat. For these wines, they follow the Federal guidelines of 75%. Oregon law has long forbidden use of place names, except as appellations of origin. Oregon is most famous for its Pinot noir, which is produced throughout the state. Pinot noirs from the Willamette Valley have received much critical acclaim from wine connoisseurs and critics, and Oregon is regarded as one of the premier Pinot-producing regions in the world. In 2016 the top five varieties produced in Oregon were: Other varieties with significant production by harvested acres", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10513422", "chunk_text": "\"California wine\"\nfor their intense aromatics and balanced acidity. The port-style wines in California are often made from the traditional Portuguese wine grapes like Touriga Nacional, Tinta Cão and Tinta Roriz. Some uniquely Californian styles are also made from Zinfandel and Petite Sirah. California wine California wine is wine made in the U.S. state of California. Almost three quarters the size of France, California accounts for nearly 90 percent of American wine production. The production of wine in California is one third larger than that of Australia. If California were a separate country, it would be the world's fourth largest wine producer.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12021852", "chunk_text": "\"Arizona wine\"\nArizona wine Arizona wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Arizona. There are three major regions of vineyards and wineries in Arizona: Most vineyards in Arizona are located in the southeastern portion of the state south and east of Tucson, which is also the location of Arizona's two designated AVA's (American Viticultural Area), the Sonoita AVA (established in 1985) and the Willcox AVA (established in 2016). Arizona has enjoyed recent success with wine made from the grape varietals native to Italy and the Rhône valley of southern France. Viticulture in Arizona began in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2466364", "chunk_text": "Winery\nthe Barossa Valley in Australia or the legendary wine regions of France (Bordeaux, Burgundy, Champagne) and Italy, wineries can be found nearly everywhere. The east coast of the United States also has winemaking regions like New York's Finger Lakes region, Aquidneck Island, RI and Long Island, NY and Cape May, NJ. Wineries do not have to be located adjacent to vineyards; grapes can be shipped anywhere. In addition, people make wine out of other fruits and plants (dandelion wine, apple wine, strawberry wine, honey wine), so these specialty wineries tend to pop up where the other substances are grown. For", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15758026", "chunk_text": "\"American wine\"\non which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions, held seminars on wine-making techniques, consulted with grape growers and wine-makers, offered academic degrees in viticulture, and promoted the production of quality wines. In the 1970s and 1980s, success by Californian wine-makers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other wine-making regions, most notably the Champenois of France. Wine-makers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington, on Long Island in New York, and numerous other new locales. Americans became more educated about wines, and increased their demand for high-quality wine. All 50 states now", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18382957", "chunk_text": "\"History of California wine\"\nconsumers in the public market. History of California wine California wine has a long and continuing history, and in the late twentieth century became recognized as producing some of the world's finest wine. While wine is made in all fifty U.S. states, up to 90% (by some estimates) of American wine is produced in the state. California would be the fourth largest producer of wine in the world if it were an independent nation. Although conflicting accounts exist, the first recorded planting of a vineyard was probably by the Spanish Jesuit Missionary Eusebio Francisco Kino at Misión San Bruno in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8563148", "chunk_text": "\"Virginia wine\"\ncommonwealth, while American varietals make up only about 5% of the total. As of 2012, the top 5 varietals produced are Chardonnay, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Vidal blanc and Viognier. As of 2016, the commonwealth has approximately under cultivation, with a total harvest of over 6500 tons. The commonwealth ranks fifth in the nation for both bearing acreage and grape production. The central and northern Virginia counties, in particular those located just east of the Blue Ridge Mountains, account for the significant majority of the commonwealth's production. In the early 1900s, Charlottesville's Monticello Wine Company and its Virginia Claret Wine were", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "866495", "chunk_text": "\"Missouri wine\"\nMissouri wine Missouri wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Missouri. German immigrants in the early-to-mid-19th century, founded the wine industry in Missouri, resulting in its wine corridor being called the Missouri \"\"Rhineland\"\". Later Italian immigrants also entered wine production. In the mid-1880s, more wine was produced by volume in Missouri than in any other state. Before Prohibition, Missouri was the second-largest wine-producing state in the nation. Missouri had the first area recognized as a federally designated American Viticultural Area with the Augusta AVA acknowledged on June 20, 1980. There are now four AVAs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12577751", "chunk_text": "\"Nevada wine\"\nNevada wine Nevada wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Nevada, where wine has been produced since 1990. There are currently no designated American Viticultural Areas in Nevada. Nevada has five commercial wineries: Basin and Range Cellars in Reno(opening in June 2018), Nevada Sunset Winery also in Reno,Churchill Vineyards in Fallon, Pahrump Valley Winery in Pahrump and Sanders Family Winery (also located in Pahrump). Locally high boron content of the soil, soil salinity, and hard water provide a few challenges to growing grapes, especially vitis vinifera.Some environmental elements common to Nevada however are favorable", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8563147", "chunk_text": "\"Virginia wine\"\nVirginia wine Virginia wine refers to wine made primarily from grapes grown in the commonwealth of Virginia. Wine has been produced in the area since the early days of European colonization in the 17th century. Virginia has hot humid summers that can be challenging to viticulture, and only within the last twenty years has the industry developed beyond novelty status. But Virginia is now the second-largest wine producer by volume in the American South, after Kentucky. By tonnage, \"\"Vitis vinifera\"\" varieties represents 75% of total production. French hybrids varieties account for nearly 20% of total wine grape production in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14875149", "chunk_text": "\"American wine\"\nthe majority of U.S. States, the State Appellation requires 75% of the grapes in the wine to be grown in the state. Texas requires 75%, but if an AVA is used, like \"\"Texas Hill Country\"\" or \"\"Texas High Plains\"\", 85% Texas grapes must be used. California and Oregon require 100%. If grapes are from two to three contiguous states a wine can be made under a multi-state designations following the same requirements as the multi-county appellation. American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States, including Puerto Rico", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15010278", "chunk_text": "\"Colorado wine\"\nColorado wine Colorado wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Colorado. Most of Colorado's vineyards are located on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, though an increasing number of wineries are located along the Front Range. Colorado's grape growing regions contain some of the highest elevation vineyards in the world, with most viticulture in the state practiced between and feet above sea level. The mountain climate ensures warm summer days and cool nights. Colorado is home to two designated American Viticultural Areas of the Grand Valley AVA and the West Elks AVA, where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2867954", "chunk_text": "\"Wine law\"\nand county can produce wine and label it under their state/county wide appellation provided at least 75% of the grapes come from that area. The state of California and Texas have wine laws increasing the requirement to 100% and 85%, respectively, for use of a statewide appellation on the wine label. The appearance of grape variety (or varietal) and vintage year is also regulated by US wine labeling laws with requirements of at least 75% for the grape variety and 95% being harvested in that vintage year for either to appear on the wine label. The state of Oregon has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2073960", "chunk_text": "\"Michigan wine\"\nMichigan wine Michigan wine refers to any wine that is made in the state of Michigan in the United States. As of 2013, there were under wine-grape cultivation and 101 commercial wineries in Michigan, producing of wine. According to another count there were 112 operating wineries in Michigan in 2007. Wine and enotourism were estimated in 2007 to be a $300 million industry. Most of the quality bottled wine of Michigan is produced in the five American Viticultural Areas (AVAs) of Fennville AVA, Lake Michigan Shore AVA, Leelanau Peninsula AVA, Old Mission Peninsula AVA, and the Tip of the Mitt", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15730596", "chunk_text": "\"North Carolina wine\"\nNorth Carolina voted to become a dry state in 1908 and that decision, coupled with the onset of Prohibition, ended winemaking in North Carolina. Repeal in 1933, followed by the passage by North Carolina's legislature in 1935 of laws permitting winemaking, began a rebirth, but it was several decades after World War II before North Carolina's wine industry would show significant growth. North Carolina ranks tenth in both grape and wine production in the United States. The state's wine industry continues to expand, and today is one of the United States’ five most visited state destinations for wine and culinary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14978464", "chunk_text": "\"Minnesota wine\"\nMinnesota wine Minnesota wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Minnesota is part of the largest American Viticultural Area (AVA), the Upper Mississippi River Valley AVA, which includes southwest Wisconsin, southeast Minnesota, northeast Iowa, and northwest Illinois. The state also has a smaller designated American Viticultural Areas, the Alexandria Lakes AVA. Minnesota is a very cold climate for viticulture and many grape varieties require protection from the winter weather by being buried under soil for the season. Minnesota is home to extensive research on cold-hardy French hybrid and other grape varieties. The Minnesota", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10509198", "chunk_text": "\"Spanish wine\"\nSpanish wine Spanish wines () are wines produced in Spain. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 2.9 million acres (over 1.17 million hectares) planted—making it the most widely planted wine producing nation but it is the third largest producer of wine in the world, the largest being Italy followed by France. This is due, in part, to the very low yields and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry, infertile soil found in many Spanish wine regions. The country is ninth in worldwide consumptions with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.706 US gal) per", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15130503", "chunk_text": "Merlot\nis the country's 5th most planted grape), Algeria,California, Romania, Australia, Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Greece, New Zealand, South Africa, Switzerland, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Slovenia, Mexico and other parts of the United States such as Washington, Virginia and Long Island. It grows in many regions that also grow Cabernet Sauvignon but tends to be cultivated in the cooler portions of those areas. In areas that are too warm, Merlot will ripen too early. In places like Israel, Merlot is the second most widely planted grape variety after Cabernet Sauvignon with in cultivation, making very \"\"New World-style\"\" wines. The grape can also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2705793", "chunk_text": "\"Hawaii wine\"\nHawaii wine Hawaii wine refers to wine made from the U.S. state of Hawaii. The island of Maui is where the bulk of the state's wine is produced though there is some production on the island of Hawaii. The state mainly produces fruit wine such as a pineapple sparkling wine. The Symphony grape is the principal grape wine made in the state and produces an off-dry, fruity white wine. Viticulture in Hawaii is made possible by the higher elevation of the area's volcanic mountains and ridges. A law passed in 2001 and signed by Governor Ben Cayetano opened up the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13473968", "chunk_text": "Vineyard\nU.S. (1920–1933), vineyards in California expanded sevenfold to meet the increasing demand for home-brewing. However, they were largely planted in varieties with tough skins that could be transported across the country to home wine-makers and the resulting wine was of a low quality. According to the International Organisation of Vine and Wine, in April 2015, China () overtook France () in terms of land devoted to vineyards, in second place behind Spain (), the world's largest producer. Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include things such as soil, underlying rock, altitude,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2885337", "chunk_text": "\"New South Wales wine\"\nNew South Wales wine New South Wales wine is Australian wine produced in New South Wales, Australia. New South Wales is Australia's most populous state and its wine consumption far outpaces the region's wine production. The Hunter Valley, located north of Sydney, is the most well-known wine region but the majority of the state's production takes place in the Big Rivers zone-Perricoota, Riverina and along the Darling and Murray Rivers. The wines produced from the Big Rivers zone are largely used in box wine and mass-produced wine brands such as Yellow Tail. A large variety of grapes are grown in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15821502", "chunk_text": "\"Kentucky wine\"\nKentucky wine Kentucky wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. commonwealth of Kentucky. About 65 wineries operate commercially in Kentucky, with most recent plantings focusing on Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Franc. Kentucky produced over two million gallons of wine in 2011 and is the largest wine-producing state by volume in the American South. Kentucky passed legislation in 1976 allowing wineries to operate, and tobacco settlement funds have provided Kentucky farmers the opportunity to once again explore grapes as a cash crop. One of the first attempts at large-scale commercial viticulture in the United States started", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11533860", "chunk_text": "\"Victorian wine\"\nVictorian wine Victorian wine is wine made in the Australian state of Victoria. With over 600 wineries, Victoria has more wine producers than any other Australian wine-producing state but ranks third in overall wine production due to the lack of a mass bulk wine-producing area like South Australia's Riverland and New South Wales's Riverina. Viticulture has existed in Victoria since the 19th century and experienced a high point in the 1890s when the region produced more than half of all wine produced in Australia. The phylloxera epidemic that soon followed took a hard toll on the Victoria wine industry which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5349455", "chunk_text": "\"New York wine\"\nNew York wine New York wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of New York. New York ranks third in grape production by volume after California and Washington. Eighty-three percent of New York's grape area is \"\"Vitis labrusca\"\" varieties (mostly Concord). The rest is split almost equally between \"\"Vitis vinifera\"\" and French hybrids. New York State's wine production began in the 17th century with Dutch and Huguenot plantings in the Hudson Valley region. Commercial production did not begin until the 19th century. New York is home to the first bonded winery in the United States", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4094356", "chunk_text": "\"Oregon wine\"\nvineyards in operation in Oregon. By 2014, the number of wineries in the state has increased to 676, the 3rd most behind California and Washington. Oregon remains the 4th largest wine producer in the country in cases produced behind New York. Like other wines produced in the United States, Oregon wines are marketed as varietals. Oregon law requires that wines produced in the state must be identified by the grape variety from which it was made, and for most varietals it must contain at least 90% of that variety. The exceptions to the 90% law are the following varietals: Red", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9161881", "chunk_text": "\"Nevada wine\"\nare restricted to selling or distributing no more than 60 gallons of wine in any 12-month period. Nevada wine Nevada wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Nevada, where wine has been produced since 1990. There are currently no designated American Viticultural Areas in Nevada. Nevada has five commercial wineries: Basin and Range Cellars in Reno(opening in June 2018), Nevada Sunset Winery also in Reno,Churchill Vineyards in Fallon, Pahrump Valley Winery in Pahrump and Sanders Family Winery (also located in Pahrump). Locally high boron content of the soil, soil salinity, and hard water provide", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9045086", "chunk_text": "\"Australian wine\"\nany false or misleading statements about the source of the grapes. Many names (called \"\"geographic indications\"\") are protected. These are divided into \"\"South Eastern Australia\"\", the state names, zones (shown in the map), regions, and subregions. The largest volume of wine is produced from grapes grown in the warm climate Murray-Darling Basin zones of Lower Murray, North Western Victoria and Big Rivers. In general, the higher-value premium wines are made from smaller and cooler-climate regions. The South Australian wine industry is responsible for most of the production of wine in Australia. In recent years, the Tasmanian wine industry has emerged", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2897690", "chunk_text": "\"Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions\"\nindustry representatives are grouped together in the European Wine Trade Council (CEPV), which drafts documents to be approved by the plenary council. Alentejo, Alsace, Aquitaine, Arad, Aragón, Bács-Kiskun, Baden-Württemberg, Baranya, Bavaria, Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Burgundy, Burgenland, Castilla-La-Mancha, Castilla y León, Catalonia, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Constanta, Extremadura, Euskadi, Franche-Comté, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Galicia, Hesse, Languedoc-Roussillon, La Rioja, Liguria, Lombardia, Macedonia, Madeira, Madrid, Midi-Pyrénées, Murcia, Navarra, Niederösterreich, Norte, Odessa oblast, Pays de Loire, Piedmont, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhineland-Palatinate, Rhône-Alpes, Sicily, Slovenia, Steiermark, The Czech Republic, Tolna, Trento, Valais, Valencia, Valle d'Aosta, Veneto. Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions The Assembly of European Wine-producing Regions or Assemblée des Régions Européennes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6361487", "chunk_text": "\"Total Wine & More\"\nJersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. It conducts online sales in 14 states that allow online alcohol sales. Owned and operated by Retail Services and Systems, Total Wine & More offers a large selection of products and advertises them as competitive in price. Each Total Wine store carries approximately 8,000 different types of wines from wine-producing regions around the world, 3,000 types of spirits (where permitted by law), and about 2,500 beers. Each store also carries accessories, gifts, and cigars. Total Wine & More has about 5,000 employees, including 500 employees at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13805829", "chunk_text": "\"Economy of California\"\nthe release of surplus river water to the state in 2003. Agriculture is one of the prominent elements of the state's economy: California leads the nation in the production of fruits, vegetables, wines and nuts. The state's most valuable crops are cannabis, nuts, grapes, cotton, flowers, and oranges. California produces the major share of U.S. domestic wine. Dairy products contribute the single largest share of farm income. California's farms are highly productive as a result of good soil, a long growing season, the use of modern agricultural methods and extensive irrigation. Irrigation is critical since the long dry summers would", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8905570", "chunk_text": "\"Italian wine\"\nItalian wine Italy is home to some of the oldest wine-producing regions in the world. Italian wine regions are known for their rich variety of wine styles. Italy is the second highest wine producing country by volume behind only Spain, the world’s largest wine producer. Its contribution is about 45–50 million hl per year, and represents about one fourth of global production. Not only is Italian wine exported around the world, it is also extremely popular with Italians. Italians rank fifth on the world wine consumption list by volume with 42 litres per capita consumption. Grapes are grown in almost", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12452175", "chunk_text": "\"New York wine\"\ngave this startup wine region the legitimacy it was seeking. New York wine New York wine refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of New York. New York ranks third in grape production by volume after California and Washington. Eighty-three percent of New York's grape area is \"\"Vitis labrusca\"\" varieties (mostly Concord). The rest is split almost equally between \"\"Vitis vinifera\"\" and French hybrids. New York State's wine production began in the 17th century with Dutch and Huguenot plantings in the Hudson Valley region. Commercial production did not begin until the 19th century. New York is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6867439", "chunk_text": "\"Winkler index\"\nsuch as Bordeaux, Coonawarra, and Valle de Curicó in Chile. Warmer areas in these wine regions fall in a Winkler Region III as do much of the Northern Rhône, Rioja, Umbria, and the Margaret River. Region IV includes portions of the Napa Valley, Stellenbosch, Corsica, Tuscany, and Alentejo where the warmer climates allow for the ripening of later varieties such as Cabernet sauvignon, Sangiovese, and Syrah. The warmest areas are found in Region V and include areas in the central valley of California, inland Australia and wine producing regions in Morocco, Madeira, Apulia, and Jerez. There are numerous issues and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13906943", "chunk_text": "Colorado\nmade from traditional \"\"Vitis vinifera\"\" grapes along with wines made from cherries, peaches, plums and honey, Colorado wines have won top national and international awards for their quality. Colorado's grape growing regions contain the highest elevation vineyards in the United States, with most viticulture in the state practiced between above sea level. The mountain climate ensures warm summer days and cool nights. Colorado is home to two designated American Viticultural Areas of the Grand Valley AVA and the West Elks AVA, where most of the vineyards in the state are located. However, an increasing number of wineries are located along", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4094361", "chunk_text": "\"Oregon wine\"\ngrowers receive a higher average return per ton and a higher average revenue per case than do growers in other wine-producing regions in the United States. Despite producing a much smaller volume of wine, Oregon winery revenues per capita are comparable to those of New York and Washington. There are, loosely speaking, three main wine producing regions with a major presence in the state of Oregon, as defined by non-overlapping American Viticultural Areas. Two of them—the Willamette Valley AVA and the Southern Oregon AVA—are wholly contained within Oregon; a third, the Columbia Gorge AVA straddles the Columbia River and includes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_84	what is final season of game of thrones?	n/a	[ "The eighth", "eighth", "the eighth season" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21004586", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656727", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nGame of Thrones Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\", George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is \"\"A Game of Thrones\"\". It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in Northern Ireland, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Scotland, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381709", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series and will also adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" and \"\"A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663527", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\non-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times, making \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" the most-pirated television series in 2017. Game of Thrones (season 7) The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381710", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nDream of Spring\"\". The season will be adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. The season is scheduled to premiere in April 2019. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series; it will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381716", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nto premiere in April 2019. Ramin Djawadi is set to return as the composer of the show for the eighth season. On December 6, 2018, HBO released the first official teaser trailer for the eighth season. Game of Thrones (season 8) The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was announced by HBO in July 2016. Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381713", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nbe the last time that we would be doing this\"\". In an interview with \"\"Entertainment Weekly\"\", HBO programming president Casey Bloys stated that instead of the series finale being a feature film, the final season would be \"\"six one-hour movies\"\" on television. He continued, \"\"The show has proven that TV is every bit as impressive and in many cases more so, than film. What they're doing is monumental.\"\" Filming officially began on October 23, 2017, and concluded in July 2018. Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9647646", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 6)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663519", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nseason of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\", which ran for 69 minutes. Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season. On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7550560", "chunk_text": "\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\nDrama Series. The seventh season premiered on July 16, 2017. The eighth and final season is set to premiere in April 2019. \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" has spawned an industry of spin-off products. Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game, a board game, and two collections of artwork inspired by \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series. Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin. Dynamite Entertainment adapted \"\"A Game of Thrones\"\" into a same-titled monthly comic in 2011. Several video games are available or in production, including \"\"\"\" (2011) and \"\"Game", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13857986", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 6)\"\n\"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2016. Game of Thrones (season 6) The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17781517", "chunk_text": "\"The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones)\"\nThe Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones) \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" is the tenth and final episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the sixtieth overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik. Cersei Lannister plots to destroy all her immediate enemies with one swift stroke; Arya Stark gets revenge; Jon Snow is declared King in the North by the lords of the Northern houses; Bran Stark learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna Stark; Samwell Tarly arrives at the Citadel;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5013035", "chunk_text": "\"The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones)\"\n\"\" The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones) \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" is the tenth and final episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the sixtieth overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Miguel Sapochnik. Cersei Lannister plots to destroy all her immediate enemies with one swift stroke; Arya Stark gets revenge; Jon Snow is declared King in the North by the lords of the Northern houses; Bran Stark learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna Stark; Samwell Tarly arrives at the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13857941", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 5)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"\"A Feast for Crows\"\" and \"\"A Dance with Dragons\"\", the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, \"\"A Storm of Swords\"\", as well as the upcoming", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11110057", "chunk_text": "\"George R. R. Martin\"\na dozen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-ray for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe. Season 7", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381714", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nepisodes, stating that after season six, they were \"\"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"\" Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14-month time frame, as Weiss said, \"\"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"\" HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12588199", "chunk_text": "\"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)\"\nbefore it was set to air, on August 20, 2017. Four days before its official broadcast, HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed \"\"Beyond the Wall\"\" to be available for on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed. Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \"\"Beyond the Wall\"\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20083125", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nGame of Thrones\"\" () by series writer Bryan Cogman, was published on September 27, 2012. The 192-page book, illustrated with concept art and behind-the-scenes photographs, covers the creation of the series' first two seasons and its principal characters and families. \"\"After the Thrones\"\" is a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series. It airs on HBO Now the Monday after each sixth-season episode. The Game of Thrones Live Concert Experience, a 28-city orchestral tour which will perform the series' soundtrack with composer Ramin Djawadi, is scheduled to begin February 15, 2017 in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9647645", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 5)\"\n18 million different IP addresses downloaded the leaked episodes, totaling 32 million downloads during the first week. The fifth season of \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was the most-pirated TV series in 2015. Game of Thrones (season 5) The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from \"\"A Feast for Crows\"\" and \"\"A Dance with Dragons\"\", the fourth and fifth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12662894", "chunk_text": "\"Kit Harington\"\nfilmed in Iceland and Northern Ireland. The series was renewed for a seventh season, which premiered on 16 July 2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in April 2019. \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Jon Snow is introduced as the illegitimate son of Ned Stark, the honorable lord of Winterfell, an ancient fortress in the North of the fictional continent of Westeros. Harington has received praise for his performance. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663518", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nBender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"\"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"\" HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. The seventh", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21004587", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nThe penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines in preparation for the final season. Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters. Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, the two falling in love in the process. Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa. At the end of the season, the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and finally enters", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4654911", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 4)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 4) The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is adapted primarily from the second half of \"\"A Storm of Swords\"\", along with elements of \"\"A Feast for Crows\"\" and \"\"A Dance with Dragons\"\", all novels from the \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series by George R. R. Martin. The series", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19907879", "chunk_text": "\"Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire\"\nDavid Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Called \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it was most recently renewed for a seventh and eighth season to be aired in 2017–19. The series has itself given rise to several derived works, including soundtrack albums and a wide range of merchandise. After years of speculation about possible spin-off series, HBO in May 2017 commissioned five screenwriters – Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth yet to be announced writer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15184767", "chunk_text": "\"The Dragon and the Wolf\"\nThe Dragon and the Wolf \"\"The Dragon and the Wolf\"\" is the seventh and final episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the 67th episode overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Jeremy Podeswa. The episode's plot includes a negotiation between Cersei and Daenerys, and a rift between Cersei and Jaime; Theon rededicates himself to Yara; Sansa and Arya unite against Littlefinger; Jon Snow is revealed to be the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen; Jon and Daenerys's romantic relationship comes to fruition;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2381711", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 8)\"\nin the series, \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" and \"\"A Dream of Spring\"\". Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss will serve as showrunners for the eighth season. The directors for the eighth season were announced in September 2017. Miguel Sapochnik, who previously directed \"\"The Gift\"\" and \"\"Hardhome\"\" on season 5, as well as \"\"Battle of the Bastards\"\" and \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" on season 6 will return as director. He will divide up direction of the first five episodes with David Nutter, who had directed two episodes on seasons two, three and five, including \"\"The Rains", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19555705", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\ncontent. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order. Eight seasons were ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons. The first two seasons adapted one novel each. For the later seasons, its creators see \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" as an adaptation of \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" as a whole rather than", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14217874", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 3)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 3) The third season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season is based roughly on the first half of \"\"A Storm of Swords\"\" (the third of the \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation). The series is adapted for television by David", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663517", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nfifth season. New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin-throwing Lannister soldier in \"\"The Spoils of War.\"\" On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season. In a June 2016 interview with \"\"Variety\"\", co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"\"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"\" Director Jack", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11401013", "chunk_text": "Mhysa\nMhysa \"\"Mhysa\"\" is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and its 30th episode overall. Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter, it originally aired on on HBO in the United States. The episode revolves on the aftermath of the events instigated by \"\"The Red Wedding\"\": House Frey receives the Seat of Riverrun, Roose Bolton is appointed the new \"\"Warden of the North\"\", while House Greyjoy begins a new military campaign. In the North, Maester Aemon sends out ravens to alert the whole of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656792", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nout of 100 (based on 29 reviews) on Metacritic. The sixth season has been praised by critics, though not as highly as its predecessors. It has a score of 73 on Metacritic (based on nine reviews), indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews\"\". The seventh season scored 77 out of 100 (based on twelve reviews) and was praised for its action sequences and focused central characters, but received criticism for its breakneck pace and plot developments that \"\"defied logic.\"\" Despite its otherwise enthusiastic reception by critics, \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" has been criticized for the amount of female nudity, violence, and sexual violence (especially", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "21004588", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nthe Seven Kingdoms. HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland. \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper. The series received 22 nominations for the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards, and won for Outstanding Drama Series and Dinklage won for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656811", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nAwards (23). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Directing (\"\"Battle of the Bastards\"\"), Outstanding Writing (\"\"Battle of the Bastards\"\"), and nine Creative Arts Emmys. Nominations included Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage and Kit Harington), Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (Clarke, Headey and Maisie Williams), Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series (Max von Sydow) and Outstanding Directing (\"\"The Door\"\"). In 2018, the seventh season received the most nominations at the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards (22). It won for Outstanding Drama Series, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Peter Dinklage), and seven Creative Arts", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656729", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nthe longstanding brotherhood charged with defending the realm against the ancient threats of the fierce peoples and legendary creatures that lie far north, and an impending winter that threatens the realm. \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" has attracted record viewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. It has been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complex characters, story, scope, and production values, although its frequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) has been criticized. The series has received 47 Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015, 2016, and 2018, more than any other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656728", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\npremiering in April 2019. Set on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" has several plot lines and a large ensemble cast but centers on three primary story arcs. The first story arc centers on the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms and follows a web of alliances and conflicts among the dynastic noble families either vying to claim the throne or fighting for independence from the throne. The second story arc focuses on the last descendant of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty, exiled and plotting a return to the throne. The third story arc centers on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "968503", "chunk_text": "\"Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)\"\nBeyond the Wall (Game of Thrones) \"\"Beyond the Wall\"\" is the sixth and penultimate episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale. The episode's main plot focuses on Jon Snow's raiding party as they journey north of the Wall; they successfully capture a wight to prove the threat, though Thoros is killed. Daenerys rescues the group from the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663524", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nOn March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "388990", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones Ascent\"\nto be the greatest house in Westeros.\"\" The game includes the ability to engage in the dynamic political and social intrigue featured in the books and television show. The game has over 9 million players. Disruptor Beam released the first expansion for the game, titled \"\"The Long Night\"\", in October 2014. The expansion allows players to travel beyond \"\"The Wall\"\" and offers upgrades to the game’s Alliances system, along with new quests to complete and items to collect. On October 5, 2018, it was announced that \"\"Game of Thrones: Ascent\"\" will be shutting down on January 3, 2019. \"\"Game of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656782", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\ncalled \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" the most pirated television program. Beginning on January 23, 2015, the last two episodes of season four were shown in 205 IMAX theaters across the United States; \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" is the first TV series shown in this format. The show earned $686,000 at the box office on its opening day and $1.5 million during its opening weekend; the week-long release grossed $1,896,092. \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere, and has become a critical and commercial success. According to \"\"The Guardian\"\", by 2014 it was \"\"the biggest drama\"\" and \"\"the most", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4354454", "chunk_text": "\"Gunpowder Plot in popular culture\"\non 1 January 2014. Sherlock and Dr. Watson must stop a planned terrorist attack against the House of Lords on 5 November, where a late-night hearing on an anti-terrorist bill is being held. \"\"The Winds of Winter\"\" is the tenth and final episode of the sixth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones.\"\" In King's Landing, Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey) sets off wildfire beneath the Great Sept, killing its occupants, including the High Sparrow (Jonathan Pryce) and Queen Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer). In October/November 2017, the BBC broadcast the 3-part drama \"\"Gunpowder\"\", starring Kit Harington as Robert Catesby.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11196259", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 2)\"\nGame of Thrones (season 2) The second season of the fantasy drama television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of \"\"A Clash of Kings\"\", the second novel of the \"\"A Song of Ice and Fire\"\" series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9639957", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (2014 video game)\"\nlater events across the 6-episode arc. The story revolves around the northern House Forrester, rulers of Ironrath, whose members, including the five playable characters, attempt to save their family and themselves after ending up on the losing side of the War of the Five Kings. The game includes settings, characters, and voice actors from the novels and TV series. A second season had been planned but was placed on hold in 2017, amid restructuring issues at Telltale games, and ultimately was cancelled following Telltale's majority studio closure in September 2018. After previous video games based on his works received negative", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15108893", "chunk_text": "\"D. B. Weiss\"\nof \"\"Game of Thrones\"\". On July 19, 2017, Weiss announced that he and Benioff are going to begin production on another HBO series, titled \"\"Confederate\"\", after the final season of \"\"Game of Thrones\"\". Weiss and Benioff said, \"\"We have discussed \"\"Confederate\"\" for years, originally as a concept for a feature film - But our experience on \"\"Thrones\"\" has convinced us that no one provides a bigger, better storytelling canvas than HBO.\"\" On February 6, 2018, Disney announced that both Weiss and Benioff will write and produce a new series of \"\"Star Wars\"\" films after the finale season of \"\"Game of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14033032", "chunk_text": "Mhysa\nthe Yunkish as nearly uniformly dark-skinned, rather than as ethnically diverse as in the source novels, to which George R. R. Martin replied that this was because the scene was shot in Morocco with local extras. Commentators also criticized, more broadly, that the series's inclusion of people of color was limited to only a small number of characters. Mhysa \"\"Mhysa\"\" is the third season finale of the American medieval epic fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and its 30th episode overall. Written by executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by David Nutter, it originally aired on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19418557", "chunk_text": "\"The Dance of Dragons\"\nThe Dance of Dragons \"\"The Dance of Dragons\"\" is the ninth and penultimate episode of the fifth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the 49th overall. The episode was written by the series' creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss based on material primarily found on George R.R. Martin's novel \"\"A Dance with Dragons\"\", from which the title of the episode is derived. It was directed by David Nutter, who also directed the season finale. In the episode, Jon Snow retreats from Hardhome to the Wall defeated, accompanied by the surviving wildlings, much to the chagrin", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14217875", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 3)\"\nBenioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012. The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco. The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the climactic battle at Kings Landing. Season three like the previous season mainly centers around the war of the five kings; after the death of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18656818", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones\"\nKansas City, Missouri. Each season's Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the cast as their characters as they detail events in the history of Westeros. For the seventh season, this is to include the animated prequel series \"\"Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion\"\", illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros. In May 2017, after years of speculation about possible successor shows, HBO commissioned Max Borenstein, Jane Goldman, Brian Helgeland, Carly Wray and a fifth unnamed writer to develop individual \"\"Game", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13032794", "chunk_text": "\"Peter Dinklage\"\ncommercial success; it has been renewed for multiple seasons and will conclude with its eighth season in 2019. Dinklage has received widespread praise for his performance, with Matthew Gilbert from \"\"The Boston Globe\"\" saying that Dinklage \"\"gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware.\"\" Dan Kois of \"\"The New York Times\"\" noted that Dinklage's performance has made the character \"\"all the more popular.\"\" The \"\"Los Angeles Times\"\" wrote \"\"In many ways, \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" belongs to Dinklage.\"\" Tyrion has been called the \"\"most quotable\"\" character and \"\"one of the most beloved characters\"\" of the series. For his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8919783", "chunk_text": "\"The Children (Game of Thrones)\"\nthe same time. The Children (Game of Thrones) \"\"The Children\"\" is the tenth and final episode of the fourth season of HBO's fantasy television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", and the 40th overall. The episode was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alex Graves. \"\"The Children\"\" received overwhelming acclaim from critics, with praise directed at the deaths of Shae and Tywin Lannister, Bran reaching the Heart Tree and the fight scene between Brienne and Sandor \"\"The Hound\"\" Clegane. This episode marks the final appearances of Sibel Kekilli (Shae), Rose Leslie (Ygritte) and Thomas Brodie-Sangster", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20663525", "chunk_text": "\"Game of Thrones (season 7)\"\nThe first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017. The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017. The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_85	vikram samvat calender is official in which country?	n/a	[ "Nepal" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600470", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nVikram Samvat Vikram Samvat (IAST: Vikrama Samvat) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); ) (also called the Bikrami calendar or sometimes just Hindu calendar) is the historical Hindu calendar of India and Nepal. It uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. It is the official calendar of Nepal. The Vikram Samvat is notable because many ancient and medieval era inscriptions use it. It is said to be named after the legendary king Vikramaditya, but the term \"\"Vikrama Samvat\"\" does not appear in the historical records before the 9th century, rather the same calendaring system is found by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600483", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\ncalendar. For example, the year 2075 VS began in 2018 CE and will end in 2019 CE. The Rana rulers of Nepal made Vikram Samvat the official Hindu calendar in 1901 CE, which started as Samvat 1958. In Nepal, the new year begins with the first day of the month of Baishakh, which usually falls around 13-15 April in the Gregorian calendar. The first day of the new year is passionately celebrated in a historical carnival that takes place every year in Bhaktapur, called Bisket Jatra. From 2007 AD, Nepal Sambat is recognized as the national calendar. In India, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600479", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nhave been in use on the Indian subcontinent, and it is based on twelve synodical lunar months and 365 solar days. The lunar new year starts on the new moon in the month of Chaitra. This day, known as Chaitra Sukhladi, is a restricted holiday in India. The Vikrami samvat (\"\"Bikrami Samvat\"\" system) has been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remains in use by the Hindus in north, west and central India as well as Nepal. In south India, and some parts of east and west India such as Assam, Bengal and Gujarat, \"\"saka\"\" era", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600476", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nking King Azes. However, this was disputed by Robert Bracey following discovery of an inscription of Vijayamitra, which is dated in two eras. The theory seems to be now thoroughly discredited by Falk and Bennett, who place the inception of the Azes era in 47–46 BCE. The traditional New Year of Vikram Samvat is one of the many festivals of Nepal, marked by parties, family gatherings, the exchange of good wishes, and participation in rituals to ensure good fortune in the coming year. It occurs in mid-April each year, and coincides with the traditional new year in Assam, Bengal, Burma,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600487", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\ndenotes noon time; and 'shikardowpehr' when sun is right above. The names of the lunar months are as follows with the new lunar year starting on new moon in Chetar: While an approximate conversion can be made by subtracting 56 or 57, a precise computation requires identification of the version of Vikam Samvat that was used: A software program, \"\"Pancanga\"\", is available to make the calculations. Vikram Samvat Vikram Samvat (IAST: Vikrama Samvat) (abbreviated as V.S. (or VS) or B.S. (or BS)); ) (also called the Bikrami calendar or sometimes just Hindu calendar) is the historical Hindu calendar of India", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600481", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nThe Vikrami calendar is the official calendar of Nepal. The Vikrami calendar is similar in conceptual design to the Gregorian calendar, but different from the Jewish calendar. Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days) and nearly 365 solar days, the Vikrami and Jewish calendars maintain the integrity of the lunar month, but insert an extra full month by complex rules, every 4 years, to ensure that the festivals and crop related rituals fall in the appropriate season. This Indian system of calendar keeping is one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600482", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nof the luni-solar calendar systems innovated in ancient human cultures. Early Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar, and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Vikram Samvat has two alternative systems. It started in 56 BCE in the southern (\"\"purnimanta\"\") and 57–56 BCE in the northern (\"\"amanta\"\") systems of the Hindu calendar. The Shukla Paksha, when most festivals occur, coincides in both systems. The era is named after King Vikramaditya of India. The luni-solar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years ahead of the solar Gregorian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600477", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nCambodia, Kerala, Kashmir, Manipur, Odisha, Punjab, Sri Lanka, Tamil Nadu and Thailand In addition to Nepal, the Vikram Samvat calendar is also recognized in North and East India, and in Gujarat among Hindus. Hindu religious festivals are based on Vikram Samvat. In North India the new year in Vikram Samvat starts from the first day of Chaitra Skukla paksha. In Buddhist communities, the month of Baishakh is associated with Vesak or Buddha's Birthday. It commemorates the birth, Enlightenment and passing of Gautama Buddha on the first full moon day in May, except in a leap year when the festival is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600484", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nreformulated Saka Calendar is officially used (although not for computing the dates of the traditional festivals). In the Hindi version of the Preamble of the Constitution of India, however, the date of adoption of the constitution, 26 November 1949, is presented in Vikram Samvat (Margsheersh Shukla Saptami Samvat 2006). There have been calls for the Vikram Samvat to replace Saka as India's official calendar. The classical Vikram Samvat uses lunar months and solar sidereal years. Because 12 months do not match a sidereal year exactly, correctional months (\"\"adhika māsa\"\") are added or, occasionally, subtracted (\"\"kshaya masa\"\"). A lunar year consists", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15105753", "chunk_text": "\"Leap year\"\n- October and mid - November. Buddhist calendars in several related forms (each a simplified version of the Hindu calendar) are used on mainland Southeast Asia in the countries of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar (formerly Burma) and Sri Lanka. The Hindu Calendar also known as Vikram Samvat is used in Nepal as the national calendar. All the official work is done based on this calendar. The calendar followed in some parts of South India (mainly in Tamil Nadu) is solar. It has a leap year every four years. The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600478", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nheld in June. Although this festival is not held on the same day as Pahela Baishakh, the holidays typically fall in the same month (Baishakh) of the Bengali, Hindu, and Theravada Buddhist calendars, and are related historically through the spread of Hinduism and Buddhism in South Asia. In Gujarat, the second day of Diwali is celebrated as the first day of the Vikram Samvat calendar which is the first day of the month Kartik. The Vikrami era is an ancient calendar and has been historically used by Hindus and Sikhs. It is one of the several regional Hindu calendars that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15455978", "chunk_text": "Ashvin\nAshvin Ashwin or Ashvin (; , ; ; Malay/Indonesian: \"\"Aswin\"\"; Thai: \"\"Asawin\"\"), also known as Aswayuja, is the seventh month of the lunisolar Hindu calendar, the Vikram Samvat, which is the official solar calendar of Nepal and the parts of India. It is the sixth month in the solar Bengali calendar and seventh in the lunar Indian national calendar of the Deccan Plateau. It falls in the season of \"\"Shôrot\"\", (Hindi \"\"Sharad\"\") or Autumn. In Vedic Jyotish, Ashwin begins with the Sun's enter in Virgo. It overlaps September and October of the Gregorian calendar and is the month preceding Diwali", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7823459", "chunk_text": "\"Hindu calendar\"\nHindu calendar Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in India. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start. Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are the Shalivahana Shaka found in South India, Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in North and Central regions of India, Tamil calendar used in Tamil Nadu, and the Bengali calendar used in the Bengal – all of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14022181", "chunk_text": "\"Adoption of the Gregorian calendar\"\nthe solar year on a 32-year cycle. Some countries in the Islamic world use the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes, while retaining the Islamic calendar for religious purposes. Saudi Arabia adopted the Gregorian calendar as its civil calendar at the end of 2016. Today, the vast majority of countries use the Gregorian calendar as their sole civil calendar. Countries which have not adopted the Gregorian calendar are Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar), Iran and Afghanistan (Persian calendar). Some countries use other calendars alongside the Gregorian calendar, including India (Indian national calendar), Bangladesh (Bengali calendar), Nepal (Vikram Samvat), Pakistan (Islamic calendar), Israel (Hebrew", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600480", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nhas been widely used. With the arrival of the Islamic rule era, the Hijri Islamic calendar became the official calendar of various Sultanates and the Mughal Empire. During the colonial rule era of the Indian subcontinent, the Gregorian calendar was adopted and it is commonly used in the urban areas of India and Nepal. The predominantly Muslim countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh use the Islamic calendar since 1947, but older texts variously included the Bikrami and Gregorian calendar systems. In 2003, the India-based Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee of Sikhism adopted the Nanakshahi calendar, a move that continues to be debated.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13628482", "chunk_text": "\"Hindu calendar\"\nmost widely used today are the \"\"Vikrama\"\" calendar, which is in followed in western and northern India as well as Nepal, and the Shalivahana Shaka calendar which is followed in the Deccan region of India (Comprising present day Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa). Hindu calendar Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in India. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their relative emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year to start.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600471", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nother names such as \"\"Krita\"\" and \"\"Malava\"\". In the colonial era scholarship, the era was believed to be based on the commemoration of King Vikramaditya expelling the Sakas from Ujjain. However, later epigraphical evidence and scholarship suggests that this theory has no historical basis and very likely was an error. Starting in the 9th century and thereafter, epigraphical artwork uses Vikrama-samvat, suggesting that sometime around the 9th-century, the Hindu calendar era that was already in use became popular as Vikram Samvat, while Buddhist and Jain epigraphy continued to use an era based on the Buddha or the Mahavira. According to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15455980", "chunk_text": "Ashvin\ntake place in Ashvin. Those are as follows: Ashwin is known as \"\"aipasi\"\" (ஐப்பசி ) in Tamil and begins when the sun enters Libra in October. It's also called 'kunwaar' ( कुॅंवार ) month in eastern U.P. & some parts of Bihar state. Ashvin Ashwin or Ashvin (; , ; ; Malay/Indonesian: \"\"Aswin\"\"; Thai: \"\"Asawin\"\"), also known as Aswayuja, is the seventh month of the lunisolar Hindu calendar, the Vikram Samvat, which is the official solar calendar of Nepal and the parts of India. It is the sixth month in the solar Bengali calendar and seventh in the lunar Indian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600473", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nwas killed by a tiger. His son, Vikramaditya, being brought up in the forest, had to rule from Pratishthana (modern Paithan in Maharashtra). Later on, Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Śakas. To commemorate this event, he started a new era called the \"\"Vikrama era\"\". The Ujjain calendar started around 58–56 BCE, and the subsequent Shaka era calendar was started in 78 CE at Pratishthana. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the 9th century CE. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including \"\"Kṛṭa\"\" (343", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3559838", "chunk_text": "\"Vira Nirvana Samvat\"\nthe 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava was celebrated by the Jains throughout India. and overseas The Jain year Vira Nirvana Samvat is obtained by adding 470 years to the Kartikadi Vikram samvat. For example, The Vira Nirvana Samvat 2544 started right after Diwali of 20 October 2017 on Vikram 2074, Kartika Krishna Amavasya (Chaitradi and Purnimanta). The new Chaitradiadi Vikram samvat (common in North India) starts seven months earier in Chaitra, thus during Chaitra-Kartika Krishna, the difference between Vikram and Vir Nivana samvat is 469 years. The Jain business people traditionally started their accounting year from Diwali. The relationship between the Vir", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5876663", "chunk_text": "Samvatsari\nof the world, including friends and relatives by uttering the phrase — \"\"Micchami Dukkadam\"\" or its variants like \"\"Khamau Sa\"\", \"\"Uttam Kshama\"\" or \"\"Khamat Khamna\"\". Samvatsari is derived from the Hindi word \"\"\"\"Samvatsara\"\"\"\" which itself has its origin in the Sanskrit language. \"\"Samvatsara\"\" refers to a \"\"year\"\" in Vedic literature such as the \"\"Rigveda\"\" and other ancient texts.. Thus, Samvatsari literally refers to a day that comes annually. As a matter of ritual, they personally greet their friends and relatives Micchami Dukkadam. No private quarrel or dispute may be carried beyond Saṃvatsarī and messages, telephone calls are made to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17217442", "chunk_text": "\"Date and time notation in Nepal\"\ndeparture and landing timings. A colon is widely used to separate hours, minutes and seconds (e.g., 08:00:20). Date and time notation in Nepal YYYY-MM-DD is official Nepali Vikram Samvat. An example of Vikram Samvat YYYY-DD-MM usage used is the online news portal Onlinekhabar. But for Gregorian calendar DD-MM-YY . The DD-MM-YY is the predominant short form of the numeric date usage. Almost all government documents need to be filled up in the YYYY-DD-MM format. An example of YYYY-DD-MM usage is the passport application form. The 12-hour notation is widely used in daily life, written communication, and is used in spoken", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17217441", "chunk_text": "\"Date and time notation in Nepal\"\nDate and time notation in Nepal YYYY-MM-DD is official Nepali Vikram Samvat. An example of Vikram Samvat YYYY-DD-MM usage used is the online news portal Onlinekhabar. But for Gregorian calendar DD-MM-YY . The DD-MM-YY is the predominant short form of the numeric date usage. Almost all government documents need to be filled up in the YYYY-DD-MM format. An example of YYYY-DD-MM usage is the passport application form. The 12-hour notation is widely used in daily life, written communication, and is used in spoken language. The 24-hour notation is used in rare situations where there would be widespread ambiguity. Examples plane", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14661839", "chunk_text": "Calendar\nmost of the Muslim countries (concurrently with the Gregorian calendar), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals. Its epoch is the Hijra (corresponding to AD 622) With an annual drift of 11 or 12 days, the seasonal relation is repeated approximately each 33 Islamic years. Various Hindu calendars remain in use in the Indian subcontinent, including the Nepali calendar, Bengali calendar, Malayalam calendar, Tamil calendar, Vikrama Samvat used in Northern India, and Shalivahana calendar in the Deccan states. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13628463", "chunk_text": "\"Hindu calendar\"\nconsecutive years 1 BC and AD 1 mark the Christian era and the BC/AD system. There are several \"\"samvat\"\" found in historic Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts and epigraphy, of which three are most significant: Vikrama era, Old Shaka era and Shaka era of 78 AD. Two traditions have been followed in the Indian subcontinent with respect to lunar months: Amanta tradition which ends the lunar month on no moon day, while Purnimanta tradition which ends it on full moon day. Amavasyant (Amanta, Mukhyamana) tradition is followed by all Indian states that have a peninsular coastline (except Odisha), as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20624990", "chunk_text": "Vaisakha\nVaisakha Vaisakha (, \"\"Vaiśākha\"\"; \"\"Vaiśākh\"\"; \"\"Boiśākh\"\"; \"\"Vaikāci\"\"; \"\"Baisākh\"\"; , \"\"Baiśākh\"\") is a month of the Hindu calendar that corresponds to April/May in the Gregorian Calendar. In the Indian national calendar Vaisakha is the second month of the year. It is the first month of the Nepali calendar (the Vikram Samvat), Odia Calender, Punjabi calendar and the Bengali calendar (where it is called \"\"Boishakh\"\"). Regional calendars used on the sub-continent have two aspects: lunar and solar. Lunar months begin with Chaitra and solar months start with Vaisakha Sankranti. However, regional calendars mark one one official new year is celebrated. In regions", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600485", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram Samvat\"\nof 12 months. A lunar month has two fortnights. The lunar days are called \"\"tithis\"\". Each month has 30 tithis, which may vary from 20 – 27 hours. During the waxing phases, tithis are called \"\"shukla\"\" or the bright phase — the auspicious fortnight, beginning with the day after the new moon called \"\"Amavasya\"\". Tithis for the waning phases are called \"\"krishna\"\" or the dark phase, which is regarded as the inauspicious fortnight, starting from the day after the full moon or \"\"purnima\"\". Months of the Vikram Samvat: The exact length of each month is the time taken by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2556366", "chunk_text": "\"Indian national calendar\"\nIndian national calendar The Indian national calendar, sometimes called the Shalivahana Shaka calendar. It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by \"\"The Gazette of India\"\", in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India. The Saka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus. Nyepi, the \"\"Day of Silence\"\", is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali. Nepal's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar. Prior to colonization, the Philippines used to apply the Saka calendar as well as suggested by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "65626", "chunk_text": "\"Constitution Day (India)\"\nConstitution Day (India) Constitution Day (National Law Day), also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated in India on 26 November every year to commemorate the adoption of Constitution of India. On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, and it came into effect on 26 January 1950. The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day on 19 November 2015 by a gazette notification. The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made the declaration on 11 October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of the B. R. Ambedkar memorial in Mumbai. The year", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9835747", "chunk_text": "\"Surya Narayan Vyas\"\nSurya Narayan Vyas Surya Narayan Vyas was an Indian astrologer and diviner from Ujjain, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. He was known to be the one who prescribed 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947 as the dates for Pakistan and Indian independence respectively. He is reported to have prophesied several other incidents such as the deaths of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Sardar Vallabhai Patel and the emergence of India as a global power in the 21st century. He was a member of the Advisory Board to the Government of Madhya Pradesh during the tenure of Govind Narayan", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7823462", "chunk_text": "\"Hindu calendar\"\nEarly Buddhist communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the Buddhist and Jaina timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes as their reference points. The Hindu calendar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10488112", "chunk_text": "\"Punjabi calendar\"\nPunjabi calendar The calendar used by the Punjabi people varies by religions. Historically, the Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus have used the Indian Bikrami (Vikrami) calendar which started in 57 B.C. with King Vikramaditya. Punjabi Muslims use the Arabic Hijri calendar. Some festivals in Punjab, Pakistan are determined by the Punjabi calendar, such as Muharram which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh. The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan. In Punjab though the solar calendar is generally followed, the lunar calendar used is purnimanta.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9300820", "chunk_text": "Puthandu\ncountries within the Tamil Diaspora. The Tamil New Year follows the spring equinox and generally falls on 14 April of the Gregorian year. The day celebrates the first day of the traditional Tamil calendar and is a public holiday in both Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. The same date is observed as the traditional new year in Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur, Tripura, Bihar, Odisha, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan as well as in Nepal and Bangladesh. Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka also celebrate the same day as their new year, likely an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9312233", "chunk_text": "\"Surya Narayan Vyas\"\nSingh from 1967–1969. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1958, for his contributions to astrology. India Post issued a commemorative stamp on Vyas in 2002. Surya Narayan Vyas Surya Narayan Vyas was an Indian astrologer and diviner from Ujjain, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. He was known to be the one who prescribed 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947 as the dates for Pakistan and Indian independence respectively. He is reported to have prophesied several other incidents such as the deaths of Lal Bahadur Shastri and Sardar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600641", "chunk_text": "\"Hinduism in Nepal\"\nHinduism in Nepal Hinduism is the largest religion of Nepal. In the 2011 census, approximately 81.3 percent of the Nepalese people identified themselves as Hindus, although observers note that many of the people regarded as Hindus in the 1981 census could, with as much justification, be called Buddhists. According to 2011 census, the Hindu population in Nepal is estimated to be around 22.1 million which accounts 81.3% of country's population. \"\" The national calendar of Nepal, Vikram Samvat, is a solar Hindu calendar essentially the same to that widespread in North India as a religious calendar, and is based on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13138795", "chunk_text": "Samvatsara\nare 60 samvatsara mentioned in the historic Indian calendars, and these are called \"\"Brihaspati samvatsara chakra\"\". These are not numbered but each has been given a name. Once all 60 samvatsaras are over, the cycle starts over again. The ancient text \"\"Surya Siddhanta\"\" calculates the Jovian year to be about 361.026721 days or about 4.232 days shorter than the Earth-based solar year. This difference requires that about once every 85 solars years (~ 86 jovian years), one of the named samvatsara is expunged (skipped as a shadow year), to synchronize the two calendars. However, the details of the synchronization varies", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20624974", "chunk_text": "Phalguna\nPhalguna Phalguna or ( ; ) is a month of the Hindu calendar. In India's national civil calendar, Phalguna is the eleventh month of the year, and corresponds with February/March in the Gregorian calendar. In Luni-Solar calendars, Phalgun may begin on either the new moon or the full moon around the same time of year, and is twelfth month of the year. However, in Gujarat, Kartika is the first month of the year, and so Phalguna follows as the fifth month for Gujaratis.The holidays of Holi (15 Phalguna) and Maha Shivaratri (14 Phalguna) are observed in this month. In solar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2920350", "chunk_text": "\"Purandara Dasa\"\nBangalore formed in 1986, has dedicated an auditorium of 600 Seating Capacity called Purandara Bhavana exclusive for cultural events inaugurated by Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam, to his memory. \"\"Aradhana\"\" is a religious-devotional observation, held annually, to remember and honor saintly persons on the day of their departure from this world. Purandara Dasa's \"\"aradhana\"\" or \"\"punyadina\"\" is held on the \"\"pushya bahula amavasya\"\" of the Indian \"\"chandramana\"\" calendar (a new moon day, generally in February-March). The musicians and art aficionados in the state of Karnataka, South India and many art and religious centers around the world observe this occasion in deep", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "404926", "chunk_text": "\"Vikram University\"\ncan be still seen at University hall. The foundation stone of Vikram University was laid by the then Home Minister of India Shri Govind Vallabh Pant on Tuesday, Kartika Krishnapaksha Chaturthi, Vikramabda 2013 i.e. on 23 October 1956. The function was presided over by the Rajpramukh of the Madhyabharat State Late Jiwajirao Scindia. The new state of Madhya Pradesh was formed in 1956 and Madhya Bharat was merged into it. Thus, it was necessary to amend the Act relating to the University. Consequently, the amended Act of Vikram University No.13, 1957 was published in Madhya Pradesh Gazette dated 16 August", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "600651", "chunk_text": "\"Hinduism in Nepal\"\nby 2.37%, from 49.74% to 52.11%. Hinduism in Nepal Hinduism is the largest religion of Nepal. In the 2011 census, approximately 81.3 percent of the Nepalese people identified themselves as Hindus, although observers note that many of the people regarded as Hindus in the 1981 census could, with as much justification, be called Buddhists. According to 2011 census, the Hindu population in Nepal is estimated to be around 22.1 million which accounts 81.3% of country's population. \"\" The national calendar of Nepal, Vikram Samvat, is a solar Hindu calendar essentially the same to that widespread in North India as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4418182", "chunk_text": "\"Public holidays in India\"\nPublic holidays in India India, being a culturally diverse and fervent society, celebrates various holidays and festivals. There are many national holidays in India: Republic Day on 26 January, International Workers' Day on 1 May, Independence Day on 15 August and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October. States have local festivals depending on prevalent religious and linguistic demographics. Popular Jain festivals include Mahavir Jayanti, Paryushan and Diwali; Sikh festivals like Guru Nanak Jayanti and Vaisakhi; Hindu festivals of Makar Sankranti, Maha Shivratri, Onam, Janmashtami, Saraswati Puja, Diwali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Raksha Bandhan, Holi, Durga Puja, Dussehra; Muslim festivals of Eid ul-Fitr,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1065814", "chunk_text": "\"Vat Purnima\"\nVat Purnima Vat Purnima or pournima chavan or Wat Purnima (, , also called Vat Savitri is a celebration observed by married women in the Western Indian states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa and some regions of eastern Uttar Pradesh. On this Purnima or \"\"full moon\"\" during the three days of the month of Jyeshtha in the Hindu calendar (which falls in May-June in the Gregorian calendar) a married woman marks her love for her husband by tying a ceremonial thread around a banyan tree. The celebration is based on the legend of Savitri and Satyavan as narrated in the epic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13138796", "chunk_text": "Samvatsara\nslightly between the north and south Indian calendars. The sixty Samvatsaras are divided into 3 groups of 20 Samvatsaras each. The first 20 from \"\"Prabhava\"\" to \"\"Avyaya\"\" are assigned to Brahma. The next 20 from \"\"Sarvajit\"\" to \"\"Parabhava\"\" to Vishnu and the last 20 to Shiva. Samvatsara Samvatsara (संवत्सर) is a Sanskrit term for a \"\"year\"\" in Vedic literature such as the \"\"Rigveda\"\" and other ancient texts. In the medieval era literature, a samvatsara refers to the \"\"Jovian year\"\", that is a year based on the relative position of the planet Jupiter, while the solar year is called \"\"varsha\"\". A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9951997", "chunk_text": "\"Bengali calendars\"\nolder than Akbar era, suggesting that a Bengali calendar existed long before Akbar's time. Hindus developed a calendar system in ancient times. \"\"Jyotisha\"\", one of the six ancient Vedangas, was the Vedic era field of tracking and predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time. The ancient Indian culture developed a sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. The Hindu Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BCE. In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to \"\"Bikromaditto\"\", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4646030", "chunk_text": "\"Civil calendar\"\nCountries which do not use the Gregorian calendar are Afghanistan and Iran, which use the Solar Hijri calendar, Ethiopia (Ethiopian calendar) and Nepal (Vikram Samvat). Some countries use other calendars alongside the Gregorian calendar: Bangladesh (Bangla calendar), India (Indian national calendar) and Israel (Hebrew calendar). Other countries use modified versions of the Gregorian calendar: Taiwan (Minguo calendar), Thailand (Thai solar calendar), North Korea (North Korean Calendar) and Japan (Japanese calendar). Civil calendar The civil calendar is the calendar, or possibly one of several calendars, used within a country for civil, official or administrative purposes. The civil calendar is almost always", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3559837", "chunk_text": "\"Vira Nirvana Samvat\"\nVira Nirvana Samvat The Vira Nirvana Samvat (era) is a calendar era beginning on 15 October 527 BCE. It commemorates the nirvana of Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara. This is one of the oldest system of chronological reckoning which is still used in India. The earliest text to mention 527 BCE as the year of Mahavira's nirvana is Yati-Vrishabha's \"\"Tiloya-Pannatti\"\" (5th century CE). Subsequent works such as Jinasena's \"\"Harivamśa\"\" (783 CE) mention the Vira Nirvana era, and give the difference between it and the Shaka era (beginning in 78 CE) as 605 years and 5 months. On 21 October 1974", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17142448", "chunk_text": "\"Tamil calendar\"\nTamil calendar The Tamil calendar is a sidereal Hindu calendar used in Tamil Nadu, India. It is also used in Puducherry, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu farmers greatly refer to this. It is used today for cultural, religious and agricultural events, with the Gregorian calendar largely used for official purposes both within and outside India. The Tamil calendar is based on the classical Hindu solar calendar also used in Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur, Nepal, Odisha, Rajasthan and Punjab. There are several festivals based on the Tamil calendar. The Tamil New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17142458", "chunk_text": "\"Tamil calendar\"\nTamil calendar The Tamil calendar is a sidereal Hindu calendar used in Tamil Nadu, India. It is also used in Puducherry, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu farmers greatly refer to this. It is used today for cultural, religious and agricultural events, with the Gregorian calendar largely used for official purposes both within and outside India. The Tamil calendar is based on the classical Hindu solar calendar also used in Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Manipur, Nepal, Odisha, Rajasthan and Punjab. There are several festivals based on the Tamil calendar. The Tamil New", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11888793", "chunk_text": "\"Mahavir Jayanti\"\nMahavir Jayanti Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak, is one of the most important religious festivals for Jains. It celebrates the birth of Mahaveer, the twenty-fourth and last \"\"Tirthankara\"\" of \"\"Avasarpiṇī\"\". As per the Gregorian calendar, the holiday occurs either in March or April. Most modern historians consider Kundagram (which is today's Kundalpur in Champaran district of Bihar) as Mahaveer's birthplace, . According to Jain texts, Mahaveer was born on the thirteenth day of the bright half of the moon in the month of \"\"Chaitra\"\" in the year 599 BCE (Chaitra Sud 13). Mahaveer was born in a democratic kingdom (Ganarajya), Vajji, where", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2488312", "chunk_text": "Vallabhsuri\nis managed by Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak Shikshan Nidhi. India Post issued a postage stamp of Vallabhsuri on 21 February 2009 which depicted his image along with Vijay Vallabh Smarak as a background image. Vallabhsuri Acharya Vijay Vallabhsuri was a Jain monk. He was a disciple of Vijayanandsuri. He worked for the religious as well as improving the social life of people. He worked in Punjab so he was given honorific \"\"Punjab Kesari\"\". He was born on 26 October 1870 (Second day of bright half of Kartik month, Vikram Samvat 1927) at Vadodara, Gujarat. He was named Chhagan. His", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_86	who wrote there's a guy works down the chip shop lyrics?	n/a	[ "Philip Rambow", "Kirsty MacColl/Philip Rambow", "Kirsty MacColl" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18848813", "chunk_text": "\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\nof the Morning\"\", with lyrics in Swedish by Hasse Olsson as \"\"Killen ner' på Konsum svär att han är Elvis\"\" (\"\"The guy down Konsum\"\" swears he's Elvis). There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" was Kirsty MacColl's first hit single, charting in the UK at #14 in 1981, and remaining in the charts for nine weeks. It reached #9 in the Irish charts. A promotional version was released in the US, which instead referenced a truck stop as opposed to the very British chip shop,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7201900", "chunk_text": "\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\nThere's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" was Kirsty MacColl's first hit single, charting in the UK at #14 in 1981, and remaining in the charts for nine weeks. It reached #9 in the Irish charts. A promotional version was released in the US, which instead referenced a truck stop as opposed to the very British chip shop, but this was only available to DJs and did not get a full release. Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreasson covered the song on her 1981 country album \"\"Angel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5005438", "chunk_text": "\"Kirsty MacColl\"\nnot due to further releases (download sales counting toward the singles chart since 2005). A 7\"\" single was produced in 2012 to mark the 25th anniversary of its original appearance (Rhino Records WEA400), backed with an instrumental version. Kirsty MacColl Kirsty Anna MacColl (10 October 1959 – 18 December 2000) was a British singer and songwriter. She recorded several pop hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" and cover versions of Billy Bragg's \"\"A New England\"\" and The Kinks' \"\"Days\"\". Her song \"\"They Don't Know\"\" was covered with great", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5005419", "chunk_text": "\"Kirsty MacColl\"\nKirsty MacColl Kirsty Anna MacColl (10 October 1959 – 18 December 2000) was a British singer and songwriter. She recorded several pop hits in the 1980s and 1990s, including \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" and cover versions of Billy Bragg's \"\"A New England\"\" and The Kinks' \"\"Days\"\". Her song \"\"They Don't Know\"\" was covered with great success by Tracey Ullman. MacColl also sang on recordings produced by her husband Steve Lillywhite, most notably \"\"Fairytale of New York\"\" by The Pogues. Kirsty MacColl was the daughter of folk singer Ewan MacColl (1915–1989) and dancer Jean", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5005422", "chunk_text": "\"Kirsty MacColl\"\nlabel shortly before the song was to be released. The single was pulled, and only a few \"\"white label\"\" promo copies of the single are known to exist. MacColl moved to Polydor Records in 1981. She had a UK number 14 hit with \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\", taken from her critically acclaimed debut album \"\"Desperate Character\"\". In 1983, Polydor dropped her just as she had completed recording the songs for a planned second album (to be called \"\"Real\"\") which used more synthesizers and had new wave-styled tracks. She returned to Stiff, where pop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5974333", "chunk_text": "\"Terry (Kirsty MacColl song)\"\nTerry (Kirsty MacColl song) \"\"Terry\"\" is a song by Kirsty MacColl, released as a single in October 1983, and charting at #82 in the UK the following month. It was her first release after returning to Stiff Records, and was the last in a run of poorly selling singles released between \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" and \"\"A New England\"\". The music video featured an appearance from actor and comedian Ade Edmondson who played MacColl's rejected boyfriend who got her back after fighting off a rival man. Just over a year later, in January", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8174704", "chunk_text": "\"Discworld characters\"\ntimeline in which this happened has, however, been eradicated following Death's intervention, and he was last seen working in a fried fish stall in Quirm, a clear reference to Kirsty MacColl's song \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\". During the novel several characters comment that he seems a bit \"\"elvish\"\" (also a reference to the same Kirsty MacColl song). In the animated adaptation of the novel, Imp was voiced by Andy Hockley, and his final fate is changed to working as a gardener at Susan's school; their interactions are rewritten throughout the adaptation to imply", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9255405", "chunk_text": "\"A Guy Is a Guy\"\nA Guy Is a Guy \"\"A Guy Is a Guy\"\" is a popular song written by Oscar Brand. It was published in 1952. The song originated in a British song, \"\"I Went to the Alehouse (A Knave Is a Knave),\"\" dating from 1719. During World War II, soldiers sang a bawdy song based on \"\"A Knave Is a Knave,\"\" entitled \"\"A Gob Is a Slob.\"\" Oscar Brand cleaned up the lyrics, and wrote this song based on it. The best-known version of the song, recorded by Doris Day, charted in 1952. It was recorded on February 7, 1952, and released", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19975371", "chunk_text": "\"Casey Jones—the Union Scab\"\nCasey Jones—the Union Scab \"\"Casey Jones—the Union Scab\"\" is a song, written by labor figure Joe Hill in San Pedro, California, shortly after the first day of a nationwide walkout of 40,000 railway employees in the Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911. It is a parody of the song \"\"The Ballad of Casey Jones\"\" and is sung to its tune. The Industrial Workers of the World (commonly known as the Wobblies) are an industrial union. Many of the railway workers were organized into the railway brotherhoods, which were craft unions. The song was published in the \"\"Little Red Songbook\"\" in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14090217", "chunk_text": "\"What Men Deserve to Lose\"\nFamous Banjo\"\" is named after the band's producer Calum MacLean whose stage name is Jason Famous, and when band member Innes travelled to the Staten Island, New York City to buy him a banjo. The title of the track \"\"There's a Girl Behind the Bar Who Think She's Garbo\"\", which mentions iconic Swedish film actress Garbo, is believed to be a reference to Kirsty MacColl's first hit \"\"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis\"\" from 1981. The track is dedicated to, as the liner notes describe, \"\"all those barmaids in New York City who tell you", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15441842", "chunk_text": "\"Some Other Guy\"\nSome Other Guy \"\"Some Other Guy\"\" is a rhythm and blues song, written by Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller and Richie Barrett. First released as a single in 1962 by Barrett himself, it featured an electric piano, then an unusual sound in pop music. Covered shortly afterwards by Liverpool's the Big Three, the song was a standard in the Merseybeat scene. The song was part of the Beatles' early repertoire, and film footage of The Beatles performing it live is the only known film with synchronized sound showing the group at the Cavern Club. The grainy footage features John Lennon and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15135700", "chunk_text": "\"A Guy Is a Guy\"\n#1 on the Australian charts. Yvette Giraud recorded a French version called “Un homme est un homme”. A Guy Is a Guy \"\"A Guy Is a Guy\"\" is a popular song written by Oscar Brand. It was published in 1952. The song originated in a British song, \"\"I Went to the Alehouse (A Knave Is a Knave),\"\" dating from 1719. During World War II, soldiers sang a bawdy song based on \"\"A Knave Is a Knave,\"\" entitled \"\"A Gob Is a Slob.\"\" Oscar Brand cleaned up the lyrics, and wrote this song based on it. The best-known version of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17391012", "chunk_text": "\"Another Tear Falls\"\nAnother Tear Falls \"\"Another Tear Falls\"\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach with lyrics by Hal David which was first a song for the American singer Gene McDaniels in 1962 for the British film \"\"It's Trad, Dad!\"\" as well as the flip side of his hit single \"\"Chip Chip\"\" and was later recorded and released by the American pop group The Walker Brothers as their seventh UK single in 1966. The accompaniment was directed by Reg Guest. \"\"Another Tear Falls\"\" was a modest hit spending eight weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at #12 in October. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20973288", "chunk_text": "\"A Job To Do\"\nA Job To Do \"\"A Job to Do\"\" is a song by American rock musician Jerry Cantrell, written for the end credits of the 2017 film \"\"\"\". The song was featured on \"\"John Wick: Chapter 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)\"\", and it is the last track on the album. \"\"A Job to Do\"\" marks the first time Jerry Cantrell released a solo song since 2002. The song was recorded at Igloo Music Studios in Burbank, California between November 8, 2015 and January 21, 2016. Jerry Cantrell wrote the lyrics from the perspective of Keanu Reeves' title character in \"\"\"\". Cantrell", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13377819", "chunk_text": "\"Ready for the Floor\"\nReady for the Floor \"\"Ready for the Floor\"\" is the Grammy Award-nominated second single by the British electronic group Hot Chip from their 2008 album \"\"Made in the Dark\"\". It was released on 28 January 2008 and peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart in February 2008. Alexis Taylor gave an explanation about the use of the line, \"\"You're my number one guy\"\" in the song, and also explained how it visually impacted the music video (Taylor is dressed as the Joker): Some media reports incorrectly asserted that Hot Chip had originally written the song \"\"Ready for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17391014", "chunk_text": "\"Another Tear Falls\"\nup-beat album track written by Scott Walker that appeared as the second track on \"\"Portrait\"\". Another Tear Falls \"\"Another Tear Falls\"\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach with lyrics by Hal David which was first a song for the American singer Gene McDaniels in 1962 for the British film \"\"It's Trad, Dad!\"\" as well as the flip side of his hit single \"\"Chip Chip\"\" and was later recorded and released by the American pop group The Walker Brothers as their seventh UK single in 1966. The accompaniment was directed by Reg Guest. \"\"Another Tear Falls\"\" was a modest hit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9215038", "chunk_text": "\"Working in the Coal Mine\"\nversion was later included in the soundtracks for the films \"\"Heavy Metal\"\" and \"\"Employee of the Month\"\". It entered Billboard Sept 5, 1981, reaching No.43 on the Hot 100, and was also a Top 10 single in New Zealand. It was used as the theme for the show \"\"Working\"\". Working in the Coal Mine \"\"Working in the Coal Mine\"\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. After Toussaint returned to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9417928", "chunk_text": "\"Ian Dury\"\nKing and Peter Jenner, the original managers of Pink Floyd, Ian Dury and the Blockheads quickly gained a reputation as one of the top live acts of new wave music. Dury's lyrics are a combination of lyrical poetry, word play, observation of British everyday life, character sketches, and sexual humour: \"\"This is what we find ... Home improvement expert Harold Hill of Harold Hill, Of do-it-yourself dexterity and double-glazing skill, Came home to find another gentleman's kippers in the grill, So he sanded off his winkle with his Black & Decker drill.\"\" The song \"\"Billericay Dickie\"\" rhymes \"\"I had a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6242625", "chunk_text": "\"One Man Guy (song)\"\nOne Man Guy (song) \"\"One Man Guy\"\" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III. It originally appeared on his 1985 studio album \"\"I'm Alright\"\", and was included on his 2009 compilation album \"\"Essential Recordings: One Man Guy\"\". His son, Rufus Wainwright recorded a cover version of \"\"One Man Guy\"\" for his 2001 album \"\"Poses\"\". The track features vocals by Teddy Thompson and Wainwright's sister, Martha Wainwright. \"\"Pitchfork\"\"s Joe Tangari described Wainwright's cover as \"\"faithful and endearing\"\" and said his performance \"\"proves [he] has at least a touch of dad's folk roots in him.\"\" The song also appears", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13668117", "chunk_text": "\"Oney (song)\"\nOney (song) \"\"Oney\"\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Johnny Cash. It was released in July 1972 as the second single from his album \"\"Any Old Wind That Blows\"\". The song peaked at number 2 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached number 1 on the \"\"RPM\"\" Country Tracks chart in Canada. The song was written by Jerry Chesnut. The song is one of several by Cash paying tribute to the working man. This first-person story is about a factory worker who plans to get retribution against his mean boss. In the song's spoken", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5867254", "chunk_text": "\"That 1 Guy\"\nSilverman has developed a career as a one-man band under the stage name That 1 Guy, first playing his upright bass, and later singing and beatboxing while playing his Magic Pipe, musical saw, various percussive elements, and utilizing digital looping and sampling to perform his songs. His musical influences include Drums and Tuba, Rush, Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart, and Dr. Seuss, both in terms of his lyrics and his quirky homemade instruments. He has also been influenced by Tom Waits, and was invited to play saw (and subsequently bass) on tracks for Waits’ album. He has a cult following in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5867252", "chunk_text": "\"That 1 Guy\"\nThat 1 Guy Mike Silverman, better known as That 1 Guy, is an American musician based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He frequently performs and records as a one-man band, singing and using a variety of homemade musical instruments. Silverman is a classically trained double bass player who attended the San Francisco Conservatory of Music and developed a career in the progressive jazz scene in the 1990s, performing live and as a studio musician. He started out in a funk, rockabilly, jazz band called \"\"The Fabulous Hedgehogs\"\" before he developed his own style of solo playing and gained a reputation as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19077824", "chunk_text": "\"Oscar Brand\"\n& Mary, Judy Collins, the Kingston Trio, Pete Seeger and The Weavers. In order to make sure that his radio program could not be censored he refused to be paid by WNYC for the next 70 years. He wrote the lyrics to the song \"\"A Guy is a Guy\"\" (1952), which became a hit for Doris Day. He also wrote the English lyrics to the song \"\"Shlub-a-Dubba-Dub\"\" (1961) which became a minor hit for Mitch Miller. He contributed stories and songs for the \"\"Young People's Records\"\" label, including \"\"Noah's Ark\"\". He was a great friend to the folksinger Jean Ritchie", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9110484", "chunk_text": "\"Artie Resnick\"\nArtie Resnick Arthur Resnick (born 1937) is an American songwriter, record producer and musician. His most successful songs as a writer include \"\"Under the Boardwalk\"\" (co-written with Kenny Young), \"\"Good Lovin'\"\" (co-written with Rudy Clark), and \"\"Yummy Yummy Yummy\"\" (co-written with Joey Levine). Resnick grew up in New York City and attended Valley Forge Military Academy. He had his first success as a songwriter in 1961 with \"\"Chip Chip\"\", a top 10 hit for Gene McDaniels co-written by Resnick, Jeff Barry and Clifford Crawford. Another early success was \"\"Under the Boardwalk\"\", co-written with Kenny Young and a US no. 4", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2700751", "chunk_text": "\"I Am a Simple Man\"\nnot hard to understand at all – so long as he has \"\"a job and a piece of land/three squares [three meals] in my frying pan\"\" he's very easy to please. \"\"I Am a Simple Man\"\" reached number 1 on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot Country Songs chart and on The Canadian \"\"RPM\"\" Country Tracks chart. I Am a Simple Man \"\"I Am a Simple Man\"\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Van Shelton. It was released in April 1991 as the first single from his album \"\"Backroads\"\". The song was Ricky Van", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19975372", "chunk_text": "\"Casey Jones—the Union Scab\"\n1912. The song was included in a 2006 album of American folk songs \"\"Classic Labor Songs from Smithsonian Folkways\"\" released by the Smithsonian Institution. Casey Jones—the Union Scab \"\"Casey Jones—the Union Scab\"\" is a song, written by labor figure Joe Hill in San Pedro, California, shortly after the first day of a nationwide walkout of 40,000 railway employees in the Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911. It is a parody of the song \"\"The Ballad of Casey Jones\"\" and is sung to its tune. The Industrial Workers of the World (commonly known as the Wobblies) are an industrial union. Many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20949595", "chunk_text": "\"New Guy (song)\"\nSarkodie's T-shirt from earlier is shown and displays: \"\"They got money for wars but can't feed the poor\"\", which is a lyric from 2Pac's 1993 single \"\"Keep Ya Head Up\"\". New Guy (song) \"\"New Guy\"\" is a song recorded by Ghanaian rapper Sarkodie featuring American hip pop artist Ace Hood. Although intended to be included on his first live album, \"\"Mary\"\" (2015), the inclusion was ultimately scrapped. It was released for digital consumption on 10 June 2015 through Sarkcess Music and Ivy League Records. Written by the two artists and produced by CedSolo, \"\"New Guy\"\" is an African hip hop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9215031", "chunk_text": "\"Working in the Coal Mine\"\nWorking in the Coal Mine \"\"Working in the Coal Mine\"\" is a song with music and lyrics by the American musician and record producer Allen Toussaint. It was an international hit for Lee Dorsey in 1966, and has been recorded by other musicians including Devo in 1981. After Toussaint returned to New Orleans from the US Army, in which he served from 1963 to 1965, he formed a production company, Sansu (also known as \"\"Tou-Sea Productions\"\"), with partner Marshall Sehorn. He produced a number of singles performed by Lee Dorsey in 1965 and 1966, including \"\"Ride Your Pony\"\" and \"\"Working", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15489755", "chunk_text": "\"No Money Down (Chuck Berry song)\"\nDixon's \"\"Hoochie Coochie Man\"\", Bo Diddley's \"\"I'm a Man\"\" and Muddy Waters's \"\"Mannish Boy\"\". It tells a story, in great detail, of a man who enters a Cadillac showroom to trade in his Ford. No Money Down (Chuck Berry song) \"\"No Money Down\"\" is a song written and recorded by Chuck Berry in December 1955. The recording session was organized by Chess Records following the success of \"\"Maybellene\"\" and \"\"Wee Wee Hours\"\" singles the same year. \"\"No Money Down\"\" was first released as a single in January 1956, with \"\"Down Bound Train\"\" on the B-side, reaching number 8 in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "375552", "chunk_text": "\"The Greasy Chip Butty Song\"\nThe Greasy Chip Butty Song \"\"The Greasy Chip Butty Song\"\" is a football chant originally sung by the supporters of Sheffield United football club to the tune of \"\"Annie's Song\"\", glorifying life in Sheffield, in chief the eponymous chip butty but also nightlife, beer and tobacco products. The song with its good-natured humour has been adopted and adapted by fans of a number of other Association Football teams, other football codes teams, and by other sports teams, both in the UK and internationally. The provenance of the song is unknown but its origin is often claimed by Sheffield United supporters.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4377181", "chunk_text": "\"That 1 Guy\"\npinching the boot’s opening to achieve different sounds, similar to an African talking drum. The Magic Saw is a musical saw, which is wired into the main effects box. It utilizes a small adhesive speaker and is played percussively as well as with a violin bow. It sounds similar to a theremin when played and renditions of \"\"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\"\" have been performed on numerous occasions. That 1 Guy Mike Silverman, better known as That 1 Guy, is an American musician based in Las Vegas, Nevada. He frequently performs and records as a one-man band, singing and using a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3184668", "chunk_text": "\"Chip Monck\"\nvolunteering with a summer theater group at Wellesley College, learning the basics of theatrical lighting from Greg Harney. He began auditing classes at Harvard while working with the university's theater company. Monck began working at the Greenwich Village nightclub The Village Gate in 1959, lighting comedians and Jazz and Folk artists, and living in the basement apartment under the club (Bob Dylan wrote \"\"A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall\"\" on Monck's IBM Selectric typewriter). He began an eight-year-long relationship with the Newport Folk Festival, and a nine-year one with the Newport Jazz Festival, while continuing to work at the Gate. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7036055", "chunk_text": "\"Doing That Scrapyard Thing\"\nDoing That Scrapyard Thing \"\"Doing That Scrapyard Thing\"\" is a song from the supergroup Cream's 1969 farewell album, \"\"Goodbye\"\". Written by the band's bassist, Jack Bruce, as well as poet Pete Brown, the song, alongside Eric Clapton's \"\"Badge\"\" and Ginger Baker's \"\"What a Bringdown,\"\" was one of Cream's final studio recordings. Pete Brown, the author of \"\"Doing That Scrapyard Thing,\"\" said of that Jack Bruce approached him to write the lyrics of the song over the telephone. Eric Clapton said the track, along with the other studio cuts from \"\"Goodbye\"\", were recorded due to a lack of proper live material", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "858461", "chunk_text": "\"Glimmer man\"\nenter premises to carry out their inspections and if they detected anyone using gas outside the permitted hours could disconnect the premises from the mains supply. However, some Dublin residents, such as students at Trinity College, were apparently immune from the inspectors' visits. This immunity may also have been due to the small numbers of inspectors employed - perhaps only two or three for the whole of Dublin. The inspectors were reputed to be particularly intrusive when carrying out their duties as evidenced by the Phil Chevron lyric in \"\"\"\"Faithful Departed\"\"\"\" which suggests that in addition to the \"\"\"\"boogie man\"\"\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7496449", "chunk_text": "\"I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now\"\nI've Got My Captain Working for Me Now \"\"I've Got My Captain Working for Me Now\"\" is a popular song written in 1919 by Irving Berlin. It was published by Music Publishers Inc. in New York, New York. The song tells of a young man who returns to work as a manager in his father's factory following his tour of duty as a Private First Class in World War I. His now-unemployed former Captain is hired as a clerk by the delighted former PFC. Sample lyric: This song was in the top 20 from October 1919 to January 1920 and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1687723", "chunk_text": "\"Zach Paxson\"\nPaxson wrote the song after attending an Ohio State University football game in 2006. He released his sophomore album \"\"Simple Life\"\" in 2013. On October 15, 2014, Paxson released \"\"Twenty-Four/Seven\"\", his third studio album and extended EP produced by rocker-turned-producer Rick Beato at the Black Dog Recording Studio in Stone Mountain, GA. Featuring the hit song \"\"I Work,\"\" Paxson released the album as a free download via his website as thanks for the hard-working men and women of America. Zach Paxson Zach Paxson is a singer-songwriter born and raised in Lisbon, Ohio, United States. He is a second-generation musician who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10937413", "chunk_text": "\"Piano Man (song)\"\nPiano Man (song) \"\"Piano Man\"\" is a song written and performed by American singer-songwriter Billy Joel. His first single in North America, it was included on Joel's 1973 album of the same name and later released as a single on November 2, 1973. The song is sung from Joel's point-of-view working as a piano player at a bar, reminiscing on his experiences working there and the people that he encounters. \"\"Piano Man\"\" is based on Joel's real-life experiences working as a lounge musician in Los Angeles from 1972-73, in an effort to escape his contracted New York-based record company at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15135699", "chunk_text": "\"A Guy Is a Guy\"\nby Columbia Records as catalog number 39673. The song quotes Wagner's \"\"Bridal Chorus\"\" and Mendelssohn's \"\"Wedding March\"\", both played on a pipe organ. The flip side was \"\"Who Who Who\"\". The song first entered the Billboard Best-Selling Records chart on March 7, 1952, and lasted 19 weeks, peaking at #4 on the chart. (According to some sources, the song reached #1 on the chart \"\"Most Played in Juke Box\"\".) The song was also recorded by Ella Fitzgerald in 1951, and by Australian singer June Miller, with Les Welch and his orchestra, in May 1952, although Doris Day's version was actually", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16346718", "chunk_text": "\"Down the Road a Piece\"\n& the Houserockers with Bruce Springsteen, Stan Kenton, Jerry Lee Lewis, Manfred Mann, the Glenn Miller Orchestra, Amos Milburn, Merrill E. Moore, Ella Mae Morse, the Rolling Stones, and Chuck E. Weiss. Down the Road a Piece \"\"Down the Road a Piece\"\" is a boogie-woogie song written by Don Raye. In 1940, it was recorded by the Will Bradley Trio and became a top 10 hit in the closing months of the year. Called \"\"a neat little amalgam of bluesy rhythm and vivid, catchy lyrics,\"\" the song was subsequently recorded by a variety of jazz, blues, and rock artists. \"\"Down", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1010657", "chunk_text": "\"Bill Miner\"\nBill Miner Ezra Allen Miner (c.1847 – September 2, 1913), more popularly known as Bill Miner, was a noted American bandito, originally from Bowling Green, Kentucky, who served several prison terms for stagecoach robbery. Known for his unusual politeness while committing robberies, he was widely nicknamed the Grey Fox, Gentleman Robber or the Gentleman Bandit. He is reputed to have been the originator of the phrase \"\"Hands up!\"\" an original song titled \"\"The Ballad of Bill Miner\"\" was written by singer/songwriter Phillip Mills (Eugene Quinn) and recorded by the San Francisco bay area band \"\"The Blackout Cowboys\"\". Legend has it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10416430", "chunk_text": "Millworker\nMillworker \"\"Millworker,\"\" or \"\"Millwork,\"\" is a song written by James Taylor. It was originally written for the Stephen Schwartz Broadway musical \"\"Working\"\". Taylor's own recording was released on his 1979 album \"\"Flag\"\" along with \"\"Brother Trucker,\"\" which Taylor also wrote for \"\"Working\"\". It has also been covered by other artists, including Bette Midler, Emmylou Harris, Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, Bruce Springsteen, Jennifer Warnes and Francis Cabrel. According to Taylor, he was inspired to write the song quickly one night at his home in Martha's Vineyard, \"\"about six feet\"\" from where he wrote his earlier song \"\"Secret O' Life.\"\" He was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2281451", "chunk_text": "\"Oopsy Daisy\"\nstart, would've invented a soft drink with their name on it before fire. And yet, there's something about this dapper chap's particular form of audacity which never really comes across like proper arrogance. For his latest, the Chipster is sad because he has been hurt by a girl. The way he gets this across is to play some contemplative piano, and to get a lady singer to sing \"\"I'm a walking disaster\"\" and \"\"all I'll do is hurt you again\"\", so he doesn't come across as being some emotionless thug who'd dump a girl for wearing the wrong shade of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11140396", "chunk_text": "\"Wild Thing (The Troggs song)\"\nWild Thing (The Troggs song) \"\"Wild Thing\"\" is a song written by American songwriter Chip Taylor and popularized by the English rock band the Troggs. It was originally recorded and released by the American rock band the Wild Ones in 1965, but it did not chart. The Troggs' single reached number one on the \"\"Billboard\"\" Hot 100 and number two on the UK Singles Chart in 1966. Their version of \"\"Wild Thing\"\" was ranked at number 257 on the \"\"Rolling Stone\"\" magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It has also been performed by many other musicians.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12361315", "chunk_text": "\"Oney (song)\"\nprologue, Cash dedicates the song \"\"\"\"to the working man/for every man that puts in a hard eight or 10 hours a day of work and toil and sweat/always got somebody looking down his neck/trying to get more out of him than he really ought to have to put in\"\".\"\" The song is about a factory worker's retirement day, where he laments about his years of long hours, exhausting, backbreaking and thankless work, and frustration in dealing with a micromanaging boss, Oney. The song's title character, Oney is a strict boss who demands promptness and sternly reprimands workers for the slightest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8794468", "chunk_text": "\"Workin' at the Car Wash Blues\"\nWorkin' at the Car Wash Blues \"\"Workin' at the Car Wash Blues\"\" is a 1974 single written and recorded by Jim Croce. It was the third single released from his album \"\"I Got a Name\"\". It reached a peak of #32 in July 1974 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also the fourth single released (including Christmas-themed release \"\"It Doesn't Have To Be That Way\"\") after Jim Croce's passing in September 1973. Jim Croce described this song as having a \"\"funky street feel\"\". During a performance, he explained the song as \"\"a story about a guy who thinks he", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "582224", "chunk_text": "Chuggo\nChuggo Daniel Myshrall, better known by his stage name Chuggo, is a Canadian rapper. He is best known for the YouTube video for his song \"\"Ah C'mon,\"\" popularly referred to as \"\"C'mon Fuckin' Guy\"\", or, humorously, \"\"C'mon Fuck a Guy\"\". He is a former employee of The Laboratory LLC. Chuggo grew up in Toronto on Lake Shore Boulevard West. Chuggo later formed the group The Lakeshore Stranglas with fellow Toronto MCs 2Gats, White Fang, Black Male, Koshur, and Ritz Nabisko. Chuggo and the rest of the Lakeshore Stranglas honed their rap skills on Toronto's underground rap battle scene. Chuggo first", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16815975", "chunk_text": "\"Mort Dixon\"\nMort Dixon Mort Dixon (March 20, 1892 – March 23, 1956) was a noted lyricist. Born in New York City, Dixon began writing songs in the early 1920s, and was active into the 1930s. He achieved success with his first published effort, 1923's \"\"That Old Gang of Mine\"\". His chief composer collaborators were Ray Henderson, Harry Warren, Harry M. Woods and Allie Wrubel. Among his lyrics are: \"\"That Old Gang Of Mine\"\" (1923), \"\"Bye Bye Blackbird\"\" (1926), \"\"I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover\"\" (1927), \"\"Nagasaki\"\" (1928), \"\"Would You Like to Take a Walk?\"\" (1930), \"\"I Found a Million Dollar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18144395", "chunk_text": "\"A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop\"\nA Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop \"\"A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop\"\" is a song recorded by Neil Young and Promise of the Real. It is a protest song aimed at Starbucks and Monsanto, and comes from \"\"The Monsanto Years\"\", a concept album criticizing Monsanto. The song was released as a single in May 2015, the first from the album \"\"The Monsanto Years\"\". The song refers to the lawsuit by Monsanto against Vermont because of the state's attempt to pass a GMO labeling law. It also mentions \"\"the poison tide of Monsanto\"\" and a farmer who signs a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9003085", "chunk_text": "\"Stan's World Cup Song\"\nStan's World Cup Song \"\"Stan's World Cup Song\"\", also known as \"\"Aye Aye Ippy The Germans Bombed Our Chippy\"\", is a song by English comedian Stan Boardman. It is set to the tune of \"\"She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain\"\" and the Dambusters March. It was released to coincide with the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Boardman came up with the idea of writing his own World Cup song because he thought that some of them were \"\"lousy\"\". He then wrote the song and designed a CD cover for it and contacted a friend of his to help record it. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6692957", "chunk_text": "\"Tony Mortimer\"\nTony Mortimer Anthony Michael \"\"Tony\"\" Mortimer (born 21 October 1970 in Stepney, London) is an English singer, rapper, songwriter and composer. He is best known as a member of the boy band East 17, who were originally active from 1991 to 1997 and sold over 20 million records worldwide. Mortimer is also the writer of the band's only number-one single, \"\"Stay Another Day\"\". Mortimer was a member of the 1990s boy band East 17, with whom he had seven UK Top 10 singles and four hit albums between 1992 and 1997. He turned to songwriting when the group disbanded in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_87	what is the weight of a honda fit?	n/a	[ "1,020–1,080 kg" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870913", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nimprove U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test ratings. The engine is a i-VTEC 4-cylinder with 117 horsepower at 6600 rpm mated to a five-speed manual transmission or a five-speed automatic transmission. The second generation Honda Fit went on sale in North America around August 26, 2008, for the 2009 model year. It was considered the most expensive within the subcompact class when equipped as such, but was also described as modestly priced. It was reported in September 2009 that Honda is considering producing the Fit in North America in response to the increasing strength of the Japanese", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199352", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nHonda Fit The , also marketed as the , is a five-door, front-engine, front-wheel drive B-segment subcompact car manufactured and marketed by Honda since 2001 and now in its third generation. Marketed worldwide and manufactured at ten plants in eight countries, sales reached almost 5 million by mid-2013. Sharing Honda's global small-car platform with the City, Airwave, Mobilio, Mobilio Spike, Freed and Freed Spike, the Fit is noted for its one-box or monospace with an interior design concept that achieves a re-configurable cargo volume competitive with larger vehicles. Honda released hybrid petrol-electric versions of the Fit in Japan in October", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870931", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nsporty all round bodykit, 16 inch wheels, red interior stitching and sports pedals. The U.S. model debuted at the 2014 North American International Auto Show and went on sale in June as a 2015 model year vehicle. The third generation model replaces the previous SOHC engine with an all-new 1.5-liter DOHC i-VTEC engine featuring direct injection and an intake cam using continuously variable cam phasing with a variable lift dual cam lobe profile. Transmission options include a 6-speed manual or continuously variable transmission (CVT) with available paddle shifters adopted from the Civic. Fuel mileage ratings for automatic models are 33/41/36", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199398", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nyen against the U.S. dollar. For the 2011 models, Vehicle Stability Assist, cruise control, remote entry and USB audio interface became standard across all trim levels. In addition, the Fit Sport now comes with carpeted floor mats. As of the 2011 model year, the base Fit comes with a remote entry, 15-inch wheels with covers, power windows, power locks, cruise control, a tilt and telescoping steering wheel, a 160-watt AM/FM/CD audio system with four speakers, a USB audio interface, a 12-volt power outlet, and other features. The Fit Sport adds a ground appearance package, alloy wheels, paddle shifters, a navigation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199354", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nbig hit. At its introduction in 2001, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award. By December 2001, it had outsold the Toyota Corolla, and ranked first in sales for nine out of twelve months in 2002. It subsequently was introduced in Europe (early 2002), Australia (late 2002), South America (early 2003), South Africa and South-East Asia (2003), China (Sep 2004), and Mexico (late 2005). The Fit's fuel tank under the front seat and compact rear suspension have enabled the rear seats to fold especially low, creating a flexible and regularised cargo volume that is large for its class.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870916", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\namong other things, body-colored door handles and side mirrors, 15-inch lightweight alloy wheels from the 2006–11 Civic Hybrid and DX-G, rear spoiler, power locks and remote entry, two speakers for a total of four, cruise control), and Fit Sport (adds USB jack and Vehicle Stability Assist). The Fit Sport is similar to its American counterpart, however a navigation system is not offered as an option. There are plans to build subcompact cars, which many rumoured to be Fit, in Honda's new plant in Mexico. NHTSA Crash Test Ratings: Frontal Driver and Passenger: Side Driver Impact: Side Rear Passenger Impact: Rollover:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199371", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nprices seem steep for a subcompact (compared to the Toyota Yaris and Nissan Versa), this is one in name and exterior size only; it's really a small wagon that challenges some compact SUVs for room while getting significantly better fuel economy\"\". Fit, sourced from Brazil, was launched in October 2005. Fit is currently (2014) made in Mexico. Honda started local production and sale of Fit in April 2003 when Brazil became the second production base, after Japan, for Fit. In Brazil, though initially was available with the 1.3 L i-DSI engine only, eventually the Fit has the same engines as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870912", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nof the I4 to and . Other upgrades include full coilover suspension, exhaust, intake, and brakes. Body modifications include a widened track to feed more air into the engine bay. Although the second generation Honda Fit was introduced in the Japanese market in 2007, the first generation Fit was still sold in the North American market for the 2008 model year. The second generation Fit for the North American market was unveiled on 19 March 2008, at the 2008 New York International Auto Show for the 2009 model year. The North American Fit's front overhang is several inches longer to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870928", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\na drop of carbon emission of two grams to 123 g/km for 1.2 L engine and 126 g/km for 1.4 L engine respectively. CVT transmission will also be available on cars with the larger engine. The third generation Fit retains the overall design concept of previous generations, notably the center-located fuel tank and multi-configuration interior concept, marketed as \"\"Magic Seating\"\". Honda's all-new \"\"Global Small Car Platform\"\" employing ultra-high strength 780 MPa yield steel for 27% of its bodywork — and a shorter overall length (-1.6 inches), longer wheelbase (+1.2inch) increased rear legroom (+4.8 inches) and increased passenger volume (+4.9 cu", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870901", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\noutput of at 6,600 rpm and at 4,800 rpm. This was the only engine available in the American market. A five-speed manual, five-speed automatic (4WD only) and CVT transmission were available. The chassis was re-engineered, with structural rigidity increased by 164 percent over the first generation Fit. The second generation Fit featured improved ride and handling. By 2012, the Honda Fit was produced in 12 countries, including Japan, Brazil, China, India and Indonesia. Sales of the Fit Hybrid began in Japan in October 2010. The hybrid version started at million (around ), the lowest price for a gasoline-hybrid electric vehicle", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199366", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nin total. The Fit went on sale in the United States and Canada in April 2006 for model year 2007, replacing the Civic hatchback for North America and becoming that market's chief entry-level subcompact. The Civic continues to grow in size and price and was reclassified as a compact (larger than a subcompact) in 2001. In keeping with Honda's safety initiative, the Fit was offered in North America with power windows, standard side airbags, side-curtain airbags, and ABS, in addition to the mandatory front airbags. Due to differing safety regulations, North American Fits have larger bumpers, and a longer front", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199368", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\na revision to the federal ratings allowed the 2008 Fit to qualify for the $1,000 rebate. The Fit was offered in two variants in the United States (Base and Sport), and three in Canada (DX, LX and Sport). Differences were primarily limited to cosmetics and standard equipment, since all models shared the same 1.5 L 109 hp (81 kW) engine and standard five-speed manual transmission. A conventional five-speed automatic transmission was optional, instead of the CVT automatic found throughout the rest of the world. The Fit Sport received paddle shifters mounted behind the steering-wheel when ordered with the automatic. For", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870907", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nhybrid was launched in Thailand in July 2012, the first hybrid in the country's sub-compact market. First time buyers of the car were eligible for Thai government's first car tax rebate. The hybrid model is assembled in Thailand. New model of Fit Hybrid was launched in Japan in 2013. It is equipped with Honda's next-generation sport hybrid i-DCD system that combines a 97 kW (130 hp), 156 N·m (115 lb·ft) 1.5-liter direct injection engine combined with a 22 kW (30 hp) 160 N·m (118 lb·ft) Honda H1 motor. Powertrains are shared with Honda Vezel and Honda Grace Hybrid. The Fit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7626538", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit Shuttle\"\nSport Hybrid i-DCD system. The latter pairs a 1.5-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC gasoline engine with an electric motor integrated into the 7-speed DCT transmission and a battery pack and has a combined system output of 137PS (135hp). Honda says the Shuttle Hybrid averages 34.0 km/liter (2.9 l/100 km or 80 mpg US) according to the JC08 standard. For the first time, the Shuttle is also offered with a four-wheel drive option. Honda Fit Shuttle The Fit Shuttle (not to be confused with the Honda Shuttle) is a compact station wagon derived from the second generation Fit and is available", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870929", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nft) compared to its previous generation. Body panels are both welded and bolted to the frame in a hybrid monocoque and spaceframe fusion — and rear torsion beam suspension is more compact, no longer using an anti-sway bar to maximize interior and cargo space. The HR-V shares its platform with the Fit. Japan models went on sale on September 6, 2013. Models available in Japan range from the 13G, 15X, RS and hybrid. The Fit Hybrid uses an Earth Dreams 1.5-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC engine paired with a 7-speed DCT (dual-clutch transmission) and an internal high-output motor, IPU (Intelligent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870910", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nsame as that of Fit and Fit hybrid by reducing engine friction, front brake rolling resistance, improvement in aerodynamics and improvement of control efficiency of the hybrid system. All models feature ECON Mode for enhancing real-world fuel economy. Hybrid model has Eco Assist (Ecological Drive Assist System) to help the driver engage in fuel-efficient driving practices. It went on sale on June 16, 2011, in Japan. The Fit Shuttle comes with a double-hinged two-piece load floor that both allows access to an under-floor storage bin and also functions as a divider for the cargo area. Through better sound dampening and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870900", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nis wider and longer overall. Overall height is unchanged, while interior height increased by .3 in. Multi-mode seating and cargo configurations were retained (US models were no longer capable of Refresh/Relax Mode until the following gen), with redesigned headrests enabling more convenient folding of the rear seats. The cabin featured greater interior volume, and boot capacity decreased from 21.3 to . Two engines were offered in the second generation Fit. A i-VTEC produces at 6,000 rpm and at 4,500 rpm. This engine was offered in both European and Asian markets. A i-VTEC engine was also offered and produces a maximum", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870949", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nFit EV combined fuel economy at 118 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (), at the time, the highest of any electric car available in the U.S. market, topping the Mitsubishi i MiEV, rated with a combined 112 MPGe (). The Fit EV was surpassed in December 2012 by the Scion iQ EV, a two-seater, with a rating of 121 MPGe combined. Energy consumption is 29 kW·h per 100 miles, and the fuel economy rating for city driving is 132 MPGe () and 105 MPGe () for highway. Under the Japanese JC08 test, the Fit EV achieved the current best AC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870911", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\ninsulation, the Fit Shuttle is pledged to be as quiet as a mid-size sedan. Japanese sales began in October 2007. Facelifted models, and the hybrid version, arrived in October 2010. Models available in Japan are the 1.3 L and 1.5 L variants consisting of the 13G, 15XH and the top-of-the-line RS. In 2007, aftermarket tuner Mugen, introduced a new line of accessories for the Japanese market 2008 Honda Fit. On 17 January 2008, they introduced the Mugen Fit F154SC at the 2008 Tokyo Auto Salon. The F154SC has a supercharger installed onto the stock L15A engine that raises base horsepower", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199435", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\noption at the end of the lease. The Honda Fit was one of the cars listed as eligible for the SCCA World Challenge's touring car B-spec class for the 2012 season onward. Fit engines are also used in another SCCA class, the F1600 Championship Series. Honda Fit The , also marketed as the , is a five-door, front-engine, front-wheel drive B-segment subcompact car manufactured and marketed by Honda since 2001 and now in its third generation. Marketed worldwide and manufactured at ten plants in eight countries, sales reached almost 5 million by mid-2013. Sharing Honda's global small-car platform with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870909", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nrationing after the quake. Production began in early May 2011. The Fit Shuttle was shortlisted for Car of The Year Japan 2012. Its drivetrains are shared with the Fit. The Fit Shuttle has a 1.5 L i-VTEC engine with , which is optional in Japan's Fit. A hybrid version, the Fit Shuttle hybrid, is also available, with a 1.3 L i-VTEC engine with IMA. Continuously variable transmission is the only transmission available for FWD models. A five-speed auto transmission is standard on four-wheel-drive models. The fuel efficiency of the station wagon and its hybrid variant was enhanced to be the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199353", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\n2010 and in Europe in early 2011. Honda released the Fit EV, a limited production all-electric version, in the United States in July 2012 and in Japan the following month. By 2012, Honda Fit was produced in 12 countries, including Japan, Brazil, China, India and Indonesia. Honda uses the nameplate \"\"Jazz\"\" in Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, Africa and some parts of Asia such as Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore; and the name \"\"Fit\"\" in Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, and the Americas. The Honda Fit debuted in June 2001 in Japan and immediately became a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870904", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\noptimum utilization and storage. With the fuel tank placed in the center plus an ultra-thin electric motor and compact IPU, it claims to achieve an efficient weight distribution. In an interview, Kohei Hitomi, the project leader of Fit hybrid, admitted that lowering CO further will affect some attributes that buyers of the car value: a bigger electric motor and battery sacrifice spaces utility, and improving aerodynamics might make side mirrors smaller. He said there are benefits for customers to keep all the versatility. The drivetrain is the same drive system as the Honda Insight. The advantages of the system are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199369", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\n2006, 27,934 Fits were sold in the United States. A total of 56,432 Fits were sold in the United States in 2007. The 2008 Honda Fit was largely unchanged from the 2007 with the exception of the TPMS and new windshield wipers that abandon the large rubber blade design to a more traditional rigid plastic with thin rubber blade design. MSRP was also increased by roughly US$100. Total sales in the United States for the year were 79,794, an increase of almost 41% over previous year. Honda marketed the Fit as \"\"Small is the New Big\"\". \"\"Car and Driver\"\" magazine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199363", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nregulations when the Civic exceeded the 1700mm width dimension. Like Japan, the European market also has two engines available. The European-only 1.2 i-DSI is offered as the base model in many countries, and can be purchased only with a five-speed manual transmission. The 1.4 i-DSI is identical to the 1,339 cc 1.3 i-DSI sold in Japan, but marketed as a 1.4 L to differentiate it from the smaller 1.2 L engine (at 1,244 cc, it is closer to 1.3 L than the bigger one is to 1.4 L). 1.4 L models started out well-equipped with the 5-speed manual standard and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199362", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nUnique to the Japanese market, the Fit is also available in 4WD. Starting at a price of about JPY1,123,000 is the basic 1.3Y model. At the top of the range is the 1.5W four-wheel-drive version for JPY1,743,000. A bewildering range of options and accessories are available at most levels, including Honda's HDD GPS Navigation System called Internavi with its colour screen. This system incorporates TV and FM radio. In Japan, the Fit replaced the market segment previously served by the Honda Civic and shared a platform with the Honda City when the Civic no longer complied with Japanese Government dimension", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870902", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nsold in Japan. The Fit Hybrid featured a 1.3-litre engine and electric motor, with an estimated fuel economy of measured in accordance with Japanese 10–15 cycle. The car used a parallel hybrid system that works in tandem with the gasoline engine. The parallel hybrid system is simple and lightweight while enhancing driving performance and fuel economy. The European version, called Jazz Hybrid, was unveiled at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and became available in early 2011. The Honda Fit/Jazz for the European and Japanese markets featured revised headlamps, new front grille, a leather seating option and a new Lime Green", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870938", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\noriginal monthly sales target of 8,000 units on debut. By December 2001, it had outsold the Toyota Corolla, and ranked first in sales for nine out of twelve months in 2002. With a total sales of 250,790 for the year of 2002, it became the best-selling vehicle in Japan, which is a first for a Honda model. By September 2003, a little more than two years after the car was first sold, Fit reached 500,000 sales in Japanese market. After a minor model change that went on sale on June 11, 2004, Honda announced that, in about 2 weeks' period", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7626536", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit Shuttle\"\nof the station wagon and its hybrid variant was enhanced to be the same as that of Fit and Fit hybrid by reducing engine friction, front brake rolling resistance, improvement in aerodynamics and improvement of control efficiency of the hybrid system. All models feature ECON Mode for enhancing real-world fuel economy. Hybrid model has Eco Assist (Ecological Drive Assist System) to help the driver engage in fuel-efficient driving practices. It went on sale on June 16, 2011, in Japan. The Fit Shuttle comes with a double-hinged two-piece load floor that both allows access to an under-floor storage bin and also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199358", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nsteering column. The Fit uses Honda's Global Small Car platform, which is also used by the Fit Aria/City (a sedan version of the Fit), the Airwave (a station wagon version of the Fit Aria/City), the Mobilio, and the Mobilio Spike. The Fit's central fuel tank location under the front rather than rear seats — combined with a compact, semi-independent, H-shaped torsion beam rear suspension — allows for a lower load platform and increased cargo volume. Noted for its \"\"class leading utilization of interior space and maximum flexibility for people or cargo,\"\" the Fit offered approximately twice the storage space behind", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870948", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nunits during its first two years. The car is based on the Fit compact car platform, powered by a lithium-ion battery pack combined with an AC synchronous, permanent magnet coaxial traction motor and low-friction reduction gearbox borrowed from the Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. Honda said the Fit EV concept had an all-electric range of and a top speed of . Honda also said that recharging the Fit EV will take 12 hours from a 120-volt outlet and four hours with a 240-volt supply. The United States Environmental Protection Agency official range is and the agency rated the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7626534", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit Shuttle\"\nHonda Fit Shuttle The Fit Shuttle (not to be confused with the Honda Shuttle) is a compact station wagon derived from the second generation Fit and is available in Japan's domestic market. The Shuttle is also a successor to the station wagon variant of first generation Fit, sold as the Airwave. The car leverages the efficient packaging of Fit and Fit hybrid. The launch of the car in June 2011 was pushed back from March as a result of the quake and tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011. Production of the car was transferred from Honda's Sayama plant in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870951", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nEV, like the Honda CR-Z hybrid, will have three distinct driving modes: econ, normal, and sport. Honda explained that \"\"econ\"\" mode will extend the driving range by 17% compared to the normal mode; in sport mode, the Fit EV imitates the acceleration of a small car with a 2.0-liter gasoline engine. The production version is equipped with a 20 kWh lithium-ion battery and 92 kW coaxial electric motor. The new electric motor is up to 98 percent efficient, contrast to the typical 15 percent efficiency of a gasoline engine. Honda estimates the Fit EV range at for city driving, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870872", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nThe 1.5 L VTEC engine has the typical 16-valve configuration that can maximise output at high rpm. Honda Fit's L-series of engines also provides the castings and reciprocating mass for Honda Marine's 75 and outboard motors, the BF75 and the BF90. The engines are mated to a five-speed manual, five-speed automatic, and continuously variable transmission (CVT), depending on the region (CVT not offered in United States prior to 2015). Two forms of the CVT are offered: the regular, and the CVT-7. The CVT-7 offers a smooth, continuous flow of power, or seven simulated \"\"gears\"\" controlled by paddle shifters on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7626537", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit Shuttle\"\nfunctions as a divider for the cargo area. Through better sound dampening and insulation, the Fit Shuttle is pledged to be as quiet as a mid-size sedan. The 2nd generation model was sold and renamed as the Honda Shuttle, unlike the previous generation model and is still similarly based with the Honda Fit. Honda had begun sales of the all-new Shuttle at dealerships across Japan, with the compact wagon starting from 1,990,000 yen. The new model is available with either an 132PS (130hp) 1.5-liter direct-injection DOHC i-VTEC gasoline engine mated to a CVT or a hybrid version equipped with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870897", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nbase to produce Fit, after Japan and Brazil. Initially it was available only with a 1.5 L i-DSI engine, which it shared with City (Fit Aria), and either a five-speed manual transmission or CVT. It is available in two variants, the 1.5 i-DSI and 1.5 VTEC. Both of them are FF layout with CVT-7 or five-speed manual transmission offered. Jazz's Engine Figures The Jazz was first imported from Japan under the name Fit in 2002, but due to the high price it was not very popular. In late 2003, Honda decided to import the Fit from Thailand, badged as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870918", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\ntrim, 4-speaker CD/MP3/WMA player with USB and AUX jack, immobiliser and 4 Corner Reverse Sensors. It retails at an estimated . The 2008 Fit is available from parallel importers and the authorised dealer in Singapore. The parallel import Fit is available in 1.3 G and GF that comes with an optional sunroof and the 1.5 RS version which packs 120 PS. The RS version has different bumpers, bigger 16-inch rims and has smoked LED tail lamps. The authorised dealer sells the Jazz in two variants 1.3 L and the 1.5 L having similar specifications as the parallel imported Fit but", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199372", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nthe Japanese models (all Brazilian Honda cars have engines imported from Japan) and there are three trim levels available. Base model LX features the 1.35 i-DSI engine (which is marketed as 1.4 in Brazil) and driver side airbag. The second model in the range, the LXL, features the same engine from the LX, but adds some extra equipment: passenger side airbag and ABS. Top model EX has essentially the same equipment as the LXL, but comes with the 1.5 VTEC engine. All models are available with the five-speed manual or the regular CVT automatic. There are neither side airbags nor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7491366", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Pilot\"\nin FWD configuration and 19/26/22 mpg in AWD. Overall dimensions are larger, while weight is down approximately 300 pounds with noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) reduced. Both 2 WD and AWD share the same platform. Structurally 21.3% of the Pilot's body is composed of 980, 1300 and 1,500 MPa ultra-high-strength steels, 5% is from aluminum or magnesium, an additional 34.5% is 270 MPa mild strength steel used in areas to minimize repair costs. For the 2019 model year, Honda has refreshed the Pilot inside and out. The powertrain for the Pilot has remained unchanged, but Honda did revise the nine", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870917", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nThe Sumare-built new Fit was introduced in October 2008 in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Auto Show. There are four versions: LX and LXL, with the 1.35-liter (marketed as 1.4) 16V engine, and EX and EXL, with the 1.5-liter 16V engine. Both engines have VTEC and flex fuel capabilities as standard. Manual and automatic – both five-speed – gearboxes are offered; CVT is no longer available. The Jazz is sold in Malaysia currently in one variant. It comes with a 1.5 L i-VTEC engine with an automatic gearbox. Only available in S variant, it comes in a blue-black upholstery interior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870925", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\n2009 with 26 per cent import content. It is manufactured by Honda Siel Cars India Limited at its factory in Greater Noida. In India the car is powered by 1.2 L i-VTEC engine. Honda Cars India postpones Next-Gen Jazz launch citing production limitations. Honda expects the launch of Next-Gen Jazz in India sometime during the next fiscal in 2015. The second generation Fit (sold as the Jazz) is available in Australia, albeit initially without electronic stability control (known as Vehicle Stability Control in Honda nomenclature). Honda introduced the feature at the end of 2010. Stability Control has since become standard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870893", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nsame with the addition of a sports collapsible antenna mounting on the rear roof. The CVT paddle shift system was altered for easier use. The paddle system is down gears on the left and up gears on the right. The previous model had a shifter for both up down at the 3 o'clock and 9 o'clock positions. The VTi-S is mechanically similar to the VTi but has a sports body kit. In addition, the LED tail lamps are smoked giving a more 'sporty' look. The Malaysian version is available in two variants, the 1.5 i-DSI and 1.5 VTEC. Both are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870930", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nPower Unit) with lithium-ion battery, electric servo braking system with variable servo ratio control. Compared to the outgoing IMA hybrid, the new hybrid can now run fully on electric while driving, making it on par with Toyota Prius. Japanese cycle fuel consumption go as low as 37 km/L for the facelift base model. Non-hybrid models include the 13G (Earth Dreams 1.3-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC engine and CVT transmission), 15X (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine), RS (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine). The RS variant just like the outgoing model, features cosmetic enhancements featuring a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199423", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nits introduction. Japan accounts for the largest percentage of sales, with 962,000 units sold in the home market. Europe is next with 417,000 units. The U.S. accounts for 77,000 cars since introduction in 2006. Honda expected to sell 33,000 vehicles in the U.S. for the 2007 model year, but exceeded these expectations and sold 40,000. Honda plans to put 70,000 Fits on the U.S. roads for the 2008 model year. In the first half of 2008, Honda and other manufacturers were surprised by the rapid shift towards smaller cars in the United States. Sales of Fit during the first five", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870936", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\ntrims the base which is the 1.5.E available in 5 speed manual or CVT like the Honda City the manual transmission receives full-wheel disc cover while the E CVT receives a different wheel design, the high-end variants 1.5.VX and 1.5.VX+ receive unique designed alloy wheels, touch-screen panel with AUX/USB connection, HDMI connectivity, HSA (hill start assist), VSA (vehicle stability assist), smart key w/push start/stop button, automatic climate control, mirror with side turning lights, center console with armrest and ESS(emergency stop signal) the VX+ receives side-curtain airbags, and all models receive ECON button, sporty illumination gauge and the four types of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199365", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\ncomprising 30% of all European Honda sales. \"\"Top Gear\"\" also stated that Honda Jazz (and the Toyota Yaris) is the closest to reality car that money can buy, meaning that a Honda Jazz can cover the majority of the automotive needs that man has today. Local production and sale of the Fit (Hatchback) in China started in September 2004, roughly one year after the launch of the sedan version 'Fit saloon' (City/Fit Aria) in September 2003. The trims are similar to those in Japan; with the combination of 1.3 i-DSI, 1.5 VTEC, five-speed manual, and CVT, there are four models", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199355", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nA production model for the United States and Canada debuted on January 8, 2006 at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. The car was released in Canada on 3 April 2006, and in the U.S. on 20 April 2006 as a 2007 model year car. In the North American markets, the first generation Fit was replaced after only two model years by a new 2009 model, which was released for Japan in November 2007 as a 2008 model. Subsequent iterations would maintain the same platforms worldwide. The first generation Fit was sold in 6 variations whilst its City/Fit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199374", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nBest Buy in 2005 and 2006, and as the car with happiest buyers in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. Launched in 2003, it was sold as the Jazz in South Africa. It is available with the 1.3 i-DSI (badged as a 1.4) or 1.5 VTEC engines both offered with either manual or CVT (automatic) transmission. All Honda Fits sold in Chile are built in Brazil, except for a few early 2004 models. Until 2007, all three Brazilian trim levels were available LX, LXL and EX, with five-speed manual or CVT automatic transmissions, but for 2008 models, the 1.5-liter 16-valve VTEC", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16199434", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\nfor combined city and highway. The battery can be recharged in four hours from a 240-volt outlet. In July 2014 Honda announced the end of production of the Fit EV for the 2015 model, together with the Honda Insight hybrid and the Honda FCX Clarity hydrogen fuel-cell car. A total of 1,070 new units were leased in the U.S. through April 2015. In March 2015 Honda offered a two-year lease extension to existing lessees, and also to new customers on used cars, at a reduced priced of a month with no down payment. In both cases there is no purchase", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6870895", "chunk_text": "\"Honda Fit\"\npower-assisted steering, reflector halogen headlamps, and folding seats. Optional extras can be purchased from Honda Dealers/Service Centers all around Malaysia at retail price. A three-year warranty is standard for all Jazz models purchased from authorized Honda dealers in Malaysia. Initially the Jazz was sold as a CBU model (fully imported from Japan). Variants included the 1.3 iDSi and the 1.5 VTEC model. Subsequently, Malaysia received units built in Thailand. The main and most noticeable difference were rear disc brakes. Japanese models incorporated rear drum brakes. In early 2006, the Jazz underwent a facelift (introduced earlier in Japan). The new version", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_88	an edge that is between a vertex and itself is a?	n/a	[ "loop" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6802360", "chunk_text": "\"Edge (geometry)\"\nEdge (geometry) In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an edge is a line segment where two faces meet. A segment joining two vertices while passing through the interior or exterior is not an edge but instead is called a diagonal. In graph theory, an edge is an abstract object connecting two graph vertices, unlike polygon and polyhedron edges which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675599", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nVertex (graph theory) In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of arcs (ordered pairs of vertices). In a diagram of a graph, a vertex is usually represented by a circle with a label, and an edge is represented by a line or arrow extending from one vertex to another. From the point of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9813850", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\nVertex (geometry) In geometry, a vertex (plural: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices. The \"\"vertex\"\" of an angle is the point where two rays begin or meet, where two line segments join or meet, where two lines intersect (cross), or any appropriate combination of rays, segments and lines that result in two straight \"\"sides\"\" meeting at one place. A vertex is a corner point of a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6802363", "chunk_text": "\"Edge (geometry)\"\n(\"\"d\"\" − 1)-dimensional features, a ridge is a (\"\"d\"\" − 2)-dimensional feature, and a peak is a (\"\"d\"\" − 3)-dimensional feature. Thus, the edges of a polygon are its facets, the edges of a 3-dimensional convex polyhedron are its ridges, and the edges of a 4-dimensional polytope are its peaks. Edge (geometry) In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope. In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary, and is often called a side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675605", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nnot assumed to be present in graph theory. The vertex figure of a vertex in a polyhedron is analogous to the neighborhood of a vertex in a graph. Vertex (graph theory) In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a vertex (plural vertices) or node is the fundamental unit of which graphs are formed: an undirected graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of edges (unordered pairs of vertices), while a directed graph consists of a set of vertices and a set of arcs (ordered pairs of vertices). In a diagram of a graph, a vertex is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1247606", "chunk_text": "\"Loop (graph theory)\"\nLoop (graph theory) In graph theory, a loop (also called a self-loop or a \"\"buckle\"\") is an edge that connects a vertex to itself. A simple graph contains no loops. Depending on the context, a graph or a multigraph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of loops (often in concert with allowing or disallowing multiple edges between the same vertices): In a graph with one vertex, all edges must be loops. Such a graph is called a bouquet. For an undirected graph, the degree of a vertex is equal to the number of adjacent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707748", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (curve)\"\nVertex (curve) In the geometry of planar curves, a vertex is a point of where the first derivative of curvature is zero. This is typically a local maximum or minimum of curvature, and some authors define a vertex to be more specifically a local extreme point of curvature. However, other special cases may occur, for instance when the second derivative is also zero, or when the curvature is constant. For space curves, on the other hand, a vertex is a point where the torsion vanishes. A hyperbola has two vertices, one on each branch; they are the closest of any", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17910636", "chunk_text": "Quad-edge\nQuad-edge A quad-edge data structure is a computer representation of the topology of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional map, that is, a graph drawn on a (closed) surface. The quad-edge data structure: The fundamental idea behind the quad-edge structure is the recognition that a single edge, in a closed polygonal mesh topology, sits between exactly two faces and exactly two vertices. Thus, it can represent a dual of the graph simply by reversing the convention on what is a vertex and what is a face. The quad-edge structure gets its name from the general mechanism by which they are stored. A", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675601", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nof the graph, formed by all vertices adjacent to \"\"v\"\". The degree of a vertex, denoted 𝛿(v) in a graph is the number of edges incident to it. An isolated vertex is a vertex with degree zero; that is, a vertex that is not an endpoint of any edge (the example image illustrates one isolated vertex). A leaf vertex (also pendant vertex) is a vertex with degree one. In a directed graph, one can distinguish the outdegree (number of outgoing edges), denoted 𝛿(v), from the indegree (number of incoming edges), denoted 𝛿(v); a source vertex is a vertex with indegree", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9813856", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\nnot only with three spatial coordinates but also with other graphical information necessary to render the object correctly, such as colors, reflectance properties, textures, and surface normals; these properties are used in rendering by a vertex shader, part of the vertex pipeline. Vertex (geometry) In geometry, a vertex (plural: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices. The \"\"vertex\"\" of an angle is the point where two rays", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675602", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nzero, while a sink vertex is a vertex with outdegree zero. A simplicial vertex is one whose neighbors form a clique: every two neighbors are adjacent. A universal vertex is a vertex that is adjacent to every other vertex in the graph. A cut vertex is a vertex the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph; a vertex separator is a collection of vertices the removal of which would disconnect the remaining graph into small pieces. A k-vertex-connected graph is a graph in which removing fewer than \"\"k\"\" vertices always leaves the remaining graph connected. An independent set is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20426980", "chunk_text": "\"Neighbourhood (graph theory)\"\nNeighbourhood (graph theory) In graph theory, an adjacent vertex of a vertex \"\"v\"\" in a graph is a vertex that is connected to \"\"v\"\" by an edge. The neighbourhood of a vertex \"\"v\"\" in a graph \"\"G\"\" is the subgraph of \"\"G\"\" induced by all vertices adjacent to \"\"v\"\", i.e., the graph composed of the vertices adjacent to \"\"v\"\" and all edges connecting vertices adjacent to \"\"v\"\". For example, in the image to the right, the neighbourhood of vertex 5 consists of vertices 1, 2 and 4 and the edge connecting vertices 1 and 2. The neighbourhood is often denoted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19675798", "chunk_text": "\"Edge contraction\"\nEdge contraction In graph theory, an edge contraction is an operation which removes an edge from a graph while simultaneously merging the two vertices that it previously joined. Edge contraction is a fundamental operation in the theory of graph minors. Vertex identification is a less restrictive form of this operation. The edge contraction operation occurs relative to a particular edge, \"\"e\"\". The edge \"\"e\"\" is removed and its two incident vertices, \"\"u\"\" and \"\"v\"\", are merged into a new vertex \"\"w\"\", where the edges incident to \"\"w\"\" each correspond to an edge incident to either \"\"u\"\" or \"\"v\"\". More generally,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2818593", "chunk_text": "\"Edge loop\"\nin 1999 by 3D artist Bay Raitt in an article called Digital Sculpting techniques for 3D design magazine. Edge loop An edge loop, in computer graphics, can loosely be defined as a set of connected edges across a surface. Usually the last edge meets again with the first edge, thus forming a loop. The set or string of edges can for example be the outer edges of a flat surface or the edges surrounding a 'hole' in a surface. In a stricter sense an edge loop is defined as a set of edges where the loop follows the middle edge", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19621236", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex figure\"\nVertex figure In geometry, a vertex figure, broadly speaking, is the figure exposed when a corner of a polyhedron or polytope is sliced off. Take some corner or vertex of a polyhedron. Mark a point somewhere along each connected edge. Draw lines across the connected faces, joining adjacent points around the face. When done, these lines form a complete circuit, i.e. a polygon, around the vertex. This polygon is the vertex figure. More precise formal definitions can vary quite widely, according to circumstance. For example Coxeter (e.g. 1948, 1954) varies his definition as convenient for the current area of discussion.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19675801", "chunk_text": "\"Edge contraction\"\nwe can create a new graph G' by identifying v and v' in G as a new vertex v in G'. More generally, given a partition of the vertex set, one can identify vertices in the partition; the resulting graph is known as a quotient graph. Vertex cleaving which is the same as vertex splitting, means one vertex is being split into two, where these two new vertices are adjacent to the vertices that the original vertex was adjacent to. This is the reverse operation of vertex identification. Path contraction occurs upon the set of edges in a path that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2818590", "chunk_text": "\"Edge loop\"\nEdge loop An edge loop, in computer graphics, can loosely be defined as a set of connected edges across a surface. Usually the last edge meets again with the first edge, thus forming a loop. The set or string of edges can for example be the outer edges of a flat surface or the edges surrounding a 'hole' in a surface. In a stricter sense an edge loop is defined as a set of edges where the loop follows the middle edge in every 'four way junction'. The loop will end when it encounters another type of junction (three or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675600", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nview of graph theory, vertices are treated as featureless and indivisible objects, although they may have additional structure depending on the application from which the graph arises; for instance, a semantic network is a graph in which the vertices represent concepts or classes of objects. The two vertices forming an edge are said to be the endpoints of this edge, and the edge is said to be incident to the vertices. A vertex \"\"w\"\" is said to be adjacent to another vertex \"\"v\"\" if the graph contains an edge (\"\"v\"\",\"\"w\"\"). The neighborhood of a vertex \"\"v\"\" is an induced subgraph", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13873690", "chunk_text": "\"Mixed graph\"\nMixed graph A mixed graph \"\"G\"\" = (\"\"V\"\", \"\"E\"\", \"\"A\"\") is a mathematical object consisting of a set of vertices (or nodes) \"\"V\"\", a set of (undirected) edges \"\"E\"\", and a set of directed edges (or arcs) \"\"A\"\". Consider adjacent vertices formula_1. A directed edge, called an arc, is an edge with an orientation and can be denoted as formula_2 or formula_3 (note that formula_4 is the tail and formula_5 is the head of the arc). Also, an undirected edge, or edge, is an edge with no orientation and can be denoted as formula_6 or formula_7. For the purpose of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707752", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (curve)\"\na vertex for a curve is closely related to that of an optical vertex, the point where an optical axis crosses a lens surface. Vertex (curve) In the geometry of planar curves, a vertex is a point of where the first derivative of curvature is zero. This is typically a local maximum or minimum of curvature, and some authors define a vertex to be more specifically a local extreme point of curvature. However, other special cases may occur, for instance when the second derivative is also zero, or when the curvature is constant. For space curves, on the other hand,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675603", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\na set of vertices no two of which are adjacent, and a vertex cover is a set of vertices that includes at least one endpoint of each edge in the graph. The vertex space of a graph is a vector space having a set of basis vectors corresponding with the graph's vertices. A graph is vertex-transitive if it has symmetries that map any vertex to any other vertex. In the context of graph enumeration and graph isomorphism it is important to distinguish between labeled vertices and unlabeled vertices. A labeled vertex is a vertex that is associated with extra information", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6802762", "chunk_text": "\"Graph automorphism\"\nGraph automorphism In the mathematical field of graph theory, an automorphism of a graph is a form of symmetry in which the graph is mapped onto itself while preserving the edge–vertex connectivity. Formally, an automorphism of a graph \"\"G\"\" = (\"\"V\"\",\"\"E\"\") is a permutation σ of the vertex set \"\"V\"\", such that the pair of vertices (\"\"u\"\",\"\"v\"\") form an edge if and only if the pair (σ(\"\"u\"\"),σ(\"\"v\"\")) also form an edge. That is, it is a graph isomorphism from \"\"G\"\" to itself. Automorphisms may be defined in this way both for directed graphs and for undirected graphs. The composition of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7199165", "chunk_text": "\"Edge contraction\"\n\"\"contract\"\" to form a single edge between the endpoints of the path. Edges incident to vertices along the path are either eliminated, or arbitrarily (or systematically) connected to one of the endpoints. Given two disjoint graphs G and G, where G contains vertices u and v and G contains vertices u and v. Suppose we can obtain the graph G by identifying the vertices u of G and u of G as the vertex u of G and identifying the vertices v of G and v of G as the vertex v of G. In a \"\"twisting\"\" G' of G", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15509547", "chunk_text": "\"Multiple edges\"\nis added between two vertices already joined by an edge; thus, adding multiple edges preserves planarity. A dipole graph is a graph with two vertices, in which all edges are parallel to each other. Multiple edges In graph theory, multiple edges (also called parallel edges or a multi-edge), are two or more edges that are incident to the same two vertices. A simple graph has no multiple edges. Depending on the context, a graph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of multiple edges (often in concert with allowing or disallowing loops): Multiple edges are,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8019644", "chunk_text": "Quad-edge\nreached. Quad-edge A quad-edge data structure is a computer representation of the topology of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional map, that is, a graph drawn on a (closed) surface. The quad-edge data structure: The fundamental idea behind the quad-edge structure is the recognition that a single edge, in a closed polygonal mesh topology, sits between exactly two faces and exactly two vertices. Thus, it can represent a dual of the graph simply by reversing the convention on what is a vertex and what is a face. The quad-edge structure gets its name from the general mechanism by which they are stored.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13111906", "chunk_text": "\"Tree (graph theory)\"\nelsewhere in graph theory, the order-zero graph (graph with no vertices) is generally not considered to be a tree: while it is vacuously connected as a graph (any two vertices can be connected by a path), it is not 0-connected (or even (−1)-connected) in algebraic topology, unlike non-empty trees, and violates the \"\"one more vertex than edges\"\" relation. It may, however, be considered as a forest consisting of zero trees. An internal vertex (or inner vertex or branch vertex) is a vertex of degree at least 2. Similarly, an external vertex (or \"\"outer vertex\"\", \"\"terminal vertex\"\" or \"\"leaf\"\") is a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1863992", "chunk_text": "\"Line segment\"\nLine segment In geometry, a line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two distinct end points, and contains every point on the line between its endpoints. A closed line segment includes both endpoints, while an open line segment excludes both endpoints; a half-open line segment includes exactly one of the endpoints. Examples of line segments include the sides of a triangle or square. More generally, when both of the segment's end points are vertices of a polygon or polyhedron, the line segment is either an edge (of that polygon or polyhedron) if they are adjacent", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3707751", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (curve)\"\ncusps corresponding to the vertices, and the medial axis, a subset of the symmetry set, also has its endpoints in the cusps. According to the classical four-vertex theorem, every simple closed planar smooth curve must have at least four vertices. A more general fact is that every simple closed space curve which lies on the boundary of a convex body, or even bounds a locally convex disk, must have four vertices. If a planar curve is bilaterally symmetric, it will have a vertex at the point or points where the axis of symmetry crosses the curve. Thus, the notion of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9813852", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\nconcave otherwise. Polytope vertices are related to vertices of graphs, in that the 1-skeleton of a polytope is a graph, the vertices of which correspond to the vertices of the polytope, and in that a graph can be viewed as a 1-dimensional simplicial complex the vertices of which are the graph's vertices. However, in graph theory, vertices may have fewer than two incident edges, which is usually not allowed for geometric vertices. There is also a connection between geometric vertices and the vertices of a curve, its points of extreme curvature: in some sense the vertices of a polygon are", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3294086", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\npolygon, polyhedron, or other higher-dimensional polytope, formed by the intersection of edges, faces or facets of the object. In a polygon, a vertex is called \"\"convex\"\" if the internal angle of the polygon, that is, the angle formed by the two edges at the vertex, with the polygon inside the angle, is less than π radians ( 180°, two right angles) ; otherwise, it is called \"\"concave\"\" or \"\"reflex\"\". More generally, a vertex of a polyhedron or polytope is convex if the intersection of the polyhedron or polytope with a sufficiently small sphere centered at the vertex is convex, and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9813853", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\npoints of infinite curvature, and if a polygon is approximated by a smooth curve there will be a point of extreme curvature near each polygon vertex. However, a smooth curve approximation to a polygon will also have additional vertices, at the points where its curvature is minimal. A vertex of a plane tiling or tessellation is a point where three or more tiles meet; generally, but not always, the tiles of a tessellation are polygons and the vertices of the tessellation are also vertices of its tiles. More generally, a tessellation can be viewed as a kind of topological cell", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10679645", "chunk_text": "\"Loop (graph theory)\"\nvertices. A special case is a loop, which adds two to the degree. This can be understood by letting each connection of the loop edge count as its own adjacent vertex. In other words, a vertex with a loop \"\"sees\"\" itself as an adjacent vertex from \"\"both\"\" ends of the edge thus adding two, not one, to the degree. For a directed graph, a loop adds one to the in degree and one to the out degree. Loops in Graph Theory Loops in Topology Loop (graph theory) In graph theory, a loop (also called a self-loop or a \"\"buckle\"\") is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "99535", "chunk_text": "\"Multiple edges\"\nMultiple edges In graph theory, multiple edges (also called parallel edges or a multi-edge), are two or more edges that are incident to the same two vertices. A simple graph has no multiple edges. Depending on the context, a graph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of multiple edges (often in concert with allowing or disallowing loops): Multiple edges are, for example, useful in the consideration of electrical networks, from a graph theoretical point of view. Additionally, they constitute the core differentiating feature of multidimensional networks. A planar graph remains planar if an edge", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15637713", "chunk_text": "Tessellation\nis noted 6.6.6, or 6. Mathematicians use some technical terms when discussing tilings. An \"\"edge\"\" is the intersection between two bordering tiles; it is often a straight line. A \"\"vertex\"\" is the point of intersection of three or more bordering tiles. Using these terms, an \"\"isogonal\"\" or vertex-transitive tiling is a tiling where every vertex point is identical; that is, the arrangement of polygons about each vertex is the same. The fundamental region is a shape such as a rectangle that is repeated to form the tessellation. For example, a regular tessellation of the plane with squares has a meeting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4675604", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (graph theory)\"\nthat enables it to be distinguished from other labeled vertices; two graphs can be considered isomorphic only if the correspondence between their vertices pairs up vertices with equal labels. An unlabeled vertex is one that can be substituted for any other vertex based only on its adjacencies in the graph and not based on any additional information. Vertices in graphs are analogous to, but not the same as, vertices of polyhedra: the skeleton of a polyhedron forms a graph, the vertices of which are the vertices of the polyhedron, but polyhedron vertices have additional structure (their geometric location) that is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14843050", "chunk_text": "\"Graph theory\"\nor \"\"end vertices\"\" of the edge. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. \"\"V\"\" and \"\"E\"\" are usually taken to be finite, and many of the well-known results are not true (or are rather different) for infinite graphs because many of the arguments fail in the infinite case. The \"\"order\"\" of a graph is \|\"\"V\"\" \|, its number of vertices. The \"\"size\"\" of a graph is \|\"\"E\"\"\|, its number of edges. The \"\"degree\"\" or \"\"valency\"\" of a vertex is the number of edges that connect to it, where an edge that connects a vertex", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19822527", "chunk_text": "\"Edge-transitive graph\"\nEdge-transitive graph In the mathematical field of graph theory, an edge-transitive graph is a graph \"\"G\"\" such that, given any two edges \"\"e\"\" and \"\"e\"\" of \"\"G\"\", there is an automorphism of \"\"G\"\" that maps \"\"e\"\" to \"\"e\"\". In other words, a graph is edge-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively upon its edges. Edge-transitive graphs include any complete bipartite graph formula_1, and any symmetric graph, such as the vertices and edges of the cube. Symmetric graphs are also vertex-transitive (if they are connected), but in general edge-transitive graphs need not be vertex-transitive. The Gray graph is an example of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20967764", "chunk_text": "\"Edge contraction\"\nit is safe) in order to eliminate move operations between distinct variables. Edge contraction is used in 3D modelling packages (either manually, or through some feature of the modelling software) to consistently reduce vertex count, aiding in the creation of low-polygon models. Edge contraction In graph theory, an edge contraction is an operation which removes an edge from a graph while simultaneously merging the two vertices that it previously joined. Edge contraction is a fundamental operation in the theory of graph minors. Vertex identification is a less restrictive form of this operation. The edge contraction operation occurs relative to a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5846484", "chunk_text": "\"Universal vertex\"\nUniversal vertex In graph theory, a universal vertex is a vertex of an undirected graph that is adjacent to all other vertices of the graph. It may also be called a dominating vertex, as it forms a one-element dominating set in the graph. A graph that contains a universal vertex may be called a cone. In this context, the universal vertex may also be called the apex of the cone. However, this terminology conflicts with the terminology of apex graphs, in which an apex is a vertex whose removal leaves a planar subgraph. The stars are exactly the trees that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15722983", "chunk_text": "\"Graph theory\"\nGraph theory In mathematics, graph theory is the study of \"\"graphs\"\", which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of \"\"vertices\"\", \"\"nodes\"\", or \"\"points\"\" which are connected by \"\"edges\"\", \"\"arcs\"\", or \"\"lines\"\". A graph may be \"\"undirected\"\", meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be \"\"directed\"\" from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14304577", "chunk_text": "\"Edge cover\"\nEdge cover In graph theory, an edge cover of a graph is a set of edges such that every vertex of the graph is incident to at least one edge of the set. In computer science, the minimum edge cover problem is the problem of finding an edge cover of minimum size. It is an optimization problem that belongs to the class of covering problems and can be solved in polynomial time. Formally, an edge cover of a graph \"\"G\"\" is a set of edges \"\"C\"\" such that each vertex in \"\"G\"\" is incident with at least one edge in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6615871", "chunk_text": "Thrackle\na vertex \"\"v\"\" is connected to three or more edges \"\"vw\"\", \"\"vx\"\", and \"\"vy\"\" in a linear thrackle, then at least one of those edges lies on a line that separates two other edges; without loss of generality assume that \"\"vw\"\" is such an edge, with \"\"x\"\" and \"\"y\"\" lying in opposite closed halfspaces bounded by line \"\"vw\"\". Then, \"\"w\"\" must have degree one, because no other edge than \"\"vw\"\" can touch both \"\"vx\"\" and \"\"vy\"\". Removing \"\"w\"\" from the thrackle produces a smaller thrackle, without changing the difference between the numbers of edges and vertices. On the other hand,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5876344", "chunk_text": "\"Connectivity (graph theory)\"\nnot -connected is sometimes called \"\"separable\"\". Analogous concepts can be defined for edges. In the simple case in which cutting a single, specific edge would disconnect the graph, that edge is called a \"\"bridge\"\". More generally, an edge cut of is a set of edges whose removal renders the graph disconnected. The \"\"edge-connectivity\"\" is the size of a smallest edge cut, and the local edge-connectivity of two vertices is the size of a smallest edge cut disconnecting from . Again, local edge-connectivity is symmetric. A graph is called \"\"-edge-connected\"\" if its edge connectivity is or greater. A graph is said", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4928792", "chunk_text": "Polygon\nPolygon In elementary geometry, a polygon () is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or \"\"circuit\"\". These segments are called its \"\"edges\"\" or \"\"sides\"\", and the points where two edges meet are the polygon's \"\"vertices\"\" (singular: vertex) or \"\"corners\"\". The interior of the polygon is sometimes called its \"\"body\"\". An \"\"n\"\"-gon is a polygon with \"\"n\"\" sides; for example, a triangle is a 3-gon. A polygon is a 2-dimensional example of the more general polytope in any number of dimensions. The basic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18239561", "chunk_text": "\"Flip graph\"\nFlip graph A flip graph is a graph whose vertices are combinatorial or geometric objects, and whose edges link two of these objects when they can be obtained from one another by an elementary operation called a flip. Flip graphs are special cases of geometric graphs. Among noticeable flip graphs, one finds the 1-skeleton of polytopes such as associahedra or cyclohedra. A prototypical flip graph is that of a convex formula_1-gon formula_2. The vertices of this graph are the triangulations of formula_2, and two triangulations are adjacent in it whenever they differ by a single interior edge. In this case,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16626568", "chunk_text": "\"Dual graph\"\nDual graph In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the dual graph of a plane graph is a graph that has a vertex for each face of . The dual graph has an edge whenever two faces of are separated from each other by an edge, and a self-loop when the same face appears on both sides of an edge. Thus, each edge of has a corresponding dual edge, whose endpoints are the dual vertices corresponding to the faces on either side of . The definition of the dual depends on the choice of embedding of the graph , so", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9813855", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex (geometry)\"\na simple polygon is called a mouth if the diagonal lies outside the boundary of . Any convex polyhedron's surface has Euler characteristic where is the number of vertices, is the number of edges, and is the number of faces. This equation is known as Euler's polyhedron formula. Thus the number of vertices is 2 more than the excess of the number of edges over the number of faces. For example, a cube has 12 edges and 6 faces, and hence 8 vertices. In computer graphics, objects are often represented as triangulated polyhedra in which the object vertices are associated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9892567", "chunk_text": "\"Edge (geometry)\"\nedges is 2 less than the sum of the numbers of vertices and faces. For example, a cube has 8 vertices and 6 faces, and hence 12 edges. In a polygon, two edges meet at each vertex; more generally, by Balinski's theorem, at least \"\"d\"\" edges meet at every vertex of a \"\"d\"\"-dimensional convex polytope. Similarly, in a polyhedron, exactly two two-dimensional faces meet at every edge, while in higher dimensional polytopes three or more two-dimensional faces meet at every edge. In the theory of high-dimensional convex polytopes, a facet or \"\"side\"\" of a \"\"d\"\"-dimensional polytope is one of its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5876340", "chunk_text": "\"Connectivity (graph theory)\"\nAn undirected graph G is said to be disconnected if there exist two nodes in G such that no path in G has those nodes as endpoints.<br> A graph with just one vertex is connected. An edgeless graph with two or more vertices is disconnected. In an undirected graph , two \"\"vertices\"\" and are called connected if contains a path from to . Otherwise, they are called \"\"disconnected\"\". If the two vertices are additionally connected by a path of length , i.e. by a single edge, the vertices are called \"\"adjacent\"\". A graph is said to be connected if every", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19621238", "chunk_text": "\"Vertex figure\"\nits midpoint. Other authors make the cut through the vertex at the other end of each edge. For an irregular polyhedron, cutting all edges incident to a given vertex at equal distances from the vertex may produce a figure that does not lie in a plane. A more general approach, valid for arbitrary convex polyhedra, is to make the cut along any plane which separates the given vertex from all the other vertices, but is otherwise arbitrary. This construction determines the combinatorial structure of the vertex figure, similar to a set of connected vertices (see below), but not its precise", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_89	when does the little couples new season start?	n/a	[ "September 19, 2017" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17893396", "chunk_text": "\"The Little Couple\"\nchild. Arnold is a neonatologist who works at the Texas Children's Hospital, and Klein is a medical supplies and telemarketing businessman. They were originally introduced in a one-hour TLC special, \"\"Little People: Just Married\"\". Season 1 of the show premiered on May 26, 2009. Season 2 premiered on October 27, 2009. On February 22, 2010, TLC renewed \"\"The Little Couple\"\" for a third season consisting of 20 episodes. The mid-season finale aired after 9 episodes on July 27, 2010, and season 3 returned on October 12, 2010. It was announced on Facebook that the show would be returning for its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17893398", "chunk_text": "\"The Little Couple\"\nOn October 15, 2013, they adopted a daughter, Zoey, also a little person, from Delhi, India. The series went into an hiatus on June 4, 2013, and returned on August 13, 2013. In December 2013, Arnold revealed that she was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer, stage 4 choriocarcinoma, due to a non-viable pregnancy she had suffered in September 2013. She allowed the cameras to document her struggle. Season 6 premiered on March 4, 2014. It features Zoey's adoption, Arnold's cancer treatment, Will's fourth birthday, baptisms, the holiday season, and Arnold's 40th birthday. The new season of The Little", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18265152", "chunk_text": "\"The Little Couple\"\nCouple premiered on September 19, 2017. The Little Couple The Little Couple is an American reality television series on TLC that debuted May 26, 2009. The series features Bill Klein, a businessman, and Dr. Jennifer Arnold, a neonatologist, who both have skeletal dysplasia. Arnold is 96.5 cm (3'2\"\") and Klein 122 cm (4 feet) tall. They moved from New York City, after Jen completed her pediatric residency and masters of medical education at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The show begins with the couple having just moved to Houston, Texas, where the series has documented the customized building of their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17417639", "chunk_text": "\"Little Women: Atlanta\"\nmain cast member while Samantha Ortiz and Tanya Scott make guest appearances, and with Melissa Hancock and the Drummond twins in the recurring capacity. Bri and Emily announced at the reunion that they will no longer be part of the show and are moving to . The third season saw the departure of Briana Barlup and Emily Fernandez. Both currently appear as main cast members on . The third season premiered on January 4, 2017 with Tanya Scott promoted to a main cast member, Samantha Ortiz and Abira Greene in recurring capacity. The fourth season premiered on December 14, 2017", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19360283", "chunk_text": "\"A Million Little Things\"\nthe series order in May to be the character Jon. On June 27, 2018, Grace Park was cast as Katherine, replacing Anne Son who was in the original pilot. Production on the pilot took place from March 12 to 29, 2018, in Vancouver, British Columbia. Principal photography for the first season began on July 24, 2018, and is set to conclude on February 4, 2019. The series premiered on September 26, 2018 on ABC in the United States. In Turkey, the series broadcast through pay broadcaster Digiturk. On review aggregation Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 48%", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14710999", "chunk_text": "\"Splitting Up Together\"\nTelevision. On May 12, 2017, it was announced that ABC had given \"\"Splitting Up Together\"\" a series order. On January 8, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on March 27, 2018. On May 11, 2018, it was announced that ABC had renewed the series for a second season. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that the second season would premiere on October 16, 2018. On October 22, 2018, it was announced that ABC had ordered three additional episodes for the second season. On November 7, 2018, it was announced that the series had received a full-season", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8120360", "chunk_text": "\"Little Big Shots (UK TV series)\"\njudges, winners or losers. In each episode, Dawn French talks to a 3–13 year old child about their talent, before the child performs it in front of a studio audience. Some talents shown include singing, dancing, cooking and karate. The first series began on 1 March and ended on 12 April 2017. It contained six episodes and was broadcast on Wednesdays. The second series of \"\"Little Big Shots\"\" began on April 22, 2018. As per the first series, this series will feature six episodes, but instead air on Sundays. The final episode will air on May 27, 2018, due to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17893397", "chunk_text": "\"The Little Couple\"\n4th season on May 31, 2011. Again, the season was split, with the second half of season 4 premiering on September 27, 2011. In February 2012, Klein opened \"\"Rocky&Maggie\"\" in Rice Village Houston. named after their pets Chihuahua Rocky and rescue mutt terrier Maggie. Arnold's mother Judy manages the store. Season 5 began on March 20, 2012, and follows Klein and Arnold as they move into their custom-built dream home and launch a brand-new business. In March 2013, they adopted their son, Will, from Hohhot, China. The adoption of their son, who also has dwarfism, is featured in Season 5.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10409555", "chunk_text": "\"The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)\"\nthe series was given an additional 44-episode order. The second half of season 5 premiered on June 20, 2017 and ended with the season finale on September 12, 2017. On November 21, 2017, the series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on January 9, 2018, and the 1st mid-season finale aired March 13, 2018 and on March 13, 2018, OWN also announced the second half of the season, which premiered on May 1, 2018 and with the 2nd mid-season finale July 17, 2018. On July 17, 2018, OWN announced the third half of the season, which premiered on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "869852", "chunk_text": "\"Splitting Up Together\"\nSplitting Up Together Splitting Up Together is an American comedy television series developed by Emily Kapnek that premiered on ABC on March 27, 2018. The series stars Jenna Fischer, Oliver Hudson, Bobby Lee, Diane Farr, Lindsay Price, Olivia Keville, Van Crosby, and Sander Thomas. The series was renewed for a second season by ABC on May 11, 2018. The series chronicles what happens when a couple's marriage is suddenly reignited by their divorce. The couple has three children who live in the house with one parent on alternating weeks while the other parent lives as a single person who stays", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5342744", "chunk_text": "\"Little Big Town\"\nbeginning in February 2018. On October 5 during their show at the Royal Albert Hall, the band revealed that they would be headlining the 2018 festival, making history as the first act to play the event three times. A new single, \"\"Summer Fever\"\", was released on June 6, 2018. It debuted at number 29 on Country Airplay, becoming their highest debut to date. The song ultimately peaked at the same position. Karen Fairchild and Jimi Westbrook married on May 31, 2006, which was not made public until 2 months after. The couple gave birth to a son (Elijah Dylan Westbrook)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10900539", "chunk_text": "\"Married at First Sight (U.S. TV series)\"\nFirst Sight: Honeymoon Island\"\" will premiering on Oct. 23, 2018, and the participants are: The fifth spinoff \"\"Married at First Sight: Happily Ever After\"\" follows the lives of couples from previous seasons who still remain married and are expecting children, including Ashley Petta and Anthony D'Amico from Season 5, Shawniece Jackson and Jephte Pierre from Season 6, and Danielle Bergman and Bobby Dodd from season 7. The first episode premieres on Oct. 30, 2018. The format created in Denmark has been adapted in the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, France, Finland, Norway, Belgium, New Zealand, Israel, Poland, The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19520600", "chunk_text": "\"Alone Together (TV series)\"\nfor a second season by Freeform in October 2017, before the first season had even aired. Season 2 premiered on August 1, 2018. All ten episodes were released for immediate streaming on Hulu. Season 2 guest stars included Carmen Electra, Nikki Glaser, Seth Morris, and Fran Drescher. Freeform cancelled the program on November 2, 2018 after two seasons. \"\"Alone Together\"\" did not garner a large viewership, with an average of 268,000 viewers per episode after seven days of DVR. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 62% based on 13 reviews, with an average", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1918947", "chunk_text": "\"Big Star's Little Star\"\nthe screen for five seconds and then, they must work together to match up as many pairs as they can before time runs out. Every pair they match will earn them an extra £1,000 for their charity. If all 10 are matched, the team win £15,000 for their charity. A fifth series was confirmed and filming took place over the summer of 2017. Stephen Mulhern presents a four-part series of \"\"Big Star's Bigger Star\"\" with celebrities and their parents. Filming took place during summer 2017 and it premiered on 15 December 2018. In 2018, \"\"Big Star's Little Star\"\" was nominated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19373425", "chunk_text": "\"Younger (season 5)\"\nseasons, stating that the series \"\"shows promise in being able to adapt and grow, no matter what its age.\"\" While analyzing the premiere episode, Lizzy Buczak of TV Fanatic affirmed that the fifth season is \"\"shaping up to be quite a great season.\"\" Younger (season 5) The fifth season of \"\"Younger\"\", an American comedy-drama television series created by Darren Star and the final season aired onTV Land, was ordered on April 20, 2017. It premiered on June 5, 2018, and revolves around the lead Liza Miller, specifically after she found herself between her two lovers' new publicly romantic lives. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19520598", "chunk_text": "\"Alone Together (TV series)\"\nAlone Together (TV series) Alone Together is an American comedy series created by and starring Benji Aflalo and Esther Povitsky. Eben Russell also co-created the series and executive produces alongside Aflalo and Povitsky. The series is also produced by The Lonely Island's Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer and Jorma Taccone. It follows two platonic best friends who attempt to find a foothold in Los Angeles. It premiered on January 10, 2018 on Freeform. The series' second season began airing on August 1, 2018. On November 2, 2018, Freeform canceled the series after two seasons. Two millennial misfits strike up a platonic", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8815231", "chunk_text": "\"Modern Family\"\nwas renewed for a tenth season on May 10, 2017, which premiered on September 26, 2018. Co-creators Levitan and Lloyd have stated that the tenth season is planned to be the series' final, with talks of a spin-off. \"\"Modern Family\"\" was acclaimed by critics throughout its first few seasons, although reception has become more mixed as the series has progressed. The show won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in each of its first five years and the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series four times, twice each for Eric Stonestreet and Ty Burrell, as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8096390", "chunk_text": "\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\"\nseason on January 9, 2018, and the third season on March 6, 2018. The fourth season was released on May 8, 2018. Season 5 was released on July 10, 2018. Finally, Season 6 was released on September 4, 2018. TV season, ranking, average viewers per episode In 1977, Schlatter and NBC briefly revived the property as a series of specials – titled simply \"\"Laugh-In\"\" – with a new cast, including former child evangelist Marjoe Gortner. The standout was a then-unknown Robin Williams, whose starring role on ABC's \"\"Mork & Mindy\"\" one year later prompted NBC to rerun the specials as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10409556", "chunk_text": "\"The Haves and the Have Nots (TV series)\"\nAugust 14, 2018. On September 11, 2018, OWN announced the fourth half of the season, which premiered on October 2, 2018, on October 9, 2018, OWN announced the countdown to the season 6 finale, set to air November 6, 2018. The series has been renewed for a seventh season which is now filming. The seventh season is set to premiere on January 8, 2019. The series follows three families and their lifestyles as they intersect with one another in Savannah, Georgia: the rich, powerful, and locally very public Cryer and Harrington families (dubbed \"\"The Haves\"\") and the poor and destitute", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18731792", "chunk_text": "\"Coop & Cami Ask the World\"\nand would be expected to premiere in fall 2018. Boyce Bugliari and Jamie McLaughlin serve as showrunners and executive producers. On August 17, 2018, Disney Channel announced that the series would premiere on October 12, 2018. In preparation for the premiere, the series would have a series of challenges in a special event beginning on August 17, 2018, where audiences could vote on social media on what music video from the series they would want to see on-air. The special event would end on September 21, 2018, with the release of a music video and multiple shorts. The music video", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18735173", "chunk_text": "\"Happy Together (2018 TV series)\"\n2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on October 1, 2018. On November 28, 2018, it was announced that CBS had declined to order additional episodes of the series beyond the initial order of thirteen, and that its timeslot on their schedule would be filled by the third season of \"\"Man with a Plan\"\". In February 2018, it was announced that Damon Wayans Jr. and Felix Mallard had been cast in the pilot's lead roles. In March 2018, it was reported that Chris Parnell and Amber Stevens West had also joined the pilot's main cast. On June 22,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12650239", "chunk_text": "\"90 Day Fiancé\"\nAfter?\"\" was renewed for a second season in November 2016. The second season debuted on June 25, 2017, and features \"\"90 Day Fiancé\"\" Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 2's Danielle & Mohamed, Season 3's Loren & Alexei, and Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa and Chantel & Pedro. \"\"90 Day Fiancé: Happily Ever After?\"\" was renewed for a third season in January 2018. The third season debuted on May 20, 2018, and features \"\"90 Day Fiancé\"\" Season 1's Russ & Paola, Season 4's Jorge & Anfisa, Chantel & Pedro and Nicole & Azan, and Season 5's Molly & Luis and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5605524", "chunk_text": "\"Little People, Big World\"\nTLC announced a spin-off series – \"\"\"\". It chronicles Matt and Amy as they jump-start their wedding business on the farm. The series premiered on November 13, 2012, and ran for six episodes. It was announced in October 2013 that \"\"Little People, Big World\"\" would return for a seventh season. Season seven consists of eight episodes, and premiered on October 29, 2013. An eighth season began on September 2, 2014, and a ninth season began on July 6, 2015. The show was renewed for a tenth season which premiered in fall 2016. As of 2018, the show has aired for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14909477", "chunk_text": "\"Grace and Frankie\"\nsecond, third, and fourth seasons, also consisting of 13 episodes each, have been released on May 6, 2016, March 24, 2017, and January 19, 2018, respectively. Despite mixed reviews upon its debut, the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations, including five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy. On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which is set to premiere on January 18,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20552768", "chunk_text": "\"Little People (TV series)\"\npotential 2015 season premiere. The show was introduced at a Licensing Expo on June 17, 2014. The show is the first Fisher Price brand done by newly acquired (2012) Hit. The show debut on weekday schedule on Universal Kids on March 7, 2016 and March 1st in Canada on Family Jr. Cartoon Network UK's sister preschool channel Cartoonito premiered the Little People TV series on April 11, 2016. Each airs in a 15-minute block and is 11 minutes without commercial breaks. Official number TBA: Number identified: Each airs with the episodes divided into two-eleven minute episode segments. The Adventure Song", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19356100", "chunk_text": "\"Happy Together (2018 TV series)\"\naverage reviews.\"\" Happy Together (2018 TV series) Happy Together is an American television sitcom, created by Tim McAuliffe and Austen Earl, that premiered on October 1, 2018, on CBS. The series follows a young couple whose lives are suddenly thrown into chaos when a pop star moves into their home. It stars Damon Wayans Jr., Amber Stevens West, Felix Mallard, and Chris Parnell. \"\"Happy Together\"\" follows \"\"Jake and Claire, a thirty something couple who are tired of their mundane life and start to reconnect with their younger, cooler selves when an emerging pop star, who is drawn to their super-normal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18346877", "chunk_text": "\"Love & Hip Hop\"\nthat \"\"Remy & Papoose: A Merry Mackie Holiday\"\", a holiday special starring Remy Ma and Papoose, would air on December 18, 2017. On October 30, 2017, VH1 announced \"\"\"\", the Miami-based spin-off of \"\"Love & Hip Hop\"\", would make its series premiere on January 1, 2018. On December 7, 2017, VH1 announced that \"\"Leave It To Stevie\"\" would return for a second season on January 3, 2018. However, the show did not air. On February 16, 2018, VH1 announced \"\"\"\" would return for the seventh season on March 19, 2018. On February 26, 2018, VH1 announced that \"\"Leave It To", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18735171", "chunk_text": "\"Happy Together (2018 TV series)\"\nHappy Together (2018 TV series) Happy Together is an American television sitcom, created by Tim McAuliffe and Austen Earl, that premiered on October 1, 2018, on CBS. The series follows a young couple whose lives are suddenly thrown into chaos when a pop star moves into their home. It stars Damon Wayans Jr., Amber Stevens West, Felix Mallard, and Chris Parnell. \"\"Happy Together\"\" follows \"\"Jake and Claire, a thirty something couple who are tired of their mundane life and start to reconnect with their younger, cooler selves when an emerging pop star, who is drawn to their super-normal suburban life,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18740001", "chunk_text": "\"A Million Little Things\"\nSeptember 26, 2018. On October 26, 2018, the show was picked for a full season of 17 episodes. Set in Boston, a tight-knit circle of friends is shocked into realizing they need to start living more after a member of the group suddenly commits suicide. The title is a reference to the saying \"\"Friendship isn't a big thing – it's a million little things.\"\" On August 18, 2017, ABC landed a series titled \"\"A Million Little Things\"\" with a put pilot commitment, to be written by D. J. Nash, who would serve as executive producer alongside Aaron Kaplan and Dana", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19769178", "chunk_text": "\"Andi Mack\"\nChannel. The second season premiered on Disney Channel on October 27, 2017. On February 19, 2018, Disney Channel announced that \"\"Andi Mack\"\" had been renewed for a third season, with the cast informed about the renewal live on \"\"Good Morning America\"\" by the creator that day. The third season premiered on October 8, 2018. On November 13, 2018, it was announced that the series would be featuring a two-episode arc—\"\"Cookie Monster\"\" and \"\"The New Girls\"\"—revolving around gun safety and peer pressure. On December 14, 2018, it was announced that Stoney Westmoreland was fired by Disney Channel and would no longer", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20552767", "chunk_text": "\"Little People (TV series)\"\nLittle People (TV series) Little People is an animated TV show based on the Fisher-Price toy line of the same name, produced by HIT Entertainment, and broadcast on Sprout International the show was pickup by Cartoonito and Tiny Pop (UK), Piwi+, Super RTL, Rai YoYo, MiniMini+, RTL Nederland, Discovery Kids (Latin America), E-TV (South Africa), TV Cultura (Brazil), Canal Panda (Portugal), Televisa (Mexico), and Family Jr. (Canada). It premiered on Sprout on March 7, 2016. It has been renewed for a second season, set to air sometime in 2018. The show was placed into pre-production in June 2014 for a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18745722", "chunk_text": "\"Single Parents (TV series)\"\nSingle Parents (TV series) Single Parents is an American sitcom television series that premiered on September 26, 2018 on ABC. It stars Taran Killam, Leighton Meester, Kimrie Lewis, Brad Garrett, Jake Choi, Marlow Barkley, Tyler Wladis, Devin Trey Campbell, Mia Allan, and Ella Allan, and follows a group of adults who must venture through single parenthood with their young kids. On October 17, 2018, the show was picked for a full season of 22 episodes, plus an additional episode bringing the order to 23 episodes. The series begins when the group meets Will, a divorced man in his 30's who", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19373422", "chunk_text": "\"Younger (season 5)\"\nby Charles Michael Davis, who was promoted to series regular. The fifth season is the first to feature a Christmas special episode. \"\"Younger\"\" was renewed for a sixth season on June 4, 2018 which will be the first season to air on the Paramount Network. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> \"\"Younger\"\" was renewed for a fifth season on April 20, 2017, ahead of the fourth season's premiere. The season started filming in February 2018. Foster has revealed that the season has a Christmas special installment and the premiere episode revolves around the Me Too movement. In February 2018, it was announced that Charles Michael", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9150306", "chunk_text": "\"The Guest Book\"\nhis habit of writing fake guest book entries while on vacation, wrote all 10 episodes of the first season. The series premiered on TBS on August 3, 2017. On September 13, 2017, TBS renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on October 23, 2018. The intended fifth episode of the series was originally intended to air on August 24, 2017, but was held back as it \"\"contained elements that were deemed too sensitive\"\" at that point in time. At the end of August 2017, Garcia noted on Twitter that the held episode would not be made available \"\"for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16469900", "chunk_text": "\"Bill Nye Saves the World\"\ncorrespondents assist in the presentation of the show. These include fashion model Karlie Kloss, science YouTuber and educator Derek Muller, comedian Nazeem Hussain, comedian and writer Joanna Hausmann, and the TV host and producer Emily Calandrelli. The thirteen-episode season premiered on April 21, 2017. The show's theme song was produced by Tyler, the Creator. On June 15, 2017, Nye announced on his Facebook page that the series had been renewed for a six-episodes second season, which premiered on December 29, 2017. On April 9, 2018, Netflix announced the show had been renewed for a six-episode third season, released on May", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5076796", "chunk_text": "\"You Kiddin' Me\"\nKim Kardashian, Jennifer O'Connell, Brian Tannenbaum, Peter M. Cohen, and Melissa Stokes. Production companies involved in the series are slated to consist of Lionsgate Television. On September 7, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on September 22, 2018. In a negative review, \"\"The Ringer\"\"s Kate Knibbs criticized the series saying, \"\"Every era gets the \"\"Punk'd\"\" it deserves, and we are living through a spectacularly dumb and cruel moment. There’s something fitting about how Facebook, notorious for flooding the internet with viral garbage, debuted an accidental, weirdly cruel anti-comedy in its push for original content. \"\"You Kiddin’ Me?!\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9469098", "chunk_text": "\"Littlest Pet Shop: A World of Our Own\"\n(Roxie, Jade, Trip, Quincy, Edie, and Bev) who exit the human world they live in often to go through a magical portal that is used only by them. Said portal sends them to the world of Paw-Tucket, a community made for and by pets, where they can have adventures, throw parties, make new friendships, and be themselves. \"\"Littlest Pet Shop: A World of Our Own\"\" had its world premiere on TiJi in France on April 9, 2018. The series later debuted on Discovery Family in the United States on April 14, 2018. The series has premiered on Treehouse TV in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10994243", "chunk_text": "\"Young & Hungry\"\nfinal ten episodes premiered on June 20, 2018 and concluded on July 25, 2018. A series finale movie initially announced with the cancellation was scrapped on August 24, 2018. Set in San Francisco, wealthy tech entrepreneur Josh Kaminski hires Gabi Diamond as his personal chef. The two have a one-night stand after having a bit of trouble on Gabi’s trial dinner. The series follows the two and their lives. The dynamic follows the couple’s relationship and love life. Gabi faces challenges both in and outside of the kitchen. Celebrity chef and television personalities have also appeared in the show as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18507252", "chunk_text": "\"Help Us Get Married\"\nthem solve their issues. Then on Friday nights, the results of the previous nights polling are revealed. Decisions the audience help to make include deciding on the venue and picking the perfect dress. In the season finale, the audience will get to see the weddings they helped plan. On April 27, 2018, it was announced that Facebook had ordered a first season of the series with a premiere date set for May 3, 2018. Executive producers were reported to consist of Rhett Bachner, Brien Meagher, and Richard Courtneyk. Production companies involved with the series were set to include Thumb Candy", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16276895", "chunk_text": "\"A Little Help with Carol Burnett\"\nface in everyday life, such as issues related to dating, marriage, parenting, self-care, etc. Each episode features a celebrity guest who receives feedback from the child panel after sharing about a personal dilemma. Host Co-Host On July 31, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had given the production series order for a first season consisting of twelve episodes. Alongside the announcement, it was reported that the series would be produced by Dick Clark Productions. On April 16, 2018, it was announced that the series would premiere on May 4, 2018. Additionally, it was confirmed that Russell Peters would act as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18745724", "chunk_text": "\"Single Parents (TV series)\"\nearns brownie points for a likable cast and a funny focus on parental struggles.\"\" Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 67 out of 100 based on 10 critics, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews.\"\" Single Parents (TV series) Single Parents is an American sitcom television series that premiered on September 26, 2018 on ABC. It stars Taran Killam, Leighton Meester, Kimrie Lewis, Brad Garrett, Jake Choi, Marlow Barkley, Tyler Wladis, Devin Trey Campbell, Mia Allan, and Ella Allan, and follows a group of adults who must venture through single parenthood with their young kids. On October", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18346878", "chunk_text": "\"Love & Hip Hop\"\nStevie\"\" would return for a second season on March 26, 2018. On June 18, 2018, VH1 announced \"\"\"\" would return for the fifth season on July 23, 2018 On September 17, 2018, VH1 announced that Remy Ma and Papoose would star in their own spin-off, \"\"Remy & Papoose: Meet the Mackies\"\", set to air on October 1, 2018. On September 27, 2018, VH1 announced \"\"\"\" would return for the ninth season on November 26, 2018. On November 19, 2018, VH1 announced \"\"\"\" would return for a second season on January 2, 2019, and air on Wednesday nights. Since 2013, Mona", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3765047", "chunk_text": "\"Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends\"\nDecember 2, 2017. It also aired on Gulli in France; Disney Channel in Germany; Nickelodeon in Greece, Poland, Netherlands and Benelux; Sitel TV in Macedonia; Vizion Plus and Tip TV in Albania; TV Cultura in Brazil; Megamax in Hungary, Romania and Czech Republic; Карусель in Russia and Biggs in Portugal. The series is also available on Netflix worldwide, including in the countries listed above, as well as in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. The first season was released on Netflix on March 31, 2017, with the second season released on April 30, 2018.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17924422", "chunk_text": "\"Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)\"\nwhen Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending, even going so far as to start mimicking Cheryl. Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was shown to the girls. In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which began airing on 29 January 2018. On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts and again includes 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their 'perfect' male partner by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5541844", "chunk_text": "\"Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour Bus\"\nOn October 4, 2018, it was reported that the second season would premiere on November 2, 2018. On September 14, 2017, Cinemax released the first official trailer for the series. The first season has been met with a positive response from critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10, based on 6 reviews. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the series a score of 83 out of 100 based on 5 critics, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews\"\". Mike Judge Presents: Tales from the Tour", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9589502", "chunk_text": "\"Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)\"\nlive together for a month, whereafter they choose whether they will continue their relationship. The first season premiered on 18 May 2015 on the Nine Network. A second season began on 4 April 2016 with the third season premiering later in the same year on 29 August 2016. A fourth season premiered on Monday 30 January 2017. The fifth season premiered on Monday 29 January 2018. During the first season, four female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Michael & Roni, Clare & Lachlan) met and wed.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18735172", "chunk_text": "\"Happy Together (2018 TV series)\"\nmoves in.\"\" On January 31, 2018, it was announced that CBS had given the production a pilot order. The episode was written by Tim McAuliffe and Austen Earl who were expected to executive produce alongside Ben Winston, Michael Rotenberg, and Jonathan Berry. Production companies involved with the pilot include Fulwell 73, 3 Arts Entertainment, and CBS Television Studios. On May 9, 2018, CBS officially ordered the pilot to series. A few days later, it was announced that the series, now titled \"\"Happy Together\"\", would premiere in the fall of 2018 and air on Mondays at 8:30 P.M. On July 9,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10257550", "chunk_text": "\"Not Going Out\"\nOut\"\" began on 8 March 2018. In Series 9, two episodes were classically farcical: in Stolen, Lee and Lucy, having broken into their best friends' house, are forced to hide under their bed when their friends return unexpectedly early - and head straight for the bedroom; in Pants on Fire, lies build upon lies, and embarrassment soars to a crescendo. In Pets and Lollipop Man, they deal with common parents' dilemmas, and in Home Improvements and Escape Room they interact more with their parents - with, naturally, disastrous consequences. In Bust Up, Lucy contemplates having breast augmentation. Although filmed and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17417640", "chunk_text": "\"Little Women: Atlanta\"\nwith the same cast, with Samantha Ortiz promoted to a main cast member. However, in 2018, Samantha and Tanya announced that they would no longer be a part of the show. According to Tanya, she felt as if the show was did not bring positive energy into her life. She felt as if two seasons was enough. It is unclear whether Samantha had been asked to return to the show despite rumors hinting to the failed retention as her termination. The fifth season premiers in the fall of 2018 and saw the departure of Sam and Tanya and the return", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17809420", "chunk_text": "\"Big Mouth (TV series)\"\nwas released on October 5, 2018. On November 17, 2018, Netflix announced that \"\"Big Mouth\"\" has been renewed for a third season. \"\"Big Mouth\"\" has received critical acclaim since its release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 21 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, \"\"\"\"Big Mouth's\"\" simplistic animation and scatological humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence.\"\" At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"\"generally favorable reviews\"\". Vox described the show as sharp and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_90	how tall is the actor who plays hagrid in harry potter?	n/a	[ "6ft 1in" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2759026", "chunk_text": "\"Forced perspective\"\ncalculating angular size is as follows: in which \"\"θ\"\" is the subtended angle, \"\"h\"\" is the actual size of the object and \"\"D\"\" is the distance from the lens to the object. Forced perspective has been employed to create dwarfs and giants in film, such as Hagrid, the half-giant in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" series, and hobbits in the \"\"Lord of the Rings\"\" series. In reality, there is only a 5-inch height difference between Elijah Wood, 5′6″, and Ian McKellen, 5′11″, the actors playing Frodo and Gandalf in \"\"The Lord of the Rings\"\" films; however, the use of camera angles and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "201295", "chunk_text": "\"Rubeus Hagrid\"\nColtrane, assisting him in preparing for the role. She also stated that \"\"Robbie is just perfect for Hagrid because Hagrid is a very loveable character, quite likeable, quite comic [...] but he had to have – you really do have to sense – a certain toughness underneath [...] and I think Robbie does that perfectly.\"\" Former English rugby union player Martin Bayfield portrayed Hagrid as a stunt performer in longer shots due to his large size to emphasise Hagrid’s height. Bayfield also appeared as a young Hagrid in \"\"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\"\". In \"\"Philosopher’s Stone\"\", Hagrid is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14329955", "chunk_text": "\"Robbie Coltrane\"\nwon him three BAFTA awards. Roles in bigger films followed; the James Bond films \"\"GoldenEye\"\" (1995) and \"\"The World Is Not Enough\"\" (1999), a supporting role in \"\"From Hell\"\" (2001), as well as half-giant Rubeus Hagrid in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films (2001–2011). J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and, when asked whom she would like to see in the role, responded \"\"Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid\"\" in one quick breath. There is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12744589", "chunk_text": "\"Rubeus Hagrid\"\nmentioned as being twice as tall as the average man and nearly five times as wide but in the film, he is portrayed as being and in later books he is said to be three times as wide. Hagrid is known for his thick West Country accent. Being a half-giant, he is less vulnerable to jinxes and spells than full-humans. In \"\"Order of the Phoenix\"\", when Umbridge and some other wizards come to remove him from Hogwarts he fights back. They try to jinx and stun him, but the spells just bounce off him because of giant-inherited resistance to magic.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14329950", "chunk_text": "\"Robbie Coltrane\"\nRobbie Coltrane Robbie Coltrane (born Anthony Robert McMillan; 30 March 1950) is a Scottish actor and author. He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films, as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films \"\"GoldenEye\"\" and \"\"The World Is Not Enough,\"\" and as Dr. Eddie \"\"Fitz\"\" Fitzgerald in the British TV series \"\"Cracker\"\" during the 1990s. Coltrane was born Anthony Robert McMillan in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of Jean Ross (née Howie), a teacher and pianist, and Ian Baxter McMillan, a general practitioner who also served as a forensic police surgeon. He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "201293", "chunk_text": "\"Rubeus Hagrid\"\nin my head of the huge gigantic Hagrid walking through the forest crying with Harry in his arms\"\". Nineteen years after Voldemort’s defeat, Hagrid is still at Hogwarts and invites Harry and Ginny Weasley's second son Albus Severus Potter to his hut for tea, just as he had once done for Harry himself, implying that he and Harry are still close. During an interview in 2007, when asked if Hagrid did marry, Rowling answered that Hagrid developed a relationship with a giantess but it did not work out. Scottish actor Robbie Coltrane has portrayed Hagrid in all of the film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12922529", "chunk_text": "\"Neil Fingleton\"\nand his two siblings. His funeral was held at Durham Cathedral on 17 March. Neil Fingleton Neil Fingleton (18 December 1980 – 25 February 2017) was an English actor and basketball player. He was the tallest British-born man and the tallest man in the European Union at 7 ft 7.56 in (232.6 cm) in height and among the 25 tallest men in the world. This title has been confirmed by the \"\"Guinness World Records\"\" in the summer of 2007; Fingleton took over from Christopher Greener who stood at 7 ft 6 ¼ in (229.2 cm) in height. Fingleton was born", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14329958", "chunk_text": "\"Robbie Coltrane\"\n11 December 1999. The couple have two children: son Spencer (b. 1992), and daughter Alice (b. 1998). Coltrane and Gemmell separated in 2003 and later divorced. Robbie Coltrane Robbie Coltrane (born Anthony Robert McMillan; 30 March 1950) is a Scottish actor and author. He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films, as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films \"\"GoldenEye\"\" and \"\"The World Is Not Enough,\"\" and as Dr. Eddie \"\"Fitz\"\" Fitzgerald in the British TV series \"\"Cracker\"\" during the 1990s. Coltrane was born Anthony Robert McMillan in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1213749", "chunk_text": "\"Neil Fingleton\"\nNeil Fingleton Neil Fingleton (18 December 1980 – 25 February 2017) was an English actor and basketball player. He was the tallest British-born man and the tallest man in the European Union at 7 ft 7.56 in (232.6 cm) in height and among the 25 tallest men in the world. This title has been confirmed by the \"\"Guinness World Records\"\" in the summer of 2007; Fingleton took over from Christopher Greener who stood at 7 ft 6 ¼ in (229.2 cm) in height. Fingleton was born in Durham, England, in 1980, to mother Christine and father Michael. He had an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3759338", "chunk_text": "\"Warwick Davis\"\nactors under five feet (1.52 m) tall. Many of Davis's co-stars and fellow dwarf actors from \"\"Star Wars\"\", \"\"Willow\"\", \"\"Labyrinth\"\" and the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" series are represented by the agency. In 2004, the agency also began representing actors over seven feet (2.13 m) tall who had suffered from being confined to \"\"niche\"\" roles. Over forty members of Willow Management were cast as goblins in \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\"\". In April 2010, Davis published his autobiography, \"\"Size Matters Not: The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis\"\", with a foreword by George Lucas. In January 2013,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17271239", "chunk_text": "\"Dwarf (Middle-earth)\"\na shorter stunt double seen from behind. In contrast, because Dwarves and Hobbits are in the same size scale, Gimli interacts freely with the Hobbit characters within the same camera frame. A good example is when the Fellowship enters Lothlórien, and Gimli walks up to Frodo and puts his hand on his shoulder, warning him to stay close. Actor John Rhys-Davies is actually <nowiki>6'1\"\"</nowiki> (1.85 m) (two inches (5 cm) taller than Viggo Mortensen, who plays Aragorn), much taller than Elijah Wood (Frodo) who is <nowiki>5'6\"\"</nowiki> (1.67 m), thus keeping the proportion that Dwarves are taller than Hobbits. Other dwarves", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13853182", "chunk_text": "\"Matthew McGrory\"\nMatthew McGrory Matthew McGrory (May 17, 1973 – August 8, 2005) was an American actor, known for his great height. He held the Guiness World Records title for tallest actor, biggest feet and longest toe. McGrory was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the son of Maureen, a homemaker, and George McGrory, an accountant. He studied pre-law at Widener University. He also studied Criminal Justice at West Chester University. McGrory grew to the height of and had size 29.5 shoes. He was over five feet (1.5 m) tall by the time he completed kindergarten. McGrory's large size led to appearances on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9989250", "chunk_text": "\"Christopher Greener\"\nChristopher Greener Christopher Paul Greener (21 November 1943 – 11 February 2015) was a British actor and basketball player who went on to represent Great Britain. Greener was born in New Brighton, Wallasey, Cheshire. He was at one point the tallest man in the United Kingdom and at the time of his death was the 4th tallest British-born man (after Giant Bradley, Neil Fingleton and Paul Sturgess) at in height. His weight ranged from 20-30 stone (127-190 kg) during his adulthood. Greener, from a very young age, had a tumour at the base of his pituitary gland, which controls the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9989253", "chunk_text": "\"Christopher Greener\"\nHayes, Bromley. Christopher Greener Christopher Paul Greener (21 November 1943 – 11 February 2015) was a British actor and basketball player who went on to represent Great Britain. Greener was born in New Brighton, Wallasey, Cheshire. He was at one point the tallest man in the United Kingdom and at the time of his death was the 4th tallest British-born man (after Giant Bradley, Neil Fingleton and Paul Sturgess) at in height. His weight ranged from 20-30 stone (127-190 kg) during his adulthood. Greener, from a very young age, had a tumour at the base of his pituitary gland, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16634142", "chunk_text": "\"Mark Hadlow\"\nMark Hadlow Mark Selwyn Hadlow (born 1957) is a New Zealand-Australian actor and comedian. Hadlow is perhaps best known internationally for playing the roles of Harry in \"\"King Kong\"\" and Dori, a Dwarf, in \"\"The Hobbit\"\" series. Hadlow was born in Australia, in the New South Wales town of Walgett, the son of a New Zealand-born vicar and an Australian mother. They moved to Perth, and then spent three years in Chennai, before moving to New Zealand when Hadlow was nine years old. They lived in Wellington and Christchurch, and Hadlow attended boarding school. Hadlow's early film appearances were in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20456099", "chunk_text": "\"Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\nat about 4 ft 6 in (137 cm), and Men and Elves are average human height, about 5 to 6 ft (150 to 180 cm). However, the films used two scale sets instead of three by casting taller than average actors to play Dwarves, then combining Dwarves and Hobbits into one size scale. For example, John Rhys-Davies, who played Gimli, is taller than Elijah Wood, who played Frodo. Thus in the ending shot of the Council of Elrond scene when all nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring are standing together, Rhys-Davies and the four Hobbit actors were filmed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12481469", "chunk_text": "\"David Knijnenburg\"\nDavid Knijnenburg David Albertus Trelawney Knijnenburg (; born 3 April 1967) is an Australian stage, television and film actor, best known for playing Alfred Hitchcock in his stage production \"\"Hitchcock & Herrmann\"\" and in assorted roles in Twelfth Night Theatre's numerous stage adaptations of classic BBC television series such as \"\"Dad's Army\"\" and \"\"'Allo 'Allo!\"\". He is notable for his height – he is two metres (six-foot seven inches) tall. He was one of dozens of names mentioned during the media speculation over the casting of the eleventh Doctor Who after David Tennant announced his resignation. Born into a theatrical", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1899531", "chunk_text": "\"The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring\"\nFellowship of the Ring\"\" makes extensive use of digital, practical and make-up special effects throughout. One notable illusion used in almost every scene involved setting a proper scale so that the characters all appear to be the correct height. For example, Elijah Wood is tall in real life, but his character Frodo Baggins is barely four feet in height. A variety of techniques were used to depict the hobbits and Gimli the Dwarf as being of diminutive stature. Fortunately, John-Rhys Davies – who played Gimli – happens to be the correct height in proportion to the hobbit actors, so did", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8720494", "chunk_text": "\"Sean Biggerstaff\"\nSean Biggerstaff Sean Biggerstaff (born 15 March 1983) is a Scottish actor and musician, who portrayed Oliver Wood in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series. Biggerstaff was born in Glasgow, Scotland, growing up with his parents in Maryhill. He went to Parkview Primary School in Summerston and joined the local drama group, the Maryhill Youth Theatre, when he was seven. Biggerstaff obtained his first professional acting role at ten, playing the son of MacDuff in a Michael Boyd production of Macbeth at the Tron Theatre, Glasgow. He then joined the Scottish Youth Theatre and spent six years with the group. In", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3679566", "chunk_text": "\"Rhys Ifans\"\nRhys Ifans Rhys Ifans (; born Rhys Owain Evans; 22 July 1967) is a Welsh actor and musician. He is known for his portrayal of characters such as Spike in \"\"Notting Hill\"\", Jed Parry in \"\"Enduring Love\"\", and Eyeball Paul in \"\"Kevin & Perry Go Large\"\". He is also known as a member of the rock groups Super Furry Animals and The Peth. Ifans appeared as Xenophilius Lovegood in \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1,\"\" and as Dr. Curt Connors/The Lizard in \"\"The Amazing Spider-Man\"\". He played Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, in \"\"Anonymous\"\" and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2319368", "chunk_text": "\"Jim Broadbent\"\n\"\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\"\" (2009) and \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\"\" (2011). He joined the cast of the television series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\", playing a role of Archmaester Ebrose, in the seventh season (2017). His other notable roles were in \"\"Topsy-Turvy\"\" (1999), \"\"The Gathering Storm\"\" (2002), \"\"And When Did You Last See Your Father?\"\" (2007), \"\"Hot Fuzz, Another Year\"\" (2010), and \"\"The Iron Lady\"\" (2011). Broadbent was born on 24 May 1949 in Holton cum Beckering, in Lincolnshire, the second son of Doreen \"\"Dee\"\" Broadbent (née Findlay), a sculptor, and Roy Laverick Broadbent, an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20589878", "chunk_text": "\"Gimli (Middle-earth)\"\nGimli and the Hobbits appear together, their respective sizes remain in proportion, whereas in scenes where they have to interact with human-sized characters, tricks of scale had to be employed, especially since John Rhys-Davies is also taller than Viggo Mortensen and Orlando Bloom (who played Aragorn and Legolas respectively), both of whom are . Gimli wears a heavy helmet at the outset instead of getting one in Rohan as in the book, as well as wielding various axes of different shapes and uses (ex. small throwing axes, a walking axe, and a double-headed axe he obtains in Moria). In the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6174711", "chunk_text": "\"Hero Fiennes-Tiffin\"\nHero Fiennes-Tiffin Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin (born 6 November 1997) is an English actor and model best known for his role as the 11-year-old Tom Riddle, the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort (played in the films by his uncle, Ralph Fiennes), in \"\"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\"\", the sixth installment of the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films. He also played the role of \"\"younger Charlie\"\" in the war based film \"\"Private Peaceful\"\". Hero will portray bad-boy heartthrob Hardin Scott in the upcoming movie \"\"After\"\", an adaptation of the novel by Anna Todd. Fiennes Tiffin was born in London to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5079956", "chunk_text": "\"George McArthur\"\nGeorge McArthur George \"\"The Giant\"\" McArthur (born September 19, 1969) is an American actor and variety artist known for his height. McArthur was born in Bakersfield, California; the youngest of five children born to Marilyn Baird and Howard McArthur. At 7'4\"\" (2.24 m), George is the world's tallest confirmed sword swallower, and holds the unofficial record for longest sword swallowed. George has had parts in feature films such as \"\"Big Fish\"\", \"\"Firecracker\"\" and \"\"Tough Luck\"\". He has also had small roles on television shows such as \"\"According to Jim\"\", \"\"Touched by an Angel\"\", \"\"The Strip\"\" and \"\"Carnivàle\"\". He is generally", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6176115", "chunk_text": "\"Daniel Radcliffe\"\nDaniel Radcliffe Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is an English actor and producer best known for his role as the titular protagonist in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series, based on the novels by J. K. Rowling. Born and raised in London, Radcliffe made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One's 1999 television film \"\"David Copperfield\"\", followed by his cinematic debut in 2001's \"\"The Tailor of Panama\"\". At age 11, he was cast as Potter in the series' first film \"\"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\"\", and starred in the series for 10 years, starring", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7926085", "chunk_text": "\"Frank Dillane\"\nHis father, Stephen Dillane, is an actor who has starred in numerous movies and TV series (e.g., \"\"Game of Thrones\"\" and \"\"The Tunnel\"\"), and was awarded a BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor on Television in 2009. Dillane made his film debut at his side as an extra in \"\"Welcome to Sarajevo\"\" (1997) when he was six. He became more widely known when he portrayed Tom Riddle (a teenage Lord Voldemort) in \"\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\"\" (2009). After passing his A-level examinations, Dillane was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and graduated in 2013, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12852243", "chunk_text": "\"Martin Bayfield\"\nside. He went on the 1993 British Lions tour to New Zealand, and was part of the 1995 World Cup squad. He would play 18 times partnering Martin Johnson. His final appearance for England came in the 1996 Five Nations match against Wales. His last game was against Gloucester in February 1998; a neck injury sustained in training a few days later forced him to retire. Since retirement, Bayfield has worked as a journalist, an after-dinner speaker, and has appeared in all of the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films playing the half-giant Hagrid, as Robbie Coltrane's body and stunt double. (He also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12057707", "chunk_text": "\"Harry Stott\"\nHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2. However, when David Yates consulted famed author of the Harry Potter series, J.K. Rowling on the matter of the casting, she rejected it, stating that, even at this early stage, he too closely resembled Griphook’s companion in the series of novel, Bogrod. Since then, Stott has not re-emerged, spurning the prodigal talent that he ostensibly possessed in the bizarre throes of the failing career of a fallen child star. Harry Stott Harry Stott (born 30 September 1995), from Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, is a British stage and television actor. His theatre experience includes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5017236", "chunk_text": "\"Lord Voldemort\"\nhis physical form for the first time, played by Ralph Fiennes. As in the book, Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes, being tall and emaciated, with no hair and yellowish teeth; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected. Unlike in the book, his pupils are not cat-like and his eyes are blue, because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14085696", "chunk_text": "\"Hero Fiennes-Tiffin\"\nas the main role Hardin Scott in the movie \"\"After\"\". Hero Fiennes-Tiffin Hero Beauregard Fiennes Tiffin (born 6 November 1997) is an English actor and model best known for his role as the 11-year-old Tom Riddle, the young version of antagonist Lord Voldemort (played in the films by his uncle, Ralph Fiennes), in \"\"Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince\"\", the sixth installment of the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films. He also played the role of \"\"younger Charlie\"\" in the war based film \"\"Private Peaceful\"\". Hero will portray bad-boy heartthrob Hardin Scott in the upcoming movie \"\"After\"\", an adaptation of the novel", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5079957", "chunk_text": "\"George McArthur\"\ncast as a giant in the sideshow or circus. George McArthur George \"\"The Giant\"\" McArthur (born September 19, 1969) is an American actor and variety artist known for his height. McArthur was born in Bakersfield, California; the youngest of five children born to Marilyn Baird and Howard McArthur. At 7'4\"\" (2.24 m), George is the world's tallest confirmed sword swallower, and holds the unofficial record for longest sword swallowed. George has had parts in feature films such as \"\"Big Fish\"\", \"\"Firecracker\"\" and \"\"Tough Luck\"\". He has also had small roles on television shows such as \"\"According to Jim\"\", \"\"Touched by", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20456096", "chunk_text": "\"Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series\"\nand stunts. Props besides weaponry were all made from scratch, from delicate projects like wigs and prosthetics such as hobbit feet and elf ears, to more durable props like the One Ring and Gandalf's staff. The makeup and prosthetic department was headed by Peter Swords King, and the costuming department was headed by designer Ngila Dickson. Production was complicated by the use of scale doubles and forced perspective (on a level never seen before in the film industry). Elijah Wood is 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) tall in real life, but the character of Frodo Baggins is 3 ft", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4113371", "chunk_text": "\"The Tall Guy\"\nThe Tall Guy The Tall Guy is a 1989 British romantic comedy and the feature film debut of screenwriter Richard Curtis and director Mel Smith. It was produced by London Weekend Television for theatrical release and stars Jeff Goldblum, Emma Thompson and Rowan Atkinson. Curtis's script draws from his experiences as straight man to long-time collaborator Rowan Atkinson. The protagonist and narrator is Dexter King (Goldblum), an American actor working in London and living platonically in Camden Town with his \"\"educated, charming...nymphomaniac\"\" landlady (played by Geraldine James). He has just finished his sixth year playing \"\"The Tall Guy\"\", a straight", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1434073", "chunk_text": "\"Warwick Davis\"\nwhere Yoda was seen walking. Davis played the role of Professor Filius Flitwick in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films. Davis played a white-moustached Flitwick in the first two films, and then a black-haired unnamed chorus conductor for the third instalment of the series. In the fourth film, Flitwick is younger looking, with short, brown hair and a trimmed moustache. In addition to playing Flitwick, Davis played the role of the goblin Griphook in \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\"\", despite the role being played previously by fellow dwarf actor Verne Troyer. In 2004, Davis played the character \"\"Plates\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13927066", "chunk_text": "\"Julian Glover\"\nJulian Glover Julian Wyatt Glover (born 27 March 1935) is a Laurence Olivier Award-winning English classical actor, with many stage, television and film roles since commencing his career in the 1950s. Glover has performed many times for the Royal Shakespeare Company. His film roles have included General Maximilian Veers in \"\"The Empire Strikes Back\"\", Aristotle Kristatos in the James Bond film \"\"For Your Eyes Only\"\", Walter Donovan in \"\"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\"\", and Brian Harcourt-Smith in \"\"The Fourth Protocol\"\". He also voiced the giant spider Aragog in \"\"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\"\". Glover has also appeared", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6965792", "chunk_text": "\"Adrian Bower\"\nAdrian Bower Adrian Bower (born 20 August 1970) is an English actor, best known for his role as physical education and geography teacher Brian Steadman in the first three series of the British comedy series \"\"Teachers\"\". In 2015, he played Leofric in \"\"The Last Kingdom\"\", a British television drama adapted from Bernard Cornwell’s historical novels series \"\"The Saxon Stories\"\". Born in Chester, Cheshire, England, he studied drama at Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London. He was the winner of the third series of Celebrity Poker Club, using the nickname \"\"The Tower\"\" in relation to his 6'4\"\" height. Other television", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9649636", "chunk_text": "\"Donald Sumpter\"\nGinger in the Children's BBC series \"\"The Queen's Nose\"\". He played Harold Chapple in \"\"Our Friends in the North\"\", and portrayed the physicist Max Planck in \"\"Einstein and Eddington\"\". He has also been seen as Kemp in the horror-drama series \"\"Being Human\"\". In seasons 1 and 2, he portrayed Maester Luwin in the HBO series \"\"Game of Thrones\"\". His film appearances include \"\"The Constant Gardener\"\" (2005), \"\"\"\" (2002), \"\"Enigma\"\" (2001) and \"\"\"\" (2010). Donald Sumpter Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is an English actor, known for his work in film and television since the mid-1960s. One of his early", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6839634", "chunk_text": "\"Igor Vovkovinskiy\"\nIgor Vovkovinskiy Igor Vovkovinskiy ( (aka \"\"Igor Ladan\"\") born September 18, 1982) is a Ukrainian-American law student, interviewee, and actor, best known for being the current tallest person living in the United States, at , overtaking the record from George Bell. Originally from Ukraine, Vovkovinskiy moved to Rochester, Minnesota in 1989 (at the age of seven) to be treated at the Mayo Clinic. At that time he was already 5 ft 4 in tall and weighed 110 pounds. Most recently, he has acted in commercials and films, notably the 2011 comedy film \"\"Hall Pass\"\", and also became well known for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15408216", "chunk_text": "\"Cinema of Scotland\"\nin British TV series such as \"\"Shameless\"\" and \"\"Early Doors\"\". Actor, comedian and author Robbie Coltrane, widely known for his role as Rubeus Hagrid in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" series of films, is another BAFTA Award-winning actor from Scotland. He was voted 6th in a poll to find the 'most famous Scot' and placed 10th in ITV's list of \"\"TV's Greatest Stars.\"\" David Tennant is a multi award-winning Scottish actor best known for his role in \"\"Doctor Who\"\" as the 10th incarnation of the Doctor. He has also featured in numerous other television shows, movies, theatre productions and radio dramas. Kelly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3710018", "chunk_text": "\"Josh Herdman\"\nboxing although I appreciate the beauty and art in boxing. It also made sense to move onto MMA because of my jujitsu training. I would like a few amateur fights first to get me started and where it goes from there, who knows?\"\" Josh Herdman Joshua Colin M. Herdman (born 26 March 1987) is an English actor and mixed martial artist, best known for playing Gregory Goyle in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series. Herdman was born in Hampton, London. The son of actor and former professional rugby league footballer Martin Herdman and Jessica Herdman, the youngest of the four brothers.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14434328", "chunk_text": "\"Richard Bremmer\"\nRichard Bremmer Richard Bremmer (born 27 January 1953) is an English actor. Bremmer was born and brought up in Warwickshire, England. Bremmer first began his career in the short film of \"\"Couples and Robbers\"\" before being in his first full-length film \"\"The Girl with Brains in Her Feet\"\". He is most noted for playing Lord Voldemort in \"\"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone\"\" (with the footage he appears in being reused in \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2\"\") and played Skeld in \"\"The 13th Warrior\"\". He also had the role of L'abbé Traquet in the 2004 film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4520946", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Pattinson\"\nRobert Pattinson Robert Douglas Thomas Pattinson (born 13 May 1986) is an English actor, model and musician. He started his film career by playing Cedric Diggory in \"\"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\"\" in 2005. He later got the leading role of vampire Edward Cullen in the film adaptations of the \"\"Twilight\"\" novels by Stephenie Meyer, which consisted of five films between 2008 and 2012 that combined grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide receipts. \"\"Twilight\"\" brought Pattinson worldwide fame, and established him among the highest paid and most bankable actors in Hollywood. In 2010, Pattinson was named one of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9967408", "chunk_text": "\"David Thewlis\"\nDavid Thewlis David Wheeler (born 20 March 1963), better known as David Thewlis, is an English actor, director, screenwriter, and author. He first rose to prominence for playing Johnny Fletcher in the film \"\"Naked\"\" (1993), for which he won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. His most commercially successful roles to date have been of Remus Lupin in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series and Sir Patrick Morgan/Ares in \"\"Wonder Woman\"\" (2017). Other notable film appearances include \"\"Dragonheart\"\" (1996), \"\"Seven Years in Tibet\"\" (1997), \"\"Kingdom of Heaven\"\" (2005), \"\"The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas\"\" (2008), \"\"War Horse\"\" (2011), \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8229614", "chunk_text": "\"Henry Lloyd-Hughes\"\nand \"\"The Changeling\"\". In 2012, he starred as Dimitri Mitropoulos in the play \"\"Posh\"\", which played at the Duke of York’s Theatre. Michael Billington of \"\"The Guardian\"\" said of Lloyd-Hughes's performance that he \"\"impresses as a wealthy Greek who aims to be more English than the English\"\". Henry Lloyd-Hughes Henry Lloyd-Hughes (born 1 August 1985) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in \"\"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\"\" (2005), \"\"Unrelated\"\" (2007), \"\"The Inbetweeners\"\" (2008–2010), \"\"Miliband of Brothers\"\" (2010), \"\"Weekender\"\" (2011), \"\"Anna Karenina\"\" (2012), \"\"Parade's End\"\" (2012), and \"\"Indian Summers\"\" (2015). As of (2018) he voices", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14765450", "chunk_text": "\"Matthew Lewis (actor)\"\nMatthew Lewis (actor) Matthew David Lewis (born 27 June 1989) is an English film, television and stage actor, best known for playing Neville Longbottom in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" films, Jamie Bradley in \"\"The Syndicate\"\" and Corporal Gordon \"\"Towerblock\"\" House in the BBC Three comedy drama \"\"Bluestone 42\"\". The son of Adrian Lewis and Lynda Needham, Lewis was born in the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, and raised in the nearby town of Horsforth. He was born the youngest of three boys, and has two brothers: Chris Lewis and actor Anthony Lewis. He attended St Mary's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy. Lewis", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14607142", "chunk_text": "\"Guy Henry (actor)\"\nguest speaker at an NEH (National Endowment for the Humanities) summer seminar entitled \"\"Shakespeare: Enacting the Text\"\". (5 July to 6 August 1999). Guy Henry (actor) Guy Henry (born 17 October 1960) is an English stage and screen actor, best known as Henrik Hanssen in \"\"Holby City\"\", Pius Thicknesse in \"\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1\"\" and \"\"Part 2\"\", Gaius Cassius Longinus in \"\"Rome\"\" and Grand Moff Tarkin in \"\"Rogue One\"\". Henry attended Homefield School and then Brockenhurst College in Hampshire where he took A levels. Henry trained at RADA (1979–81). In 1982, he took the title", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16931571", "chunk_text": "\"Freddie Stroma\"\nHe uses Stroma as a surname instead of Sjöström because there is an NHL player named Fredrik Sjöström. Stroma plays guitar and can sing but he is not classically trained in either. Stroma began dating his \"\"Unreal\"\" co-star Johanna Braddy in the summer of 2015. Stroma and Braddy got engaged in May 2016, and were married on 30 December 2016, in Atlanta, Georgia. Freddie Stroma Frederic Wilhelm C.J. Sjöström (born 8 January 1987), known professionally as Freddie Stroma, is a British actor and model, best known for playing Cormac McLaggen in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series and Luke in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15210669", "chunk_text": "\"Swinley Forest\"\n– Part 1\"\", 160 trees were cut down in order to place a cable to film the actors (Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe), Ron Weasley (Rupert Grint) and Hermione Granger (Emma Watson)) running through the woodland. Permission was granted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The woods provide some of the best mountain biking in South-East England, with many off-road 'single-track' trails available as well as plenty of fire roads. Mountain biking no longer requires a permit since the introduction of the three marked trails (Green, Blue & Red) and walking is free. Swinley Woods was originally submitted as the proposed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12744597", "chunk_text": "\"Rubeus Hagrid\"\ndefeat (albeit from a window, since he is too big to fit into the hall), and the Hogwarts students show their appreciation by tossing food into his laughing mouth. In the film adaptation of the fifth book Grawp is computer-generated using a new \"\"soul capturing\"\" process from Image Metrics. Andrew Whitehead spent 18 months working on the giant Grawp for the film. The voice of Grawp is performed by Tony Maudsley. In \"\"the Goblet of Fire\"\", the truth about Hagrid’s parents is revealed: his father, who is never named in the stories, married a giantess, Fridwulfa. Fridwulfa left Rubeus to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "177806", "chunk_text": "\"Sean Biggerstaff\"\nIn 2015 he filmed Whisky Galore! with Gillies MacKinnon and Eddie Izzard In 2016, Biggerstaff played the lead role in French-Canadian Catherine-Anne Toupin's \"\"Right Now\"\", a translation by Chris Campbell of \"\"À présent\"\", directed by Michael Boyd, which was critically and commercially well received in Bath, London, and Edinburgh. In 2017, it was announced that he would star opposite Georgia Moffett in the Big Finish audio series \"\"\"\", taking the role of Noah. Sean Biggerstaff Sean Biggerstaff (born 15 March 1983) is a Scottish actor and musician, who portrayed Oliver Wood in the \"\"Harry Potter\"\" film series. Biggerstaff was born", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_91	what is the job of justice of the peace?	n/a	[ "dispense summary justice" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697332", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\npreside over cases within the prison system. In Belgium, the justice of the peace (, ) is a law-trained judge who sits the lowest Court of record with original jurisdiction over small claims (less than €2500) matters of civil, commercial, and family law, including: tenancy and lease disputes, neighborhood disputes (party structures, trespassing, noise pollution), apartment buildings, small deceased estates, alimony, guardianships & adoption, and the commitment of mental patients and oversight of their care. Litigants may opt either for conciliation or trial. Lawyers may act as \"\"locum tenens\"\" JPs. In Canada, justices of the peace play a role in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697315", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nJustice of the peace A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or \"\"puisne\"\" court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have any formal legal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759386", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nKentucky's use of nonlawyer judges in its police courts was \"\"not\"\" a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees of due process and equal protection of the laws. Justice of the peace A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer of a lower or \"\"puisne\"\" court, elected or appointed by means of a commission (letters patent) to keep the peace. In past centuries the term commissioner of the peace was often used with the same meaning. Depending on the jurisdiction, such justices dispense summary justice or merely deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697335", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\npresiding justice of the peace. Administrative justice of the peace are court officers appointed by the Minister of Justice, and perform duties such as receiving criminal informations and issuing warrants. Presiding justice of the peace are appointed by commission under the Great Seal, and can try some criminal matters and issue warrants. They are appointed from advocates of at least ten years' standing and serve full-time until the age of 70. In Yukon, justices of the peace are lay officers of the court. They sit in the Justice of the Peace Court, which is part of the Territorial Court of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697339", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nCommissioner cannot sign an Affidavit, in Ireland that function is performed by a Commissioner for Oaths. A justice of the peace (JP), according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community. Additionally, the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions, attends juvenile court sessions, issues summonses, considers applications for bail, explains and signs legal documents, sits on licensing panels, and gives counsel/advice. Any Jamaican citizen that can speak and write English is eligible", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759365", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nJPs were transferred to lay magistrates. It is expected that there will be no further appointments of justices of the peace in Northern Ireland, although those already appointed retain the title and any functions not transferred to lay magistrate under the 2002 Act. In some US states, the justice of the peace is a judge of a court of limited jurisdiction, a magistrate, or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers. Some states have special qualifications or unique features for the office. The justice of the peace typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697336", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nYukon. In Hong Kong, the historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally qualified magistrates. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres, administering statutory declarations, and serving as members of advisory panels. In India, justices of the peace do exist, but they no", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759364", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nto sit alongside resident magistrates at magistrates' courts in certain matters. Unlike in England and Wales, \"\"lay magistrate\"\" is the official title of the position, to distinguish from existing justices of the peace who do not sit in the magistrates' courts. The first lay magistrates were appointed in 2005. Two lay magistrates sit with the district judge (magistrates' court) in criminal proceedings involving children (replacing the former lay panelists) and Family Proceedings Court matters. The district judge (magistrates' court), who is a barrister or solicitor of at least seven years standing, presides over the bench. Most criminal justice functions of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697316", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\neducation in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs. In 1195, Richard I (\"\"\"\"the Lionheart\"\"\"\") of England and his Minister Hubert Walter commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas. They were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld and preserving the \"\"King's peace\"\". Therefore, they were known as \"\"keepers of the peace\"\". An act of 1327 had referred to \"\"good and lawful men\"\" to be appointed in every county in the land to \"\"guard the peace\"\"; such individuals were first referred to as conservators of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697317", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nthe peace, or wardens of the peace. The title \"\"justice of the peace\"\" derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. The \"\"peace\"\" to be guarded is the sovereign's, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them since 1361 to bind over unruly persons \"\"to be of good behaviour\"\". The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so. The justices' alternative title of \"\"magistrate\"\" dates", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759380", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\ncounty. A JP in a large precinct in a large county will work 5 days a week, 8 or more hours daily. Their duties will include, but are not necessarily limited to the following: Trials of civil matters, both to a 6-person jury and to the bench, with an amount in controversy not exceeding $10,000.00. Trials of criminal matters involving traffic violations and class C misdemeanors punishable by fine only. Pre-trial motion dockets and show cause hearings are held, and all discovery must be approved by the Judge in advance in civil cases. All criminal matters are controlled by the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697323", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\n\"\"justice of the peace (qualified)\"\" has the additional powers to issue search warrants and arrest warrants and, in conjunction with another justice of the peace (qualified) constitute a magistrates' court for exercising powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings. Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote aboriginal communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendiary magistrate. In Queensland, a lawyer may be appointed as a Justice of the Peace without further education or qualification and has the full powers of a JP", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20547176", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace court\"\nin the same way as any other criminal court. Justices acting personally can have a role in signing duties, for example in granting search warrants and emergency child protection orders. The individuals who sit in a justice of the peace court are known as justices of the peace, justices or JPs. Generally they are not legally qualified. A legally qualified person can become a justice of the peace, but cannot act in any proceedings in a justice of the peace court within their own sheriffdom. Justices are appointed for a five-year renewable term by the justices of the peace advisory", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2578069", "chunk_text": "\"Justices of the Peace Act 1361\"\nand bridges, and regulating weights and measures used by traders. Many of the duties of Justice of the Peace, due to the development of local administration, were transferred to local government authorities. In 2018, about 21,500 volunteers service as a Justice of the Peace in Magistrates Courts. Typically, they deal with low level offences and crimes, and deal with 95% of criminal case taken to court. The maximum sentence a Magistrates Court can impose is 6 months imprisonment, and an unlimited fine. A Magistrates court is the starting point for the majority of the most serious types of crime that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759369", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nrequired to be lawyers. In Arkansas, a justice of the peace is an elected official equivalent to a county commissioner or county supervisor in some other states. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, composed of 9, 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget, creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759383", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nabatement. They can perform civil marriages, administer oaths and have all the powers of a notary public. In many states, the office of justice of the peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the magistrate court. In larger cities, cases may be heard in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of justice of the peace have been led by the American Bar Association, which views non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are now far more persons with formal legal education than in the past", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759366", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\ntraffic violations, and other petty criminal infractions. The justice of the peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts, landlord and tenant disputes, or other small claims court proceedings. Proceedings before justices of the peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a justice of the peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered. A justice of the peace also performs civil marriages. A justice of the peace", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697341", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nstature in the community who is authorized to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits as well as certify documents. They may also perform citizenship ceremonies and act as a Visiting Justice in prisons the function of which is to record a prisoner's grievance and decide on its validity. They have certain powers to issue search warrants, and (in conjunction with another justice of the peace) may try minor criminal trials in the district court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings. They are nominated for office by local Members of Parliament and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697334", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nofficers. In the Northwest Territories, justices may hear summary conviction matters, municipal by-laws, and certain criminal matters. However, in more populated provinces justices usually preside over bail hearings and provincial offences courts. When not in a court session, a justice can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. In Ontario, justices perform a wide variety of duties related to criminal and regulatory law, at the federal, provincial and municipal levels. Ontario JP wear a green sash versus red worn by judges. In Quebec, there are two type of justices of the peace, administrative justice of the peace and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19877703", "chunk_text": "\"Magistrate (England and Wales)\"\ndescribe a justice of the peace. The office of justice of the peace has its origins in the 12th century when Richard I appointed 'keepers of the peace' in 1195. The title justice of the peace derives from 1361, in the reign of Edward III. An Act of 1327 had referred to \"\"good and lawful men\"\" to be appointed in every county in the land to \"\"guard the Peace\"\". Justices of the peace still retain (and occasionally use) the power confirmed to them by the Justices of the Peace Act 1361 to bind over unruly persons \"\"to be of good", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759371", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\noath-giving powers as a notary public. In Minnesota, the office of the Justice of the Peace was abolished in 1977 (Minn. Stat. 487.35). It has not existed for 40-plus years although some people who offer private wedding officiant services erroneously claim to be Justices of the Peace, this term may not properly be used inasmuch as the office has been abolished. Under Minnesota law, however, judges, retired judges, court administrators, retired court administrators,and other public officials designated in statute may officiate or solemnize marriage ceremonies in addition to licensed or ordained ministers of any religious denomination who have filed their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2500153", "chunk_text": "\"Peace (law)\"\nthe Queen's peace was much more important. Knights of the Peace were appointed in each shire, and it was their duty to maintain the Queen's peace. These Knights of the Peace later became known as \"\"Justices of the Peace\"\", or \"\"JPs\"\", and subsequently as magistrates. In the United Kingdom, paid magistrates are now called \"\"District Judges\"\", and are drawn from the ranks of local solicitors and barristers. Unpaid magistrates are volunteers from the communitythe requirements are that they must be of good character and local residence. In the United States, arrest warrants and charging documents, such as indictments, are often", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759355", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nan unlimited fine. They are advised on points of law and procedure by a legally qualified justices' clerk and their assistants. No formal qualifications are required but magistrates need intelligence, common sense, integrity and the capacity to act fairly. Membership is widely spread throughout the local area and drawn from all walks of life following a rigorous selection process. All magistrates are carefully trained before sitting and continue to receive training throughout their service. Magistrates are unpaid volunteers but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses and subsistence. Lay justices or magistrates must sit for a minimum of 26", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759350", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nby publishing a list in the Gazette and appointee taking oaths before a high court, district court judge or magistrate with registrar of the supreme court recording it. There are four types of appointments of Justice of the Peace; Senior Attorney at laws are appointed as Justice of the Peace and Unofficial magistrates to preside in the absence of a sitting Magistrate.. Any citizen of Sri Lanka can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a justice of the peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697333", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nthe administration of justice at the provincial level. Justices are generally appointed by the lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces, and by the commissioners of Canada's territories, on the advice of their relevant premier or Attorney General. Canada made the first appointment in the then British Empire of a woman as a magistrate, namely Emily Murphy, who was sworn in as a police magistrate in the Women's Court of the City of Edmonton (Alberta) on 19 June 1916. In British Columbia, pursuant to the \"\"Provincial Court Act\"\", all judges are justices of the peace, and hence all of them are peace", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697329", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nSearch the JP Public Register. The register lists all JPs for each postcode area and provides a telephone contact number for JPs who serve the community directly. 2. Check a public listing of scheduled JP services to find when JPs are available at scheduled times and locations across the state. In South Australia, there are two types of justices: justice of the peace and special justices. A justice of the peace (JP) in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations, affidavits, waiver rights, search warrants, drug warrants,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759373", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\ncases but are not justice courts. The official title for judges in Justice Courts is Justice, the same as in New York Supreme Court. However, in common usage, most people, including lawyers, call them Judge. Justices in Justice Court do not have to be lawyers. The vast majority are not. Many of these courts are in small towns and villages where none of the residents are lawyers. In the larger towns, the justices are almost always lawyers. While Justices and their court clerks receive training from OCA, there is tremendous variability in how cases are handled. This includes court procedures", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697328", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\noriginal document is a true copy. JPs are appointed by the Governor of New South Wales for five-year terms. They are volunteers, who come from all walks of life and all sections of the community. JPs are people who are trusted to be honest, careful and impartial when performing the functions of a JP. They must not charge a fee or accept a gift for providing JP services, tell people what to write in a statutory declaration or affidavit or write it for them or give them legal advice. Ways to find a JP in New South Wales include: 1.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759382", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nmatters are heard including the finding of a Dangerous Dog, Occupational Drivers License and tow hearings. Many writs are issued such as writs of re-entry to apartments, possession of realty and to reinstate utilities a landlord may have turned off. A JP has contempt power of $100 and up to 3 days in jail per occurrence. A JP is also authorized to perform marriage ceremonies. Justices in Vermont are elected officials. They are elected by their towns but they are technically county officers. They also serve as election and poll officials, and on the boards of civil authority and tax", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2578068", "chunk_text": "\"Justices of the Peace Act 1361\"\nwith sureties to be of good behaviour towards The Crown and people of the realm, and set fines, specifying the fine should be 'reasonable and just' according to the circumstances of the offence. The role of Justice of the Peace, now often known as Magistrates, originates from the Justices of the Peace Act 1361. The powers and responsibilities of them have altered over their long history. A Justice of the Peace held powerful sentencing powers such as hanging, whipping and penal transportation. Justices' of the Peace gained an array of duties such as dealing with local infrastructure such as roads", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759353", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nthe Chairman of the Village Council an \"\"ex officio\"\" justices of the peace for that village area. In 2014, for the first time, Justices of the Peace were authorized in Tonga. JPs are appointed by the Crown, but the Lord Chief Justice regulates their duties and defines their powers. The first JPs were warranted with duties including granting bail; issuing search warrants and subpoenas; taking affidavits, declarations and oaths; and having the power to witness documents. Term of office is one year and officials can be reappointed. The initial 19 JPs appointed were: ‘Aisea Ta’ofi and Sione Hinakau of Niuatoputapu;", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697327", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nbut they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits. Candidates must successfully complete a three-day training course run by the Department of Justice. Bail justices, who are also volunteers, also have some limited powers under federal legislation, including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police. Bail Justices may use the post-nominals BJ after their names. The most common functions performed by a justice of the peace in New South Wales are to witness the signing of a statutory declaration, witness the signing of an affidavit and certify that a copy of an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17393487", "chunk_text": "\"Justices' clerk\"\nJustices' clerk A justices' clerk or clerk to the justices is an official of the magistrates' court in England and Wales whose primary role is to provide legal advice to justices of the peace (also known as magistrates). The office of justices’ clerk (or clerk to the justices) is historically linked with the development of the office of justice of the peace in England and Wales from the 12th century. The Justices of the Peace Act of 1361 provided, amongst other things, \"\"That in every county of England shall be assigned for the keeping of the peace, one lord and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697330", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\ndivorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of power of attorney and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory. A Special Justice (SJ) is a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia; they sit on the bench of the magistrates' court hearing cases in the petty sessions division. The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace. The majority of metropolitan and many regional Councils (Local Government authorities) have a rotational justice of the peace in residence", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759368", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nof the Justice Court, are elected in partisan elections for four-year terms from specific districts called precincts. They have the same authority and responsibility as all other judges in the state with respect to performing marriages, administrating oaths, adhering to the code of judicial conduct, and all aspects of justice administration. However, Arizona law does not require justices of the peace to be lawyers. Many justices of the peace are not legally trained, although all are required by the Arizona Supreme Court to complete a course at the Arizona Judicial College. As with JPs, municipal judges in Arizona are not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759367", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nhas the same jurisdiction as a municipal magistrate with respect to traffic and misdemeanor cases and restraining orders, though over cases whose affairs are not contained within the confines of a single municipality. Additionally, the Justice Court hears cases involving county ordinances (ordinances enacted by the board of supervisors that apply only to unincorporated areas), civil lawsuits up to a limit of $10,000, small claims cases up to $2,500, and issues evictions, called writs of restitution (after a forcible detainer or special detainer action (eviction) being successfully completed by a landlord). Justices of the peace, also called JPs, or Judges", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697342", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nappointed by the Governor General. Appointment is for life and a JP must take the Oath of Allegiance and the Judicial Oath. Sections 22, 22-A and 22-B of the Code of Criminal Procedure Code, 1898 provide for the appointment of justices of the peace by the provincial governments, their powers and duties respectively. However, seldom are justices of the peace appointed in Pakistan outside the judiciary. Session and additional session judges act as ex-officio justices of the peace as per Section 25 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898. An Ex-officio Justice of the Peace may issue appropriate directions to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697319", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nrural outlying regions than could contemporary absolute monarchies such as France – a paradox due especially to JPs belonging to the same social class as the Members of Parliament and thus having a direct interest in getting laws actually enforced and implemented on the ground. Being an unpaid office, undertaken voluntarily and sometimes more for the sake of renown or to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the gentry. The justices of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. Towns and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9075532", "chunk_text": "\"Judiciary of Scotland\"\na sheriff sitting in summary proceedings. To be eligible for appointment as a summary sheriff a person must be legally qualified as either an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years. The office of summary sheriff was established by the Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014. The justices of the peace primary role is to preside over summary criminal trials for driving offences (including careless driving, speeding, tachograph offences, and driving without a license), less serious assaults, breach of the peace, theft and other less serious common law offences. The maximum sentencing power of a justice of the peace is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "571588", "chunk_text": "\"Peace Commissioner\"\nPeace Commissioner A Peace Commissioner is an honorary position in Ireland with special powers and whose role is to primarily taking statutory declarations, and witnessing signatures on documents required by various authorities. Peace Commissioners have the power to issue summons and warrants and to sign certificates and orders under various Acts of the Oireachtas. The Courts of Justice Act 1924 gives Peace Commissioners the power to issue summons and warrants. The title, first proposed as \"\"Parish Commissioner\"\", replaced Justice of the Peace, which according to Dail Debates at the time of the Bill's discussion was considered 'Too British Sounding'. Peace", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697340", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nto become a JP. Any club/organisation/citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community. JPs are chosen under the Governor-General's discretion. In Malaysia, justices of the peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint justices of the peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts. A Justice of the Peace in New Zealand is someone of good", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17371618", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace court\"\nJustice of the peace court A justice of the peace court is the least authoritative type of criminal court in Scotland. The court operates under summary procedure and deals primarily with less serious criminal offences. The commission of the peace was originally instituted in Scotland in the 16th century. Initially, justices were given the task of administering the county within which they resided until this work passed to the county councils with their establishment in 1888. Justices of the peace were then left with jurisdiction in the licensing board and minor criminal cases. District courts were introduced in 1975 as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3950613", "chunk_text": "\"Justice and public safety practitioner\"\nlaw enforcement, prosecutors/district attorneys, the courts, jail and correctional institutions, supervised custody organizations and the technology organizations that support these agencies. Justice and public safety practitioner A justice and public safety practitioner is an American public service job role. The practitioner is a local, state, tribal or federal government employee who devotes his or her time to the practice of providing, administering or promoting justice and public safety services according to the laws, policies and practices of the government entity they serve. They are mindful of national standards and codes of conduct and often are members of state or national", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697322", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nof JPs are women. In special circumstances, a justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact 'gubernatorial', in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concessions Land, a gold-mining concession (territory) in the Matabele kingdom, until its annexation by the British Bechuanaland protectorate. A justice of the peace in Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits and to certify copies of original documents. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state. In the state of Queensland, a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6697355", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nif parish authorities refused to provide any. It was relatively common for these magistrates to write out, on the spot, an order requiring aid to be granted. Within the Scottish legal system justices of the peace are lay magistrates who currently sit in the justice of the peace courts. These courts were introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the district courts (established in 1975), which in turn replaced burgh police courts. Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court. They handle many cases of breaches of the peace — drunkenness,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759347", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nthe police authorities concerned on a complaint regarding- (i) non-registration of a criminal case; (ii) transfer of investigation from one police officer to another; and (iii) neglect, failure or excess committed by a police authority in relation to its functions and duties. Such functions being quasi-judicial in nature could not be termed as executive, administrative or ministerial.(PLD 2016 Supreme Court 581) It is pertinent to note however, as many academics have pointed out, that there is great utility in the appointment of such justices especially in rural areas where enmity between rival groups can lead to the inability of registration", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759348", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\nof cognizable offences and biased judicial proceedings. A justice of the peace in Singapore derives his powers from statute law. He is appointed by the President of the Republic of Singapore, under the provisions of section 11(l) of the Subordinate Courts Act (Cap.321). The President may revoke the appointment of any justice of the peace. A newly appointed justice of the peace is required by section 17 of the Subordinate Courts Act, to take the oath of office and allegiance as set out in the schedule to the Subordinate Courts Act, before exercising the functions of his office. In their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20759372", "chunk_text": "\"Justice of the peace\"\ncredentials with a county registrar (Minn, Stat. 517.04). Justice courts are courts in New York State that handle traffic tickets, criminal matters, small claims and local code violations such as zoning. Though justice courts constitutionally are part of the New York State Unified Court System, state law generally makes justice courts independent of New York's Office of Court Administration (OCA) and instead makes Justice Courts the responsibility of their sponsoring localities. Town justice courts are often called Town Court, and village justice courts are often called Village Court. City courts in New York State handle mostly the same types of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3950612", "chunk_text": "\"Justice and public safety practitioner\"\nJustice and public safety practitioner A justice and public safety practitioner is an American public service job role. The practitioner is a local, state, tribal or federal government employee who devotes his or her time to the practice of providing, administering or promoting justice and public safety services according to the laws, policies and practices of the government entity they serve. They are mindful of national standards and codes of conduct and often are members of state or national organizations that seek to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and quality of their profession. Practitioners historically are employed by agencies such as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12298747", "chunk_text": "\"Magistrates' court (England and Wales)\"\ntrained magistrates in family proceedings courts within magistrates' courts. Modern magistrates’ courts are based on a centuries-old office of \"\"magistrate\"\", or \"\"Justice of the Peace\"\", named so for their responsibility for guarding the sovereign's peace. Today, terminological distinction is made between \"\"magistrates\"\", who handle most cases and magistrates' courts’ \"\"district judges\"\" (professional lawyers). In magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings courts), less complex cases are judged by magistrates or \"\"lay judges\"\". (Previously the term \"\"lay magistrates\"\" has been used to distinguish them from \"\"professional magistrates\"\", now \"\"district judges\"\".) They are chosen from local citizens of good character (not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_92	who won the oscar for best picture in 1976?	n/a	[ "Rocky" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12102468", "chunk_text": "\"48th Academy Awards\"\nin 2012 for \"\"Beginners\"\" at the age of 82. \"\"Jaws\"\" was followed 25 years later by \"\"Traffic\"\" for a film that won all its nominations except Best Picture. \"\"Jaws\"\" is one of the few films to be nominated for Best Picture but not for directing, acting, or writing. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. 48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented Monday, March 29, 1976,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16487173", "chunk_text": "\"88th Academy Awards\"\nOscars, \"\"Spotlight\"\" was the first film since 1952's \"\"The Greatest Show on Earth\"\" to win Best Picture with only one other award. Alejandro G. Iñárritu became the third individual to win two consecutive Oscars for Best Director. By virtue of his previous nomination for his portrayal of the titular character in 1976's \"\"Rocky\"\", Best Supporting Actor nominee Sylvester Stallone was the sixth person to be nominated for playing the same role in two different films. At the age of 87, Ennio Morricone was believed to be the oldest competitive winner in Oscar history. Having previously won for \"\"Gravity\"\" and \"\"Birdman\"\",", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4923054", "chunk_text": "\"49th Academy Awards\"\nonly five minutes and two seconds of screen-time in \"\"Network\"\". \"\"Network\"\", along with \"\"All the President's Men,\"\" were the two biggest champs of the ceremony with four Oscars each, but Best Picture and Best Director ultimately went to \"\"Rocky\"\". Piper Laurie was nominated for Best Supporting Actress for \"\"Carrie\"\" (1976), her first role since her Best Actress-nominated performance in \"\"The Hustler\"\" (1961), thus being nominated for two consecutive roles, fifteen years apart. \"\"Network\"\" became the second film (after \"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\"\") to win three acting Oscars, and the last, as of the 90th Academy Awards, to receive five acting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16321248", "chunk_text": "\"64th Academy Awards\"\n\"\"Big Five\"\" major categories for picture, directing, lead acting performances, and screenwriting. The other two films to achieve this feat were 1934's \"\"It Happened One Night\"\" and 1975's \"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\"\". \"\"Beauty and the Beast\"\" became the first animated film to be nominated for Best Picture. Best Actress winner Jodie Foster became the eleventh person to win the aforementioned category twice and at the age of 28, became only the second person after Luise Rainer to win two Academy Awards before the age of 30. \"\"Boyz n the Hood\"\"'s John Singleton became the first African-American to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12102465", "chunk_text": "\"48th Academy Awards\"\n48th Academy Awards The 48th Academy Awards were presented Monday, March 29, 1976, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Walter Matthau, Robert Shaw, George Segal, Goldie Hawn and Gene Kelly. This year, ABC took over broadcast rights from NBC and continues to broadcast them today. The recent previous editions had been held on Tuesday night. (NBC's coverage of the NCAA championship basketball game aired opposite the ceremony; during the presentation of the Best Film Editing award, the winner was jokingly announced (by presenter Elliott Gould) as \"\"Indiana, 86–68\"\"; the undefeated Indiana", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13534035", "chunk_text": "\"12th Academy Awards\"\nof Oz\"\"; \"\"The Rains Came\"\"; \"\"The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex\"\"; \"\"Ninotchka\"\"; \"\"Of Mice and Men\"\"; and \"\"Dark Victory\"\". This was the first year in which an Academy Award (also known as an Oscar) was awarded in the category of special effects. (Previously, however, \"\"special achievement\"\" awards for effects had occasionally been conferred.) This was also the first time that two awards for cinematography were presented (one for a color film and another for a black-and-white film). Hattie McDaniel became the first African-American to receive an Academy Award, winning in the Best Supporting Actress category for \"\"Gone with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15435611", "chunk_text": "\"24th Academy Awards\"\n24th Academy Awards The 24th Academy Awards honored the best in film in 1951, as recognized by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Best Picture was awarded to \"\"An American in Paris\"\", which, like \"\"A Place in the Sun\"\", received six Academy Awards. \"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\"\" won four Oscars, including three of the acting awards. The film's only unsuccessful acting nomination was that of Marlon Brando, whose performance as Stanley Kowalski was later considered one of the most influential of modern film acting. Humphrey Bogart was the last man born in the 19th century to win", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12102619", "chunk_text": "\"47th Academy Awards\"\n47th Academy Awards The 47th Academy Awards were presented Tuesday, April 8, 1975, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope, Shirley MacLaine, Sammy Davis Jr., and Frank Sinatra. This was the last year NBC aired the ceremonies before ABC secured broadcasting rights, which they still hold to this day. The success of \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\" was notable; it received twice as many Oscars as its predecessor (six) and duplicated its feat of three Best Supporting Actor nominations (as of the 90th Academy Awards, the last film to receive three", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1420579", "chunk_text": "\"76th Academy Awards\"\nEleven Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara\"\", \"\"Harvie Krumpet\"\", \"\"Lost in Translation\"\", \"\"Monster\"\" and \"\"Two Soldiers\"\" with one. The telecast garnered nearly 44 million viewers in North America the United States, making it the most-watched telecast in four years. The nominees for the 76th Academy Awards were announced on January 27, 2004, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Frank Pierson, president of the Academy, and the actress Sigourney Weaver. \"\"\"\" received the most nominations with eleven; \"\"\"\" came in second with ten. The winners were announced during the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16508456", "chunk_text": "\"76th Academy Awards\"\nawards ceremony on February 29, 2004. With eleven awards, \"\"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King\"\" tied with \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" and \"\"Titanic\"\" as the most awarded films in Oscar history. Moreover, its clean sweep of its eleven nominations surpassed \"\"Gigi\"\" and \"\"The Last Emperor\"\"'s nine awards for the largest sweep for a single film in Oscar history. The film was also the tenth film to win Best Picture without any acting nominations. Best Director nominee Sofia Coppola became the first American woman and third woman overall to be nominated in that category. By virtue of her father, Francis", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2115507", "chunk_text": "\"Academy Award for Best Picture\"\nBest Picture: \"\"The Exorcist\"\" (1973), \"\"Jaws\"\" (1975), \"\"The Sixth Sense\"\" (1999), \"\"Black Swan\"\" (2010), and \"\"Get Out\"\" (2017). No documentary has yet been nominated for Best Picture, although \"\"Chang\"\" was nominated in the \"\"Unique and Artistic Production\"\" category at the 1927/28 awards. In 2017, at the 89th Academy Awards, presenters Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty read \"\"La La Land\"\" as the winner of the award. However, they had mistakenly been given the envelope for the \"\"Best Actress in a Leading Role\"\" award, which Emma Stone had won for her role in \"\"La La Land\"\" moments prior. When the mistake was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10267931", "chunk_text": "\"75th Academy Awards\"\n2001. Three weeks earlier in a ceremony at Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California held on March 1, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Kate Hudson. \"\"Chicago\"\" won six awards including Best Picture. Other winners included \"\"The Pianist\"\" with three awards, \"\"Frida\"\" and \"\"\"\" with two, and \"\"Adaptation\"\", \"\"Bowling for Columbine\"\", \"\"The ChubbChubbs!\"\", \"\"8 Mile\"\", \"\"The Hours\"\", \"\"Nowhere in Africa\"\", \"\"Road to Perdition\"\", \"\"Spirited Away\"\", \"\"Talk to Her\"\", \"\"This Charming Man\"\", and \"\"Twin Towers\"\" with one. The telecast garnered about 33 million viewers in the United States, making it the least watched and lowest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19894414", "chunk_text": "\"82nd Academy Awards\"\nten Best Picture nominees instead of five, a practice that was discontinued after the 16th ceremony in 1944. On February 20, 2010, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Elizabeth Banks. \"\"The Hurt Locker\"\" won six awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Kathryn Bigelow, the first woman to win an Academy Award for Best Director. Other winners were \"\"Avatar\"\" with three awards, \"\"Crazy Heart\"\", \"\"Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire\"\", and \"\"Up\"\", with two awards, and \"\"The Cove\"\", \"\"Inglourious Basterds\"\", \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8807606", "chunk_text": "\"18th Academy Awards\"\n18th Academy Awards The 18th Academy Awards was the first such ceremony after World War II. As a result, the ceremony featured more glamour than had been present during the war. Plaster statuettes that had been given out during the war years were replaced with bronze statuettes with gold plating. Despite this, director Billy Wilder's grim and socially significant drama \"\"The Lost Weekend\"\" took the top honors. It became the first film to win both the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Palme d'Or. Joan Crawford was absent, claiming she had pneumonia (although it was said it was because", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13975471", "chunk_text": "\"78th Academy Awards\"\nceremony on March 5, 2006. Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. \"\"Crash\"\" was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's \"\"Rocky\"\" to win only three Oscars. Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category. For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees. Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films. By virtue of his", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13534034", "chunk_text": "\"12th Academy Awards\"\n12th Academy Awards The 12th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best in film for 1939. The ceremony was held on February 29, 1940, at a banquet in the Coconut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. It was hosted by Bob Hope (in his first of nineteen turns as host). David O. Selznick's production \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" received the most nominations of the year with thirteen. Other films receiving multiple nominations included: \"\"Mr. Smith Goes to Washington\"\"; \"\"Wuthering Heights\"\"; \"\"Goodbye, Mr. Chips\"\"; \"\"Stagecoach\"\"; \"\"Love Affair\"\"; \"\"The Wizard", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13905951", "chunk_text": "\"24th Academy Awards\"\na leading role Oscar. \"\"An American in Paris\"\" became the second color film to win Best Picture, after 1939's \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\". Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 24th Academy Awards The 24th Academy Awards honored the best in film in 1951, as recognized by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Best Picture was awarded to \"\"An American in Paris\"\", which, like \"\"A Place in the Sun\"\", received six Academy Awards. \"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\"\" won four Oscars, including three of the acting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5161673", "chunk_text": "\"Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay\"\ncategories. Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh are the only married couple to win, for \"\"\"\". Geoffrey S. Fletcher (for \"\"Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire\"\"), John Ridley (for \"\"12 Years a Slave\"\"), and Barry Jenkins and Tarell Alvin McCraney (both for \"\"Moonlight\"\") are the only African-Americans to win in this category; Fletcher is also the first African-American to win in any writing category. Billy Wilder, Charles Brackett, Paddy Chayefsky, Francis Ford Coppola, Horton Foote, William Goldman, Robert Benton, Bo Goldman, and the Coen brothers have won Oscars for both original and adapted screenplays. James Ivory is the oldest", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9313378", "chunk_text": "\"6th Academy Awards\"\njoin the two Franks on stage. This was the last time that the Oscars' eligibility period was spread over two different calendar years, creating the longest time frame for which films could be nominated: the seventeen months from August 1, 1932, to December 31, 1933. This was the last time that no film had more than four nominations. \"\"Cavalcade\"\" became the fourth film to win Best Picture without a writing nomination, and the last until \"\"Hamlet\"\" (1948) at the 21st Academy Awards. Walt Disney became the first person to win consecutive Academy Awards, winning Best Short Subject, Cartoon for \"\"The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2562833", "chunk_text": "\"49th Academy Awards\"\n1976. For the second straight year, the ceremony was scheduled directly opposite the NCAA championship basketball game on NBC, won by Marquette in Al McGuire's final game as head coach. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. 49th Academy Awards The 49th Academy Awards were presented Monday, March 28, 1977, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Richard Pryor, Ellen", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1110788", "chunk_text": "\"The Silence of the Lambs (film)\"\nOne Night\"\" and \"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\"\"), to win Academy Awards in all the top five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the first (and so far only) Best Picture winner widely considered to be a horror film, and only the third such film to be nominated in the category, after \"\"The Exorcist\"\" (1973) and \"\"Jaws\"\" (1975). It is regularly cited by critics, film directors, and audiences alike as one of the greatest and most influential films of all time. In 2018, \"\"Empire\"\" ranked it 48th, on their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8786802", "chunk_text": "\"26th Academy Awards\"\nbase just prior to the Pearl Harbor attack and World War II, illustrating the conflict between an individualistic private (Montgomery Clift) and rigid institutional authority (exemplified by the Army). Its achievement of eight awards matched the then record held by \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" (1939). The record would be tied again the following year by \"\"On the Waterfront\"\" (1954). Walt Disney won four awards, which remains the record for the most Oscars won in the same year. William Holden's speech for Best Actor for his role in \"\"Stalag 17\"\" was simply \"\"Thank You\"\", making it one of the shortest speeches", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14230462", "chunk_text": "\"20th Academy Awards\"\noldest was Charles Coburn, who was 66 at the time of his win. In 1976, George Burns would become the oldest Oscar-winner, at age 80. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. These films had multiple nominations: The following films received multiple awards. 20th Academy Awards No film received more than three awards at the 20th Academy Awards. This would not recur until the 78th Academy Awards. Rosalind Russell was highly favored to win Best Actress her performance in \"\"Mourning Becomes Electra\"\", but Loretta Young won instead for \"\"The Farmer's Daughter\"\". James Baskett received an Academy Honorary Award for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16508473", "chunk_text": "\"76th Academy Awards\"\n\"\"The Thief of Bagdad\"\", composed by Miklós Rózsa (\"\"Ben-Hur\"\", \"\"Spellbound\"\", \"\"Quo Vadis\"\", \"\"King of Kings\"\", \"\"El Cid\"\"). A separate tribute to comedian, actor, and veteran Oscar host Bob Hope was presented by Tom Hanks. Later, actress Julia Roberts presented one to actress Katharine Hepburn. 76th Academy Awards The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16321247", "chunk_text": "\"64th Academy Awards\"\nthe 64th Academy Awards were announced on February 19, 1992, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Kathleen Turner. \"\"Bugsy\"\" led all nominees with ten nominations; \"\"JFK\"\" came in second with eight. The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 30, 1992. \"\"The Silence of the Lambs\"\" became the first horror film to win Best Picture and the first film to be released on home video prior to winning that award. Moreover, it was the third film to win the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19438247", "chunk_text": "\"70th Academy Awards\"\n1998. With eleven awards, \"\"Titanic\"\" tied with \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" for the most Academy Awards in Oscar history. It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenwriting nomination since 1965's \"\"The Sound of Music\"\". Best Actress winner Helen Hunt became the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series; Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. Both won for their roles in \"\"As Good as It Gets\"\", making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards. Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "839198", "chunk_text": "\"74th Academy Awards\"\nfor \"\"A Beautiful Mind\"\", DreamWorks became the second film studio to release three consecutive Best Picture winners; the studio had previously released \"\"American Beauty\"\" and \"\"Gladiator\"\". Denzel Washington was the second African-American to win Academy Award for Best Actor, following Sidney Poitier for 1963's \"\"Lilies of the Field\"\". Halle Berry became the first African-American to win Academy Award for Best Actress. Nominated for their performances as the title character in \"\"Iris\"\", Best Actress nominee Judi Dench, and Best Supporting Actress nominee Kate Winslet became the second pair of actresses nominated for portraying the same character in the same film. Winners", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15126325", "chunk_text": "\"The Dark Knight (film)\"\nVisual Effects, Best Makeup, and Best Film Editing. Heath Ledger was the first posthumous winner of the Best Supporting Actor award, and only the second posthumous acting winner ever (Peter Finch posthumously won the Best Actor award for his performance in the 1976 film \"\"Network\"\"). In addition, Ledger's win marked the first win in any of the major Oscar categories (producing, directing, acting, or writing) for a superhero-based film. Notably, Richard King's win in the Sound Editing category blocked a complete awards sweep of the evening by the eventual Best Picture winner, \"\"Slumdog Millionaire\"\". Although it did not receive a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4182093", "chunk_text": "\"1970s in film\"\nthe world, becoming the highest-grossing film of all time. It won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Screenplay. Its director Francis Ford Coppola was passed over in favor of Bob Fosse and his musical, \"\"Cabaret\"\", which also earned an Oscar for its star, Liza Minnelli. \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\" followed in 1974, with roughly the same principal cast and crew, earning Oscars for star Robert De Niro, its director, composer, screenwriters and art directors. The film also earned the Best Picture Oscar for that year. Not all of the \"\"street smart\"\" urban related films were 100% live", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4038202", "chunk_text": "\"72nd Academy Awards\"\n26, 2000. Sam Mendes was the sixth person to win Best Director for his directorial debut. Best Actor winner Kevin Spacey became the tenth performer to win acting Oscars in both lead and supporting categories. By virtue of her father Jon Voight's Best Lead Actor win for 1978's \"\"Coming Home\"\", Best Supporting Actress winner Angelina Jolie and Voight became the second father-daughter Oscar acting winners. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (). The following 17 films received multiple nominations: The following four films received multiple awards: The following individuals presented awards or performed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4182101", "chunk_text": "\"1970s in film\"\nthe most profitable films of its time, ending with a $260 million gross in the United States alone. The film won Academy Awards for its skillful editing, chilling score, and sound recording. It was also nominated for Best Picture that year, though it lost to Miloš Forman's \"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\"\" (which also won acting awards for Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher). It spawned the successful sequel, \"\"Jaws 2\"\" in 1978, which featured the same cast, but without Steven Spielberg. Another tailor-made blockbuster, Dino De Laurentiis' \"\"King Kong\"\" was released, but to less than stellar success. \"\"King Kong\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16508454", "chunk_text": "\"76th Academy Awards\"\nheld in 1990 and had last hosted the 72nd ceremony held in 2000. Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Ritz-Carlton Huntington Hotel & Spa in Pasadena, California held on February 14, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jennifer Garner. \"\"\"\" won all eleven awards it was nominated for, tying the Academy Awards record for most awards won (alongside \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" and \"\"Titanic\"\"), including Best Director for Peter Jackson and Best Picture. Other winners included \"\"\"\" and \"\"Mystic River\"\" with two awards and \"\"The Barbarian Invasions\"\", \"\"Chernobyl Heart\"\", \"\"Cold Mountain\"\", \"\"Finding Nemo\"\", \"\"The Fog of War:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15424408", "chunk_text": "\"7th Academy Awards\"\nto be named Best Picture, and the first to win two acting Oscars. For the first time, the Academy standardized the practice – still in effect – that the award eligibility period for a film would be the preceding calendar year. This was also the first of only two years in which write-in candidates were allowed by the Academy as a tacit response to the controversy surrounding the snub of Bette Davis' performance in \"\"Of Human Bondage\"\". The categories of Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Original Song were first introduced this year. This was the last time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12102621", "chunk_text": "\"47th Academy Awards\"\nreceived multiple awards. The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. 47th Academy Awards The 47th Academy Awards were presented Tuesday, April 8, 1975, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Bob Hope, Shirley MacLaine, Sammy Davis Jr., and Frank Sinatra. This was the last year NBC aired the ceremonies before ABC secured broadcasting rights, which they still hold to this day. The success of \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\" was notable; it received twice as many Oscars as its predecessor (six) and duplicated its feat of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5841518", "chunk_text": "\"84th Academy Awards\"\n2012. While many confuse \"\"The Artist\"\" as a silent feature, it is actually a sound picture with an accompanying soundtrack. The 1927 film \"\"Wings\"\" is still the only silent film to win Best Picture, an honor received at the inaugural awards ceremony in 1929. Moreover, it was also the first black-and-white feature to win Best Picture since 1993's \"\"Schindler's List\"\". Best Actor winner Jean Dujardin became the first French actor to win an Oscar. With her latest win for Best Actress, Meryl Streep became the fifth performer to win at least three acting Oscars. At age 82, Best Supporting Actor", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16321246", "chunk_text": "\"64th Academy Awards\"\nfor the third consecutive year. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 7, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Tom Hanks. \"\"The Silence of the Lambs\"\" won five awards including Best Picture. Other winners included \"\"\"\" with four awards, \"\"Beauty and the Beast\"\", \"\"Bugsy\"\", and \"\"JFK\"\" with two, and \"\"City Slickers\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"The Fisher King\"\", \"\"In the Shadow of the Stars\"\", \"\"Manipulation\"\", \"\"Mediterraneo\"\", \"\"Session Man\"\", and \"\"Thelma & Louise\"\" with one. The telecast garnered more than 44 million viewers in the United States. The nominees for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "99596", "chunk_text": "\"Gone with the Wind (film)\"\nthe film after Vivien Leigh, with Flinn placing it third after Leigh's and Gable's performances. At the 12th Academy Awards, \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" set a record for Academy Award wins and nominations, winning in eight of the competitive categories it was nominated in, from a total of thirteen nominations. It won for Best Picture, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Editing, and received two further honorary awards for its use of equipment and color (it also became the first color film to win Best Picture). Its record of eight", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16052348", "chunk_text": "1970s\nZeppelin was the most successful musical act of the 1970s, having sold more than 300 million records since 1969. Oscar winners of the decade were \"\"Patton\"\" (1970), \"\"The French Connection\"\" (1971), \"\"The Godfather\"\" (1972), \"\"The Sting\"\" (1973), \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\" (1974), \"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\"\" (1975), \"\"Rocky\"\" (1976), \"\"Annie Hall\"\" (1977), \"\"The Deer Hunter\"\" (1978), and \"\"Kramer vs. Kramer\"\" (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): \"\"Star Wars\"\", \"\"Jaws\"\", \"\"Grease\"\", \"\"The Exorcist\"\", \"\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\"\", \"\"Superman\"\", \"\"The Godfather\"\", \"\"Saturday Night Fever\"\", \"\"Rocky\"\", and \"\"Jaws", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12102707", "chunk_text": "\"46th Academy Awards\"\n46th Academy Awards The 46th Academy Awards were presented on Tuesday, April 2, 1974, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Burt Reynolds, Diana Ross, John Huston, and David Niven. \"\"The Sting\"\" won 7 awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for George Roy Hill. \"\"The Exorcist\"\" and \"\"The Way We Were\"\" were the only other films to win multiple awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (). The 46th Academy Awards ceremony is perhaps best remembered as the ceremony in which a streaker named", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6764262", "chunk_text": "\"United Artists\"\nDanjaq and UA remained the public co-copyright holders for the Bond series, and the 2006 \"\"Casino Royale\"\" remake shares the copyright with Columbia Pictures. UA released \"\"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\"\" in 1975 a film which won the Best Picture Academy Award and earned $56 million. UA followed with the next two years' Best Picture Oscar winners, \"\"Rocky\"\" and \"\"Annie Hall\"\". However, Transamerica was not pleased with UA's releases such as \"\"Midnight Cowboy\"\" and \"\"Last Tango in Paris\"\" that were rated X by the Motion Picture Association of America. In these instances, Transamerica demanded the byline \"\"A Transamerica Company\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4923053", "chunk_text": "\"49th Academy Awards\"\n49th Academy Awards The 49th Academy Awards were presented Monday, March 28, 1977, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. The ceremonies were presided over by Richard Pryor, Ellen Burstyn, Jane Fonda, and Warren Beatty. This Academy Awards ceremony is notable for Peter Finch becoming the first posthumous winner of an Oscar for acting, a feat matched only by fellow Australian Heath Ledger 32 years later; Finch had suffered a fatal heart attack in mid-January. Beatrice Straight set another record by becoming the actor with the shortest performance ever in a film to win an acting Oscar, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8529527", "chunk_text": "\"Pandro S. Berman\"\nexecutive shake-ups at MGM and remained there until 1963, then went into independent production, closing out his career with the unsuccessful \"\"Move\"\" (1970). Berman was the winner of the 1976 Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Six of his films were nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture: \"\"The Gay Divorcee\"\" (1934), \"\"Alice Adams\"\" and \"\"Top Hat\"\" (both 1935), \"\"Stage Door\"\" (1937), \"\"Father of the Bride\"\" (1950), and \"\"Ivanhoe\"\" (1952). Berman died of congestive heart failure on July 13, 1996 in his Beverly Hills home, aged 91. He was buried at the Hillside Memorial Park, Culver City, California. Pandro S. Berman", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "839196", "chunk_text": "\"74th Academy Awards\"\n1999. Three weeks earlier, in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, on March 2, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Charlize Theron. \"\"A Beautiful Mind\"\" won four awards, including Best Picture and Best Director for Ron Howard. Other winners included \"\"\"\" also with four awards, \"\"Black Hawk Down\"\", and \"\"Moulin Rouge!\"\" with two, and \"\"The Accountant\"\", \"\"For the Birds\"\", \"\"Gosford Park\"\", \"\"Iris\"\", \"\"Monster's Ball\"\", \"\"Monsters, Inc.\"\", \"\"Murder on a Sunday Morning\"\", \"\"No Man's Land\"\", \"\"Pearl Harbor\"\", \"\"Shrek\"\", \"\"Thoth\"\", and \"\"Training Day\"\", with one. Despite a record length of four", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18980997", "chunk_text": "\"Network (1976 film)\"\nand with Tatiana Maslany as Diana and Tony Goldwyn as Max Schumacher. \"\"Network\"\" won three of the four acting awards. Only one other film, \"\"A Streetcar Named Desire\"\" in 1951, has won in three acting categories. Finch died before the 1977 ceremony and was the only performer to win a posthumous Academy Award until Heath Ledger won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar in 2009. The statuette itself was collected by Finch's widow, Eletha Finch. Straight's performance as Louise Schumacher occupied only five minutes and two seconds of screen time, making it the shortest performance to win an Oscar (as of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13452861", "chunk_text": "\"32nd Academy Awards\"\n32nd Academy Awards The 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, was held on April 4, 1960 and took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre to honor the best films of 1959. The epic drama \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" won 11 Oscars, breaking the record of nine set the year before by \"\"Gigi\"\". \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" remained the most honored motion picture in Academy Award history until \"\"Titanic\"\" equaled the feat in 1997, followed by \"\"\"\" in 2003. \"\"Ben-Hur\"\" was the third film to win both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor, a feat not repeated until \"\"Mystic River\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1795795", "chunk_text": "\"56th Academy Awards\"\n56th Academy Awards The 56th Academy Awards were presented April 9, 1984, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. The ceremonies were presided over by Johnny Carson. The Best Supporting Actress winner this year was unique. 4’9” Linda Hunt won the award for her role as Billy Kwan a male Chinese-Australian photographer in Peter Weir's \"\"The Year of Living Dangerously\"\", making her the first actor to win an Oscar for playing a character of the opposite sex. Gordon Willis, a respected cinematographer most famous for his un-nominated work on \"\"The Godfather\"\", \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\", and Woody Allen's \"\"Manhattan\"\", received", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11857372", "chunk_text": "\"Francis Ford Coppola\"\nthe third director to have two nominations for Best Picture in the same year. Victor Fleming was the first in 1939 with \"\"Gone with the Wind\"\" and \"\"The Wizard of Oz\"\"; Alfred Hitchcock repeated the feat the next year with \"\"Foreign Correspondent\"\" and \"\"Rebecca\"\". Since Coppola, two other directors have done the same: Herbert Ross in 1977 with \"\"The Goodbye Girl\"\" and \"\"The Turning Point\"\", and Steven Soderbergh in 2000 with \"\"Erin Brockovich\"\" and \"\"Traffic\"\". Coppola, however, is the only one to have produced the pictures. Following the success of \"\"The Godfather\"\", \"\"The Conversation\"\" and \"\"The Godfather Part II\"\", Coppola", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1110681", "chunk_text": "\"Taxi Driver\"\nclouds of steam to the climactic killing scene in which the camera finally looks straight down. Scorsese wanted to look away from Travis's rejection; we almost want to look away from his life. But he's there, all right, and he's suffering. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor (De Niro), and received the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival. It has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. The film was chosen by \"\"Time\"\" as one of the 100 best films of all time. Rotten Tomatoes gives the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17295662", "chunk_text": "\"76th Academy Awards\"\n76th Academy Awards The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2003 and took place on February 29, 2004, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Joe Roth and was directed by Louis J. Horvitz. Actor Billy Crystal hosted for the eighth time. He first presided over the 62nd ceremony", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13657438", "chunk_text": "\"67th Academy Awards\"\nthe Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on March 4, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Jamie Lee Curtis. \"\"Forrest Gump\"\" won six awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included \"\"Ed Wood\"\", \"\"The Lion King\"\", and \"\"Speed\"\" with two awards, and \"\"The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert\"\", \"\"Blue Sky\"\", \"\"Bob's Birthday\"\", \"\"Bullets over Broadway\"\", \"\"Burnt by the Sun\"\", \"\"Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life\"\", \"\"Legends of the Fall\"\", \"\"The Madness of King George\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"Pulp Fiction\"\", \"\"A Time for Justice\"\" and \"\"Trevor\"\" with one. The telecast garnered more than 48 million viewers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_93	who has trained the most melbourne cup winners?	n/a	[ "Bart Cummings" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4719285", "chunk_text": "\"Etienne L. de Mestre\"\nEtienne L. de Mestre Etienne Livingston de Mestre (9 April 1832 – 22 October 1916), was a 19th-century Australian breeder and jockey of Thoroughbred racehorses, was Australia's first outstanding racehorse trainer. In his 30-year career he experienced all the highs and the lows of the turf in a career which ended with him dependent on donations from racing friends. With the five wins de Mestre achieved in the Cup's first 18 years, he held the record for training the most Melbourne Cup winners for nearly 100 years. De Mestre won the first two Melbourne Cups with \"\"Archer\"\" in 1861 and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4719305", "chunk_text": "\"Etienne L. de Mestre\"\nEtienne L. de Mestre Etienne Livingston de Mestre (9 April 1832 – 22 October 1916), was a 19th-century Australian breeder and jockey of Thoroughbred racehorses, was Australia's first outstanding racehorse trainer. In his 30-year career he experienced all the highs and the lows of the turf in a career which ended with him dependent on donations from racing friends. With the five wins de Mestre achieved in the Cup's first 18 years, he held the record for training the most Melbourne Cup winners for nearly 100 years. De Mestre won the first two Melbourne Cups with \"\"Archer\"\" in 1861 and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4842630", "chunk_text": "\"Melbourne Cup\"\nsuccessful trainer in New Zealand, however, at the time women were not allowed to compete as trainers in Australia so her husband's name was officially recorded as the winning trainer. The 2001 edition was won by New Zealand mare Ethereal, trained by Sheila Laxon, the first woman to formally train a Melbourne Cup winner. She also won the Caulfield Cup, a 2,400 metre race also held in Melbourne, and therefore has won the \"\"Cups Double\"\". Maree Lyndon became the first female to ride in the Melbourne Cup, when she partnered Argonaut Style in 1987, in which she ran second last", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16291621", "chunk_text": "\"David Hall (horse trainer)\"\nDavid Hall (horse trainer) David Joseph Hall (born 27 October 1963 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian horse trainer. The son of trainer, Joe Hall, he obtained his trainer's license in 1988 at Morphettville. In 1993, he moved to race in Melbourne where he became famous for training Makybe Diva to the first of her three successive Melbourne Cup victories in 2003. David Hall was granted a trainer license by the Hong Kong Jockey Club in 2004. In 2010/11, he trained 21 winners and by the end of that season had run up an overall Hong Kong total of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4842631", "chunk_text": "\"Melbourne Cup\"\nin the 21 horse field. In 2004, Makybe Diva became the first mare to win two cups, and also the first horse to win with different trainers, after David Hall moved to Hong Kong and transferred her to the Lee Freedman stables. The 2005 Melbourne Cup was held before a crowd of 106,479. Makybe Diva made history by becoming the only horse to win the race three times. Trainer Lee Freedman said after the race, \"\"Go and find the youngest child on the course, because that's the only person here who will have a chance of seeing this happen again", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15199787", "chunk_text": "\"Melbourne Cup\"\nBart Cummings won his fifth Melbourne Cup in 1975. Bart Cummings, regarded as the best Australian horse trainer of all time, went on to win 12 Melbourne Cups to 2008. In 1883, the hardy New Zealand bred, Martini-Henry won the VRC Derby, the Melbourne Cup and on the following Monday retained his undefeated record by winning Mares' Produce Stakes. Phar Lap, the most famous horse in the world of his day, won the 1930 Melbourne Cup at 11/8 odds on, the shortest priced favourite in the history of the race. He had to be hidden away at Geelong before the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6016266", "chunk_text": "\"Bart Cummings\"\nBart Cummings James Bartholomew Cummings (14 November 1927 – 30 August 2015), also known by his initials J. B. Cummings, was one of the most successful Australian racehorse trainers. He was known as the Cups King, referring to the Melbourne Cup, as he won 'the race that stops a nation' a record twelve times. During his lifetime Cummings was considered an Australian cultural icon and an Australian National Living Treasure. As a racing icon he was generally considered in the 20th century, equivalent as what Etienne L. de Mestre had been in the 19th century. Cummings was born in 1927,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20087222", "chunk_text": "\"Thoroughbred racing in Australia\"\nTommy Smith who had won 30 successive Sydney Trainers’ Premierships prior to his death. Other successful trainers include Jack Denham, Lee Freedman, Colin Hayes, David Hayes, Etienne L. de Mestre, James Scobie and Gai Waterhouse. In recent years, Chris Waller and Darren Weir have experienced success. In the 2015/16 Season, Weir broke John Hawkes' record for most winners in a season. In 1962 Betty Lane applied to the AJC for a metropolitan trainer's licence but was refused as “it's not our policy to license women.” After the refusal she became a successful premiership winning trainer in the Western Districts of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12771777", "chunk_text": "\"Colin Hayes\"\nColin Hayes Colin Sidney Hayes (AM) (OBE) (16 February 1924 – 21 May 1999) was an Australian champion trainer of thoroughbred racehorses based in Adelaide, South Australia. During his career he trained 5,333 winners including 524 individual Group or Listed winners. He won 28 Adelaide and 13 Melbourne Trainers' Premierships. The C S Hayes Stakes is named in his honour and run annually at Flemington Racecourse. Hayes was elevated to Legend status in the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2018, a feat only achieved by two other horse trainers, TJ Smith and Bart Cummings. Hayes was born in Semaphore,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15199790", "chunk_text": "\"Melbourne Cup\"\nthese legends, however, can definitely be disproved, and history had to wait nearly another 100 years. The first jockey of Indigenous heritage to ride a Melbourne Cup winner was Frank Reys in 1973 on Gala Supreme, who had a Filipino father and a half-Aboriginal mother. The race has undergone several alterations in recent years, the most visible being the entry of many foreign-trained horses. Most have failed to cope with the conditions; the three successful \"\"foreign raids\"\" include two by Irish trainer Dermot K. Weld successful in 1993 and 2002, and one in 2006 by Katsumi Yoshida of Japan's renowned", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4719286", "chunk_text": "\"Etienne L. de Mestre\"\n1862, and later trained a further three winners: \"\"Tim Whiffler\"\" (1867); \"\"Chester\"\" (1877); and \"\"Calamia\"\" (1878). He set a training record for Melbourne Cup winners which was finally broken by Bart Cummings in 1977. De Mestre also trained many other feature race winners including two AJC and two VRC Derbies and an Epsom Handicap. In recognition of his outstanding achievements, Etienne de Mestre was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame part of the Australian Racing Museum on 12 September 1992. One could best describe Etienne de Mestre as the \"\"Bart Cummings\"\" (the greatest of all Australian Racehorse trainers)", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5462808", "chunk_text": "\"Australian Cup\"\nof Flemington's famous Straight Six, to have bigger fields. The VRC in the early 1960s shortened the distance to miles to attract classier middle distance gallopers. Stakes were increased from $1 million to $1.5 million in 2016. In 2007 the race was run at Caulfield Racecourse due to refurbishment work at Flemington Racecourse. Makybe Diva won this race in 2005 in the Australian record time of 1:58:73, which beat Northerly's previous record. The most successful trainer has been Bart Cummings with thirteen wins – 1968, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1992, 1996, 1998, 2008. The most successful", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16692154", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Hickmott\"\nRobert Hickmott Robert Hickmott (born 28 January 1969) is an Australian racehorse trainer and former Australian rules footballer, who played for the Melbourne Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). In 2012, he became the first former footballer to train a Melbourne Cup-winning horse. From Wangaratta, Victoria, Hickmott originally played for the Wangaratta Rovers in the Ovens & Murray Football League (O&M). He fell into 's recruiting zone, but did not play for the club, and entered the 1990 AFL Pre-season Draft where he was selected by Melbourne with the 45th pick overall. Hickmott played two games for the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16692156", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Hickmott\"\nCup winner Efficient, although the horse was officially trained by Graeme Rogerson. He was appointed head trainer at Williams' Macedon Lodge stables (near Mount Macedon) in 2009, and subsequently trained his first Group 1 winner, Zipping, who won the Australian Cup in 2010. Green Moon, the winner of the 2012 Melbourne Cup, was trained by Hickmott, and also won the Turnbull Stakes in 2012. Another horse trained by Hickmott, Almandin, won the 2016 Melbourne Cup, giving Hickmott his second win as a trainer. Robert Hickmott Robert Hickmott (born 28 January 1969) is an Australian racehorse trainer and former Australian rules", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2082925", "chunk_text": "\"2013 Melbourne Cup\"\nand 1981, became the first Australian woman to train a winner. The race was attended by 104,169 people—the Victoria Racing Club (VRC) had capped attendance at 110,000 for the Melbourne Cup and the Victoria Derby, but this mark was not reached at either race. Approximately A$90.6 million was wagered on the race through Totalisator Agency Boards in Victoria and New South Wales, with another $37.5 million wagered through equivalent agencies in Queensland, South Australia, and Tasmania. The field for the 2013 Melbourne Cup consisted of 24 horses, with the barrier draw conducted three days prior to the race, on the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10457449", "chunk_text": "\"Lloyd Williams (businessman)\"\nLloyd Williams (businessman) Lloyd J. Williams (born c. 1940) is an Australian property developer and businessperson, with significant interests in thoroughbred horse racing. In 2012 \"\"Forbes Asia\"\" assessed his net worth as . He holds the record as a thoroughbred owner to have won the Melbourne Cup on the most occasions, including in 2017 with the horse, Rekindling. Williams was educated at Xavier College, Melbourne. He is the founder of Crown Casino and Entertainment Complex, established in 1994, located in Melbourne, Victoria. Crown is Australia's largest casino and one of the largest single casinos in the world. In 1999, Williams", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3173196", "chunk_text": "\"Etienne L. de Mestre\"\nHaving then won 5 Melbourne Cups established his place in history as Australia's first outstanding racehorse trainer. With his Melbourne Cup win on \"\"Calamia\"\" in 1878, De Mestre also equalled his rival John Tait's record set 6 years earlier of owning the winners of 4 Melbourne Cup. However, although 2 of the 3 horses that won these races, \"\"Archer\"\" and \"\"Tim Whiffler\"\", raced in Etienne de Mestre's name, and therefore de Mestre is recorded by history as their owner, they was not actually legally owned by de Mestre. Instead de Mestre leased from the \"\"Exeter Farm\"\", for training and racing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4405845", "chunk_text": "\"Tom Waterhouse\"\nTom Waterhouse Thomas Robert \"\"Tom\"\" Waterhouse (born 11 June 1982) is an Australian bookmaker and the CEO of William Hill Australia. Waterhouse is a fourth generation bookmaker, and the great grandson of one of the first official bookmakers in Australia. His grandfathers on both sides were involved in the racing industry. William \"\"Bill\"\" Waterhouse was a successful bookmaker in the 1960s and 1970s. The late trainer Tommy J. Smith trained 279 Group One winners, including two Melbourne Cup winners. Waterhouse was born in Sydney and educated at Shore in North Sydney. He studied a bachelor of Commerce & Liberal Studies", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5580345", "chunk_text": "\"Lee Freedman\"\nwinning a BMW, an Australian Cup and a Cox Plate with her. Freedman's greatest training achievement is winning the 2004 and 2005 Melbourne Cup's with 'The Diva', taking her to a total of three wins in the Cup, which has never been done in more than 150 years of the race. Makybe Diva was retired after winning her third Melbourne Cup in November 2005. As of 2006 Freedman is regarded as Victoria's premier horse trainer, and along with Bart Cummings, Gai Waterhouse, David Hayes and John Hawkes, among Australia's best. In the 2006-7 season the Freedman-trained sprinter Miss Andretti won", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16291622", "chunk_text": "\"David Hall (horse trainer)\"\n209. In 2013/14 he trained 25 winners, including Bubble Chic who won the HKG3 Premier Plate and HKG3 Queen Mother Memorial Cup. He has accrued an overall Hong Kong total of 292. David Hall (horse trainer) David Joseph Hall (born 27 October 1963 in Adelaide, South Australia) is an Australian horse trainer. The son of trainer, Joe Hall, he obtained his trainer's license in 1988 at Morphettville. In 1993, he moved to race in Melbourne where he became famous for training Makybe Diva to the first of her three successive Melbourne Cup victories in 2003. David Hall was granted a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20087221", "chunk_text": "\"Thoroughbred racing in Australia\"\nas she wasn't eligible for a jockey's licence . There's little record of this except a 1927-28 West Australian Turf Guide, where she was named the jockey of an unplaced horse. Unofficial records suggest that her brother may have been given the placing in the records. During 1974 the VRC permitted female jockeys to be registered for professional “ladies only” events. Pam O’Neill and Linda Jones, in 1979, were the first women jockeys that were licensed to compete in registered races against men. Historically, the most notable trainers in Australia are Bart Cummings (trainer of 12 Melbourne Cup winners) and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1230574", "chunk_text": "\"Gai Waterhouse\"\nfather became ill, she took over his Tulloch Lodge stable, and she has since trained 132 G1 winners and won seven Sydney trainers' premierships. She was also the trainer of Fiorente, the winner of the 2013 Melbourne Cup, becoming the second woman (and first Australian woman) to train a winner of that race. Waterhouse was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2007, and has been described as the \"\"first lady of Australian racing\"\". Waterhouse is the daughter of Valerie and Tommy J. Smith , a leading trainer of thoroughbred racehorses, who was based in Sydney. She was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17448948", "chunk_text": "\"Bart Cummings\"\nand to meet the girls who would be her nieces if Bart Cummings is proved to be their grandfather. Bart Cummings James Bartholomew Cummings (14 November 1927 – 30 August 2015), also known by his initials J. B. Cummings, was one of the most successful Australian racehorse trainers. He was known as the Cups King, referring to the Melbourne Cup, as he won 'the race that stops a nation' a record twelve times. During his lifetime Cummings was considered an Australian cultural icon and an Australian National Living Treasure. As a racing icon he was generally considered in the 20th", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1788643", "chunk_text": "\"2014 Melbourne Cup\"\noldest in the race's history, with an average age of 6.8 years. Unusually, only two horses in the race were bred in Australia, though a majority of trainers and jockeys were from Australia. Jockeys Glyn and Chad Schofield became the first father and son in the race since 1968, when George and Gary Moore both rode. Sea Moon was scratched the day before the race, after suffering from an ailment. English horse Cavalryman was scratched on the morning of the race due to foreleg swelling. † \"\"Indicates race favourite\"\" Race favourite Admire Rakti placed last and died shortly after the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "141639", "chunk_text": "\"Lloyd Williams (businessman)\"\nhas won Australia's most prestigious race, the Melbourne Cup, on a record six occasions; in 1981, 1985, 2007, 2012, 2016 and 2017. In 2000, he and Kerry Packer bought \"\"Enzeli\"\" from Aga Khan for about £200,000 pounds to race in the Cup. Lloyd Williams (businessman) Lloyd J. Williams (born c. 1940) is an Australian property developer and businessperson, with significant interests in thoroughbred horse racing. In 2012 \"\"Forbes Asia\"\" assessed his net worth as . He holds the record as a thoroughbred owner to have won the Melbourne Cup on the most occasions, including in 2017 with the horse, Rekindling.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2082924", "chunk_text": "\"2013 Melbourne Cup\"\n2013 Melbourne Cup The 2013 Emirates Melbourne Cup was the 153rd running of the Melbourne Cup, Australia's most prestigious Thoroughbred horse race. The race, held on 5 November 2013, at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Victoria, was won by Fiorente. The horse, owned by Andrew Roberts, was bred in Ireland, trained in Australia by Gai Waterhouse, and ridden by jockey Damien Oliver. It was Oliver's third victory in the event, after previous wins in 1995 and 2002, and his first start after a ten-month ban for a betting offence. Waterhouse, the daughter of Tommy J. Smith, who trained winners in 1955", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15894469", "chunk_text": "\"Lee Freedman\"\nLee Freedman David Lee Freedman (born 12 August 1956) is an Australian thoroughbred racehorse trainer. and Hall of Fame inductee. In partnership with brothers Anthony, Michael, and Richard, he has been a prolific winner of Australia's major races in past 20 years, with four Golden Slippers, four Caulfield Cups, two Cox Plates, and five Melbourne Cups, including two of the three won by Makybe Diva. On 19 June 2007 he won the prestigious King's Stand Stakes at the United Kingdom's Royal Ascot racecourse with his champion mare, Miss Andretti. Freedman was born 12 August 1956, in Sydney to Anthony William", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11991663", "chunk_text": "\"Dermot Weld\"\nCup\"\". Ireland Australia France Germany Great Britain Hong Kong Italy United States Dermot Weld Dermot K. Weld (born 29 July 1948) is one of Ireland's most successful racehorse trainers. He holds the record for the most winners trained in Ireland (2,578 set in August 2000). Educated at Newbridge College, a qualified veterinarian (UCD) and former jockey, Weld maintains his stable, Rosewell House, in Curragh, Ireland. He is married, with two sons. Irish bookmakers, Paddy Power, tried to launch a campaign to change the name of the Galway Races to the Dermot Weld Retirement Fund Races; however, it proved to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16288811", "chunk_text": "\"Kerrin McEvoy\"\nin law of Melbourne Cup winner, Michelle Payne who won the Cup with Prince of Penzance in 2015. Kerrin McEvoy Kerrin McEvoy (born 28 October 1980) is an Australian jockey who is best known for winning three Melbourne Cups. In Europe, McEvoy rode several big winners for Godolphin including Rule of Law in the St Leger Stakes at Doncaster in 2004 and Ibn Khaldun in the Racing Post Trophy, also at Doncaster in 2007. McEvoy rose to fame by riding Brew to victory in the 2000 Melbourne Cup. He won his second Melbourne Cup in 2016, riding Almandin to victory,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12082576", "chunk_text": "\"Kim Waugh\"\ntrainer Charlie Parsons. Her abilities were honed behind some of Parsons' greats. At the time female drivers were very much a minority. Kim Waugh Kim Waugh (nee \"\"Moore\"\"\"\") is an Australian horse trainer. Her most notable achievement in Thoroughbred racing has been winning the Sydney Cup with the stayer Mahtoum. She is married to former Australian cricketer, Mark Waugh. Kim is a trainer well known in Sydney and has been one of the most prominent female trainers over the last 15 years. She has achieved a very high strike rate from a small team operating from Wyong Racecourse. Kim began", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13940173", "chunk_text": "\"Tommy J. Smith\"\nTommy J. Smith Thomas John Smith (3 September 1916 – 2 September 1998) also known as Tommy Smith or T. J. Smith was a leading trainer of thoroughbred racehorses based in Sydney, Australia. Inducted into the Australian Racing Museum & Hall of Fame in 2001 and elevated to Legend status in 2012, Smith dominated Sydney racing for over three decades, winning the Sydney Trainers' Premiership every year between 1953 and 1985. His notable feats as a horse trainer included two Melbourne Cups, four Caulfield Cups, seven W. S. Cox Plates, six Golden Slippers and thirty five Australian derbies. Notable horses", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12082575", "chunk_text": "\"Kim Waugh\"\nKim Waugh Kim Waugh (nee \"\"Moore\"\"\"\") is an Australian horse trainer. Her most notable achievement in Thoroughbred racing has been winning the Sydney Cup with the stayer Mahtoum. She is married to former Australian cricketer, Mark Waugh. Kim is a trainer well known in Sydney and has been one of the most prominent female trainers over the last 15 years. She has achieved a very high strike rate from a small team operating from Wyong Racecourse. Kim began her professional horse career as a harness driver on the now defunct Harold Park track. Her main source of drives was for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2365271", "chunk_text": "\"Bob Hoysted\"\nBob Hoysted Robert Edward \"\"Bob\"\" Hoysted OAM (8 June 1925 – 9 May 2014) was an Australian racehorse trainer, best known for training the renowned sprinter Manikato. Hoysted was a member of an Australian racing dynasty, with his father Fred \"\"Father\"\" Hoysted and brother Bon Hoysted also trainers. Bob and Bon assisted Father, who was seriously ill, with preparation of 1954 Melbourne Cup-winner Rising Fast. Bob acquired his own trainers licence in 1956. As well as Manikato, Hoysted also trained Rose of Kingston and Sydeston. Hoysted was a \"\"driving force\"\" behind the Australian Trainers Association (ATA), serving as federal president", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "798873", "chunk_text": "\"John Gosden\"\nJohn Gosden John Harry Martin Gosden (born 30 March 1951) is a British racehorse trainer. He has trained over 3,000 winners worldwide, including winners of the Breeders' Cup Classic, the Derby, the Arc, the King George,the Eclipse, and over 600 winners in the United States. Gosden has trained the winners of over 100 Group 1 races in the United States, Europe, the Middle East and Asia. He is generally considered one of the finest and most successful racehorse trainers of his generation. His reputation for honesty and openness has led him to be called “one of the sport’s great communicators”.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6765737", "chunk_text": "\"Sheila Laxon\"\ncurrently training in a partnership with John Symons at Whiteheads Creek in country Victoria. Sheila Laxon Sheila Kathleen Laxon, ONZM (born in Pontypridd, Glamorgan, Wales), was the first female thoroughbred horse trainer to win the Australian cups double, the Caulfield Cup and Melbourne Cup, with her mare Ethereal in 2001. Her efforts were recognised when she took out the Fred Hoysted Award for the Australian season's outstanding training performance. Laxon was born in Pontypridd. Her early childhood was spent on a small farm in Wales, run by her mother. Her father was away from home much of the time working", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14494164", "chunk_text": "\"Makybe Diva\"\nMakybe Diva Makybe Diva is a British-bred, Australian-trained Thoroughbred racehorse who became the first horse to win the Melbourne Cup on three occasions (2003, 2004, and 2005). In 2005, she also won the Cox Plate. Upon her retirement from racing in November 2005, Makybe Diva was the highest stakes-earner in Australian horse racing history, finishing with winnings of more than A$14 million. She is one of only five horses to have won the Cup more than once, and the only mare among the list of multiple winners. She is also one of only 14 female horses (11 mares and three", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16288810", "chunk_text": "\"Kerrin McEvoy\"\nKerrin McEvoy Kerrin McEvoy (born 28 October 1980) is an Australian jockey who is best known for winning three Melbourne Cups. In Europe, McEvoy rode several big winners for Godolphin including Rule of Law in the St Leger Stakes at Doncaster in 2004 and Ibn Khaldun in the Racing Post Trophy, also at Doncaster in 2007. McEvoy rose to fame by riding Brew to victory in the 2000 Melbourne Cup. He won his second Melbourne Cup in 2016, riding Almandin to victory, and in 2018 he won his third Melbourne Cup, riding Cross Counter to victory. He is the brother", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7256815", "chunk_text": "\"Peter Miller (trainer)\"\nPeter Miller (trainer) Peter Miller (born October 2, 1966) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer who is best known for back-to-back double wins at the Breeders' Cup in 2017 and 2018. He has won multiple training titles at Del Mar Racetrack and his trainees have accumulated more than $47 million in career earnings. Miller was introduced to horse racing by his parents, who owned Winning Ways Stables. He became a groom for Hall of Fame trainer Charlie Whittingham in the 1980s, when his charges included Greinton and Palace Music. He later worked for trainers Mike Mitchell and Don Warren before", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4842627", "chunk_text": "\"Melbourne Cup\"\nSydney clerk, a jockey who rode for many trainers in his long career, and who was one of the best known, best liked and most respected jockeys in New South Wales. It is thought that Peter St. Albans was the first Aboriginal jockey to win the cup, on Briseis in 1876. Because St. Albans was not quite 13 years old, the jockey was too young to ride in the cup. Thus, to allow him to race Briseis in the Cup, it was argued his birthdate and parents were unknown, and from this the legend of him being Aboriginal grew. Both", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11592392", "chunk_text": "\"Colin Hayes\"\nquality stallions such as Romantic, Without Fear and Godswalk. Some of the horses he trained also went on to highly successful stud careers including Rory's Jester, At Talaq and Zabeel. Colin Hayes Colin Sidney Hayes (AM) (OBE) (16 February 1924 – 21 May 1999) was an Australian champion trainer of thoroughbred racehorses based in Adelaide, South Australia. During his career he trained 5,333 winners including 524 individual Group or Listed winners. He won 28 Adelaide and 13 Melbourne Trainers' Premierships. The C S Hayes Stakes is named in his honour and run annually at Flemington Racecourse. Hayes was elevated to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3352509", "chunk_text": "\"Tommy J. Smith\"\nEmpire for his services to the community. Tommy J. Smith Thomas John Smith (3 September 1916 – 2 September 1998) also known as Tommy Smith or T. J. Smith was a leading trainer of thoroughbred racehorses based in Sydney, Australia. Inducted into the Australian Racing Museum & Hall of Fame in 2001 and elevated to Legend status in 2012, Smith dominated Sydney racing for over three decades, winning the Sydney Trainers' Premiership every year between 1953 and 1985. His notable feats as a horse trainer included two Melbourne Cups, four Caulfield Cups, seven W. S. Cox Plates, six Golden Slippers", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7912654", "chunk_text": "\"Katherine Ritvo\"\nprevious year, believed to be largely due to the popularity of Mucho Macho Man and the people around him, including Ritvo. ESPN noted the worldwide success of women horse trainers in 2013, particularly owing to wins in three of the world's major races within a one-month period. In October, Criquette Head-Maarek won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe with Treve, the only woman trainer to win the \"\"Arc\"\". Then, a few days after Ritvo's horse won the Breeders' Cup Classic, the Melbourne Cup was won by Fiorente, a horse trained by Australian trainer Gai Waterhouse, who was only the second", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13774727", "chunk_text": "\"2013 Melbourne Cup\"\nmare Verema was euthanised, having broken her cannon bone midway through the race. 2013 Melbourne Cup The 2013 Emirates Melbourne Cup was the 153rd running of the Melbourne Cup, Australia's most prestigious Thoroughbred horse race. The race, held on 5 November 2013, at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Victoria, was won by Fiorente. The horse, owned by Andrew Roberts, was bred in Ireland, trained in Australia by Gai Waterhouse, and ridden by jockey Damien Oliver. It was Oliver's third victory in the event, after previous wins in 1995 and 2002, and his first start after a ten-month ban for a betting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2371657", "chunk_text": "\"Jack Purtell\"\nHe died on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland on 8 March 2017, aged 96. Purtell and his wife had two children, Garry and Mark. He was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2004. A sculpture of Purtell by John Frith is held by the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra. Jack Purtell John Michael \"\"Jack\"\" Purtell (1921 – 8 March 2017) was an Australian jockey who rode three Melbourne Cup winners. Purtell, known as 'Gentleman Jack’, rode his first race in 1936 at the age of 15. He was an apprentice jockey to Ted Temby at his Mordialloc, Victoria", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16101137", "chunk_text": "\"Patrick Haslam\"\nPatrick Haslam Patrick Haslam (10 January 1948 – 14 October 2017) was a British racehorse trainer based in Middleham, North Yorkshire. He is notable for having trained a winner on every race course in England, Scotland and Wales. Haslam sent out more than 1,000 winners since taking out a licence in 1971. As well as holding the distinction of saddling winners at every British racecourse with the exception of recent additions Great Leighs and Ffos Las, Haslam was the only trainer to have operated from Britain's three major training centres. Kinnaird’s victory under Kevin Darley in the Prix de l'Opera", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16020675", "chunk_text": "\"Gil Rowntree\"\nGil Rowntree Gil H. Rowntree (born January 17, 1934 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer and owner. One of the most successful trainers in Canadian Thoroughbred racing history, Rowntree embarked on his racing career as a jockey in his native Toronto, riding from 1949 through 1951. As a trainer, he learned his conditioning skills as an assistant to Hall of Fame trainer and Kentucky Derby winner, Lou Cavalaris, Jr. Rowntree obtained his trainer's licence in 1959 and was hired by Stafford Farms in 1967 where he remained until the death of owner Jack Stafford", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13666715", "chunk_text": "\"Henry Cecil\"\nHenry Cecil Sir Henry Richard Amherst Cecil (11 January 1943 – 11 June 2013) was a British flat racing horse trainer. He was widely regarded as one of the greatest trainers in history. Cecil was Champion Trainer 10 times and trained 25 domestic Classic winners, comprising four winners of The Derby, eight winners of The Oaks, six winners of the 1,000 Guineas, three of the 2,000 Guineas and four winners of the St. Leger Stakes. His success in The Oaks and the 1,000 Guineas made him particularly renowned for his success with fillies. He was the master trainer at Royal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17573438", "chunk_text": "\"United States Champion Thoroughbred Trainer by wins\"\nUnited States Champion Thoroughbred Trainer by wins There is recognition for the United States Champion Thoroughbred Trainer by wins but no formal award is given to the trainer in Thoroughbred flat racing whose horses won the most races in North American Thoroughbred racing. Dale Baird holds the record for the most national titles with fifteen. Second is Hirsch Jacobs who won more races during a year than any other American trainer on eleven occasions. Tied for third all-time are Jack Van Berg and Steve Asmussen with nine. H. Guy Bedwell, trainer of Triple Crown winner Sir Barton, was a seven-time", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2600218", "chunk_text": "\"Gil Rowntree\"\nRacing Stable. Gil Rowntree Gil H. Rowntree (born January 17, 1934 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse trainer and owner. One of the most successful trainers in Canadian Thoroughbred racing history, Rowntree embarked on his racing career as a jockey in his native Toronto, riding from 1949 through 1951. As a trainer, he learned his conditioning skills as an assistant to Hall of Fame trainer and Kentucky Derby winner, Lou Cavalaris, Jr. Rowntree obtained his trainer's licence in 1959 and was hired by Stafford Farms in 1967 where he remained until the death of owner", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15509258", "chunk_text": "\"Efficient (horse)\"\nwin the Melbourne Cup the year after winning the Victoria Derby. Efficient was trained by expatriate New Zealand trainer Graeme Rogerson to win the cup, but switched to John Sadler soon after Rogerson decided to part company with the horse's owners, a syndicate headed by Lloyd and Suzy Williams. Efficient has had an injury-plagued career since his Melbourne Cup win, and was withdrawn from both the 2008 and 2009 Melbourne Cups in the fortnight leading up to the race. However, he did gain a third Group One success in the 2009 Turnbull Stakes. After this success Efficient did not race", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_94	who was involved in the mapp vs ohio case?	n/a	[ "Dollree Mapp" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13922821", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nMapp v. Ohio Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against \"\"unreasonable searches and seizures,\"\" may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as in federal criminal law prosecutions in federal courts as had previously been the law. The Supreme Court accomplished this by use of a principle known as selective incorporation; in \"\"Mapp\"\" this involved the incorporation of the provisions, as interpreted by the Court, of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13922822", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nFourth Amendment which is applicable only to actions of the federal government into the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause which is applicable to actions of the states. Dollree Mapp was an employee in the illegal gambling rackets dominated by Cleveland rackets kingpin Shon Birns. On May 23, 1957, police officers in Cleveland, Ohio, received an anonymous tip by phone that Virgil Ogletree, a numbers operator who was wanted for questioning in the bombing of rival numbers racketeer and future boxing promoter Don King's home three days earlier, might be found at Mapp's house, as well as illegal betting slips and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "969569", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nequipment employed in the \"\"California Gold\"\" numbers operation set up by Mapp's boyfriend Edward Keeling. Three officers went to the home and asked for permission to enter, but Mapp, after consulting her lawyer by telephone, refused to admit them without a search warrant. Two officers left, and one remained, watching the house from across the street. Thirteen hours later, four cars full of police arrived and knocked on the door. When she didn't answer, they forced the door. Mapp asked to see the alleged warrant and was shown a piece of paper which she snatched away from an officer, putting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4810964", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nthe Ohio statute concerning obscenity, under which Mapp had been convicted, violated the First Amendment. The three dissenting Justices would have adhered to the Court's contrary prior holding in \"\"Wolf v. Colorado\"\", 338 U.S. 25 (1949), which declined to apply the exclusionary rule to the states. She was convicted in 1999 Mapp v. Ohio Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against \"\"unreasonable searches and seizures,\"\" may not be used in state law criminal", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12591478", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nshakedown of Don King, she was prosecuted for possession of the books, found guilty at a 1958 trial of \"\"knowingly having had in her possession and under her control certain lewd and lascivious books, pictures, and photographs in violation of 2905.34 of Ohio's Revised Code\"\", and sentenced to one to seven years in prison. Mapp then appealed her case to the Supreme Court, on the grounds that the police had no probable cause to suspect her of having the books. She stated that the 4th Amendment should be incorporated to the state and local level. She argued that the police", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9253320", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\ncouldn't use the books as evidence in the trial because they were found without a warrant and therefore illegally recovered. Mapp was the first to call upon this law, which created precedent for future cases. The U.S. Supreme Court voted 6-3 in favor of Mapp. The Court overturned the conviction, and five Justices held that the states were bound to exclude evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. This majority decision applied the exclusionary rule to the states. Justice Potter Stewart, concurring in the result, expressed \"\"no view as to the merits of the\"\" exclusionary rule, but concurred because", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "969571", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nthe apartment of the downstairs tenant, Minerva Tate. In the search of Mapp's apartment and in a footlocker in the basement of the house police found a quantity of \"\"California Gold\"\" betting slips and paraphernalia. They also found a pistol and a small number of pornographic books and pictures which Mapp stated a previous tenant named Morris Jones had left behind. Mapp was arrested, charged, and cleared on a misdemeanor charge of possessing numbers paraphernalia; but several months later, after she refused to testify against Shon Birns, Edward Keeling and their associates at their trial that October for the attempted", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "818890", "chunk_text": "\"Tom C. Clark\"\ninterrogation. Clark also authored the Court's landmark decision in \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", which broadened the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on the prosecution's use of improperly seized evidence, known as the exclusionary rule, to include state prosecutions. Clark's law enforcement background actually led him to support this approach, because he believed that having a states attorney and a federal prosecutor operating under the same system would ensure that police would be more disciplined and that it would actually lower the risk of evidence being disallowed. Clark demonstrated this progressive understanding right up through his final day on the bench, writing \"\"Berger v.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "969570", "chunk_text": "\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\nit inside her dress. The officers struggled with Mapp and recovered the piece of paper which was not seen by her or her lawyers again, and was not introduced as evidence in any of the ensuing court proceedings. When asked about the warrant during oral argument at the Supreme Court, the Cleveland prosecutor arguing the case cautiously deflected the question, which the court did not press. As the search of Mapp's second-floor, two-bedroom apartment began, police handcuffed her for being belligerent. The police searched the house thoroughly and discovered Ogletree, who was subsequently cleared on the bombing charge, hiding in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3497124", "chunk_text": "\"Supreme Court of Ohio\"\npermitted to complete their current terms, but will be barred from running for reelection due to having exceeded the mandatory retirement age of 70 years. In \"\"DeRolph v. State\"\" (1997) the Supreme Court of Ohio found that Ohio's method of funding its schools was unconstitutional. The case originated in the Perry County Schools. In \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" (1961), the U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Supreme Court of Ohio, and found that evidence seized unlawfully without a search warrant can not be used in criminal prosecutions. The Ohio Supreme Court Disciplinary Counsel investigate Ohio judges and attorneys in order to protect", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14527485", "chunk_text": "\"Ralph Osborn\"\nRalph Osborn Ralph Osborn (1780 – December 27, 1835) was the state auditor of Ohio who served as defendant in the Supreme Court case Osborn v. Bank of the United States. Ralph Osborn was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1780. After completing his legal education, he moved to Franklin, Ohio, in 1806, where he practiced law. After two or three years, he accepted appointment as the first prosecuting attorney of Delaware County, Ohio. He was later elected Clerk of the House in the Ohio legislature, where he served five consecutive sessions, until he was chosen Auditor of the state in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8962068", "chunk_text": "\"Hudson v. Michigan\"\nUnited States\"\", 232 U.S. 383 (1914), which was applied to the states in \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", 367 U.S. 643 (1961), but points out that the exclusionary rule was limited by later decisions. After discussing those decisions, Scalia wrote: [E]xclusion may not be premised on the mere fact that a constitutional violation was a 'but-for' cause of obtaining evidence. Our cases show that but-for causality is only a necessary, not a sufficient, condition for suppression. In this case, of course, the constitutional violation of an illegal manner of entry was not a but-for cause of obtaining the evidence. Scalia distinguished evidence", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10916820", "chunk_text": "\"Schmerber v. California\"\nIn 1961, the Supreme Court of the United States relied upon \"\"Cahan\"\" to hold in \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" that the exclusionary rule was incorporated to the states. On the night of November 12, 1964, Armando Schmerber and a passenger were driving home after drinking at a tavern and bowling alley in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California when their car skidded off the road and struck a tree. Schmerber and his companion were injured in the crash and taken to a hospital for treatment. When investigating police officers arrived at the hospital, they asked Schmerber to submit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13714086", "chunk_text": "\"Wolf v. Colorado\"\nrule as part of the Fourth Amendment in large part because the states which had rejected the Weeks Doctrine (the exclusionary rule) had not left the right to privacy without other means of protection (i.e. the States had their own rules to deter police officers from conducting warrantless and unreasonable searches and seizures). However, because most of the states' rules proved to be ineffective in deterrence, the Court overruled Wolf in \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", 367 U.S. 643 (1961). This landmark case made the exclusionary rule enforceable against the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4006822", "chunk_text": "\"David C. Westenhaver\"\npresiding judge in the sedition trial of Eugene V. Debs in 1918, and handed down the widely protested sentence of ten years imprisonment that was ultimately commuted by President Warren Harding. In 1926, Westenhaver ruled in favor of the business interest of his former partner Newton Baker in \"\"Euclid v. Ohio\"\", a decision that was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court in a landmark ruling that established the constitutionality of zoning laws. David C. Westenhaver David Courtney Westenhaver (January 13, 1865 – July 29, 1928) was a United States federal judge. Born in Berkeley County, West Virginia, Westenhaver received an", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2413843", "chunk_text": "\"Ohio v. Roberts\"\nOhio v. Roberts Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980), is a United States Supreme Court decision dealing with the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Herschel Roberts was charged with forgery of a check and with possession of stolen credit cards. At the preliminary hearing, defense counsel called the victims' daughter to the stand and tried to elicit from her an admission that she provided the defendant with the checks and the credit card but failed to inform the defendant that she did not have permission to use them. Counsel was unable to elicit", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10372801", "chunk_text": "\"Hudson v. Michigan\"\nfirmly grounded in logic, in history, in precedent, and in empirical fact. It has not done so. Justice Antonin Scalia was accused of twisting the arguments made by Samuel Walker in \"\"Taming the System: The Control of Discretion in American Criminal Justice\"\". Scalia, in support of weakening the exclusionary rule, presented from \"\"Taming the System\"\" that there has been tremendous progress \"\"in the education, training and supervision of police officers\"\" since \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" in 1961. However, Walker's main argument was that the Warren Court, including setting the exclusionary rule under \"\"Mapp\"\" and the Miranda warning, set new standards for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17293190", "chunk_text": "\"Herring v. United States\"\nand \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" (1961), the Supreme Court created the exclusionary rule, which generally operates to suppress - i.e. prevent the introduction at trial of - evidence obtained in violation of Constitutional rights. \"\"Suppression of evidence, however, has always been [the court's] last resort, not [its] first impulse. The exclusionary rule generates substantial social costs, which sometimes include setting the guilty free and the dangerous at large.\"\" In \"\"United States v. Leon\"\", the Supreme Court clarified that the exclusionary rule \"\"operates as a judicially created remedy designed to safeguard Fourth Amendment rights generally through its deterrent effect, rather than a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19792069", "chunk_text": "\"Search and seizure\"\nsearch and seizure is in the court case Mapp V. Ohio. When an individual does not possess a \"\"reasonable expectation of privacy\"\" that society is willing to acknowledge in a particular piece of property, any interference by the government with regard to that property is not considered a search for Fourth Amendment purposes, and a warrant is never required. For example, courts have found that a person does not possess a reasonable expectation of privacy in information transferred to a third party, such as writing on the outside of an envelope sent through the mail or left for pick-up in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7380248", "chunk_text": "\"August Rebellion\"\nfor the Fourth Amendment”. Mapp refused to let officers into her home without a search warrant which led to the \"\"Mapp vs. Ohio\"\" case. The case decided that evidence seized illegally from criminal prosecution to be thrown out. The Bedford NY Prison Riot opened many doors for women in the prison system all over the world. Following the prison riot the women filed and won the lawsuit \"\"Powell v. Ward\"\". This lawsuit ended in a legally binding pledge by prison guards to conduct disciplinary proceedings fairly, to only send truly mentally-ill prisoners to psychiatric hospitals, and with a monitory award", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13756057", "chunk_text": "\"Ohio v. American Express Co.\"\nOhio v. American Express Co. Ohio v. American Express Co., 585 U.S. ___ (2018), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the nature of antitrust law in relationship to two-sided markets. The case specifically involves policies set by some credit card banks that prevented merchants from steering customers to use cards from other issuers with lower transaction fees, forcing merchants to pay higher transaction fees to the banks. While Visa and MasterCard settled with the United States Department of Justice in 2010, American Express defended its practice by arguing that the anti-steering policies benefited its cardholders, the higher transaction", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5565114", "chunk_text": "\"David K. Watson\"\nDavid K. Watson David Kemper Watson (June 18, 1849 – September 28, 1918) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio. Born near London, Ohio, Watson was graduated from Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in 1871 and from the law department of Boston University in 1873. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice. He served as assistant United States district attorney for the southern district of Ohio during the administration of President Arthur. Watson was elected attorney general of Ohio in 1887 and reelected in 1889. In 1890, he successfully prosecuted the Standard Oil Company under the Sherman Antitrust Act, leading", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1822823", "chunk_text": "\"Terry v. Ohio\"\nof the evidence obtained through that police action. \"\"In our system evidentiary rulings provide the context in which the judicial process of inclusion and exclusion approves some conduct as comporting with constitutional guarantees and disapproves other actions by state agents.\"\" For this purpose the exclusionary rule of \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", , had evolved and been applied against both state and federal agents. Thus the question was not whether the stop-and-frisk procedure was proper by itself, but whether the exclusionary rule was an appropriate deterrent of police misconduct during such encounters. In view of these concerns, the Court next asked whether", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5484935", "chunk_text": "\"Hugo Black\"\nIn his concurrence to \"\"Wolf v. Colorado\"\" (1949), he claimed that the exclusionary rule was \"\"not a command of the Fourth Amendment but ... a judicially created rule of evidence.\"\" But he later changed his mind and joined the majority in \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" (1961), which applied it to state as well as federal criminal investigations. In his concurrence, he indicated that his support was based on the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of the right against self-incrimination, not on the Fourth Amendment's guarantee against unreasonable searches and seizures. He wrote, \"\"I am still not persuaded that the Fourth Amendment, standing alone,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19518763", "chunk_text": "\"James Rodney Gilstrap\"\nGilstrap mentioned that due to the misconduct of the parties, this was \"\"the clearest example of an exceptional case to yet come before\"\" him. In June 2017, Judge Gilstrap provided a four-part test in determining venue after the U.S. Supreme Court case of \"\"TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC\"\" in the case of \"\"Raytheon v. Cray\"\", but in September 2017 was overturned by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in response to a petition for writ of mandamus by Cray. James Rodney Gilstrap James Rodney Gilstrap (born May 1, 1957) (also known as J. Rodney", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7760822", "chunk_text": "\"Elkins v. United States\"\nthe introduction of most evidence gathered through Fourth Amendment violations in criminal court. In a 5-4 decision, the Court overturned the silver platter doctrine and Elkins' conviction. Associate Justice Potter Stewart wrote the majority opinion, while Associate Justices Felix Frankfurter and John M. Harlan II dissented. By giving a rationale for a broader interpretation of Fourth Amendment rights, the decision prepared the way for \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" (1961), which applied the exclusionary rule to the states. The Fourth Amendment prevents most warrantless searches by law enforcement officers, and since \"\"Weeks v. United States\"\" (1914), has been enforced by the exclusionary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7669555", "chunk_text": "\"King Lincoln Bronzeville Neighborhood Ass'n v. Blackwell\"\nKing Lincoln Bronzeville Neighborhood Ass'n v. Blackwell King Lincoln Bronzeville v. Blackwell is a court case filed on August 31, 2006 to define if the Ohio Secretary of State at the time, Kenneth Blackwell, had violated the Civil Rights Act, first, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution through previous election procedure. The plaintiffs of the case, Willis Brown, Paul Gregory, Miles Curtiss, Matthew Segal, and Harvey Wasserman filed a civil rights action case on behalf of the King Lincoln Bronzeville Neighborhood Association, the Ohio Voter Rights Alliance for Democracy and the League of Young Voters. Blackwell,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15349803", "chunk_text": "\"United States v. Janis\"\nargued that the exclusionary rule should be supreme since it is such a vital concept of the Fourth amendment. They felt the court continued to exhibit a “business of slow strangulation of the rule.” Justice Stewart’s dissent argued a similar point, just in a different way. He cited \"\"Elkins v. United States\"\", in which the Supreme Court ditched the “silver platter doctrine”. This doctrine was an aspect of the exclusionary rule after it was created, but before the landmark case of \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", in which illegally seized evidence by a state officer could be used in a federal civil", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18863556", "chunk_text": "\"Charles Nesson\"\nCharles Nesson Charles Rothwell Nesson (born February 11, 1939) is the William F. Weld Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society and of the Global Poker Strategic Thinking Society. He is author of \"\"Evidence\"\", with Murray and Green, and has participated in several cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, including the landmark case \"\"Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals\"\". In 1971, Nesson defended Daniel Ellsberg in the Pentagon Papers case. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the case against W. R. Grace and Company that was made into the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13204831", "chunk_text": "\"Ralph Osborn\"\n1815, where he served eighteen consecutive years. In 1833, he was chosen to represent the counties of Franklin and Pickaway in the Ohio State Senate. After this, he moved to Columbus, Ohio, where he died in December, 1833, at age 56. Ralph Osborn Ralph Osborn (1780 – December 27, 1835) was the state auditor of Ohio who served as defendant in the Supreme Court case Osborn v. Bank of the United States. Ralph Osborn was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, in 1780. After completing his legal education, he moved to Franklin, Ohio, in 1806, where he practiced law. After two or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14279590", "chunk_text": "\"Evelyn Lundberg Stratton\"\nEvelyn Lundberg Stratton Evelyn Lundberg Stratton (born February 25, 1953) is an American jurist. She was a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and is now an attorney with Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease. Evelyn Lundberg Stratton was born to missionary parents in Bangkok, Thailand on February 25, 1953. She attended missionary boarding schools in South Vietnam and Malaysia and graduated from the Dalat School in Tanah Rata, Malaysia in 1971. Lundberg received her associate degree from the University of Florida in 1973. She then went on to graduate from the University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, in 1976. She received", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1336028", "chunk_text": "\"Weeks v. United States\"\nWeeks v. United States Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383 (1914), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that the warrantless seizure of items from a private residence constitutes a violation of the Fourth Amendment. It also prevented local officers from securing evidence by means prohibited under the federal exclusionary rule and giving it to their federal colleagues. It was not until the case of \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", 367 U.S. 643 (1961), that the exclusionary rule was deemed to apply to state courts as well. On December 21, 1911, Fremont Weeks, the plaintiff", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14279594", "chunk_text": "\"Evelyn Lundberg Stratton\"\nof Honor for her work on mental health courts and adoption reforms. Evelyn Lundberg Stratton Evelyn Lundberg Stratton (born February 25, 1953) is an American jurist. She was a justice of the Ohio Supreme Court and is now an attorney with Vorys, Sater, Seymour and Pease. Evelyn Lundberg Stratton was born to missionary parents in Bangkok, Thailand on February 25, 1953. She attended missionary boarding schools in South Vietnam and Malaysia and graduated from the Dalat School in Tanah Rata, Malaysia in 1971. Lundberg received her associate degree from the University of Florida in 1973. She then went on to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13447053", "chunk_text": "\"Olmstead v. United States\"\ncase of \"\"Weeks v. United States\"\", the Court held unanimously that illegal seizure of items from a private residence was a violation of the Fourth Amendment, and established the exclusionary rule that prohibits admission of illegally obtained evidence in federal courts. Because the Bill of Rights did not at the time extend to cover states, such a prohibition extended only to federal agents and covered only federal trials. It was not until the case of \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" (1961) that the exclusionary rule was extended to state courts as well. The question here, then, was whether the recordings of wiretapped", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20000890", "chunk_text": "\"John Feldmeier\"\nJohn Feldmeier John Phillip Feldmeier is an attorney with the Cincinnati, Ohio law firm of Sirkin, Kinsley, & Nazzarine (a spin-off of the now-dissolved Sirkin, Pinales, & Schwartz LLP), where he practices in the areas of criminal defense and first amendment litigation. He served as co-counsel for the Free Speech Coalition, along with H. Louis Sirkin and Laura A. Abrams, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, in which the United States Supreme Court struck down the \"\"appears to be a minor\"\" and \"\"conveys the impression of a minor\"\" provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996. Feldmeier represented Beth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15543264", "chunk_text": "\"Citizens for Tax Reform v. Deters\"\nvalue of evidence presented in the case by John Lindback, the Director of the Election Division for the Oregon Secretary of State. Judge Dlott found that the materials presented by Lindback are \"\"almost devoid of factual findings\"\" and overall found that the Lindback exhibits \"\"are not probative even to the extent that they are admissible\"\". United States District Court Judge Susan Dlott found that Ohio's law was an unconstitutional abridgment of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and enjoined the state from enforcing it. The defendants in the case, Joseph Deters and Matthias Heck, were named in their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13898077", "chunk_text": "\"Ohio Planning Conference\"\na Cincinnati, Ohio-based attorney who later wrote the amicus curiea brief in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., a 1926 United States Supreme Court decision that paved the way for the use of zoning throughout the U.S. OPC provided Bettman the seed money to file the brief. A second notable early leader and president of the organization was Ernest J. Bohn, a pioneer in public housing in the Cleveland area. Both Mr. Bettman and Mr. Bohn, along with another founder, Charlotte Rumbold, have been recognized through APA's national planning pioneer program. In light of OPC's legacy as the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6386046", "chunk_text": "\"Exclusionary rule\"\ncases in the state of California. By 1960, 22 states had adopted the rule without substantial qualifications: California, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Washington, Texas, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Michigan also had an exclusionary rule, but with limitations for some narcotics and firearms evidence. In Alabama, Maryland, and South Dakota, the exclusionary rule applied in some situations. It was not until \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" in 1961 that the exclusionary rule was also held to be binding on the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, which guarantees due process. Up until", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3486038", "chunk_text": "\"Obergefell v. Hodges\"\nMaryland on July 11. After learning that their state of residence, Ohio, would not recognize their marriage, they filed a lawsuit, \"\"Obergefell v. Kasich\"\", in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (Western Division, Cincinnati) on July 19, 2013, alleging that the state discriminates against same-sex couples who have married lawfully out-of-state. The lead defendant was Ohio Governor John Kasich. Because one partner, John Arthur, was terminally ill and suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), they wanted the Ohio Registrar to identify the other partner, James Obergefell, as his surviving spouse on his death certificate, based", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7760827", "chunk_text": "\"Elkins v. United States\"\nat the state level; he argued that the Court's extension of the rule would only create further confusion, and that the relation between federal and state criminal law should be governed by the principle of federalism. Harlan's dissent followed similar reasoning to Frankfurter's and argued that Elkins' conviction should be upheld. Scholar Jacob W. Landynski called Stewart's opinion \"\"the most thorough and convincing analysis in favor of the exclusionary rule to be found in any opinion of the Court\"\". In giving a rationale for a broader interpretation of Fourth Amendment rights, the decision set the stage for \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17566134", "chunk_text": "\"Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus\"\nSeptember 11, 2014, Judge Timothy Black struck down the law as unconstitutional. Black said in his ruling, \"\"We do not want the government (i.e., the Ohio Elections Commission) deciding what is political truth — for fear that the government might persecute those who criticize it. Instead, in a democracy, the voters should decide.\"\" Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. ___ (2014), is a United States Supreme Court case. In the 2010 campaign, the organization purchased billboard advertisements in the district of former U.S. Representative Steve Driehaus of Ohio that showed a photo", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9227735", "chunk_text": "\"Steve LaTourette\"\nCollege of Law at Cleveland State University. After a stint as a public defender, LaTourette was elected the County Prosecutor of Lake County, Ohio, and served from 1989 to 1995. There, he made his name prosecuting the Kirtland mass murders that were organized by mass-murderer and self-proclaimed prophet, Jeffrey Lundgren. LaTourette is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership. In 2006 LaTourette co-authored the Financial Data Protection Act of 2006, which sought to unify state and federal laws on banking and privacy and ease the burden of patchwork legislation. On Thursday, March 17, 2011, LaTourette became one of only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6532045", "chunk_text": "\"Police reform in the United States\"\ndepartments and suggested a range of reforms. Several of the Commission's findings related to the poor treatment of juvenile offenders. A series of U.S. Supreme Court decisions under the Warren Court led to important changes in policing, with respect to civil rights and constitutional law. \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" in 1961 and \"\"Miranda v. Arizona\"\" in 1966 were two highly influential court decisions. \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\" found that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against \"\"unreasonable searches and seizures\"\" may not be used in criminal prosecutions. \"\"Miranda v. Arizona\"\" required that criminal suspects must be informed of their", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12799827", "chunk_text": "\"Admissible evidence\"\nUnited States and, to an extent, Australia) proscribe the prosecution from exploiting evidence obtained in violation of constitutional law, thereby rendering relevant evidence inadmissible. This rule of evidence is called the exclusionary rule. In the United States this was effectuated federally in 1914 under the Supreme Court case \"\"Weeks v. United States\"\" and incorporated against the states in 1961 in the case \"\"Mapp v. Ohio\"\", both of which involving law enforcement conducting warrantless searches of the petitioners' homes, with incriminating evidence being descried inside them. For evidence to be admissible, it must tend to prove or disprove some fact at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9486366", "chunk_text": "\"Brandenburg v. Ohio\"\nBrandenburg v. Ohio Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case based on the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The Court held that government cannot punish inflammatory speech unless that speech is \"\"directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action and is likely to incite or produce such action.\"\" Specifically, the Court struck down Ohio's criminal syndicalism statute, because that statute broadly prohibited the mere advocacy of violence. In the process, \"\"Whitney v. California\"\" (1927) was explicitly overruled, and doubt was cast on \"\"Schenck v. United States\"\" (1919), \"\"Abrams v. United States\"\"", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17958300", "chunk_text": "\"Jonathan H. Adler\"\nFCC\"\" dissent. In 2001, Adler moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he met his wife, Christina. He currently lives in Ohio, with his wife and two daughters. Jonathan H. Adler Jonathan H. Adler (born November 3, 1969) is an American legal commentator and law professor at the Case Western Reserve University School of Law. He contributes to the widely read weblog \"\"The Volokh Conspiracy\"\", is frequently cited in the American media, and has been recognized as one of the most cited professors in the field of environmental law. His research is also credited with inspiring litigation that challenged the Obama Administration's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2413847", "chunk_text": "\"Ohio v. Roberts\"\nits decision on reliability of the out-of-court statement, rather than on the Defendant's opportunity to confront the witness bearing testimony against him. Ohio v. Roberts Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56 (1980), is a United States Supreme Court decision dealing with the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Herschel Roberts was charged with forgery of a check and with possession of stolen credit cards. At the preliminary hearing, defense counsel called the victims' daughter to the stand and tried to elicit from her an admission that she provided the defendant with the checks and the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10762450", "chunk_text": "\"Ray Beckerman\"\nRay Beckerman Ray Beckerman is an attorney in New York City, practicing law at Ray Beckerman, P.C. He is noted for his analysis and commentary on the RIAA's campaign, commenced in 2003, of copyright infringement lawsuits against individuals engaged unauthorized peer-to-peer file sharing of music. Beckerman was admitted to the bar on January 17, 1979, and has served primarily as a commercial litigation attorney. In addition to his legal work, he writes several blogs: \"\"Ohio Election Fraud\"\" (formerly \"\"Fairness\"\"), which deals with the 2004 presidential litigation in the state of Ohio, \"\"Recording Industry vs. The People\"\", which chronicles the above-mentioned", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10032220", "chunk_text": "\"Ohio v. Robinette\"\nOhio v. Robinette Ohio v. Robinette, 519 U.S. 33 (1996), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Fourth Amendment does not require police officers to inform a motorist at the end of a traffic stop that they are free to go before seeking permission to search the motorist's car. While driving on a stretch of Interstate 70 north of Dayton, Ohio, Robinette was stopped for speeding. After verifying that Robinette had no prior violations, the officer asked Robinette to step out of his car before issuing him a verbal warning. The officer handed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9023875", "chunk_text": "\"Lockett v. Ohio\"\nLockett v. Ohio Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that sentencing authorities must have the discretion to consider at least some mitigating factors, rather than being limited to a specific list of factors. An Ohio law required that the death penalty was mandatory for felons convicted of aggravated murder unless the victim had induced the offense, the offense was committed under duress or coercion, or the offense was a product of mental deficiencies. Sandra Lockett, the driver of the getaway car for a robbery that resulted in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_95	who was kat slater's sisters in eastenders?	n/a	[ "Zoe", "Little Mo", "Lynne" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876016", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nSlater family (EastEnders) The Slater family are a fictional family from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", that have appeared since episode 1997, first broadcast in September 2000. The family are introduced as a central family unit consisting of father Charlie Slater (Derek Martin), grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), Charlie's daughters, Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), Lynne Slater (Elaine Lordan), Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) and Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan), and Lynne's partner Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves). A fifth sister, Belinda Peacock (Leanne Lakey), was introduced a year later. The family were the eighth to be introduced in the soap's history, replacing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934058", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nKat Slater Kathleen \"\"Kat\"\" Moon (also Slater) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Jessie Wallace. She was also played by Kate Peck in a flashback in 2001. Kat is the daughter of Viv Slater and Charlie Slater (Derek Martin), and arrived with her sisters Lynne Hobbs (Elaine Lordan) and Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth). Her daughter Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan) is initially believed to be her sister as well until Kat reveals she was raped by her uncle Harry Slater (Michael Elphick) as a child. She later marries Alfie Moon (Shane Richie). It is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876057", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nends of the country, and in some cases beyond.\"\" Slater family (EastEnders) The Slater family are a fictional family from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", that have appeared since episode 1997, first broadcast in September 2000. The family are introduced as a central family unit consisting of father Charlie Slater (Derek Martin), grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), Charlie's daughters, Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace), Lynne Slater (Elaine Lordan), Little Mo Morgan (Kacey Ainsworth) and Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan), and Lynne's partner Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves). A fifth sister, Belinda Peacock (Leanne Lakey), was introduced a year later. The family were the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934566", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nthe surface.\"\" She said that Kat wants \"\"peace and to settle down with no more drama in her life.\"\" In the series, the character is called \"\"Kathleen\"\" by all characters except Alfie, who calls her \"\"Kat\"\". On 20 December 2017, it was announced Jessie Wallace would reprise her role as Kat in Spring 2018. Her return was masterminded by interim producer John Yorke, who created the Slaters in 2000, and Kat will return alongside her grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), and Jean Slater (Gillian Wright). Yorke commented: \"\"The Slaters are one of the all-time great families in \"\"EastEnders\"\" and Albert", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934111", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nJean pays off Mo's debt, and Kat starts a cleaning business to pay Jean back. Kat is furious when she finds her cousin Hayley Slater (Katie Jarvis) in Walford. She demands that Hayley leave, but Hayley threatens to reveal what has happened in Spain. It becomes clear to the Slaters that Kat is hiding something and it is revealed that Kat has had an affair and was not watching when one of the children burnt themselves, leading to Alfie kicking her out. In 2000, \"\"EastEnders\"\" executive producer John Yorke decided to introduce the \"\"classic\"\" Slater family. He felt the show", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876021", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nexpanding, \"\"there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone.\"\" The Slater family was created by series consultant Tony Jordan during an improvisation session with 30 actors and actresses. Prior to the workshop session, Yorke assumed he would create a more traditionally structured family, consisting of a mother, a father and two children. He was surprised to find that the presiding influence over the Slaters as they were created was a dead matriarch, Viv Slater (Debi Gibson), who exerted a \"\"powerful influence\"\" from beyond the grave. Yorke selected Jessie Wallace (Kat Slater), Elaine Lordan (Lynne Slater), Kacey", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18785789", "chunk_text": "\"Zoe Slater\"\nZoe Slater Zoe Slater is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Michelle Ryan. She made her first appearance on 18 September 2000. After much speculation, Ryan decided to leave the role of Zoe and left on 24 June 2005. Zoe arrives in Walford along with her father, Charlie (Derek Martin), sisters Kat (Jessie Wallace), Lynne (Elaine Lordan) and Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), and grandmother Mo (Laila Morse). It later emerges that Zoe is in fact Kat's daughter, born after Kat was raped by her uncle Harry Slater (Michael Elphick), and was adopted by Kat's parents,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934061", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nor dies. Following the confirmation that \"\"Redwater\"\" would not return for a second series, it was announced in December 2017 that Kat would return to \"\"EastEnders\"\" in 2018 with her grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse) and Jean Slater (Gillian Wright). She returned on 22 March 2018. Since her return, Kat's storyline has seen her hide a secret from her family, a feud with her cousin Hayley Slater (Katie Jarvis) and Karen Taylor (Lorraine Stanley) and her secret being that she has been unfaithful to Alfie and her son had burned himself with water due to her lack of attention, leading", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8560202", "chunk_text": "\"Jessie Wallace\"\nregularly took ketamine. Wallace admitted, at one point, taking drugs, but denied taking them since the birth of her daughter. Jessie Wallace Jessie Wallace (born Karen Jane Wallace; 25 September 1971) is an English actress and model. She is known for her role of Kat Slater in the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", for which she won the National Television Awards for Most Popular Newcomer (2001) and also won the British Soap Awards Best Newcomer (2001) and Most Popular Actress (2003), and the British Soap Award for Best Actress (2011). She was nominated for the 2011 BAFTA TV Award for Best", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973267", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nneeded to go back to its roots and bring back some traditional values. BBC's head of drama, Mal Young commented, \"\"We do not have enough solid families in the soap, there were a lot of fractured families and people who were alone.\"\" The family were created as a replacement for the di Marco family, who were axed by Yorke. The family consisted of, grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), father Charlie (Derek Martin), his four children, Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Kat (Wallace), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), Zoe (Michelle Ryan), as well as Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves). It later transpired that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876040", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nwas later confirmed to be Stacey's half-brother. In May 2016, accredited actress Denise Welch appeared in one episode of the soap, episode 5276, as Kyle's mother Alison Slater, who has not seen him since his transition. On 3 April 2015, it was announced that Kat, Alfie and their children would be written out of the series to appear in a spin-off series centering around the characters. The spin-off contains six episodes and was announced to air in 2016. Treadwell-Collins created the drama and looked forward to developing the series. He explained that he wanted to \"\"take two of \"\"EastEnders\"\" most", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876022", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nAinsworth (Little Mo Morgan) and Michelle Ryan (Zoe Slater) to play four of the Slater sisters as they got along so well during the improvisation session. Derek Martin was cast as patriarch Charlie Slater later than his screen daughters, in his third audition for \"\"EastEnders\"\", having previously been considered for the roles of Den Watts and Frank Butcher. Laila Morse was chosen to portray Charlie's mother-in-law, Mo Harris. Leanne Lakey was later cast as the fifth daughter, Belinda Peacock, a recurring character introduced in 2001. Lakey enjoyed portraying Belinda on a recurring basis due to her second role on \"\"Family", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14609499", "chunk_text": "\"Roxy Mitchell\"\nwith her character. Purely because Rita is one of my best friends.\"\" In August 2017, Simons and Womack were longlisted for Best Exit at the Inside Soap Awards, while Roxy and Ronnie's deaths were longlisted for Best Show-Stopper. Both nominations made their shortlists, but Simons did not win any awards. Roxy Mitchell Roxy Mitchell (also Slater) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera, \"\"EastEnders\"\", portrayed by Rita Simons. Roxy arrived in Walford with her sister Ronnie (played by Samantha Womack) on 24 July 2007 and decided to move permanently to Walford from Ibiza where they ran a bar", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18785792", "chunk_text": "\"Zoe Slater\"\nget pregnant, though Dennis sees them in bed together. Her final storyline was with Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman) and Sam Mitchell (Kim Medcalf) who plot to kill Den after hurting them, in different ways. Zoe thinks she killed Den, after the three confront him in The Queen Victoria, but it is later found that Chrissie killed him. Zoe leaves Walford for Ibiza after making amends with Kat and Dennis. Zoe arrives in Walford with her father Charlie (Derek Martin), sisters Kat (Jessie Wallace), Lynne (Elaine Lordan) and Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), and grandmother Mo (Laila Morse), in September 2000. Over", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13257886", "chunk_text": "\"Lucy Beale\"\nLucy Beale Lucy Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\". The character was played by Eva Brittin-Snell (from 1993 to 1996), Casey Anne Rothery (from 1996 until 2004), Melissa Suffield (from 2004 to 2010), and Hetti Bywater (from 2012 until the character's demise in 2014 and again in 2015 for a flashback episode). Lucy was introduced in December 1993 as the baby daughter of Ian (Adam Woodyatt) and Cindy Beale (Michelle Collins). She is the twin sister of Peter Beale (Thomas Law, Ben Hardy), and has three half siblings, older brother Steven Beale (Edward Savage, Aaron", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3347570", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nadded that \"\"It is a cruel thing to happen to them after everything that they've already been through this year\"\". Laura-Jayne Tyler of \"\"Inside Soap\"\" enjoyed Kat's 2018 reintroduction and said that Wallace returned \"\"on full gas, giving nothing less than her trademark powerhouse performances\"\". She felt that Kat's return gave the show \"\"the vital spark [it has] been missing.\"\" She added, \"\"You can take the girl out of Walford, but you'll never take Walford out of the girl...\"\" Kat Slater Kathleen \"\"Kat\"\" Moon (also Slater) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Jessie Wallace.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973221", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nSeptember 2000, along with her family: father Charlie (Derek Martin), sisters Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth) and Zoe (Michelle Ryan), and grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse). Kat embarks on a brief fling with Steve Owen (Martin Kemp), much to the annoyance of his girlfriend Mel Healy (Tamzin Outhwaite). She finds work in The Queen Victoria public house as a barmaid, where she is an instant hit with the customers. Fiercely defensive of her sisters, Kat is the archrival of Little Mo's abusive husband Trevor Morgan (Alex Ferns), though has a fling with Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves).", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876051", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\n\"\"They're a real team and no matter what happens they always seem to come out the other end stronger than ever. She puts her trust in Martin to make everything better.\"\" On 19 December 2017, it was reported that Kat would be reintroduced by Yorke, who had recently been reappointed to \"\"EastEnders\"\". A day later, it was confirmed that Wallace, Wright and Morse would reprise their roles as Kat, Jean and Mo respectively. All three actresses expressed their delight at returning to the soap. Yorke also expressed his excitement at the family's revival and said that it was \"\"a real", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11831639", "chunk_text": "EastEnders\nMorgan, and Kat Slater's revelation to her daughter Zoe Slater that she was her mother. In 2002, Louise Berridge succeeded Yorke as the Executive Producer. During her time at \"\"EastEnders\"\", Berridge introduced popular characters such as Alfie Moon, Dennis Rickman, Chrissie Watts, Jane Beale, Stacey Slater and the critically panned Indian Ferreira family. Berridge was responsible for some ratings success stories, such as Alfie and Kat Slater's relationship, Janine Butcher getting her comeuppance, Trevor Morgan and Jamie Mitchell's death storylines and the return of one of the greatest soap icons, Den Watts, who had been presumed dead for 14 years.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876017", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nthe di Marco family who departed during the previous month. The Slaters were created by Tony Jordan and introduced by John Yorke. The Slater sisters were cast in an improvisation session. In their first years on the show, the family were at the centre of a child sexual abuse storyline and a domestic violence plot. Following multiple cast departures, three new cast members — Lacey Turner (Stacey Slater), Gillian Wright (Jean Slater) and Rob Kazinsky (Sean Slater) — joined the show as an extension of the family. Stacey and Jean were used to highlight the topic of bipolar disorder, working", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19347275", "chunk_text": "\"Kat & Alfie: Redwater\"\n\"\"EastEnders\"\", also executive producer of \"\"Redwater\"\", Dominic Treadwell-Collins, said that two events in \"\"EastEnders\"\" serve as a catalyst for the series. In \"\"EastEnders\"\" episodes broadcast in April, May and December 2015 and January 2016, Kat and Alfie win the lottery, Alfie discovers he has a mass in his brain and Kat discovers she gave birth to a son, Luke, after she passed out during the birth of her daughter Zoe Slater (Michelle Ryan); Luke was adopted by a family in Ireland without Kat knowing he existed. Kat's sister Belinda Peacock (Carli Norris) recalls a time the family (minus Kat) went", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8680049", "chunk_text": "\"Danielle Jones (EastEnders)\"\nDiscussing the character's death, Digital Spy's Kris Green praised Crace's acting. He compared Danielle's revelation that Ronnie was her mother to the \"\"EastEnders\"\" storyline several years previously, when Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace) revealed she was actually the mother of her supposed sister Zoe (Michelle Ryan). Green opined: \"\"Although it didn't quite capture the magic of [the Kat-Zoe scene] it definitely comes an \"\"extremely\"\" close second.\"\" He concluded: \"\"I'd probably go as far as to say that it's one of the best episodes \"\"EastEnders\"\" has produced in a long time\"\". The episode was selected as recommended viewing by \"\"The Guardian\"\" Sarah", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876055", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\ncell discussing their lives. In November 2018, it was announced that the show would launch a new podcast spin-off series, \"\"EastEnders: The Podcast\"\", following different characters. The first episode, released on 28 November, is 20-minutes in length and focuses on Kat, Alfie and Hayley and their time in Spain, set in March 2018. The podcast special builds towards the 2018 Christmas episodes. Richie was pleased to be taking part in the first podcast for the show. In December 2003, a BBC spokesperson called the Slaters \"\"arguably the most successful family in soap\"\". On the family, Jess Wilson, writing for OK!,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12542591", "chunk_text": "\"Sean Slater\"\nSean Slater Sean Slater is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Robert Kazinsky. Sean's existence was revealed on 9 December 2005 when his sister Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) returns to Walford after their mother, Jean (Gillian Wright), attempts suicide. He made his first appearance on 22 August 2006. Sean left the Square temporarily on 27 March 2007, as Kazinsky was suspended from work for two months. He returned on 28 May 2007. It was announced on 18 January 2008 that Kazinsky would finish filming the show in October 2008, but that the character would remain", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3347138", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nfor Michael's murder, in return for Janine dropping false charges against Stacey, so that she can return to Walford. At her trial, Janine confesses to her crimes, and Kat is charged with perjury. She is devastated when Stacey hands herself over to the police for Archie Mitchell's (Larry Lamb) murder, five years previously. Kat attends a hearing, and is given a suspended sentence. After the market is merged with Spring Lane, Kat immediately clashes with her new rival, Donna Yates (Lisa Hammond) and is later surprised when Alfie reveals he has bought a pitch on the market. Kat gives birth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973268", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nKat was the mother of Zoe, after being raped by her uncle Harry Slater (Michael Elphick). Actress Jessie Wallace was cast in the role of Kat after the character was developed at an improvisation session for thirty actors and actresses earlier in the year. Speaking of her casting, Wallace commented: \"\"I'm pleased to be playing the champion floosie in the square. I want to achieve Cindy Beale proportions! Basically, Kat goes clubbing, steals other people's men and gets into fights. I love her. Everyone's warned me to expect a lot of stick in the street – Kat's such a full-on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13934109", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nthe night. The next morning, Dimitri does not allow Kat to leave the bed to make breakfast for the children. Tommy decides to make breakfast and Kat's relative, Hayley Slater (Katie Jarvis) arrives to witness Tommy dropping the kettle on Ernie, who is scalded. Kat sees this and screams. Mo returns to Walford, telling Stacey that Kat has died. Stacey raises money for Kat's funeral, but Jean arrives and tells Stacey that Kat is not dead as she spoke to her that day; Mo has lied to raise money as she has financial problems. Kat returns to Walford and is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8473615", "chunk_text": "EastEnders\nher friend Dot Cotton), the unveiling of Kat Slater's abuse by her uncle Harry as a child (which led to the birth of her daughter Zoe, who had been brought up to believe that Kat was her sister), the domestic abuse of Little Mo Morgan by husband Trevor (which involved rape and culminated in Trevor's death after he tried to kill Little Mo in a fire), Sonia Jackson giving birth at the age of 15 and then putting her baby up for adoption, and Janine Butcher's prostitution, agoraphobia and drug addiction. The soap also tackled the issue of mental illness", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973225", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\n(Russell Boulter), a disgusted Kat leaves Walford. Several months later, Kat's grandmother Mo discovers that she is in prison for prostitution. Upon her release, Mo convinces her to return to Walford. Kat is determined to win Alfie back, but he is now in a relationship with Little Mo. Though he opts to reconcile with Kat, she is unwilling once she learns of his relationship with her sister. Kat rebuilds her relationship with Zoe, and they part on good terms when Zoe leaves to work as a holiday rep in Ibiza. When Nana Moon dies, Kat comforts Alfie and their feelings", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3347167", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\ndied, dad was grieving and nan (Mo) was touting stolen meat off the back of lorries (some things never change). Kat wasted very little time in establishing herself as a drama queen by shocking everyone with the revelation that her youngest sister, Zoe was in fact her daughter. Then she stole her dishy doctor boyfriend for good measure.\"\" It continues: \"\"With her enemies closing in, there was nothing to do but return home to Walford for help, complete with a huge baby bump\"\" Shane Richie revealed that viewers dislike seeing Kat and Alfie happy. Speaking to \"\"Inside Soap\"\" Richie commented:", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876018", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nwith the charity Mind. In 2010, Turner left the series and Wallace reprised her role; the following year, Kat featured in a controversial story which sees her son swapped for a deceased baby. Turner returned in 2014 and the Slater family were later expanded. Riley Carter Millington, the first transgender actor to portray a transgender character in a British soap opera, was cast as Stacey's half-brother, Kyle Slater. Denise Welch appeared in one episode as Kyle's mother, Alison Slater. The family became a focal point across New Year 2016 when Kat discovers that she has a secret son and Charlie", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973269", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\ncharacter. But I'm prepared for the fact that my life's going to change completely. I can't wait, but at the same time I'm scared.\"\" Wallace made her first on-screen appearance as Kat on 18 September 2000. The character was described as \"\"a bit of a floozy\"\", \"\"fiery\"\", \"\"a bitch\"\" and \"\"feisty\"\". Kat is described by the \"\"EastEnders\"\" website saying that as soon as she arrived in Walford with her \"\"fake tan, heavy make-up and hoop earrings\"\", viewers would know that Kat would bring a dose of \"\"Viagra to the men of Albert Square\"\". It continues to read: \"\"Her mum had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876054", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nShay Crotty reprised his role as Tommy, while the roles of Bert and Ernie were recast to Elliot Briffett and Cody Briffett respectively. The family are central to the 2018 Christmas episodes as the truth about Cherry's paternity is revealed. Charlie's mother-in-law, Mo Harris, is also considered a member of the family. The Slaters (Kat, Lynne, Little Mo, Zoe, Charlie, Mo and Belinda) feature in \"\"EastEnders\"\" first DVD, \"\"Slaters in Detention\"\", released in November 2003. The comedic special was written by the family's creator, Tony Jordan, and focuses on a night out for the family where they finish a prison", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15524883", "chunk_text": "\"Sean Slater\"\nI want to be in her exit storyline... I'd love to do that.\"\" In 2017, Simons did leave \"\"EastEnders\"\" but Kazinsky was not a part of her exit storyline. Sean Slater Sean Slater is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Robert Kazinsky. Sean's existence was revealed on 9 December 2005 when his sister Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) returns to Walford after their mother, Jean (Gillian Wright), attempts suicide. He made his first appearance on 22 August 2006. Sean left the Square temporarily on 27 March 2007, as Kazinsky was suspended from work for two months.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3347143", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nand they reminisce about their relationship. The next day, Kat lashes out at Alfie for leaving leftovers for the children, but at the urging of Stacey, she agrees to be his date to Ian and Jane's wedding if he makes more effort for making up for the fire. On the wedding day, she gets heavily drunk, and during the reception, shoves Sonia Fowler's (Natalie Cassidy) head into the wedding cake. When the nursery raise their rates, Kat is forced to leave the children in Mo's care to work her shift at the market, but ends up having drinks with Kim", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3347151", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nher. Kat and Alfie then leave with Tommy, Bert and Ernie to live in Spain. Kat returns to Walford to spend Christmas with Stacey. Alfie follows with the children, and it is revealed that Zoe does not want to see her. Kat is surprised when Sister Ruth visits her, and reveals the truth about her son, whom the nuns called Luke, and Ruth reveals he was adopted by an Irish family. Kat realises Mo knew about Luke, and argues with Mo and Charlie. Charlie has a heart attack and dies, leaving Kat devastated. Belinda returns and blames Kat for Charlie's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876026", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nthe show to pursue new projects in April 2006. Her character, Little Mo, departed during the following month when she moves to Barnstaple. Little Mo's son Freddie Mitchell, portrayed by twins Alex and Tom Kilby, was also written out of the series. Following the spree of exits in the family, producers created three new additions of the family. Lacey Turner was cast as Stacey Slater, Charlie's \"\"fiesty\"\" great-niece, who is billed as \"\"one hell of a bitch\"\". Turner originally auditioned for a part in the Miller family. Stacey's mother, Jean Slater (Gillian Wright), was later introduced as a minor character.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18323323", "chunk_text": "\"Chrissie Watts\"\nby telling Zoe the truth. Zoe confronts Chrissie before fleeing to Spain, telling her mother Kat Slater (Jessie Wallace) what has happened before she goes. Dennis and Sharon return to Walford in search of their father. On their wedding day, a drunken Sam grows frustrated and smashes up Den's grave and digs up his body in the hope that Chrissie will be sent down for his death. This backfires and Sam is arrested on suspicion of murder as Den's bloodstains are found under her sink and her story constantly changes. Chrissie asks Kat to get her cousin, Stacey Slater (Lacey", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2219007", "chunk_text": "\"Zoe Slater\"\nfirst on-screen appearance on 18 September 2000. The family consisted of, grandmother Mo Harris (Laila Morse), father Charlie (Derek Martin), his five children, Lynne (Elaine Lordan), Kat (Jessie Wallace), Little Mo (Kacey Ainsworth), Zoe (Ryan), Belinda (Leanne Lakey), who was to be introduced to \"\"EastEnders\"\" at a later date, as well as Lynne's boyfriend Garry Hobbs (Ricky Groves). It later transpired that Kat was the mother of Zoe, after being raped by her uncle Harry Slater (Michael Elphick). According to the BBC's head of drama series, Mal Young, the family was brought in as the serial did not \"\"have enough", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15711880", "chunk_text": "\"Stacey Slater\"\nattend Martin's school reunion. The next day, Ruby tells Stacey she had sex with two of Martin's friends but only said yes to one of them. Stacey convinces her she was raped and supports her as she reports it to the police. In September 2004, an official BBC press release announced an addition to the popular Slater family; the new \"\"feisty female\"\" named Stacey Slater, Charlie Slater's great-niece and cousin to Kat, Lynne, Belinda, Little Mo and Zoe. According to the report, Stacey \"\"looks like a Slater and shares the same family attitude but with one differenceStacey is one hell", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7575907", "chunk_text": "\"Incest in film and television\"\nDevelopment\"\" features a recurring theme in which George Michael develops a crush on his cousin Maeby. While the two do come close to forming a relationship, it is suggested many times throughout the series that Maeby may have been adopted and that she and George Michael are not related by blood at all. Later story lines feature Maeby developing a relationship with a classmate of hers named Steve Holt, only to discover, he too, is her cousin. \"\"EastEnders\"\" also featured a storyline between Zoe Slater, Kat Slater and Harry Slater. Zoe discovered Kat, who she thought was her sister, is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10751623", "chunk_text": "\"Charlie Slater\"\nmaybe it will all become more permanent. Nothing's been said but I can't help hoping.\"\" Charlie's return scenes aired on 24 and 25 December 2013, with 7.65 million tuning in to watch on 24 December and 8.60 million on 25 December. Lacey Turner, who plays Charlie's great niece Stacey Branning, expressed an interest in Charlie and her on-screen mother, Jean (Gillian Wright) returning, \"\"Having scenes with the Slaters is my favourite thing, though. It would be great if we could get Derek Martin and Gillian Wright back.\"\" In April 2014, Martin revealed that cast members, including Jessie Wallace (Kat) and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4351080", "chunk_text": "\"EastEnders spin-offs\"\ndeath and funeral, and Carol Jackson confronting her daughter Bianca over her relationship with Dan Sullivan. The first \"\"EastEnders\"\" DVD was \"\"Slaters in Detention\"\", released in November 2003 and also available on VHS. It contained a special comedic episode of \"\"EastEnders\"\" starring the Slater family. It was written by Tony Jordan, who helped devise the characters. It began with the female members of the Slater family dressed up in school uniform for a local disco, and they end up in a police cell where they reflect on the events of their lives, such as Kat revealing that Zoe was her", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14853710", "chunk_text": "\"Jessie Wallace\"\nJessie Wallace Jessie Wallace (born Karen Jane Wallace; 25 September 1971) is an English actress and model. She is known for her role of Kat Slater in the BBC soap opera \"\"EastEnders\"\", for which she won the National Television Awards for Most Popular Newcomer (2001) and also won the British Soap Awards Best Newcomer (2001) and Most Popular Actress (2003), and the British Soap Award for Best Actress (2011). She was nominated for the 2011 BAFTA TV Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Pat Phoenix in the BBC Four drama \"\"The Road to Coronation Street\"\" (2010). Wallace", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "973219", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Slater\"\nRonnie Branning (Samantha Womack) both give birth on the same day, but Ronnie's baby, James, dies and while Kat is in hospital and her baby, Tommy, is unattended, Ronnie swaps the infants. The storyline received over 6,000 complaints, making it the second most complained about \"\"EastEnders\"\" storyline. It was then decided to end the storyline earlier than originally planned. Wallace has won multiple awards for her portrayal of Kat. At the National Television Awards, she was named \"\"Most Popular Newcomer\"\" in 2001 and \"\"Most Popular Actress\"\" in 2003. Wallace was additionally nominated for the \"\"Best Actress\"\", \"\"Best Dramatic Performance\"\" and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20876036", "chunk_text": "\"Slater family (EastEnders)\"\nThe characters depart together in September 2013 after deciding to move to Brighton. Martin reprised his role as Charlie for two episodes in December 2013 and expressed an interest in returning permanently. That same month, Kat announces that she is pregnant with Alfie's child. Nine months later, Kat gives birth to their twin sons, Bert and Ernie Moon (Freddie and Stanley Beale). It was announced on 6 December 2013 that Turner had agreed to reprise her role as Stacey and that the character would return in early 2014. Executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins described Stacey as \"\"one of \"\"EastEnders\"\" best-loved characters,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15634851", "chunk_text": "EastEnders\nwhich have included Arthur Fowler, Ricky Butcher, Lofty Holloway and Billy Mitchell. Other recurring character types that have appeared throughout the serial are \"\"cheeky-chappies\"\" Pete Beale, Alfie Moon, Garry Hobbs and Kush Kazemi, \"\"lost girls\"\" such as Mary Smith, Donna Ludlow and Mandy Salter, delinquents such as Stacey Slater, Jay Brown and Lola Pearce, \"\"villains\"\" such as Nick Cotton, Trevor Morgan, May Wright, Yusef Khan, Archie Mitchell and Dean Wicks, \"\"bitches\"\" such as Cindy Beale, Janine Butcher, Lucy Beale, Abi Branning and Babe Smith and cockney \"\"wide boys\"\" or \"\"wheeler dealers\"\" such as Frank Butcher, Alfie Moon, Kevin Wicks, Darren", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14811173", "chunk_text": "\"Kat Stewart\"\nAsher Keddie and including John Waters, Eddie Perfect, Deborah Mailman, Richard Davies, Garry McDonald, Lachy Hulme and Linda Cropper. One of the show's strengths is the dynamic relationship between the sisters Billie and Nina Proudman (played by Keddie). Both actresses have spoken of their admiration for each other, with Stewart saying \"\"I've admired Asher ever since \"\"Love My Way\"\". She is an actress of extraordinary ability and depth. We have a lovely shorthand and support for each other on set, not unlike Nina and Billie. There's a trust there that allows real spontaneity and joy.\"\" Keddie spoke of Kat, saying", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10693931", "chunk_text": "\"Jean Slater\"\nJean Slater Jean Slater (also Walters) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera, \"\"EastEnders\"\", played by Gillian Wright. Her first appearance is in the episode first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 16 December 2004. Having only been introduced for one episode in 2004, Wright was reintroduced as a regular character the following year. The character is introduced as the mother of Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) who suffers with bipolar disorder. Her disorder strains her relationship with her children, Stacey and Sean Slater (Robert Kazinsky). Wright researched the disorder to prepare for the role. In April 2010, it", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9046819", "chunk_text": "\"Roxy Mitchell\"\nRoxy Mitchell Roxy Mitchell (also Slater) is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera, \"\"EastEnders\"\", portrayed by Rita Simons. Roxy arrived in Walford with her sister Ronnie (played by Samantha Womack) on 24 July 2007 and decided to move permanently to Walford from Ibiza where they ran a bar together. Roxy is the younger of the two sisters. She is described as the \"\"fire,” as opposed to Ronnie's \"\"ice.” Simons took a temporary hiatus in 2015, with Roxy off screen from 1 January until 4 May 2016. Following the announcement that Womack would be leaving the series, Simons' departure", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_96	the cast of a good day to die hard?	n/a	[ "Mary Elizabeth Winstead", "Sebastian Koch", "Radivoje Bukvić", "Jai Courtney", "Bruce Willis", "Yuliya Snigir", "Sergei Kolesnikov" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526294", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nA Good Day to Die Hard A Good Day to Die Hard is a 2013 American action thriller film and the fifth installment in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" film series. The film was directed by John Moore and written by Skip Woods, and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The main plot finds McClane travelling to Russia to get his estranged son, Jack, an undercover CIA agent, out of prison. He is soon caught in the crossfire of a global terrorist plot. Alongside Willis, the film also stars Jai Courtney, Cole Hauser, Yuliya Snigir and Sebastian Koch. Talks of a fifth", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526305", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nbe \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\"—with no further mention of any involvement from the \"\"24\"\" series—with a release date of February 14, 2013. Bruce Willis returned as John McClane, and has expressed a desire to shoot \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" and a sixth installment in the series before retiring the character. When casting the role of Jack McClane, the studios considered several actors, including Liam Hemsworth and James Badge Dale, before ultimately settling on Australian actor Jai Courtney. Mary Elizabeth Winstead also appeared in the film, reprising her role as McClane's daughter Lucy. However all her scenes", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526303", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nattack. Father and son survive by leaping off the building into a large pool of water, as the helicopter crashes and explodes, killing Irina. In the end, the McClanes return home and reunite with Lucy on the tarmac. Additional cast members include CIA operatives: Cole Hauser as Mike Collins and Aldis Hodge as Lt. Foxy. Amaury Nolasco appears as Murphy, an NYPD detective and McClane Jr.'s friend. Pasha D. Lychnikoff has a brief role as a Russian cab driver. Roman Luknár makes an appearance as Anton, a business associate of Chagarin. Ganxsta Zolee makes a brief cameo as a MRAP", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526306", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nwere cut from the Extended release. Sebastian Koch played the film's primary antagonist, Yuri Komarov, while Yuliya Snigir and Cole Hauser featured as secondary characters Irina and Collins. The cast was completed by actors Amaury Nolasco as a friend of McClane, Pasha D. Lychnikoff as a taxi driver, and Megalyn Echikunwoke, Anne Vyalitsyna, and Ivan Kamaras in smaller roles. Production began in Hungary in April 2012, with the capital Budapest standing in for Moscow. A military shooting range near Hajmáskér was used for shooting live ammunition, while vehicular stunts were shot at the Hungaroring, a Formula One racing circuit in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526304", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\ndriver. Production was formally announced in 2010, with \"\"\"\" and \"\"The A-Team\"\" writer Skip Woods confirmed as the film's screenwriter. Noam Murro was originally attached to direct the film but left production to direct the \"\"300\"\" prequel, \"\"\"\". John Moore was subsequently drafted in to replace him. The film was originally titled \"\"\"\"Die Hard 24/7\"\"\"\". The media speculated that the film would be a crossover between the \"\"Die Hard\"\" and \"\"24\"\" series, with Kiefer Sutherland to reprise his role as Jack Bauer alongside John McClane. This was never confirmed by the studio, and the film's title was later revealed to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5287323", "chunk_text": "\"Luca Bercovici\"\nthe Block\"\" starring Eric Roberts, and went on to produce the second season of the HBO Europe series, \"\"Terápia\"\". Bercovici and Váradi were a part of the production team to bring the filming of \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" starring Bruce Willis to Budapest, Hungary with Bercovici and Váradi serving as production supervisors on the film. Luca Bercovici is a third-generation screenwriter and director following the path of both his grandfather Leonardo Bercovici (1908-1995) and his father Eric Bercovici (1933–2014). Both of his brothers, Hilary Bercovici and Jacob Bercovici, have composed music for films. Luca Bercovici Luca Bercovici is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12591285", "chunk_text": "\"Jai Courtney\"\nJai Courtney Jai Stephen Courtney (; born 15 March 1986) is an Australian actor. He started his career with small roles in films and television series before being cast as Charlie in the action film \"\"Jack Reacher\"\" (2012). He then went on to star in \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" (2013) and \"\"I, Frankenstein\"\" (2014). He stars alongside Christopher Plummer in the wartime thriller, \"\"The Exception\"\" (2016) Courtney had a recurring role as Varro in the television series \"\"\"\" (2010). He played Eric in the science fiction action film \"\"Divergent\"\" (2014), and in 2015, he reprised the role in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20112123", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard\"\narea with Argyle. Additional cast includes Hans's henchmen: Bruno Doyon as Franco, Andreas Wisniewski as Tony, Joey Plewa as Alexander, Lorenzo Caccialanza as Marco, Gerard Bonn as Kristoff, Dennis Hayden as Eddie, Al Leong as Uli, Gary Roberts as Heinrich, Hans Buhringer as Fritz, and Wilhelm von Homburg as James. Robert Davi and Grand L. Bush appear as FBI Special Agent Big Johnson and Agent Little Johnson, respectively, Tracy Reiner appears as Thornburg's assistant, and Taylor Fry and Noah Land make minor appearances as McClane's children Lucy McClane and John Jr. Produced by Lawrence Gordon and Joel Silver, the film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "702188", "chunk_text": "\"Justin Smith (American actor)\"\nJustin Smith (American actor) Justin Smith is an American actor best known for his roles on The CW drama \"\"The Vampire Diaries\"\", the feature film \"\"Man Down\"\" (film), and the 20th Century Fox hit \"\"A Good Day To Die Hard\"\". Growing up in a small town outside of Central Florida, Justin began acting in local and regional theatre, but spent much of his time at his father's fire station. His father was a fourth generation firefighter and Justin had planned to follow in the family legacy until a friend in college convinced him to audition for a local production of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526310", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nAnthony, Jon Kull, Dana Niu, Rossana Galante, Andrew Kinny. The orchestra was conducted by Pete Anthony. The score was programmed by Buck Sanders, with additional music composed by Marcus Trumpp and Brandon Roberts. On January 31, 2013, 20th Century Fox held a special tribute to the 25th anniversary of the \"\"Die Hard\"\" series by unveiling a mural of a scene from \"\"Die Hard\"\" (1988) on Sound Stage 8 of the Fox Lot. Afterward, the premiere screening of \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" was shown. Two additional premieres were held in Europe leading up to the film's commercial release: one", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7877525", "chunk_text": "\"Mary Elizabeth Winstead\"\nfilm \"\"\"\" (2012) and in the monster film \"\"10 Cloverfield Lane\"\" (2016). She reprised her role as Lucy Gennero-McClane in \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" (2013) and returned to television with roles in the supernatural drama series \"\"The Returned\"\" (2015), the political satire/science fiction comedy series \"\"BrainDead\"\" (2016), the period medical drama series \"\"Mercy Street\"\" (2016–17) and the black comedy/crime drama anthology series \"\"Fargo\"\" (2017). Her singing career started in 2013, when she formed the music duo Got a Girl with Dan the Automator. Mary Elizabeth Winstead was born on November 28, 1984, in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526295", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\n\"\"Die Hard\"\" film began before the release of the fourth installment, \"\"Live Free or Die Hard\"\", with Willis affirming that the latter would not be the last in the series, but pre-production did not start until September 2011, when John Moore was officially announced as the director. Filming began in April 2012, primarily in Budapest, Hungary. \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" premiered in London on January 31, 2013, coinciding with the unveiling of a \"\"Die Hard\"\" mural at the Fox Lot, and was released the United States on February 13, 2013. It is the first \"\"Die Hard\"\" film to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4207130", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Gleason\"\nPaul Gleason Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American film and television actor, known for his roles on television series such as \"\"All My Children\"\" and films such as \"\"The Breakfast Club\"\", \"\"Trading Places\"\", and \"\"Die Hard\"\". Gleason was born on May 4, 1939 in Jersey City, New Jersey, the son of Eleanor (née Doyle), a registered nurse, and George L. Gleason, a restaurateur, professional boxer, iron worker, and roofing manufacturer. Gleason was raised in Miami Beach, Florida. At age 16, he ran away from home and hitchhiked across the east coast, sleeping on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20112114", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard\"\nDie Hard Die Hard is a 1988 American action thriller film. It was directed by John McTiernan, and written by Steven E. de Souza and Jeb Stuart. It was produced by the Gordon Company and Silver Pictures, and distributed by 20th Century Fox. The film follows off-duty New York City Police Department officer John McClane (Bruce Willis) who is caught in a Los Angeles skyscraper during a heist led by Hans Gruber (Alan Rickman). It is based on Roderick Thorp's 1979 novel \"\"Nothing Lasts Forever\"\". Made for $28 million, \"\"Die Hard\"\" grossed over $140 million theatrically worldwide, with the film", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9282874", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard with a Vengeance\"\nDumas appear as agents Bill Jarvis and Andrew Cross respectively. Aldis Hodge and Michael Alexander Jackson appear as Raymond and Dexter respectively, Zeus's nephews caught in the school bomb panic. Hodge later appeared in 2013's \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" as Lt. Foxy. Like most of the films in the series, the premise of this film was repurposed from a stand-alone project. Various scripts were written for \"\"Die Hard 3\"\"; a number of them were ultimately rejected by Bruce Willis on the grounds that they felt like retreads of the action movies that came in the wake of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3751009", "chunk_text": "\"Bruce Willis\"\nBruce Willis Walter Bruce Willis (born March 19, 1955) is an American actor, producer, and singer. Born to a German mother and American father in Idar-Oberstein, Germany, he moved to the United States with his family in 1957. His career began on the Off-Broadway stage in the 1970s. He later achieved fame with his leading role on the hit television series \"\"Moonlighting\"\" (1985–89). He has since appeared in over 70 films and is widely regarded as an \"\"action hero\"\" due to his portrayal of John McClane in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" franchise (1988–2013), and other such roles. His credits also include", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4313611", "chunk_text": "\"Bonnie Bedelia\"\nBonnie Bedelia Bonnie Bedelia (born Bonnie Bedelia Culkin, March 25, 1948) is an American actress. She began her career in theatre and during 1960s starred in the CBS daytime soap opera, \"\"Love of Life\"\" (1961–67), before making her movie debut in \"\"The Gypsy Moths\"\" (1969). Bedelia was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her performance in 1983 film \"\"Heart Like a Wheel\"\", and for an Independent Spirit Award for \"\"The Prince of Pennsylvania\"\" (1988). She is best known for her role as Holly Gennero McClane in the action films \"\"Die Hard\"\" (1988) and \"\"Die Hard 2\"\" (1990), as well", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13489300", "chunk_text": "\"John McClane\"\nphone. She still resides in Los Angeles and is separated from, but still married to McClane. In \"\"Live Free or Die Hard\"\", cyber-terrorist Thomas Gabriel notes that McClane and Holly are divorced. in \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\", she is mentioned by John when John and Jack are on their mission. Lucy McClane is John's daughter, born in 1982. She is played as a child by Taylor Fry in the first \"\"Die Hard\"\" film and as an adult by Mary Elizabeth Winstead in the fourth film \"\"Live Free or Die Hard\"\" and the fifth film \"\"A Good Day to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17690940", "chunk_text": "\"Johnny Strong\"\n(film)\"\". Strong stars in \"\"Sinners & Saints\"\", a New Orleans-based police thriller featuring Sean Patrick Flanery and Tom Berenger released in 2012. 2016 marked his return to the screen, starring in \"\"Daylight's End\"\", an apocalyptic zombie thriller movie, with Lance Henriksen. Johnny Strong Johnny Strong (born July 22, 1974) is an American actor, musician, stuntman and martial artist. He is best known for his roles in \"\"Black Hawk Down\"\" (as Medal of Honor recipient Randy Shughart) and \"\"The Fast and the Furious\"\" as Leon. Aside from acting, Strong is also the Lead vocalist and founder of the band Operator. Strong", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526297", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nKomarov in an imminent rigged trial unless Komarov hands over a secret file believed to contain evidence incriminating Chagarin. Separately, Jack McClane, who has been arrested after an assassination attempt, negotiates for a shorter sentence by offering to testify against Komarov. Meanwhile, Jack's father, NYPD Detective John McClane, who has not been in touch with his son for several years, has learned his son is in trouble and, taken to the airport by his daughter Lucy McClane, flies to Russia to help. As John arrives and approaches the courthouse where Komarov is on trial, a bomb explosion, orchestrated by Chagarin's", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16163440", "chunk_text": "\"Jason Keller (playwright)\"\nJason Keller (playwright) Jason Keller (born December 12, 1968, Indianapolis, Indiana) is an American playwright and screenwriter. He has also been credited under the anagram pen name of Arnell Jesko. Keller began his screenwriting career by writing Marc Forster's film \"\"Machine Gun Preacher\"\", which was released by Relativity Media in 2011. Keller went on to write Tarsem Singh's film \"\"Mirror Mirror\"\", starring Julia Roberts, as well as Mikael Håfström's 2013 action film \"\"Escape Plan\"\", starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone. He is also the executive producer of the fifth sequel in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" franchise, \"\"A Good Day to Die", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13489282", "chunk_text": "\"John McClane\"\nJohn McClane John McClane is the main protagonist of the \"\"Die Hard\"\" film series. He is portrayed by Bruce Willis. He is known for his sardonic one-liners, including the famous catchphrase \"\"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\"\". John McClane was originally based on the fictional character Detective Joe Leland from Roderick Thorp's bestselling novel, \"\"Nothing Lasts Forever\"\". Other aspects are derived from Frank Malone from Walter Wager's novel \"\"58 Minutes\"\" (adapted as \"\"Die Hard 2\"\"). \"\"Die Hard\"\" villain Hans Gruber describes him as \"\"just another American... who thinks he's John Wayne,\"\" to which McClane replies that he \"\"was always partial to Roy Rogers.\"\" He", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10105921", "chunk_text": "\"Paul Gleason\"\nScott, \"\"Character Kings: Hollywood's Familiar Faces Discuss the Art & Business of Acting.\"\" BearManor Media, 2009. . Paul Gleason Paul Xavier Gleason (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American film and television actor, known for his roles on television series such as \"\"All My Children\"\" and films such as \"\"The Breakfast Club\"\", \"\"Trading Places\"\", and \"\"Die Hard\"\". Gleason was born on May 4, 1939 in Jersey City, New Jersey, the son of Eleanor (née Doyle), a registered nurse, and George L. Gleason, a restaurateur, professional boxer, iron worker, and roofing manufacturer. Gleason was raised in Miami Beach,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20112126", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard\"\nthen offered to a variety of other actors, including Richard Gere, Clint Eastwood, Burt Reynolds, Sylvester Stallone, Harrison Ford, Don Johnson, Nick Nolte, Mel Gibson and Richard Dean Anderson, all of whom turned it down. Fast running out of options demographic data from CinemaScore helping persuade the studio, the producers and director John McTiernan to offer the role to Willis. At the time, Willis was largely known for his comedic role as detective David Addison on the television series \"\"Moonlighting\"\". Willis initially turned down the role due to his contractual commitments to \"\"Moonlighting\"\". However after his co-star Cybill Shepherd became", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3682575", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard 2\"\nDie Hard 2 Die Hard 2 is a 1990 American action thriller film and the second installment in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" film series. The film was released on July 4, 1990 in the United States. The film was directed by Renny Harlin, written by Steven E. deSouza and Doug Richardson and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The film co-stars Bonnie Bedelia, William Sadler, Art Evans, William Atherton, Franco Nero, Dennis Franz, Fred Thompson, John Amos and Reginald VelJohnson. The screenplay was adapted from Walter Wager's novel \"\"58 Minutes\"\". The novel has the same plot but differs slightly: a cop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9282873", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard with a Vengeance\"\nescape in a helicopter, firing upon McClane. McClane shoots an overhead power line so that it falls onto the helicopter, crashing it and killing all aboard. With the bullion located, Carver and McClane share a few jokes, before Carver convinces McClane to call his wife. Additional cast members include Simon's goons: Richard Council as Otto, Mischa Hausserman as Mischa, Phil Theis as Erik, Robert Sedgwick as Rolf, Sven Torvaid as Karl, Timothy Adams as Gunther, Tony Halme as Roman, Greg Skrovic as Kurt, Bill Christ as Ivan, Gerrit Vooren as Nils and Willis Sparks as Klaus. Michael Cristofer and Charles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1374995", "chunk_text": "\"Robert Patrick\"\nRobert Patrick Robert Hammond Patrick Jr. (born November 5, 1958) is an American actor, perhaps best known for his portrayals of villainous characters. He is a Saturn Award winner with four nominations. Patrick dropped out of college when drama class sparked his interest in acting, and entered film in 1986. After playing a supporting role in \"\"Die Hard 2\"\" (1990), Patrick starred as the T-1000, the main antagonist of \"\"\"\" (1991) – a role he reprised for cameo appearances in \"\"Wayne's World\"\" (1992) and \"\"Last Action Hero\"\" (1993). Other notable film credits include \"\"Fire in the Sky\"\" (1993), \"\"Striptease\"\" (1996),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526307", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nMogyoród. In July 2012, a fire broke out on the set while shooting an aerial stunt, though no one was injured and shooting resumed after a short delay. In creating the film's visual style, Moore wanted the camera work to be almost entirely handheld, using three 4 Perforation 35mm Arri cameras equipped with long lenses to capture tight close-ups, for Moore explained, \"\"McClane is in a strange world, with little or no initial control over his environment. He's unable to anticipate things as he normally might. He's caught off guard, and we want the camera to mimic that surprise and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17808667", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard 2\"\nAdditional cast members include Stuart's henchmen: Don Harvey as Garber, John Costelloe as Sergeant Oswald Cochrane, Vondie Curtis-Hall as Miller, John Leguizamo as Burke, Robert Patrick as O'Reilly, Tom Verica as Kahn, Tony Ganios as Baker, Michael Cunningham as Sheldon, Peter Nelson as Thompson, Ken Baldwin as Mulkey, and Mark Boone Junior as Shockley. Robert Costanzo appears as Sgt. Vito Lorenzo, Carmine's brother and towing supervisor. Patrick O'Neal appears as Telford, Major Grant's Second in Command. Colm Meaney appears as the pilot of the Windsor Airlines flight crashed through Stuart's machinations. \"\"Die Hard 2\"\" was the first film to use", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13573141", "chunk_text": "\"Brian Smrz\"\nBrian Smrz Brian Smrz (; born ), also Brian Delaney Smrz, is a Hollywood stunt coordinator and second unit director of projects such as \"\"Live Free or Die Hard\"\", \"\"\"\", \"\"Eagle Eye\"\", \"\"Night at the Museum\"\", \"\"Windtalkers\"\" and \"\"Superman Returns\"\", among others. He is also the director of \"\"Hero Wanted\"\", starring Cuba Gooding, Jr. and Ray Liotta and of \"\"24 Hours to Live\"\", starring Ethan Hawke and Xu Qing. He won the Taurus Award twice and was nominated a third time. Smrz has worked as a stunt performer and stunt coordinator on Hollywood films since 1981. In more recent years,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526300", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nthe \"\"millions of dollars\"\" to be gained. Jack breaks free of his ties and kills the nearest guards using a Russian gun-knife, allowing the two to kill most of the men. Alik and Irina, with Komarov still their hostage, return in a Mil Mi-24 helicopter and try to kill them, but the two escape a second time. That night, the two steal a car full of firearms and drive to Pripyat, Ukraine, where the vault with the file is located. However, Komarov, Irina, and Alik have preceded them. In a twist, the file is revealed never to have existed: the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1921538", "chunk_text": "\"Jean-Luc Montminy\"\nin leading roles, including, for example, the voice-over for John Travolta in \"\"Killing Season\"\"—'\"\"Face à Face\"\"' in French. Montminy also lent his voice to 613 projects in which he did the voice-over for actors in secondary and other roles as well as animated films. He did the voice-over as Bruce WIllis in \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\"'Une belle journée pour crever' in French. According to the official internet site for dubbing in Quebec, Montminy is the dubbing actor who has most often performed the voice-over for Bruce Willis both in films in which he is a featured actor and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19918768", "chunk_text": "\"Johnny Strong\"\nJohnny Strong Johnny Strong (born July 22, 1974) is an American actor, musician, stuntman and martial artist. He is best known for his roles in \"\"Black Hawk Down\"\" (as Medal of Honor recipient Randy Shughart) and \"\"The Fast and the Furious\"\" as Leon. Aside from acting, Strong is also the Lead vocalist and founder of the band Operator. Strong was born in Los Angeles County, California. At 7 began studying martial arts, taking Judo in the San Fernando Valley. He went on to learn Kickboxing, Jeet Kune Do, Boxing, and eventually earned a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Chris", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14640040", "chunk_text": "\"Rick Yune\"\nRick Yune Rick Yune (born August 22, 1971 as Richard Yun) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer, martial artist and former model. His most notable roles have been in the movies \"\"Snow Falling on Cedars\"\", the first \"\"Fast and Furious\"\" film \"\"The Fast and the Furious\"\", and in the James Bond movie \"\"Die Another Day\"\". He was part of the main cast of the Netflix original series \"\"Marco Polo\"\" until the series was cancelled on December 12, 2016. Yune was born in Washington D.C. to mother Wonhui Park and father Taeho Yune, who were both Koreans. His younger brother is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526314", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\n\"\"Die Hard\"\" memorable—the nuances of character, the political subtext, the cowboy wit—has been dumbed down or scrubbed away entirely.\"\" Todd McCarthy of \"\"The Hollywood Reporter\"\" expressed similar sentiments, particularly of the direction, for which he says that Moore \"\"has directed these sequences in a way that makes the incidents look so far-fetched and essentially unsurvivable that you can only laugh\"\". Kenneth Turan of the \"\"Los Angeles Times\"\" gave the film a 2/5 and remarked that it lacked \"\"inspiration\"\", and that the onscreen rivalry of Willis and Courtney was \"\"more irritant than enticement.\"\" Richard Roeper, standing in for Roger Ebert on", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13710305", "chunk_text": "\"Samuel L. Jackson\"\nSamuel L. Jackson Samuel Leroy Jackson (born December 21, 1948) is an American actor and film producer. He achieved prominence and critical acclaim in the early 1990s with films such as \"\"Goodfellas\"\" (1990), \"\"Jungle Fever\"\" (1991), \"\"Patriot Games\"\" (1992), \"\"Amos & Andrew\"\" (1993), \"\"True Romance\"\" (1993), \"\"Jurassic Park\"\" (1993) and his collaborations with director Quentin Tarantino including \"\"Pulp Fiction\"\" (1994), \"\"Jackie Brown\"\" (1997), \"\"Django Unchained\"\" (2012), and \"\"The Hateful Eight\"\" (2015). He is a highly prolific actor, having appeared in over 100 films, including \"\"Die Hard with a Vengeance\"\" (1995), \"\"A Time to Kill\"\" (1996), \"\"The Long Kiss Goodnight\"\" (1996),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3372036", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard with a Vengeance\"\nDie Hard with a Vengeance Die Hard with a Vengeance is a 1995 American action thriller film and the third in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" film series. It was co-produced and directed by John McTiernan (who directed \"\"Die Hard\"\"), written by Jonathan Hensleigh, and stars Bruce Willis as New York City Police Department Lieutenant John McClane, Samuel L. Jackson as McClane's reluctant partner Zeus Carver, and Jeremy Irons as Simon Gruber. It was released on May 19, 1995, five years after \"\"Die Hard 2\"\", becoming the second highest-grossing film at the worldwide box-office that year. It received mixed reviews. It was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8690646", "chunk_text": "\"John Moore (director)\"\nJohn Moore (director) John Moore (born 1970) is an Irish film director and producer best known for action war film \"\"Behind Enemy Lines\"\" and for the most recent entry in the long-running \"\"Die Hard\"\" franchise, \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\". Moore was born in Dundalk, Ireland, and attended Dublin Institute of Technology, where he attained a degree in Media Arts. Upon completing his course, Moore genuinely believed that he wouldn't go on to work within the medium of film, but after a few years, that promptly changed. After graduating, he wrote and directed a series of short films in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13922633", "chunk_text": "\"Jai Courtney\"\nstarred Daniel Feuerriegel and Adam J. Yeend. In 2008, Courtney had a role in the Australian series \"\"Packed to the Rafters\"\", then a guest lead in the popular \"\"All Saints\"\", the comedy feature \"\"To Hell & Bourke\"\" and several short films. In 2010, he played Varro in \"\"\"\" for 10 episodes, before starring in \"\"Jack Reacher\"\" in 2012 with Tom Cruise and in \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" with Bruce Willis as John McClane's son, Jack. In 2014, he appeared in the film \"\"I, Frankenstein\"\" as Gideon, leader of the gargoyle army and in \"\"Felony\"\" as Jim Melic. Courtney", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11561030", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard (film series)\"\ndivorced, and estranged from his daughter Lucy (Mary Elizabeth Winstead). Cyber-terrorists hack into computers at the FBI, who had sent McClane to bring in computer hacker Matthew \"\"Matt\"\" Farrell (Justin Long) for questioning. Assassins hired by terrorist mastermind Thomas Gabriel (Timothy Olyphant) attempt to kill McClane and Farrell. Farrell tells McClane that the terrorists are actually in the middle of a \"\"fire sale\"\" — a crippling cyber-warfare attack on the national infrastructure: power, public utilities, traffic, and other computer-controlled systems. Although the terrorists capture Lucy and Farrell, McClane foils the criminals and saves the hostages. It was released June 27,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1856926", "chunk_text": "\"Cuba Gooding Jr.\"\nCuba Gooding Jr. Cuba Michael Gooding Jr. (born January 2, 1968) is an American actor and comedian. He gained his breakthrough role as Tre Styles in \"\"Boyz n the Hood\"\" (1991), he appeared in \"\"A Few Good Men\"\" (1992), \"\"The Tuskegee Airmen\"\" (1995), \"\"Outbreak\"\" (1995), and \"\"Jerry Maguire\"\" (1996), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He gained later attention for his roles in \"\"Men of Honor\"\" (2000) as Carl Brashear, and in Michael Bay's WWII epic \"\"Pearl Harbor\"\" (2001) as Doris Miller. His other notable films include \"\"As Good as It Gets\"\" (1997), the ensemble", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10095105", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard 2\"\nreleased on DVD on June 19, 2007, followed by a Blu-ray release on November 20, 2007 and a re-release on January 29, 2013. Die Hard 2 Die Hard 2 is a 1990 American action thriller film and the second installment in the \"\"Die Hard\"\" film series. The film was released on July 4, 1990 in the United States. The film was directed by Renny Harlin, written by Steven E. deSouza and Doug Richardson and stars Bruce Willis as John McClane. The film co-stars Bonnie Bedelia, William Sadler, Art Evans, William Atherton, Franco Nero, Dennis Franz, Fred Thompson, John Amos and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11561035", "chunk_text": "\"Die Hard (film series)\"\nsignificant flashback storytelling in a future entry. By September 2017, Wiseman publicly floated that he was casting for a young version of John McClane. Six months later, the studio enlisted duo Chad Hayes and Carey W. Hayes to re-write the script after Bruce Willis refused to endorse the previous edition and its actor. In July 2018, producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura submitted an updated script titled \"\"McClane\"\", further confirming that the storyline features elements of McClane's and Holly's characters in the 1970s, intermixed with their present-day counterparts. The following month, Wiseman stated that pre-production on the new film should start \"\"fairly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20212768", "chunk_text": "\"William Sadler (actor)\"\nWilliam Sadler (actor) William Thomas Sadler (born April 13, 1950) is an American film and television actor. His television and motion picture roles have included Chesty Puller in \"\"The Pacific\"\", in \"\"\"\", Sheriff Jim Valenti in \"\"Roswell\"\", convict Heywood in \"\"The Shawshank Redemption\"\", Senator Vernon Trent in \"\"Hard to Kill\"\", and the Grim Reaper in \"\"Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey\"\", a role for which he won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor, and his role as Colonel Stuart opposite Bruce Willis in \"\"Die Hard 2\"\". He played the character of President of the United States, Matthew Ellis, in \"\"Iron", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526299", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nhis daughter are given safe passage out of Russia. Collins is eventually shot and killed while the McClanes and Komarov come under heavy gunfire from Chagarin's men, but they escape. They make their way to a hotel in the city to fetch the key to the vault containing the file. There they meet up with Komarov's daughter, Irina, as earlier planned. John grows suspicious of her shifty behavior, and is proven correct when Alik and his men burst in and tie John and Jack up, while Komarov is taken as a hostage, and Irina confesses to informing on them for", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13952426", "chunk_text": "\"Scott Michael Campbell\"\n2013, he appeared in the film \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" starring Bruce Willis and Jai Courtney. He starred in \"\"The Marriage Pact\"\", and continued with guest starring on multiple shows, such as \"\"Resurrection\"\", \"\"Wayward Pines\"\" and \"\"\"\". Campbell guest starred in the fifth season mid-season finale of \"\"Suits\"\" where he played Father Sam Walker. Campbell has produced and directed several short films, the first in 2009 with \"\"Waiting for Jevetta\"\" which he co-directed and produced with Judith Benezra. In 2010 he produced the short film \"\"The Riverside Shuffle\"\". In 2011, Campbell co-produced and co-directed the short films \"\"Shooting", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2861612", "chunk_text": "\"Michele Gammino\"\nMichele Gammino Michele Gammino (born June 16, 1941) is an Italian actor, voice actor and radio and television presenter. Gammino is probably best known in Italy for his roles in dubbing film into the Italian language. He is the official Italian voice actor of Harrison Ford and Steven Seagal. He has even dubbed over 40 characters in Italian films portrayed by actors such as Kevin Costner, Bill Murray, Jack Nicholson and Bob Hoskins. He also performed the Italian voice of James Bond in \"\"The Living Daylights\"\" and \"\"Licence to Kill\"\" which both starred Timothy Dalton as Bond. In his animated", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526296", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nuse Dolby Atmos Surround Mixing and the first to also be released in IMAX theaters. \"\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\" was a box office success but received overwhelmingly negative reviews for its implausible action sequences, cinematography, weak plot, cliched script, and lack of characterization, although the special effects were praised. It is the first film produced by TSG Entertainment, since distributor 20th Century Fox's departure from Dune Entertainment upon the completion of their distribution contract at the end of 2012. In Moscow, Viktor Chagarin, a high-ranking, but corrupt, Russian official plans to incriminate former billionaire and government whistleblower Yuri", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2119008", "chunk_text": "\"Vincent D'Onofrio\"\nVincent D'Onofrio Vincent Philip D'Onofrio (; born June 30, 1959) is an American actor, producer, director, and singer. He is known for his roles as Private Leonard \"\"Gomer Pyle\"\" Lawrence in \"\"Full Metal Jacket\"\" (1987), Wilson Fisk / Kingpin in \"\"Daredevil\"\" (2015–2018), NYPD Detective Robert Goren in \"\"\"\", Edgar the Bug in \"\"Men in Black\"\" (1997), and Vic Hoskins in \"\"Jurassic World\"\" (2015). Among other honors, D'Onofrio is a Saturn Award winner and an Emmy Award nominee. D'Onofrio was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. He is of Italian descent, with ancestors from Sicily. His parents, Gennaro and Phyllis D'Onofrio, an interior", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12526298", "chunk_text": "\"A Good Day to Die Hard\"\nhenchman Alik, occurs in the courthouse and Jack breaks free with Komarov. Seeing his son, John confronts him, but their dispute is cut short as Alik and his men chase them in a US Cougar MRAP through the streets of Moscow. John, Jack, and Komarov manage to escape. Hiding in a safe house, John finds out that his son is a CIA officer and has been on an undercover operation for the past three years. Jack's partner, Collins, demands the file's location from Komarov so that the CIA can bring Chagarin down. Komarov eventually agrees on condition that he and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_97	uruguay is located along what body of water?	n/a	[ "Bay of Montevideo" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251282", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nGeography of Uruguay Uruguay is a country in Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude. It is bordered to the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes up Uruguay’s coast. To the south, it fronts the Río de la Plata, a broad estuary that opens out into the South Atlantic. Montevideo, the capital and major port,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251304", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nProtection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands <br>\"\"signed, but not ratified:\"\" Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation Geography of Uruguay Uruguay is a country in Southern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Argentina and Brazil. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere on the Atlantic seaboard of South America between 53 and 58 west longitude and 30 and 35 south latitude. It is bordered to the west by Argentina, on the north and northeast by Brazil, and on the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean, which makes up Uruguay’s coast. To the south, it fronts the Río de la Plata, a broad estuary", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634563", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\na host of the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup. Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay (), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata (River of Silver) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated /1e6 round 2 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1884790", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nUruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay (), is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata (River of Silver) to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated /1e6 round 2 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo. With an area of approximately , Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, after Suriname. Uruguay was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251285", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nEven these hilly areas are remarkably featureless, however, and elevations seldom exceed 200 meters. The highest point, the Cerro Catedral (513 m), is located in the southeast of the country in the Cuchilla Grande mountain range. Uruguay is a water-rich land. Prominent bodies of water mark its limits on the east, south, and west, and even most of the boundary with Brazil follows small rivers. Lakes and lagoons are numerous, and a high water table makes digging wells easy. Three systems of rivers drain the land: rivers flow westward to the Río Uruguay, eastward to the Atlantic or tidal lagoons", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251286", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nbordering the ocean, and south to the Río de la Plata. The Río Uruguay, which forms the border with Argentina, is flanked by low banks, and disastrous floods sometimes inundate large areas. The longest and most important of the rivers draining westward is the Río Negro, which crosses the entire country from northeast to west before emptying into the Río Uruguay. A dam on the Río Negro at Paso de los Toros has created a reservoir—the Embalse del Río Negro—that is the largest artificial lake in South America. The Río Negro's principal tributary and the country's second most important river", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251198", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nthe Río Negro. The major internal river is the Río Negro ('Black River'). Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast. The highest point in the country is the Cerro Catedral, whose peak reaches AMSL in the \"\"Sierra Carapé\"\" hill range. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata, the estuary of the Uruguay River (which river forms the country's western border). Montevideo is the southernmost capital city in the Americas, and the third most southerly in the world (only Canberra and Wellington are further south). There are ten national parks in Uruguay: Five in the wetland areas of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634609", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nis the Yí River (Río Yí). The rivers flowing east to the Atlantic are generally shallower and have more variable flow than the other rivers. Many empty into lagoons in the coastal plain. The largest coastal lagoon, Laguna Merín, forms part of the border with Brazil. Six smaller lagoons, some freshwater and some brackish, line the coast farther south. Located entirely within the temperate zone, Uruguay has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa according to the Köppen climate classification) that is fairly uniform nationwide. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare. As would be expected by its abundance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10178747", "chunk_text": "\"Postage stamps and postal history of Uruguay\"\nPostage stamps and postal history of Uruguay This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of Uruguay. Uruguay is located in the southeastern part of South America and has a population of over 3 million people, almost half of whom live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area. Uruguay's only land border is with Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to the north. To the west lies the Uruguay River, to the southwest lies the estuary of Río de la Plata, with Argentina only a short commute across the banks of either of these bodies of water,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9559183", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nUruguay River The Uruguay River (, ; , ) is a river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of La Mesopotamia from the other two countries. It passes between the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil; forms the eastern border of the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes, and Entre Ríos in Argentina; and makes up the western borders of the departments of Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano, and Colonia in Uruguay. The river measures about", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251283", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nsits on the banks of the Río de la Plata and is on approximately the same latitude as Cape Town and Sydney. Uruguay is the smallest Spanish-speaking nation in South America with a land area of and a water area of . Additionally, Uruguay is the world's only sovereign nation that does not extend north of the 30 degrees south latitude (if Nugent Island is considered New Zealand's northernmost point); accordingly, all other nations include at least some land further north than all points in Uruguay; making Uruguay the world most southernmost sovereign nation. Most of Uruguay is a rolling", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18323538", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nfailed to inform Argentina of the construction of the pulp mills, the mills did not pollute the river, so closing the remaining pulp mill would be unjustified. Later in 2010, Argentina and Uruguay created a joint commission to coordinate activities on the river. The course of the Uruguay is crossed by the following bridges, beginning upstream: Uruguay River The Uruguay River (, ; , ) is a river in South America. It flows from north to south and forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay, separating some of the Argentine provinces of La Mesopotamia from the other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251197", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nyear. In 2014, Tabaré Vázquez was elected to a non-consecutive second presidential term, which began on 1 March 2015. With of continental land and of jurisdictional water and small river islands, Uruguay is the second smallest sovereign nation in South America (after Suriname) and the third smallest territory (French Guiana is the smallest). The landscape features mostly rolling plains and low hill ranges (\"\"cuchillas\"\") with a fertile coastal lowland. Uruguay has of coastline. A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins, or deltas: the Río de la Plata Basin, the Uruguay River, the Laguna Merín and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634521", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nthe east, three in the central hill country, and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay. Located entirely within a temperate zone, Uruguay has a climate that is relatively mild and fairly uniform nationwide. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare. As would be expected with its abundance of water, high humidity and fog are common. The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country. Both summer and winter weather may vary from day to day", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10632884", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights in Uruguay\"\nHuman rights in Uruguay The Republic of Uruguay is located in South America, between Argentina, Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 3,332,972. Uruguay gained independence and sovereignty from Spain in 1828 and has full control over its internal and external affairs. From 1973-85 Uruguay was governed by a civil-military dictatorship which committed numerous human rights abuses. Uruguay is generally committed to the promotion and protection of human rights and ranks as the most rights conscious nation in South America. However areas of concern remain, including inhumane prison facilities, access to justice for crimes committed as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18323534", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nestuary. It is navigable from around Salto Chico. Its main tributary is the Río Negro, which is born in the south of Brazil and goes through Uruguay for 500 km until its confluence with the Uruguay River, which is located 100 km north of the Uruguay's confluence with the Río de la Plata, in Punta Gorda, Colonia Department, Uruguay. The river is crossed by five international bridges called (from north to south): Integration Bridge and Paso de los Libres-Uruguaiana International Bridge, between Argentina and Brazil; and the Salto Grande Bridge, General Artigas Bridge and Libertador General San Martín Bridge between", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10632902", "chunk_text": "\"Human rights in Uruguay\"\nUruguay. Despite the legal provisions, in some cases women still have to confront inequality such as in employment or wage inequality. The creation of the National Women’s Institute and the Equal Opportunities Plan of the Municipal Government of Montevideo is helping to make progress. Human rights in Uruguay The Republic of Uruguay is located in South America, between Argentina, Brazil and the South Atlantic Ocean, with a population of 3,332,972. Uruguay gained independence and sovereignty from Spain in 1828 and has full control over its internal and external affairs. From 1973-85 Uruguay was governed by a civil-military dictatorship which committed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251213", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nBrava, or rugged (ocean) side. The Mansa is more suited for sunbathing, snorkeling, & other low-key recreational opportunities, while the Brava is more suited for adventurous sports, such as surfing. Punta del Este adjoins the city of Maldonado, while to its northeast along the coast are found the smaller resorts of La Barra and José Ignacio. The Port of Montevideo, handling over 1.1 million containers annually, is the most advanced container terminal in South America. Its quay can handle vessels. Nine straddle cranes allow for 80 to 100 movements per hour. The port of Nueva Palmira is a major regional", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251212", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nexperiences in Uruguay include exploring the country's colonial heritage, as found in Colonia del Sacramento. Montevideo, the country's capital, houses the most diverse selection of cultural activities. Historical monuments such as Torres Garcia Museum as well as Estadio Centenario, which housed the first world cup in history, are examples. However simply walking the streets allows tourists to experience the city's colorful culture. One of the main natural attractions in Uruguay is Punta del Este. Punta del Este is situated on a small peninsula off the southeast coast of Uruguay. Its beaches are divided into Mansa, or tame (river) side and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19216118", "chunk_text": "\"Water resources management in Uruguay\"\ninstitutional framework for water resources management consists of sectoral governmental agencies at the national and regional level. The Water Code, Decree No 14.859 of 1978, establishes the legal framework for water resources management in Uruguay completed by sectoral laws for agriculture, industrial water use, energy production and water supply and sanitation. Uruguay has six major watersheds, Uruguay River, Plata River, Atlantic, Merin Lake, Negro River and Santa Lucía River. All watersheds in Uruguay but Santa Lucia share water with other countries such as Brazil and Argentina. Surface water is the main supplier of water for irrigation (87%), domestic (11%) and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634501", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nimportant global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguay's electricity comes from renewable energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities and wind parks. Uruguay is a founding member of the United Nations, OAS, Mercosur, UNASUR and NAM. Uruguay is regarded as one of the most socially advanced, outstanding regionally, and ranking highly on global measures of personal rights, tolerance, and inclusion issues. \"\"The Economist\"\" named Uruguay \"\"country of the year\"\" in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale and consumption of cannabis. The name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4063801", "chunk_text": "\"Río Negro (Uruguay)\"\nRío Negro (Uruguay) The Río Negro (, \"\"Black River\"\") is the most important river in Uruguay. It originates in the southern highlands of Brazil, just east of Bagé, and flows west across the entire width of Uruguay to the Uruguay River. The course of the Río Negro across Uruguay effectively divides the south of the country from the north. The Río Negro's principals tributaries are Yí River and Tacuarembó River. The river is dammed near Paso de los Toros, creating the Rincón del Bonete Reservoir, also called the Gabriel Terra Reservoir or the Rio Negro Reservoir. With a surface area", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10087647", "chunk_text": "\"Río de la Plata\"\nRío de la Plata The Río de la Plata (, \"\"river of silver\"\")—rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River (occasionally Plata River) in other English-speaking countries—is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean, forming a funnel-shaped indentation on the southeastern coastline of South America. Depending on the geographer, the \"\"Río de la Plata\"\" may be considered a river, an estuary, a gulf or a marginal sea. For those who consider it a river, it is the widest river in the world, with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3013127", "chunk_text": "\"Argentine Sea\"\nArgentine Sea The Argentine Sea () is the sea within the continental shelf off the Argentine mainland. The Argentine Sea is in the South Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern coast of Argentina, extending from the approximate latitude of Montevideo, Uruguay, southward to Tierra del Fuego, and is situated about north of Antarctica. The Argentine Sea has a surface area of and is one of the largest seas in the world. The average depth of the sea is and the maximum depth is . It has a salinity of 3.5%. The Argentine Sea progressively widens going southward, in contrast with the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4063803", "chunk_text": "\"Río Negro (Uruguay)\"\nhigh while the southern mouth (Spanish: Boca Falsa) is very wide but shallow. Río Negro (Uruguay) The Río Negro (, \"\"Black River\"\") is the most important river in Uruguay. It originates in the southern highlands of Brazil, just east of Bagé, and flows west across the entire width of Uruguay to the Uruguay River. The course of the Río Negro across Uruguay effectively divides the south of the country from the north. The Río Negro's principals tributaries are Yí River and Tacuarembó River. The river is dammed near Paso de los Toros, creating the Rincón del Bonete Reservoir, also called", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6163301", "chunk_text": "\"Pelotas Basin\"\nis named after the Pelotas River, a left tributary of the Uruguay River, in southern Brazil. The Pelotas Basin is an approximately large, mostly offshore sedimentary basin, located in the South Atlantic offshore Brazil and Uruguay. It covers the southern Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and the Uruguayan departments Cerro Largo, Rocha and Treinta y Tres. About of the basin is onshore. The onshore part of the basin in Uruguay is locally called Merín Basin. The basin is bound by the Florianópolis High, separating it from the Santos Basin in the north and the Polônio", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6819488", "chunk_text": "Montevideo\nshore of the Río de la Plata, the arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates the south coast of Uruguay from the north coast of Argentina; Buenos Aires lies west on the Argentine side. The Santa Lucía River forms a natural border between Montevideo and San José Department to its west. To the city's north and east is Canelones Department, with the stream of Carrasco forming the eastern natural border. The coastline forming the city's southern border is interspersed with rocky protrusions and sandy beaches. The Bay of Montevideo forms a natural harbour, the nation's largest and one of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16747059", "chunk_text": "\"Argentina–Uruguay border\"\nArgentina–Uruguay border The Argentina–Uruguay border is a line of 579 km marked by the Uruguay River, and is the border between Argentina and Uruguay. It starts in a triple border Argentina-Uruguay-Brazil, at the mouth of the Quaraí River in the Uruguay. The course follows the Uruguay river, passing west of the Uruguayan departments of Artigas, Salto, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Soriano and Colonia and the Argentine provinces of Corrientes, Entre Rios and Buenos Aires, until the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers into the Rio de la Plata. The Uruguay River was always a physical limit that separated the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18323535", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nArgentina and Uruguay. The drainage basin of the Uruguay River has an area of . Its main economic use is the generation of hydroelectricity and it is dammed in its lower portion by the Salto Grande Dam and by the Itá Dam upstream in Brazil. The name of the river comes from the Spanish settlers' interpretation of the Guaraní language word the inhabitants of the region used to designate it. There are several interpretations, including \"\"the river of the uru (an indigenous bird)\"\", and \"\"[river of] the uruguá\"\" (an indigenous gastropod, \"\"Pomella Megastoma\"\"). Argentina and Uruguay experienced a conflict over", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9559184", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nin length and starts in the Serra do Mar in Brazil, where the Canoas River and the Pelotas River are joined, at about above mean sea level. In this stage the river goes through uneven, broken terrain, forming rapids and falls. Its course through Rio Grande do Sul is not navigable. An unusual feature of the Uruguay River is a submerged canyon. This canyon formed during the Ice Age, when the climate was drier and the river was narrower. Its depth is up to below the bottom of the river channel and it is 1/8 to 1/3 as wide as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634566", "chunk_text": "\"History of Uruguay\"\narmy on the orders by President Fructuoso Rivera, and the remaining 300 Charrua women and children were divided as household slaves and servants among Europeans. During the colonial era the present-day territory of Uruguay was known as Banda Oriental (east bank of River Uruguay) and was a buffer territory between the competing colonial pretensions of Portuguese Brazil and Spanish Empire. The Portuguese first explored the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512–1513. The first European explorer to land here was Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516, but he was killed by natives. Ferdinand Magellan anchored at the future site of Montevideo", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19216117", "chunk_text": "\"Water resources management in Uruguay\"\nWater resources management in Uruguay The water resources management system in Uruguay has been influenced by the general sense of water as an abundant resource in the country. Average annual rainfall is 1,182 mm, representing a contribution of 210 km annually throughout its territory. In 2002, the per capita renewable water resources was 41,065 cubic meters, way above the world average 8,467 m in 2006. Uruguay also shares one of the largest groundwater reserves in the world, the Guarani Aquifer, with Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay. The Guarani aquifer covers 1,200,000 square kilometers and has a storage capacity of 40,000 km. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "260583", "chunk_text": "\"Bolivians in Uruguay\"\nBolivians in Uruguay Bolivian Uruguayans are people born in Bolivia who live in Uruguay or Uruguay-born people of Bolivian descent. There are lots of Bolivian-born persons living in Uruguay, for a number of reasons. Both countries share the Spanish language; their historical origins are common (part of the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, Spanish Empire); there is no need for special migration documents, and circulation is relatively easy. Uruguay is a very small, quiet country, with wide beaches on the Atlantic Ocean, some well-off Bolivians choose Uruguay as their holiday destination, a trend that is expected to grow in the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4184937", "chunk_text": "\"Río de la Plata\"\nthe rare La Plata dolphin, and many species of fish. Río de la Plata The Río de la Plata (, \"\"river of silver\"\")—rendered River Plate in British English and the Commonwealth and La Plata River (occasionally Plata River) in other English-speaking countries—is the estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay and the Paraná rivers. It empties into the Atlantic Ocean, forming a funnel-shaped indentation on the southeastern coastline of South America. Depending on the geographer, the \"\"Río de la Plata\"\" may be considered a river, an estuary, a gulf or a marginal sea. For those who consider it a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17802542", "chunk_text": "\"Río de la Plata\"\na maximum width of about . The river is about long, and it widens from about at its source to about at its mouth. It forms part of the border between Argentina and Uruguay, with the major ports and capital cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo on its western and northern shores, respectively. The coasts of La Plata are the most densely populated areas of Argentina and Uruguay. The Río de la Plata begins at the confluence of the Uruguay and Paraná rivers at Punta Gorda and flows eastward into the South Atlantic Ocean. No clear physical boundary marks the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17958247", "chunk_text": "\"Brazil–Uruguay relations\"\npolitical bonds. The following are twin cities: A longstanding border dispute involving territory in the vicinity of Masoller exists between Uruguay and Brazil, although this has not harmed close diplomatic and economic relations between the two countries. The disputed area is called Rincón de Artigas (Portuguese: Rincão de Artigas, Location -31.00, -55.95), and the dispute arises from the fact that the treaty that delimited the Brazil-Uruguay border in 1861 determined that the border in that area would be a creek called Arroyo de la Invernada (Portuguese: Arroio da Invernada), but the two countries disagree on which actual stream is the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "251290", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\ndaytime temperatures. Uruguay may be divided into four regions, based on social, economic, and geographical factors. The regions include the countryside, the littoral, Greater Montevideo, and the coast. This largest region includes the departments of Artigas, Cerro Largo, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Rivera, Salto, Tacuarembó, and Treinta y Tres and the eastern halves of Paysandú, Río Negro, and Soriano. The topsoil is thin and less suited to intensive agriculture, but it nourishes abundant natural pasture. Only 2 to 3% of Uruguay's land is naturally forested. An estimated 30,000 to (17 to 23% of the total land) are arable, but only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7918529", "chunk_text": "\"Paraguayans in Uruguay\"\nParaguayans in Uruguay Paraguayan Uruguayans are people born in Paraguay who live in Uruguay, or Uruguayan-born people of Paraguayan descent. There are lots of Paraguayan-born persons living in Uruguay, for a number of reasons. Both countries share the Spanish language; their historical origins are common (part of the Viceroyalty of the River Plate, Spanish Empire); both countries are members of MERCOSUR, there is no need for special migration documents, and circulation is relatively easy. Uruguay is a small, quiet country, with wide beaches on the Atlantic Ocean, so many well-off Paraguayans choose Uruguay as their usual holiday destination, some of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16720597", "chunk_text": "\"Brazil–Uruguay border\"\nBrazil–Uruguay border The Brazil–Uruguay border is a strip of land located south of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It stretches for 985 km from the triple border Brazil-Argentina-Uruguay west to the mouth of Arroyo Chuí, the southernmost point in Brazil. In the western section of the border is marked by Quaraí River, a tributary of the Uruguay River and the \"\"coxilhas of Santana.\"\" In the passage to the east by the Jaguarão River that flows into the Lagoa Mirim. The border then runs from southern portion of this lagoon to the Chui. There are two disputed", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10059225", "chunk_text": "\"Río de la Plata Basin\"\nRío de la Plata Basin The Río de la Plata basin (, ), more often called the River Plate basin in scholarly writings, sometimes called the Platine basin or Platine region, is the hydrographical area in South America that drains to the Río de la Plata. It includes areas of southeastern Bolivia, southern and central Brazil, the entire country of Paraguay, most of Uruguay, and northern Argentina. Making up about one fourth of the continent's surface, it is the second largest drainage basin in South America (after the Amazon basin) and one of the largest in the world. The main", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16720598", "chunk_text": "\"Brazil–Uruguay border\"\nareas on the border between Brazil and Uruguay, which were the Brazilian Island and the Corner of Artigas (interfluve between the Quaraí River and the Arroyo Invernada). The two areas are administered by Brazil, yet are claimed for decades by Uruguay. Something that just marks the border, is the divergence of the Brazilian Island (a small island at the mouth of the river Quaraí), claimed by both, however, it does not generate fights. Brazil–Uruguay border The Brazil–Uruguay border is a strip of land located south of the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It stretches for 985 km", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6696543", "chunk_text": "\"Water resources management in Argentina\"\nRiver and the Uruguay River originate in Brazil. The Uruguay River runs north to south and forms a border with Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay. The Parana River together with the Uruguay river form the Río de la Plata estuary. Only a few of the Argentine rivers such as the Futaleufú River flow to the Pacific, while the majority of rivers originate on eastern slopes of the Andes and run towards the Atlantic ocean. Argentina is home to at least three major endorheic basins or closed water drainage basins e.g. water does not flow to the ocean. Both the northwest and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1884818", "chunk_text": "Uruguay\nwere later proven to be from sewage discharge from the town of Gualeguaychú in Argentina. In November 2010, Uruguay and Argentina announced they had reached a final agreement for joint environmental monitoring of the pulp mill. Brazil and Uruguay have signed cooperation agreements on defence, science, technology, energy, river transportation and fishing, with the hope of accelerating political and economic integration between these two neighbouring countries. Uruguay has two uncontested boundary disputes with Brazil, over Isla Brasilera and the Invernada River region near Masoller. The two countries disagree on which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quaraí/Cuareim River, which", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11547490", "chunk_text": "\"Banda Oriental\"\nBanda Oriental Banda Oriental, or more fully Banda Oriental del Uruguay (Eastern Bank), was the name of the South American territories east of the Uruguay River and north of Río de la Plata that comprise the modern nation of Uruguay; the modern state of Brazil Rio Grande do Sul; and some of Santa Catarina, Brazil. It was the easternmost territory of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. After decades of disputes over the territories, the 1777 First Treaty of San Ildefonso settled the division between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire: the southern part was to be", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11852098", "chunk_text": "\"Bay of Montevideo\"\nin foreign trade. The city has received a US$20 million loan from the Inter-American Development Bank to modernize the port, increase its size and efficiency, and enable lower maritime and river transportation costs. Bay of Montevideo The Bay of Montevideo () is the bay around the city of Montevideo, Uruguay in the Rio de la Plata. It was previously named by Pedro de Mendoza as \"\"Bahía de la Candelaria\"\". The bay has a round shape, approximately two and a half miles in diameter in low tide and a very secure port apt for boats with a deep draft. On its", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18323536", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay River\"\nthe construction of pulp mills on the Uruguay River. Two European companies, ENCE and Botnia, proposed building cellulose processing plants at Fray Bentos, Uruguay, opposite Gualeguaychú, Argentina. According to a 1975 treaty, Argentina and Uruguay were supposed to jointly agree on matters relating to the Uruguay River. Argentina alleged that Uruguay broke the treaty. Additionally, Argentina believed the Finnish company Botnia was polluting the fish and the overall environment of the river while Uruguay believed that the plant was not depositing a large amount of toxins in the Uruguay River. Starting in April 2005, residents of Gualeguaychú, as well as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2731485", "chunk_text": "Montevideo\nMontevideo Montevideo () is the capital and largest city of Uruguay. According to the 2011 census, the city proper has a population of 1,319,108 (about one-third of the country's total population) in an area of . The southernmost capital city in the Americas, Montevideo is situated on the southern coast of the country, on the northeastern bank of the Río de la Plata. The city was established in 1724 by a Spanish soldier, Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, as a strategic move amidst the Spanish-Portuguese dispute over the platine region. It was also under brief British rule in 1807. Montevideo is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4269572", "chunk_text": "\"Tourism in Uruguay\"\nof the country, on a small peninsula that gives it its name and taken as conventional limit on the Uruguayan coast between Atlantic Ocean and River Plate. Its beaches are divided into Mansa, or meek, (river side) and Brava, or brave, (ocean side). The name given to these beaches is because the first, to give to the River Plate and be sheltered from the winds and currents from the Atlantic Ocean, almost always presents its fairly calm waters, while the \"\"Brava\"\" beach, the longer ocean has a much more impetuous waves. Punta del Este is virtually connected to the city", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15571534", "chunk_text": "\"Uruguay and the International Monetary Fund\"\nUruguay and the International Monetary Fund The relationship between Uruguay and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began when Uruguay joined the IMF The IMF is an international organization founded in 1944 as part of the Bretton Woods Conference. Its primary purpose is to increase financial stability in member countries, with financial means ranging from loans to credit offers. Uruguay is a country in South America. It is a member of the IMF. The economy of Uruguay is diverse, with 7.5% of Gross domestic product (GDP) originating from agriculture, 10% from tourism and 20.6% from industry. As of 2017, Uruguay had", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5634610", "chunk_text": "\"Geography of Uruguay\"\nof water, high humidity and fog are common. The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country. Weather is sometimes humid. Seasons are fairly well defined, and in most of Uruguay spring is usually damp, cool, and windy; summers are warm; autumns are mild; and winters are chilly and somewhat uncomfortably damp. Northwestern Uruguay, however, is farther from large bodies of water and therefore has warmer summers and milder and drier winters than the rest of the country. Average highs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_98	when did the philadelphia eagles play in the super bowl last?	n/a	[ "Super Bowl LII" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494373", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nRedskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season. The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933. From that season, through 1966, this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division. In 1967, they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years. In 1970, the Steelers (along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old-line NFL teams in the National Football", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494404", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nstarring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles, most notably Season 3, Episode 2 – \"\"The Gang Gets Invincible,\"\" the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film. Philadelphia Eagles The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII; their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494322", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nPhiladelphia Eagles The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) East division. They are Super Bowl champions, having won Super Bowl LII; their first Super Bowl in franchise history, and their fourth NFL title overall, after winning the Championship Game in 1948, 1949, and 1960. The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets, when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693612", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\n2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns, and the 2017 home opener against the Giants. In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers, on September 12, 2010, the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team. In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season, the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match-up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games. For the 2011 season, the Eagles did not", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773187", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\nSuper Bowl XXXIX Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2004 season. The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24–21. The game was played on February 6, 2005, at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida, the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city. The Patriots, who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14–2 regular season record, became the first, and most recent (as of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11598890", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\n2004 and 2018), and won in 2018. The franchise frequently finished at the bottom of the standings in the 1930s, but improved in the 1940s, and became the only NFL team to win back to back championships by shutout (in 1948 and 1949). Though the franchise was average for much of the 1950s, the 1960 championship-winning Eagles were the only team to defeat the Vince Lombardi-coached Packers in a playoff game. The Eagles did not experience much success in the 1960s and early 1970s, but the franchise made four straight playoff appearances starting in 1978, including a Super Bowl appearance", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693608", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nhowever, re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals. The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21, 2016 game against the New York Giants, in which they won 24-19. From 2006 to 2013, the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game, but did not use them in 2007, 2010, and 2011. For the 2007 and 2010 seasons, the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams. The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16032894", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl LII\"\nSuper Bowl LII Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2017 season. The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) and defending Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots, 41–33, to win their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960. The game was played on February 4, 2018, at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. This was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis, the northernmost city to ever host the event, after", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8780917", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nin 1980. After another down period, the franchise made the playoffs in six of nine seasons between 1988 and 1996. Andy Reid was hired as head coach in 1999, and across fourteen seasons he led the franchise to nine playoff appearances and a run to the 2004 Super Bowl. After Chip Kelly's three-year tenure as head coach, the Eagles hired Doug Pederson, a former offensive coordinator under Reid. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII. In 1994, defensive end Reggie White, running back Steve Van Buren, and two-way players Chuck Bednarik and Pete Pihos were named", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773234", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\nSeahawks, 28–24, ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons, 34-28, two years later. The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams (5 by the Patriots, 3 by the Red Sox, and one each by the Celtics and Bruins) since 2002. With the Eagles’ loss, the city of Philadelphia’s sports championship drought continued (no Philly-based pro sports team since the 1983 Sixers won the NBA title) until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series. The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494374", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nConference. As a result, the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year; instead, they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season, the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Lincoln Financial Field, with the Eagles winning 34–3. The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966, which was also the start of the Super Bowl era. The Eagles lead the all-time series 47–28–3. For several decades, the Eagles' colors were kelly green, silver, and white. In 1954, the Eagles, along with the Baltimore Colts,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "7598366", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nto overcome numerous injuries, particularly to its defense, to reach the NFC Championship for the third year in a row, only to suffer a heartbreaking 14-3 loss against the Carolina Panthers. On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27-10, sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations. With two Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8649173", "chunk_text": "\"The Lombardi Curse\"\nthat the franchise is cursed by Vince Lombardi; that beating Lombardi meant never winning the trophy named after him. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41 to 33 in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 4, 2018, ending the alleged curse. In 1958, the Philadelphia Eagles offered and nearly hired Vince Lombardi to be their head coach after having served as the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants, but after some discussion he refused it in the end. The Eagles were reportedly not happy with his decision. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494370", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\ngoal by Jake Elliott to make the final score 41–33. The franchise won their first Super Bowl ever and their first championship since 1960. Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 out of 43 with 373 passing yards, three touchdowns, and an interception. Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2002's Super Bowl XXXVI. One of the NFL's oldest, this rivalry began on October 15, 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56–0. The all-time series is tied at", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9679297", "chunk_text": "\"Dallas Cowboys\"\non December 11, 1988. In the 2010s, the Redskins have struggled to consistently compete for the Division title, but still play the Cowboys particularly tough, posting an impressive upset victory against Dallas in 2014, despite being outclassed by the Cowboys in the overall standings. The competition with Philadelphia has been particularly intense since the late 1970s, when the long-moribund Eagles returned to contention. In January 1981, the two teams faced off in the NFC Championship, with Philadelphia winning 20–7. A series of other factors heightened tensions during the 1980s and 1990s, including several provocative actions by Philadelphia fans and Eagles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494324", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\none of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community. They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has become more high-profile since the 1960s, as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins. Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry, roughly dating back to 1933, that mostly arises from the two teams' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state. The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season. In a \"\"Sports Illustrated\"\" poll", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8607334", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nfirst time since the 2004 season. The Eagles would face Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX at Super Bowl LII. The Eagles would end up winning the game 41-33 to give the Eagles their first Super Bowl Championship and their first championship since the 1960 season before the NFL-AFL merger. Nick Foles would be named Super Bowl MVP. The Eagles came back from a successful 2017 season hoping to become the first repeat Super Bowl victors since the New England Patriots during their 2003 and 2004 season. Before the season started many", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14924367", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\nHistory of the Philadelphia Eagles The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances. The beginning era of the Eagles history, 1933 to 1939, was influenced by its owner, and then also coach, Bert Bell. After Bell ostensibly sold the team, to Alexis Thompson in 1940, the second era of the Eagles history was largely directed by their coach and future", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5816571", "chunk_text": "Philadelphia\nPlace became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall's tower in 1987. After ten years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first Super Bowl in 2018. In 2004, ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities. Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by \"\"GQ\"\" magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of \"\"Meanest Fans in America\"\" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing. Major professional sports teams that", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14190442", "chunk_text": "\"Sports in Philadelphia\"\nPhiladelphia baseball club, the history of baseball in Philadelphia extends to even before the Athletics, as Philadelphians were playing town ball by the 1820s. The Philadelphia Eagles, founded in 1933, are members of the East Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League. They have operated continuously since then, with the partial exception of the 1943 season, when the Eagles temporarily merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers to become the Steagles. The Eagles have won three NFL titles (1948, 1949, 1960), four conference championships, and thirteen division championships. They have made three Super Bowl appearances (in 1980,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494372", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nbases, with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl. The rivalry has even spilled over into Draft Weekend, with Cowboys legend Drew Pearson and Eagles legend David Akers exchanging insults at the opposing franchise in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys, that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce. It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskins; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6–0, and lead the all-time series 85–76–6. The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall. However, the Eagles swept the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2568707", "chunk_text": "\"Duce Staley\"\nwas promoted to special teams quality control coach. After the departure of Andy Reid, Staley remained on the new staff with Chip Kelly and was promoted to the team's running backs coach. Kelly was fired as the team's head coach in December 2015 and Staley was interviewed for the vacant head coaching job in January 2016. Staley was retained as the team's running backs coach by new head coach Doug Pederson on January 20, 2016. On February 4, 2018, Staley won his first Super Bowl as a coach, and second overall, as the Eagles defeated the Patriots 41-33 in Super", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14924453", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\ninjuries plagued the team including their quarterback Carson Wentz who was still recovering from an ACL injury. Nick Foles would be the starting quarterback to begin the season and helped win the team their opening game against the Atlanta Falcons 18-12. History of the Philadelphia Eagles The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances. The beginning era of the Eagles", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494329", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nas the \"\"Steagles.\"\" (The merger, never intended as a permanent arrangement, was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season.) By the late 1940s, head coach Earle \"\"Greasy\"\" Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back-to-back championships by shutouts, defeating the Chicago Cardinals, 7–0, in 1948—in a blizzard—and the Los Angeles Rams, 14–0, in 1949. After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494377", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nwas practically abandoned, as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green. The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color, with silver and black accents. The team's logo combination (the eagle and club name lettering) also changed in 1996, with the eagle itself limited to a white (bald eagle) head, drawn in a less realistic, more cartoon-based style, and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters. Since the 1996 alterations, the team has made only minor alterations, mostly relating to jersey/pant combinations worn during specific games. For example, in 1997, against the San Francisco 49ers,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18498882", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\nthe Patriots' last hopes. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Patriots by a score of 41–33. Nick Foles also was named Super Bowl MVP after the game. With this win, the Eagles finally won their first Super Bowl, and their first NFL title since 1960. A Super Bowl victory parade took place four days later on February 8. 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 85th season in the National Football League, the 15th playing their home games at Lincoln Financial Field, and the second under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles improved their 7–9 record", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693621", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nagainst each of the Minnesota Vikings, Denver Broncos, and Oakland Raiders, and losing against the Seattle Seahawks, Arizona Cardinals, and Green Bay Packers. The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley. With the addition of head coach Chip Kelly, the Eagles in 2013, moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia. Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935, Saint Joseph's University in 1939 and 1943, Saranac Lake from 1946 to 1948, Hershey from 1951 to", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20909254", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\nwon 24–21. Backup quarterback Nick Foles was named Super Bowl MVP and became the first backup to receive this award since his opponent, Tom Brady, did in Super Bowl XXXVI. The Eagles defeated both Super Bowl teams from the previous NFL season (the New England Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons) in the playoffs. They also defeated both teams who had beaten them in their only two previous Super Bowl appearances. They defeated the Oakland Raiders in the regular season, who beat them in Super Bowl XV and the Patriots in the Super Bowl, who previously beat them in Super Bowl", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693609", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nin 2004. Since 2014, the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season. In 2016, they wore the black jersey three times. To celebrate the team's 75th anniversary, the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th-season logo patch on the left shoulder. In addition, the team wore \"\"throwback\"\" jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions. The yellow and blue jerseys, the same colors found on Philadelphia's city flag, are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team's inaugural season, and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "231999", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XV\"\nSuper Bowl XV Super Bowl XV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1980 season. The Raiders defeated the Eagles by the score of 27–10, becoming the first wild card playoff team to win a Super Bowl. The game was played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 25, 1981, five days after the Iran hostage crisis ended. The game was thus held under patriotic fervor, as the pregame ceremonies honored", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1700667", "chunk_text": "\"History of the Philadelphia Eagles\"\non December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals. In August, the team stirred up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693584", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nbefore being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons, particularly 2015, as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense. At the end of the 2015 season, the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. They traded Byron Maxwell, Kiko Alonso, and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the #8 pick. Later, they traded the #8 pick, their third-round pick, their fourth-round pick, a 2017 first-round pick, and a 2018 second-round pick to the Cleveland", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494378", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nthe team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history. The second occasion was in 2002, during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium, a win over the division-rival Washington Redskins. A year later, in the first two games of the 2003 season (both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots), the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants. Since 2003, the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games. The 2003 season also saw the first (though only subtle) change to the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20909366", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\nas the rest of the game represented total domination from Nick Foles and the Eagles' offense, who racked up 456 total yards and 38 unanswered points. With a blowout win against one of the league's top defenses, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl. The Philadelphia Eagles entered Super Bowl LII as a 5.5 point underdog to the defending champions; the New England Patriots. This was also their first appearance in 13 years, with their last Super Bowl berth happening in 2005 (Super Bowl XXXIX), which also happened to be against the New England Patriots. In the first quarter,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494369", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nsince week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and three touchdowns. The Eagles traveled to Minneapolis to compete in Super Bowl LII, their third attempt at a title, against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX from 2005. With Foles at the helm, Philadelphia started off the game strong, leading the Patriots 22–12 at halftime. New England's only lead was by one point in the fourth quarter, 33–32. The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11-yard touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz. The last score of the game was a 46-yard field", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12693624", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\ncity. The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday, September 12, 1999, which was Andy Reid's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles. The studies note that—win or lose—Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium. As of August 2008, the team had sold out 71 consecutive games, and 70,000 were on the team's waiting list for season tickets. Despite finishing with a 6–10 record in the 2005 season, the Eagles ranked second in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15976485", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XV\"\nwork four Super Bowls, joining Jack Fette and Stan Javie. Specific General Super Bowl XV Super Bowl XV was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1980 season. The Raiders defeated the Eagles by the score of 27–10, becoming the first wild card playoff team to win a Super Bowl. The game was played at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 25, 1981, five days after the Iran hostage crisis ended. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15454257", "chunk_text": "\"Nick Foles\"\navoid injury in the regular season finale, a 6–0 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. On January 13, 2018, the Eagles defeated the Atlanta Falcons 15–10, in the NFC Divisional playoff game, with Foles completing 23 of 30 passes for 246 yards. This was the Eagles' first playoff victory in nine seasons. On January 21, 2018, the Eagles defeated the Minnesota Vikings, 38–7, in the NFC Championship Game, with Foles going 26 of 33 for 352 yards and 3 touchdowns. The Vikings were 3-point favorites with the league's top-ranked defense entering the game. In Super Bowl LII, Foles caught a touchdown", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20909253", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\nin the Divisional Round, as well as in the Conference Championship. In total, six Eagles players were selected for the Pro Bowl, including four first-time recipients. However, none of them participated due to preparations for Super Bowl LII. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41–33 in Super Bowl LII for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history. It was also their fourth NFL Championship, and their first league title since 1960. This was the second time the Eagles and Patriots battled in a Super Bowl; when they met in Super Bowl XXXIX, the Patriots", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "14841207", "chunk_text": "\"Curse of Billy Penn\"\nplaced a new William Penn figurine atop the building's highest beam in hopes to ward off the curse. On February 4, 2018, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII 41-33 to win their first Super Bowl in team history, and first championship since the 1960 NFL Championship. Curse of Billy Penn The Curse of Billy Penn was a curse used to explain the failure of major professional sports teams based in Philadelphia to win championships since the March 1987 construction of the One Liberty Place skyscraper, which exceeded the height of William Penn's statue atop", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17465229", "chunk_text": "\"2017–18 NFL playoffs\"\n2017–18 NFL playoffs The 2017–18 NFL playoffs began on January 6, 2018, after the 2017 season, and concluded with Super Bowl LII on Sunday, February 4, 2018, when the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis, Minnesota. These playoffs were notable for several teams snapping long playoff droughts, as the Buffalo Bills, Los Angeles Rams, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Tennessee Titans each qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1999, 2004, 2007, and 2008, respectively. The playoffs were also notable for the Patriots reaching a seventh consecutive AFC Championship Game, extending their own", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "204092", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl\"\nnomenclature returned to Roman numerals for Super Bowl LI, following the 2016 regular season. The most recent Super Bowl was Super Bowl LII, on February 4, 2018, following the 2017 regular season. The game was created as a part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League (AFL). It was agreed that the two leagues' champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a \"\"conference\"\", and the game has since been played between the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "2483779", "chunk_text": "\"Doug Pederson\"\nleague MVP, tore his ACL in Week 14, leaving backup [[Nick Foles]] with the starting job for the remainder of the year. Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz, Foles filled in admirably as the starter, allowing Philadelphia to make it to [[Super Bowl LII]], their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season. Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41-33 win over the [[New England Patriots]], giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960. On May 3, 2018, it was reported the Philadelphia", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "11741915", "chunk_text": "\"Eagles–Steelers rivalry\"\nEagles–Steelers rivalry The Eagles–Steelers rivalry is a National Football League (NFL) rivalry between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Pittsburgh Steelers. Unofficially nicknamed \"\"The Battle of Pennsylvania\"\", this is an in-state, interconference rivalry between the two NFL teams located in the state of Pennsylvania. The Eagles lead the all-time series 48–28–3. The rivalry is one of the oldest in the NFL, dating back to 1933. The most recent meetings between the teams was in 2016 at Lincoln Financial Field, with the Eagles beating the Steelers 34–3. The rivalry is one of two the Steelers have with the NFC East, the other", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3719963", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nYuengling later retracted their file for the trademark. At the NFL Owners Meetings in Orlando, Doug Pederson said that the play is being unofficially retired for at least the next season due to other teams' awareness of the play. On June 14, 2018, the Eagles received their Super Bowl rings. The bezel of the ring contained 127 diamonds, which is the total from the numbers of the jerseys of the three players who handled the ball after the snap on the Philly Special—Corey Clement (30), Trey Burton (88) and Nick Foles (9). In September 2018, a statue commemorating the Philly", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20909251", "chunk_text": "\"2017 Philadelphia Eagles season\"\n2017 Philadelphia Eagles season The 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise's 85th season in the National Football League, the 15th playing their home games at Lincoln Financial Field, and the second under head coach Doug Pederson. The Eagles improved their 7–9 record from 2016, reaching a record of 13–3, and tying their 2004 season for the highest winning percentage in franchise history. Their win against the Los Angeles Rams allowed them to clinch the division title for the first time since 2013, but came with the loss of Carson Wentz to a torn ACL. A close win against the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494344", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nand they also drafted DeSean Jackson, a receiving threat when paired with McNabb. On January 11, 2009, the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants 23–11 en route to their sixth NFC Championship Game. In the NFC Championship, the Eagles made a rally, going from 24–6 at halftime to 25–24 with three minutes left in the fourth quarter, but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32–25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown. On August 13, 2009, the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick. On December 6, 2009, Andy Reid became only", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9773209", "chunk_text": "\"Super Bowl XXXIX\"\ntime in January, the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak—teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years, beginning with the 76ers loss in . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981. 1989 was not included in that streak, but 1977, 1981, 1985 (Flyers), 1993 (Phillies), 1997 (Flyers), and 2001 (76ers) were. The game was televised in the United States by Fox, with play-by-play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman. Pam Oliver (Patriots sideline) and Chris Myers (Eagles sideline) served as sideline", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10494338", "chunk_text": "\"Philadelphia Eagles\"\nMike Golic, Byron Evans, Eric Allen, Andre Waters and Mark McMillian. Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6, 1994 from then-owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million. The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team, worth $1.314 billion, as valuated in 2014 by Forbes. In Lurie's first season as owner, the team only had 7 wins, but that was followed by a 10-win season in 1995. Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth, 1996 was an eventful year. The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5817669", "chunk_text": "\"Philly Special\"\nlevels of the sport for confirming proper alignment before a play. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII, 41–33. It was the team's first NFL championship since 1960, and first ever Super Bowl win. After the game, coach Doug Pederson told reporters \"\"We call [the play] the Philly special...\"\" Pederson also noted that the play came from “...[looking] at different plays around the league and the collegiate ranks, and things that over the years that might fit what we do. We found this one that fit, and we’ve been working on it for the last couple of weeks", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]
test_99	what is the cross on a letter t called?	n/a	[ "arm", "crossbar" ]	[]	n/a	n/a	n/a	[]	[ { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17243326", "chunk_text": "\"Tau Cross\"\nTau Cross The tau cross is a T-shaped cross all three ends of which are sometimes expanded. It is so called because shaped like the Greek letter tau, which in its upper-case form has the same appearance as Latin and English T. Another name for the same object is Saint Anthony's cross or Saint Anthony cross, a name given to it because of its association with Saint Anthony of Egypt. It is also called a \"\"crux commissa\"\", one of the four basic types of iconographic representations of the cross. The Greek letter tau was used as a numeral for 300.", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 0 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17243336", "chunk_text": "\"Tau Cross\"\nis called the \"\"crux commissa\"\". This term was invented by Justus Lipsius (1547–1606), who used it to distinguish this T-shaped cross from the now more familiar †-shaped cross and the saltire X-shaped cross. Tau Cross The tau cross is a T-shaped cross all three ends of which are sometimes expanded. It is so called because shaped like the Greek letter tau, which in its upper-case form has the same appearance as Latin and English T. Another name for the same object is Saint Anthony's cross or Saint Anthony cross, a name given to it because of its association with Saint", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 1 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "894174", "chunk_text": "Cross\na foreshadowing (a \"\"type\"\") of the cross (the letter Tau) and of Jesus (the letters Iota Eta). Clement's contemporary Tertullian rejects the accusation that Christians are \"\"crucis religiosi\"\" (i.e. \"\"adorers of the gibbet\"\"), and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes. In his book \"\"De Corona\"\", written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. While early Christians used the T-shape to represent the cross in writing and gesture, the use of the Greek cross", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 2 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10312825", "chunk_text": "\"Ṭ\"\nṬ Ṭ (minuscule: ṭ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from T with the addition of a dot below the letter. It is used in the orthography of the Mizo language. It sounds much like a 'tr' in Mizo Language, as it sounds in English. But it does not replace Ṭ or ṭ . It is used in the transcription of Afro-Asiatic languages to represent an \"\"emphatic t\"\", in romanization of Arabic, in the Syriac and in the Berber Latin alphabets. In the transcription of Arabic, it corresponds to the letter ṭāʾ (ط). It is also used in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 3 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529983", "chunk_text": "Cross\n(1888), Ansault (1891), etc. In the European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning, perhaps as a symbol of consecration, especially pertaining to burial. The cross sign occurs trivially in tally marks, and develops into a number symbol independently in the Roman numerals ( \"\"ten\"\"), the Chinese rod numerals (十 \"\"ten\"\") and the Brahmi numerals (\"\"four\"\", whence the numeral 4). In the Phoenician alphabet and derived scripts, the cross symbol represented the phoneme /t/, i.e. the letter taw, which is the historical predecessor of Latin T. The letter name \"\"taw\"\" means \"\"mark\"\", presumably continuing the Egyptian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 4 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529981", "chunk_text": "Cross\npole. From the first century BC it is used to indicate an instrument used in executions. The Greek word is used in Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross, which indicate that its normal shape was similar to the Greek letter tau (Τ). Due to the simplicity of the design (two intersecting lines), cross-shaped incisions make their appearance from deep prehistory; as petroglyphs in European cult caves, dating back to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, and throughout prehistory to the Iron Age. Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the simple cross mark, including the \"\"crux gammata\"\" with", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 5 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6824861", "chunk_text": "Crucifixion\nshape of the letters X and Y. The New Testament writings about the crucifixion of Jesus do not speak specifically about the shape of that cross, but the early writings that do speak of its shape, from about the year AD 100 on, describe it as shaped like the letter T (the Greek letter tau) or as composed of an upright and a transverse beam, sometimes with a small projection in the upright. In popular depictions of the crucifixion of Jesus (possibly because in translations of the wounds are described as being \"\"in his hands\"\"), Jesus is shown with nails", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 6 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529984", "chunk_text": "Cross\nhieroglyph \"\"two crossed sticks\"\" (Gardiner Z9). According to W. E. Vine's \"\"Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words\"\", worshippers of Tammuz in Chaldea and thereabouts used the cross as symbol of that god. The shape of the cross (\"\"crux\"\", \"\"stauros\"\" \"\"stake, gibbet\"\"), as represented by the letter T, came to be used as a \"\"seal\"\" or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it (\"\"the Lord's sign\"\") he repeats the idea, current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in Genesis 14:14 was", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 7 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10983069", "chunk_text": "\"Forked cross\"\nForked cross A forked cross, is a Gothic cross in the form of the letter Y that is also known as a crucifixus dolorosus, furca, ypsilon cross, Y-cross, robber's cross or thief's cross. According to recent research, the forked cross emerged under the influence of the mystics in the late 13th or early 14th century and is especially common in the German Rhineland, where it is also called a \"\"Gabelkreuz\"\" (\"\"fork cross\"\"), \"\"Mystikerkruzifix\"\" (\"\"mystic's cross\"\"), \"\"Gabelkruzifix\"\" (\"\"fork crucifix\"\"), \"\"Schächerkreuz\"\" (\"\"robber's cross\"\"), or \"\"Pestkreuz\"\" (\"\"plague cross\"\"). It is believed that the forked cross represents a tree, or more precisely, the Tree", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 8 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20046373", "chunk_text": "Staurogram\nStaurogram The staurogram (⳨), also monogrammatic cross or tau-rho, is a ligature composed of a superposition of the letters tau (Τ) and rho (Ρ). The staurogram was first used to abbreviate \"\"stauros\"\" (), the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross. The Tau-Rho as a Christian symbol outside its function as nomen sacrum in biblical manuscripts appears from c. the 4th century, used as a \"\"monogramma Christi\"\" alongside the Chi-Rho and other variants, spreading to Western Europe", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 9 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529980", "chunk_text": "Cross\nto the various composite kinds of cross (\"\"crux compacta\"\") made from more beams than one. The latter shapes include not only the traditional †-shaped cross (the \"\"crux immissa\"\"), but also the T-shaped cross (the \"\"crux commissa\"\" or Tau Cross), which the Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross indicate as the normal form in use at that time, and the X-shaped cross (the \"\"crux decussata\"\" or saltire). The Greek equivalent of Latin \"\"crux\"\" \"\"stake, gibbet\"\" is σταυρός \"\"stauros\"\", found in texts of four centuries or more before the gospels and always in the plural number to indicate a stake or", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 10 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "894177", "chunk_text": "Cross\nother, more complex, cruciform characters, consisting of an arrangement of boxes or the fourfold arrangement of other characters, including the archaic cuneiform characters LAK-210, LAK-276, LAK-278, LAK-617 and the classical sign EZEN (𒂡). Phoenician \"\"tāw\"\" is still cross-shaped in Paleo-Hebrew alphabet and in some Old Italic scripts (Raetic and Lepontic), and its descendant T becomes again cross-shaped in the Latin minuscule t. The plus sign (+) is derived from Latin t via a simplification of a ligature for \"\"et\"\" \"\"and\"\" (introduced by Johannes Widmann in the late 15th century). The letter Aleph is cross-shaped in Aramaic and paleo-Hebrew. Egyptian hieroglyphs", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 11 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19443828", "chunk_text": "\"Forked cross\"\nThese sorts of crucifix are also found, albeit in much smaller numbers, in other European countries, not just in Italy, but also in Switzerland and in Upper Austria and in Spain. In heraldry the forked cross is used as a charge whose arms extend, in the shape of a fork, towards the upper edge of the shield. If the cross touches the edges of the shield it is called a pall. Otherwise it is known as a shakefork. Forked cross A forked cross, is a Gothic cross in the form of the letter Y that is also known as a", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 12 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20379902", "chunk_text": "\"Crosses in heraldry\"\nCrosses in heraldry The cross is a basic design of two intersecting lines (X) used from pre-historic times. Its use was enormously expanded as the Christian cross, from about the 6th century, deriving from a T-shape representing the gibbet (\"\"stauros\"\", \"\"crux\"\") of the crucifixion of Jesus in use from at least the 2nd century. From the 11th century, and increasingly during the age of the Crusades, a variety of forms of cross symbols were developed for the purpose of the emerging system of heraldry, which appeared in western Europe in about 1200. The cross was displayed on banners and flags", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 13 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16192635", "chunk_text": "\"Te (Cyrillic)\"\nTe (Cyrillic) Te (Т т; italics: \"\"Т т\"\") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar plosive , like the pronunciation of in \"\"stick\"\". The Cyrillic letter Te was derived from the Greek letter Tau (Τ τ). The name of Te in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (\"\"tvrdo\"\"), meaning \"\"hard\"\" or \"\"surly\"\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, Te had a value of 300. The capital Cyrillic letter Te (Т т) looks the same as the capital Latin letter T (T t) but, as with most Cyrillic letters, the lowercase form is simply a smaller version", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 14 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529977", "chunk_text": "Cross\nCross A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology. The word \"\"cross\"\" is recorded in 10th-century Old English as \"\"cros\"\", exclusively for the instrument of Christ's crucifixion, replacing the native Old English word \"\"rood\"\". The word's history is complicated; it appears to have entered English from Old Irish, possibly via Old Norse, ultimately from the Latin \"\"crux\"\" (or its accusative \"\"crucem\"\" and", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 15 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16192638", "chunk_text": "\"Te (Cyrillic)\"\narticles on the languages. Te (Cyrillic) Te (Т т; italics: \"\"Т т\"\") is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents the voiceless alveolar plosive , like the pronunciation of in \"\"stick\"\". The Cyrillic letter Te was derived from the Greek letter Tau (Τ τ). The name of Te in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (\"\"tvrdo\"\"), meaning \"\"hard\"\" or \"\"surly\"\". In the Cyrillic numeral system, Te had a value of 300. The capital Cyrillic letter Te (Т т) looks the same as the capital Latin letter T (T t) but, as with most Cyrillic letters, the lowercase form is", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 16 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19406023", "chunk_text": "Tittle\nTittle A tittle or superscript dot is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic or the dot on a lowercase \"\"i\"\" or \"\"j\"\". The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of \"\"i\"\" and \"\"j\"\", but diacritic dots can appear over other letters in various languages. In most languages, the tittle of \"\"i\"\" or \"\"j\"\" is omitted when a diacritic is placed in the tittle's usual position (as í or ĵ), but not when the diacritic appears elsewhere (as į, ɉ). The word \"\"tittle\"\" is rarely used. One notable occurrence is in the King James Bible at :", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 17 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "9999023", "chunk_text": "Szczerbiec\nthe letter T) between the Greek letters Α and ω (alpha and omega) surmounted with little crosses. Below the letter T, there is another cross placed within a cloud or flower with twelve petals. On the chamfered edge around this design runs a circular Latin inscription in two rings which reads: \"\"Rec figura talet ad amorem regum / et principum iras iudicum\"\" (\"\"This sign rouses the love of kings and princes, the wrath of judges\"\"). The grip bears the symbols of two of the Four Evangelists: the lion of Saint Mark and the ox of Saint Luke, as well as", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 18 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12847211", "chunk_text": "T\nT T (named \"\"tee\"\" ) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in English-language texts. \"\"Taw\"\" was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets. The sound value of Semitic \"\"Taw\"\", Greek alphabet Tαυ (\"\"Tau\"\"), Old Italic and Latin T has remained fairly constant, representing in each of these; and it has also kept its original basic shape in most of these alphabets. In English, usually denotes the voiceless alveolar plosive ( and X-SAMPA: ), as in", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 19 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16680776", "chunk_text": "\"Christian symbolism\"\nsects, as well as some modern denominations, preferred to some extent not to use figures in their symbols, by invoking the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry. The shape of the cross, as represented by the letter T, came to be used as a \"\"seal\"\" or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century. At the end of the 2nd century, it is mentioned in the \"\"Octavius\"\" of Minucius Felix, rejecting the claim by detractors that Christians worship the cross. The cross (crucifix, Greek \"\"stauros\"\") in this period was represented by the letter T. Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 20 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12847213", "chunk_text": "T\nsounds. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, denotes the voiceless alveolar plosive. T T (named \"\"tee\"\" ) is the 20th letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. It is the most commonly used consonant and the second most common letter in English-language texts. \"\"Taw\"\" was the last letter of the Western Semitic and Hebrew alphabets. The sound value of Semitic \"\"Taw\"\", Greek alphabet Tαυ (\"\"Tau\"\"), Old Italic and Latin T has remained fairly constant, representing in each of these; and it has also kept its original basic shape in most of these alphabets. In English, usually", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 21 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4146080", "chunk_text": "\"Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross\"\nto be a mystical prefiguring of the cross of Christ\"\". Tertullian (c. 155 – c. 240), who used Roman numerals, not Greek, still remarks that the Greek letter τ and the Latin letter T have the same shape as the execution cross: \"\"Ipsa est enim littera Graecorum Tau, nostra autem T, species crucis\"\". Non-Christians too of the time when in the Roman Empire criminals were executed by crucifixion, considered identical the shape of the execution cross (σταυρός in Greek) and that of the letter tau. In the \"\"Trial of the Court of the Vowels\"\" of Lucian (125 – after 180),", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 22 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8775255", "chunk_text": "Christogram\nterm for abbreviations of the name of Christ is \"\"chrisimus\"\". Similarly, Middle Latin \"\"crismon\"\", \"\"chrismon\"\" refers to the Chi Rho monogram specifically. In antiquity, the cross, i.e. the instrument of Christ's crucifixion (\"\"crux\"\", \"\"stauros\"\") was taken to be T-shaped, while the X-shape (\"\"chiasmus\"\") had different connotations. There has been a lot of scholarly speculation on the development of the Christian cross, the letter Chi used to abbreviate the name of Christ, and the various pre-Christian symbolism associated with the chiasmus interpreted in terms of \"\"the mystery of the pre-existent Christ\"\". In Plato's \"\"Timaeus\"\", it is explained that the two bands", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 23 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10255198", "chunk_text": "\"Christian cross\"\nChristian cross The Christian cross, seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus, is the best-known symbol of Christianity. It is related to the crucifix (a cross that includes a \"\"corpus\"\", usually a three-dimensional representation of Jesus' body) and to the more general family of cross symbols, the term \"\"cross\"\" itself being detached from the original specifically Christian meaning in modern English (as in many other western languages). The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross with unequal arms (✝) and the Greek cross (✚) with equal arms, besides numerous variants, partly with confessional", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 24 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1123962", "chunk_text": "\"Typographic ligature\"\nwas originally a ligature of E and t, forming the Latin word \"\"et\"\", meaning \"\"\"\"and\"\"\"\". It has exactly the same use in French and in English. The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a logogram. Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered a letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced \"\"and\"\", not \"\"et\"\", except in the case of \"\"&c\"\", pronounced \"\"et cetera\"\". In most fonts, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 25 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "15529987", "chunk_text": "Cross\nalso to mark deletion. Derived from Greek Chi are the Latin letter X, Cyrillic Kha and possibly runic Gyfu. Egyptian hieroglyphs involving cross shapes include \"\"ankh\"\" \"\"life\"\", \"\"ndj\"\" \"\"protect\"\" and \"\"nfr\"\" \"\"good; pleasant, beautiful\"\". Sumerian cuneiform had a simple cross-shaped character, consisting of a horizontal and a vertical wedge (𒈦), read as \"\"maš\"\" \"\"tax, yield, interest\"\"; the superposition of two diagonal wedges results in a decussate cross (𒉽), read as \"\"pap\"\" \"\"first, pre-eminent\"\" (the superposition of these two types of crosses results in the eight-pointed star used as the sign for \"\"sky\"\" or \"\"deity\"\" (𒀭), DINGIR). The cuneiform script has", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 26 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "4146084", "chunk_text": "\"Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross\"\nthrough the gate, through the midst of Jerusalem, and set the mark \"\"Tau\"\" upon the foreheads of the men.' Now the Greek letter \"\"Tau\"\" and our own letter T is the very form of the cross, which He predicted would be the sign on our foreheads.\"\" (\"\"omnes fideles [...] signatos illa nota scilicet de qua Ezechiel: Dicit dominus ad me, Pertransi in medio portae in media Hierusalem, et da signum Tau in frontibus virorum. Ipsa est enim littera Graecorum Tau, nostra autem T, species crucis, quam portendebat futuram in frontibus nostris\"\"). The universality of the Early Christian practice of tracing", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 27 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5513452", "chunk_text": "\"Instrument of Jesus' crucifixion\"\nto it.\"\" In language very similar to that of Minucius Felix, Tertullian, too, who distinguished between \"\"stipes\"\" (stake) and \"\"crux\"\" (cross), noted that it was the cross that people associated with Christianity. And he indicated that the shape of the cross is that of the letter T: \"\"The Greek letter Tau and our own letter T is the very form of the cross, which (God) predicted would be the sign on our foreheads\"\", and compared it to the shape of a bird with outstretched wings. The anti-Christian arguments thus cited in the \"\"Octavius\"\" of Minucius Felix, chapters IX and XXIX,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 28 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "10629720", "chunk_text": "Tetragrammaton\nare to follow the practice of the Greek Septuagint and the Latin Vulgate, replacing the divine name with \"\"the Lord\"\" or, in some contexts, \"\"God\"\". The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops welcomed this instruction, adding that it \"\"provides also an opportunity to offer catechesis for the faithful as an encouragement to show reverence for the Name of God in daily life, emphasizing the power of language as an act of devotion and worship\"\". Tetragrammaton The tetragrammaton (; from Greek , meaning \"\"[consisting of] four letters\"\"), in Hebrew and YHWH in Latin script, is the four-letter biblical name of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 29 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "20349663", "chunk_text": "Staurogram\nUnicode 7.0 (2014) also in the Ancient Symbols block, at . The Coptic block has a ligature of the full word σταυρός, where the τρ is represented by the staurogram, and two lunate sigmas are attached to either side of the tau's horizontal bar, at . Staurogram The staurogram (⳨), also monogrammatic cross or tau-rho, is a ligature composed of a superposition of the letters tau (Τ) and rho (Ρ). The staurogram was first used to abbreviate \"\"stauros\"\" (), the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 30 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "17525340", "chunk_text": "\"Tau Cross\"\nthat the Greek letter τ and the Latin letter T have the same shape as the execution cross: \"\"Ipsa est enim littera Graecorum Tau, nostra autem T, species crucis\"\". In the \"\"Trial of the Court of the Vowels\"\" of non-Christian Lucian (125 – after 180), the Greek letter Sigma (Σ) accuses the letter Tau (Τ) of having provided tyrants with the model for the wooden instrument with which to crucify people and demands that Tau be executed on his own shape: \"\"It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 31 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "19365854", "chunk_text": "\"Christian cross\"\n211 and 216, could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase (the Lord's sign) to mean the cross, when he repeated the idea, current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas, that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in was interpreted as a foreshadowing (a \"\"type\"\") of the cross (T, an upright with crossbar, standing for 300) and of Jesus (ΙΗ, the first two letters of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, standing for 18). His contemporary Tertullian rejected the accusation of Christians being \"\"adorers of the gibbet\"\" (\"\"crucis religiosi\"\"). In his book \"\"De Corona\"\", written in 204, Tertullian tells how", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 32 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "5692847", "chunk_text": "\"Crucifixion of Jesus\"\nChristian writers who speak of the shape of the particular gibbet on which Jesus died invariably describe it as having a cross-beam. For instance, the Epistle of Barnabas, which was certainly earlier than 135, and may have been of the 1st century AD, the time when the gospel accounts of the death of Jesus were written, likened it to the letter T (the Greek letter tau, which had the numeric value of 300), and to the position assumed by Moses in . Justin Martyr (100–165) explicitly says the cross of Christ was of two-beam shape: \"\"That lamb which was commanded", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 33 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12852703", "chunk_text": "\"Typographic ligature\"\nTypographic ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined as a single glyph. An example is the character \"\"æ\"\" as used in English, in which the letters \"\"a\"\" and \"\"e\"\" are joined. The common ampersand (&) developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters \"\"e\"\" and \"\"t\"\" (spelling \"\"et\"\", from the Latin for \"\"and\"\") were combined. The origin of typographical ligatures comes from the invention of writing with a stylus on fibrous material (like paper) or clay. Businessmen especially who needed a way to speed up the process of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 34 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "894179", "chunk_text": "Cross\ncross symbols in the \"\"Dingbat\"\" block (U+2700–U+27BF) : The Miscellaneous Symbols block (U+2626 to U+262F) adds three specific Christian cross variants, viz. the Patriarchal cross (☦), Cross of Lorraine (☨) and \"\"Cross of Jerusalem\"\" (implemented as Cross potent, ☩). The following is a list of cross symbols, \"\"except\"\" for variants of the Christian cross and Heraldic crosses, for which see the dedicated lists at Christian cross variants and Crosses in heraldry, respectively. Cross shapes are made by a variety of physical gestures. Crossing the fingers of one hand is a common invocation of the symbol. The sign of the cross", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 35 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16532506", "chunk_text": "\"Christian cross variants\"\nChristian cross variants This is a list of Christian cross variants. The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a crucifix and the figure is often referred to as the corpus (Latin for \"\"body\"\"). The term Greek cross designates a cross with arms of equal length, as in a plus sign, while the term Latin cross designates a cross with an elongated descending arm. Numerous other variants have been developed during the medieval period. Christian crosses are used", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 36 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16312348", "chunk_text": "Saltire\nSaltire A saltire, also called Saint Andrew's Cross or the crux decussata, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French \"\"sautoir\"\" (\"\"stirrup\"\"), possibly owing to the shape of the triangular areas in the design. It appears in numerous flags, including those of Scotland and Jamaica, and other coats of arms and seals. A variant, also appearing on many past and present flags and symbols, is the Cross of Burgundy. A warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 37 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16532509", "chunk_text": "\"Christian cross variants\"\nwidespread since antiquity. Christian cross variants This is a list of Christian cross variants. The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a crucifix and the figure is often referred to as the corpus (Latin for \"\"body\"\"). The term Greek cross designates a cross with arms of equal length, as in a plus sign, while the term Latin cross designates a cross with an elongated descending arm. Numerous other variants have been developed during the medieval period. Christian", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 38 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "894180", "chunk_text": "Cross\nassociated with Christian genuflection is made with one hand: in Eastern Orthodox tradition the sequence is head-heart-right shoulder-left shoulder, while in Oriental Orthodox, Catholic and Anglican tradition the sequence is head-heart-left-right. Crossing the index fingers of both hands represents and a charm against evil in European folklore. Other gestures involving more than one hand include the \"\"cross my heart\"\" movement associated with making a promise and the Tau shape of the referee's \"\"time out\"\" hand signal. In Chinese-speaking cultures, crossed index fingers represent the number 10. Cross A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 39 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "3542228", "chunk_text": "T-comma\nT-comma T-comma (majuscule: Ț, minuscule: ț) is a letter which is part of the Romanian alphabet, used to represent the Romanian language sound , the voiceless alveolar affricate (like \"\"ts\"\" in \"\"bolts\"\"). It is written as the letter T with a small comma below and it has both the lower-case (U+021B) and the upper-case variants (U+021A). The letter was proposed in the \"\"Buda Lexicon\"\", a book published in 1825, which included two texts by Petru Maior, and , introducing ș for and ț for . This letter was not part of the early Unicode versions, which is why Ţ (T-cedilla,", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 40 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "8273400", "chunk_text": "\"Sign of the cross\"\nare addressed, and when approaching an icon. When an Eastern Orthodox or Eastern Catholic bishop or priest blesses with the sign of the cross, he holds the fingers of his right hand in such a way that they form the Greek abbreviation for Jesus Christ \"\"IC XC\"\". The index finger is extended to make the \"\"I\"\"; the middle finger signify letter \"\"C\"\"; the thumb touches the lowered third finger to signify the \"\"X\"\" and the little finger also signifies the letter \"\"C\"\". When a priest blesses in the sign of the cross, he positions the fingers of his right hand", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 41 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "13135330", "chunk_text": "\"Ṭ\"\nthe Bhojpuri language as a single consonant to represent 'tr'. In transliterating Indo-Aryan, East Iranian and Dravidian languages it represents a retroflex t. It was also formerly used for the same sound in Javanese, but has now been replaced by the digraph \"\"th\"\". It is used in writing the Pali letters ṭ and ṭh, an important language in Theravada Buddhism. It is also used for literature for Chin Language. It is after T in the alphabets. As it is pronounced differently from T. Ṭ Ṭ (minuscule: ṭ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, formed from T with the addition", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 42 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "1359075", "chunk_text": "\"Patriarchal cross\"\nat code point U+2626 and U+2628 respectively. Patriarchal cross The Patriarchal cross (☨) is a variant of the Christian cross, the religious symbol of Christianity. Similar to the familiar Latin cross, the patriarchal cross possesses a smaller crossbar placed above the main one so that both crossbars are near the top. Sometimes the patriarchal cross has a short, slanted crosspiece near its foot (Russian Orthodox cross). This slanted, lower crosspiece often appears in Byzantine Greek and Eastern European iconography, as well as in other Eastern Orthodox churches. The Byzantine Christianization came to the Morava Empire in the year 863, provided", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 43 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16078430", "chunk_text": "Kamatz\nKamatz Kamatz or Qamatz (, ) is a Hebrew niqqud (vowel) sign represented by two perpendicular lines (looking like an uppercase T) underneath a letter. In modern Hebrew (Sephardi/Israeli), it usually indicates the phoneme which is close to the \"\"a\"\" sound in the English word \"\"far\"\" and is transliterated as \"\"a \"\". In these cases, its sound is identical to the sound of ' in modern Hebrew. In a minority of cases it indicates the phoneme , equal to the sound of '. The Hebrew of the late centuries BCE and early centuries of the Common Era had a system", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 44 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "821388", "chunk_text": "\"Sign of the cross\"\nSign of the cross The sign of the cross (), or blessing oneself or crossing oneself, is a ritual blessing made by members of most branches of Christianity. This blessing is made by the tracing of an upright cross or + across the body with the right hand, often accompanied by spoken or mental recitation of the trinitarian formula: \"\"In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.\"\" The movement is the tracing of the shape of a cross in the air or on one's own body, echoing the traditional shape of the", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 45 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "18107743", "chunk_text": "\"Crux simplex\"\nindicates that the normal execution cross was shaped like the letter T (in Greek called tau. In his \"\"Trial of the Court of the Vowels\"\" the Greek letter Sigma (Σ) accuses the letter Tau (Τ) of having provided tyrants with the model for the wooden instrument with which to crucify people: \"\"It was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up the erections on which men are crucified.\"\" The word \"\"crux\"\" took on the metaphorical meaning of torment or torture, especially mental (\"\"crucio\"\"). Justus Lipsius devoted chapter V of book I", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 46 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "6605273", "chunk_text": "\"Cross potent\"\nCross potent A cross potent (plural: crosses potent), also known as a crutch cross, is a form of heraldic cross with crossbars or \"\"crutches\"\" at the four ends. In German, it is known as a \"\"Krückenkreuz\"\" (literally \"\"crutches cross\"\"). \"\"Potent\"\" is an old word for a crutch, from a late Middle English alteration of Old French \"\"potence\"\" 'crutch', from Latin \"\"potentia\"\" 'power' (which in medieval Latin meant 'crutch'). The term \"\"potent\"\" is also used in heraldic terminology to describe a 'T' shaped alteration of vair, and \"\"potenté\"\" is a line of partition contorted into a series of 'T' shapes. The", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 47 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "12409691", "chunk_text": "\"Cross moline\"\nCross moline The cross moline (also cross anchory, French \"\"croix ancrée\"\" \"\"anchor cross\"\") is a Christian cross, constituting a kind of heraldic cross. The name derives from its shape, which resembles a millrind, the iron clamp of the upper millstone, \"\"moline\"\" being the Old French for a mill. It is very similar to one of the varieties of the \"\"fer de moline\"\" heraldic charge (literal French: \"\"iron of a mill\"\"), the forked tips of which, however, circle out slightly more, akin to the \"\"cross recercelee\"\". It is borne both inverted and rebated, and sometimes \"\"saltirewise\"\" (i.e. in the form of", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 48 }, { "bge_score": null, "chunk_id": "16680790", "chunk_text": "\"Christian symbolism\"\nstatement said by Jesus (or God) himself \"\"I am Alpha and Omega, the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End\"\" (, also 1:8 and 21:6). The Staurogram ⳨ (from the Greek , i.e. \"\"cross\"\"), also Monogrammatic Cross or \"\"Tau-Rho\"\" symbol, is composed by a tau (Τ) superimposed on a rho (Ρ). The Staurogram was first used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum, and may visually have represented Jesus on the cross. Ephrem the Syrian in the 4th-century explained these two", "is_relevant": null, "oracle_score": null, "page_id": 49 } ]

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